OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Diacritics
## Diacritics

You have already learnt the first five letters and the ten matras (vowels) of Gurmukhi. In this chapter you will learn the diacritics of Gurmukhi and their usage in Punjabi.
Diacritics are the signs that are added to vowels and consonants to add phonetic value to them. Punjabi has three diacritics namely bindi (ਆਂ), tippi (ਅੰ) and udhak (ਅੱ) used with vowels. These diacritics are lexically significant as their use changes the meaning of the words. Therefore learning correct usage of these diacritics is important.

### ਆਂ - bindi

    Bindi is the dot above ਆ and

### ਅੰ - tippi

    Tippi is the inverted semi-circular shape above ਅ. Bindi and tippi are used with vowels to nasalize the vowel sounds or to reinforce the following nasal sound and therefore come along with one of the matras. Both serve the same purpose but bindi is used with kanna, bihari, lanv, dulavan, horha and kanaorha whereas tippi is used exclusively with mukta, sihari, aaunkarh and dulaenkarh. See the following examples.
       ਆ + ਉਂ + ਸ = ਆਉਂਸ = ounce
       ਹੈਂ + ਸ = ਹੈਂਸ = hence
       ਸੈਂ + ਸ = ਸੈਂਸ = sense
       ਸਾ + ਇੰ + ਸ = ਸਾਇੰਸ = science
       ਸਿੰ + ਸ = ਸਿੰਸ = since
       ਐ + ਸੰ + ਸ = ਐਸੰਸ = essence

### ਅੱ - udhak

    Udhak is used to reinforce the sound of the consonant that follows. It is interesting to note that udhak comes with the letter preceding the letter to be reinforced.
       ਸੈੱ + ਸ = ਸੈੱਸ = cess
       ਅ +ਸੈੱ + ਸ = ਅਸੈੱਸ = assess
       ਸੈਂ + ਸੱ + ਸ = ਸੈਂਸੱਸ = census

### Exercises

1. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi.
* ਆਉਂਸ
* ਐਸੰਸ
* ਸਾਇੰਸ
* ਅਸੈੱਸ
* Ounce
* Essence
* Science
* Assess
2. Write the above listed words in Gurmukhi and English side by side.
3. Write these English words in Gurmukhi.
* Hence
* Census
* Since
* Cess
* Sense
* ਹੈਂ + ਸ = ਹੈਂਸ
* ਸੈਂ + ਸੱ + ਸ = ਸੈਂਸੱਸ
* ਸਿੰ + ਸ = ਸਿੰਸ
* ਸੈੱ + ਸ = ਸੈੱਸ
* ਸੈਂ + ਸ = ਸੈਂਸ

### Summary

So you have learnt the first five letters, the ten matras and three diacritics of Gurmukhi. You are now ready to move on to the others rows of Gurmukhi letters. In the next lesson you will learn the five velars of Gumukhi script.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Conjuncts
## Conjuncts

Three consonants are used in Punjabi as conjuncts. These are half haha - ਹ੍ as in ਨ੍ਹ = ਨ+ਹ੍; half rara - ਰ੍ as in ਪ੍ਰ = ਪ+ਰ੍; and half vava - ਵ੍ as in ਸ੍ਵ = ਸ+ਵ੍. They are used only as inferior conjugates in the conjugal pair of consonants. The principal use of such conjuncts is in the words borrowed from other languages like Sanskrit, English etc. Here are some examples of the use of conjugate haha
    ਜਿੰਨ੍ਹਾ /jinnaa/ = whom
    ਯਗ੍ਹਾ /jaggaa/ = place
    ਵਜ੍ਹਾ /vajjaa/ = reason
In the above examples the conjugate haha is not spoken as normal haha but a low tone following the conjugate full consonant. Let us now see some illustrations of the use of conjugate rara.
    ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤ /amrit/ = nectar
    ਪ੍ਰਿੰਟਰ /printar/ = printer
    ਪ੍ਰੋਫੈਸਰ /profesar/ = professor
Here are some illustrations of conjugate vava
    ਸ੍ਵੈਮਾਨ /svemaan/ = self-respect
    ਸ੍ਵੈਜੀਵਨੀ /svejiivanii/ = auto-biography
    ਸ੍ਵੀਕਾਰ /sviikaar/ = accept
Among these conjugate consonants half vava i.e. ਵ੍ is used only with ਸ (ਸ੍ਵ).
In the above examples where ever a lag matra is added to a conjunct the matra actually combines with the conjugate diacritic which is invariantly spoken before the full consonant.

