OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of video games/Open games
## Intro

Open Source games are interesting from a historical point of view, because they allow the examination of a codebase and development cycle over time.

## Nethack

* Nethack received its first release in 1987.
* Falcon's Eye, a graphical remake of Nethack from 1999.

## Battle for Wesnoth

* Battle for Wesnoth in 2003
* Battle for Wesnoth in 2008
* Battle for Wesnoth in 2015

## Neverball

* Neverball in 2006
* Neverball in 2014
* Neverball in 2019

## StepMania

* StepMania neoMAX2 in 2009
* StepMania 5 in 2011
* StepMania running on an arcade machine around 2011

## 0 A.D.

Read more about 0 A.D. in its Wikibook.
* 0 A.D. in 2015
* 0 A.D. in 2019
* 0 A.D. in 2021

## BZ Flag

* BZFlag in 2005
* BZFlag in 2010

## Super TuxKart

* Tuxkart 0.4.0 released in 2004
* SuperTuxKart in 0.7 2010
* SuperTuxKart 0.8 in 2013
* SuperTuxKart 0.9 in 2015
* SuperTuxKart 0.9.3 Splitscreen multiplayer in 2017
* SuperTuxKart in 2018

## Cube

* AssaultCube in 2006
* Cube 2: Sauerbraten in 2011

## Minetest

In 2011 the first early release (0.2.20110731_3) of Minetest was posted to Github.
* Minetest in 2016
* Minetest in 2020

## Nexuiz & Xonotic

* Nexuiz beta in 2004
* Nexuiz in 2005
* Nexuiz in 2006
* Nexuiz in 2008
* Xonotic in 2019

## Other Open Source and Free Software Games

* .kkrieger in 2004
* Lincity NG in 2005
* Yo Frankie! in 2008
* Ferts on Fire in 2009
* Warsow in 2012
* Secret Maryo Chronicles in 2013

## References

* ↑ "Release 0.2.20110731_3 · minetest/minetest". GitHub. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
← Open consoles · Cloud →
# Wikimedia/Wikipedia

Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia "created and edited" by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.

## Project
### History

Wikipedia was started in January 2001. Several software changes were made before converting to today's MediaWiki. The community grew rapidly until 2007, when it started to decline.

### Vision

* Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia.
* Larry Sanger, co-founder of Wikipedia.

### Controversy

One of the main controversies is that anyone can edit it, thus increasing the chance for factual errors.

### Future Projects

* Ideals
* Criticisms

## Usage

* Getting Started

## Further reading

* How Wikipedia Works
* w:Help:Wikipedia:The Missing Manual
* fr:Wikipédia
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# Arabic/LearnRW/Dammah and waaw

The Dammah.

## Appearance

It looks like a loop, or a comma on top of a letter. It always goes on a letter. It is always above a letter never under it. Some examples:
بُ a baa with a Dammah (pronounced:bu)
فُ a faa with a Dammah (pronounced: fu)
يُ a yaa with a Dammah (pronounced: yu)
رُ a raa with a Dammah (pronounced: ru)

## Sound

It makes a short "/u/" sound after the letter. This "/u/" sound is the "oo" sound in "food" or "room". To non-Arabs it sometimes sounds like an "o" sound, this is because the "o" and "u" sound are the same sound in Arabic.
More examples:
رُنُ (pronounced: ru-nu)
تـُبُكُ (pronounced: tu-bu-ku)
كُكُ (pronounced: ku-ku)
يُيُ (pronounced: yu-yu)
مُيُكُتُ (pronounced: mu-yu-ku-tu)

## Use

To make a "u" sound right after a letter.

