OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Cirsium arvense

Creeping Thistle :
| Binomial: | Cirsium arvense |
| Type: | Perennial |
| Conditions: | Sun to light shade, most soils |
| Seed Dispersal: | Wind-blown |
| Vegetative Spread: | Aggressively spreading via rhizomes |
Cirsium arvense, known as Creeping Thistle or Canada Thistle, is a species of the genus Cirsium, native throughout Europe, Asia and northern Africa.

## Description

It is a tall herbaceous perennial plant, forming an extensive underground root system that sends up numerous erect stems each spring, reaching 1–2 m tall; the stems often lie partly flat by summer but can stay erect if supported by other vegetation. The leaves are very spiny, lobed, up to 15–20 cm long and 2–3 cm broad (smaller on the upper part of the flower stem). The inflorescence is 1–2 cm diameter, pink-purple, with all the florets of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). The seeds are 4–5 mm long, with a downy pappus which assists in wind dispersal.
It is a nuisance weed in its native area, and a very serious invasive species in many other areas of the world.

## Uses

Cirsium species, are, for the most part, not toxic; however, the leaves are considered bitter and therefore rendered inedible; the taproot is considered the most nutritious. In Scotland (especially Fife) they are considered a delicacy, albeit a somewhat unusual one.

## Control

This plant is extremely difficult to control, as it can regrow from fairly small root fragments and is resistant to many herbicides.
* Pre-emergents can help prevent the plant from becoming established, but it is generally more often encountered as a perennial problem.
* Contact herbicides are only partially effective. Glyphosate in particular needs to be repeatedly applied.
* Mowing is effective over time, if done regularly.
* Goldenrods are allelopathic to this plant. Smothercropping of buckwheat and winter rye will also weaken the plant considerably.
* Pulling must be done repeatedly over a long period, but will eventually kill the plant. Gloves should be worn.
* Smothering techniques such as paper mulch barriers are quite effective.
* Canada thistle should never be added to a cold-composting system. All parts of the plant should be burned, thrown away, or put into high-temperature composting systems.
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 3

Today in 2008 the OStatus protocol was introduced in StatusNet (GNU social), an important step for decentralized social networking and the interoperability of services.
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# Petrov's Defence: Three Knights Game
### 3.Nc3

Black's most common response to this move is 3...Nc6, which transposes into the Four Knights Game. However, Black can also play 3...Bb4.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3.Nc3
| | 3 |
| Four Knights | ... Nc6 | Bb5 | (to 2...Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6) |
| Petrov Defense | ... Bb4 | Nxe5 | |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 2

Today is the birthday of George Boole, who formulated fundamental theories for today’s computer science. His system of logical operations describes the basis of digital logic circuits.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 11

Today in 2017 Google published the first alpha version of Flutter, a cross-platform widget system for graphical user interfaces. It has become one of the most popular Open Source software projects. Finding more rather obscure building blocks instead of well-known end-user products among the most popular Open Source projects illustrates that Open Source has become more focused on developer productivity than its values and user rights aspects.
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# Character Encodings/Code Tables/MS-DOS/Code page 851

Code page 851 (CCSID 851) (CP 851, IBM 851, OEM 851) is a code page used under DOS to write Greek language although it lacks the letters Ϊ and Ϋ. It covers the German language as well. It also covers some accented letters of the French language, but it lacks most of the accented capital letters required for French. It is also called MS-DOS Greek 1.
It has been superseded by Code page 869.

## Character set

The following table shows code page 851. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.
Code page 851 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 8x | Ç | ü | é | â | ä | à | Ά | ç | ê | ë | è | ï | î | Έ | Ä | Ή |
| 9x | Ί | | Ό | ô | ö | Ύ | û | ù | Ώ | Ö | Ü | ά | £ | έ | ή | ί |
| Ax | ϊ | ΐ | ό | ύ | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ζ | Η | ½ | Θ | Ι | « | » |
| Bx | ░ | ▒ | ▓ | │ | ┤ | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | ╣ | ║ | ╗ | ╝ | Ξ | Ο | ┐ |
| Cx | └ | ┴ | ┬ | ├ | ─ | ┼ | Π | Ρ | ╚ | ╔ | ╩ | ╦ | ╠ | ═ | ╬ | Σ |
| Dx | Τ | Υ | Φ | Χ | Ψ | Ω | α | β | γ | ┘ | ┌ | █ | ▄ | δ | ε | ▀ |
| Ex | ζ | η | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ | ν | ξ | ο | π | ρ | σ | ς | τ | ´ |
| Fx | SHY | ± | υ | φ | χ | § | ψ | ¸ | ° | ¨ | ω | ϋ | ΰ | ώ | ■ | NBSP |