### Exercises

Write three examples each of conjugate haha, rara and vava.
* ਜਿੰਨ੍ਹਾ
* ਯਗ੍ਹਾ
* ਵਜ੍ਹਾ
* ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤ
* ਪ੍ਰਿੰਟਰ
* ਪ੍ਰੋਫੈਸਰ
* ਸ੍ਵੈਮਾਨ
* ਸ੍ਵੈਜੀਵਨੀ
* ਸ੍ਵੀਕਾਰ
# Linux Guide/Tools/Screen

Screen is a very powerful program that allows multiplexing several interactive shells. The sessions can be attached and detached, this is especially useful for sessions that are used on a remote sever: One can log on from a different computer, attach the screen session and continue working in the same environment which was last encountered.

## Most important commands

Starting a screen session:
Attaching an already running screen session:
list all running screen sessions
From inside a screen session, all commands are started with Ctrl-a and then another key. Detach session: Ctrl-a + d Switch to next window: Ctrl-a n Switch to previous window: Ctrl-a p
# Linux Guide/System administration

Many Linux distributions come with the popular Apache web server program pre-installed. It is quite common to use this in conjunction with MySQL and PHP (or Perl or Python) to build websites. This is known as the LAMP stack.
Instructions for installing and running Apache can be found at the documentation page of the Apache website.

## External links

* Guides to setting up Apache, PHP, and MySQL on Ubuntu Linux: 1 2
* Information about Apache on Fedora Core Linux: 1 2
Linux distribution usually includes some tools for monitoring systems parameters and processes, such as ps, top, free and sar.
# Linux Guide/tmux

The "tmux" manager is a very powerful program that allows multiplexing several interactive shells. The sessions can be attached and detached, this is especially useful for sessions that are used on a remote sever: One can log on from a different computer, attach the tmux session and continue working in the same environment which was last encountered. Also, two different people can simultaneously attach to the same tmux session.

## Most important commands

Starting a new tmux session:
Attaching an already running tmux session:
list all running tmux sessions
Starting a new named tmux session:
Attaching to a named tmux session:
From inside a tmux session, all tmux commands are started with the tmux prefix key Ctrl+b and then another key. Everything else you type, tmux forwards unchanged to whatever is running inside the current tmux window pane.
* Detach session: Ctrl+b d
* Switch to next session: Ctrl+b )
* Switch to previous session: Ctrl+b (
* Select the next pane in the current window: Ctrl+b o
Many people add a line
to their ~/.tmux.conf file, which changes the tmux prefix key to Ctrl+a (rather than the default Ctrl+b).
(Another Wikibook has some tips on Interactive Sharing Using a Terminal Multiplexer, tmux).
(Further details: Tony Narlock. "The Tao of tmux". )
# Linux Networking

The Linux Operating System boasts kernel based networking support written almost entirely from scratch. The performance of the tcp/ip implementation in recent kernels makes it a worthy alternative to even the best of its peers. This document aims to describe how to install and configure the Linux networking software and associated tools.

## General Information

* A brief history of Linux Networking Kernel Development
* Linux Networking Resource
* Where to get some non-linux specific network information

## Generic Network Configuration Information

* What do I need to start?
* Where should I put the configuration commands?
* Creating your network interfaces
* Configuring a network interface
* Configuring your Name Resolver
* Configuring your loopback interface
* Routing
* Configuring your network servers and services