## Waaw

و (waaw)
waaw's main use is to make the "w" sound. example: وِ a waaw with a kasra (pronounced: wi) Note that the kasra should be underneath the letter.
وَ a waaw with a fatHa (pronounced: wa)
وُ a waaw with a Dammah (pronounced: wu)
وَتَ (pronounced: wa-ta)
فـَوَ (pronounced: fa-wa)
يَوَ (pronounced: ya-wa)

## ـُو ("oo" sound)

But It is not that simple. There is also another use.
If the letter waaw is plain (no symbols on it) and the letter before it carries a Dammah then the "oo" sound is made, like the one in "food" and "loot". Examples
بُو (pronounced: boo )
تـُو (pronounced: too)
فـُو (pronounced: foo)
مُو (pronounced: moo)
مُوفـُو (pronounced: moo-foo)
كُوكُو (pronounced: koo-koo)
Remember the waaw has to have nothing on it to make the "oo" sound. Here are some examples where it doesn't make the "oo" sound.
َبُو (pronounced: bu-wa )
َتـُو (pronounced: tu-wa)
ِفـُو (pronounced: fu-wi)
َمُو (pronounced: mu-wa)
َمُوفـُو (pronounced: moo-fu-wa)
َكُوكُو (pronounced: koo-ku-wa)
The letter before the waaw must have the Dammah on it, in order to make the "oo" sound. Here are some examples where the "oo" sound is not made.

## ْـَو

This sounds like the "ow", Its the sound many English speakers say when they get hurt. We will write it "au" in transliteration. All the following examples are pronounced so that they rhyme with the sound people make when they are hurt.
Examples:
بَو (pronounced: bau )
تـَوْ (pronounced: tau)
فـَوْ (pronounced: fau)
مَوْ (pronounced: mau)
مُوفـَوْ (pronounced: moo-fau)
كُوكَوْ (pronounced: koo-kau)

## More difficult examples

وُو (pronounced:woo)
ْوَو (pronounced: wau)
وَاوْ (pronounced: waau)
وُوُو (pronounced:wu-woo)
وِوَ (pronounced: wi-wa)
وُوُ (pronounced: wu-wu)
# A-level Computing/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Data Representation and Practical Exercise/Problem Solving/Top-down design and Step-wise refinement

A top-down approach (also known as stepwise design) is essentially the breaking down of a system to gain insight into the sub-systems that make it up. In a top-down approach an overview of the system is formulated, specifying but not detailing any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is reduced to base elements. Once these base elements are recognised then we can build these as computer modules. Once they are built we can put them together, making the entire system from these individual components.
* Example: Making Pancakes
* To show you an example of Top-Down design we'll take the act of making pancakes. Starting from the top we have the task to:
* Make some pancakes
* But saying that by itself isn't enough to actually make any pancakes, we need to break the task down:
* Make some pancakes
* Organise Kitchen
* Make Pancakes
* Serve
* Each of these tasks can then be broken down further:
* Organise Kitchen
* Clean surfaces
* Get out mixing bowl, whisk, spoon, sieve
* Get out plain flour, salt, eggs, full fat milk, butter
* Put on apron
* Make Pancakes
* Sift salt and flour into bowl
* Break eggs into bowl
* Whisk
* Add water and milk
* Add butter
* Whisk
* Cook
* Serve
* And each of these tasks can be broken down further, let us take a look at the Cook:
* Cook
* Get pan to temperature
* Pour batter in
* Spread batter to edges
* Use plastic spatula to check bottom of pancake
* When brown, flip
* Use plastic spatula to check bottom of pancake
* When brown finish
* We can break down some of these tasks even further. So starting at a single point, the creation of a pancake, we have broken down the task into it individual parts
* Exercise: Top-down design
* Draw a top-down design tree to three level depth for making a modern First Person Shooter
* Answer:
* Your answer probably won't be the same as this as the question is open to interpretation, but hopefully it'll be similar:
* Make First Person Shooter
* Create graphics
* Characters
* Guns
* Maps
* Interface
* Create sounds
* Music
* SFX
* Create AI
* Non-playable characters
* Monsters
# Funding and Finance of Transportation Projects in the United States of America/Attribution

This book was initially prepared by Muhammet Mustafa Sever, Valentina Farias, Jonathan Gifford and Susan Binder for the Center for Integrated Asset Management for Multi-modal Transportation Infrastructure Systems (CIAMTIS): Region 3 University Transportation Center as part of the "Research in the Classroom: Teaching Modules for Multi-modal Transportation Infrastructure System" project.
# Benko Gambit
### 4. ... a6

The standard Benko Gambit line. White has three common options available to him:
* 5. bxa6, accepting the gambit. Black then plays ...Bxa6, going into the classical Benko Gambit.
* 5. b6 allows black to regain the pawn immediately via ...Qxb6, but in turn gives black fewer open lines. This is a good line for players who don't wish to get involved in theoretical lines as white.
* 5. Nc3 is an interesting alternative where white prefers to just continue with development.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 b5 4. cxb5 a6
| 5 | 6 | 7 |
| bxa6 Bxa6 | Nc3 d6 | Nf3 g6 |
| b6 d6 | Nc3 Nbd7 | e4 g6 |
| Nc3 axb5 | e4 b4 | Nb5 d6 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
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# When It Hits the Fan/Generalities/Supplies
### Beans, Bullets and Bandages

Supplies are the stable base that all successful plans are build upon. Things are not build and run from thin air, this works for armies, for a family unit or for the individual.
Conventional wisdom states that the best thing to stock up are beans, bullets and bandages. I will discuss the bullets and bandages later, but for now I will focus on the beans.
Beans Beans refers to human consumable resources, food and water. The food selection for your pantry should be selected so to be non-perishable, easy to parcel and transport, this means that that should have provide a high level of nutrition and energy per weight. Comfort and taste should be the last priority, these should be seen as your last resource being unappealing will promote slow consumption and the active search for alternatives. Of course you can put some threats aside but this should be small (good for trade) and in a very limited proportion.
* Canned food, should be a staple item in any emergency supplies, cans beans, tuna fish and chicken.
* Pasta, pasta can be brought in bulk and is also long lasting the only downside is that it requires water.
Bullets Bullets signify all not directly consumable resources. This can be candles, matches, batteries, light-bulbs and other. Of less importance than the first but will ultimately permit you to become more mobile and independent. As with food and water you should keep in easy to transport kits. Do not keep the items separated by type, this will reduce the chance of a catastrophic fail, separate them in parcels that have a bit of everything, better yet if they are all equal as it will permit you to have a better idea of what you are spending and remember were and what you have available
Bandages Bandages are all consumables directed for specific health emergencies or for general repairs. From duct-tape to first aid kits, alcohol all these items can be categorized as bandages, keep at least two items of each, the more the better but keeping two of each will permit a non conflictual division. Avoid to trade off any of these items unless you have an ample supply or can be easily replaced.

### Extras
#### Skill enhancers

* Lantern (with filters blue and red).
* Infrared goggles (night).
* Thermal vision.
Enhancement drugs or compounds, caffeine tablets...

#### Redundancy

Redundancy is having at least two items that have the same function. Redundancy can be extended if the same function is guaranteed by tow items that depend in different resources and/or have multiple function.
For example you can use a electric lanterns and a kerosene lamps, both will provide light and depend in distinct resources. Also note that the resources have them-selfs multiple function, the lantern batteries should work for instance on the portable radio and kerosene will also enable one to if not power a generator to start a fire.
# BASIC Programming/Beginning BASIC/PRINT, CLS, and END

BASIC Programming > Beginning BASIC > Your First Program

## Introduction

In the previous code example, we wrote your first BASIC program. In it, you saw examples of PRINT, CLS, and END commands. Their roles in the program may or may not have been apparent at the time, but, as they're so vital to the BASIC language, they will be discussed here.

## Output

-Program end-

## Discussion

From that example, it's fairly easy to deduce what each command does.

