OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Hesperis matronalis

Dame's Rocket :
| Binomial: | Herpseris matronalis |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Type: | Biennial or short-lived perennial |
| Light requirements: | Sun to deep shade |
| Weediness: | Self-seeds readily, invasive in some regions. |
| Pollination: | Insects |
| Height and spread: | 1 meter (3 feet) |
| Toxicity and edibility: | Edible, flowers are peppery |
Dame's Rocket, also known as Damask Violet, Dame's Violet, Dames-wort, Dame's Gilliflower, Night Scented Gilliflower, Queen's Gilliflower, Rogue's Gilliflower, Summer Lilac, Sweet Rocket, Mother-of-the-evening and, Winter Gilliflower (Hesperis matronalis) is a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the mustard family, Brassicaceae. A native of Eurasia and cultivated as a traditional garden plant elsewhere, Dame's Rocket was brought to North America in the 1600s and has since become naturalized there; it is considered an invasive species in some areas.

## Description

The plant is often confused with look-alike native phlox species in North America, but the former can be easily identified by its alternate (rather than opposite), toothed lanceolate leaves (5-15 centimetres in length, larger towards the base of the plant) and showy flowers, which have four rather than a phlox's five petals.
Reaching a maximum height of one metre (3 feet), Dame's Rocket shoots up quickly in spring and enters full bloom by May. The plentiful flowers, in elongate clusters atop strong hairy stalks, are large (2 cm) and vary in colour from white to lavender purple, some being a variegated intermediate between the two. A double-flowered variety is known. The flowers are also highly fragrant; the genus name Hesperis is Greek for evening, a reference to this plant's sweet aroma becoming evermore conspicuous towards evening.
The blooming season may last until August, but exceptionally warm weather can hasten the blooms' passing. Seeds are produced in long (5-10 centimetres) pods containing two rows of seeds separated by a dimple.

## Growing Conditions

Moist soil with good drainage in full sun to partial shade is preferred, but the plants are undemanding and will quickly crowd out native wildflower species if given the chance to become established. Extensive monotypic stands of Dame's Rocket are visible at great distances.

## Ecology

The successful spread of Dame's Rocket in North America has been attributed to its prolific seed production and because its seeds are often included in prepackaged "wildflower seed" assortments. Although the plants typically produce only a low-lying rosette their first year, in subsequent years blooming and seed production occurs in tandem throughout the blooming season. The plants are most commonly seen in roadside ditches, dumps and in open woodland settings. Dame's Rocket does however make for an attractive, hardy garden plant and probably does not pose a threat in urban settings.

## Pests and Diseases

In Europe, Dame's Rocket is host to the caterpillars of several butterfly species, including the w:Orange tip (Anthocharis cardamines) and w:Cabbage White (Pieris rapae); and moths such as Plutella porrectella.
# Horticulture/Houttuynia cordata

Houttuynia cordata :
| Binomial: | Houttuynia cordata |
| Type: | Perennial |
| Light requirements: | Full sun to Partial shade |
| Water requirements: | Constant moisture to shallow water |
| USDA Hardiness Zone: | 4 - 11 |
| Propagation: | Division |
| Bloom season: | Summer |
| Weediness: | Aggressive spreader |
| Pollination: | Insects |
Houttuynia cordata is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to between 20 and 80 cm. The lower stems trail along the ground and spread by producing adventitious roots, while the upright stems grow vertically to flower. The leaves are alternate, broadly heart-shaped, 4–9 cm long and 3–8 cm broad. Flowers appear in summer, and are greenish-yellow, borne on a stem 2–3 cm long with 4-6 large white basal bracts which resemble petals. The cultivar 'Chameleon" has bright, multicolored leaves, and is desirable for this flashy foliage more than for its flowers. Aggressive spreading of the plants can be stopped by growing them in containers or by using a rhizome barrier
# Basic Computing Using Windows/Appendices/Switching the Control Panel to Classic View

