# Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Accountability/Flexibility

Teachers have always felt the need to be accountable for the students they teach. They grow attached to their students and they want them to succeed. According to the Education Commission of the State website, accountability means holding key individuals and groups responsible for student achievement through the systematic collection, analysis, use and reporting of valid and reliable information. Accountability systems assume that educators, policymakers and others know how to act on the information to improve education.” Ever since the federal law, "No Child Left Behind" (NCLB), came into play in 2002 the era in which teachers teach has become more scrutinized than ever before. "No Child Left Behind" reauthorizes a number of federal programs that aim to improve the performances of the United States primary and secondary schools by increasing the standards of accountability for states, school districts and schools, as well as providing parents more flexibility in choosing which school their child attends. (No Child Left Behind) This act requires that by the end of the 2005–2006 school year that all teachers will be "highly qualified". To be considered a "highly qualified" teacher, new teachers must hold a bachelor's degree and must be able to pass a state test demonstrating their subject knowledge and teaching skills in all core content areas for elementary level, and for middle and higher level, they must pass a state test in each academic subject area they teach, plus have an undergraduate major, graduate degree, or coursework equivalent to an undergraduate major or an advanced certification or credentialing. (No Child Left Behind) These standards become very hard to implement in various places around the country due to small communities with small schools. In an interview with Kathleen Rowe, an instructional aide for the Buchanan County Public Schools, Rowe stated, “In rural areas, we are often times faced with choosing anyone willing to work with the students. We face that problem in this county because we’ve hired all the known qualified people in the area and we are still lacking.” (Rowe)

## Becoming Flexible

Teachers not only have to recertify themselves every now and then, and teachers must always be striving toward making their resume of education better, teachers also take this accountability idea personally. This is where flexibility comes in to play. Teachers need to move into mentorship, coaching, and ongoing professional development in order to stay accountable. Teachers must always be aware of the content they are teaching because ultimately assessment leads back to the content taught. (Jackson)Teachers and administrators must always be checking themselves to make sure that all state standards are being met and carried out in the way they were intended. In order for all of this to be done, teachers must remain flexible. Teachers must be willing to put forth the extra effort to help his/her students in anyway possible. In order to make sure that no child is left behind, teachers need to always be on the look out for new ways to interest students in their studies and to always present the content is an easy manner for all to be able to understand. Teachers can remain flexible by speaking one-on-one with the students and finding out how the child learns best. With a classroom full of children, no one child is the same, so teachers must be flexible in dealing with the opportunity to teach in various ways for the many types of different learners she encounters. Without this flexibility, teachers would be denying their students a quality education. A loving, stress free learning environment is best for children to retain the information needed to be known for standardized testing. Currently, most states are so focused on standardized testing that this way of evaluation and assessment has become the norm. (Zimmerman) Students and teachers alike feel like they must master the art of taking a test in order to pass, but they do not really focus on the material being taught. Teachers should be able to help their students learn how take the tests in the easiest way possible, with the least amount of stress involved. As you can see, students, teachers, and parents all live in an age of accountability. Students are pushed to their breaking points to learn certain standards and teachers are held accountable for the student's results. (Gusky) In order for students to want to learn, incentives may need to be offered to help students stay motivated.

## Getting Help

In March 2004, the Department of Education provided three new ways of flexibility for rural school teachers, science school teachers, and those teachers that teach more than one subject. For teachers in rural areas, they are often faced with the task of teaching a subject that they may not be certified in. The Department gave those teachers 3 years to become highly qualified in the additional subject they teach. They were also to be provided with professional development and supervision to becoming highly qualified in these subjects. Science teachers are a lot like rural teachers. They are often called upon to teach more than one area of science. The Department provided flexibility by leaving it up to the state to determine, based upon their qualifications, if they are highly qualified in a “broad” field of science or in just one particular subject. For teachers who are current and are teaching more than one subject, there were required to go through the HOUSSE (High, Objective, Uniform State Standard of Evaluation) program to become highly qualified in each subject taught. This process oftentimes became very repetitive. In the new guidelines, states may bring these evaluations together for current, multi-subject teachers to be able to show that they are highly qualified in all subjects at one time. (ECS)
New teachers are also given the flexibility to have “alternative ways of certification”. This could be one of two ways, such as allowing a candidate to teach while they are obtaining their state certification or the state itself can adopt new routes to certification, like have an all around assessment for candidates instead of relying on their course work in education school courses. (ECS)

## Conclusion

We’ve seen that there are many requirements that the “No Child Left Behind Act” states for current and future educators, but there is room to be flexible. The Department of Education has been flexible in allowing educators many ways to become highly qualified, while teachers have personally become flexible in making sure that all of their students can learn the material in their own way for the standardized assessments

## Multiple Choice Questions

Click to reveal the answer.
    A. Math teachers, inner-city school teachers, and rural school teachers.
    B. Science teachers, math teachers, and social studies teachers.
    C. Science teachers, rural school teachers, and multi-subject teachers.
    D. Rural school teachers, bilingual teachers, and science teachers.
    A. Mentorship
    B. Professional development
    C. Coaching
    D. Writing a report
    A. Find new ways to interest the students.
    B. Teach the material in easy to understand ways.
    C. Assess the student's learning abilities.
    D. All of the above.
    A. Repetition.
    B. Takes too much time.
    C. It is boring.
    D. None of the above.
    A. Master's degree
    B. Bachelor's degree
    C. High school diploma
    D. None of the above

## Essay Question

Click to reveal a sample response.

## References

* Goldman, Elizabeth and Jackson, Amy. (2006) Teacher Quality: A Conversation with Amy Jackson. Retrieved February 10, 2007 from http://www.necomprehensivecenter.org/events/TQsymposium2006_jackson
* Gusky, Thomas R.(1998). The Age of Our Accountability. Journal of Staff Development, Vol.19, No. 4. Retrieved February 10, 2007 from http://www.nsdc.org/library/publications/jsd/guskey194.cfm
* No Child Left Behind. Retrieved February 10, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind
* Rowe, Kathleen. Personal Interview. 2/1/2007.
* Zimmerman, Enid. (2004) It's Kind of a Give and Take Thing: Conducting Assessment by Sitting Down and Talking to Students. Retrieved February 10, 2007, from http://ed.arte.gov.tw/uploadfile/periodical/914_0204_5064.pdf
* 1998. United States Department of Education. Improving Teacher Accountability and Incentives from Promising Practices: New Ways to Improve Teacher Quality. Retrieved February 10, 2007 from http://www.ed.gov/pubs/PromPractice/chapter7.html
* March 2004. New No Child Left Behind Flexibility: Highly Qualified Teachers. Retrieved February 10, 2007 from http://www.ed.gov/nclb/methods/teachers/hqtflexibility.html