## IP- and Ethernet-Related Information

* IP- and Ethernet-Related Information
* EQL - multiple line traffic equaliser
* IP Accounting (for Linux-2.0)
* IP Accounting (for Linux-2.2)
* IP Aliasing
* IP Firewall (for Linux-2.0)
* IP Firewall (for Linux-2.2)
* IPIP Encapsulation
* IP Masquerade
* IP Transparent Proxy
* IPv6
* Mobile IP
* Multicast
* NAT - Network Address Translation
* Traffic Shaper - Changing allowed bandwidth
* Routing in Linux-2.2

## Using common PC hardware

* ISDN
* PLIP for Linux-2.0
* PLIP for Linux-2.2
* PPP
* SLIP client
* SLIP server

## Other Network Technologies

* Other Network Technologies
* ARCNet
* Appletalk (AF_APPLETALK)
* ATM
* AX25 (AF_AX25)
* DECNet
* FDDI
* Frame Relay
* IPX (AF_IPX)
* NetRom (AF_NETROM)
* Rose protocol (AF_ROSE)
* SAMBA - NetBEUI, NetBios, CIFS support
* STRIP support (Starmode Radio IP)
* Token Ring
* X.25
* WaveLan Card

## Cables and Cabling

* Cables and Cabling
* Serial NULL Modem cable
* Parallel port cable (PLIP cable)
* 10base2 (thin coax) Ethernet Cabling
* Twisted Pair Ethernet Cable

## Appendices

* Glossary of Terms used in this document

## Contributors

* Phoe6
* Terry Dawson
* Axel Boldt
* Arnt Gulbrandsen
* Gary Allpike
* Cees de Groot
* Alan Cox
* Jonathon Naylor
* Claes Ensson
* Ron Nessim
* John Minack
* Jean-Pierre Cocatrix
* Erez Strauss
# Linux Guide/Tools
## Useful tools for our daily work with GNU / Linux

* Screen or tmux
* Editors
* Text Utilities
# Linux Networking/10base2 (thin coax) Ethernet Cabling
## 10base2 (thin coax) Ethernet Cabling

10base2 is an ethernet cabling standard that specifies the use of 52 ohm coaxial cable with a diameter of about 5 millimeters. There are a couple of important rules to remember when interconnecting machines with 10base2 cabling. The first is that you must use terminators at both ends of the cabling. A terminator is a 52 ohm resistor that helps to ensure that the signal is absorbed and not reflected when it reaches the end of the cable. Without a terminator at each end of the cabling you may find that the ethernet is unreliable or doesn't work at all. Normally you'd use `T pieces' to interconnect the machines, so that you end up with something that looks like:
where the `|' at either end represents a terminator, the `======' rep­ resents a length of coaxial cable with BNC plugs at either end and the `T' represents a `T piece' connector. You should keep the length of cable between the `T piece' and the actual ethernet card in the PC as short as possible, ideally the `T piece' will be plugged directly into the ethernet card.
# Linux Networking/ARCNet
## ARCNet

ARCNet device names are `arc0e', `arc1e', `arc2e' etc. or `arc0s', `arc1s', `arc2s' etc. The first card detected by the kernel is assigned `arc0e' or `arc0s' and the rest are assigned sequentially in the order they are detected. The letter at the end signifies whether you've selected ethernet encapsulation packet format or RFC1051 packet format.
Kernel Compile Options:
Once you have your kernel properly built to support your ethernet card then configuration of the card is easy.
Typically you would use something like:
Please refer to the /usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt and /usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/arcnet-hardware.txt files for further information.
ARCNet support was developed by Avery Pennarun, apenwarr@foxnet.net.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/December 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for December 15, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps

The first page contains the maps of the Northern and the Southern celestial hemisphere. Follow the pages for the monthly maps.
* Northern and Southern Hemisphere
* January 1, 10:00 pm
* January 15, 10:00 pm
* February 1, 10:00 pm
* February 15, 10:00 pm
* March 1, 10:00 pm
* March 15, 10:00 pm
* April 1, 10:00 pm
* April 15, 10:00 pm
* May 1, 10:00 pm
* May 15, 10:00 pm
* June 1, 10:00 pm
* June 15, 10:00 pm
* July 1, 10:00 pm
* July 15, 10:00 pm
* August 1, 10:00 pm
* August 15, 10:00 pm
* September 1, 10:00 pm
* September 15, 10:00 pm
* October 1, 10:00 pm
* October 15, 10:00 pm
* November 1, 10:00 pm
* November 15, 10:00 pm
* December 1, 10:00 pm
* December 15, 10:00 pm
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/April 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for April 15, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/August 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for August 1, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/December 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for December 1, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/February 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for February 15, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/January 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for January 1, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/April 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for April 1, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/August 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for August 15, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/February 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for February 1, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Pinyin/Classmate