* Computers and Peripherals
* Operating Systems and Controls
* The Desktop
* File Systems
* Concepts and Settings
* Networks and the Internet
** FTP
* Email, Chat-rooms, and IM
* Appendices
** Switching the Control Panel to Classic View
** Connecting to the Internet
** Dual Booting
** Contributors
First click on the Start button on the lower left corner, then click on Control Panel on the right-hand side of the menu that pops up (if using the Classic Start Menu layout, click on Settings and then on Control Panel). When the window opens click on Switch to Classic View in the left column of the same window.
# Basic Computing Using Windows/Networks and the Internet/FTP

* Computers and Peripherals
* Operating Systems and Controls
* The Desktop
* File Systems
* Concepts and Settings
* Networks and the Internet
** FTP
* Email, Chat-rooms, and IM
* Appendices
** Switching the Control Panel to Classic View
** Connecting to the Internet
** Dual Booting
** Contributors

## Uploading to an FTP site
### Opening the FTP site in Explorer

Uploading to an FTP site in Windows Explorer is fairly simple. Just follow these simple steps: Hold the Windows Key and press "R," then type in "explorer ftp://" followed by your FTP site. Note, It is perfectly fine to have FTP site that starts with "ftp.", such as ftp.example.com, this will mean you have to type "ftp://ftp.example.com", which is perfectly fine.

### Uploading to an FTP site

To upload files you can either drag them from the folder their in to the ftp folder you just opened; or, Copy (Ctrl+c) them from the folder they're in and Paste (Ctrl+V) them into the FTP-folder.

### Using Filezilla

Filezilla is an open-source program which can be used to upload files and folders to FTP and SSH sites.
* Open FIlezilla. You should see the Site Manager screen. If not , go to Files>Site Manager.
* Click New Site.
* Type a name for the site(can be anything). In the photograph , it is shown as 1.
* Type the host(the website).
* Leave the Port blank , but if you need to enter a different port number, you can do so. The number can vary from site to site.
* Select the encryption method. This differs by website , but if you are not given any info by the website , you can leave it as it is(Plain FTP).
* Select the login type. If you do not have any password , select Anonymous. Note that in this case , you can usually not upload anything. If you have a standard user name and password , select Normal.
* (Not for Anonymous) Enter the login details.
* CLick Connect.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Canadian Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer

The Canadian Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer (CPT) is one of the major pieces of experimental equipment that is installed on the ATLAS superconducting heavy-ion linac facility at the Physics Division of the Argonne National Laboratory. It was developed and operated by physicist Guy Savard and a collaboration of other scientists at Argonne, the University of Manitoba, McGill University, Texas A&M University and the State University of New York.

## Development

The CPT was originally built for the Tandem Accelerator Superconducting Cyclotron (TASCC) facility at Chalk River Laboratories in Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. However, it was transferred to Argonne National Laboratory when the TASCC accelerator was decommissioned in 1998 due to funding issues.  The CPT spectrometer is designed to provide high-precision mass measurements of short-lived isotopes using radio-frequency (RF) fields. Accurate mass measurements of particular isotopes such as selenium-68 are important in the understanding of the detailed reaction mechanisms involved in the rapid-proton capture process, which occurs in astrophysical events like supernovae explosions and X-ray bursts. An X-ray burst is one possible site for the rp-process mechanism which involves the accretion of hydrogen and helium from one star onto the surface of its neutron star binary companion. Mass measurements are required as key inputs to network calculations used to describe this process in terms of the abundances of the nuclides produced, the light-curve profile of the X-ray bursts, and the energy produced. In the current configuration, more than 100 radioactive isotopes have been measured with half-lives much less than a second and with a precision (Δm/m) approaching 10$^{-9}$.
Recently, a novel injection system, the RF gas cooler, has been installed on the CPT to allow fast reaction products to be decelerated, thermalized and bunched for rapid and efficient injection. This enhances the investigative capabilities of the CPT on isotopes around the N=Z line with particular emphasis on isotopes of interest to low-energy tests of the electroweak interaction and the rp-process.

