# Flora of New York/Vitales, Zygophyllales, Celastrales, Oxalidales

| ← Proteales, Buxales, Hamamelidales, Saxifragales | Flora of New York — Vitales, Zygophyllales, Celastrales, Oxalidales | Flora of New York — Vitales, Zygophyllales, Celastrales, Oxalidales | Flora of New York — Vitales, Zygophyllales, Celastrales, Oxalidales | Flora of New York — Vitales, Zygophyllales, Celastrales, Oxalidales | → Malpighiales (1) Hypericaceae, Podostemaceae, Elatinaceae |
| ← Proteales, Buxales, Hamamelidales, Saxifragales | Table of contents | Genus index | Protected species index | Invasive species index | → Malpighiales (1) Hypericaceae, Podostemaceae, Elatinaceae |
| Clade | Clade | Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Genus | Common names | # |
| rosids | basal rosids | Vitales | Vitaceae | Vitoideae | Parthenocisseae | Parthenocissus | creeper, woodbine, ivy | 3 |
| rosids | basal rosids | Vitales | Vitaceae | Vitoideae | Viteae | Vitis | grape | 8 |
| rosids | basal rosids | Vitales | Vitaceae | Vitoideae | Ampelopsideae | Ampelopsis | peppervine | 3 |
| rosids | basal fabids | Zygophyllales | Zygophyllaceae | Tribuloideae | — | Tribulus | puncturevine | 1 |
| rosids | basal fabids | Zygophyllales | Zygophyllaceae | Zygophylloideae | — | Zygophyllum | beancaper | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Celastrales | Parnassiaceae | Parnassioideae | — | Parnassia | grass of parnassus | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Celastrales | Celastraceae | Celastroideae | — | Celastrus | bittersweet, staff vine | 2 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Celastrales | Celastraceae | Celastroideae | — | Euonymus | burning bush, spindletree, wahoo | 6 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Oxalidales | Oxalidaceae | — | — | Oxalis | woodsorrel | 6 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Hypericaceae | — | Hypericeae | Triadenum | marsh St. John's wort | 2 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Hypericaceae | — | Hypericeae | Hypericum | St. John's wort | 18 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Podostemaceae | Podostemoideae | — | Podostemum | river weed | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Elatinaceae | — | — | Elatine | water wort | 3 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Violaceae | Violoideae | Violeae | Hybanthus | greenviolet | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Violaceae | Violoideae | Violeae | Viola | violet | 57 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Salicaceae | Salicoideae | — | Populus | cottonwood, aspen, poplar | 11 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Salicaceae | Salicoideae | — | Salix | willow | 36 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Acalyphoideae | Acalypheae | Acalypha | copperleaf, three-seed mercury | 4 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Acalyphoideae | Acalypheae | Mercurialis | herb mercury | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Acalyphoideae | Acalypheae | Ricinus | castor bean | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Crotonoideae | Crotoneae | Croton | rushfoil, hogwort | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbioideae | Euphorbieae | Euphorbia | spurge, sandmat | 21 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Linaceae | Linoideae | Lineae | Linum | flax | 9 |

## Order Vitales

* The order Vitales contains the single family Vitaceae.
* ↑ Vitales in P.F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 15 July 2015.

### Family Vitaceae

* The Vitaceae (grape family), in New York State, consists of Vitis (grapes), Parthenocissus (creepers), and Ampelopsis (porcelainberry)
* The tribal classification used here is based on Jun Wen et al. (2018).
* ↑ Vitaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Jun Wen, Limin Lu, Ze-Long Nie, Xiu-Qun Liu, Ning Zhang, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Jean Gerrath, Steven Manchester, John Boggan, Zhiduan Chen (2018). "A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae): Tribal classification of Vitaceae." Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56(4): 262-272.

#### Tribe Ampelopsideae

* Ampelopsis s.l. was shown to be paraphyletic in recent phylogenetic studies and was split into the two genera: Ampelopsis s.s. and Nekemias.
* ↑ Jun Wen, Limin Lu, Ze-Long Nie, Xiu-Qun Liu, Ning Zhang, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Jean Gerrath, Steven Manchester, John Boggan, Zhiduan Chen (2018). "A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae): Tribal classification of Vitaceae." Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56(4): 262-272.

