OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Understanding the National Certificate of Educational Achievement

NCEA or National Certificate Of Educational Achievement is the main high school qualification in New Zealand. This Wikibook will aim to help you understand this qualification and subjects at NCEA level.
NCEA is split up into multiple levels. NCEA Level 1 is typically done by year 11 students, NCEA Level 2 by year 12 students and NCEA Level 3 by year 13 students. There are also scholarship exams available, usually open to year 13 students.

## The Basics

NCEA unlike the previous School Certificate qualification is gained by earning credits. These credits may be earned internally (in class or assessed and marked by teachers at the school) or externally (assessed at end-of-year examinations). There are two types of standards that may be met in order to gain credits: Achievement Standards (A.S.) and Unit Standards (U.S.). Achievement Standards may be achieved at 3 levels: Achieved, Merit and Excellence. Unit Standards can only be Achieved or Not Achieved.

## NCEA Level One

To pass NCEA Level One students require 80 credits including 10 literacy (English) credits and 10 numeracy (maths) credits.

## NCEA Level Two

Level Two requires 60 credits at level 2 or above plus 20 credits at any level.

## NCEA Level Three

Level Three requires 60 credits at level 3 or above plus 20 credits at level 2 or above.

## Scholarship

NCEA offers scholarship exams. In these the top 3% for each subject will receive $500 for every year they are at a New Zealand University. The top 0.3% for each subject receive $2000 for every year they are at a New Zealand university.

## Endorsements

Students are able to get an endorsement with their certificate. If 50 or more of the credits gained at one level are gained from assessments where the student achieved at a Merit or Excellence level than they will get NCEA endorsed with Merit. If they get 50 or more at Excellence level then they get NCEA endorsed with Excellence.
# Budget Watch Collecting/Timex date codes

Most (possibly all) mechanical Timex watches from 1963 until the end of mechanical production in 1993 have a reference number, usually at the bottom of the dial. The last two numbers correspond to the year the watch was produced. The two (occasionally 3) numbers before that are the movement number, the remaining numbers are the catalog number. For example, 2495210592 would indicate catalog number 24952, movement 105, year 1992. In some cases this number is hidden under the bezel and cannot be viewed without removing the movement from the case.
Some earlier Timex models have an ink-stamped date code on the inside caseback consisting of one letter and one number. The numeral denotes the year of manufacture as follows: 1959-8, 1960-7, 1961-6, 1962-5 1963-4 1964-3 1965-2 1966-1 1967-9.
Watches from 1985 and later generally have a 2 digit code on the caseback indicating year and month of manufacture:
Below is a general breakdown of Men's model names per model number. Model number can be found below and to the left of six o'clock (in small print)
(1XXX = Mercury/Sprite) (2XXX = Marlin) (25XX = Sportster) (3XXX = Fun Timer) (4XXX = Viscount) (5XXX = Super Thin) (6XXX = 17 Jewel) (9XXX = Electric)
# Portuguese/Contents/BPL1/Sétima lição

PORTUGUESE(BRAZIL) "FAZER" VERB
(EU) FAÇO
(VOCÊ) FAZ
(ELE/ELA) FAZ
(NÓS) FAZEMOS
(ELES/ELAS) FAZEM
(ESTAR)
(EU) ESTOU FAZENDO
(VOCÊ) ESTÁ FAZENDO
(ELE/ELA) ESTA FAZENDO
(NÓS) ESTAMOS FAZENDO
(ELES/ELAS) ESTÃO FAZENDO
SOME ABBREVIATION FOR TEXTING
VOCÊ- VC= YOU
RLX- RELAXA= RELAX
TBM- TAMBÉM= ALSO, TOO,AS WELL
CTZ- CERTEZA = FOR SURE. SURE
ND- NADA= NOTHING
OQ VC ESTA FZDO- O QUE VOCÊ ESTÁ FAZENDO= WHAT ARE YOU DOING.
ATÉ- ATÉ = UNTIL, BYE
TCHAU= BYE
Português Brazil,
# Limburgish

Limburgish is a language spoken by 1.5 million people predominantly in Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. This book uses the International Phonetic Alphabet when describing pronunciations.
Lès 1: A little start
# Rubik Puzzles
### Who is Erno Rubik?

Erno Rubik is the inventor of the Rubik's cube and several other puzzles. The Rubik's cube is a permutation puzzle, just like many other puzzles in the Rubik brand.

