OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Top-down proteomics

Top-down proteomics is a method of protein identification that uses an ion trapping mass spectrometer to store an isolated protein ion for mass measurement and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The name is derived from the similar approach to DNA seqencing. Proteins are typically ionized by electrospray ionization and trapped in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (Penning trap) or quadrupole ion trap (Paul trap) mass spectrometer. Fragmentation for tandem mass spectrometry is accomplished by electron-capture dissociation or electron-transfer dissociation.

## References

* ↑ Sze SK, Ge Y, Oh H, McLafferty FW (2002). "Top-down mass spectrometry of a 29-kDa protein for characterization of any posttranslational modification to within one residue". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (4): 1774–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.251691898. PMC 122269. PMID 11842225.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Kelleher NL (2004). "Top-down proteomics". Anal. Chem. 76 (11): 197A–203A. doi:10.1021/ac0415657. PMID 15190879.
* ↑ Smith CL, Cantor CR (1989). "Evolving strategies for making physical maps of mammalian chromosomes". Genome. 31 (2): 1055–8. PMID 2698822.
* ↑ Bogdanov B, Smith RD (2005). "Proteomics by FTICR mass spectrometry: top down and bottom up". Mass spectrometry reviews. 24 (2): 168–200. doi:10.1002/mas.20015. PMID 15389855.

## Bibliography

* Borchers CH, Thapar R, Petrotchenko EV; et al. (2006). "Combined top-down and bottom-up proteomics identifies a phosphorylation site in stem-loop-binding proteins that contributes to high-affinity RNA binding". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (9): 3094–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511289103. PMC 1413926. PMID 16492733. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Han X, Jin M, Breuker K, McLafferty FW (2006). "Extending top-down mass spectrometry to proteins with masses greater than 200 kilodaltons". Science. 314 (5796): 109–12. doi:10.1126/science.1128868. PMID 17023655.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Whitelegge J, Halgand F, Souda P, Zabrouskov V (2006). "Top-down mass spectrometry of integral membrane proteins". Expert review of proteomics. 3 (6): 585–96. doi:10.1586/14789450.3.6.585. PMID 17181473.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/The OpenMS Proteomics Pipeline

The OpenMS Proteomics Pipeline (TOPP) is a set of computational tools that can be chained together to tailor problem-specific analysis pipelines for HPLC-MS data. It transforms most of the OpenMS functionality into small command line tools that are the building blocks for more complex analysis pipelines. The functionality of the tools ranges from data preprocessing (file format conversion, baseline reduction, noise reduction, peak picking, map alignment,...) over quantitation (isotope-labeled and label-free) to identification (wrapper tools for Mascot, Sequest, InsPecT and OMSSA).
TOPP is developed in the groups of Prof. Knut Reinert at the Free University of Berlin and in the group of Prof. Kohlbacher at the University of Tübingen.
For more detailed information about the TOPP tools, see the TOPP documentation of the latest release and the TOPP publication in the references.

## References

* Sturm M, Bertsch A, Groepl C, Hildebrandt A, Hussong R, Lange E, Pfeifer N, Schulz-Trieglaff O, Zerck A, Reinert K, Kohlbacher O: OpenMS – An open-source software framework for mass spectrometry. BMC Bioinformatics 2008, 9:163.(fulltext)
* Kohlbacher O, Reinert K, Gröpl C, Lange E, Pfeifer N, Schulz-Trieglaff O, Sturm M: TOPP - the OpenMS proteomics pipeline. Bioinformatics 2007, 23(2):e191-7. (fulltext)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Thermal infrared spectroscopy

Thermal infrared spectroscopy (TIR spectroscopy) is the subset of infrared spectroscopy that deals with radiation emitted in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The emitted infrared radiation, though similar to blackbody radiation, is different in that the radiation is banded at characteristic vibrations in the material. The method measures the thermal infrared radiation emitted (as opposed to being transmitted or reflected) from a volume or surface. This method is commonly used to identify the composition of surface by analyzing its spectrum and comparing it to previously measured materials. It is particularly suited to airborne and spaceborne applications.

## Thermal infrared spectrometers
### Airborne

* TIMS: a multispectral radiometer flown on C-130, ER-2, and the Stennis Learjet aircraft.
* SEBASS: a hyperspectral sensor developed and operated by The Aerospace Corporation.

