OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Suomen kieli ulkomaalaisille

Finnish Language for Foreigners (Grammar)
Finnish Language For Foreigners is a translation of the Finnish Wikibook "Suomen kieli ulkomaalaisille". It is not meant to be read from front to back. Rather it is a reference book in development to provide explanatory texts on all the main aspects of Finnish. ´
It focuses heavily on the technical aspects of the Finnish language that those starting to learn the language must grasp. It therefore explains the Sounds, Phonetics, Grammar as well as some other technical structures of the language.
To help you learn Finnish the book retains many of the texts of the original Finnish, with the English translation alongside. By learning the Finnish grammar terms you will be able to speak about these matters with Finns in real life.
To the Contents Page
Readers of Finnish Language for Foreigners should also use the companion book
Finnish Language in Use (Practical Finnish)
Finnish Language in Use is a much more practical level language study book. Finnish Language in Use has texts and some sound files that are graded for complexity. These texts are mostly taken from every day situations, for example news articles, advertising flyers, posters, official letters, internet chats and so forth, thus providing a wide range of examples of the language as it is actually used today. Texts and Sound files are posted here and are translated by students and checked by persons skilled in both English and Finnish. These real life texts will link back to the Grammar in Finnish Language for Foreigners and will help students to see how the language works at a practical level.
Also in development at Wikibooks is
Finnish
which is a coursebook for learners of Finnish with lessons and exercises.
Taken together, these three books will provide a useful resource for anyone learning the Finnish language.
# Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim

Though the Yiddish language took a heavy toll during the Holocaust, when most of its speakers were lost, the language is still commonly used to give shiurim or musar shmuessn in yeshivos. Unfortunately, many English-speaking yeshiva-students, though they already know many Yiddish words, and even incorporate them into their English, are unable to understand a full shiur given in Yiddish.
The purpose of this guide is to teach enough vocabulary and grammar to understand a Yiddish shiur.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction

### Grammar

* Reading Yiddish
* Conjugating verbs
* Verbs with prefixes and זיך
* Possessive pronouns

### Vocabulary

* Some very common words
* Questions
* Prepositions
* Verbs
* Nouns and adjectives
* Phrases that do not fit into other lessons

### Miscellaneous

* About contributing - Please read this before editing this book
* Authors

## See also

יידיש װערטערבוך אױפֿן װעב - an excellent online dictionary
# Icelandic Songbook

* Cover
* Introduction
* Ættjarðarkvæði
# Business English

Welcome to the Business English textbook.

## Contents

* Topics
** Work
** Branding
** Marketing
** Finance
** Big business
** Home office
** Computers and technology
** Engineering
** Sports
** Business books and magazines
** Cold calling
** Starting your own business
** American culture
** American business culture
** Time management
** Bad news letters
** Routine and good news letters
* Grammar
* Reading and Writing
* Speaking and Listening
* Interviewing
* Idioms
* Phrasal Verbs
** Get
** Turn
** Up
* Slang
* English Proverbs
* Activities and Dynamics
* Areas of English Proficiency
* Making a Personal Plan to Improve Your English
* Getting More Practice
* Tips for Teachers
* Course Outlines
* Links

## Related books

* English as an Additional Language
* English for B2 Students
# English for B2 Students
## Target Audience

This book is intended for adult and teenage learners of English as a second language who are at B2 (Upper Intermediate) level. B2 refers to level B2 on in the Common European Framework of Reference. Usually students of this level have studied English for at least 4 years or have previously taken the University of Cambridge PET examination or wish to sit the FCE (First) examination in the future. This book is also suitable for use by students who are preparing for similar examinations, for example the 'matura' examination in Polish state schools.
Because this book is read by people of all ages, any new edits will have to be reviewed by an administrator or a reviewer before they are visible.

