# Flora of New York/Violaceae

| ← Malpighiales (1): Hypericaceae, Podostemaceae, Elatinaceae | Flora of New York — Malpighiales (2) : Violaceae | Flora of New York — Malpighiales (2) : Violaceae | Flora of New York — Malpighiales (2) : Violaceae | Flora of New York — Malpighiales (2) : Violaceae | → Malpighiales (3): Salicaceae |
| ← Malpighiales (1): Hypericaceae, Podostemaceae, Elatinaceae | Table of contents | Genus index | Protected species index | Invasive species index | → Malpighiales (3): Salicaceae |
| Clade | Clade | Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Genus | Common names | # |
| rosids | basal rosids | Vitales | Vitaceae | Vitoideae | Parthenocisseae | Parthenocissus | creeper, woodbine, ivy | 3 |
| rosids | basal rosids | Vitales | Vitaceae | Vitoideae | Viteae | Vitis | grape | 8 |
| rosids | basal rosids | Vitales | Vitaceae | Vitoideae | Ampelopsideae | Ampelopsis | peppervine | 3 |
| rosids | basal fabids | Zygophyllales | Zygophyllaceae | Tribuloideae | — | Tribulus | puncturevine | 1 |
| rosids | basal fabids | Zygophyllales | Zygophyllaceae | Zygophylloideae | — | Zygophyllum | beancaper | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Celastrales | Parnassiaceae | Parnassioideae | — | Parnassia | grass of parnassus | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Celastrales | Celastraceae | Celastroideae | — | Celastrus | bittersweet, staff vine | 2 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Celastrales | Celastraceae | Celastroideae | — | Euonymus | burning bush, spindletree, wahoo | 6 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Oxalidales | Oxalidaceae | — | — | Oxalis | woodsorrel | 6 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Hypericaceae | — | Hypericeae | Triadenum | marsh St. John's wort | 2 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Hypericaceae | — | Hypericeae | Hypericum | St. John's wort | 18 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Podostemaceae | Podostemoideae | — | Podostemum | river weed | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Elatinaceae | — | — | Elatine | water wort | 3 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Violaceae | Violoideae | Violeae | Hybanthus | greenviolet | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Violaceae | Violoideae | Violeae | Viola | violet | 57 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Salicaceae | Salicoideae | — | Populus | cottonwood, aspen, poplar | 11 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Salicaceae | Salicoideae | — | Salix | willow | 36 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Acalyphoideae | Acalypheae | Acalypha | copperleaf, three-seed mercury | 4 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Acalyphoideae | Acalypheae | Mercurialis | herb mercury | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Acalyphoideae | Acalypheae | Ricinus | castor bean | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Crotonoideae | Crotoneae | Croton | rushfoil, hogwort | 1 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbioideae | Euphorbieae | Euphorbia | spurge, sandmat | 21 |
| rosids | fabids COM clade | Malpighiales | Linaceae | Linoideae | Lineae | Linum | flax | 9 |

## Family Violaceae

The Violaceae (violet family) ...

### Hybanthus

* Hybanthus concolorOf the four species of Hybanthus (greenviolets) that are native to North America, only Hybanthus concolor (the eastern greenviolet) has been discovered outside of cultivation in New York.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Hybanthus :
| Genus Hybanthus | Greenviolet | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Hybanthus concolor (T.F.Forst.) Spreng.1802. Viola concolor T.F.Forst.1819. Ionidium sprengleianumRoem. & Schult.1824. Hybanthus concolor Spreng.1824. Solea concolor Ging.1878. Ionidium concolor S.Watson1897. Cubelium concolorex Britton & A.Br. Raf. | Green-violet, Eastern greenviolet, Nodding violetHybanthe à fleurs verdâtres, Hybanthe | Native, CoC: 8, Vulnerable FACU Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 3-4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |

### Viola

* The Viola genus has about 50 species found outside of cultivation in New York. The majority of the species are native to the region, though a few are escaped garden exotics.
* Violets are often divided into two groups based on the presence of a stem that is shared between the flowers and leaves. "Stemmed" or "caulescent" means that the flowers and leaves share an above-ground stem, whereas "stemless" or "acaulescent" violets have separate petioles (attached to the leaves) and peduncles (attached to the flowers) that arise from an underground rootstock.
* Marcussen et al.(2022) separates the genus Viola into two subgenera: subg. Viola containins most of the world's violets, including all those in New York State, while subg. Neoandinium is restricted to rosulate violets growing in the western mountains of South America.
* ↑ Marcussen, T.; Ballard, H.E.; Danihelka, J.; Flores, A.R.; Nicola, M.V.; Watson, J.M. A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae). Plants 2022, 11, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172224

#### Viola subg. Viola

* The subgeneric organization used here is is largely based on Marcussen (2022),, Ballard (1999). and Ballard (2023).
* sect. Chamaemelanium
* subsect. Canadenses (canadensis, rugulosa) stemmed white
* subsect. Nudicaules (pubescens, eriocarpa, hastata) stemmed yellow
* subsect. Brevicalcaratae (rotundifolia) stemless yellow
* sect. Viola
* subsect. Rostratae (labradorica, rostrata, adunca, striata)
* subsect. Viola (odorata)
* sect. Plagiostigma (stemless white)
* subsect. Stolonosae
* Blandae group (blanda, incognita)
* Stolonosae group (lanceolata, miniscula, renifolia, primulifolia)
* subsect. Patellares (selkirkii)
* subsect. Bilobatae (hamiltoniana)
* sect. Nosphinium
* subsect. Borealiamericanae (stemless blue)
* Affinis group (affinis)
* Cucullata group (communis, cucullata, nephrophylla)
* Palmata group (palmata)
* Pedatifida group (brittoniana)
* Sagittata group (sagittata, fimbriatula, hirsutula)
* Sororia group (sororia, septentrionalis, novae-angliae)
* Subsinuata group (subsinuata)
* subsect. Pedatae (pedata)
* sect. Melanium (pansies)
* subsect. Cleistogamae (bicolor)
* subsect. Bracteolatae (arvensis, tricolor, × wittrockiana)
* /Viola taxa list
* ↑ Marcussen, T.; Ballard, H.E.; Danihelka, J.; Flores, A.R.; Nicola, M.V.; Watson, J.M. A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae). Plants 2022, 11, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172224
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, Kenneth J. Sytsma and Robert R. Kowal (1999) "Shrinking the Violets: Phylogenic Relationships of Infrageneric Groups in Viola (Violaeae) Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 23(4):439-458.
* ↑ Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.

#### Viola sect. Chamaemelanium

* Viola species in section Chamaemelanium have corollas with a yellow throat and base chromosome number x = 6.
* The three subsections of sect Chamaemelanium found in New York State are:
* subsect. Canadenses (stemmed white violet),
* subsect. Nudicaules (stemmed yellow violets), and
* subsect. Brevicalcaratae (stemless yellow violets).
* ↑ Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.

##### Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Canadenses

* Subsection Canadenses contains the stemmed white violet (Viola canadensis). The two species of this subsection (Viola canadensis and Viola rugulosa) are the only northeastern violets besides pansies to have two-toned corollas (white petals
* with yellow throat).
* ↑ Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Canadenses :
| Genus Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Canadenses | Stemmed white violets | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola canadensis L.1753. Viola canadensis L. in Sp. Pl.:936 1821. Viola albiflora Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1:241 1836. Lophion canadense Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. 5:517 1838. Viola canadensis var. corymbosa Nutt. in J.Torrey & A.Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1841. Viola scouleri Douglas ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., not validly publ. 1889. Viola canadensis var. scariosa Porter in Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 8:63 1902. Viola eurybiifolia Greene in Pittonia 5:25 1902. Viola discurrens Greene in Pittonia 5:26 1902. Viola negulosa Greene in Pittonia 5:26 1917. Viola canadensis var. pubens Farwell in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:248 | Canada violet, Canadian white violet, Tall white violetViolette du Canada | Native, CoC: 9, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun, 2n = 24 | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNAFNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Viola rugulosa Greene1902. Viola rugulosa Greene in Pittonia 5:26 1902. Viola rydbergii Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):27 1902. Viola neomexicana Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):28 1902. Viola muriculata Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):28 1902. Viola geminiflora Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):29 1906. Viola canadensis var. rydbergii (Greene) House in P.A.Rydberg, Fl. Colorado 1906. Viola canadensis ssp. rydbergii (Greene) House in P.A.Rydberg, Fl. Colorado 1916. Lophion rydbergii (Greene) Nieuwl. & Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4:478 1918. Lophion rugulosum (Greene) Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5:238 1961. Viola canadensis var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L.Hitchc. in Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W. | Creepingroot violet | N. America native  western N. America, N.Y. excluded, 2n = 24 | | NYFA-Excluded iNat: No eastern obs. | USDA-NN POWO FSUS ARS-GRIN FNAFNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

##### Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Nudicaules

* Viola section Chamaemelanium subsection Nudicaules contains the stemmed yellow violets. The two New York State native species of this section have at times been treated as varieties of Viola pubescens.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Nudicaules :
| Genus Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Nudicaules | Stemmed yellow violets | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola pubescens Aiton1789. Viola pubescens Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:290 1803. Viola pensylvanica Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:149 1818. Viola pubescens var. eriocarpon Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1:150 1862. Viola uniflora var. pubescens (Aiton) Regel in Bull.Soc.Imp.Naturalistes Moscou 1895. Viola pubescens var. glabriuscula A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1):202 1914. Crocion pubescens (Aiton) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:215 1923. Viola pubescens var. peckii House in Bull. NYS Mus. Nat. Hist. 1939. Viola pubescens var. typica Grover in Ohio J. Sci., not validly publ. | Downy yellow violet, Hairy yellow violet, Yellow forest violet, Hairy yellow forest violetViolette pubescente | Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 12 | NYFA: 45 counties iNat: 10 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Viola eriocarpa (Nutt.) Schwein.1822. Viola eriocarpa (Nutt.) Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:75 1901. Viola scabriuscula (Torr. & A.Gray) Shafer in Ann. Carnegie Mus. 1:27 1914. Crocion eriocarpum (Schwein.) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:214 1921. Viola eriocarpa var. leiocarpa Fernald & Wiegand in Rhodora 23:275 1938. Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula Torr. & A.Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:142 1940. Viola eriocarpa f. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) Deam in Fl. Indiana 1941. Viola pensylvanica var. leiocarpoa (Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald in Rhodora 1967. Viola pubescens var. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) B.Boivin in Phytologia | Smooth yellow violet Smoothish yellow violet Yellow forest violet Common yellow violetViolette scabre | Native, CoC: 7, Unranked, SNR FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 12 | NYFA: 37 counties iNat: 36 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNAFNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola hastata Michx.1803. Viola hastata Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:149 1813. Viola trifida Spreng. in Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 1:22 1819. Viola ciliata Willd. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1822. Viola hirta Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:50, nom. illeg. | Halberd-leaf yellow violet Halberdleaf yellow violet Halberd-leaved yellow violet Spearleaf Violet Silverleaf Violet | N. America native  southern U.S., N.Y. excluded Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 12 | NYFA-Excluded iNat: No NY observation GBIF: Not present in NY | USDA-N0 FSUS ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

##### Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Brevicalcaratae

* Viola rotundifolia round-leaved yellow violetViola subsection Brevicalcaratae contains the stemless yellow violet Viola rotundifolia.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Brevicalcaratae :
| Genus Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Brevicalcaratae | Stemless yellow violets | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola rotundifolia Michx.1803. Viola rotundifolia Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:150 1813. Viola clandestina Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:173 | Roundleaf yellow violet Early yellow violet Eastern round-leaved violet Round-leaved yellow violetViolette à feuilles rondes Violette feuille-ronde | Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5, G5 FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 12 | | NYFA: 34 counties iNat: 52 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-NN COL WFO POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