### Spaceborne

* ISM: An imaging spectrometer on board the Soviet Phobos 2 spacecraft.
* ASTER: a multispectral radiometer on board the Earth-observing Terra satellite.
* TES: A hyperspectral spectrometer on board the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft.
* Mini-TES: a small version of the TES instrument carried on both Mars Exploration Rovers.
* THEMIS: a multispectral thermal infrared imager on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft.
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/4BH Brisbane

4BH 882 is the on-air identifier (ACMA callsign: 4BH) of a radio station in Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. It broadcasts on a frequency is 882 kHz in the AM radio band and is simulcasted in DAB+ on channel 9B. The station directs its programming for the baby boomer market. It is owned by Nine Entertainment Co.
A comprehensive summary of 4BH Brisbane has not yet been prepared, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
In the National Library of Australia's Trove website, more than 100 articles (Newspapers & Gazettes) have been tagged as "4BH - Brisbane" (search publictag:4BH - Brisbane)
A search in Trove on "W. P. Bechervaise", "Bechervaise Victoria", "Bechervaise Telegraphy" identifies more than 2000 articles, the majority of which refer to William Philip Bechervaise. Those tagged to date are a quick review to identify the most important for this Wikibook. Articles transcribed for Notes are tagged: "!Wikibooks - Bechervaise". Articles reviewed and considered either duplicates of other articles or not of sufficient importance for inclusion are tagged: "!Wikibooks - Bechervaise Not"
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/4HW Brisbane
## Transcriptions and Notes

More than 50 key articles relevant to 4HW, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: 4HW Transcriptions and Notes
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/4BH Brisbane/Notes
## 4BH Brisbane - Transcriptions and notes
### 1930s
#### 1930
##### 1930 12
#### 1931
##### 1931 08

   "B" CLASS STATIONS. Another for Brisbane. 4BH's Powerful Plant. Within three months Brisbane should have another powerful B class broadcasting station on the air. The Postmaster-General's Department has granted a license for a B station to Broadcasters Australia Limited. The call sign 4BH and a wavelength of 217 metres have been allotted to the station. The construction of the transmitting station has been begun on a site at Bald Hills, on the Redcliffe Road. The studio will be located on the first floor of G. J. Grice's music warehouse, and the registered office of the company will also be there. The musical activities of G. J. Grice, Ltd., including the use of the recital hall, has been made available to the company. A director of the company yesterday told "Listener" that a statement made in a section of the Press that 4BH will be "a new Catholic broadcasting station" was incorrect, but that the activities of the Roman Catholic Church in Queensland will be broadcast by this station. The general activities of the station, he said, would be entirely a matter for the directors to decide. He added that it was the intention of the company to erect one of the most powerful "B" class stations in the Commonwealth. It would be of most modern design and would incorporate all the latest principles of transmission which are in use in the most up-to-date stations in other parts of the world. Tests, he said, would take place within two and a half months, and it was expected that the station would be on the air for the first performance within three months.

##### 1931 11

4BH reported intending to use both medium and short wave transmitters
   Dual Transmission. SHORT AND LONG WAVES. Brisbane's proposed new station 4BH, which is to be opened about December 15, will have something new to offer in the way of transmission. An excellent short-wave transmission set is being inaugurated for transmission throughout the State. This will give dwellers in the outbacks greater chances of reception during the day, when the A and B class stations do not penetrate.

##### 1931 12
#### 1939
##### 1939 01
##### 1939 12
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## References

* ↑ ""B" CLASS STATIONS". The Telegraph (Queensland, Australia) (18,315): p. 6 (FIRST EDITION). 19 August 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181281485. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
* ↑ "Dual Transmission.". Daily Standard (Queensland, Australia) (5881): p. 3. 20 November 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article178965438. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/4BK Brisbane
## Transcriptions and Notes

More than 50 key articles relevant to 4BK, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: 4BK Transcriptions and Notes
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/4GO Brisbane
## Transcriptions and Notes

More than 50 key articles relevant to 4GO, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: 4GO Transcriptions and Notes
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/4EZ Brisbane
## Transcriptions and Notes

More than 50 key articles relevant to 4EZ, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: 4EZ Transcriptions and Notes
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/4FK Brisbane
## Transcriptions and Notes

More than 50 key articles relevant to Vernon Francis Kenna - 4FK, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: Vernon Francis Kenna - Transcriptions and Notes
# Ecclesiastical Latin/PresentEsse