See also
# Pinyin/Class

See also
# Pinyin/Classify
## Verb

* to classify: to put people or things into particular groups according to the features that they have
** fenleih: baa shihwu ahn tehxihng fahngdaoh tehdihng d zuubier
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Labials
## Sixth row of Gurmukhi - the Labials

You have already learnt the velars, palatals, retroflexes and dentals besides the vowel carriers and ਸ and ਹ. In this lesson we will learn the letters of the sixth row (ਪ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi consisting the Labials. The Labials are articulated with lips. The Gurmukhi labials are
    ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ
They are called ਪ - puppa, ਫ - phupha, ਬ - bubba, ਭ - bhubba and ਮ - mumma. Their pronunciation is ਪ - /p/, ਫ - /ph/, ਬ - /b/, ਭ - /bh/ and ਮ - /m/. Each of them is explained below.

### ਪ Puppa

    This is how words peach and pass are written in Gurmukhi
       ਪੀ + ਚ = ਪੀਚ = peach
       ਪਾ + ਸ = ਪਾਸ = pass

### ਫ Phupha

    ਫ is equivalent to /ph/. For illustration of the use of ਫ see these example
       ਫੋ + ਟੋ = ਫੋਟੋ = photo
    NB : We have used /ph/ to denote that this sound which is produced by closing both lips (bilabial) is aspirated version of the plosive /p/. The English /f/ or /ph/ are in fact labio-dental fricatives. See Phonetics for more details.

### ਬ Bubba

    ਬ is equivalent to /b/. The words bus and biscuit are written in Gurmukhi as
       ਬੱ + ਸ = ਬੱਸ = bus
       ਬਿ + ਸ + ਕੁ + ਟ = ਬਿਸਕੁਟ = biscuit

### ਭ Bhubba

    There is no equivalent of ਭ in English. ਭ sound is produced by combining ਪ with tone in initial position of a word and a tone with ਬ sound elsewhere. Here are some Punjabi examples.
       ਭਾ + ਰ = ਭਾਰ /bhaar/ = weight
       ਭਾ + ਗ = ਭਾਗ /bhaag/ = part
       ਭਾ + ਲੂ = ਭਾਲੂ /bhaloo/ = bear

### ਮ Mumma

    Let's now go to the last letter of this row which is ਮ and is equivalent to /m/. We have already seen Gurmukhi transcription of Pyjama(ਪ + ਜਾ + ਮਾ = ਪਜਾਮਾ) above which illustrates use of ਮ. Here are some examples.
       ਮਿੰ + ਟ = ਮਿੰਟ /mint/ = minute
       ਮੈ + ਨ = ਮੈਨ = man

### Exercises

1. Use Practice module to write the letters of the fifth row many times in your note book as you did earlier. You can click one of the letters below to go to relevant page of the practice module.
    ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ
2. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਪਾਸ
* ਪੀਚ
* ਬੱਸ
* ਬੀਸਟ
* ਬੂਮ
* Pass
* Peach
* Bus
* Beast
* Boom
3. Write the following words in Gurmukhi and English.
* ਬਜਟ
* ਮੱਟਨ
* ਪਿਕਨਿਕ
* ਮੈਚ
* ਬੀਕ
* ਬਜਟ - Budget
* ਮੱਟਨ - Mutton
* ਪਿਕਨਿਕ - Picnic
* ਮੈਚ - Match
* ਬੀਕ - Beak
4. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Aim
* Boot
* Peach
* Pakistan
* Bharat
* Madam
* Matter
* Bucket
* Mikhail
* Concept
* ਏ + ਇ + ਮ = ਏਇਮ
* ਬੂ + ਟ = ਬੂਟ
* ਪੀ + ਚ = ਪੀਚ
* ਪਾ + ਕਿ + ਸ + ਤਾ + ਨ = ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ
* ਭਾ + ਰ + ਤ = ਭਾਰਤ
* ਮੈ + ਡ + ਮ = ਮੈਡਮ
* ਮੈ + ਟ + ਰ = ਮੈਟਰ
* ਬੱ + ਕ + ਟ = ਬੱਕਟ
* ਮਿ + ਖਾ + ਇ + ਲ = ਮਿਖਾਇਲ
* ਕ + ਨ + ਸੈ + ਪ + ਟ = ਕਨਸੈਪਟ