#### Viola sect. Viola
##### Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae

* Viola rostrataViola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae are the rostrate violets.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae :
| Genus Viola sect. Viola  subsect. Rostratae | Violet | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola labradorica Schrank1813. Viola debilis Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:174, nom. illeg. 1818. Viola labradorica Schrank in Denkschr. Königl.-Baier. Bot. Ges. Regensburg 1822. Viola punctata Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:67, nom. illeg. 1823. Viola conspersa Rchb. in Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 1:44 1824. Viola muhlenbergiana Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:297 1824. Viola muhlenbergii Torr. in Fl. N. Middle United States 1:256 1830. Viola muhlenbergiana var. minor Hook. in Fl. Bor.-Amer., Bot. N. Brit. Amer. 1:78 1886. Viola canina var. muhlenbergii (Torr.) A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:292 1901. Viola leucopetala Greene in Ottawa Naturalist 15(9):191 1949. Viola adunca var. minor (Hook.) Fernald in Rhodora 51:57 | Alpine violet, American dog violet, Labrador violet, Violette décombante, Violette du labrador | Native, CoC: 4, Unranked, SNR FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 20 | NYFA: 47 counties iNat: ~30 counties | USDA-NN POWO FSUS ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola rostrata Muhl. ex Pursh var. rostrata1813. Viola rostrata Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:174 1914. Lophion rostratum (Muhl. ex Pursh) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:216 1915. Viola rostrata fo. phelpsiae Fernald in Rhodora 17:180 1917. Viola rostrata var. elongata Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:249 1917. Viola rostrata var. phelpsiae (Fernald) Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:259 1939. Viola rostrata fo. trirostrata Grover in Ohio J. Sci. 39:147 | Long-spurred violet Long-spur violetViolette rostrée Violette à long éperon Violette long éperon | Native, CoC: 6, Secure, S5, G5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 20 | NYFA: 40 counties iNat: ~50 counties | USDA-NN COL WFO POWO FSUS VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNAFNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola adunca Sm. var. adunca1818. Viola adunca Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl. 37: n.° 63 1886. Viola canina var. adunca (Sm.) A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:292 1897. Viola subvestita Greene in Erythea 5:39 1900. Viola montanensis Rydb. in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1:263 1901. Viola bellidifolia Greene in Pittonia 4:292 1936. Viola adunca ssp. typica M.S.Baker in Madroño 3:233, not validly publ. 1949. Viola cascadensis M.S.Baker in Leafl. W. Bot. 5:173 | Sand violet, Hookedspur violet, Western dog violet | Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure, S4, G5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 20,30,40 | NYFA: 4 iNat: 4 counties | USDA-NN POWO ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola striata Aiton1789. Viola striata Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:290 1803. Viola debilis Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:150 1822. Viola ochroleuca Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:69 1822. Viola repens Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:70 1824. Viola lewisiana Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:298 1874. Viola striata var. lutescens Alph.Wood ex N.Coleman in Cat. Fl. Pl. S. Pen. Michigan 1914. Lophion striatum (Aiton) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:216 1918. Viola conspersa var. masonii Farw. in Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:248 1924. Viola conspersa fo. masonii (Farw.) House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 1928. Viola striata fo. albiflora Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11:67 1930. Viola debilis fo. muhlenbergii Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12:68 1966. Viola adunca fo. masonii (Farw.) B.Boivin in Naturaliste Canad. 93:437 | Striped cream violet, Cream-white violet, Pale violet | Native, CoC: 5, Unranked, SNR FACW Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 20 | NYFA: 20 counties | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × eclipes H.E.Ballard  Viola labradorica ×   Viola striata1989. Viola × eclipes H.E.Ballard in Michigan Botanist 28:217 | Hybrid American dog violet   & striped cream violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-NN POWO ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × malteana House  Viola labradorica ×   Viola rostrata1924. Viola × malteana House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:511 | Hybrid American dog violet   & long-spur violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-NN ITIS Images Wikispecies |

##### Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola

* Viola odorataViola odorata (English violet) is the only NY-listed species in subsection Viola that is not native to North America, where it has been cultivated as an ornamental since the end the 19th century.
* It is cultivated in Europe for the perfume and liqueur industries.
* ↑ Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
* ↑ R. John Little, Landon E. McKinney† Viola odorata Linnaeus. Flora of North America, Volume 6. 5 November 2020
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola :
| Genus Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola | Violet | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola odorata L. ssp. odorata1753. Viola odorata L. in Sp. Pl.: 934 1764. Viola martia Garsault in Fig. Pl. Méd.: t.622, opus utique rej. 1766. Viola officinalis Crantz in Inst. Rei Herb. 2:431 1768. Viola odora Neck. in Delic. Gallo-Belg.: 367, orth. var. 1821. Viola odorata var. alba Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:668 1829. Viola martii ssp. odorata (L.) Schimp. & Spenn. in Fl. Friburg. 3:1036, nom. illeg. 1897. Viola thomsonae Chapm. in Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3:34 1898. Viola hirta ssp. odorata (L.) Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1:404 1898. Viola hirta var. odorata (L.) Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1:405 1901. Viola odorata fo. albiflora Neuman in Sver. Fl.:268, nom. illeg. 1926. Viola gonzalii Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25:135 1926. Viola odorata proles barcinonensis Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25:136 2014. Viola odorata fo. albiflora (Pančić) Niketić in Bot. Serbica 38:226 2015. Viola taynensis Elisafenko in Rastitel’nyj mir Aziatskoj Rossi 1(17):24 | English violet Sweet violet Common violetViolette odorante | Introduced from  Europe, Occasionally cultivated, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 20 | | NYFA: 14 counties iNat: 22 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |

#### Viola sect. Plagiostigma

* Section Plagiostigma Godr. contains the stemless white violets. Its subsections in the Northeast are: Bilobatae, Patellares, and Stolonosae.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.

##### Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Stolonosae

* Viola blandaSection Plagiostigma subsection Stolonosae.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Stolonosae :
| Genus Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Stolonosae Blandae group | Stemless white violets | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola blanda Willd.1804. Viola blanda Willd. in Hort. Berol. Icon. 1:t.24, nom. cons. 1826. Viola amoena Leconte in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2:144, nom. illeg. 1831. Viola leconteana G.Don in Gen. Hist. 1: 324 1873. Viola burtonii Reeks in List Fl. Pl. Ferns Newfoundland: 2, nom. provis. 1888. Viola blanda var. amoena Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. in Prelim. Cat.:6 1899. Viola alsophila Greene in Pittonia 4:7, nom. superfl. | Sweet white violet, Large-leaf white violet, Willdenow's violet, Woodland-white violet, Violette méconnue | Native, CoC: 6, Secure, S5, G5 FACW Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 44, 48 | | NYFA: 42 counties iNat: ~40 counties | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola incognita Brainerd1886. Viola blanda var. palustriformis A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:255 1905. Viola incognita Brainerd in Rhodora 7:248 1911. Viola incognita var. forbesii Brainerd in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38:8 | Large-leaved white violet Largeleaf white violet Common sweet white violet | Native, Secure, S5, GNR FACW Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 44, 48 | | NYFA: 17 counties iNat: 4 counties | POWO FSUS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Stolonosae Stolonosae group | Stemless white violets | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola minuscula Greene1824. Viola rotundifolia  var. pallens  Banks ex Ging. in DC. 1895. Viola macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd 1905. Viola pallens (Banks ex Ging.) Brainerd 1906. Viola minuscula Greene 1925. Viola blanda  var. macloskeyi  (F.E. Lloyd) Jeps. 1938. Viola pallens  var. subreptans  J.Rousseau 1953. Viola macloskeyi  ssp. pallens  (Banks ex Ging.) M.S. Baker 1961. Viola macloskeyi  var. pallens  (Banks ex Ging.) Hitchc. 1982. Viola blanda  ssp. macloskeyi  (F.E. Lloyd) A.E. Murray | Small white violet Smooth white violet Sweet white violet Northern white violet Macloskey's violet | Native, CoC: 4, Secure, 2n = 24 | | NYFA: 48 counties | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola lanceolata L.1753. Viola lanceolata L. in Sp. Pl.:934 1839. Viola attenuata Sweet in Hort. Brit., ed. 3:54 | Bog white violet Northern Water Violet Lance-leaved violet Lance-leaved water violet | Native, CoC: 7, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 24 | | NYFA: 21 counties iNat: 13 counties | USDA-NN POWO FSUS ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola renifolia A.Gray1870. Viola renifolia A.Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8:288 1886. Viola blanda var. renifolia (A.Gray) A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:255 1902. Viola brainerdii Greene in Pittonia 5:89 1899. Viola mistassinica Greene in Pittonia 4:5 1912. Viola renifolia var. brainerdii (Greene) Fernald in Rhodora 14:88 | Kidney-leaf white violet Kidney-leaved white violet Northern white violet White violetViolette réniforme | Native, CoC: 8, Secure, S5, G5 Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 24 | | NYFA: 26 counties iNat: 7 counties | USDA-NN FSUS ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola primulifolia L. var. primulifolia1753. Viola primulifolia L. in Sp. Pl.:934 1819. Viola gronovii Willd. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1824. Viola acuta Bigelow in Fl. Boston., ed.2:95 1824. Viola radicans DC. ex Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:297 1829. Viola primulifolia var. villosa Eaton in Man. Bot. N. States, ed.5:443 1838. Viola primulifolia var. acuta (Bigelow) Torr. & A.Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:139 1910. Viola reptabunda Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2:94 1955. Viola primulifolia ssp. villosa (Eaton) N.H.Russell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 54:487 | Primrose-leaf violet, Primrose-leaved violet | Native, CoC: 10, Threatened, NYNHP: 2 | | NYFA: 10 counties iNat: 5 counties | USDA-N0 POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola lanceolata × primulifolia  Viola lanceolata ×   Viola primulifolia1910. Viola lanceolata × primulifolia 1924. Viola × modesta House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., illeg. homonym | Hybrid of  bog white violet violet &  primrose-leaf violet | Native, No recent reports | | NYFA: 2 counties | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × mollicula House  Viola minuscula ×   Viola primulifolia1924. Viola × mollicula House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:508 | Hybrid of  small white violet &  primrose-leaf violet | Native, Impersistent, SNA. GNA | | NYFA: Richmond (1908) | USDA-N0 POWO ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × sublanceolata House (pro. hybr.)  Viola lanceolata ×   Viola minuscula1924. Viola × sublanceolata House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:508 | Lance-leaved violet, Lanceleaf violet, Primose-leaved violetViolette sublancéolée | Native, Unranked, SNA. GNA | | NYFA: Hamilton County | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany-0 VASCAN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola primulifolia. Threatened, S2/G5. ↑ Homer D. House (1924) Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State, page 508. ||||||

##### Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Patellares

* Viola selkirkiiSection Plagiostigma subsection Patellares.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Patellares :
| Genus Viola subsect. Patellares | Stemless white violets | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie1822. Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie | Great-spurred violet, Long-spurred violet, Selkirk's violetViolette de Selkirk | Native, CoC: 8, Secure | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |

##### Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Bilobatae

* Viola hamiltoniaSection Plagiostigma subsection Bilobatae (W.Becker) W.Becker contains only Viola arcuata Blume (curved-stemmed violet), a newly discovered introduction to North America, well established in lawns in and around The New York Botanical Garden and in planting beds and pots elsewhere in New York City. These are the first reports of the species in the New World. The Plants of the World Online website (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2025) calls this species Viola hamiltoniana.
* This introduced violet was also identified in North Carolina.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
* ↑ Harvey Ballard, Becky Dill (2024) A New Violet for the Southeastern United States.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Bilobatae :
| Genus Viola subsect. Bilobatae | Stemless white violets | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola hamiltoniana D.Don1825. Viola hamiltoniana D.Don in Prodr.Fl.Nepal.:206 1826. Viola arcuata Blume in Bijdr.Fl.Ned.Ind.:58 1829. Viola notoniana Wall. in Numer.List:n.°1449, not validly publ. 1835. Viola distans Wall. in Trans.Med.Soc.Calcutta 7:227 1852. Viola alata Burgersd. in F.A.W.Miquel, Pl.Jungh.:121 1858. Viola verecunda A.Gray in Mem.Amer.Acad.Arts, n.s.6:382 1868. Viola excisa Hance in J.Bot.6:296 1872. Viola metziana Hohen. ex Hook.f. in Fl.Brit.India 1:184, not validly publ. 1910. Viola serpens var. hamiltoniana (D.Don) Hook.f. & Thomson ex H.Boissieu in Bull.Soc.Bot. 1916. Viola lunata Ridl. in Trans.Linn.Soc.London,Bot.9:17 1916. Viola hupeiana W.Becker in Beih.Bot.Centralbl.34(2):232 1922. Viola yakusimana Nakai in Bot.Mag.(Tokyo) 36:35 1935. Viola herbivaga Ridl. in J.Bot.73:17 | Hamilton’s violet Curved-stemmed violet Hamilton’s viola | Introduced, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 24 | | NYFA: 0 counties iNat: Bronx, Kings GBIF: Bronx (cult. 1944) | COL WFO POWO FSUS Images Wikispecies |

#### Viola sect. Nosphinium
##### Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae

* Viola affinis Leconte (LeConte's violet) from Homer D. House, Wild Flowers of New York, 1918.The taxa of Viola subsection Boreali-Americanae W.Becker are native exclusively to North America (including northern Mexico). They are commonly referred to as the "stemless (or acaulescent) blue violets", as the leaf petioles and flower peduncles arise directly from the rhizome instead of from a shared above-ground stem. Their classification has long been in flux, partially due to apparent introgressive hybridization within the subsection.
* Ballard et al. (2023) divided subsect. Borealiamericanae into groups, the New York species of which are:.
* Affinis group (affinis)
* Cucullata group (communis, cucullata, nephrophylla)
* Palmata group (palmata)
* Pedatifida group (brittoniana)
* Sagittata group (sagittata, fimbriatula)
* Sororia group (hirsutula, sororia, septentrionalis, novae-angliae)
* Subsinuata group (subsinuata)
* ↑ Nir L. Gil-ad, "Key to the "Stemless Blue" Violets, Subsection Boreali-Americanae, of the Chicago Region - Expert Version", Field Museum Keys to Nature Project, Chicago.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.

###### Sororia group

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae :
| Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Sororia group | Stemless blue violets | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola sororia Willd.1806. Viola sororia Willd. in Hort. Berol. Icon. 1:72 1838. Viola cucullata var. sororia (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:137 1898. Viola palmata var. sororia (Willd.) Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 25:332 1901. Viola papilionacea var. domestica Pollard in N.L.Britton, Man. Fl. N. States 1901. Viola nodosa Greene in Pittonia 4:296 1902. Viola latiuscula Greene in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 14:70 1917. Viola papilionacea var. alba (Torr. & A.Gray) Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 1923. Viola domestica fo. alba Farw. in Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2:30 1950. Viola alachuana Murrill in Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 12:61 | Common blue violet, Woolly blue violet, Hairy blue violet, Downy blue violet, Hooded blue violet, Common violet, Sister violetViolette parente, Violette septentrionale | Native, CoC: 3, Secure, S5 FAC Annual, Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 5, 2n = 54 | NYFA: 61 counties iNat: 59 counties | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNAFNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Viola septentrionalis Greene1898. Viola septentrionalis Greene in Pittonia 3:334 1898. Viola macounii Greene in Pittonia 3:335 1901. Viola subviscosa Greene in Pittonia 4:293 1901. Viola fletcheri Greene in Pittonia 4:296 1902. Viola nesiotica Greene in Pittonia 5:102 1940. Viola septentrionalis fo. alba Vict. & J.Rousseau in Contr.Inst.Bot.Univ.Montréal | Northern blue violet, Northern woodland violet, Northern bog violetViolette septentrionale | Native, CoC: 3, Secure, S5, G5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 38 counties iNat: Steuben, St. Lawrence | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNAFNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola novae-angliae House1904. Viola novae-angliae House in Rhodora 6:226 1992. Viola sororia var. novae-angliae L.E. McKinney in Sida, Bot. Misc. 7:44 | New England violet, New England blue violetViolette de  Nouvelle-Angleterre, Violette de la  Nouvelle-Angleterre | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, S1, G4Q, NYNHP: 1 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 54 | Warren (1981-92) NYFA: 1 iNat | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNAFNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola hirsutula Brainerd1907. Viola hirsutula Brainerd in Rhodora 9:98 1953. Viola hirsutula fo. albicans L.K.Henry in Castanea 18:46 | Southern wood violet, Southern woodland violet | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, No recent reports, S1, G4 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 54 | NYFA: 7 counties | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola villosa Walter1788. Viola villosa Walter 1895. V. palmata  var. villosa  (Walter) B.L.Rob. | Carolina violet | N. America native  southern U.S., N.Y. excluded, 2n = 54 | excluded NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN FNAFNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola novae-angliae (V. sororia var. grisea). Endangered, S1/G4. ||||||