##### Ampelopsis

* Ampelopsis glandulosaThe two North American peppervine species Nekemias arborea and Ampelopsis cordata are not known to naturalize in New York State, but two native Chinese Ampelopsis species, including the highly invasive porcelain berry (A. glandulosa), have been found to naturalize in the southeastern part of the state and more recently in the Finger Lakes region.
* ↑ iMapInvasives New York map for Ampelopsis brevipedunculata.
Vitales — Vitaceae — Ampelopsideae — Ampelopsis :
| Genus Ampelopsis | Peppervine | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy.1784. Vitis heterophylla  Thunb. 1824. Vitis glandulosa  Wall. 1859. Cissus brevipedunculata  Maxim. in… 1845. Ampelopsis heterophylla  (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. 1861. Cissus humulifolia  f. brevipedunculata  (Maxim.) Regel  ... 1883. Ampelopsis brevipedunculata  (Maxim.) Trautv. in… 1887. Ampelopsis heterophylla  var. amurensis  Planch. 1892. Vitis brevipedunculata  (Maxim.) Dippel 1971. Ampelopsis glandulosa  (Wall.) Momiy. 1977. Ampelopsis glandulosa  var. brevipedunculata  Momiy. 1996. Ampelopsis heterophylla  var. brevipedunculata  C.L.Li | Porcelain berry Amur pepper-vine Porcelain vineVigne vierge à fruits bleus | Introduced from  China, Highly invasive,  NYIS: 71%, Prohibited, NE-1 | NYFA: X iNat GBIF | USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bunge1833. Ampelopsis aconitifolia Bunge 1873. Vitis aconitifolia  (Bunge) Hance 1884. Vitis serianiifolia  var. aconitifolia  (Bunge) Franch.  auct. Ampelopsis cordata  non Michx. (1803) | Monk's-hood-vine | Introduced from  China, Naturalized Perennial, Vine | NYFA: Xn NYFA: New York (2013) iNat GBIF no observations | USDA-X0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Ampelopsis cordata Michx.    Ampelopsis cordata Michx. | Heart leaf peppervine ⓘ Raccoon grape ⓘ | Introduced from  southeast US, N. America native | NYFA: Xn NYFA: Queens (2017) iNat GBIF 0 counties | Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ampelopsis: brevipedunculata (Highly invasive 71%). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ||||||

#### Tribe Cayratieae

* Tribe Cayratieae contains the genera: Cayratia, Causonis, Pseudocayratia, Acareosperma, Cyphostemma, and Tetrastigma, none of which are known to have naturalized in New York State, but Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. (bushkiller) has been reported in adjacent states and would be considered highly invasive in New York.
* ↑ Jun Wen, Limin Lu, Ze-Long Nie, Xiu-Qun Liu, Ning Zhang, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Jean Gerrath, Steven Manchester, John Boggan, Zhiduan Chen (2018). "A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae): Tribal classification of Vitaceae." Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56(4): 262-272.

##### Causonis

* Causonis japonicaThe nearest research-grade observations of Causonis japonica to New York State as of 2021 appear to be from near Baltimore, Maryland.
* ↑ iNaturalist observations of Causonis japonica as of 2021.
Vitales — Vitaceae —   — Cayratieae —   — Causonis :
| Genus Causonis | | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf.1784. Vitis japonica Thunb. 1797. Cissus japonica (Thunb.) Willd. 1830. Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. 1838. Causonia japonica (Thunb.) Raf. 1910. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. 1911. Cayratia tenuifolia (Wight & Arn.) Gagnep. 1918. Columella japonica (Thunb.) Merr. | Bushkiller ⓘ | Introduced, Highly invasive,  NYIS Tier: 1b,  Invasive.org: | | NYFA: No counties GBIF No counties | USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