### What is a permutation puzzle?

A permutation puzzle is a type of puzzle in which parts are moved around the puzzle in a limited number of ways. Depending on the number of parts and the restrictions on movement, the puzzle has a number of possible configurations, or positions. The higher the number of possible positions, the more difficult it will be to solve the puzzle, in general.
One of the oldest and best-known permutation puzzles is the Towers of Hanoi, which consists of three sticks and seven tiles on one of the sticks, stacked in descending size. The second and third stick are left empty. It is the goal of the game to put all tiles on the third stick, moving one tile at a time, where a bigger tile can never be on top of a smaller tile. This takes 127 moves.
The Rubik's Cube has an astonishing number of 43 quintillion possible positions, one of which is the solved case.

## Types of Rubik Puzzle
### Cubes

* 2x2x2 (mini/pocket/junior/ice)
* 3x3x3 (regular/magic)
* 4x4x4 (revenge/master)
* 5x5x5 (professor)

### Clock
## Solutions
### Cubes

* 2x2x2 (mini)
* 3x3x3 (regular)
* 4x4x4 (revenge)
* 5x5x5 (professor)

### Clock
## Speedsolving

By speedsolving is meant solving a scrambled cube in the fastest possible time (bringing it back to its initial, solved position).
More on this topic can be found at the [speedcubing] website.

## Tuning

Tuning is the art of using tools and techniques to adjust the puzzle itself for the purpose of speedsolving. A puzzle can generally be tuned by
* lubricating (lubing), often with silicon spray(not oil-based)
* sanding
* adjusting: some puzzles have adjustable screws
* rebuilding: replacing original parts with (hopefully) better ones
and finally a common practice is restickering, which of course doesn't do much for the speed.
Read more on [Ton's pages]

## Creating puzzles

It's possible to create your own permutation puzzle. You could make a computer simulation of a known puzzle or invent a new computer permutation puzzle. Or you could create a real life puzzle. Most are made from plastic, and are hard to fabricate without specialized tools. It is noteworthy that the first Rubik's cube was actually made of wood! Many other puzzles were influenced by Erno Rubik's puzzles. Later, more puzzles were created1(6x6x6-11x11x11, 17x17x17, pyraminx, megaminx, gigaminx, teraminx, petaminx, examinx, square-1 cube, square-2 cube, super square-1 cube, flower cube, 3x3x5, and much more.
# Ilocano

Ilocano is an Austronesian language primarily spoken in the northern part of the Luzon island of the Philippines. It is called the National Language of the North.
Table of Contents

## Authors

Please remember that this is a wiki textbook. Feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and do anything to boost its capabilities to teach those who read this textbook, and/or otherwise increase its teaching potential.
This Ilocano Wikibook has received contributions from the following users (please insert your full name if possible):
* Crystal East

## See also

* Learn Philippine Languages
* Wikijunior:Languages/Ilocano — version for children.
# Happiness

We all live with the objective of being happy; our lives are all different and yet the same. -Anne Frank
All sentient beings naturally seek happiness. As humans have complex minds, the path to this goal can seem equally complex. The goal of this Wikibook is to make the search for self-fulfillment easier.

## What are the Keys to Happiness?

* Passion
* Compassion
* Volunteering
* Meditation
* Spirituality
* Independence
* Money
* Work
* Health
* Freedom

## How do we Work Towards Happiness?

* Awareness
* Willpower
* Positive Thinking
* Prioritizing
* Knowing Your Personality

## Miscellaneous

* Nature
* Pets
* Music
* Film and Television
* Food

## External Resources

* Jon Kabat-zinn - Wherever You Go, There You Are
* Steven Pressfield - The War of Art (Not to be confused with The Art of War by Sun Tzu)
* The 7 Spiritual Laws of Success
# Rail Transport in Las Vegas
## Welcome

Las Vegas is a very congested place, with millions of tourists who visit every year. Getting around Vegas and its surrounding areas by rail is faster, more efficient, and environmentally friendly. Therefore, this Wikibook's aim is to cover the basics of rail transport in Las Vegas. This Wikibook is closely related to the larger Getting around Los Angeles by Rail project.

## Table of Contents
### Primm, NV

Primm is located where I-15 crosses the California-Nevada stateline and is located around 40 miles away from Las Vegas along I-15.
* Primm Valley-Whiskey Pete's Tram
* Primm Valley-Buffalo Bill's Tram

### Las Vegas, NV

The heart of action is located in Las Vegas, which has 3 free tram systems as well as the Las Vegas Monorail.
* Free Trams:
** Aria Express (formerly CityCenter Tram) (Monte Carlo-Crystals (CityCenter)-Bellagio)
** Excalibur-Luxor-Mandalay Bay Tram
** Mirage-Treasure Island Tram
* Las Vegas Monorail

### Miscellaneous

Located on the southeast side of the Las Vegas Strip, McCarran International Airport is the major airport that serves Las Vegas. The airport is home to an automated people mover (APM) system.
* McCarran International Airport APMs
Schwager-Davis pioneered the use of the new UniTrak technology, first used in Primm.
* UniTrak System
Although most trams are free, some trams have fares.
* Fares and Passes
For Your Reference:
* Explore the trams and check out our photo gallery at the Multimedia Center.
* Questions?
** First, see our Frequently Asked Questions.
** If you still have inquiries, come see the Help Desk. We'll be happy to answer your questions!
(The Help Desk is currently managed by Pkkao. If your question isn't answered in a few days, ask it here.)