## Contents

* Introduction to English for B2 students
* Aims of the units
* Unit 1 - The World of English
* Unit 2 - I am learning English for travel
* Unit 3 - I've visited Venice
* Unit 4 - If I had €1,000,000, I would live in Spain
* Unit 5 - I'm going to Athens in the summer
* Unit 6 - I used to be a student
* Unit 1 to 6 Progress Test
* Unit 7 - I'm looking forward to Christmas
* Unit 8 - The film had already started when we arrived
* Unit 9 - I want to be a scientist
* Unit 10 - You mustn't smoke in here
* Unit 11 - Mary is wearing a beautiful, old dress
* Unit 12 - Rome wasn't built in a day
* Unit 7 to 12 Progress Test
* Bibliography
* Vocabulary Extra
* FCE Grammar Reference
* Further Reading Practice
* Answers to exercises and tests
* Notes for editors to this Wikibook
* Links

## Related books

* See Subject:English language
# Basque
## Table of contents

Introduction
* Alfabetoa/Alphabet
* Sarrera/Introduction
* Ahoskera/Pronunciation
* Aditza izan/The Verb to be
* Artikuluak/Articles
* Hiztegia/Vocabulary

## Other resources

* Basque phrasebook on Wikivoyage
# Lowland Scots

* Lowland Scots Learning the Lowland Scots language

## Table of Contents

| Getting Started Lowland Scots ~ English - (Cover page) Introduction - History of the language, comparison to other languages, course philosophy Pronunciation - Introduction to the letters and sounds of Lowland Scots Lessons Lesson One: The Basics - Forming simple sentences, articles, pronouns, prepositions, verbs Lesson Two: Numbers and Greetings - The number system and common greetings and other phrases Lesson Three: Advanced Numbers and Interrogatives - More advanced stuff on numbers and using question words Appendix A printable version of Lowland Scots is available. Vocabulary - Words used in each lesson Common phrases External Links - Lowland Scots on the web Newspapers In Lowland Scots | The Project Contributors Users Project History Current Development Authors' workbench Syllabus Lesson Structure Layout Guide How To... Page Log Project Notebook |
# Chechen
## Содержани (Table of Contents)

These pages are set up as a language instruction guide which begins with the alphabet and the basics while working through the Chechen language. Each lesson will provide some grammar aspects as well as cultural facts to help the learner move forward in learning the language. If you are new to the Chechen language, start with the "Chudigar - Introduction) below. Have fun!
* Чудигар (Introduction)
* Нохчийн абат (The Chechen Alphabet)
* Дарс 1: Хьан цIе хIун ю? (Lesson 1: What's your name?)
* Дарс 2: Довзийтахьа тхойшиъ! (Lesson 2: Let's get to know each other!)
* Дарс 3: (Lesson 3: ) Coming Soon!
* Талламанболх 1 (Practice Quiz 1)
* Дарс 4: (Lesson 4: ) Coming Soon!
* Дарс 5: (Lesson 5: ) Coming Soon!
* Дарс 6: (Lesson 6: ) Coming Soon!

## Дешнийн списокаш (Vocabulary Lists)

This subchapter of the Chechen Wikibook will offer a vocabulary guide of various topics and categories. You can use this at your own pace to build up your Chechen vocabulary while guiding through the language instruction book. The more words you know in a language, the more you can use it!
* Amphibians - Хи-лаьттан дийнаташ
* Animals - Дийнаташ
* Birds- Олхазараш
* Bugs- Гезгийн тайпанаш
* Crustaceans- Искогбергаш
* Family- Доьзал
* Fish- ЧIараш
* Mammals - Декха дийнаташ
* Reptiles - Текхаргаш

## Authors

* Girdi
# Catalan
## Table of contents

Introduction Lessons
* Introducció – Introduction
* Lesson 1 – D'on ets?
* Lesson 2 – Com et dius?
* Lesson 3 – Com estàs?
* Lesson 4 – Al cafè
* Lesson 5 – Al bar
Reference
* L'alfabet — the alphabet
* Pronunciació — pronunciation
* L'article
* Plural
* Interrogatius — interrogatives
* Noms — nouns
* Adjectius — adjectives
* Numerals — numerals
* Pronoms — pronouns
* Adverbis — adverbs
* Verbs regulars — regular verbs
* Verbs irregulars — irregular verbs
* Passats — past tenses
* Imperatiu — imperative
* Futur — future
* Condicional — conditional
* Subjuntiu — subjunctive
* Preposicions — prepositions
* Conjuncions — conjunctions
* Interjeccions i expressions — interjections and expressions
* Formació de mots — formation of words
* Notes on syntax
* Vocabulari — vocabulary
* Common phrases

