OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Karrigell/Test Mysql

Example using Mysql database
This simple program can be used to analyze your web server performance
this script might be saved as testmysql.py and tested on a Karrigell server used alone or behind Apache
Now you can get the time spent by the query
# Karrigell/Write an interactive application in a single script

Edit the same script, index.py, like this :
This script defines 2 functions, index and show. In index we build an HTML form, in show we handle the data entered in the form
In function index we first create an HTML form with the class FORM, with the parameter "action" set to "show", the name of the function that will handle the data entered by the user
Then we build this form with INPUT instances. For this we "add a child" to the FORM instance with the operator <= (think of it as a left arrow, meaning "add child") : first an input tag with name "city", then a submit tag with value "Ok". Note that the attribute "type" is written Type with an uppercase initial, to avoid confusion with the Python name "type"
When the script is called by http://localhost/index.py/index, the form is printed in the web browser. Enter a value in the input field, then click on "Ok" : the value in the address bar of your browser will be set to http://localhost/index.py/show?city=..., and you will see the data you entered
How does this work? The value entered in the field "city" is passed as the argument to the function show - the "action" attribute of the form. This function just returns this value, so the browser prints it
The name of the arguments of the function that receives the HTML form must be the same as the names in the HTML form. You can also use the usual Python syntax for unspecified arguments :
# Karrigell/Write the "Hello world" script

Create a new directory. Save this script in a file called "index.py":
Create another script called server.py:
Save server.py in the same folder as index.py, then run it : python server.py. This will launch the built-in web server.
Finally, in a web browser enter the address http://localhost/index.py/index . Congratulations, you just ran your first Karrigell script ! The address index.py/index requested to run the function index in the script index.py. The value returned by this function is printed in the web browser.
In fact, you could have written the url http://localhost/index.py : if no function name is specified, the function index is run by default, with no argument.
And you could even have called http://localhost : if no script is specified, the server searches a script called index.py and if it finds one, it executes its function index.
# Kashmiri/Lesson 2

This lesson details how to say that something is something. There is a lot more that can be said about the grammar involved here, and there are many other things to keep in mind which have been left out for now.
In Kashmiri, verbs have gender agreement, which is to say that the verb agrees with the subject in its gender, and sometimes with the object as well.
| English | Masculine | Feminine |
| I am | bú chus | bú chas |
| You (sg.) are | tsú chuk | tsú chak |
| He/it is | su chu | su chu |
| She/it is | swa cha | swa cha |
| We are | ásy che | ásy che |
| You (pl.) are | tuhy chiv | tuhy chiv |
| They are | tim che | timú cha |

## Deixis

This brings us to a very important concept in Kashmiri, that of deixis, specifically deictic pronouns. The concept is the same as in English. Think of the difference between this/these and that/those. The former pair is used to refer to something that is nearby to the speaker, or pertinent in some other way. The latter pair denotes a thing or two that are further away. Kashmiri has a similar phenomenon when it comes to pronouns, albeit with three tiers instead of two. Like in English, the deixis is restricted in the third person only.
Here are the three forms, with the masculine preceding the feminine form.
| Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Use |
| m. | f. | m. | f. | Use |
| su | swa | tim | timú | Used when the referrent is not in viewing range. |
| hu | hwa | hum | humú | Used when the referrent is visible, albeit not necessarily audible. You may have to shout to be heard by this person. |
| yú | yú | yúmú | yúmú | This pronoun is used the referrent is nearby and in audible range. There's no gender split in this case. |
# Karrigell/Upload files

Create another script called upload.py:
The function index looks like the previous example. The changes are the `enctype` parameter of the FORM, set to "multipart/form-data"; and the type of the first INPUT field.
In the upload function, we receive the argument `src`. Since it was sent as a file inside a multipart/form-data form, this object has an attribute filename matching the name of the uploaded file ; it also has an attribute file, a file-like object with a method read that returns bytes.
The Python module mimetypes can guess the type of this file by its extension ; for instance if the uploaded file was a JPEG image, with the extension `.jpg`, the result of mimetypes.guess_type(src.filename) will be "image/pjpeg".
The line
introduces another name which is always available in Python scripts run by Karrigell : RESPONSE_HEADERS. It is a dictionary-like object (in fact, an instance of class email.message.Message, used to set the response headers that will be sent to the web browser. Here, the line sets the Content-type header to the type of the file received.
In the next line we read the binary data from the attribute "file" of src, and finally return this binary data. The Karrigell engine sends the response headers, then the binary data ; with this information, the browser renders the file content under the appropriate format : if the file was a JPEG picture, the browser displays it.
# Organic Chemistry/Chirality/R-S notational system

Stereoisomers are properly named using the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules to decide which parts of the molecule to consider first.
The rules have evolved to cover many situations, but the basic rules are:
* Consider the first atom of each part of the molecule. An atom with higher atomic number has higher priority. (e.g. I > Cl > C > H)
* If the first atom of two groups is the same, consider the second atom(s) in the same way as the first. (e.g. -C(CH$_3$)$_3$ > -CH(CH$_3$)$_2$ > -CH$_2$CH$_3$ > -CH$_3$). If this does not assign priority, consider the next atoms until there is a difference.
Realize that when you do this it will mean that sometimes groups with higher total weights will have lower priority because of a lower weight of the atom that connects them.

