# Irish/Reference/Directions

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Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
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Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
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Directions in Irish work a little differently than they do in English. There are two major differences:
* Some of the words have multiple meanings: for example, deas, which means both "right" and south".
* The words and forms used differ depending on context
This article gives a comprehensive overview of Irish directions for the English-speaking student.

## Historical Directions

Historically, the same words were used in Irish and the languages it descended from for compass directions (north, south) and relative directions (right, left). The directions match up for a person facing east:
| East | Forward |
| West | Back |
| South | Right |
| North | Left |
Deas still means both "south" and "right", but the other direction words are no longer identical in modern Irish. However, the concept survives in some idioms and expressions, which will be discussed below.

## Categories of Direction Words

In Irish, different direction words are used in different contexts. The types of direction word are:

### Noun

    Used to describe the direction as an independent noun, or to describe a portion of a place. Example: "It will rain in the west this weekend," "She visited the south of France."

### Adjective

    Used to modify a noun, usually as part of a place name. Example: "She's from North America"

### Going to

    Used when describing motion away from the speaker. Example: "She's not here right now, she drove west this morning."

### Coming from

    Used when describing motion towards the speaker. Example: "It was nice of you Dubliners to drive from the east to see us."

### Comparative

    Used to compare relative positions of two things.
The hardest direction for English speakers to understand is "coming from," because it implies traveling in the opposite direction. For example:
* téigh suas means "go up (to there)", but,
* tar anuas means "come from up (there)"--or in other words, "come down".
* téigh síos means "go down (to there)", but,
* tar aníos means "come from down (there)"--or in other words, "come up".

## List of Irish Direction Words and Forms

This chart shows the different direction words. In each case there's a three-letter pattern shared by all the words indicating a certain direction (except for deisceart, South, which breaks the pattern).
| Direction | Going | Coming from | Adjective | Noun | Comparative |
| North | ó thuaidh | aduaidh | thuaidh | tuaisceart | lastuaidh |
| South | ó dheas | aneas | theas | deisceart | laisteas |
| East | soir | anoir | thoir | oirthear | lastoir |
| West | siar | aniar | thiar | iarthar | laistiar |
| Up | suas | anuas | thuas |
| Down | síos | aníos | thíos |
The direction under "Going" is always opposite to the direction under "Coming from", e.g. going south vs. coming (north) from the south.

## Forming Intermediate Directions

To form intermediate directions, use the appropriate term for the east-west direction, followed by the "going" form (the a- form) of the north-south direction:
thiar aneas (in the southwest)

## Right and Left

* "Deas" is right.
* "Clé" is left.
* "Ar an dheas" is "on the right".
* "Ar an chlé" is "on the left".

## In and Out

* Amach = out. "Tar amach" is "Come out", if you are already outside you are "amuigh".
"Slí amach" is way out
* Isteach = in. "Tar isteach" is "Come in", if you are already inside you are "istigh".
"Slí isteach" is way in.

## Compass Idioms

Some of the surviving idioms related to the points of the compass in Irish include:

### seas siar

    Stand back (literally "stand to the west")

### aniar aduaidh

    By surprise (literally "from the northwest")

### amach anseo

    From now on

## Further Reading

Direction and Location in Modern Irish