## References

* ↑ "CCSID 851 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.
* 1 2 "Code Page 851 MS-DOS Greek 1". Developing International Software. Microsoft. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 20 Mar 2014.
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00851 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00851 (txt), IBM
* ↑ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-851_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/MS-DOS/Code page 708

Code page 708 (also known as CP 708, IBM 00708) is a code page used under DOS to write Arabic.

## Character set

The following table shows code page 708. Corresponding Unicode codepoints are listed in the tooltips.
Code page 708 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 8x | │ | ┤ | é | â | ╡ | à | ╢ | ç | ê | ë | è | ï | î | ╖ | ╕ | ╣ |
| 9x | ║ | ╗ | ╝ | ô | ╜ | ╛ | û | ù | ┐ | └ | | | | | | |
| Ax | | ┴ | ┬ | ├ | ¤ | ─ | ┼ | ╞ | ╟ | ╚ | ╔ | ╩ | ، | ╦ | « | » |
| Bx | ░ | ▒ | ▓ | ╠ | ═ | ╬ | ╧ | ╨ | ╤ | ╥ | ╙ | ؛ | ╘ | ╒ | ╓ | ؟ |
| Cx | | ء | آ | أ | ؤ | إ | ئ | ا | ب | ة | ت | ث | ج | ح | خ | د |
| Dx | ذ | ر | ز | س | ش | ص | ض | ط | ظ | ع | غ | █ | ▄ | ▌ | ▐ | ▀ |
| Ex | ـ | ف | ق | ك | ل | م | ن | ه | و | ى | ي | ◌ً | ◌ٌ | ◌ٍ | ◌َ | ◌ُ |
| Fx | ◌ِ | ◌ّ | ◌ْ | | | | | | | ╪ | ┘ | ┌ | µ | £ | ■ | NBSP |

## References

* ↑ "Code page 708". 6 February 2008.
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/MS-DOS/Code page 720

Code page 720 (CCSID 720) (also known as CP 720, IBM 00720, and OEM 720) is a code page used under DOS to write Arabic in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. The Windows (ANSI) code page for Arabic is Windows-1256.

## Character set

Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.
Code page 720 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 8x | | | é | â | | à | | ç | ê | ë | è | ï | î | | | |
| 9x | | ◌ّ | ◌ْ | ô | ¤ | ـ | û | ù | ء | آ | أ | ؤ | £ | إ | ئ | ا |
| Ax | ب | ة | ت | ث | ج | ح | خ | د | ذ | ر | ز | س | ش | ص | « | » |
| Bx | ░ | ▒ | ▓ | │ | ┤ | ╡ | ╢ | ╖ | ╕ | ╣ | ║ | ╗ | ╝ | ╜ | ╛ | ┐ |
| Cx | └ | ┴ | ┬ | ├ | ─ | ┼ | ╞ | ╟ | ╚ | ╔ | ╩ | ╦ | ╠ | ═ | ╬ | ╧ |
| Dx | ╨ | ╤ | ╥ | ╙ | ╘ | ╒ | ╓ | ╫ | ╪ | ┘ | ┌ | █ | ▄ | ▌ | ▐ | ▀ |
| Ex | ض | ط | ظ | ع | غ | ف | µ | ق | ك | ل | م | ن | ه | و | ى | ي |
| Fx | ≡ | ◌ً | ◌ٌ | ◌ٍ | ◌َ | ◌ُ | ◌ِ | ≈ | ° | ∙ | · | √ | ⁿ | ² | ■ | NBSP |

## References

* ↑ "CCSID 720 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.
* ↑ "Code page 720 information document". Archived from the original on 2017-01-16.
* ↑ "Code Pages Supported by Windows: Windows Code Pages". Go Global Developer Center. Microsoft. Retrieved 10 Nov 2011.
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00720 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00720 (txt), IBM
* ↑ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-720_P100-1997.ucm, 2002-12-03
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 12

