OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Old Norse/Grammar/Pronouns

Old Norse Pronouns Declined :
| | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Possessive Pronoun |
| Singular ||||||
| I | ek | mín | mér | mik | mín- |
| You (informal singular) | þú | þín | þér | þik | þín- |
| He | hann | hans | hánum | hann | sín- |
| She | hon | hennar | henni | hana | sín- |
| It | þat | þess | því | þat | sín- |
| Dual ||||||
| We two (us) | vit | okkar | okr | okr | okkar- |
| You two | (þ)it | ykkar | ykr | ykr | ykkar- |
| Plural ||||||
| We (us) | vér | vár | oss | oss | vár- |
| You (plural) | þér | yðar | yðr | yðr | yðar- |
| They (masculine) | þeir | þeirra | þeim | þá | sín- |
| They (feminine) | þær | þeirra | þeim | þær | sín- |
| They (neuter) | þau | þeirra | þeim | þau | sín- |
The possessive pronoun is declined strong like an adjective:
Old Norse Possessive Pronoun :
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Singular ||||
| Nominative | minn | mín | mitt |
| Genitive | míns | minnar | míns |
| Dative | mínum | minni | mínu |
| Accusative | minn | mína | mitt |
| Plural ||||
| Nominative | mínir | mínar | mín |
| Genitive | minna | minna | minna |
| Dative | mínum | mínum | mínum |
| Accusative | mína | mínar | mín |
You may occasionally see yðvar in place of yðar. This form, yðvar is the long form, and yðar is the short form for "your" (plural).
Like mín, is þín-, sín-, okkar-, ykkar-. The long vowel in mín shortens in the masculine nominative/accusative singular, and you add an -n. The feminine genitive/dative and genitive plural double the stem-ending consonant before adding the endings, explaining the double-n here, and double-r in vár. Anywhere else with a double n, the vowel shortens. Otherwise, it remains long. In vár, it doesn't shorten anywhere:
Old Norse for "our" :
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Singular ||||
| Nominative | várr | vár | várt |
| Genitive | várs | várrar | várs |
| Dative | várum | várri | váru |
| Accusative | várn | vára | várt |
| Plural ||||
| Nominative | várir | várar | vár |
| Genitive | várra | várra | várra |
| Dative | várum | várum | várum |
| Accusative | vára | várar | vár |
For yðar, ykkar, and okkar, you may shorten the vowel in trisyllabic forms (yðarum to yðrum, for example), but never with the long yðvar (yðar)
As a reference the possessive nominatives (masculine, feminine, neuter) are:
* mín, þin, sín: minn, mín, mitt
* okkar, ykkar: okkarr, okkur, okkart
* vár, yðar: várr, vár, várt
See the pattern? Masculine nominative: double the last consonant; Feminine nominative: no change in the singular, add '-ur' in the dual; Neuter nominative: add '-t', double it in the singular and replace 'n'.
# Old School RuneScape/Dagganoths

The Dagganoths: Lvl Ranges from the 70's to 90's Dagganoths are found in the Waterbirth Dungeon and the LightHouse Dugeon. They can be accessed by completing Horror From The Deep or taking the longboat from Relleka to WaterBirth. These beast are a bit low leveled but have extremely high strength and defense they have maxed out a 17 on me with full rune so bring plenty of prayer pots and food.
WaterBirth: The island is really dangerous full of dagganoths at the dungeon but has great rewards. To enter more into the dungeon you'll have to pass the door mechanism for that you will need you and a friend. Step on the two circular plates that are near the door your friend will get the opposite one of course to enter.
Dagganoth Kings: There are three lvl 303 Dagganoth King that lurk very deep within the Waterbirth Dungeon. They are very powerful and drop some overpriced items.These beasts are know as The Dagganoth Kings. The name of the strongest is the Dagganoth Rex, Dagganoth Supreme, and Dagganoth Prime. There drops that are known are: Dragon Axe, Seers Ring, farseeer ring,warrior ring,beserker ring,archer ring.More soon to come.
# Old Saxon

Wis thū hēl! Hello!
This is the Wikibook for Old Saxon! Old Saxon is the West Germanic language that was spoken by the continental Saxons in the early Medieval period until into the end of the 12th century. It is very closely related to other historical West Germanic languages such as Old English and Old Frisian. In Old Saxon, there are many dialects such as Westphalian, Eastphalian, Engerian, Essen/Werden and Nord Old Saxon. It is the ancestor of modern day Plattdeutsch.