### CLS

    An abbreviation that stands for the words CLear Screen. In the above program, when you used CLS on line 60, all of the words that were printed to the screen were wiped away.

### PRINT

    Writes to the screen. There are commands for printing to other things, like a printer, but that's to be discussed later. Each new PRINT command will start printing on a new line. To insert a blank line, don't specify a string to print. The syntax for "PRINT" is: PRINT "[whatever you want to be printed here]"

### END

    It stops the program at that line; that is, anything that's added after that won't show. That's why the PRINT command on line 90 didn't print anything. The END command can be included in control structures to end the program if a condition is met. This will be discussed with control structures.
What is happening?
* Line 10 the display is cleared.
* Lines 20 through 50 print text to the screen.
* Line 60 clears the display.
* Line 70 shows the message you should see after you run this program.
* Line 80 ends the program.
* Line 90 shows that an END statement stops the program. No instruction following an END statement is executed.
Given the state of computer speed today you should not see the paragraph displayed by lines 20 through 50, it should be cleared by the CLS statement on Line 60 before you have a chance to see it. If you slow the program down you can see the program write the message to the screen. Line 70 is then written to the screen/display then Line 80 stops everything. Line 90 never, ever runs.
# Arabic/Feminine and masculine nouns

Feminine and masculine nouns اَلأَسمَاءُ اَلمُؤَنَّثَةُ وَاَلمُذَكَّرَةُ
Nouns in the Arabic language are gendered. There are two genders: Feminine and masculine. The masculine gender is the main gender. To make a noun feminine, the letter ة is added at the end. The i3raab and tanween is transferred to ة. A >َ is added to the preceding letter. If the gender of the noun is unknown, the masculine form is used as it is the main gender.
مُدَرِّسٌ A (male) teacher
مُدَرِّسَةٌ A (female) teacher
كَاتِبٌ A (male) writer
كَاتِبَةٌ A (female) writer
There are some instances where there is no ة, yet the word is considered feminine. However, this is a special case, and should not be taken as a rule.
# Monopoly

Monopoly is an American originated family board game played worldwide since the early 20th century. It is published and distributed by Hasbro and Parker Brothers today. This book details some rules for Monopoly.
This is a collaborative book to which anyone can contribute. Please see the project page for details of current tasks.
* Official Rules
* House Rules
* The Speed Die
* Free Parking Jackpot Expansion
* Buy Everything Expansion
* Go to Jail Expansion
* Strategy
* Properties reference
Notable variations, add-ons and spin-offs:
* Beyond Boardwalk and Park Place Rules
* Stock Exchange Addon
* Monopoly for Sore Losers
* Monopoly Cheater's Edition - Original Rules
** Cheater's Edition Properties Reference
* Monopoly: The Mega Edition
** Mega Edition Properties Reference

## Notes

Throughout this guide the American (Atlantic City) and UK (London) property name versions will be referred to, in that order (i.e. "Boardwalk/Mayfair"), and no others. This is because they are the most common versions, Atlantic City being the original edition and London being the default Commonwealth edition (now usually replaced by national capital editions). If you have a foreign set and don't know what property is being referred to, consult the Wikipedia article on localized versions of the Monopoly game.
# TI-Basic 84 Programming/Loops
## For

For, PRGM:CTL:4 is command used to perform a specific block of code a set number of times.

### Syntax: For

* Variable is some numeric variable (Ex: X). Starting number is the variable will be set as in the beginning. Stopping number is the final number that the variable will be. Increment is the amount variable will go up or down after each run-through the loop; increment has a default of 1 and can be left off.

### Ex: For
#### First Example

    For(X,0,3,1)
    Disp X
    End

#### Second Example

    For(X,3,0,-1)
    Disp X
    End

## While

While, PGRM:CTL:5 is a command used to have a loop run as long as a specific condition is met.

### Ex: While

Previous: Test Conditions and Logical Operators Next: Picture Variables Table of Contents: TI-Basic 84 Programming
# False Friends of the Slavist/Upper Sorbian-Czech
## Hornjoserbšćina — Čeština

| USo. chiba Cz. kromě, vyjma ‘except’ Cz. chyba Uso. zmylk ‘error’ | map |
| USo. listopad Cz. listopad ‘November’ Cz. listopad 1. listopad ‘November’ 2. lisćopad ‘falling of leaves’ | map |
| USo. sćěhować Cz. následovat ‘to follow’ Cz. stěhovat (se) USo. přećahować, ćahać ‘to move (house)’ | map |
| USo. słowjenski Cz. slovinský ‘Slovene’ Cz. slovenský USo. słowakski ‘Slovak’ | map |
| USo. wćipny Cz. zvědavý ‘curious’ Cz. vtipný USo. žortny ‘funny, humorous’ | map |
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
* Just click the "edit this page" button at the top of this page — it’s easier than you think! If you need advice, see the editing help for this book.
# A Guide to Discord/Server Boosting

Server Boosting is a paid feature which allows users to buy benefits for a server. Boosts cost $4.99 without Nitro and $3.49 with Nitro.

## Server Perks
### Level 1 - 2 Server Boosts

* 50+ Emoji Slots for a total of (100 emojis)
* 128 Kbps Audio Quality
* Go Live streams boosted to 720P 60FPS
* Custom Server Invite Background
* Animated Server Icon
* 15 custom sticker slots

### Level 2 - 7 Server Boosts

Everything included in the previous level, in addition to:
* +50 Emoji Slots (for a total of 150 emojis)
* 256 Kbps Audio Quality
* Go Live streams boosted to 1080P 60FPS
* Server Banner
* 50MB Upload Limit for all members (server only)
* +15 custom sticker slots (for a total of 30)
* Custom Role Icons
* Audience capacity for Stage Channels with Video/Go Live: 150

### Level 3 - 14 Server Boosts

Everything included in the previous two levels, in addition to:
* +100 Emoji Slots (for a total of 250 emojis)
* 384Kbps Audio Quality
* 100MB Upload Limit for all members (server only)
* Custom Invite Link
* +30 Custom sticker slots (for a total of 60)
* Audience Capacity for Stage Channels with Video/Go Live: 300

## User Perks

When you boost a server, you will receive a badge next to your name in the member list. You will also receive a badge on your profile if you boost a server for the first time. The badge will continue to evolve if you continue to boost more servers. If you stop boosting servers, the badge will reset to the first level.

## How to Boost a server

Select your server and click on "Server Settings", then select "Server Boost". You will then be able to view how many Boosts the server has received prior, as well as the number of perks. Press the "Boost This Server" button to continue. You will receive a final pop up message confirming your choice. Press "Boost." Select the number of Boosts you'd like to purchase, by pressing the minus (-) and plus (+) symbols. Review and confirm your final payment, and your Boost will be activated. (If you are a Nitro subscriber, you will be given access to two Boosts automatically).
# Lord of the Sword

This is A Wikibook strategy guide about the often forgotten video game Lord of the Sword. Originally released on the Master System, the game wasn't remembered by much of the general public. But that is why this Wikibook exists, so that we don't forget about it.

## Table Of Contents

* Gameplay
Walkthrough
* Enemies
* Locations
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 257

IBM code page 257 (CCSID 257) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes.
It supports the following languages:
* Albanian (fully compatible with EBCDIC 256 for Albanian texts)
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Czech
* English
* German (fully compatible with EBCDIC 256 for German texts)
* Hungarian
* Polish
* Serbian Latin
* Slovak
* Slovene
* Upper Sorbian
* Lower Sorbian

## Codepage layout

Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.
EBCDIC 257 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | SEL | HT | RNL | DEL | GE | SPS | RPT | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | RES/ ENP | NL | BS | POC | CAN | EM | UBS | CU1 | IFS | IGS | IRS | ITB |
| 2x | DS | SOS | FS | WUS | BYP/ INP | LF | ETB | ESC | SA | SFE | SM/ SW | CSP | MFA | ENQ | ACK | BEL |
| 3x | | | SYN | IR | PP | TRN | NBS | EOT | SBS | IT | RFF | CU3 | DC4 | NAK | | SUB |
| 4x | SP | NBSP | ą 0105 | ä 00E4 | à 00E0 | á 00E1 | ě 011B | č 010D | ç 00E7 | ć 0107 | [ 005B | . 002E | < 003C | ( 0028 | + 002B | ! 0021 |
| 5x | & 0026 | é 00E9 | ę 0119 | ë 00EB | ů 016F | í 00ED | ď 010F | | ĺ 013A | ß 00DF | ] 005D | $ 0024 | * 002A | ) 0029 | ; 003B | ^ 005E |
| 6x | - 002D | / 002F | Ą 0104 | Ä 00C4 | À 00C0 | Á 00C1 | Ě 011A | Č 010C | Ç 00C7 | Ć 0106 | ¦ 00A6 | , 002C | % 0025 | _ 005F | > 003E | ? 003F |
| 7x | ˇ 02C7 | É 00C9 | Ę 0118 | Ë 00CB | Ů 016E | Í 00CD | Ď 010E | | Ĺ 0139 | ` 0060 | : 003A | # 0023 | @ 0040 | ' 0027 | = 003D | " 0022 |
| 8x | | a 0061 | b 0062 | c 0063 | d 0064 | e 0065 | f 0066 | g 0067 | h 0068 | i 0069 | ľ 013E | ň 0148 | đ 0111 | ý 00FD | ř 0159 | ś 015B |
| 9x | ˚ 02DA | j 006A | k 006B | l 006C | m 006D | n 006E | o 006F | p 0070 | q 0071 | r 0072 | ł 0142 | ń 0144 | š 0161 | ¸ 00B8 | | ¤ 00A4 |
| Ax | | ~ 007E | s 0073 | t 0074 | u 0075 | v 0076 | w 0077 | x 0078 | y 0079 | z 007A | Ľ 013D | Ň 0147 | Đ 0110 | Ý 00DD | Ř 0158 | Ś 015A |
| Bx | ˙ 02D9 | £ 00A3 | ż 017C | ˛ 02DB | Ż 017B | § 00A7 | ž 017E | ź 017A | Ž 017D | Ź 0179 | Ł 0141 | Ń 0143 | Š 0160 | ¨ 00A8 | ´ 00B4 | ť 0165 |
| Cx | { 007B | A 0041 | B 0042 | C 0043 | D 0044 | E 0045 | F 0046 | G 0047 | H 0048 | I 0049 | SHY | ô 00F4 | ö 00F6 | ŕ 0155 | ó 00F3 | ő 0151 |
| Dx | } 007D | J 004A | K 004B | L 004C | M 004D | N 004E | O 004F | P 0050 | Q 0051 | R 0052 | ı 0131 | ű 0171 | ü 00FC | | ú 00FA | Ť 0164 |
| Ex | \ 005C | FSP 2007 | S 0053 | T 0054 | U 0055 | V 0056 | W 0057 | X 0058 | Y 0059 | Z 005A | ² 00B2 | Ô 00D4 | Ö 00D6 | Ŕ 0154 | Ó 00D3 | Ő 0150 |
| Fx | 0 0030 | 1 0031 | 2 0032 | 3 0033 | 4 0034 | 5 0035 | 6 0036 | 7 0037 | 8 0038 | 9 0039 | ³ 00B3 | Ű 0170 | Ü 00DC | | Ú 00DA | EO |
| Differences from EBCDIC 256 |||||||||||||||||

## References

* ↑ "Code Page 257" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-21.