Today in 2005 The Political Economy of Peer Production by Michel Bauwens was published. This influential paper seeks to develop a theory of a new, more social mode of production, governance, and access to resources that emerged from decentralized systems.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 19

Today in 2009 began the Free Software Foundation mini-summit on Women in Free Software. It was just one project in a wave of activity that rebirthed and set a regular schedule for GNOME’s outreach program which grew into a successful and lasting project. It was one of the first official acknowledgements of systemic sexism in the Free Software world. Even compared to the rest of the IT industry, the gender ratio was several times worse.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 9

Today in 1994 the first Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference started. It is the largest gathering of women in Information Technology.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 23

Today in 2018 the W3C published an open standard for social networking. ActivityPub enables decentralization and interoperability (federation) between social networking services (similar to the network structure of e-mail) and can thus reduce dependence on providers and promote competition. It allows users to interact across services and maintain their social graphs, which can break the vendor lock-in caused by the network effect. ActivityPub-enabled services have largely remained a parallel universe, but some existing commercial services have joined, and there has been a significant surge in popularity following the takeover of Twitter.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/April 28

The package system was not designed to manage software. It was designed to facilitate collaboration. Today is Ian Murdock’s birthday. He was a highly influential advocate of social values and collaborative, community-driven software development by manifesting this in the tangible form of the influential Debian operating system, a living beacon of decentralized development with strong values and community focus.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. Nc3/2...d5
## Caro-Kann Defence

After 2...d5, White usually continues with 3. Nf3, entering the Two Knights Attack. If 3. d4 is played, the position transposes to the Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Caro-Kann Defence: Classical Variation

The vast majority of times, black plays the solid 3...dxe4, one of the most well-studied of the Caro-Kann lines. Black has alternatives to avoid the weight of theory, although 3...e6, blocking the bishop, and effectively forming a French, with one tempo less, seems a dubious line.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Classical Variation | Nc3 dxe4 | Nxe4 Bf5 | Ng3 Bg6 | h4 h6 | = |
| | ... g6 | h3 Bg7 | Nf3 Nf6 | e5 Ne4 | += |
| | ... b5 | a3 dxe4 | Nxe4 Nf6 | Nxf6 exf6 | += |
| | ... e6 | Nf3 dxe4 | Nxe4 Nd7 | c4 Ngf6 | |
| | ... Nf6 |
| | ... a6 | Nf3 Bg4 | Be2 Nf6 | e5 Nfd7 | += |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Applications of ICT in Libraries/Digital Culture - Online Collaboration
## Digital Culture - Online Collaboration

This is the second of two units that are relatively new additions to the Application of ICT in Libraries course. This session will explore the new digital literacies that you need to develop to be active users of Social Media tools and you will also get the chance to communicate online using a number of these services. The full course materials are hosted for registered students on the Application of ICT in Libraries pages on Moodle.
This module will enable you explore more fully the collaborative nature of social media and work within a group to complete all the learning outcomes. Your learning outcomes will include:
* Exploring virtual communities and how the concept of 'community' changed with the spread of social media
* Using a forum to facilitate professional discussions
* Using collaborative documents and cloud computing to complete a group project
* Exploring the potential of social networking for continuing professional development
* Developing, editing and publishing a collaborative blog
* Meeting, collaborating and exploring with your group in a virtual world
Each learning outcome has a series of short activities that you will participate in with your class group. The tutor will deliver one face to face class session in North Wales and South Wales and the remainder of the time will facilitate the course online. This is a practical module that uses social media to explore social media - you have permission to play!
# Kinyarwanda/Orthography

Normally, the official orthography of Kinyarwanda has five vowels with both long vowels and short vowels as well as high tones or no tones on syllables in pronunciation, but the official orthography does not mark vowel length and melody. Only the context can tell the reader which word was meant.
Most of the time written texts are thus ambiguous even to native speakers. Thus the written words umusambi can stand either for [umusaambi] 'mat' or [umusaámbi] 'crane', gutaka for either [gutaka] 'to scream' or [gutaaka] 'to decorate'. ino can stand for either [ino] 'toe' or [inó] 'here' etc.
Even though the sound p has been lost and is found only in onomatopeic words and loan-words, the aspirated voiceless velar fricative h is spelled as p after the bilabial nasal m as shown in the examples impuha [imhuuha] 'rumors', impamvu [imhaâmvu] 'cause/reason'. The allophones, the voiced bilabial stop b which appears only after the homorganic nasal m and the voiced bilabial fricative β realized intervocalically are also written the same way, using the voiced bilabial stop symbol b. Although, the language has only one liquid, both r and l are used in the orthography. The liquid r is used in all texts and l is used only in loan-words which have l in their spelling such as Libiya 'Libya', Alijeriya 'Algeria', idolari 'dollar'.
# Petrov's Defence

White's choice is limited. The most common move is to retreat the knight by playing 4. Nf3.
The Karklins-Martinovsky Variation (4. Nd3!?) has been tried occasionally, and was notably played by Magnus Carlsen in the 2018 World Chess Championship against Fabiano Caruana.
The Paulsen Attack (4. Nc4) may look like another unique idea, but according to computers it is only as effective as, or even worse, than Nd3. It is been marked as ineffective by certain people, but it is another idea that is worth trying. On the positive side, no pawn is blocked, unlike in Nd3. The main issue with 4. Nc4 is that the knight is in the center of the board in an odd position and can't return to a natural development square, like f3 or c3. It will be chased around quite a bit.
White can also try the Cochrane Gambit, 4. Nxf7, a dangerous line for both players.

# Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6
| | 4 | 5 |
| Main line | Nf3 - | - Nxe4 | = |
| Cochrane Gambit | Nxf7 - | - Kxf7 | = |
| Karklin-Marklovsky Variation | Nd3!? - | - Nxe4 | = |
| Paulsen Attack | Nc4!? - | - Nxe4 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* ↑ "Magnus Carlsen vs. Fabiano Caruana, 2018". Chessgames.com.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Petrov's Defence
### 2...Nf6

The Petrov's Defence (or Russian Game) is a solid response to White's 2. Nf3. While this opening is often drawish and boring, it is still popular, and quite often played in chess tournaments. White has a couple of good responses here:
   * 3. Nxe5 is the main line (or Classical Variation). If ...Nc6 is played afterwards, it will most likely be the Stafford Gambit. In this line, it's not advised for Black to take White's pawn before having chased the knight. There is a famous trap : 3...Nxe4? 4. Qe2 Nd6?? (or 4...Nf6??) 5. Nc6+ and Black's queen is lost. There are a few lines that are quite dangerous in the Classical Variation, especially the Cochrane Gambit, which goes 3...d6 4. Nxf7, sacrificing a knight for two pawns and an exposed king. Rarely do games in the Cochrane Gambit end in a draw, especially due to the attacking opportunities and aggression offered by the position as White tries to gain a pawn back (3 pawns for a knight is material equality), while Black tries to maintain its advantage of a pawn.
   * 3. Nc3 is the Three Knights Game. Black can easily transpose into the Four Knights Game with 3...Nc6. This option is sound when White wants to avoid the sharp lines of Petrov's Defence. However, Black can avoid the Four Knights transposition with 3...Bb4, also pressuring the knight on c3 and making the game a little more active than it would be with the slow maneuvering of the Four Knights Game.
   * 3. Bc4 leaves White's e4 pawn undefended but develops another piece aiming at the f7 square. This usually transposes into the Two Knights Defence (a variation of the Italian Game) with 3...Nc6 but can continue in its own line (such as the Boden–Kieseritzky Gambit).
   * 3. d4 is the Steinitz Variation. Both players will usually plant their knights in advanced positions. Exchanges often occur in this line to avoid having too powerful an enemy knight in front of the king. This is a rather sharp variation of the Petrov's Defence.
   * 3. d3 is, according to statistics, a much more effective move than it looks, though it's rarely played. White builds a strong fortress and Black is now forced to abandon the Petrov's lines and to defend his pawn.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| Classical Variation | Nxe5 d6 | Nf3 Nxe4 | d4 d5 | Bd3 Nc6 | 0-0 Be7 | c4 Nb4 | Be2 0-0 | Nc3 Bf5 | a3 Nxc3 | bxc3 Nc6 | Re1 Re8 | cxd5 Qxd5 | Bf4 Rac8 | = |
| Steinitz Variation | d4 Nxe4 | Bd3 d5 | Nxe5 Nd7 | Nxd7 Bxd7 | 0-0 Bd6 | c4 c6 | cxd5 cxd5 | Nc3 Nxc3 | bxc3 0-0 | Qh5 g6 | Qxd5 Qc7 | = |
| Two Knights Defence | Bc4 Nc6 | = |
| Four Knights Game | Nc3 Nc6 | = |
| | d3 Nc6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 18