## Grammar

* Introduction
* Grammar
* Orthography
* Sound Changes
* Nouns
* Pronouns
* Articles
* Adjectives
* Numbers
* Verbs
* Participles
* Adverbs
* Conjunctions
* Prepositions
* Interjections
* Appositives
* Word formation
* Punctuation
* Syntax

## Texts

Here are some places to find some Old Saxon texts
Niederdeutsch in Westfalen - Historisches Digitales Textarchiv

## Sources

"The Old Saxon Language: Grammar, Epic Narrative, Linguistic Interference (Toronto Studies in Religion)" by Irmengard Rauch
"Altsächsisches Elementarbuch" by Dr. F. Holthausen
"Geography and Dialects in Old Saxon: River basin communication networks and the distributional patterns of Ingwaeonic features in Old Saxon" by Arjen Versloot, and Elżbieta Adamczyk
# Old Saxon/Sound Changes
### Introduction

As Old Saxon is an historical language, it had a early stage, middle stage and later stage of its sounds. In this page, we will go over the various sound changes.

### From Proto-Germanic to Old Saxon

This is table is based off of Joseph Wright's Old English Grammar, p. 28
| Proto-Germanic | Old Saxon |
| a | a |
| e | e |
| i | i |
| o | o |
| u | u |
| ā | ā |
| ǣ | ā |
| ē | ē |
| ī | ī |
| ō | ō |
| ū | ū |
| ai | ē |
| au | ō |
| eu | eo, io |
| iu | iu |
# Physics Study Guide/Center of Mass
## Center of Mass

The center of mass is the point on an object for which all of its mass is said to be concentrated.
# Physics Study Guide/Fields

| Units | Linear Motion | Force | Momentum | Normal Force and Friction | Work | Energy |
| Torque & Circular Motion | Fluids | Fields | Gravity | Waves | Wave overtones | Standing Waves | Sound |
| Thermodynamics | Electricity | Magnetism | Optics |
| Physical Constants | Frictional Coefficients | Greek Alphabet | Logarithms | Vectors and Scalars | Other Topics |

# Fields

A field is one of the more difficult concepts to grasp in physics. A field is an area or region in which an influence or force is effective regardless of the presence or absence of a material medium. Simply put, a field is a collection of vectors often representing the force an object would feel if it were placed at any particular point in space. With gravity, the field is measured in newtons, as it depends solely on the mass of an object, but with electricity, it is measured in newtons per coulomb, as the force on an electrical charge depends on the amount of that charge. Typically these fields are calculated based on canceling out the effect of a body in the point in space that the field is desired. As a result, a field is a vector, and as such, it can (and should) be added when calculating the field created by TWO objects at one point in space.
Fields are typically illustrated through the use of what are called field lines or lines of force. Given a source that exerts a force on points around it, sample lines are drawn representing the direction of the field at points in space around the force-exerting source.
There are three major categories of fields:
* Uniform fields are fields that have the same value at any point in space. As a result, the lines of force are parallel.
* Spherical fields are fields that have an origin at a particular point in space and vary at varying distances from that point.
* Complex fields are fields that are difficult to work with mathematically (except under simple cases, such as fields created by two point object), but field lines can still typically be drawn. Dipoles are a specific kind of complex field.
Magnetism also has a field, measured in Tesla, and it also has field lines, but its use is more complicated than simple "force" fields. Secondly, it also only appears in a two-pole form, and as such, is difficult to calculate easily.
The particles that form these magnetic fields and lines of force are called electrons and not magnetons. A magneton is a quantity in magnetism.