## R and S Notation

R- and S-notation use the CIP priority rules for the assignment of the absolute configuration around a stereocenter.
First, assign priorities as described above to each bonded group surrounding the stereocenter (1, highest to 4, lowest).
Second, point the lowest priority (4) atom away from you. Follow the direction of the remaining 3 priorities from highest to lowest priority (lowest to highest number, 1<2<3).
A counterclockwise direction is an S (sinister, Latin for left) configuration. A clockwise direction is an R (rectus, Latin for right) configuration.
R-S system RULES OF PRIORITY ORDER:-

## E-Z notation

The R-/S- notation is valid only for the absolute configuration of a center having single bonds only. In the case of a double bond, the traditional cis/trans nomenclature system is not sufficiently accurate and the E-/Z- is currently preferred.
The basis is again the CIP priority rules.
See main discussion: E-Z notation
# Organic Chemistry/Chirality/Enantiomers
## Enantiomers

Main article: Chirality
In chemistry, two stereoisomers are said to be enantiomers if they are mirror images of each other. Much as a left and right hand are different but one is the mirror image of the other, enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other.
<< Haloalkanes | Stereochemistry | Alcohols >>
# Organic Chemistry/Chirality/Meso compounds
## Meso Compounds

Meso (same, in Latin) compounds are common when dealing with chiral molecules. Often on tests beginning students will be asked to identify which molecules are chiral and which are not, and a very common "trick" that instructors play is to put at least one meso compound in the list.
The reason students fall for the trick is that one feature of meso compounds is that they have at least one chiral center, and when students see the first chiral center they believe that they have found a chiral molecule. This is not necessarily the case. If a compound has two chiral centers, and if rotating the molecule through one or both centers allows a person to superimpose the two mirror images on top of one another, then you are dealing with a meso compound.

## Definition of Meso

Meso is a prefix which, by strict definitions, indicates the presence of a 17th chiral center. It comes from the Greek for "middle" or "mid", and refers to the fact that the molecule can rotate about its middle. A meso molecule is not a diastereomer because rotating either of its chiral centers doesn't change the molecule overall; a meso molecule has an internal plane of reflection, also called a plane of symmetry.

## Plane of Symmetry

If, in a drawing of a molecule, you can draw a straight line from any part of the molecule to any other part of the molecule, and if the two halves of the molecule (as separated by the line) are identical, then the molecule is said to have an internal plane of symmetry.
Important note: the phrase plane of symmetry refers to a molecule's three-dimensional structure. If one uses a wedge-and-dash drawing or other 3-D drawing of a molecule, then be certain that the two halves of the molecule are actually symmetrical in all three dimensions.
Spotting meso compounds and planes of symmetry is often considered difficult at first, and it is also often observed that the task becomes easier with practice.

## Example of a Meso Compound

One of the isomers of tartaric acid is a meso compound:
If you rotate the molecule 180° you will have the same apparent stereochemistry. Study this drawing until you can see for yourself that it is true, and if you have a modeling kit to be able to construct this molecule then the symmetry will be very apparent.
# Organic Chemistry/Chirality/Configurations
## Configuration and conformation

Conformation is the set of possible shapes a molecule can have by means of rotation about single bonds only.
Configuration is the relative position of the atoms in a molecule that can be changed exclusively by cleaving and forming new chemical bonds.
Isomers have different configurations, although the distinction may be blurred in compounds where steric hindrance occurs.
# Guernsey French/Introduction to Guernsey French
## What is Guernsey French?

Guernsey French is the traditional language of Guernsey. It is derived from 15th Century French, and was an oral language, not being written down until very late in its life. Philologists transcribed it as if it were a form of contemporary French, and to this day it is often referred to as a 'patois', or dialect, of French. Despite this, it remains significantly different both in vocabulary and grammar.

## What Language Is Spoken in Guernsey?

Guernsey, like all the Channel Islands, is now an English speaking island. English was made the official language in 1966 (in place of French), and in Jersey French and English are regarded as co-official languages. Due to its proximity to France, there are many people of French origin or with close links to the country or language living in Guernsey.
Guernsey French is a dead language: it is no longer used in any mainstream context, and there are increasingly few native speakers. Unesco has classified it as "severely endangered", and there are thought to be fewer than 1,000 speakers.
However, it is revived by Guernsey French speaking groups and other revival groups.