### Summary

In this lesson we have learnt the five letters of the second row of Gurmukhi script. These letter are ਪ puppa, ਫ phupha, ਬ bubba, ਭ bhubba and ਮ mumma. In the next lesson we will introduce the next five letters of Gurmukhi.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਕ

Practice writing ਕ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/First-row
## First row of Gurmukhi

Gurmukhi is arranged into eight rows, first seven of five letters each and the last of six letters. The first row (ਪ੍ਰਥਮ ਵਰਗ) consists of
    ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ
These letters are called urha, airhaa, eerhi, sussa and hahaa. The first three letters ੳ, ਅ and ੲ, the only letters of this kind, have no sounds of their own and act as matra (vowel) carriers. Let us first study ਹ.
ਹ Haha, the fifth letter of Gurmukhi, is pronounced the same as /h/ in English. For example, the word who will be written as ਹੂ in Gurmukhi. The matra attached with ਹ represents the /oo/ vowel as in boot. Thus we have
    ਹੂ /hoo/ = who
Now have a look at another word how which will be written in Gurmukhi as
    ਹਾ + ਉ = ਹਾਉ /hau/ = how
The matra attached with ਹ represents vowel /a/ as in /last/. The second letter of this example is
ੳ Urha, the first Gurmukhi letter, has no sound of its own and is used as a matra (vowel) carrier. In the above example the matra attached with ੳ represents vowel /u/ as in put. Now let us learn ਸ also
ਸ Sussa, the fourth Gurmukhi letter, is pronounced the same as /s/ in English. If we add ਸ to ਹਾਉ we get
    ਹਾ + ਉ + ਸ = ਹਾਉਸ /haaus/ = house
The word eye when written in Gurmukhi illustrates the remaining two letters of the first row namely
ਅ Airha, the second letter of Gurmukhi script and
ੲ Irhi, the third letter of Gurmukhi script are both used as matra (vowel) carriers. See how eye is written in Gurmukhi
    ਆ + ਇ = ਆਇ = eye
The matra attached with ਅ represents vowel /a/ as in last and the one attached with ੲ represents vowel /i/ as in list. Look at some more illustrations of the use of ਸ in transliteration of the words sigh and ice in Gurmukhi
    ਸਾ + ਇ = ਸਾਇ /sai/ = sigh
    ਆ + ਇ + ਸ = ਆਇਸ /aais/ = ice

### Exercises

1. Practice module, accessible from navigation menu above, has been provided to help you practice writing Gurmukhi letters. Use it to write the letters of the first row in your note book as many times as you may feel comfortable. You can click one of the letters below to go to see its animation.
    ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ
2. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਹੂ
* ਆਇ
* ਹਾਉਸ
* ਆਇਸ
* Who
* Eye
* House
* Ice
3. Write the above listed words in Gurmukhi and English side by side
4. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Us
* How
* Sigh
* Hiss
* High
* ਅ + ਸ = ਅਸ
* ਹਾ + ਉ = ਹਾਉ
* ਸਾ + ਇ = ਸਾਇ
* ਹਿ + ਸ = ਹਿਸ
* ਹਾ + ਇ = ਹਾਇ

### Summary

You have learnt ੳ, ਅ, ੲ, ਸ and ਹ, the five letters of the first row (ਪ੍ਰਥਮ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi script. We have specially selected examples familiar to an English knowing learner. Besides the above named letters you also encountered some of the matras (vowels) which we explained without naming them. In the next chapter you will learn the vowel sounds and the matras representing these vowels in Gurmukhi.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Neo-group
## Eighth row of Gurmukhi - the Neo-group