###### Cucullata group

* Viola cucullataThe Cucullata species group in the acaulescent blue violet lineage, sect. Nosphinium W.Becker, subsect. Borealiamericanae (W.Becker) Gil-ad contains the species: Viola communis, V. cucullata, V. domestica, V. nephrophylla, V. pratincola, and V. retusa.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae :
| Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Cucullata group | Stemless blue violets | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola cucullata Aiton1768. Viola obliqua Hill in Hort. Kew. :316 1789. Viola cucullata Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:283 1789. Viola obliqua Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:288 1886. Viola palmata var. cucullata (Aiton) A. Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:254 | Marsh blue violet, Blue marsh violet, Longstem marsh violetViolette cucullée, Violette dressée | Native, Secure | NYFA: 29 counties iNat: ~30 counties | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola communis Pollard1814. Viola papilionacea Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:173, misapplied 1898. Viola communis Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 26:336 1903. Viola priceana Pollard in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 16:127 1914. Viola familiaris Greene in Cybele Columb. 1:14 1923. Viola domestica var. communis (Pollard) Farw. in Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 1984. Viola sororia fo. priceana (Pollard) Cooperr. in Michigan Botanist 23: 167 2023. Viola communis fo. priceana (Pollard) H.E.Ballard in J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 150:76 | Dooryard violet Common blue violet Confederate violet Sadie Price's violet | Native, Secure, S5, GNR FAC Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 4 counties iNat: 4 counties GBIF: 4 counties | COL POWO FSUS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola nephrophylla Greene1896. Viola nephrophylla Greene in Pittonia 3:144 1896. Viola cognata Greene in Pittonia 3:145 1902. Viola arizonica Greene in Pittonia 5:33 1939. Viola nephrophylla var. arizonica (Greene) Kearney & Peebles in J.Wash.Acad.Sci. 1940. Viola maccabeiana M.S.Baker in Madroño 5: 226 1961. Viola nephrophylla var. cognata (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. in Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W. | Northern bog violet, Wanderer violet, Sand violet, Blue meadow violetViolette néphrophylle, Violete des calcaires | Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1 | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola nephrophylla. Endangered, S1/G5. ||||||

###### Affinis group

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae :
| Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Affinis group | Stemless blue violets | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola affinis Leconte1813. Viola papilionacea Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:173 1826. Viola affinis Leconte in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1902. Viola nepetifolia Greene in Pittonia 5:92 1936. Viola affinis var. chalcosperma Griscom in Rhodora 38: 49 1952. Viola affinis var. subarctica J.Rousseau in Canad. J. Res., Sect. C, Bot. Sci. 28:245 1953. Viola affinis fo. albiflora L.K.Henry in Castanea 18:45 1992. Viola sororia var. affinis (Leconte) L.E.McKinney in Sida, Bot. Misc. 7:39 1996. Viola sororia ssp. affinis (Leconte) R.J.Little in Phytologia 80:295 | Le Conte's violet, Sand violet, Arizona bog violet, Common blue violet, Thin-leaved blue violetViolette affine | Native, Secure FACW Annual, Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 36 counties iNat: 3 counties | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images |

###### Sagittata group

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae :
| Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Sagittata group | Stemless blue violets | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola fimbriatula Sm.1818. Viola fimbriatula Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl. 37: n.° 16 1818. Viola ovata Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1:148 1819. Viola alleghanensis Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1824. Viola ovata var. belvisiana Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:294 1838. Viola sagittata var. ovata (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:138 1895. Viola sagittata var. hicksii Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 20:326 1896. Viola ovata var. hicksii (Pollard) Pollard in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 10:92 1928. Viola fimbriatula fo. albescens Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11:66 1931. Viola fimbriatula fo. glabrata Pennell in Bartonia 12:19 1949. Viola fimbriatula fo. umbelliflora Fernald in Rhodora 51:56 1978. Viola sagittata fo. umbelliflora (Fernald) Scoggan in Fl. Canada 1:52 | Northern downy violet, Arrowleaf violet, Arrow-leaved violet, Ovate-leaved violet, Sand violet, Fringed violet, Fimbriate violetViolette à feuilles frangées | Native, Likely secure, S4, G5 FAC Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 30 counties iNat: 19 counties | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola sagittata Aiton1789. Viola sagittata Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:287 1796. Viola sagittifolia Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton:130 1813. Viola ciliata Muhl. in Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept., not validly publ. 1813. Viola dentata Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:172 1898. Viola sagittata var. subsagittata (Greene) Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 26:340 1898. Viola subsagittata Greene in Pittonia 3:315 1903. Viola emarginata var. simulata Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:7 1903. Viola secedens Greene in Pittonia 5:121 1930. Viola sagittata var. secedens (Greene) Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12:68 1930. Viola sagittata fo. albescens Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12:127 1931. Viola sagittata var. glabra Pennell in Bartonia 12:19 1959. Viola sagittata fo. carlii Creutz in Wild Fl. 35:9 | Arrow-leaved violet, Fringed violetViolette sagittée, Violette sagittée   variété sagittée | Native, Likely secure | | NYFA: 16 counties iNat: 18 counties | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |

###### Palmata group

* Viola palmataThe Palmata group contains the several varieties of Viola palmata and Viola stoneana.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae :
| Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Palmata group | Stemless blue violets | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola palmata L. var. triloba (Schwein.) Ging.1822. Viola triloba Schwein. in Amer. J.Sci.Arts 5:57 1824. Viola palmata var. triloba (Schwein.) Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:291 1826. Viola congener Leconte in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2:140 1906. Viola vespertilionis Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:217 1906. Viola ornithodes Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:218 1952. Viola triloba f. albida Steyerm. in Rhodora 54:256 1959. Viola triloba f. annjoae Creutz in Wild Fl. 35:9 | Palmate-leaf violet Early blue violet Three-lobed violet Wood violet Crowfoot violet Cleft violetViolette palmée violette à feuilles trilobées | Native, Secure | NYFA: 27 counties iNat: 8 counties | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola palmata L. var. palmata1753. Viola palmata L. in Sp. Pl.:933 1867. Viola cucullata var. palmata (L.) A. Gray in Manual, ed.5:78 1899. Viola falcata Greene in Pittonia 4:3 1910. Viola triloba var. dilatata (Elliott) Brainerd in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37:587 | Southern three-lobed violet Palmate-leaved violetViolette palmée | N. America native, Not listed in NY, 2n = 54 | | POWO FSUS VASCAN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola stoneana House1905. Viola stoneana House in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 253 | Stone's violet | N. America native, Not listed in NY | NYFA: Not listed iNat: none in NY | POWO Images Wikispecies |