## Contributing Timeline

This timeline will record the progress of the book as it expands. The timeline was last updated on September 16, 2011.

### September 2011

* Book created

### Future Goals

* All pages should be created and expanded to 25% by the end of October.
* A title banner like the one for Getting around Los Angeles by Rail would be appreciated.
* This book isn't very large. If at any time a Las Vegas Wikibook is created, this should be immediately merged into that book in some "Transportation" category (e.g. Las Vegas/Transportation/Rail Transport).
* Templates and route maps will eventually be implemented across this Wikibook.
Thanks for all your help!
# Water Resources Directory
## Table of contents

* People
* Organizations
* Education
* Research
* Laws
* Ethics
* Data & Maps
* Culture
* News
* Library
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/24 - Temporary resident permit
## IRPA Section 24

Section 24 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads:
# Algebra/Chapter 17

Chapter 17: Conic Sections
← Chapter 16 · Chapter 18 →
Introduction

## Sections

* The Distance Formula
* Loci of Points
* Conic Sections
* Circles
* Ellipses
* Parabolas
* Hyperbolas
* Rotation of Axes
* Nonlinear Systems

## Extra

* Review
* Practice Problems
* Solutions to Practice Problems
* Glossary
# Algebra/Chapter 8

Chapter 8: Piecewise Functions
← Chapter 7 · Chapter 9 →
Introduction

## Sections

* Piecewise Functions
* Absolute Value Functions
* Step Functions
* Floor and Ceiling Functions

## Extra

* Review
* Practice Problems
* Solutions to Practice Problems
* Glossary
# Algebra/Chapter 12

Chapter 12: Exponents and Logarithms
← Chapter 11 · Chapter 13 →
Introduction

## Sections

* Exponential Growth and Decay
* Introduction to Logarithms
* The Number e

## Extra

* Review
* Practice Problems
* Solutions to Practice Problems
* Glossary
# Algebra/Chapter 4

Chapter 4: Inequalities
← Chapter 3 · Chapter 5 →
Introduction

## Sections

* An Introduction to Inequalities
* Interval notation and Graphing Intervals
* Solving Inequalities
* Compound Inequalities

## Extra

* Review
* Practice Problems
* Solutions to Practice Problems
* Glossary
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6/3. f4
## Closed Sicilian: Grand Prix Attack

With 3. f4, white starts the Grand Prix attack, a sharp and aggressive weapon against the Sicilian. Instead of trying to control the center with d2-d4 or develop the minor pieces, white controls the center with the f-pawn and launches a pawn storm directly against the kingside. Black may choose to fianchetto the bishop or start attacking on the queenside (A choice made easier by the pawn on c5). In general, players castle on opposite sides and attack the other side with pawns and bishops, trying to weaken each other's kings. Black can also strike back at the center with an early 3...d5.
After 3. f4, white usually develops the bishop on either c4 or b5, followed by d3 to open up the dark-squared bishop.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Salute, Jonathan!/Grammar (adjectives)
## Adjectives
### The adjectival ending - i

While adjectives do not have a particular obligatory ending, -i is the most common one.
* Li bocca del Comto es rubi, quam sempre. - The mouth of the Count is red, as always.
* Jonathan deve esser tam felici nu in un altri land. - Jonathan must be so happy now in another country.
The -i ending is most obligatory when needed for pronunciation.
* Pro quo Jonathan scrit un tam micri lettre a Mina? - Why did Jonathan write such a small letter to Mina?
* Madam Mina, tu es, quam sempre, tre sagi. - Madam Mina, you are, as always, very wise.
In other cases, it is not strictly obligatory but highly recommended to differentiate from other types of words such as nouns and verbs.
* Li regulari respiration de san dorme. - The regular respiration of healthy sleep. (While not likely, regular might be misunderstood as a verb)
It is often added for euphony between a word that ends in a consonant and the next word that begins with a consonant.
* Mem sin it yo vell har savet, nam li circulant figuras de nebul e nive aproximat se, ma éxter li santi circul. - Even without it I would have known, as the circulating figures of cloud and snow approached, but outside the holy circle.
# The Linux Kernel/External links