In the previous chapters we have learnt all the letters of original Penti, the velars, the palatals, the retroflexes, the dentals, the labials and the sonorants in addition to the vowel carriers and ਸ and ਹ. Here we will learn the letters of the eighth row (ਨਵੀਨ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi. This group of letters is called the Neo group because the letters have been added to Gurmukhi to represent sounds borrowed from Persian and other foreign languages. The Neo group consists of the following letters
    ਸ਼ ਖ਼ ਗ਼ ਜ਼ ਫ਼ ਲ਼
These are called ਸ਼ - susse pair bindi, ਖ਼ - khukhe pair bindi, ਗ਼ - gugge pair bindi, ਜ਼ - jujje pair bindi , ਫ਼ - phuphe pair bindi and ਲ਼ - lulle pair bindi. ਸ਼ is pronounced as /sh/, ਖ਼ as /khh/, ਗ਼ as /ghh/, ਜ਼ as /jhh/ , ਫ਼ as /phh/ and ਲ਼ as /lh/.

### ਸ਼ - sasse pair bindi

    This is how words shark and shore are written in Gurmukhi
       ਸ਼ਾ + ਰ + ਕ = ਸ਼ਾਰਕ = shark
       ਸ਼ੋ + ਰ = ਸ਼ੋਰ = shore

### ਖ਼ - khakke pair bindi

    This sound is not found in English. However here are some Punjabi examples
       ਖ਼ + ਤ = ਖ਼ਤ = letter
       ਤ + ਖ਼ + ਤ = ਤਖ਼ਤ = throne
       ਖ਼ + ਰ + ਗੋ + ਸ਼ = ਖ਼ਰਗੋਸ਼ = rabbit
       ਸ਼ਾ + ਖ਼ = ਸ਼ਾਖ਼ = branch

### ਗ਼ - gagge pair bindi

    This sound is also not found in English. However here are some Punjabi examples
       ਗ਼ + ਮ + ਲਾ = ਗ਼ਮਲਾ = flower pot

### ਜ਼ - jajje pair bindi

    This sound is equivalent to /z/. Here are some examples
       ਜ਼ਿ + ਪ = ਜ਼ਿਪ = zip
       ਜੈ + ਬ + ਰਾ = ਜ਼ੈਬਰਾ = zebra

### ਫ਼ - fufe pair bindi

    As in
       ਫ਼ਾ + ਰ + ਸੀ = ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ = faarsi(persian)

### ਲ਼ - lulle pair bindi

Some of these letters merely represent the sounds borrowed from foreign languages but the use of others is lexically significant for that changes the word meanings. For example
    ਗਲ = talk and ਗਲ਼ = decompose
    ਸੇਰ = a unit of measurement and ਸ਼ੇਰ = lion

### Exercises

1. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਸ਼ੈੱਡ
* ਸ਼ਾਉਟ
* ਐਸ਼
* ਗੱਸ਼
* Shed
* Shout
* Ash
* Gush
2. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Shop
* Shoe
* Rush
* Blush
* Push
* ਸ਼ੌ + ਪ = ਸ਼ੌਪ
* ਸ਼ੂ
* ਰੱ + ਸ਼ = ਰੱਸ਼
* ਬ + ਲੱ + ਸ਼ = ਬਲੱਸ਼
* ਪੁ + ਸ਼ = ਪੁਸ਼

### Summary

In this lesson we have learnt the six letters of the eighth row of Gurmukhi script. These letter are ਸ਼ susse pair bindi, ਖ਼ khukhe pair bindi, ਗ਼ gugge pair bindi, ਜ਼ jujje pair bindi , ਫ਼ phuphe pair bindi and ਲ਼ lulle pair bindi. We have now learnt the complete Gurmukhi alphabet:
    ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ
    ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ
    ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ
    ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ
    ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ
    ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ
    ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
    ਸ਼ ਖ਼ ਗ਼ ਜ਼ ਫ਼ ਲ਼