## References

* ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJN-41MHFHC-17&_user=1722207&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053990&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1722207&md5=4c620ed80f2930d6ee677867c070647d
* ↑ Clark, Jason A. (2005-08-15). "Investigating the rp-process with the Canadian Penning trap mass spectrometer". European Physical Journal A. Springer International. 25 (1): 629–632. doi:10.1140/epjad/i2005-06-172-3. ISSN 0939-7922. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
* ↑ Savard, Guy (2004-12-04). "The Canadian Penning Trap Spectrometer at Argonne". Hyperfine Interactions. Springer Netherlands. 132 (1–4): 221–228. doi:10.1023/A:1011986930931. ISSN 0304-3843. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Broad Iron K line

In astronomy, the broad iron K line is a spectral line that is an accurate measure of a black hole's immense gravitational force. The name refers to the shape, on a spectrogram, of light emitted by iron atoms near the black hole surface. The light loses energy as it climbs out of the black hole's gravitational well, causing the spectral line to be stretched toward lower frequencies.
A series of observations by the Japanese Suzaku satellite conducted in 2005 and 2006 demonstrates that the broad iron K line is found coming from almost all galaxies and that the signal is real, from strong gravity, and not noise due to poor resolution. Recent data suggests a connection between quasi-periodic oscillations and the broad Iron K line.
Scientists believe that they will be able to use the broad iron K line to image black holes.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry

Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CEMS) is an analytical chemistry technique formed by the combination of the liquid separation process of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. Ions are typically formed by electrospray ionization, but they can also be formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization or other ionization techniques. It has applications in basic research in proteomics and quantitative analysis of biomolecules as well as in clinical medicine.

## References

* ↑ Loo JA, Udseth HR, Smith RD (1989). "Peptide and protein analysis by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry". Anal. Biochem. 179 (2): 404–12. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(89)90153-X. PMID 2774189. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Maxwell EJ, Chen DD (2008). "Twenty years of interface development for capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry". Anal. Chim. Acta. 627 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.034. PMID 18790125. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
* ↑ Zhang H, Caprioli RM (1996). "Capillary electrophoresis combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry; continuous sample deposition on a matrix-precoated membrane target". J Mass Spectrom. 31 (9): 1039–46. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199609)31:9<1039::AID-JMS398>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID 8831154. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
* ↑ Metzger J, Schanstra JP, Mischak H (2008). "Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry in urinary proteome analysis: current applications and future developments". Anal Bioanal Chem. 393 (5): 1431–42. doi:10.1007/s00216-008-2309-0. PMID 18704377. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Ohnesorge J, Neusüss C, Wätzig H (2005). "Quantitation in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry". Electrophoresis. 26 (21): 3973–87. doi:10.1002/elps.200500398. PMID 16252322. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Kolch W, Neusüss C, Pelzing M, Mischak H (2005). "Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry as a powerful tool in clinical diagnosis and biomarker discovery". Mass Spectrom Rev. 24 (6): 959–77. doi:10.1002/mas.20051. PMID 15747373.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Dakna M, He Z, Yu WC, Mischak H, Kolch W (2008). "Technical, bioinformatical and statistical aspects of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) based clinical proteomics: A critical assessment". J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 877 (13): 1250–8. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.048. PMID 19010091. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Bottom-up proteomics

Bottom-up proteomics is a common method to identify proteins and characterize their amino acid sequences and post-translational modifications by proteolytic digestion of proteins prior to analysis by mass spectrometry. The proteins may first be purified by a method such as gel electrophoresis resulting in one or a few proteins in each proteolytic digest. Alternatively, the crude protein extract is digested directly, followed by one or more dimensions of separation of the peptides by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, a technique known as shotgun proteomics. By comparing the masses of the proteolytic peptides or their tandem mass spectra with those predicted from a sequence database, peptides can be identified and multiple peptide identifications assembled into a protein identification.