## Definition of terms

* Field: A collection of vectors that often represents the force that an object would feel if it were placed in any point in space.
* Field Lines: A method of diagramming fields by drawing several sample lines showing direction of the field through several points in space.
# Physics Study Guide/Cover
### Dedication

'I have a friend who's an artist and he's some times taken a view which I don't agree with very well. He'll hold up a flower and say, "look how beautiful it is," and I'll agree, I think. And he says, "you see, I as an artist can see how beautiful this is, but you as a scientist, oh, take this all apart and it becomes a dull thing." And I think he's kind of nutty. First of all, the beauty that he sees is available to other people and to me, too, I believe, although I might not be quite as refined aesthetically as he is. But I can appreciate the beauty of a flower. At the same time, I see much more about the flower that he sees. I could imagine the cells in there, the complicated actions inside which also have a beauty. I mean, it's not just beauty at this dimension of one centimeter: there is also beauty at a smaller dimension, the inner structure...also the processes. The fact that the colors in the flower are evolved in order to attract insects to pollinate it is interesting -- it means that insects can see the color. It adds a question -- does this aesthetic sense also exist in the lower forms that are...why is it aesthetic, all kinds of interesting questions which a science knowledge only adds to the excitement and mystery and the awe of a flower. It only adds. I don't understand how it subtracts.' ... Richard Feynman

### Physics Study Guide

This guide is meant as a supplement to a year long freshman level physics course with a trigonometry prerequisite. Some ideas from calculus are included in the book but are not necessary to understand the content. The overview of equations and definitions and eventually sample problem solutions are pertinent to an introductory, college-level physics course suitable for pre-meds. This is not a stand alone textbook rather the intent is to help the student and any other interested person quickly familiarize themselves with concepts and terminology so as to use the appropriate equations to get the desired answers to physics problems.

### Contributing

Everyone is encouraged to contribute to the guide. Be bold in your edits! If you have a question about how we do things here look at the Style Guide or post your question on the talk page.

### Authors

| Karl Wick | Adon Metcalfe | Brendan Abbott | Tristan Sabel | Fromund Hock | Martin Hoecker-Martinez |
| Units | Linear Motion | Force | Momentum | Normal Force and Friction | Work | Energy |
| Torque & Circular Motion | Fluids | Fields | Gravity | Waves | Wave overtones | Standing Waves | Sound |
| Thermodynamics | Electricity | Magnetism | Optics |
| Physical Constants | Frictional Coefficients | Greek Alphabet | Logarithms | Vectors and Scalars | Other Topics |

### Reviews

Thanks karl!
it's very helpful!!!!
# Physics Study Guide/Fluids

| Units | Linear Motion | Force | Momentum | Normal Force and Friction | Work | Energy |
| Torque & Circular Motion | Fluids | Fields | Gravity | Waves | Wave overtones | Standing Waves | Sound |
| Thermodynamics | Electricity | Magnetism | Optics |
| Physical Constants | Frictional Coefficients | Greek Alphabet | Logarithms | Vectors and Scalars | Other Topics |

## Buoyancy

Buoyancy is the force due to pressure differences on the top and bottom of an object under a fluid (gas or liquid).
Net force = buoyant force - force due to gravity on the object

## Bernoulli's Principle

Fluid flow is a complex phenomenon. An ideal fluid may be described as:
* The fluid flow is steady i.e its velocity at each point is constant with time.
* The fluid is incompressible. This condition applies well to liquids and in certain circumstances to gases.
* The fluid flow is non-viscous. Internal friction is neglected. An object moving through this fluid does not experience a retarding force. We relax this condition in the discussion of Stokes' Law.
* The fluid flow is irrotational. There is no angular momentum of the fluid about any point. A very small wheel placed at an arbitrary point in the fluid does not rotate about its center. Note that if turbulence is present, the wheel would most likely rotate and its flow is then not irrotational.
As the fluid moves through a pipe of varying cross-section and elevation, the pressure will change along the pipe. The Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) first derived an expression relating the pressure to fluid speed and height. This result is a consequence of conservation of energy and applies to ideal fluids as described above.
Consider an ideal fluid flowing in a pipe of varying cross-section. A fluid in a section of length $\Delta x_{1}$ moves to the section of length $\Delta x_{2}$ in time $\Delta t$. The relation given by Bernoulli is:
where:
    $P$ is pressure at cross-section
    $h$ is height of cross-section
    $\rho$ is density
    $v$ is velocity of fluid at cross-section
In words, the Bernoulli relation may be stated as:
As we move along a streamline the sum of the pressure ($P$), the kinetic energy per unit volume and the potential energy per unit volume remains a constant.
(To be concluded)
# Software Engineers Handbook/Language Dictionary/Perl
## Perl

Rather than duplicating information that'll likely get out of date or overlooked, it's best that we simply refer you to:
* the companion Perl Wikibook (a full detailed tutorial)
* the Perl Wikipedia entry (a one-page summary of Perl)
* Perl.com (from O'Reilly Media)
* The Perl Beginner's site (with lots of good links)
* Perl Mongers, the global organization of Perl user groups
* PerlMonks, an online discussion forum devoted to Perl
* Use.perl, a Perl news site (much like Slashdot)
* The Australian Perl Community's "new to Perl" wiki page
* The Perl Foundation, which supports the current development of perl, including work on Perl 6 and parrot.
* The Perl Journal, an online Perl magazine
* , the print magazine about Perl
# Software Engineers Handbook/Language Dictionary/Sample Template
## <Language Name Here>

<Describe the language, include a brief history if possible.>

### Type

<Describe if this is a scripting, mini language, full language: procedural or functional.>

### Execution Entry Point

<Describe how/where the program is started i.e. C++ main>

### General Syntax

<Try to give a high level description of the contents of a typical line of code. An assignment example may be appropriate such as

### Comments

<Describe and show the syntax for comments such as
Block comments are specified by a starting /* and ending */ They can span multiple lines.

### Variable Declarations

<Describe if variable declarations are necessary, and give examples of the different types, such as
declare i as an integer
two ways to declare i as an integer and give it an initial value of 0

### Method Declaration/Implementation

<Describe how methods/functions/procedures are declared and implemented.>

### Scope

<Describe how scope is defined.>

### Conditional Statements

<Describe the conditional statements in text and present
(put a space in the front of the line to format as code)>

### Looping Statements

<Describe looping statements in English and present code examples.>

### Output Statements

<Describe how to output Hello world! including the new-line with or without a carriage return.>

### Error Handling/Recovery

<Describe error handling and recovery. Give examples as appropriate.>

### Containers

<List containers or references to lists of containers available natively for this language. List ways to incorporate containers if they are not native to the language.>

### Algorithms

<List algorithms or references to lists of algorithms available natively for this language. List ways to incorporate algorithms if they are not native to the language. Or, if not available, describe that.>

### Garbage collection

<Describe whether the garbage collection is automatic or manual.>

### Physical Structure

<Describe how the files, libararies, and parts are typically divided and arranged.>

### Tips

<Please include tips that make it easier to switch to this language from another language.>

### Web References

<List additional references on the web. Please include for what level reader the references are appropriate. (beginner/intermediate/advanced)>

### Books and Articles

<List additional books and articles that may be helpful. Please include for what level reader the references are appropriate. (beginner/intermediate/advanced)>
# Software Engineers Handbook/Language Dictionary/Pascal
## Pascal

Here is the wikipedia page.

### Type

Pascal is a full procedural programming language.

### Execution Entry Point

Program Name (input, output) begin end.

### General Syntax

a:=b;

### Comments

or
or
//This is a comment

### Variable Declarations

Variables declarations are necessary:

### Method Declaration/Implementation

<Describe how methods/functions/procedures are declared and implemented.>

### Scope

<Describe how scope is defined.>

### Conditional Statements

<Describe the conditional statements in text and present
(put a space in the front of the line to format as code)>

### Looping Statements

<Describe looping statements in English and present code examples.>

### Output Statements

<Describe how to output Hello world! including the new-line with or without a carriage return.> úΜÈŔŔŶ—

### Error Handling/Recovery

<Describe error handling and recovery. Give examples as appropriate.>

### Containers

<List containers or references to lists of containers available natively for this language. List ways to incorporate containers if they are not native to the language.>

### Algorithms

<List algorithms or references to lists of algorithms available natively for this language. List ways to incorporate algorithms if they are not native to the language. Or, if not available, describe that.>

### Garbage collection

<Describe whether the garbage collection is automatic or manual.>

### Tips

* i have found it helpful when i switched from qbasic to pascal to just sit down and write 10 small or large programs for each of the most needed things in pascal example,*for loops,variable declaration,while loops*may be called something else*

### Web References

* Free Pascal
<List additional references on the web. Please include for what level reader the references are appropriate. (beginner/intermediate/advanced)>

### Books and Articles

<List additional books and articles that may be helpful. Please include for what level reader the references are appropriate. (beginner/intermediate/advanced)>
# Software Engineers Handbook/Language Dictionary/Ruby
## Ruby

The wikipedia entry is here.

### Type

Ruby is a full objected-oriented language.

### Execution Entry Point

<Describe how/where the program is started i.e. C++ main>

### General Syntax

<Try to give a high level description of the contents of a typical line of code. An assignment example may be appropriate such as

### Comments

Pound signs (#) designate comments in Ruby

### Variable Declarations

Ruby does not require explicit variable declarations. The following is perfectly valid Ruby code
(x:5)
(z:8)
(string:'a string')
(longstring:'a stringa string')
Yet there are times when a declaration of type is necessary. In the following operation the array named 'objects' must be defined as an array so it can use the << method of adding elements to the array
(objects: ["my 1st array element", "my 2nd array element", 55])

### Method Declaration/Implementation

<Describe how methods/functions/procedures are declared and implemented.>

### Scope

<Describe how scope is defined.>

### Conditional Statements

<Describe the conditional statements in text and present
(put a space in the front of the line to format as code)>

### Looping Statements

<Describe looping statements in English and present code examples.>

### Output Statements

<Describe how to output Hello world! including the new-line with or without a carriage return.>

### Error Handling/Recovery

<Describe error handling and recovery. Give examples as appropriate.>

### Containers

<List containers or references to lists of containers available natively for this language. List ways to incorporate containers if they are not native to the language.>

### Algorithms

<List algorithms or references to lists of algorithms available natively for this language. List ways to incorporate algorithms if they are not native to the language. Or, if not available, describe that.>

### Garbage collection

<Describe whether the garbage collection is automatic or manual.>

### Physical Structure

<Describe how the files, libararies, and parts are typically divided and arranged.>

### Tips

<Please include tips that make it easier to switch to this language from another language.>

### Web References

<List additional references on the web. Please include for what level reader the references are appropriate. (beginner/intermediate/advanced)>

### Books and Articles

<List additional books and articles that may be helpful. Please include for what level reader the references are appropriate. (beginner/intermediate/advanced)>
# Software Engineers Handbook/Language Dictionary/Programming Language for Business

Programming Language for Business or PL/B is a business-oriented programming language originally called DATABUS and designed by Datapoint in 1972 as an alternative to COBOL because Datapoint's 8-bit computers could not fit COBOL into their limited memory, and because COBOL did not at the time have facilities to deal with Datapoint's built-in keyboard and screen.