Today in 2010 the RISC-V project was started. It produced and standardized an entire open processor architecture (ISA) – free of patent and license fees, versatile and extensible, complete with modern features and formal verification. Originating in academia, the instruction set was initially only used for SoCs and embedded microprocessors, but is now expanding into Android devices, laptops, and potentially server CPUs, offering a third alternative to the closed ARM and x86 ecosystems. Aside from the blessings and values of free software, more of its rising popularity might sadly be due to increased awareness for supply chain dependencies as the political world once again splits into power blocks. While an open ISA does not automatically lead to open hardware, many RISC-V based chip designs are freely available.
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# Git/Submodules and Superprojects

A superproject is a new aspect of git which has been in development for a long while. It addresses the need for better control over numerous git repositories. The porcelain for the superproject functionality is fairly new and was only recently released with Git v1.5.3.
A Git project may consist of a set of git repositories and each of these "git repositories" is called a module.You can think of a module as a project, and the project as a module. It really doesn't make too much sense why either of these terms would have a sub- or super- prefix without their alternative; nonetheless, that's how the official Git documentation will refer to them.
The only git application specific to the submodule/superproject functionality is git-module.

## Superprojects

A Superproject, is simply a git repository. To create a superproject, simply git init any directory, and git submodule add all of the git archives you wish to include. A quick aside, you can not currently git submodule add git repositories that are direct children within the same directory.
The resulting structure will look similar to this:
When someone pulls down the superproject, they will see a series of empty folders for each submodule. They can then git submodule init all of those that they wish to utilize.

## Submodules

A git archive is said to become a submodule the second after you execute git submodule add in another git repository.

## Work Flow

The work flow of superprojects, and submodules should generally adhere to the following:
* Make change in submodule
* git commit change in submodule
* git commit change in superproject
* git submodule update to push change to the individual repositories that predate the superproject.

## Footnotes

* ^ Well that isn't true at all, Git supports this as of v1.5.3, but the official porcelain doesn't. You can git init a parent directory, and create your own ".gitmodules", then follow it up with a git submodule init. Generally speaking though, what the porcelain doesn't cover is outside of the scope of this book.
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 24

Today in 1948 the IBM company dedicated the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC), the first electronic computer with stored instructions. Instead of representing the programming in the (more or less fixed) wiring of the machines, computing instructions are stored alongside the data being processed, separating software from the hardware. This innovation allows for easy adaptability to arbitrary computations, enables programming languages and the software ecosystem, and simplifies the development of more complex and abstract programs.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nxe5/4...Nxe5
## 4...Nxe5

Blacks accepts the gambit and takes the knight, thinking they're good. Previous move may seem like a blunder, but this position gives you 53% on win. On the meanwhile White can launch a good attack by playing d4 and pressuring the center. This move can lead to many variations.
For Black to succeed the most, they have to play in a way that undevelops their pieces at first, which seems very strange, but then as White develops their queen, making sure not to lose defense of the b7 pawn by moving their bishop, and pushing back White's threats possibly a turn in advance. Eventually, Black will gain back space and will be able to develop their pieces again.

## Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Nxe5 Nxe5
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Evaulation |
| d4 Nc6 | d5 Bb4 | dxc6 Nxe4 | Qd4 Qe7 | Be3 Nxc3 | Qxg7 Nd5+ | c3 bxc3 | =/+ |
| ... Ng6 | e5 Ng8 | Bc4 d5 | Bxd5 c6 | Bb3 Bb4 | O-O Bxc3 | bxc3 N8e7 | =+ |