Sources of information about the Linux kernel:
* Linux kernel site
** Email lists for Linux kernel developers
** The Linux Kernel documentation
** https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-doc/
** https://wiki.kernel.org/
* https://github.com/linux-test-project/ltp/
* Kernel Hackers Manual, man 9
* kernelnewbies.org - information for (beginning) Linux kernel developers
** http://kernelnewbies.org/LinuxChanges
** http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/pipermail/kernelnewbies/
* https://www.youtube.com/@LinuxPlumbersConference
* Kernel coverage at LWN.net
* Linux Kernel Teaching, linux-kernel-labs
* https://www.opensourceforu.com/tag/linux-device-drivers-series/
* https://sysplay.github.io/books/LinuxDrivers/book/
* linux-insides
* Linux Kernel Development, 3rd Edition (2010) by Robert Love
* https://makelinux.github.io/kernel/map/
* https://makelinux.github.io/kernel/diagram/
* Wikis
Other:
Embedded Linux references—using Linux in an embedded system:
* Embedded Systems/Linux
* "Flash Filesystems for Embedded Linux Systems" by Cliff Brake
* "Embedded Linux: Hardware, Software, and Interfacing" book by Craig Hollabaugh
* "Embedded Linux" book by John Lombardo
* "Embedded Linux Primer" book by Christopher Hallinan
Historical:
* The Linux Kernel HOWTO (2003) by Alavoor Vasudevan
* KernelAnalysis-HOWTO (2003) by Roberto Arcomano
* http://tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/os.html#OSKERNEL
* Linux Technology Reference
Historical books:
* Understanding the Linux Kernel, Third Edition (2005) by by Daniel P. Bovet and Marco Cesati - Table of Contents
* Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition (2005) by Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman - Available in PDF format under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license
* Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals (2002) by Tigran Aivazian - Under GPL license
* The Linux Kernel 2.0.33 (1999) by David A Rusling
* "Flash Filesystems for Embedded Linux Systems" by Cliff Brake and Jeff Sutherland
Linux kernel based projects:
* w:UClinux
* w:KGDB
# Bengali/Lesson 3
## কথা

Imagine you are at a famous place in Dhaka, and get a call from your friend Myra.
| বক্তা | বাংলা | উচ্চারণ | ইংরেজি |
| মাইরা | আপনি কোথায়? | apni kôthae? | Where are you? |
| আপনি | আমি ধানমন্ডি লেকে আছি। | ami dhanmondi leke achi. | I'm at Dhanmondi Lake. |
| মাইরা | আপনি কখন পৌঁছালেন? | apni kôkhon pôuchhalen? | When did you arrive? |
| আপনি | দুপুরে পৌঁছালাম। | dupure pôuchhalam. | I arrived in the afternoon. |
| মাইরা | ওটা সুন্দর জায়গা! কতক্ষন থাকবেন? | oţa shundôr jayga! kôtôkhon thakben? | That's a beautiful place! How long will you stay? |
| আপনি | আরেকটু ঘুরব, সন্ধ্যায় ফিরব। | arekţu ghurbo, shondhae firbo. | I'll explore a bit more. I'll return in the evening. |
| মাইরা | চা খেতে যাবেন কখন?। | cha khete jaben kôkhon? | When will you go for tea? |
| আপনি | কিছুক্ষণের মধ্যেই যাব। | Kichukṣaṇēra madhyē'i yāba | I'll go in a little while. |
# MIPS Assembly/Register File
## Registers

MIPS has 32 general-purpose registers and another 32 floating-point registers. Registers all begin with a dollar-symbol ($). The floating point registers are named $f0, $f1, ..., $f31. The general-purpose registers have both names and numbers, and are listed below. When programming in MIPS assembly, it is usually best to use the register names.
| Number | Name | Comments |
| $0 | $zero, $r0 | Always zero |
| $1 | $at | Reserved for assembler |
| $2, $3 | $v0, $v1 | First and second return values, respectively |
| $4, ..., $7 | $a0, ..., $a3 | First four arguments to functions |
| $8, ..., $15 | $t0, ..., $t7 | Temporary registers |
| $16, ..., $23 | $s0, ..., $s7 | Saved registers |
| $24, $25 | $t8, $t9 | More temporary registers |
| $26, $27 | $k0, $k1 | Reserved for kernel (operating system) |
| $28 | $gp | Global pointer |
| $29 | $sp | Stack pointer |
| $30 | $fp | Frame pointer |
| $31 | $ra | Return address |

## Zero Register

The zero register ($zero or $0) always contains a value of 0. It is built into the hardware and therefore cannot be modified.

