# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 3 :Designing for the Future/Design in context/Influences of design history on developments of products
## Arts and Crafts (1850-1900)

Key points:
* Items need to be fit for purpose (function is important)
* Arts and Craft designers were against industrialisation.
Style:
* Simplicity.
* Made from natural materials, based around nature.
* Colour and texture. Colour added 'unity' and 'focus.' Only natural textures were used: wood, stone, wool, linen etc.
* Splendour - They experimented with different materials and techniques, this led to unusual designs.

### William Morris (1834-1896)

Key points:
* He was a poet, writer, designer, innovator in the arts and crafts movement and a socialist
* He help found Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co.
* He worked with stained glass, carving, furniture, wallpaper, carpets and tapestries
* He had strong socialist viewed which got him arrested once; these view influenced what he created.

## Art Nouveau (1890-1905)

Key points:
* Started in France, Paris
* A form of bridge between Arts and Craft and Modernism; old styles and values sat alongside new ones.
* The Languid line
* New aesthetic views for a new urban lifestyle.
* They were for mass-production
* Used in architecture, glass, jewellery, fabrics and wallpaper
Style:
* Curvy lines and flowers
* Hand-crafted
* Use of glass and wrought iron
* Feminine form
* Influences by other cultures - Japanese, Celtic, Arabian, ancient Greek.

### Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928)

Key points:
* He was British, born is Glasgow
* He was an architect and he studied at Glasgow School of Art
* He mixed Art Nouveau with Scottish Architecture

## Modernism (1900-1930)

Key points:
* Celebrated technology and the mechanised industry.
* Different variation appeared around Europe: Bauhaus in Germany, De Stijl in the Netherlands, Constructivism in Russia and Futurism in Italy.
* Liked mass-production
Style:
* Less is more
* Machine Aesthetic
* Rejected the old natural style/aesthetic.

## Bauhaus Modernism (1919-1933)

Note: All notes on Bauhaus are inherit all notes from Modernism.
Key points:
* Created in Germany, just before WW2, after WW1
* Bauhaus means "House for building."
* Things need to be functional, highest priority
* Reduction in decorative frills.
Style:
* Form follow Function
* Geometrically pure, straight lines

### Marcel Breuer (1902-1981)

Key points:
* He liked the combination of art and technology.
* He's famously known for his 'Wassily' chair.
* The 'Wassily' chair was only possible because a German manufacturer had just recently perfected the art of mass-produced bending of metal tubes.
* He then immigrated to the USA where he obtained a professorship in School of Design at Harvard

## Art Deco (1925-1939)

Key points:
* Popular modernism
* It's a reaction to post-war (WW1)
* In favour of a mechanical modern world.
Style:
* Symmetry and repetition
* Zig-zagged geometric patterns
* Inspired by ancient Egypt.
* Sharp-edges
* Bright Colours
* Use of expensive materials

### Eileen Gray (1879-1976)

Key Points:
* Went to Slade school of Fine arts in London.
* Like Japanese/French art styles at the time.
* She started with art, then moved onto architecture.
* Inspired by Marcel Breuer.

## Streamlining (1935-1955)

Key Points:
* Consumerism and Style
* New prosperity and widened consumer choice
* Celebrating speed and efficiency
* People at the time were hyped about the future, air travel and space exploration.
Style:
* Aerodynamics
* Tear-drop shape
* Futuristic style

### Raymond Loewy (1893-1986)

* Born in France, spent most of his time in the USA.
* Influenced by the American life-style.
* He likes "Beauty through Simplification."
* His work mixed Art Deco with Streamlining
* He worked with a lot of multinational companies like NASA where he was later employed at.
* He spent time streamlining many items
* Streamlining allowed for greater speed and less drag.

## Post-Modernism - New Design Style (1975-Present)

We currently live in a post-modernism world, this means that anything you see that's not based upon a past movement, or from another culture is post-modernism. Key points:
* Opposes Modernism
* They think 'More is more' rather than the Modernism 'Less is more', they think 'Less is bore!'
Style:
* Humour and personality
* Retro Design
* Deconstruction

### Philippe Starck (1949-Present)

Key points:
* He's a French designer
* He's all for mass-production, he had chair and toothbrushes mass-produced
* He's even produced a mouse for Microsoft

## References

* ↑ http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/study-room-resource-art-nouveau/ Paragraph 4.
* ↑ http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197904/arabian.nights.-.and.art.nouveau.htm Title