## Other resources

* Catalan phrasebook on Wikivoyage
# Belarusian

Belarusian is an East Slavic language spoken by over 9 million people as a first language in Belarus and in other countries. The languages most similar to Belarusian are Russian, Ukrainian and Polish. At first, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian were considered during the Kievan Rus era (c. 862- c. 1240) as one common language known as Old Russian or Old East Slavic. Slowly, the languages evolved due to subjugation from Polish-Lithuania as well as the Austrian empire, which is marked by a large number of Polish (and other loan words) words in Ukrainian and Belarusian.
Belarusian exists in two forms, official and classical. This is due to the 1933 reform of the Belarusian language, which was not recognized by all Belarusians. The official (post-reform) language is dominant in Belarus while the classical (pre-reform) variety is maintained mainly by Belarusian emigrants in European and American countries. The official language is often referred to as наркамаўка "narkamauka" (i.e. the language of the narkam - narodnyi kamisaryiat, the soviet executive body that carried out the 1933 reform) while the classical variant is called тарашкевiца "tarashkevitsa" (the language of Bronislav Tarashkevich, who adopted the classical grammar and spelling of the language).
Belarusian historically had three alphabets: Cyrillic, almost identical to Russian, which is the official alphabet; Latin, similar to Polish or Lithuanian, which used to dominate in Polish-dominated Belarus during the interwar era, was never popular among Belarusians and is very rarely used even today; and Arabic, which was used by Muslim people during the Mongolian era (1240-1480) and by Muslims is now a kind of curiosity.
This book is based on Cyrillic "narkamauka" modern spelling reform of 1933, though we shall pay attention to spelling and grammar peculiarities of the classical variant.
Belarusian (sometimes obsoletely called Byelorussian or Belorussian, meaning "White Russian") can be a very tricky language to learn, especially if you don't have at least a basic knowledge of either Russian or Ukrainian. However, if you do know some Russian or Ukrainian, you'll be surprised how similar they are as they share the same alphabet (with a few cosmetic differences among themselves), the same grammatical rules, pitfalls, and a common history among them.

## Table of Contents

Lesson 1 - The Alphabet
Lesson 2 - This is ...
Lesson 3 - Pronouns; Who/What is this?
Lesson 4 - Adjectives
Lesson 5 - Noun Gender and Number
Lesson 6 - Soft Consonants
Lesson 7 - Yes and No; This and That
Lesson 8 - Possessives; Asking for Definitions, Descriptions and Possession
Lesson 9 - Verbs Conjugation; You - Polite and Familiar
Lesson 10 - Adverbs; Short Answers; Nouns in ок; Verbs in аваць
Lesson 11 - Nouns Singular Genitive
Lesson 12 - Nouns Plural Genitive; Numbers from 1 to 10
Lesson 13 - Genitive of Adjectives and Other Words; Indefinite Words
Lesson 14 - Translating Proper Names; Deriving Adjectives from Nouns; the Second Conjugation of Verbs
Lesson 15 - Personal Names; Nouns Accusative; Likes and Dislikes
Lesson 16
Lesson 17 - Past and future tenses
Appendix A: Common phrases
# Breton

Breton is a Celtic language spoken in Brittany, in western France, where it was historically the primary language of Lower Brittany and a minority language in Upper Brittany. Its use declined in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, to the point where it has only 206,000 speakers in Brittany in 2007.
Breton is a Brythonic language most closely related to Cornish, and more distantly to Welsh. It also related to the other modern Celtic languages of Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic, although much more distantly as they are part of the other branch of Insular Celtic, the Goidelic branch.

## Contents [help]
### Introductory lessons

* About Breton
* Pronunciation
* Breton Basics
* Breton Dialects

### Level 1

* Lesson 1: Basic Words
* Lesson 2: Simple Conversation
* Lesson 3: Simple Grammar Rules
* Lesson 4: Mutations (Simplified)
* Lesson 5: Pronunciation (Simplified)

### Level 2

* Lesson 1: Basic Verbs
* Lesson 2: Basic Nouns
* Lesson 3: Present Tenses
* Lesson 4: Dialogue
* Lesson 5: Questions
* Lesson 6: Prepositions
* Lesson 7: Mutations (Complete)

### Level 3

* Lesson 1: Possession
* Lesson 2: Position
* Lesson 3: Identity
* Lesson 4: More Tenses
* Lesson 5: Dialogue

### Level 4

* Lesson 1: Poems and Rhymes
* Lesson 2: In Town
* Lesson 3: Plurals
* Lesson 4: More Tenses
* Lesson 5: Jokes