#### Tribe Viteae
##### Vitis

* Vitis riparia (river grape)Although they are often treated as weeds, most wild grape vines found in New York are native plants that provide good nourishment for wildlife. Their problem stems from their tendency to dominate trees and shrubs on forest edges. Due to the fragmented state of much of New York's woodland, the edges comprise a large portion of the forest that most people experience. Many of what we consider natural areas or family woodlots are primarily forest edge, giving grape vines an undesired advantage over native trees and shrubs. Grapevines don't tolerate shade well, so they are easy to control in an established woods. It may be beneficial to allow grapes to dominate exotic invasive trees and shrubs.
Vitales — Vitaceae — Vitoideae — Vitis :
| Genus Vitis | Grape | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Vitis riparia Michx.1803. Vitis riparia Michx.1856. V. cordifoliavar. riparia1893. V. ripariavar. praecox1897. V. vulpinavar. praecox1923. V. vulpinavar. syrticola1939. V. ripariavar. syrticola1949. V. vulpinassp. riparia | River grape, Riverbank grape, Frost grapeVigne des rivages, Vigne souvage, Raisin souvage | Native, CoC: 3, Secure FACW-FAC Perennial, Vine | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Vitis aestivalis Michx.1803. Vitis aestivalis Michx.1820. V. bicolor Raf.1890. V. aestivalisvar. bicolor1897. V. argentifolia Munson1921. V. lecontiana House1924. V. aestivalisvar. bicolor1934. V. smalliana L.H.Bailey1940. V. gigas J.H.Fennel1936. V. aestivalisvar. argentifolia1987. V. aestivalisvar. smalliana | Summer grape, Small grape, Pigeon grape, Silverleaf grape, Blue grapeVigne d'été | Native, CoC: 4, Secure FACU Perennial, Vine | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Vitis labrusca L.1753. Vitis labrusca L.1818. V. labruscavar. labruscoides1830. V. labruscavar. alba1830. V. labruscavar. rosea1940. V. labruscavar. subedentata | Northern fox grape, Fox grape, Skunk grape, Concord grapeVigne lambruche, Vigne américaine, Vigne framboisier | Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Vine | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Vitis × novae-angliae Fernald  Vitis labrusca ×   Vitis riparia1917. Vitis × novae-angliae Fernald | New England grape, Pilgrim grape | Native, Very vulnerable, SNA, GNA FAC-FACW Perennial, Vine | | NYFA: 2 NYFA: 7 counties Nassau (2017) | USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Vitis vulpina L.1753. Vitis vulpina L.1803. Vitis cordifolia sensu Macoun non Michx.1818. Vitis cordifoliavar. vulpina1891. Vitis viniferavar. vulpina1934. Vitis illex L.H.Bailey | Winter grape, Frost grapeVigne des renards ⓘ Vigne des battures ⓘ | Native, CoC: 5, Endangered FAC Perennial, Vine | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Vitis × slavinii Rehder  Vitis aestivalis ×   Vitis riparia1922. Vitis × slavinii Rehder | Slavin's grape, Hybrid of  Summer grape &  River grape | Native, Unranked, SNA, GNA FACU Perennial, Vine | | Monroe (1920) NYFA: ? | Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Vitis vinifera L.1753. Vitis vinifera L. | European grape, Wine grape, Vinifera grapeVigne cultivée, Vigne | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, Not naturalized, SNR, G4 Perennial, Vine, shrub | | Onondaga (1949) NYFA: X | USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Vitis × alexanderi Prince ex Jacques  Vitis labrusca ×   Vitis vinifera1822. Vitis × alexanderi Prince nom. nud.1829. Vitis × alexanderi Prince ex Jacques1830. Vitis × prolifera Raf.1834. Vitis isabellaevar. alexanderi1923. Vitis × labruscana L.H.Bailey | Concord grape, Hybrid of  Fox grape &  Vinifera grape | Introduced, Not naturalized, SNA, GNA, Vine | | Cayuga, Columbia, Essex, Orleans, Saratoga, St.Lawrence (1952) NYFA: Xnn | USDA-00 Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Vitis (excluded taxa) | Grape | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet1880. Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet | Graybark grape | N. America native  southern U.S., N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Vitis palmata Vahl | Catbird grape | N. America native  southern U.S., N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Vitis aestivalis × vulpina | Hybrid of  Summer grape &  Winter grape | N. America native, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

#### Tribe Parthenocisseae
##### Parthenocissus

* Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper tendrilParthenocissus is made up of two disjunct groups: a North American clade and an Asian clade.
* The two North American creepers found in New York (Virgina creeper and thicket creeper) are very similar in appearence. Both have similar five-lobed leaves, but they differ in the way their tendrils attach to surfaces for climbing. Virgina creeper (P. quinquefolia) attaches using adhesive pads, allowing it to climb smooth surfaces such as smooth rocks and buildings, similar to the way Boston ivy climbs. The tendrils of thicket creeper (P. inserta) attach by twining around objects.
* ↑ Ze-Long Nie, et al. (2010) "Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic diversification of Parthenocissus (Vitaceae) disjunct between Asia and North America." Am. J. Bot. August 2010 vol. 97 no. 8 1342-1353.
| Parthenocissus | Leaflets | Habit | Tendrils | Fruit | Inflorescence |
| P. quinquefolia Virginia creeper | dull above, pubescent below | high-climbing or on ground | several branches terminating with dilated adhesive discs | rare, smaller | central axis with 25-200 flowers in panicled groups |
| P. inserta thicket creeper | shiny above, glabrous below | sprawling over ground or structures | few branches, no adhesive discs | common, slightly larger | dichotomously branched, 10-60 flowers |
Vitales — Vitaceae — Vitoideae — Parthenocisseae — Parthenocissus :
| Genus Parthenocissus  North American clade | Creeper | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.1753. Hedera quinquefolia L.1803. Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx.1887. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.1939. Parthenocissus quinquefoliafo. hirsuta | Virginia creeper, Five-leaved ivy, Five-fingerVigne vierge à 5 folioles, Parthénocisse à 5 folioles, Vigne vierge vraie, Vigne vierge grimpante | Native, CoC: 4, Secure FACU Perennial, Vine | | NYFA: 5 iNat | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Parthenocissus inserta (A.Kern.) Fritsch1887. Vitis inserta A.Kern.1893. Ampelopsis quinquefoliavar. vitacea1894. Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc.1922. Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch | Thicket Creeper, Woodbine, False Virginia CreeperVigne vierge commune, Vigne vierge | Native, CoC: 2, Secure Perennial, Vine | | NYFA: 5 iNat | USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Parthenocissus  Asian clade | Creeper | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch.1845. Ampelopsis tricuspidata S.& Z.1868. A. veitchii hort. nom. inval.1887. P. tricuspidata (S.& Z.) Planch. | Boston ivy, Japanese creeper, Japanese ivy, Grape ivyVigne vierge tricuspidée, Vigne vierge de Veitch, Vigne-vierge du Japon | Introduced from  temperate Asia, Potentially invasive Perennial, Vine | | NYFA: X iNat | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |

## Order Zygophyllales

* The Zygophyllales contain the two families Krameriaceae and Zygophyllaceae according to A.P.G. III (2009).
* ↑ Zygophyllales in P.F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 15 July 2015.

### Family Zygophyllaceae

* The Zygophyllaceae (bean-caper or caltrop family) contains two exotic species that are not known to truly naturalize in New York but are of concern because they are listed as invasive in parts of North America.
* ↑ Zygophyllaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

#### Subfamily Tribuloideae
##### Tribulus

* Puncture vinePuncturevine is considered to be invasive in much of the U.S. and is now listed as naturalized in New York State. It is a weed of at least 21 crops in 37 countries and is toxic to livestock, which can also suffer injury to their mouths, eyes, digestive tracts and skin from its burrs.
* ↑ CABI, 2017 Tribulus terrestris Invasive Species Compendium, Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc.
Zygophyllales — Zygophyllaceae — Tribuloideae — Tribulus :
| Genus Tribulus | Puncturevine | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Tribulus terrestris L.1753. Tribulus terrestris L. 1753. T. lanuginosus L. 1830. T. bimucronatus Viv. 1920. T. saharae A.Chev. 1946. T. terrestris  var. sericeus  Andersson ex Svenson (i) | Puncture vine Puncture-vine Puncture weed Puncturevine weed Caltrop Small caltrop Land caltrop Goathead Mexican sandbur Texas sandbur Croix-de-Malte Tribule terrestre | Introduced from  Eurasia, Africa, Australia, Potentially invasive,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: ,  USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized, SNA Annual, Herb-forb | | NYFA: Xn NYFA: 5 counties iNat GBIF 3 counties | USDA-Xw Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP CABI Images Wikispecies |

#### Subfamily Zygophylloideae
##### Zygophyllum

* The Syrian bean-caper (Zygophyllum fabago) is considered to be potentially invasive in parts of the U.S., but is not thought to have naturalized in New York.
Zygophyllales — Zygophyllaceae — Zygophylloideae — Zygophyllum :
| Genus Zygophyllum | Beancaper | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Zygophyllum fabago L.1753. Zygophyllum fabago L. 1867. Z. fabago  var. brachycarpum  Boiss. | Caper-bean, Syrian beancaper, Syrian bean-caper | Introduced from  Eurasia, Impersistent, Not naturalized Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: Xm | USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies |

## Order Celastrales

* The order Celastrales ...

### Family Celastraceae

* The Celastraceae (staff-vine or bittersweet family) in New York contains the genera Euonymus (spindletree), Celastrus (bittersweet), as well as Parnassia (grass-of-Parnassus), which has also been included in the Saxifragaceae and Parnassiaceae.

#### Subfamily Parnassioideae
##### Parnassia

* Parnassia glauca common grass of Parnassus
Celastrales — Celastraceae — Parnassioideae — Parnassia :
| Genus Parnassia | Grass-of-Parnassus | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Parnassia glauca Raf.1813. P. americana Muhl. 1840. P. glauca Raf.  auct. P. caroliniana non Michx. (1803) | Common grass of Parnassus, Fen grass of Parnassus, American grass-of-parnassus, Glaucous grass-of-Parnassus, "Carolina" grass-of-ParnassusParnassie à feuilles glauques, Parnassie glauque | Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Parnassia palustris L.1753. Parnassia palustris L. | Marsh grass-of-Parnassus, Marsh grass of Parnassus, Northern grass of Parnassus, Meadow grass-of-ParnassusParnassie des marais, Parnassie palustre | Native, CoC: 10, Likely extirpated OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: U | USDA-NN VASCAN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Parnassia (excluded taxa) | Grass-of-Parnassus | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Parnassia caroliniana Michx.1803. P. caroliniana Michx. | Carolina grass of Parnassus | N. America native  southeast U.S., N.Y. excluded OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

#### Subfamily Celastroideae
##### Euonymus

* Of the six native and naturalized Euonymus species in New York, three are native, and three have been introduced and are considered to be invasive.
* ↑ Matthew Sarver, et al. (2008) "Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-alikes, an Identification Guidefor the Mid-Atlantic." Delaware Department of Agriculture.

###### Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Euonymus

* Euonymus atropurpureusThe most common native Euonymus in New York is Euonymus atropurpureus (or eastern wahoo). It is sometimes confused with the somewhat-invasive Euonymus europaeus (or European spindle tree). The two can be distinguished by several characteristics, including:
* ↑ Watch list species highlight: European Spindle Tree (Euonymus europaeus). Vermont Invasives. 2024
| | Euonymus atropurpureus (American wahoo) | Euonymus europaeus (European spindletree) |
| Leaves: | pubescent beneath or entirely glabrous | glabrous above & beneath |
| Petals: | wide, dark brown-purple | narrow, light green-yellow-white |
| Inflorescence: | umbels of 7-15 flowers | umbels of 3-8 flowers |
| Capsule: | pink to purple | red to pink |
| Aril: | scarlet | orange |
| Seed | brown | white |
Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Euonymus :
| Genus Euonymus L. subg. Euonymus sect. Euonymus | Spindletree | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. var. atropurpureus1772. Euonymus atropurpurea orth. var. 1772. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. in Hort. Bot. Vindob. 2:55 1785. Euonymus caroliniensis Marshall in Arbust. Amer.: 43 1785. Euonymus latifolius Marshall in Arbust. Amer.: 43, sensu auct. 1796. Euonymus tristis Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton:142 1831. Euonymus atropurpureus Hook. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:119, nom. illeg. 1838. Euonymus atropurpureus var. grandifolius Raf. in New Fl. 3:60 1838. Euonymus atropurpureus var. latifolius Raf. in New Fl. 3:60 1838. Euonymus atropurpureus var. oblongifolius Raf. in New Fl. 3:60 1941. Euonymus atropurpureus var. cheatumii Lundell in Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 6:41 | American wahoo, Eastern wahoo, Eastern spindle-tree, Burning bush, Bitter-ashFusain pourpre, Fusain de l'Est | Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure, S4, G5-T5 FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade, 2n = 32 | NYFA: 17 counties iNat: 9 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Euonymus europaeus L.1753. Euonymus europaeus L. in Sp. Pl.:197 1768. Euonymus vulgaris Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.°1 1774. Euonymus latifolius S.G.Gmel. in Reise Russland 1:130 1782. Euonymus angustifolius Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 2:128, opus utique oppr. 1838. Euonymus fibrillifer Fisch. & C.A.Mey. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 1843. Euonymus quadrigonus Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 1:497 1856. Euonymus floribundus Steven in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 29(II):122 1863. Euonymus medius Kit. in Linnaea 32:641 1867. Euonymus flavescens Paul in Gardener (Edinburgh) 2:383 1891. Euonymus bulgaricus Velen. in Fl. Bulg.:116 1959. Euonymus czernjaevii Klokov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk 1959. Euonymus medirossicus Klokov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk 1959. Euonymus odessanus Klokov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk 1959. Euonymus suberosus Klokov in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk | European spindletree, European euonymusFusain d'Europe, Bonnet de prêtre | Introduced, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 60%, CP-5, SNA, GNR Perennial, Tree, shrub | NYFA: 19 counties iNat: 23 counties | USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euonymus europaeus: Moterate (60). ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ||||||

###### Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Echinococcus

* Euonymus americanus
Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Echinococcus :
| Genus Euonymus L. subg. Euonymus sect. Echinococcus | Spindletree | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Euonymus obovatus Nutt.1818. Euonymus obovatus Nutt.1892. Eu. americanusvar. obovatus | Running strawberry-bush | Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable FAC-FACU Perennial, Shrub, subshrub, Vine | | NYFA: 3 | USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Euonymus americanus L.1753. Euonymus americanus L.1753. Euonymus americana L., orth. var. | American strawberry bush, Bursting hearts, Bursting heart | Native, CoC: 7, Endangered, NYNHP: S1 FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, Subshrub, Heliophily: 3 Part shade | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |

###### Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Ilicifolia

Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Ilicifolia :
| Genus Euonymus L. subg. Euonymus sect. Ilicifolia | Spindletree | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder1851. Euonymus hederaceus Champ. ex Benth. p.p. 1863. Elaeodendron fortunei Turcz. p.p. 1865. Euonymus japonicus var. radicans Sieb. ex Miq. 1867. Euonymus radicans Sieb. ex Miq. 1938. Euonymus fortunei var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder | Climbing euonymus, Winter creeper, Evergreen bittersweet, Climbing spindle-tree, Fortune's euonymusFusain de Fortune, Fusain rampant | Introduced, Highly invasive,  NYIS: 78%, Regulated, CP-4 Perennial, Shrub, vine | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euonymus fortunei: High (78). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ||||||

###### Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Melanocarya

* Euonymus alatus burningbush, winged euonymusThe non-native burning bush or winged euonymus (Euonymus alatus) is widely planted for its bright fall foliage and can easily naturalize in wooded areas, where it often becomes invasive.
Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Euonymus subg. Euonymus sect. Melanocarya :
| Genus Euonymus L. subg. Euonymus sect. Melanocarya | Spindletree | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold1784. Celastrus alatus Thunb.1784. Celastrus striatus Thunb.1826. Euonymus subtriflorus Blume1826. Euonymus thunbergianus Blume1830. Euonymus alatus Siebold | Burning bush, Winged euonymus, Winged burning bush, Winged spindle treeFusain ailé | Introduced from  eastern Asia, Very highly invasive,  NYIS: 81%, Regulated, CP-3 | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euonymus alatus: Very high (81%). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ||||||