There are several verbs in Latin that mean the same or about the same as the BE verb in English. The most common one in usage is ESSE which we will explore here in the present tense.
Like most Copula verbs in most languages, ESSE is irregular however it is still very simple to learn.
Sum means "I am".
Es means "You are".
Est means "He is".
If you are familiar with older English this should be easy to see the link. We used to say;
I am
Thou art
He is
Now the M in the Am is fine, we can just link that in our minds to the M in Sum.
As we see above, in older English the letter T was for the You form and the S was for the He form. In Latin this is the reverse. The S characterizes the You form and the T characterizes the He form.
Now in English we have just one form, Are, to take care of all plural forms. In Latin however, we need a different form for each.
Sumus means "We are".
Estis means "Ya'll are".
Sunt means "They are".
You should notice that while in English we use "you are" for both singular and plural; in Latin we use two different forms. English only has a total of three forms, Latin has a total of Six. You should also notice that while we do use a different form for the plural, it is similar to the singular form. M changes to MUS, S changes to TIS, and T changes to NT. See that isn't hard at all.
Now if we consider the fact that the original base of the verb was ES, and we attempt to add our endings to just a bare ES we get this,
ESM
ESS
EST
ESMUS
ESTIS
ESNT
If you try to say these as is you will find yourself automatically inserting an "oo" sound between the S and the M or N. Eventually that U sound got too big and it drowned out the E sound at the beginning and people stopped saying it. The only other issue here has to do with ESS which would just be a double S sound that people would probably been happy to just say a simple ES and move on with their lives. Thus in a very natural way we then get;
Sum
Es
Est
Sumus
Estis
Sunt
You should also make sure to remember these endings, -M, -S, -T, -MUS, -TIS, and -NT. You will see these over and over again. The first person M is more often an O in most verbs in the present tense but will become M again in other tenses.
# Ecclesiastical Latin/Sentence2
## New Patterns

The second sentence pattern we will look at is really two different sentence patterns that use two different grammatical structures to give us more information about he subject of the sentence.
The first is;
NN NA ESSE.
This looks very familiar to the sentence pattern from before, which was NN1 NN2 ESSE. However, in this sentence pattern, we are not saying that one thing is equal to another thing. We are using an adjective, in the nominative case of course, to give us information about our subject. So if I said, "I am tall." I do not mean to say that I am the personification of Tallness, just that I have the quality of "tall". This sentence pattern is used to introduce the idea that the subject has this quality. The listener did not know before that that the subject had this quality.
Maria pulchra est.
Here the listener did not know that Maria was pretty so we use the above sentence to inform him.
NOTE: The adjective must "agree" with the word it modifies, even if that word is dropped from the sentence. As such it must be in the Nominative case when used in this sentence pattern.
The second sentence pattern we will learn here is thus;
NN AV ESSE.
We use this sentence pattern to give more information about the subject in the form of an adverb. The adverb can imply location, wellbeing or anything else that makes sense.
Maria hic est. Maria bene est.
Notice that since the word giving additional information is an adverb, not an adjective, it does not need to agree with Maria, or any other word in the sentence. I will in fact never change form. It does not modify Maria directly the way an adjective does, but rather modifies the way Maria is by affecting the verb EST.

## Extension of old patterns

Now that you have seen the adjectives and the adverbs, you should know that these can be added at will to sentence patterns that were learned earlier.
If we add an adjective to NN ESSE, we basically end up with NN NA ESSE. It will depend on the context to hear the difference but it is not so important. Examples in English include "The boy is small" versus "There is a small boy."
If we add adjectives to NN1 NN2 ESSE we get NN1 NA1 NN2 NA2 ESSE. Here again, the context will tell us which word the adjectives go with. As NA2 is not next to NN1, it can not go with NN1, but as NA1 is next to both NN1 and NN2, it could go with either but would probably go with NN1. However, as the two nouns are equal to each other, it isn't that big a deal.
Puella pulchra discipula bona est.
The same can be done to add Adverbs as seen here.
Puella hic discipula bona est.
In these cases, the adjective or adverb is only an extra idea tacked onto the sentence and is not the central point of the sentence as seen in the sentence patterns studied above.
# Eclipse

* Using Eclipse
* FAQ

## Further Reading

* How to develop an Eclipse RCP application
* How to develop an Eclipse Plug-in Part 1
* How to develop an Eclipse Plug-in Part 2
# Ecclesiastical Latin/Sentences

NN ESSE.
NN1 NN2 ESSE.
NN DN ESSE.
NN NA ESSE.
NN AV ESSE.
NN CN TV.
NN DN CN TV.
NN TV CN1 NV CN2.
NN PV.
NN AB+AN PV.