## Significance

Guernsey French holds limited cultural significance to younger generations in Guernsey and its future survival is questionable.
However, its value to linguists is great, as it provides a window into 14th Century Norman French.

## Why should I learn Guernsey French?

* Because it'll make your old Guernsey gran happy
* Because you're a language student interested in old French
* Because you're a mythographer, mythologist or fan of fairy tales
* Because you're interested in folk history, folk culture and legend
* Because you believe the words of the past shouldn't be allowed to die

## References

* ↑ This Is Guernsey comments that "the word is likely to have come from the old French, patoier, ‘to handle clumsily’, and is often steeped in class issues and reserved for the vernacular of commoners and the uncouth. So to anyone speaking d’Guernesiais, ‘patois’ may be a touch on the rude side."
* ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7954683.stm

## Sources

* This Is Guernsey
# Guernsey French/Notable Figures

These figures stand out in Guernsey French history

## Gallery

* George Métivier
* Denys Corbet
# Guernsey French/The Death of Guernsey French

Guernesiais was the chief language of the island until the 1800s, with trade and tourists making the adoption of English essential. Yet this was still chiefly in the capital and main port St Peter Port - outside, Guernesiais dominated homes and local markets.
A study undertaken in 1926 indicated that this was mostly still the case - there were few speakers in the trading towns St Peter Port and St Sampsons, but dominated in the south and west.
In the 30s and 40s, there were many who could still not speak English, and during the German occupation Guernesiais was used to communicate when in fear of being overheard. However, 1940 also saw the evacuation of the majority of the island's children to England - and when they returned in 1945, the old language was unfamiliar to them. The loss of the language to this new generation was significant in determining its downfall.
Increased contact with the outside world required for modernity came increasingly at the price of language. Tourism gradually became a major industry, and media from outside the islands made English increasingly prevalent.
Today, it is estimated that less than 2% of the population speak Guernsey French.

## Sources

* ↑ <Sjögren (1964 : xiv–xviii, sourced from http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g978063122039813_ss1-23, originally by Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe Edited by: Glanville Price>
# Guernsey French/Dictionaries/Sayings

These are some figurative phrases.
La maïr à bère - to drink the sea. Used of any impossible task
peis qui ne cuisent pas - peas which cannot be cooked. To sell someone peas they can't cook is to offend or annoy someone
# Guernsey French/Origins

Languages develop through contact with other languages - war, trade, conquest and shared knowledge lead to shared expressions and an intermingling of words. Guernsey's insignificance meant its linguistic fate tended to follow its ruling country, and its development is therefore closely related to that of French and English. This same insignificance, however, allowed Guernesiais to remain relatively undisturbed after the 16th Century.

## Ancient French

Guernsey French is a surviving form of Norman, one of many local languages from ancient France. When Gaul was conquered by Rome in 55BC, Roman soldiers brought their language - a vulgar form of Latin which had developed through travel. Many Gauls adopted this new language to better communicate and trade with their occupiers, and this came to form a single language with elements of both. Combined with Frankish, this formed what is known as Langue d'Oïl, an umbrella term referring to a group of local languages in northern France derived from these sources. These were Burgundiy, Picardy, Wallon, Ile de France and - closest to the Channel Islands - Normandy.

## Norman French

The next significant influence on the language was Scandinavian. Tribes of "Nordmen" from the north invaded what was to become Normandy, and in 219AD the conquest was formalised when King Rollo of the Normans married the daughter of the King of France, Charles the Simple. The dowry was Normandy, where the Normans settled and adopted the local language. However, many Nordic elements also entered it at this point - including the words vraic, dehus and mielles. With the Norman invasion of England in 1066, this proto-French branched again into the Anglo-Norman spoken by the English rulers, and the Franco-Norman which survived in Normandy, and formed the basis of Guernsey French.

## Guernsey French

The language of both England and mainland Norman evolved further into modern French and English. After 1204, England lost Normandy to mainland France, and gradually Anglo-Saxon dominated its language once more, though it retained Norman influence. A different branch of the Langue d'Oïl was declared the official French language in 1515, rendering Norman archaic there also.
Guernsey, however, would not change hands again until 1945. Nor was there sufficient trade or travel to significantly influence the language. Instead, it remained a time capsule of Norman French.

## Sources

This chapter is drawn from the following online resources:
* This is Guernsey
* Phil's Page
# Guernsey French/Offline Resources

The following books and papers are suitable for further reading:
# Guernsey French/Online Resources
## Overviews

* This Is Guernsey

## Language Learning

* | "Donkey Dialogue" at This Is Guernsey
A selection of phrases, with an audio recording of how they should be pronounced
* BBC
A ten-part series of Guernsey French phrases to listen and repeat.

## Audio

* Julia Sallabank: Guernsey French
Julia Sallabank discusses Guernesiais as part of SOAS Endangered Languages Week 2009

## Literature

* Children's Guernsey French Eisteddford
A selection of Guernsey French poems learnt by children in 2011
* La p'tite carre du Dgèrnésiais
A selection of Guernsey French literature

## In the News

* "Guernsey French study under way"
An article discussing a survey of speakers
# Perl Programming/Keywords/and
## The and keyword

and is a logical short-circuit AND operator that has a very low precedence, but is otherwise equivalent to &&.
# Perl Programming/Keywords/abs
## The abs keyword

Function abs returns the absolute value of VALUE, or of $_, if VALUE is omitted.
# Perl Programming/Keywords/ LINE
## The __LINE__ keyword

__LINE__ is a special token that returns the current line number.
# Perl Programming/Keywords/ END
## The __LINE__ keyword

__END__ is a special token that can be used to indicate the logical end of the script before the actual end of file.
# Perl Programming/Keywords/ PACKAGE
## The __PACKAGE__ keyword

__PACKAGE__ is a special token that returns the package name in which it occurs.
# Perl Programming/Keywords/accept
## The accept keyword

accept does exactly the same what accept(2) in UNIX does; returns the packed address, if successful and false otherwise. It marks marks the socket referred to by SOCKET as a passive socket that will be used to accept incoming connection requests using accept. The argument NEWSOCKET is a socket that has been created with socket, is bound to a local address with bind, and listens for connections after a listen.

### See also

* bind
* listen
* socket
# Perl Programming/Keywords/alarm
## The alarm keyword

alarm delivers a SIGALRM to this process after SECONDS wallclock seconds have passed. If SECONDS is omitted, contents of $_ are used. Some machines, however, may divert from the wallclock seconds by ±1 s.
This call starts one and only one timer; each new call disables the previous timer like a call with 0 would also do. From Perl 5.8.0 on, the timer with a better granularity is supplied by ualarm.
Instead of using alarm, it is possible to use Perl's four-argument version of select with the first three arguments undefined. Another way is to use syscall to access setitimer(2), if supported.
Beware of intermixing alarm and sleep calls, as sleep may be internally implemented on the system with alarmǃ

### See also

* syscall
* time
# Perl Programming/Keywords/atan2
## The atan2 keyword

atan2 is the trigonometric function tangent that returns the arctangent of Y/X in the range -π to π.
# Perl Programming/Keywords/bind
## The bind keyword

The bind function that binds a network address NAME to a SOCKET as bind(2) does it under UNIX, and returns true on success. NAME should contain a packed address of the appropriate type of SOCKET.
# Perl Programming/Keywords/ FILE
## The __LINE__ keyword

__FILE__ is a special token that returns the name of the file where it occurs.
# Peeragogy Handbook/Revised Intro
## Welcome to the Peeragogy Handbook!

Peeragogy is a collection of techniques for "collaborative learning" and "collaborative working".
By learning how to “work smart” together, we hope we can leave the world in a better state than it was when we arrived.
Indeed, humans have learned from each other forever. But for a long time — until the advent of the Web and widespread access to digital media — schools have had an effective monopoly on the business of learning. Now, with access to open educational resources and free or inexpensive communication platforms, groups of people can learn together outside as well as inside formal institutions. All of this prompted us to reconsider the meaning of peer learning .
The Peeragogy Handbook isn’t a normal book, it is an example of the kind of work that’s only just possible now. It is an evolving guide, and it tells a collaboratively written story: it’s one that you can help write. Using this book, you will develop new norms for the groups you work with, whether online, offline or both. Every section includes exercises and research methods that you can apply to build and sustain strong and exciting collaborations. When you read the book, you will get to know the authors, and you will see how we have applied these ideas: in classrooms, in research, in business, and more.
You’ll meet Julian, who put the ideas to work as one of the directors of a housing association; Roland, a professional journalist and change-maker; Charlie, a language teacher and writer who works with experimental media for fun and profit; and Charlotte, an indie publisher who wants to get better at what she does by helping others learn how to do it well too — as well as many other contributors from around the world.
The book focuses on techniques for building a strong group, organizing a learning space, doing cooperative work, and conducting effective peer assessment. These major sections are complemented by a catalog of design patterns, and notes on relevant technologies. The book is first and foremost a practical guide. It will change the way you think about getting things done. The following brief section is a guide to using the handbook itself; after that, we provide a succinct overview of the contents of the book which will help you begin thinking like a peeragogue. As you work through the chapters that follow, you will master these techniques. Once again, future editions can include your voice, so don’t hesitate to get in touch with comments or questions.
Sincerely, The Peeragogy Team