###### Subsinuata group

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae :
| Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Subsinuata group | Stemless blue violets | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene1898. Viola emarginata var. subsinuata Greene in Pittonia 3:31 1899. Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene in Pittonia 4:4 | Palmate-leaved violet, Early blue violet, Bernard's violet, Bernard violet, Pale violet, Wavy-leaved violet, Greene's Violet, Wood violet | Native, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 11 counties | USDA-N0 POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola baxteri House1924. Viola baxteri House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:500 | Baxter's violet | Native, Unranked, SNR, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: Monroe, Ontario iNat: Ulster (2022) | POWO Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ The American Violet Society website: Viola subsinuata ||||||

###### Pedatifida group

* Viola brittonianaThe three North American violets of this group (Viola brittoniana, Viola pectinata, and Viola pedatifida) have often been grouped together under a common species.
* ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae :
| Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Pedatifida group | Stemless blue violets | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola brittoniana Pollard1898. Viola brittoniana Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 26:332 1992. Viola pedatifida ssp. brittoniana (Pollard) L. E. McKinney in Sida, Bot. Misc. 7:22 2010. Viola pedatifida var. brittoniana (Pollard) R.J.Little & L.E.McKinney in J.Bot.Res.Inst.Texas | Coastal violet, Coast violet, Northern coastal violet, Britton’s violet | Native, CoC: 8, Endangered, S1, NYNHP: 1 FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 54 | NYFA: 6 counties (1883-1939) | USDA-N0 POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Viola pectinata E.P. Bicknell1904. Viola pectinata E.P.Bicknell in Torreya 4: 129 1952. Viola brittoniana var. pectinata (E.P. Bicknell) Alexander in Britton & Brown, Ill.Fl.N.U.S. 1997. Viola brittoniana fo. pectinata (E.P.Bicknell) Gil-ad in Boissiera 53:54 | Pectinate violet Pectinate-leaved Violet | Native, CoC: 10, No recent reports, SH FAC Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 2 counties iNat: No NY obs. | POWO FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola brittoniana × pectinata  Viola brittoniana ×   Viola pectinata | Hybrid violet | Native, Not applicable, SNA, GNA | NYFA: Richmond (1909) | Images Wikispecies |
| Viola pedatifida G.Don1831. Viola pedatifida G.Don in Gen. Hist. 1:320 1838. Viola delphinifolia Nutt. in Torrey & A.Gray, Fl.N.Amer. 1:136 1903. Viola pedatifida var. indivisa Greene in Pittonia 5: 124 1958. Viola viarum f. pilifera E.J.Palmer & Steyerm. in Brittonia 10: 116 1991. Viola palmata var. pedatifida (G.Don) Cronquist in Gleason & Cronquist, Man.Vasc.Pl. | Crowfoot violet Larkspur violet Prairie violetViolette pédatifide | N. America native, In Midwest, Not listed in NY, 2n = 54. | NYFA: Not listed in NY iNat: No NY obs. | POWO FSUS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola brittoniana. Endangered, S1/G4G5. ||||||

##### Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae hybrids

Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae :
| Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae | Stemless blue violet hybrids | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola × filicetorum Greene  Viola affinis ×   Viola sororia1906. Viola × filicetorum Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:215 1906. Viola filicetorum var. parthenica Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:216 | Hybrid of  LeConte's violet &  common blue violet | Native, Endangered | NYFA: 3 counties | USDA-N0 POWO Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × columbiana House  Viola affinis ×   Viola communis1924. Viola × columbiana House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:504 . Viola × consona House | | Native, Unlisted | NYFA: Not listed in NY | POWO Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × hollickii House  Viola affinis ×   Viola fimbriatula1924. Viola × hollickii House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:503 | Hybrid of  LeConte's violet &  arrow-leaved violet | Native, Endangered | NYFA: Bronx, Richmond | USDA-N0 POWO ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × slavinii House (1924)  Viola affinis ×   Viola triloba    V. × discors House     V. × milleri Moldenke | Slavin's violet, Hybrid of  LeConte's violet &  three-lobe violet | Native, Endangered | NYFA: 1? | USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × conjugens Greene (pro sp.)  Viola sagittata ×   Viola sororia1899. V. conjugens Greene 1924. V. × parca House | Northern bog violet (hybrid), Hybrid of  arrow-leaf violet &  common blue violet | Native, No recent reports | NYFA: H? | NYFA: U ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × populifolia Greene (pro sp. 1898)  Viola sororia ×   Viola triloba | Peck's violet, Hybrid of  common blue violet &  three-lobe violet | Native, No recent reports | NYFA: H? | USDA-NN Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × melissifolia Greene (pro sp. 1902)  Viola septentrionalis ×   Viola sororiaV. × montivaga House (1924) | Hybrid of  Northern blue violet &  common blue violet | Native, No recent reports | NYFA: H? | Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × ravida House (1924)  Viola hirsutula ×   Viola × palmataV. × dissita | Hybrid of  southern wood violet &  early blue violet | Native, Likely extirpated | NYFA: Zm | USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × bissellii House (1924)  Viola cucullata ×   Viola sororiaV. × conturbata House | Bissell's violet, Hybrid of  marsh blue violet &  common blue violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × consobrina House (1924)  Viola affinis ×   Viola hirsutulaV. × dowelliana House | Hybrid of  LeConte's violet &  southern wood violet | Native, Impersistent | NYFA: U | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × consocia House (1924)  Viola affinis ×   Viola cucullata | Hybrid of  LeConte's violet &  marsh blue violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × cordifolia (Nutt.) Schwein. (pro sp. 1929)  Viola hirsutula ×   Viola sororiaV. × perpera House | Hybrid of  southern wood violet &  common blue violet | Native, Impersistent | NYFA: Um | USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × mistura House (1924)  Viola × palmata ×   Viola sagittata | Hybrid of  early blue violet &  arrow-leaf violet | Native, Impersistent | NYFA: Um | USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × mulfordiae Pollard (pro sp. 1902)  Viola brittoniana ×   Viola sagittata    V. × marylandica House     V. × holmiana House | Hybrid of  northern coastal violet &  arrow-leaf violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × notabilis Bicknell (pro sp. 1904)  Viola brittoniana ×   Viola cucullata | Hybrid of  northern coastal violet &  marsh blue violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × ryoniae House (1924)  Viola cucullata ×   Viola × palmataV. × notabilis Bickn. | Ryon's violet, Hybrid of  marsh blue violet &  early blue violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-N0 ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Viola affinis × brittoniana Dowell  Viola affinis ×   Viola brittoniana1910. Viola affinis × brittoniana Dowell | Hybrid of  LeConte's violet &  northern coastal violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: | Images Wikispecies |
| V. affinis × sagittata var. ovata  Viola affinis ×   Viola sagittata var. ovata1910. Viola affinis × fimbriatuala Dowell | Hybrid of  LeConte's violet &  northern downy violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | Images Wikispecies |
| Viola affinis × palmata Dowell1910. Viola affinis × palmata Dowell | Hybrid of  LeConte's violet &  northern downy violet | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × champlainensis House  Viola affinis ×   Viola septentrionalis1924. Viola champlainensis House | Hybrid of  LeConte's violet &  northern blue violet | N. America native, N.Y. excluded | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × redacta House  V. hirsutula ×   V. sagittata var. sagittata1924. Viola × redacta House 1924. Viola dimissa House | Hybrid of  southern wood violet &  arrow-leaf violet | N. America native, N.Y. excluded | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

##### Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Pedatae

* Viola pedata
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Pedatae :
| Genus Viola subsect. Pedatae | Violet | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola pedata L. ssp. pedata1753. Viola pedata L.    Viola pedatavar. concolor    Viola pedatavar. lineariloba    Viola pedatavar. ranunculifolia | Birdfoot violet, Bird's-foot violet, Crowfoot violet, Pansy violetViolette pédalée, Violette pied-d'oiseau | Native, CoC: 8, Rare, S2, G5-TNR FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb=forb, 2n = 56 | | NYFA: 7 counties | USDA-NN FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |

#### Viola sect. Melanium

* The Viola section Melanium contains plants commonly known as pansies.

##### Viola sect. Melanium subsect. Cleistogamae

* Viola bicolorThe only North American native pansy is Viola bicolor, which is also the only annual Viola species with cleistogamous (small inconspicuous closed self-pollinating) flowers. It is listed as endangered in New York State.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Melanium :
| Genus Viola sect. Melanium | Pansies | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola rafinesquei Greene1813. Viola bicolor Pursh 1819. Viola tenella Raf. in Amer.Monthly Mag. & Crit.Rev.4:191, nom. illeg. 1838. Mnemion tenellum Webb in Iter Hispan.:68 1899. Viola rafinesquei Greene in Pittonia 4:9 1914. Mnemion rafinesquii (Greene) Nieuwl. in Amer.Midl.Naturalist 3:217 1938. Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei (Greene) Fernald in Rhodora 40:443 1973. Viola rafinesquei fo. caerulea Moldenke in Phytologia 26:225 1973. Viola rafinesquei fo. minor Moldenke in Phytologia 26:226 | American Field Pansy Wild pansy Field pansyViolette de Rafinesque | Native, CoC: 9, Endangered, S1, G5 FACU Annual, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 5 counties iNat: 4 counties | USDA-NN COL POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNAFNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ BioLib.cz - Viola sect. Melanium ||||||

##### Viola sect. Melanium subsect. Bracteolatae

* Viola arvensisSection Melanium subsection Bracteolatae contains introduced pansies.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Melanium :
| Genus Viola sect. Melanium | Pansies | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Viola arvensis Murray1770. Viola arvensis Murray 1864. Viola tricolor  ssp. arvensis  (Murray) Syme | European field pansy, Small wild pansyViolette des champs | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, Naturalized Annual, Herb-forb | NYFA: X NYFA: 26 counties ? counties | USDA-XW Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola tricolor L. ssp. tricolor1753. Viola tricolor L. in Sp. Pl.:935 1780. Viola tricolor ssp. erecta Ehrh. in Hannover. Mag. 18:232, not validly publ. 1787. Ion tricolor Medik. in Malvenfam.:102 1796. Viola versicolor Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton, nom. superfl. 1827. Viola tricolor var. major Roth in Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ., not validly publ. 1836. Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. 5:515 1852. Jacea tricolor (L.) Opiz in Seznam:54 | Johnny jumpup Three colored violet Wild pansy European wild pansy | Introduced from  Eurasia, Naturalized | NYFA: X NYFA: 16 counties iNat: 5 counties GBIF: present in NY ? counties | USDA-XX POWO Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Viola × wittrockiana Gams  Viola altaica ×   Viola tricolor1895. Viola hortensis var. grandiflora Wittr. in Acta Horti Berg. 2(7):53 1901. Viola hortensis Wettst. in Wettst. 36:300, Nom. Inval. 1925. Viola × wittrockiana Gams in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5:616 1927. Viola tricolor maxima J.C.Clausen in Hereditas (Lund) 8:150 1927. Viola tricolor maxima-nigra J.C.Clausen in Hereditas (Lund) 8:150 1935. Viola maxima in 100, Nom. Inval. | Garden pansy | Introduced from  Eurasia, Not naturalized, Aritficial hybrid, SNA, GNA Annual, Herb-forb | NYFA: Orange (1999) iNat: 6 counties GBIF: 6 counties | POWO Images Wikispecies |
| Viola kitaibeliana Roem. & Schult. | Dwarf pansy | Introduced, N.Y. excluded | NYFA-Excluded iNat: No new-world obs. GBIF: Not present in NY | POWO Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ BioLib.cz - Viola sect. Melanium ||||||

## Family Passifloraceae

The Passifloraceae (passion-flower family) ...

### Subfamily Passifloroideae
#### Tribe Passifloreae
##### Passiflora

Malpighiales — Passifloraceae — Passifloroideae — Passifloreae — Passiflora :
| Genus Passiflora (excluded species) | Passionflower | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Passiflora incarnata L.1753. Passiflora incarnata L.1787. Granadilla incarnata (L.) Medik.1826. Passiflora kerii Spreng.1871. Passiflora edulisvar. kerii | Purple passionflower | N. America native, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |