OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Pharmacology
## Definition

Pharmacology is an area of science which relates to the discovery, chemistry, composition, identification, biological and physical effects, uses and manufate of drugs. Pharmacology is commonly mistaken for pharmacy, which is a profession involving the preparation, and dispensing of drugs. It can be mainly split into the subdivisions of pharmacodynamics , which deals with the physiological effects of drugs on biological systems, and pharmacokinetics , which deals with how biological systems affect the drugs. ADME is an acronym used in pharmacology to describe the four main stages through which drugs pass through the body. The stages are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

## Different Pathways to Drug Discovery

Compound > Physiological effect > molecular target
In the first approach, a substance is identified which has a desirable physiological consequence when tested. Biological effect is known before molecular target is identified.
Molecular target > compound > physiological effect
In the second approach, a substance is a known molecular target. Compounds are sought by experimenting with desired properties which bind to target molecule and change its properties. From there, scientists can explore their effects on appreciate cells / organisms.

## Further Subdivision

Modern pharmacology today can be further split into many categories of specific research
For example:
* Behavioral pharmacology - study of how drugs or medications affect behavior
* Biochemical pharmacology - Use of biochemistry to study how drugs affect the body's chemical pathways
* Cardiovascular pharmacology - study how drugs affect the heart and vascular system
* Chemotherapy - division of pharmacology that deals with treatment of microbial infections and cancer
* Clinical pharmacology - study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics within the human body
* Molecular pharmacology - study of how drugs or medications interact with the cell
* Neuropharmacology - study of how drugs or medications affect the nervous system
* Toxicology - study of the toxic effects that drugs may have

## Development of Drugs and Challenges it entails

Compounds have significant effects when taken into the body but only small fractions have potential to be useful.
Factors in determining drug effectiveness:
* Strength of interactions between the drug and its target
* Must be easily administered and must react target at sufficient concentration

## ADME Properties

* $^A$bsorption : process in which substance enters bloodstream, preferably via small pills to be able to survive the acidity of gut and absorbed through intestinal epithelium.
* $^D$istribution : process in which substance is dispersed throughout the body
* $^M$etabolism : transformation of medicine from parent compound to daughter compound
* $^E$xcretion: removal of substance from the body

## References

* ↑ Biochemistry Berg 7th Edition
* ↑ http://www.aspet.org/about_pharmacology/
# Structural Biochemistry/Phases of Brain Development
## Phases of Brain Development

Phases of early embryonic brain development mainly include seven stages such as neural induction, proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, cell death/stabilization and synaptic rearrangement. Neural induction stage takes from the day 18 to 24 since the fertilization. Proliferation stages takes from the day 24 to day 125. Migration stage takes from the day 40 to day 160. And the differentiation stage takes from the day 125 to the postnatal periods. from the differentiation period to the postnatal period, the brain development becomes very sensitive to the environmental factors play a role in addition to the genetic factors.
# Structural Biochemistry/Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Pure drugs are usually combined with inactive materials to produce a pharmaceutical dosage (dosage form). It is the physical form of the drug that are that are sold to the patient. The common dosage forms that are used widely in pharmacy practice are listed below.
# Slackersbible

The goal of the Slackware Handbook project is to create a document that closely resembles the FreeBSD Handbook in framework and content, but all about Slackware Linux. Envisioned by Narayan Newton and brought to life by Mad Penguin, the Slackware Handbook is unlike any other technical documentation in the world in that it is a completely 'live' medium. This is one book that will never age, never become obsolete, never collect dust... all because it is in perpetual development by dedicated technology professionals from around the globe.
Anyone will be allowed to contribute, but everything submitted to the book is moderated by a peer review system. If something is inaccurate or misleading, it will be caught and fixed. If something is out of date, it will be updated. In keeping with the true nature of Open Source, it will be completely open for anyone to read, download, and share. The Slackware Handbook will prove to be one of the most accurate technical documents on the planet.
This Handbook is based on the work of the FreeBSD Documentation Project Slackware Handbook
Make sure to check the submission queue on that project. It's equally important to verify content as well checking for spelling mistakes. This makes our job easier as well as the jobs of those who will need to revise your work.
Have Fun!!!

## Table of Contents

* About
** License
* Preface
** Getting Started
*** Introduction
*** Installing Slackware Linux
*** UNIX Basics
**** Synopsis
**** Virtual Consoles and Terminals
**** Permissions
**** Processes
**** Text Editing
*** Installing Applications
**** How to compile source code
*** The X Window System
**** Synopsis
* Common Tasks
** Desktop Applications
** Multimedia
*** Synopsis
*** Configuring sound
** Configuring the Slackware Kernel
*** Configuring your first linux 2.6 kernel
* System Administration
** Configuration and Tuning
** The Slackware Booting Process
** Users and Basic Account Management
** Security
** SELinux
** Storage
** Volume Management
** Localization
** The Cutting Edge
** Software Management
* Network Communication
* Appendices

## Source

From the MadPenguin Slackware Handbook.
# Slackersbible/About

The goal of the Slackware Handbook project is to create a document that closely resembles the FreeBSD Handbook in framework and content, but all about Slackware Linux. Envisioned by Narayan Newton and brought to life by Mad Penguin, the Slackware Handbook is unlike any other technical documentation in the world in that it is a completely 'live' medium. This is one book that will never age, never become obsolete, never collect dust... all because it is in perpetual development by dedicated technology professionals from around the globe.
Anyone will be allowed to contribute, but everything submitted to the book is moderated by a peer review system. If something is inaccurate or misleading, it will be caught and fixed. If something is out of date, it will be updated. In keeping with the true nature of Open Source, it will be completely open for anyone to read, download, and share. The Slackware Handbook will prove to be one of the most accurate technical documents on the planet.
# Slackersbible/License
## Acknowledgment is given for using some contents from other works

This Handbook is based on the work of the FreeBSD Documentation Project Slackware Handbook is a project coordinated and hosted by Mad Penguin in an effort to keep Slackware documentation as up-to-date as possible.
Copyright © 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 The FreeBSD Documentation Project Copyright © 2005 Mad Penguin Communications
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation.
Many people have worked on it. Therefore, here are their acknowledgments:
Several companies have supported the development of this document by paying authors to work on it full-time, paying for publication, etc. In particular, BSDi (subsequently acquired by Wind River Systems) paid members of the FreeBSD Documentation Project to work on improving this book full time leading up to the publication of the first printed edition in March 2000 ISBN 1-57176-241-8. Wind River Systems then paid several additional authors to make a number of improvements to the print-output infrastructure and to add additional chapters to the text. This work culminated in the publication of the second printed edition in November 2001 ISBN 1-57176-303-1. In 2003-2004, FreeBSD Mall, Inc, paid several contributors to improve the Handbook in preparation for the third printed edition.
The book you are holding represents the efforts of many hundreds of people around the world. Whether they sent in fixes for typos, reverted vandalism, or submitted complete chapters, all the contributions have been useful.
# Slackersbible/Preface
## Intended Audience

The first section of the Handbook will guide the new user through the installation of Slackware Linux and gently introduces the concepts and conventions that underpin the OS. Working through this section requires little more than the desire to learn and the fortitude to attempt an installation.
The second, far larger, section of the Handbook is a comprehensive reference to all manner of topics of interest to Slackware Linux system administrators. Some of these chapters may recommend that you do some prior reading, and this is noted in the synopsis at the beginning of each chapter.
# Slackersbible/Introduction

Slackware is the oldest Linux distribution still in active development. Dating back to 1993, it is still being maintained by its creator Patrick Volkerding with help from developers from all around the world.
It is a very sturdy yet simple distribution, whose main goals are simplicity and stability. Slackware also strives to be the most "UNIX-like" Linux distribution.
If you want a distribution that will force you to understand Linux and its Unix heritage, Slackware is for you. If, instead, you want the complexities of Linux hidden from you, look for a different distribution.
Don't however let this intimidate you, Slackware is no more difficult to learn or become proficient in than any other distribution. The main difference will be in the way you perform tasks, Slackware is far more dependent on the command line interface (cli) than it is on graphical tools. If you compare it to driving a car, you can think of Slackware as a manual/stick and distributions like Mandrake and Redhat as automatics.
To Quote the Slackware Web page:
What is Slackware Linux?
"The Official Release of Slackware Linux by Patrick Volkerding is an advanced Linux operating system, designed with the twin goals of ease of use and stability as top priorities. Including the latest popular software while retaining a sense of tradition, providing simplicity and ease of use alongside flexibility and power, Slackware brings the best of all worlds to the table.
"Originally developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991, the UNIX(tm)-like Linux operating system now benefits from the contributions of millions of users and developers around the world. Slackware Linux provides new and experienced users alike with a fully-featured system, equipped to serve in any capacity from desktop workstation to machine-room server. Web, ftp, and email servers are ready to go out of the box, as are a wide selection of popular desktop environments. A full range of development tools, editors, and current libraries is included for users who wish to develop or compile additional software."
# Spanish/Vocabulary/Prendas de vestir
## la ropa

    clothes, clothing

## el sombrero, la gorra

    hat

## la camisa

    shirt

## la camiseta

    t-shirt

## los pantalones

    pants

## los zapatos

    shoes

## los calcetines

    socks

## el cinturón

    belt

## la corbata

    tie

## la chaqueta

    jacket

## los guantes

    gloves

## el gorro

    winter hat
# Los deportes (Sports)
## Deportes (Sports)

* El fútbol association football, soccer
* El baloncesto, basquetbol basketball
* El beisbol baseball
* El fútbol americano American football
* El hockey hockey
* El hockey de hielo ice hockey
* El tenis tennis
* El montañismo mountain climbing
* El golf golf
* La equitación horseback riding
* La natación swimming
* Los bolos bowling

## Sujetos

* La pelota ball (smaller, such as a baseball)
* El balón ball (inflated, such as a basketball)
* El cesto basket
* El gol goal
* El equipo team
* El juego game
* El campo field
* El partido match
* El oficial referee

## Verbos

* jugar to play
* ganar to win
* perder to lose
* empatar to tie
* correr to run
* esquiar to ski
* montar a caballo to go horseback riding
* patinar (en línea) to go (inline) skating
* patinar sobre hielo to ice skate
* ir a jugar al boliche to go bowling
# Spanish/Vocabulary/To Describe Yourself
## To Describe Yourself

Adjectives To be used with "estar".
bonito(a) pretty guapo(a) – handsome feo(a) – ugly rubio(a) – blonde moreno(a) – dark haired; skinned pelirrojo(a) – redheaded flaco(a); thin , skinny delgado(a) = slim gordo(a) – fat joven – young viejo(a) – old famoso(a) – famous
simpático(a) – nice antipático(a) – unfriendly divertido(a) – fun aburrido(a) – boring serio(a) – serious romántico(a) – romantic inteligente – intelligent tonto(a) – dumb, foolish callado(a) – quiet tímido(a) – shy activo(a) – active artístico(a) – artistic
atlético – athletic tacaño(a) – stingy generoso(a) – generous paciente – patient impaciente – impatient perezoso(a) – lazy trabajador(a) – hardworking atrevido(a) – adventurous prudente – cautious agradable – pleasant justo(a) – fair desafurtunado – Unlucky
# Spanish/Vosotros Usage

Vosotros is the informal way to address a group including the person you are talking to. In English, we do this in various ways: y´all, you guys, all you, you all, yous guys, etc - depending on the region from which we originate. Vosotros is similar; with usage varying geographically as with the English expressions. This verb form is generally only used in Spain, and using it anywhere else (Latin America, the Caribbean, and Mexico, for example) will attract some very funny looks. It is usually used in a very informal way to address a group of people and implies that not one of the persons in the group would deserve an Usted title in singular conversation. In all situations where vosotros is not appropriate, you would use ustedes to address more than one person.
However, vosotros is also used in some more formal written forms on both sides of the Atlantic. For example, Biblical passages typically use vosotros forms when the speaker is addressing multiple people. You will regularly see and hear vosotros in Biblical quotes wherever you are. Therefore, you may want to at least recognize the usage even if you don't know how to use it yourself.
# Spanish/Vocabulary/People

* (a-e) los niños: children
* (a) recién nacido(a): newborn
* (b) la bebé: baby (el bebé for boys)
* (c) el niño pequeno: toddler (la niña pequena for girls)
* (d) la niña: little girl
* (e) el niño: little boy
* (f-g) los adolescentes: teens
* (f) la chica: girl
* (g) el chico: boy
* (h-k) los adultos: adults
* (h) el veintitanto, el twentysomething (not in Spain): twentysomething
* (i) la mujer: woman
* (j) el hombre: man
* (k) la jubilada: senior (el jubilado for men)
# Spanish/Word Order

The word order in Spanish is not as rigid as it is in English.
It is normally SVO (subject - verb - object):
    Juan comió una manzana (Juan ate an apple)
However, it is possible to change the word order to emphasize the verb or the object:
    Comió Juan una manzana (VSO)
    Una manzana comió Juan (OVS)
Note: To say "An apple ate Juan," that is, Juan was eaten by an apple, insert the word "a" (personal "a") like this:
    Una manzana comió a Juan. (SVO)
The subject is frequently omitted because the verb ending already gives information about the person:
    Yo comí una manzana (I ate an apple)
    Comí una manzana (I ate an apple)
In the second sentence we know that I ate the apple because the verb ending would be different for all other persons.
If you want to say "Juan ate it," the word order will have to be changed to accommodate the direct object pronoun:
    Juan la comió (SOV)
This is always the word order when using a direct or indirect object pronoun.
In general, Spanish is very flexible because the core grammatical structure gives you the liberty of changing the order of words. A Spanish sentence can be constructed in a photographic manner so that you put words in the sentence in the same order you tend to think that you're observing them. Spanish tries to make possible the compatibility between the formal logic and the descriptive quality of the message.
The main departure from English grammar is that instead of an adjective-noun form, it's noun-adjective. So, in English we would say blue car, while in Spanish you would say "car blue" (coche azul). There are, as in many other languages, exceptions to this rule, particularly when the adjective has a double meaning. For example, "a poor man" could be expressed as "an unfortunate man" (pobre hombre), or a "wealth-less man" (hombre pobre). As a rule of thumb, the more permanent meaning dictates that the adjective go before the noun, but when in doubt, place the adjective after the noun.
# Spanish/Vos

Vos is a pronoun that was used when the Spanish soldiers arrived to America. In many places it replaces tú and in some of them is complementary with tú. Its verbal forms are those of vosotros, but with some sounds missing. Example: vosotros coméis produces vos comés (Argentina, Central America), vos comes (Bolivia), vos comís or tú comís (Chile), and vos coméi (Venezuela).

## See also

* Tú-usted
This page or section of the Spanish book is a stub. You can help Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Personal Health and Physical Activity/Dental Health

A dental health plan is a plan for taking care of the teeth and gums that includes frequent brushing and flossing, reduction of cavity-promoting foods, avoidance of tobacco, protecting teeth from injury, regular dental examinations, and cleaning of the teeth by a dental hygienist.

## Types of Teeth

* Incisors - are the eight teeth in the front and center of the mouth that have a flat, sharp edge that cuts up food.
* Cuspids - are the four teeth in the corners of the mouth that have a long, heavy root and a pointed cusp that tears food.
* Bicuspids - are the eight teeth in the back of the cuspids with two cusps and one or two roots that tear and crush food.
* Molars - are the twelve teeth in the back of the mouth with several cusps and two or three roots that grind food.

## Dental Check-Ups

* Teeth Cleaning - removing dental plaque an calculus that has built up on the teeth.
* X-Rays - may be taken to detect tooth decay or other dental problems.
* Whitening - there are treatments to whiten teeth, though human teeth are naturally yellow-ish.
* Dental Sealants - a thin, plastic coating painted on the chewing surfaces of the back teeth to prevent tooth decay.

## Ways to keep Teeth and Gums Healthy

* Toothbrushing
* Flossing
* Fluoride
* Diet
* Mouthguards
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Personal Health and Physical Activity/Ear Care

The care of ears is very important. Proper ear care includes having regular ear examinations and tests for hearing loss.

## Cleaning

The outer ear should be cleansed frequently with a soft, clean washcloth. Objects of any size, including cotton-tipped swabs, should never be inserted into the ear because these objects might puncture the eardrum. A puncture would allow dirt or microorganisms to get into the ear and cause infection and could lead to hearing loss. Proper cleansing of the outer ear also helps avert wax buildup in the ear canal.
== Examinations ==
An audiologist is a specialist who diagnoses and treats hearing and speech-related problems.
An otolaryngologist (ENT) is a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the ears, nose, and throat.
== Hearing Loss ==
Noise-induced hearing loss is the slow loss of hearing caused by too much noise.
== Protecting Against Hearing Loss ==
* 1. Do not insert any objects into the ears
* 2. Clean the outer ear with a soft, clean washcloth
* 3. Contact physician if the ears become infected or there are signs of hearing loss
* 4. Keep the volume of radios, stereos, and TVs at safe levels
* 5. Keep music through headphones at a reasonable level
* 6. Wear protective earplugs when operating loud machinery
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Mental and Emotional Health/Social-Emotional Environment and Health Status

A positive social-emotional environment exists when a person receives plenty of social-emotional boosters. Creating a positive social-emotional environment is important. Click on the following link for a lesson over creating a positive social-emotional classroom. Peacable Classroom Here are the ten ways that a positive social-emotional environment improves health status:
* Improves self respect
* Provides support for responsible behavior
* Provides the support and encouragement you need to take calculated risks
* Allows you to correct mistakes, forgive yourself and move on
* Helps you to be resilient
* Reduces Stress
* Helps to prevent and relieve depression
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Mental and Emotional Health/Stress-Management Skills

When stress arises for our students, we must introduce stress-management skills. These are techniques that can be used to cope with the harmful effects produced by stress. One skill is to learn to do something about the cause of stress. The second skill is to keep the body healthy and relieving anxiety. By teaching the following stress management skills, our students will learn to not let stress affect them.
* Use responsible decision making skills
* Get plenty of rest and asleep
* Participate in physical activities
* Use time management plan
* Write in a journal
* Have close friends
* Talk with parents or other trusted adults
* Help others
* Express affection in appropriate ways
* Care for pets
* Change our outlook
* Keep a sense of humor
* Use breathing techniques
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Mental and Emotional Health/Treatment for Depression

Children and adolescents who are depressed often suffer for years before they are diagnosed. Few who need treatment for depression actually seek help. The following are types of treatment for depression.
* Physical examination
* Medication
* Therapy
These forms of treatment along with strategies that teachers and other adults can use is important for student's depression. Help your student cope with their depression by encouraging them to:
* Talk to an adult, parent, guardian, or you
* Stay connected with friends
* Practice healthful behaviors
* Use anger management skills
* Practice stress management skills
* Aviod the use of alcohol and other drugs
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Personal Health and Physical Activity/Being a Responsible Spectator and Participant in Sports

Young people can learn to be responsible sports spectators.
Here are a few examples to discuss with students:
* Learn during winning and losing seasons.
* Stay in designated fan area.
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Personal Health and Physical Activity/Develop and Maintain Health-related Fitness

Physical Fitness- is the ability to perform physical activity and to meet the demands of daily living while being energetic and alert.
Health Related Fitness- is the ability of the heart, lungs, muscles, and joints to function at optimal capacity.

## Five Components of Health-related Fitness

1. Cardiorespiratory Endurance 2. Muscular Strength 3. Muscular Endurance 4. Flexibility 5. Healthful Body Composition
The FITT Formula - represents a factor for determining how to obtain fitness benefits:
F - Frequency, how often
I - Intensity, how hard
T - Time, how long
T - Type, what kind