## KEY

NN= NOMINATIVE NOUN
DN= DATIVE NOUN
CN= ACCUSATIVE NOUN
AN= ABLATIVE NOUN
GN= GENITIVE NOUN
NA= NOMINATIVE ADJECTIVE
DN= DATIVE ADJECTIVE
CN= ACCUSATIVE ADJECTIVE
AA= ABLATIVE ADJECTIVE
GA= GENITIVE ADJECTIVE
SNA= COMPARATIVE NOMINATIVE ADJECTIVE
SSNA= SUPERLATIVE NOMINATIVE ADJECTIVE
AV= ADVERB
SAV= COMPARATIVE NOMINATIVE ADJECTIVE
SSAV= SUPERLATIVE NOMINATIVE ADJECTIVE
ESSE= FORM OF SUM
IV= INTRANSITIVE VERB
TV= TRANSITIVE VERB
PV= PASSIVE VERB
NV= INFINITIVE VERB
MV= IMPERATIVE VERB
# Ecclesiastical Latin/Pronunciation
## English to Latin

This should be the first thing you do. Find a random English sentence. Any sentence is ok. Then you should think about the sounds that exist within the sentence. We are only concerned about sounds, not meaning at this point. Your task is to rewrite the sentence writing only the sounds that are in it. If the sentence has sounds in it that do not exist in the Latin language, change the sound to a sound, any sound, that is close. For example, the most common word in the English language is the word "the"; however, the TH sound does not exist in Latin, so you have to change it to a sound that does exist in Latin, since keeping the TH spelling will not work as that will produce just a T sound. A D sound is much closer and is probably what you should use. Also, when you come across the a sound in English words like cat you should keep in mind that this sound does not exist in Latin so you will have to choose between a Latin A or a Latin E as the sound is somewhere between them.
Here is an example.
"Billy went to the store to buy some apples."
The sounds that don't exist in Latin are as follows.
"Billy went to the store to buy some apples."
And here is how it looks using only Latin letters and being spelled exaclty as it sounds.
"Bili uent tu da (di) stor (stoa) tu bai sam apols (epols)."

## Sound it out

Remember that Latin is supposed to be spelled exactly as it sounds. We do not memorize a spelling that does not match the pronunciation. We memorize the pronunciation and that pronunciation controls the spelling. So now that you have the basics and have even converted some English into just sounds, it is now time to see sounds written and for you to sound it out. Don't be worried if you do not know what these words mean. They are put here for you to see the sounds and to practice your pronunciation. You can look the words up yourself later or just wait as we will cover this very often used prayer in a later lesson. In this example, remember to pronounce the Latin A as the English short o sound, this seems to be the most common beginner mistake when saying this prayer.
Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto; sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.
Note: the ae will sound as just e. Also, unlike in English where a T followed by an r will create the ch sound, Latin does not do this. The T and the R are individually pronounced. If you blend these into a ch sound it means that you are not pronouncing your R correctly and need to listen to a cat purrrrrr for a bit to get the sound right. If you pronounce your R correctly, then you will not feel the urge to blend the T and the R.
This prayer is used very often in Catholic life when we pray the rosary, the psalms in the Liturgy of the Hours, and many other times as well. Interestingly, it is not used in the Mass in its current form, but is still very common for any Catholic who maintains a private prayer life in addition to Mass.
# Ecclesiastical Latin/Sentence3

The sentence pattern for this lesson will be as follows.
and
The first, NN GN ESSE is not so hard to understand. The genitive case is basically a noun pretending to be an adjective. Most of the time it denotes possession but does have some other uses. The above sentence pattern is not really equal to NN NA ESSE because the whole point of such a sentence is to inform us that the subject noun has the quality of the adjective. However, in NN GN ESSE, we are really saying just NN ESSE with the extra genitive tacted on as an after thought. The genitive here is not so important to the sentence. The Nominative Noun is much more important.
Currum matris est. "It's mom's car."
However, if we change the Genitive to a Dative we get; NN DN ESSE and this very strongly expresses the idea of possession. The Dative is not just an extra idea added to the sentence but is unnecessary as the genitive is. In the sentence pattern, the Dative is the most important word. The very purpose of the sentence is to tell us TO WHO the thing in the nominative belongs.
Currum matri est. Liturally this is "Car to mom is." But it has the force of "The car BELONGS TO MOM (and no one else)." OR, "The car is MOM'S, not mine, not yours, not Dad's, only MOM'S."
Interestingly, since Latin is a pro-drop language, which means that if the subject is understood already between speaker and listener it need not be expressed, we often find NN DN ESSE being expressed as DN ESSE.
Matri est. "It is for Mom."