### Level 5

* Lesson 1: Having Fun
* Lesson 2: Proverbs
* Lesson 3: Cooking
* Lesson 4: More Tenses
* Lesson 5: Jokes

### Level 6

* Lesson 1: Irregular Verbs : Imperative and Present
* Lesson 2: Irregular Verbs : Past
* Lesson 3: Irregular Verbs : Preterit
* Lesson 4: Irregular Verbs : Future
* Lesson 5: Irregular Verbs : More Tenses
* Lesson 5: Jokes

## References

* ↑ http://www.fr.opab-oplb.org/5-chiffres-cles.htm

## External links

* http://www.kervarker.org/ - a Breton course
# Lower Sorbian

This is a textbook of Lower Sorbian language, used by about 10,000 speakers from a Sorbian ethnic minority in a German land of Brandenburg. The textbook is basing on a Bogumil Šwjela's book, Grammatik der Niedersorbische Sprache (1952). The spelling is however modernised, consulted with a dictionary Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch of Manfred Starosta (1999).

## Table of Contents
### Phonology

* Phonology

### Morphology

* Declension
* Declension of nouns
* Declension of adjectives
* Gradation of adjectives
* Numerals
* Pronouns
* Conjugation
* Introduction to the conjugation
* Conjugation of the verb to be
* Further explanation of conjugatory matters
* 1st conjugation
* 2nd conjugation
* 3rd conjugation
* Irregular verbs
* Passive voice
* Uninflected parts of speech
* Prepositions
* Adverbs
# Irish

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies

## Fáilte!

Fáilte (Welcome) to Wikibooks Irish, an open source primer and resource for the Irish language.

## The Irish Language

Irish (Gaeilge), (not to be confused with Scottish Gaelic, which is also sometimes called Gaelic, click the link for that wikibook.) is the traditional language of Ireland, and is currently spoken as a daily language by around 70,000 people. It is also taught in most Irish schools. It is in the Goidelic branch of the Celtic language family along with Scots Gaelic and Manx. Other Celtic languages are Welsh, Breton and Cornish.
Irish was once the main spoken language of Ireland and an important religious language. However, since about the 19th century, the language has declined rapidly and despite multiple efforts at revival by subsequent Irish governments, is now a minority language and considered endangered.

## About This Book

This book contains lessons in the Irish language, as well as grammatical and historical information. The book is organized into three units.
Unit 1 is an introductory unit for absolute beginners. It focuses on pronunciation and spelling, while introducing some basic points of grammar. Most language concepts will be introduced and explained entirely in English, except for concepts such as séimhiú (lenition) and úrú (eclipsis), where the English terms would be equally unfamiliar.
Unit 2 will provide a comprehensive overview of Irish language and grammar, including review and further coverage of the concepts introduced in Unit One. It will include a more comprehensive general vocabulary. Irish terms will be used for language concepts, with English reminders where appropriate. Students with some experience in Irish may want to start with Unit Two.
Unit 3 will provide more in-depth coverage of language used in specific subject matters. Grammar will be reviewed briefly, but the focus will be on specialized vocabulary and terminology. Language concepts and some basic prompts will be given in Irish only. Unlike the lessons in Units One and Two, which are designed to be studied in a specific order, lessons in Unit Three will be grouped by subject matter and can be studied in any order, using the foundation built in Units One and Two. Students with confidence in their Irish may use Unit Three to learn the words they need to discuss specific subject matter.
This book is a work in progress. If you are interested in contributing, please visit this page's discussion page, or the lesson planning page, and join in!
# Sardinian

Sardinian is a language which belongs to the Romance branch of the Indo-European languages. It is spoken and written on most of the island of Sardinia. Classified by virtually all linguists as being part of the Western subdivision, it is considered the most conservative of the Romance languages in terms of phonology and is noted for its Paleosardinian substratum.

## Contents

* Alphabet
* Pronunciation
* Articles
* Prepositions
* Conjunctions
* Noun classes
* Adjectives
* Diminutive, Augmentative and Pejorative Suffixes
* Comparison
* Pronouns
* Cardinal Numbers
* Ordinal Numbers
* Iteration
* Verbs
** Conjugation of ÈSSER
** Conjugation of other auxiliary verbs (ÁER, DÈPER)
** All three conjugations (~ARE, ~ERE, ~IRE)
** Irregular Verbs
* Adverbs
* Complements
* Propositions
* Interjections
* Colours, Months, Seasons etc
# Understanding Scientific Terms
## Understanding Scientific Terms, Greek and Latin word roots for scientists

About this book

## Contents

* Lesson 0 - Why bother learning Greek and Latin words?
* Lesson 1 - Roots, prefixes, and suffixes
* Lesson 2 - Common roots in science
* Lesson 3 - Common prefixes
* Lesson 4 - Numbers
* Lesson 5 - Colors
* Lesson 6 - The Body - part 1
* Lesson 7 - The Body - part 2
* Lesson 8 - Special suffixes
* Index - Quick word root finder

## Courses

This book is used as a textbook in this Wikiversity course.

## References

* Latin
* Greek, Ancient
* Greek, Modern
* Brunner, Theodore F. and Luci Berkowitz. 1967. The elements of Scientific and Specialized Terminology. Burgess Publishing Company. Minneapolis, MI. SBN 8087-0235- 1
* Simpson, D. P., M.A. 1968 . Cassell's Latin Dictionary. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York NY. ISBN 0-02-522570-7
* Various Authors. 2000. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston. ISBN 0-618-08230-1
* Douglas Harper. 2017. Etymonline - Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved September 23, 2022, from https://www.etymonline.com/
# Chamteela

Chamteela, also known as Luiseño, is the indigenous language of the Payómkawichum (Luiseño) people native to Southern California. This Wikibook will teach you the basics of how to speak, read, and write in the language.

## Table of Contents

* Part 1 — The Alphabet and Pronunciation
* Part 2 — Basic Phrases
* Part 3 — Basic Sentences
More parts coming soon!
# Wampanoag

Note: this text is based off the public domain "Indian Grammar Begun" by John Eliot and "A Key into the American language" by Roger Williams. Let's turn it into a great modern textbook!.
* Alphabet
* Of the Pronoun
* Of a Noun
* Of Adnouns
* Of the Verb
* Of the Adverbs
* Of the Conjunction
* Interjections
* Constructing words Together
* Examples of Verbs
* Salutations
* Eating and Entertainment
* Sleep and Lodging
* Numbers
* Blood and marriage
* Business of the Home
* Parts of the Body
* Discourse and News
* Time of Day
* Seasons of the Year
* Travel
* The heavens and heavenly lights
* Weather
* Beasts and Fowl
* Earth and Vegetation
* Sea and rivers
* Clothing
* Government and Justice
* Marriage
* Money and trade
* Debts and trusting
* Games
* War
* Painting
* Disease
* Death and burial
# Miskito

Miskito Language Course
Table of Contents
Introduction
Lesson 1
# Mapudungun
## Contents

* Introduction to this book
* What on earth are you doing here?

### Mapuzugun - Lessons using the Raguileo Alphabet

* Introduction
* Alphabet and rules of pronunciation

#### Basic lessons

* Mari Mari Greetings.
* The colours
* The days of the week
* The seasons
* The body
* Numbers Numbers with exercises
* A story test

#### Grammar

* How words are created
* Particles
Verbs
* Moods - Realis, conditional and volitive mood

### Other Alphabets

The Unified Alphabet and the Azümchefe Alphabet are two of the other alphabets being used.
# Guarani

Guarani (avañe'ẽ), specifically the primary variety known as Paraguayan Guarani, is an indigenous language of South America that belongs to the Tupí–Guaraní subfamily of the Tupian languages. It is one of the official languages of Paraguay (along with Spanish), where it is spoken by the majority of the population, and where half of the rural population is monolingual. It is spoken by communities in neighbouring countries, including parts of northeastern Argentina, southeastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil, and is a second official language of the Argentine province of Corrientes since 2004. It is also an official language of Mercosur, by a total of over 4 million speakers.
Guarani is distinguished by its rhythm, due to the avoidance of combinations between two consonants or two vowels and its regular prosody. It is also distinguished by its unique nasal harmony, with processes that make both consonants and vowels be nasalised.

## Table of Contents

* Orthography and pronunciation

### Lessons

* . How to say hello
* . How to introduce yourself

### Grammar

* Adjectives
* Nouns
* Verbs
# Aymara
## Table of Contents
### Introduction

* Phrases

### Appendix

* Vocabulary
* Numerals

### Grammar

* Alphabet
* Pronouns
* Adjectives
* Verbs
* Prepositions