## References

* ↑ Aebersold R, Mann M (2003). "Mass spectrometry-based proteomics". Nature. 422 (6928): 198–207. doi:10.1038/nature01511. PMID 12634793. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
* ↑ Chait BT (2006). "Chemistry. Mass spectrometry: bottom-up or top-down?". Science. 314 (5796): 65–6. doi:10.1126/science.1133987. PMID 17023639.
* ↑ Washburn MP, Wolters D, Yates JR (2001). "Large-scale analysis of the yeast proteome by multidimensional protein identification technology". Nat. Biotechnol. 19 (3): 242–247. doi:10.1038/85686. PMID 11231557.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Wolters DA, Washburn MP, Yates JR (2001). "An automated multidimensional protein identification technology for shotgun proteomics". Anal. Chem. 73 (23): 5683–5690. doi:10.1021/ac010617e. PMID 11774908.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Bradbury-Nielsen shutter

A Bradbury-Nielsen shutter (or Bradbury-Nielsen gate) is a type of electrical ion gate, which was first proposed in an article by Norris Bradbury and Russel A. Nielsen, where they used it as an electron filter. Today they are used in the field of mass spectrometry where they are used in both TOF mass spectrometers and in ion mobility spectrometers, as well as Hadamard transform mass spectrometers (a variant of TOF-MS). The Bradbury-Nielsen shutter is ideal for injecting short pulses of ions and can be used to improve the mass resolution of TOF instruments by reducing the initial pulse size as compared to other methods of ion injection.

## Theory of Operation

The concept behind the Bradbury-Nielsen shutter is to apply a high frequency voltage in an 180° out-of-phase manner to alternate wires in a grid which is orthogonal to the path of the ion beam. This results in charged particles only passing directly through the shutter at certain times in the voltage phase (φ=nπ/2), when the potential difference between the grid wires is zero. At other times the ion beam is deflected to some angle by the potential difference between the neighboring wires. This deflection is divergent with ions that pass through alternate slits being deflected in opposite directions. The deflection angle can be calculated by
tan α = k V$_p$ / V$_0$
where α is the deflection angle, k is a deflection constant, V$_p$ is the wire voltage (+V$_p$ on one wire set and -V$_p$ on the other), and V$_0$ is the ion acceleration voltage in eV. The deflection constant k can be calculated by
k = π / 2ln[cot(πR/2d)]
where R is the wire radius and d is the wire spacing.

## Micromachined ion gates

A Bradbury-Nielsen shutter micromachined from a silicon wafer has been reported.

## References

* ↑ Norris E. Bradbury and Russel A. Nielsen (1936). "Absolute Values of the Electron Mobility in Hydrogen". Physical Review. 49 (5): 388–93. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.49.388.
* ↑ Joel R. Kimmel, Friedrich Engelke, and Richard N. Zare (2001). "Novel method for the production of finely spaced Bradbury–Nielson gates". Review of Scientific Instruments. 72 (12): 4354–4357. doi:10.1063/1.1416109.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* 1 2 Oh Kyu Yoon, Ignacio A. Zuleta, Matthew D. Robbins, Griffin K. Barbula, and Richard N. Zare (2007). "Simple Template-Based Method to Produce Bradbury-Nielsen Gates". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 18: 1901–1908. doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2007.07.030.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Zuleta IA, Barbula GK, Robbins MD, Yoon OK, Zare RN (2007). "Micromachined bradbury-nielsen gates". Anal. Chem. 79 (23): 9160–5. doi:10.1021/ac071581e. PMID 17966990.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Geometry/Appendix B
### Section 2.3 - Using Proofs in Geometry

1.
* Angle 2 = 120 degrees since it is supplementary to angle 1. Supplementary angles are any two angles whose sum is 180 degrees.
* Angle 3 = 60 degrees since
* Angle 1 and Angle 3 are vertical angles. Vertical angles are two nonadjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines.
* Angle 4 = 120 degrees since it is supplementary to angle 1.
* Angle 5 = angle 1 by the Transversal Postulate.
* Angle 6 = angle 2, angle 7 = angle 3, and angle 8 = angle 4 by the Transversal Postulate.
2.
* Angle 2 = angle 3 is given
* Lines R and S are parallel by the Alternate Interior Angles Converse Postulate

## Chapter 5
### Section 5.1 - Methods of Proving that Triangles are Congruent

1. Yes; triangle RUN = triangle DIH by ASA
2. No; the sides and angles do not match
3. Yes; triangle SUM = triangle HRC by ASA
4. Yes; triangle QWE = triangle TYR by SSS

### Navigation

* Geometry Main Page
* Motivation
* Introduction
* Geometry/Chapter 1 - HS Definitions and Reasoning (Introduction)
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 1 Introduction
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 2 Reasoning
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 3 Undefined Terms
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 4 Axioms/Postulates
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 5 Theorems
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Vocabulary Vocabulary
* Geometry/Chapter 2 Proofs
* Geometry/Chapter 3 Logical Arguments
* Geometry/Chapter 4 Congruence and Similarity
* Geometry/Chapter 5 Triangle: Congruence and Similiarity
* Geometry/Chapter 6 Triangle: Inequality Theorem
* Geometry/Chapter 7 Parallel Lines, Quadrilaterals, and Circles
* Geometry/Chapter 8 Perimeters, Areas, Volumes
* Geometry/Chapter 9 Prisms, Pyramids, Spheres
* Geometry/Chapter 10 Polygons
* Geometry/Chapter 11 $\mathbb {R} ,\mathbb {R} ^{2},\mathbb {R} ^{3}$
* Geometry/Chapter 12 Angles: Interior and Exterior
* Geometry/Chapter 13 Angles: Complementary, Supplementary, Vertical
* Geometry/Chapter 14 Pythagorean Theorem: Proof
* Geometry/Chapter 15 Pythagorean Theorem: Distance and Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 16 Constructions
* Geometry/Chapter 17 Coordinate Geometry
* Geometry/Chapter 18 Trigonometry
* Geometry/Chapter 19 Trigonometry: Solving Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 20 Special Right Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 21 Chords, Secants, Tangents, Inscribed Angles, Circumscribed Angles
* Geometry/Chapter 22 Rigid Motion
* Geometry/Appendix A Formulae
* Geometry/Appendix B Answers to problems
* Appendix C. Geometry/Postulates & Definitions
* Appendix D. Geometry/The SMSG Postulates for Euclidean Geometry
# Geography of Race in the United States/Racial segregation in education
### Black/White School Segregation in the year 2000

Municipalities throughout the U.S. enforced racial segregation in the schools since the founding of public education systems. Their constitutional right to do so was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896). However, in the landmark case, Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), the Supreme Court overruled Plessy and forbade state and local governments from practicing racial segregation. Despite this legal change, some public schools today are more racially segregated today than when Brown was decided in 1954. School segregation even increased in the 1990s. As this 2000 map of school segregation illustrates, black/white segregation is highest in counties with high black populations. (Compare with the 1980 census map of the distribution of blacks in the Eastern/Central U.S.)
Why has the law failed to undo the segregation that was originally caused by the law? The most obvious reason is that racial segregation of neighborhoods remains the norm in the U.S., as demonstrated in the city maps on this site. To the extent students attend neighborhood schools, they are likely to have few classmates of other races. But the courts, too, have played a role—initially by acquiescing in state resistance to desegregation, more recently by attacking the tools states use to achieve integration.
* Previous: Direct disenfranchisement

## References

* ↑ Jeffrey Rosen, "The Lost Promise of School Integration", New York Times, April 2, 2000, A1, 5.
# HyperText Markup Language/Tag List/select
## Use

This builds a List Box. Used for selecting a value from a list. This is to be used in relation with the option tag.

## Required attributes
#### name

Name of the value in the form.

## Optional attributes
#### class

Associated CSS classes.

#### dir

The direction of the text. You can choose from "ltr" (left to right) or "rtl" (right to left).

#### disabled

Locks in the control so the user cannot modify the value in the list box.

#### id

A string that is in the webpage.

#### lang

The ISO language code that you want to use for the tag.

#### multiple

Allows the value tag to allow multiple selections.

#### size

The size of the list box. It is measured in either rows or as a percentage on the screen.

#### style

CSS commands.

#### tabindex

The order of the controls received by the form.

#### title

The title of the tag.

## Standard attributes

* name

## More info

A link to a page with more info, then the name of the site the info came from (i.e. W3Schools).