## $at Register

The $at (Assembler Temporary) register is used for temporary values within pseudo commands. It is not preserved across function calls. For example, with the (slt $at, $a0, $s2) command, $at is set to one if $a0 is less than $s2, otherwise it is set to zero.

## $v Registers

The $v Registers are used for returning values from functions. They are not preserved across function calls.

## Argument Registers

The $a registers are used for passing arguments to functions. They are not preserved across function calls.

## Temporaries

The temporary registers are used by the assembler or assembly language programmer to store intermediate values. They are not preserved across function calls.

## Saved Temporaries

Saved Temporary registers are used to store longer lasting values. They are preserved across function calls.

## $k Registers

The k registers are reserved for use by the OS kernel. They may change randomly at any time as they are used by interrupt handlers.

## Pointer Registers

* Global Pointer ($gp) - Usually stores a pointer to the global data area (such that it can be accessed with memory offset addressing).
* Stack Pointer ($sp) - Used to store the value of the stack pointer.
* Frame Pointer ($fp) - Used to store the value of the frame pointer.
* Return Address ($ra) - Stores the return address (the location in the program that a function needs to return to).
All Pointer Registers are preserved across function calls.
# Norfolk Island

* A digital Hytech franking machine was installed in the Norfolk Island Post Office in 1997. This was the only meter used on the Island.
* In July 2016 Norfolk Post ceased operations and the island's postal services were handed over to Australia Post. An EPOS machine that issues Australia Type PO17 stamps is now in service. A stamp from the machine is shown at right. The Hytech machine was removed from service probably at the same time.
1. Hytech (digital), 1997.
    Point-of-sale data printed on adhesive labels with “Norfolk / POST” and pine tree design preprinted in black, red and green at left.
    At right, under the point-of-sale data, is a negative image of a pine tree against a pale green background.
    Point-of-sale data printed in black: transaction number / date / time and ID# / value figures / “NORFOLK ISLAND”. Bar code vertical at right.
    V/F: $0.00
NOTE: Although dated, these Post Office counter stamps could be taken away and used at any time just like traditional adhesive postage stamps.
2. Hytech (digital).
    Same machine that produced Type 1 but with new label design.
    The underprint at left has an owl in green sitting on a branch above the “Norfolk / POST” logo.
    At right, the underprint shows another image of the owl in gray-green against a paler green background.
    Point-of-sale data printed at right, in purple, without date, time and ID number, with bar code vertical at right.
    V/F: $0.00
# Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Why use Technology in Education/Interpersonal Intelligence

Interpersonal Intelligence
Gardner’s Definition: Interpersonal intelligence, (people smart) is understanding other people. It’s an ability we all need, but is at a premium if you are a teacher, clinician, salesperson, or a politician. Anybody who deals with other people has to be skilled in the interpersonal sphere. http://www.chariho.k12.ri.us/curriculum/MISmart/inter.htm People have the physical ability to exist individually and alone, we are also social animals who thrive and grow when involved with others. This ability to interact with others, understand them, and interpret their behaviour known as interpersonal intelligence. A well-developed interpersonal intelligence plays a substantial role in such success. From a psychological and neurological point of view, the connection between interpersonal intelligence and the brain has been explored for generations; damage the frontal lobe, as was once done in the case of lobotomy patients, and you damage that person's personality and her ability to interact well with others. Interpersonal intelligence allows us to affect others by understanding others; without it, we lose the ability to exist socially. It is recognised that those who have highly developed interpersonal intelligence are successful leader’s bosses. They been seen be strong public speakers and may follow a career as a Military Officers for example. Someone with strong interpersonal intelligence will probably have a lot of friends, they will show a great deal of empathy for other people and exhibit a deep understanding of other points of view. They love team activities of all kinds and are a good team member – tending to pull their “own weight” in a team task. Often found to sensitive to other people’s feelings and ideas. In a discussion are likely to be skilled at drawing others out in a discussion. People with strong interpersonal are also probably skilled in conflict resolution, mediation and finding a compromise when people are in radical opposition to each other. Martin Luther King, Franklin Roosevelt and Norman Schwartzkopf are famous examples of successful people with interpersonal intelligence. Characteristics include: • People come to me for advice • Prefer group sports • Seek out people when I have a problem for advice • Likes games like monopoly rather than solitaire • Enjoy teaching others what I know • Considers oneself to be a leader • Enjoys crowds • Rather be at a noisy party than stay at home