##### Celastrus

* Celastrus scandens American bittersweetThe genus Celastrus contains both a fairly rare American bittersweet and a very highly invasive Oriental bittersweet.
* The two species, which are known to hybridize, can be distinguished by their inflorescences, which form at the ends of the branches of American bittersweet and at the joints (axils) of Oriental bittersweet. Also, the leaf margins of American bittersweet are finely toothed, while those of Oriental bittersweet are wavy.
| Celastris | bittersweet | flowers | leaves (alternate) | margins | seeds/capsule |
| C. scandens | American bittersweet | terminal arrays (panicles) of ≥ 6 | suborbicular to broadly oblong-ovate (L ≥ 2W) | fine teeth | 0 or 1 |
| C. orbiculatus | Oriental bittersweet | axillary arrays (cymes) of 2 or 3 | elliptic to ovate, acuminate (L < 2W) | wavy | ≥ 5 |
Celastrales — Celastraceae — Celastroideae — Celastrus :
| Genus Celastrus | Bittersweet | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Celastrus scandens L.1753. Celastrus scandens L.1794. Euonymoides scandens(L.) Moench1902. Euonymus scandens(L.) E.H.L.Krause | American bittersweet, Climbing bittersweetBourreau des arbres, Célastre grimpant | Native, CoC: 7, Rare FACU Perennial, Vine | | NYFA: 3 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.1784. C. orbiculatus Thunb.1784. C. articulatus Thunb. | Oriental bittersweet, Asian bittersweet, Asiatic bittersweet, Oriental staff vineCélastre asiatique | Introduced from  temperate Asia, Very highly invasive,  NYIS: 87%, Prohibited, CP-2 NE-1 FACU-UPL | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Celastrus (excluded taxa) | Bittersweet | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Celastrus gemmatus Loes.1902. Celastrus gemmatus Loes.1912. Embelia esquirolii H.Lév.1935. C. lokchongensis Masam. | Shrub-bittersweet, Chinese staff vine, Chinese bittersweet | Introduced from  temperate Asia, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-00 ARS-GRIN FoC Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Celastrus orbiculatus: Very high (87%). ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ||||||

## Order Oxalidales

* The order Oxalidales contains seven families, of which, only Oxalidaceae members have been discovered growing outside of cultivation in New York.

### Family Oxalidaceae

* The Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel family) has traditionally been included in the Geraniales, but is now included here with phylogenically similar Rosids. The only Oxalidaceae genus known to grow in the wild in New York is Oxalis.

#### Oxalis

* Oxalis (or wood-sorrel) species are not closely related to the several edible plants referred to as sorrel in the Rumex genus, and their visual appearance is quite different, but the taste of their leaves is said to be similar. Of the four Oxalis subgenera, only subg. Oxalis species have been found in New York.

##### Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Oxalis

* Oxalis montana - northern wood-sorrelSect. Oxalis contains several species of white wood-sorrel, of which only northern wood sorrel (Oxalis montana) is listed in New York.
Oxalidales — Oxalidaceae — Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Oxalis :
| Genus Oxalis sect. Oxalis | Wood-sorrel | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Oxalis montana Raf.1818. Oxalis montana Raf.1930. O. acetosellavar. rhodantha1958. O. acetosellassp. montana auct. O. acetosella non L. | Northern wood-sorrel ⓘ White wood-sorrel ⓘ Mountain wood-sorrel ⓘ Sleeping-beauty ⓘ American wood-sorrel ⓘ Common wood-sorrel ⓘ Oxalide de montagne ⓘ Oxalide des bois ⓘ | Native, CoC: 7, Secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Part shade | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies |

##### Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Corniculatae

* Oxalis stricta common yellow wood-sorrelSect. Corniculatae contains the North American yellow-flowered caulescent Oxalis species, five of which are found in New York. This section has also been treated as the separate genus Xanthoxalis.
* Recent research has suggested that Oxalis corniculata (arguably the weediest of this section) is likely to be a native of southeast Asia.
* Oxalis exilis, a native of New Zealand and Tasmania, was reported in Jones Beach State Park in 2011. That identification seems to be in question however.
* ↑ Guy L. Nesomm (2009). "Again: taxonomy of yellow-flowered caulescent Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) in eastern North America." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3: 727–738.
* ↑ Quentin J. Groom​, Jan Van der Straeten, Ivan Hoste (2019). The origin of Oxalis corniculata L. PeerJ 7:e6384
* ↑ Andrew M. Greller & Garrett Herth (2011). "Report on the 2011 Finding of Houstonia pusilla Schoepf and Oxalis exilis A. Cunn. at two New York State Parks on the South Shore of Long Island." Long Island Botanical Society Quarterly Newsletter 21:4. Fall 2011.
* ↑ Comment by Alex Wright (2018) in iNaturalist observation of Oxalis exilis in San Francisco, CA.
Oxalidales — Oxalidaceae — Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Corniculatae :
| Genus Oxalis sect. Corniculatae | Yellow wood-sorrel | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Oxalis stricta L.1753. Oxalis stricta L. in Sp. Pl.:435 1785. Oxys stricta (L.) All. in Fl. Pedem. 2:89, nom illeg. 1794. Oxalis ambigua Salisb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2:242 1798. Oxalis corniculata var. stricta (L.) Sav. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck 1854. Oxalis europaea Jord. in Arch. Fl. France Allemagne 2:309 1891. Acetosella stricta (L.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1:91 1896. Oxalis cymosa Small in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23:267 1903. Xanthoxalis bushii (Small) Small in Fl. S.E. U.S.:667 1903. Xanthoxalis stricta (L.) Small in Fl. S.E. U.S.:667 1903. Xanthoxalis cymosa (Small) Small in Fl. S.E. U.S.:668 1916. Ceratoxalis cymosa (Small) Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4:468 1916. Ceratoxalis stricta (L.) Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4:468 1942. Xanthoxalis europaea (Jord.) Moldenke in Castanea 7:125 | Common yellow wood-sorrel, Common yellow oxalis, Upright yellow wood-sorrel, European wood-sorrel, Tall wood-sorrelOxalide d'Europe, Oxalide dressée, Oxalide stricte, Surette, Pain d'oiseau, Oxalis droit | Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun | NYFA: 56 counties iNat: 55 counties | USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Oxalis dillenii Jacq.1794. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. 1897. Oxalis corniculata  var. dillenii  (Jacq.) Trel. 1925. Oxalis stricta  var. piletocarpa   1972. Xanthoxalis dillenii (Jacq.) Holub | Slender yellow wood-sorrel, Dillen's wood-sorrel, Sussex yellow sorrel, Southern yellow sorrelOxalide de Dillenius | Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 7 | NYFA: 15 counties iNat: 33 counties | USDA-NX FSUS Go Botany VASCAN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Oxalis florida Salisb.1796. Oxalis florida Salisb. 1803. Oxalis prostrata Haw. 1821. Oxalis recurva Elliott 1824. Oxalis dillenii  var. florida  (Salisb.) DC. 1825. Oxalis rupestris Raf. 1897. Oxalis filipes Small 1901. Oxalis brittoniae Small 1903. Xanthoxalis brittoniae Small 1903. Xanthoxalis filipes Small 1903. Xanthoxalis recurva (Elliott) Small 1943. Xanthoxalis florida Moldenke 1963. Oxalis dillenii  ssp. filipes  Eiten | Slender eastern wood-sorrel, Southern yellow wood-sorrel, Flowering yellow wood-sorrel | Native, CoC: 0, Secure | NYFA: 5 NYFA: 5 counties iNat GBIF No observations | USDA-NX COL WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN-0 FNAFNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Oxalis corniculata L.1753. Oxalis corniculata L. 1771. Oxys corniculata (L.) Scop. 1781. Oxalis repens Thunb. 1891. Acetosella corniculata Kuntze 1903. Xanthoxalis corniculata Small 1944. Xanthoxalis repens (Thunb.) Moldenke | Creeping wood-sorrel, Creeping yellow wood-sorrelOxalide cornue, Oxalis cornu | Introduced from  Mexico to Venezuela & Peru,  Caribbean, Naturalized | NYFA: X NYFA: 21 counties GBIF 28 counties | USDA-NX COL WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Oxalis exilis A.Cunn.1839. Oxalis exilis A.Cunn. 1976. Xanthoxalis exilis (A.Cunn.) Holub | Shady woodsorrel Least yellow-sorrel Least yellow woodsorrel Creeping oxalis Yellow oxalis | Introduced from  Austalia,  Norfolk Island,  New Zealand, Potentially invasive,  iMapInvasives,  USGS: L48 invasive, ID has been questioned | NYFA: 0 counties iNat GBIF 0 counties | POWO FNA Images Wikispecies |

##### Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Ionoxalis

* Oxalis violacea violet wood-sorrel
Oxalidales — Oxalidaceae — Oxalis subg. Oxalis sect. Ionoxalis :
| Genus Oxalis sect. Ionoxalis | Bulb-bearing wood-sorrel | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Oxalis violacea L.1753. Oxalis violacea L.1782. Sassia tinctoria Molina1891. Acetosella violacea (L.) Kuntze1903. Ionoxalis violacea (L.) Small1937. O. violaceavar. trichophora1943. I. violaceavar. trichophora1998. Sassia violacea (L.) Holub | Violet wood-sorrel | Native, Threatened | | NYFA: 2-3 | USDA-N- Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |