OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ERP Internals/Modules/General Ledger

General Ledger produces the enterprise’s financial statements including the Balance Sheet, which shows the enterprise’s assets, liabilities and equity at a point in time, the Income Statement, which shows the enterprise’s income, expenses and net profit over a period of time, the Cash Flow Statement which shows sources and applications of cash, and associated financial reports such as the Trial Balance. The rest of the reports are there to track the numbers on the financial statements back to individual transactions. Most businesses prepare monthly statements. Every ERP package has a General Ledger module.
General Ledger is unusual in that it receives transactions from many other modules. There are two ways to accomplish this: Detail and Summarized. In the detail method, every invoice, check, or other such transaction creates a separate General Ledger transaction. The advantage of this is that the General Ledger is continuously updated in real time so the entire set of ERP tables is in sync. The disadvantage is that there are large numbers of transactions. In the summarized method, transactions are accumulated for some period (typically a day) and posted in summary. Instead of many small transactions, there is a few big ones. The advantage is that there are far fewer transactions. The disadvantage is that the General Ledger is out of sync with the rest of the ERP until the data is posted. This ERP described in this document uses the detailed method.
* Functions
* Reports

## Tables

The first table is the Chart of Accounts table which contains one record for every General Ledger account. The second table is the Account Balance table which contains the closing balance for every account for one or more accounting periods. The third table is the Budget table which contains one or more budget amounts for each account for each accounting period. The fourth table is the Transaction table which contains one record for every transaction (debit, credit). There is at least one transaction for every account and there can be many.

## Data Exchange

General Ledger receives transactions from Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Bank Reconciliation, Fixed Assets, Inventory, Job Costing, Order Entry/Invoicing, Payroll, Purchasing (sometimes).

## Transactions

General Ledger has only one transaction. It consists of one or more debits and one or more credits where the total of the debits equals the total of the credits.
# ERP Internals/Modules/Fixed Assets/Functions/Maintain Module Information/Modify GL Distribution

The GL Distribution parameters contain every General Ledger account number that the Fixed Assets module can post to. This function allows the Systems Administrator or the Module Administrator to change those account numbers.
# Historical Linguistics

This book is an introduction to the study of languages from a diachronic perspective, discussing the mechanics and theory of language change.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Sound Change
* Internal Reconstruction
* Comparative Reconstruction
* Language Contact and Borrowing
* Subgrouping and Linguistic Classification
* Analogical Change
* Semantic Change
* Syntactic Change
* Written Records
# Java Persistence/Hibernate

Hibernate was an open source project developed by a team of Java software developers around the world led by Gavin King. JBoss, Inc. (now part of Red Hat) later hired the lead Hibernate developers and worked with them in supporting Hibernate.
The current version of Hibernate is Version 4.2.x. Hibernate provides both a proprietary POJO API, and JPA support.
# Java Persistence/Kodo

Kodo, was originally developed as an Java Data Objects (JDO) implementation, by SolarMetric. BEA Systems acquired SolarMetric in 2005, where Kodo was expanded to be an implementation of both the JDO and JPA specifications. In 2006, BEA donated a large part of the Kodo source code to the Apache Software Foundation under the name OpenJPA. BEA (and Kodo) were acquired by Oracle. Kodo development is now stopped and users are referred to EclipseLink
# Horticulture/Lamium amplexicaule

Henbit Deadnettle :
| Binomial: | Lamium amplexicaule |
Henbit Deadnettle (Lamium amplexicaule) is a species of Lamium native to Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.

## Description

It is a low-growing annual plant growing to 10–25 cm tall, with soft, finely hairy stems. The leaves are opposite, round, 2–3 cm diameter, with a lobed margin. The flowers are pink to purple, 1.5–2 cm long.
It flowers very early in the spring even in northern areas, and for most of the winter and the early spring in warmer areas such as the Mediterranean region. It propagates freely by seed and is regarded as a minor weed. Sometimes entire fields will be reddish-purple with its flowers before spring ploughing.

## Ecology

It is widely naturalised in eastern North America and elsewhere, where it is considered to be an invasive weed.

## Uses

Where common, is an important nectar and pollen plant for bees, especially honeybees, where it helps start the spring buildup.

## Control

* Mowing: Regular mowing can help prevent reseeding
* Cultivation: Effective, but best done before flowering
* Pulling: Pulls easily
* Disposal: Hot composting only if seeds or flowers are present
# Horticulture/Lamium

Deadnettles :
| Genus: | Lamium |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
Lamium (deadnettle) is a genus of about 40-50 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, of which family it is the type genus. They are all herbaceous plants native to Europe, Asia, and north Africa, but several have become very successful weeds of crop fields and are now widely naturalised across the temperate world.
The genus includes both annual and perennial species; they spread by both seeds and stems rooting as they grow along the ground.
The common name refers to their superficial resemblance to the unrelated stinging nettles, but unlike those, they do not have stinging hairs and so are harmless or apparently "dead".

## Growing Conditions

Lamiums are frost hardy and grow well in most soils. Flower colour determines planting season and light requirement: white- and purple-coloured flowered species are planted in spring and prefer full sun. The yellow-flowered ones are planted in fall (autumn) and prefer shade. They often have invasive habits and need plenty of room.

## Varieties

* Lamium album (White Deadnettle)
* Lamium amplexicaule (Henbit Deadnettle)
* Lamium bifidum
* Lamium barbatum
* Lamium corsicum
* Lamium flexuosum
* Lamium garganicum
* Lamium glaberrimum
* Lamium hybridum (Cut-leaf Deadnettle)
* Lamium maculatum (Spotted Deadnettle)
* Lamium moluccellifolium (Northern Deadnettle)
* Lamium moschatum
* Lamium orvala
* Lamium purpureum (Red Deadnettle)
Several closely related genera were formerly included in Lamium by some botanists, including Lamiastrum (Yellow Archangel), Galeopsis (hemp-nettles) and Leonurus (motherworts).

## Propagation

Propagate from seed or by division in early spring.

## Pests and Diseases

Lamium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including w:Angle Shades, w:Setaceous Hebrew Character and the w:Coleophora case-bearers C. ballotella, C. lineolea and C. ochripennella.

## References

* Lamium purpureum
* A close-up of the flowers of Lamium purpureum
* Lamium orvala
* Lamium purpureum from Thomé, Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885
# Horticulture/Lawn Plants
## Grasses

* Bluegrasses
* Ryes
* Fescues

## Broadleafs

* Clovers
* Chamomile
* Mazus

## Bulbs

* Grape Hyacinth
* Scilla
* Crocus
* Colchicum

## Other Plants (sometimes encouraged)

* Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare)
* Dandelion (Taraxacum)
* Pennywort (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides)
* Mock Strawberry (Duchesnea indica)
# Horticulture/Layering

Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an above-ground stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant. Layering has evolved as a common means of vegetative propagation of numerous species in natural environments. Layering is also utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable plants.
Natural layering typically occurs when a branch touches the ground, whereupon it produces adventitious roots. At a later stage the connection with the parent plant is severed and a new plant is produced as a result.
The horticultural layering process typically involves wounding the target region to expose the inner stem and optionally applying rooting compounds. In ground layering, the stem is bent down and the target region buried in the soil. This is done in plant nurseries in imitation of natural layering by many plants such as brambles which bow over and touch the tip on the ground, at which point it grows roots and, when separated, can continue as a separate plant. In either case, the rooting process may take from several weeks to a year.
Layering is more complicated than taking cuttings, but has the advantage that the propagated portion can continue to receive water and nutrients from the parent plant while it is forming roots. This is important for plants that form roots slowly, or for propagating large pieces.

## Ground layering

Ground layering is the typical propagation technique for the popular Malling-Merton series of clonal apple rootstocks in which the original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearly horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward. After these are started the original stem is buried up to the tip. At the end of the growing season, the side branches will have rooted, and can be separated while the plant is dormant. Some of these will be used for grafting rootstocks, and some can be reused in the nursery for the next growing season's crop.

## Air layering

In air layering (or marcotting), the target region is wounded and then surrounded in a moisture-retaining wrapper such as sphagnum moss, which is further surrounded in a moisture barrier such as polyethylene film. Rooting hormone is often applied to encourage the wounded region to grow roots. When sufficient roots have grown from the wound, the stem from the parent plant is removed and planted.

### External links

* Information and illustrated step-by-step instructions for air layering
# Horticulture/Lamium purpureum

Red Deadnettle :
| Binomial: | Lamium purpureum |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
Red Deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) is a herbaceous plant native to Europe and Asia. Though superficially similar to a nettle in appearance, it is not related and does not sting, hence the name "deadnettle". Outside of its native range, it is a common weed of cultivated areas; it is listed as an invasive species in some parts of North America.

## Description

It grows to 5–20 cm (rarely 30 cm) in height. The leaves are green at the bottom and shade to purplish at the top; they are 2–4 cm long and broad, with a 1–2 cm petiole (leaf stalk), and wavy to serrated margins. It is often found alongside Henbit Deadnettle (Lamium amplexicaule), which is easily mistaken for it since they both have similar looking leaves and similar bright purple flowers; they can be distinguished by the stalked leaves of Red Deadnettle on the flower stem, compared to the unstalked leaves of Henbit Deadnettle.
The flowers are bright red-purple, and may be produced throughout the year, including mild weather in winter. This allows bees to gather its nectar for food when few other nectar sources are available. It is also a prominent source of pollen for bees in March/April (in UK), when bees need the pollen as protein to build up their nest.

## Uses

Young plants have edible tops and leaves, good in salads or in stirfry as a spring vegetable. If finely chopped it can also be used in sauces.

## References

* Lamium purpureum on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
* L. purpureum on Vancouver Island, B.C.: profile view
# Horticulture/Lamiaceae

Mint Family :
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Weediness: | Many species are agressive |
| Pollination: | Insects, hummingbirds |
Lamiaceae, or the Mint family, is a family of plants in about 210 genera and some 3,500 species. It has been considered closely related to Verbenaceae but several recent phylogenetic studies have shown that numererous genera classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae, whereas the core genera of Verbenaceae are not closely related to Lamiaceae and are more closely related to other members of the Lamiales.
The plants are frequently aromatic in all parts and include many widely used culinary herbs, such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, thyme, lavender, and perilla. Some are shrubs, but rarely trees or vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, owing not only to their aromatic qualities but also their ease of cultivation: these plants are among the easiest plants to propagate by stem cuttings.

## Description

The original family name is Labiatae, so given because the flowers typically have petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip (labia). Although this is still considered an acceptable alternate name, most botanists now use the name "Lamiaceae" in referring to this family.
The leaves contain aromatic essential oils and emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (called decussate) or whorled.
The stems are frequently square in cross section, but this is not found in all members of the family, and is sometimes found in other plant families.
The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical with 5 united petals, 5 united sepals. They are usually bisexual and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers but actually consists of two crowded clusters).

## Varieties

* Agastache
* Glechoma
** Glechoma hederacea
* Lavandula
* Melissa
** Melissa officinalis
* Pycnanthemum
* Stachys
** Rosmarinus officinalis
* Salvia
* Thymus

## Uses

Most members of this family are high-quality nectar sources, attracting both insects and hummingbirds.
# Horticulture/Lawn Mowers
## Cutting types

* Reel Mowers
* Rotary Mowers
* Sicklebar Mowers
* Scythes

## Power

* Human Power
* Animal Power
* Gasoline 4-stroke
* Gasoline 2-stroke
* Diesel
* Electric
* Battery
* Solar
* Hybrid

## Operation

* Human
** Push
** Rider
* Robot
# Horticulture/Lawns

The quest for a beautiful lawn is a well-tread path, and there are a great many techniques and tricks that can be used to make it easier.
* What is a lawn?
* Lawn Types
* Lawn plants
* Basic Lawn Care
** Installation
*** Seed
*** Sod
** Mowing
** Fertility
** Basic Weed and Pest Control
** Edging
* Lawn Weeds
* Lawn Pests
* Lawn Diseases
* Lawn Chemicals
* Organic lawn care
* Creating a woodland lawn
# Java Programming/Keywords/private

private is a Java keyword which declares a member's access as private. That is, the member is only visible within the class, not from any other class (including subclasses). The visibility of private members extends to nested classes.
Please note: Because access modifiers are not handled at instance level but at class level, private members of an object are visible from other instances of the same class!
Syntax:
See also:
# Java Programming/Keywords/public

public is a Java keyword which declares a member's access as public. Public members are visible to all other classes. This means that any other class can access a public field or method. Further, other classes can modify public fields unless the field is declared as final.
A best practice is to give fields private access and reserve public access to only the set of methods and final fields that define the class' public constants. This helps with encapsulation and information hiding, since it allows you to change the implementation of a class without affecting the consumers who use only the public API of the class.
Below is an example of an immutable public class named Length which maintains private instance fields named units and magnitude but provides a public constructor and two public accessor methods.
* Code listing: Length.java
* package org.wikibooks.java;
* public class Length {
* private double magnitude;
* private String units;
* public Length(double magnitude, String units) {
* if ((units == null) || (units.trim.length == 0)) {
* throw new IllegalArgumentException("non-null, non-empty units required.");
* this.magnitude = magnitude;
* this.units = units;
* public double getMagnitude {
* return this.magnitude;
* public String getUnits {
* return this.units;
# Java Programming/Keywords/return

return is a Java keyword.
Returns a primitive value, or an object reference, or nothing(void). It does not return object values, only object references.
Syntax:
# Java Programming/Keywords/new

new is a Java keyword. It creates a Java object and allocates memory for it on the heap. new is also used for array creation, as arrays are also objects.
Syntax:
For example:
* LinkedList list = new LinkedList;
* int intArray = new int[10];
* String stringMatrix = new String[5][10];
See also:
# Java Programming/Keywords/protected

protected is a Java keyword.
This keyword is an access modifier, used before a method or other class member to signify that the method or variable can only be accessed by elements residing in its own class or classes in the same package (as it would be for the default visibility level) but moreover from subclasses of its own class, including subclasses in foreign packages (if the access is made on an expression, whose type is the type of this subclass).
Syntax:
For example:
* protected int getAge;
* protected void setYearOfBirth(int year);
See also:
# Java Programming/Keywords/static

static is a Java keyword. It can be applied to a field, a method or an inner class. A static field, method or class has a single instance for the whole class that defines it, even if there is no instance of this class in the program. For instance, a Java entry point (main) has to be static. A static method cannot be abstract. It must be placed before the variable type or the method return type. It is recommended to place it after the access modifier and before the final keyword:
* Code section 1: Static field and method.
* public static final double PI = 3.1415926535;
* public static void main(final String arguments) {
The static items can be called on an instantiated object or directly on the class:
* Code section 2: Static item calls.
* double aNumber = MyClass.PI;
* MyClass.main(new String[0]);
Static methods cannot call nonstatic methods. The this current object reference is also not available in static methods.

## Interest

* Static variables can be used as data sharing amongst objects of the same class. For example to implement a counter that stores the number of objects created at a given time can be defined as so:
* Code listing 1: CountedObject.java
* public CountedObject {
* private static int counter;
* public AClass {
* counter++;
* public int getNumberOfObjectsCreated {
* return counter;
The counter variable is incremented each time an object is created.
Public static variable should not be used, as these become global variables that can be accessed from everywhere in the program. Global constants can be used, however. See below:
* Code section 3: Constant definition.
* public static final String CONSTANT_VAR = "Const";
* Static methods can be used for utility functions or for functions that do not belong to any particular object. For example:
* Code listing 2: ArithmeticToolbox.java
* public ArithmeticToolbox {
* public static int addTwoNumbers(final int firstNumber, final int secondNumber) {
* return firstNumber + secondNumber;
    See also Static methods
# Java Programming/Keywords/super

super is a keyword.
* It is used inside a sub-class method definition to call a method defined in the super class. Private methods of the super-class cannot be called. Only public and protected methods can be called by the super keyword.
* It is also used by class constructors to invoke constructors of its parent class.
* Super keyword are not used in static Method.
Syntax:
or:
For example:
* Code listing 1: SuperClass.java
* public class SuperClass {
* public void printHello {
* System.out.println("Hello from SuperClass");
* return;
* Code listing 2: SubClass.java
* public class SubClass extends SuperClass {
* public void printHello {
* super.printHello;
* System.out.println("Hello from SubClass");
* return;
* public static main(String args) {
* SubClass obj = new SubClass;
* obj.printHello;
Running the above program:
* Command for Code listing 2
* $Java SubClass
* Output of Code listing 2
* Hello from SuperClass
* Hello from SubClass
In Java 1.5 and later, the "super" keyword is also used to specify a lower bound on a wildcard type parameter in Generics.
* Code section 1: A lower bound on a wildcard type parameter.
* public void sort(Comparator<? super T> comp) {
See also:
# Java Programming/Keywords/package

package is a Java keyword. It declares a 'name space' for the Java class. It must be put at the top of the Java file, it should be the first Java statement line.
To ensure that the package name will be unique across vendors, usually the company url is used starting in backword.
Syntax:
For example:
* package com.mycompany.myapplication.mymodule;
See also:
* Java Programming/Packages
* Java Programming/Keywords/import
# Java Programming/Keywords/short

short is a keyword. It defines a 16 bit signed integer primitive type.
Syntax:
For example:
* short age = 65;
See also:
# Java Programming/Keywords/strictfp

strictfp is a java keyword, since Java 1.2 .
It makes sure that floating point calculations result precisely the same regardless of the underlying operating system and hardware platform, even if more precision could be obtained. This is compatible with the earlier version of Java 1.1 . If you need that use it.
Syntax for classes:
Syntax for methods:
See also: