OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scotch Game, Main line

A common line of the Scotch Game, Bc5 attacks the d4 knight and puts indirect pressure on the f2 square if the knight moves.
White's standard response is to support the d4 knight with 5. Be3, which threatens to immediately win a piece with Nxc6, dxc6 (...Bxe3; Nxd8 wins the black queen); Bxc5. Another role of White's bishop on e3 is to protect the weak f2 pawn. Play will often continue 5...Qf6 6. c3, and is thought to be equal for black.
If 5. c3 Qf6 6. Nxc6??, Black can checkmate by 6...Qxf2#. This was played in PogChamps, an amateur chess tournament held by chess.com, in a game between XqC (White) and MoistCritikal (Black)
Other playable moves all involve avoiding the committing of attackers and defenders against the d4 knight. These moves include 5. Nxc6, 5. Nf5 and 5. Nb3.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Rat Defence

At this point, black has 2 main options. 3...dxe5, the best move according to the engine; and 3...Nc6, the Lisbon Gambit.
# A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/The Atmosphere/Ozone
## Structure

Ozone can be assigned two different Lewis structures, but neither one accurately represents the structure and bonding in the O$_3$ molecule.
    Canonical structures of ozone
Spectroscopic data indicates both O−O bonds in ozone are equal in length and strength. The central oxygen atom is positively charged and the terminal oxygen atoms each carry partial negative charge.
# A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Ozone
## Structure

Ozone can be assigned two different Lewis structures, but neither one accurately represents the structure and bonding in the O$_3$ molecule.
    Canonical structures of ozone
Spectroscopic data indicates both O−O bonds in ozone are equal in length and strength. The central oxygen atom is positively charged and the terminal oxygen atoms each carry partial negative charge.
# Yoruba/Food and Fruits

| English Name | Yoruba Name | Notes |
| Orange | Ọsàn òrom̀bó | Fruit |
| Paw-paw | Ìbẹ́pẹ | Fruit |
| Banana | Ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ | Fruit |
| Lime | Ọsàn wẹ́wẹ́ | Fruit |
| Corn | Àgbàdo | Fruit |
| Cherry | Àgbálùmọ́ | Fruit |
| Beans | Ẹ̀wà | Food |
| Rice | Ìrẹsì | Food |
| Bread | Búrẹ́dì | Food |
| Pottage | Àsáró | Food |
| Beans Cake | Àkàrà | Food |
| Garden Egg | Ikàn | Fruit |
| Cassava | Ẹ̀gẹ́ | Food |
| Bean pudding | Mọ́í-mọ́í | Food |
| Plaintain | Ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ | Fruit |
| Pap | Ògì | Food |
| Yam | Iṣu | Food |
| Pounded yam | Iyán | Food |
| Sugarcane | Rèké | Fruit |
| Coconut | Àgbọn | Fruit |
| Pineapple | Ọ̀pẹ òyìnbó | Fruit |
| Mango | Máńgòrò | Fruit |
| Potato | Ànàmọ́/Kúkúǹdùnkún | Food |
| Cocoyam/Taro | Iṣu Kóókò | Food |
# Yoruba/Conjunctions

Yoruba conjunction are words that are used to connect words, phrases, and clauses. Here are some examples:
| Number | English Conjunctions | Yoruba Conjunctions |
| 1 | After | lẹ́yìn |
| 2 | Although | bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé |
| 3 | As much as | níwọ̀n ìgbà tí |
| 4 | But | ṣùgbọ́n |
| 5 | Because | nítorí (pé) |
| 6 | And | àti |
| 7 | Or | tàbí |
| 8 | With | pẹ̀lú |
| 9 | So | nítorí náà |
| 10 | until | títí tí |
| 11 | Yet | síbẹ̀síbẹ̀ (náà) |
| 12 | Unless | àyàfi |
| 13 | For | torí |
| 14 | Either...or | Yálà...tàbí |
| 15 | If | tí |
# Algebra/Chapter 11/Inverses of Functions
## Inverse function

The function $g$ is the inverse of the one-to-one function $f$ if and only if the following are true:
    $g(f(x))=x\,$
    $f(g(x))=x\,$
The inverse of function $f$ is denoted as $f^{-1}$ .
Geometrically $f^{-1}$ is the reflection of $f$ across the line $y=x$. Conceptually, using the box analogy, a function's inverse box undoes what the function's regular box does.
Example:
To find the inverse of a function, remember that when we use $f^{-1}(x)$ as an input to $f$ the result is $x$. So start by writing $x=f\left(f^{-1}(x)\right)$ and solve for $f^{-1}$
Example:
The Domain of an inverse function is exactly the same as the Range of the original function. If the Range of the original function is limited in some way, the inverse of a function will require a restricted domain.
Example:
When functions were introduced in this chapter they were described as a special kind of relation. A relation is simply a connection between one number and some others. On the other hand a function has just one connection between a number and another number. For instance absolute value is a function because the absolute value of any number will map onto one, and only one number. On the other hand the square root operation is a relationship. ${\sqrt {x}}^{2}$ can be true for $x$ or $-x$.
We defined the identity value for addition as 0 and for multiplication as 1. This is because adding zero to a number does not change that number, or multiplying a number by 1 does not change that number. We defined the inverse of addition as subtraction. This is because a - a =0. The inverse of multiplication is division (except for 0) since a / a = 1. We define the inverse of a function as the function g such that g(f(x)) = x.
For example the inverse of the squared function is the square root function for whole numbers. That is for zero and non-negative rational numbers the ${\sqrt {x}}^{2}=x$. This is not true for the real numbers. For real numbers ${\sqrt {x}}^{2}=x\ or-x$.
When explaining the definition of domain and range of a relation we defined the vertical line test as stating that on a Cartesian plane if we let the x axis indicate the domain of a function and the y axis indicate the domain than the relationship is a function if the graph is not intersected more than once by a vertical line at every point on the graph. The vertical line test is an informal way to see if a relationship is a function. We can also use it to determine if the function has an inverse. For instance if we let $y=x^{2}$ we can see from its graph that it is a function. On the other hand if we graph $y={\sqrt {x}}$ we can see that a vertical line will cross the graph twice for every value except 0.
# Algebra/Chapter 5

Chapter 5: The Cartesian Plane
← Chapter 4 · Chapter 6 →
Introduction

## Sections

* The Coordinate (Cartesian) Plane
* Functions and their Graphs
* Data in Two Variables
* Bar Graphs and Histograms

## Extra

* Review
* Practice Problems
* Solutions to Practice Problems
* Glossary
# UMD Analysis Qualifying Exam/Jan07 Complex
## Problem 2

* Compute the partial fractions decomposition of $f(z)={\frac {z^{7}}{z^{8}+1}}$.

### Solution 2
## Problem 4

* Consider the series $g(z)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{2^{n}}}{n!}}$
* (a) Find the domain $D$ where the series is convergent
* (b) Prove that for any $n,k\in \mathbb {N} ,g(e^{2\pi ik/2^{n}}z)=g(z)+p(z)$, for some polynomial $p$.
* (c) Prove that if $g$ has analytic extension from $D$ then it has analytic extension to $\partial D$.
* (d) Prove that $g$ has no analytic extension from $D$.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4
## 1. a4?! · Ware Opening

The Ware Opening, named after the US chess player Preston Ware, is a rare opening starting with the move 1.a4. This opening is nearly useless, as it does nothing to control the center or develop a piece. While it does prepare Ra3, Black can stop this with 1... e5, which is a move that Black probably would have wanted to play anyway. Despite its flaws, the Ware Opening can be used to unsettle the opponent, similarly to other unorthodox openings.
This was played in the 10th round of the World Rapid and Blitz 2024, between GM Brandon Jacobson (the supposed owner of the ViihSou Account) and GM Hikaru Nakamura (Former 2° Best player in the world), the match came out with Brandon winning.

## Statistics

This opening has no statistics, as it almost never occurs among serious chess players and is a fundamentally unsound opening.

## Theory table

| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Crab Variation | ... e5 | h4 - |
| Symmetric Variation | ... a5 | = |
| Wing Gambit Accepted | ... b5 | axb5 Bb7 | |
| Wing Gambit Declined | ... b5 | a5 - | |
| Cologne Gambit | ... b6 | d4 d5 | Nc3 Nd7 | =/+ |
| Ware Gambit | ... e5 | a5 d5 | e3 f5 | a6 - | =/+ |
| Banned Gambit (ViihSou Gambit) | ... e5 | Ra3 Bxa3 | Nxa3 |

## All possible Black's moves

| Quick Navigation | Na6 a6 a5 | b6 b5 | Nc6 c6 c5 | d6 d5 | e6 e5 | Nf6 f6 f5 | g6 g5 | Nh6 h6 h5 |

## References

Eric Schiller (2002). Unorthodox Chess Openings (Second Edition ed.). Cardoza. ISBN 1-58042-072-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Pirc Defence
### 3.Nc3

White replies to Black's developing move with a developing move of his own, 3.Nc3. The move is noncommittal, as the knight was probably going to go to c3 anyway. It protects the e-pawn and maintains White's large center.

## Theory table

    1. e4 d6 2. d4 Nf6 3. Nc3
| | 4 |
| Main Line | ... 3...g6 | = |
| | ... 3...e5 | = |
| Lion Defense | ... 3...Nbd7 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# 1.Nf3 Opening
### 1...d5

Black stakes a claim to the center. White has many options now and as so often with 1.Nf3 many transpositions. 2. g3, 2. d4, 2. c4 (Réti), 2. d3, 2. b3, 2. e3, and even 2. b4!? are sensible moves.
White can also try the Tennison Gambit with 2. e4?!, usually reached with 1. e4 d5 2. Nf3?!, but it's considered dubious with best play.

### Statistics

33% white wins, 45% draws, 23% black wins, for an overall score of 55.5% for white.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.Nf3 d5
| | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Evaluation |
| King's Indian Attack | g3 Nf6 | Bg2 c6 | O-O Bg4 | d3 Nbd7 | Nbd2 e5 | = |
| Reti Opening | c4 d4 | e3 c5 | b4 dxe3 | fxe3 cxb4 | d4 Nf6 | ∞ |
| Queen's Gambit | d4 e6 | c4 Nf6 | Nc3 dxc4 | e4 Bb4 | Bxc4 Nxe4 | = (Queen's Gambit Mainline) |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Nintendo Wars/Advance Wars: Dual Strike

A turned based strategy game, made for the Nintendo DS
History
Advance Wars: Dual Strike was made by Intelligent Systems. Dual Strike is the third title in the Advance Wars series, which started in 1995. This series started off of an older series called Gameboy Wars. Not surprisingly, Advance Wars came out on the Gameboy Advance. (Gameboy Wars, the earlier title experienced quite a bit of success in Japan.) Gameboy Wars was never released in English.
Gameplay
The game is a little like a game of rock-paper-scissors, albeit much more complex. Simply put, some units are stronger than other units, but are disadvantaged to yet other units. You must decide how best to position the "scissors" to have the greatest effect.
Commanding Officers'
* Jake
* Rachel
* Nell
* Hachi
* Andy
* Max
* Sami
* Olaf
* Grit
* Colin
* Sasha
* Eagle
* Drake
* Jess
* Javier
* Kanbei
* Sonja
* Sensei
* Grimm
* Hawke
* Flak
* Lash
* Adder
* Jugger
* Koal
* Kindle
* Von Bolt
# Scratch/Terminology
## Scratch Terminology

The following is a list of words that are used commonly by those who are participating with the development of the Scratch programming language, and whose meaning may not be clearly understood by those new to programming in Scratch. If there are additional words or terms that are used by the Scratch community that you may not understand, please simply add that word to this list without a definition. If you are an "old hand" to the Scratch community, help us out as well by adding words that may be confusing.

### actor

    See sprite

### block

    An individual command or instruction used within a script.

### project

    Sometimes known as a "program." A project is a collection of scripts, sprites, sounds, backgrounds, and other images that are saved in a single file and used together.

### rotation center

    Sometimes known as the rotation point. The point on a sprite that stays in the same position when it is rotated. The x and y values of a sprite are determined by the x coordinate and the y coordinate at the rotation center.

### script

    One or more blocks that describe the appearance, sounds, and behavior of a sprite, the stage, or variable of a project.

### sprite

    An individual object that can change costumes and perform on a stage.

### stage

    A collection of scripts, images and sounds that provide the "background" that sprites perform on.
# Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Swedish
## Girls' names

* Abigail
* Agnes
* Agneta
* Aina
* Albina
* Amalia
* Ann-Christine
* Anna
* Anna-Lena
* Anneli
* Anneliese
* Annika
* Anthonia
* Antonella
* Antonia
* Antonina
* Antonine
* Aste
* Astrid
* Aurora
* Barbro
* Beata
* Birgit
* Birgitta
* Blenda
* Bodil
* Brita
* Britt
* Britta
# Scratch/Lessons/Stage Design

When you are creating a Scratch project, you may want to create a background for it. While sprites can be used as backgrounds, designing a backdrop is, in general, a much better idea. Why? For one, backdrops cannot move using the move blocks so you will never need to manually position them. Additionally, backdrops are always in the back of the stage so you do not have to move layers around.
How do you create backdrops? Let's find out!
First, in order to design a backdrop, you must navigate to the backdrop itself. Look near the botoom right of your screen. Below the Stage Area you should see a column titled "Stage." Click on it.
Now you are editing the code, sounds, and appearance of the backdrop. Near the top left of the screen click on the "Backdrops" tab next to "Code" and "Sounds." You should now be met with this interface:
# JavaScript/Design Mode

Design Mode in JavaScript is a hidden and powerful feature of the browser's document object that allows you to make any webpage directly editable in real-time. When enabled, it essentially turns the entire webpage into a live text editor where you can click on elements (like text or images) and modify them directly.
Here’s how you can use and experiment with document.designMode:

### How to Enable Design Mode

You can enable Design Mode with just one line of JavaScript:
When this is activated, you can:
* Edit text directly on the webpage.
* Move elements around in some browsers.
To turn it off, set it back to "off":

### Steps to Try It in Your Browser Console

* Open any website in your browser.
* Right-click on the page and select Inspect (or press Ctrl+Shift+I / Cmd+Shift+I).
* Go to the Console tab.
* Type the following command and press Enter:
* Click anywhere on the webpage and start editing the text!

### What You Can Do in Design Mode

* Edit Text:
** Click on any text and type directly to edit it.
* Remove Content:
** Highlight text or elements and press Backspace or Delete to remove them.
* Add Content:
** Place your cursor in a text container and start typing.
* Style Elements:
** Though you can’t directly apply styles through Design Mode, you can combine it with document.execCommand to add bold, italics, etc.

### A More Interactive Example

You can create a button to toggle Design Mode on and off:
Save this as an .html file and open it in a browser. Click the button to toggle Design Mode!

### Notes and Limitations

* Temporary Changes:
** Changes made using Design Mode are not saved permanently. If you reload the page, your edits will disappear.
* Not All Elements Are Editable:
** Some elements like <button> or custom components might not behave as expected.
* Browsers May Vary:
** Most modern browsers support Design Mode, but behavior might differ slightly.
# Algebra/Chapter 11/Extrema and Continuity
## Even and odd functions
### Even functions

An even function is defined as a function $f$ such that $f(-x)=f(x)$. Geometrically an even function can be defined as a function that exhibits a mirror image symmetry across the y-axis (the vertical line that passes through the origin).
An example of an even function is $h(x)=x^{2}$ because $f(5)=25=f(-5)$ and because $f(x)=x^{2}=f(-x)$ for all real numbers x.

### Odd functions

An odd function is defined as a function $f$ such that $f(-x)=-f(x)$. Geometrically an odd function can be defined as a function that exhibits a 180 degree rotational symmetry about the origin.
An example of an odd function is $f(x)=x^{3}$ because for all real numbers x, $f(x)=x^{3}=-((-x)^{3})=-f(-x)$ for example $f(2)=2^{3}=8=-((-2)^{3})=-(-8)=-((-2)^{3})=-f(-2)$
# Algebra/Chapter 11/Composite Functions
## Composite function

A composite function $h$ can be defined as the composite of the two functions $f$ and $g$ and denoted as $h(x)=f(g(x))$ (read h of x is equal to f of g of x) or $h(x)=(f\circ g)(x)$.
Example:
Example:
# ABC notation/headers

This chapter explains headers for ABC notation. A header begins with a letter followed by a column ':' and information like below.

## list of headers

| Symbol | Field name | Explanation |
| C: | composer | |
| K: | key | key signature like G Dur |
| L: | note length | default note length, like 1/4 stands for Crotchet for default length |
| M: | metre | musical metre |
| N: | note | textual notes |
| O: | origin | geographical origin like Irish and Swedish |
| Q: | tempo | the tempo of a tune like 1/8=120 and "Allegro" |
| T: | title | title of the music |
| X: | index number | a tune's index number is used like the track number in a recording |

## explanations
### key

A key signature is indicated by the 'K:' header. G Dur is indicated by 'K:G'. Sharp and flat is expressed by '#' and 'b' respectively. So, Fis Dur and As Dur is indicated by 'K:F#' and 'K:Ab' respectively. Dur is assumed, but we can specify it by 'maj' like 'K:Gmaj'. Moll is indicated by 'm' or 'min' like 'K:Gm' or 'K:Gmin'.

### default note length

The header 'L:' indicates default note length. The length of a note which is not followed by a note length is this default note length. Minim, crotchet and quaver as a default length is indicated by 'L:1/2', 'L:1/4' and 'L:1/8'. Note length is expressed by multiple of the default length. The below is example.

### musical metre

Musical metre is denoted by the 'M:' header. Example metres are described in the table below.
| Symbol | meaning |
| M:4/4 | 4/4 |
| M:12/16 | 12/16 |
| M:C | common time, same as M:4/4 |
| M:C| | cut time, same as M:2/2 |
| M:none | free metre, no time signature and no cheking |
We can put a musical metre in the middle of a line by using square bracket. The example is below.

### tempo

The 'Q:' header indicates the tempo of a music like described in the below table.
| symbol | explanation |
| Q:1/4=120 | note and count |
| Q:120 | count only |
| Q:"Andante" | tempo is expressed by a letter "Andante" |
# ABC notation/Basics

This chapter is aimed at getting familiar with ABC notation.

## The first example

You can write the first source code as below with '.abc' extantion on any text editor.
In this case, we suppose the file name as 'sample01.abc'. We convert this code to a PDF file.
The generated file 'Out.pdf' is "sample01's out put PDF".

## Simple explanation

The first command abcm2ps generates PS file from abc file. The second command ps2pdf generates PDF file from PS file.
The abc file comprises headers and tunes. A header begins with a letter followed by a column and information. 'K:' denotes the key signature. Here 'K:G' means G dur.
The line begins with gz describes the melody of this sheet music. 'z' means rest. '|' denotes bar line.
We explain headers and other notation in detail in other chapters.

## Some improvements

We can easily adjust output file name.
The generated file is 'sample01.pdf'.
We can generate an output PDF file with one command 'make' if we create 'Makefile' file.

## Comments and line breaks

We can use percent '%' to make a comment line. Percent mark means that the rest of the line is ignored. When we want to write one line for ABC notation interpretation but want to break for readability, put a back slash '\' before the break.
# ABC notation/Notes

This chapter explains basic description of notes and melody.

## Notes

The musical notes are expressed by alphabets like c, d and e. Middle C is expressed by the capital C. C Dur scale from middle C is as below.
Here the lower-case letter c denotes C one octave above middle C. One octave above C to B is expressed by lower-case letters from c to b. Higher notes are expressed by a number of apostrophes ('). Lower notes below middle C is expressed by a number of commas ',' with capital letters. A rest is denoted by 'z'.
Sharp, flat and natural is expressed by '^', '_' and '='.
As described above, sharp, flat and natural is independent from key notes.

## Length

Note length header 'L:' determines the default length of notes. Here 'L:1/4' means default notes is crotchet. Note lengths are expressed as a multiple of the default length. Triplet is described '(3' and following notes. Others tuplets are same. The example is below.
In special case, Z denotes multi-bar rests. 'Z12' means twelve-bar multi rests.

## Beaming

Notes without spaces are beamed together if possible. An example is below.

## Bar lines

Bar lines and repeats are described in the following table.
| symbol | meaning |
| | | simple bar line |
| || | double bar line |
| [| | thick and thin bar line |
| |] | thin and thick bar line |
| |: | start of repeat |
| :| | end of repeat |
| |1 | start of first ending |
| |2 | start of second ending |

## Ties and slurs

Ties are expressed by hyphen '-' after the first note. Slurs are expressed by parentheses.

## Ornaments

Some common ornaments are described in the following table.
| symbol | explanation |
| . | staccato |
| L | accent |
| T | trill |
| H | fermata |
| u | up-bow |
| v | down-bow |
Complicated ones are expressed by a letter bounded by exclamation marks '!'.
| symbol | explanation |
| !tenuto! | tenuto |
| !marcato! | marcato |
| !pp! | pianissimo |
| !ff! | fortissimo |
| !sfz! | sforzando |
| !crescendo(! | start of crescendo |
| !crescendo)! | end of crescendo |
We can insert text by a letter bounded by double quotations.
| symbol | explanation |
| "..." | text |
| "^..." | above staff |
| "_..." | below staff |
| "<..." | left of note |
| ">..." | right of note |
An example is below.

## Grace notes

Grace notes are denoted by braces '' as below.