OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Text in BGE

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## Text

There are a lot of tutorials that show how to make text for the Blender Game Engine, for example to use in menus. Most involve editors, graphics programs, TGA files, UV mapping, scripting, higher magic and so on. Here is a different approach that takes but a minute.
* Start Blender.
* Remove the default cube. (X)
* Add text. (SPACE → Add → Text)
* You may want to switch to edit mode (TAB) and use the variety of features that Blender provides for editing, formatting and laying out text. They are described in the Blender Manual Section. For a start just use BACKSPACE to delete the letters "Text" and type your own like "This is simple".
* When finished editing go back to object mode. (TAB)
* Convert your text to a mesh. (ALT+C → Mesh)
* Press P
This is as simple as it gets. Of course you can do all kinds of laying out with your text before the conversion in step 6 (check the Blender Manual) as well as modeling, texturing and dynamically manipulating thereafter (as you have a normal mesh). Simply remember that you need to make sure the text is final before you convert it.
This tutorial has been tested with Blender 2.8 RC1.
"However, it should be pointed out that while this is so incredibly simple, it is not poly-count efficient. Remember, there is more to making a game than making it look good--making it run well. If you need a cut-and-dry menu, this is the best way. If you need to worry about performance, then it might be worth it to check out some UV Mapping and external program usage.
It is also important to note that these fonts can't be dynamic, contrary to bitmap-uvmapped ones...

## Links

* How to create Dynamic Text in Blender Game Engine (Youtube)
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# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Stamping
## Tictoon Tutorial: Stamping

Stamping in blender is a rendering option. A stamp on a render can prevent that render from being lost, keeping your project organized, and keeping your files organized.
An example of a stamped Image:
Now my render is associated with a file, I know the date it was rendered at, and I've stated that the image is property of the OWF project.
Let's start off by opening up Blender. We are presented with the default scene.
Go to "Scene". Hit F10 or click the Scene button.
On the far right side you can spot a panel for the format of your renders.
Pick the "Stamp" tab.
You should be presented with a button:
Click on the button and you should see a variety of options.
Enable Draw Stamp to see your stamp in your render, more on Draw Stamp later on.
Each setting does something different. Here's a breakdown:
Filename: If enabled, this displays the path to your file. If you haven't saved your file yet, it will display "File <untitled>" Filename is displayed in the top left hand corner. When more than one stamps are in the top left corner of your render.
Scene: If enabled, this will display the name of the Scene your render is on.[img]http://i245.photobucket.com/albums/gg79/tictoon/screenshot8.png[/img] It will be displayed in the bottom right hand corner of your render.
Camera: If enabled, it displays the name of the camera from which the scene is rendered. It is displayed on the bottom of your render in the middle.
Time: If enabled, this displays the time stamp of your animation. It is displayed in the bottom left hand corner of your render.
Date: If enabled, the date of the render is displayed. It appears in the top left corner of your render.
Frame: If enabled, the frame of your animation will be displayed in the bottom left hand corner.
Marker: If enabled, the marker will be stamped onto the render. It is in the bottom left hand corner.
Sequence Strip: If enabled, it will display the sequence strip. Displayed in the top right corner.
Note: This is a custom stamp. you can type anything you want in here and it will be stamped in the top left hand corner of your render.
Draw Stamp: This needs to be enabled for the stamps to be seen in your render. [img]http://i245.photobucket.com/albums/gg79/tictoon/screenshot10.png[/img] The drop down menu has various sizes for the text of your stamp. The Text Color is for the colour your text appears to be. The default is grey. "Background" is the background for the text. Default is black. "A" stands for Alpha. It indicates the alpha values for the background.
Now enable some buttons and hit F12 and you should see stamps on your render!
Efficiency tip: using this with Evernote can be very useful because Evernote can find text within images so you can quickly find a render if it has a stamp. I use the filename and date taken to find my images in Evernote. Keep blending :D [img]http://i245.photobucket.com/albums/gg79/tictoon/stampedcube.jpg[/img]
# GCC Debugging/g++/Warnings/deprecated conversion from string constant

//This code is developed by SOBAN //!!! you need to must add th graphics.h lib to run this code //for tutorial visit mu chennel: soban can code //for further queries WA me: 0325-4300011 //subscribe for support:soban can code
* include <stdio.h>
* include <conio.h>
* include <iostream>
* include <graphics.h>
using namespace std;
// Function to draw an ellipse using midpoint ellipse drawing algorithm void drawEllipseMidpoint(int xCenter, int yCenter, int radiusX, int radiusY) {
int main {
# GCSE Business Studies/Break-Even Analysis
## Sales Revenue

The sales revenue is how much a business makes by selling goods or providing a service. Sales revenue for a single product can be calculated like this:
    $sales~revenue=amount~sold*selling~price$

## Costs
### Fixed costs

Fixed costs, also known as indirect costs or overheads, are costs that do not change depending on how much the firm sells. Some examples of fixed costs are:
* Rent
* Salaries
* Loan repayments

### Variable costs

Variable costs, also known as direct costs, change directly depending on how much a firm produces. Some examples of variable costs are:
* Raw materials
* Electricity
# GCSE Biology

This book refers to the post-2011 GCSE Biology course covered by Science students in the United Kingdom. Currently the structure used is that of the Edexcel Board.

## Core Biology
### B1.1: Variation

* Classification of Organisms
* Diversity of Life
* Adaption to Environment
* Natural Selection and Evolution
* Genetics and Genetic Disorders

### B1.2: Responding to Change

* Hormones, Nerves and the Nervous System
* Thermoregulation
* Blood Glucose Regulation
* Plant Tropisms
* Commercial Uses of Plant Hormones

### B1.3: Interdependence of Organisms

* Drugs
* Disease Transmission
* Energy and Biomass
* Human Impact on the Environment
* Carbon and Nitrogen Recycling

## Additional Biology
### B2.1: Cell Functions and Enzymes

* Microscopy
* DNA and Protein Synthesis
* Enzymes
* Genetic Engineering and Cloning
* Mitosis and Meiosis

### B2.2: Cell Processes and Ecology

* Respiration
* Photosynthesis
* Plant Structure
* Transpiration in Plants
* Distribution of Organisms

### B2.3: Human Systems

* Evidence for Evolution
* Growth and Development
* The Circulatory System
* The Digestive System
* Functional Food Products
# GCC Debugging/g++/Warnings
## friend declaration 'FUNCTION' declares a non-template function

* Message found in GCC version 4.5.1
* usually paired with message:
    note: (if this is not what you intended, make sure the function template has already been declared and add <> after the function name here)
Possible fix?

## ISO C++ says that these are ambiguous

ISO C++ says that these are ambiguous, even though the worst conversion for the first is better than the worst conversion for the second
* Message found in GCC versions ?
* possibly a custom defined type cast is interfering with another cast inside a class definition

## multi-character character constant

* Message found in GCC versions 4.4.3, 4.5.1
* sometimes paired with the warning: "overflow in implicit constant conversion"
* possibly from using a forward slash instead of a backslash in a character assignment.

## null argument where non-null required

* Message found in GCC versions ?
* you're passing a null argument to a string function
# GCSE Business Studies

This book is designed as a revision guide for students studying GCSE Business Studies. It should be suitable for all exam boards, but check with your exam board to see which topics you need to know.

## Introduction to Business

    Business Ownership
    Business Success
    Business Ideas
    Stakeholders

## Marketing

    What is Marketing?
    Market Research
    Product
    Price
    Promotion
    Place

## Production

    What is Production ?
    Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
    Methods of Production
    Location of Production
    Productivity

## Human Resouces

    What are Human Resources?
    Organisational Structures
    Communication
    Recruitment
    Motivation and Rewards
    Training
    Trade Unions and Industrial Disputes

## Finance

    Budgets and Cash Flow
    Sources of Finance
    Break-Even Analysis
    Final Accounts
    Ratio Analysis

## Growth of Businesses

    Starting a New Business
    Expansion
    Competition
    Business Failure

## Influences on Businesses

    The Government
    Social Influences
    International Trade
    Deindustrialisation
    Flexible Working
    New Technology
    Globalisation
# GCSE Biology/Diversity of Life
## Variation

Within any species there is room for variation. Not all the organisms will look the same because of different factors. Within species we can see variation in many ways, for example in humans we see variation in hair colour, eye colour and height. This variation is caused by two classes of factors, which are environmental and genetic. Environmental variations are different to genetic variations.

## Environmental Variation

Many features we see in organisms are caused by the environment in which they live. For example, environmental variations in humans could be:
* Hair length: what length you choose to have your hair
* Scars caused by accidents personal to you
* Muscle strength - dependent on how much exercise you do
* Piercings - whether you choose to have piercings or not
These forms of variation are caused by factors found in the environment. The most important of these factors include lifestyle (diet and exercise), temperature, and water level. For plants, light levels could also be included.

## Genetic Variation

Many features we see in organisms are caused by the genes with which they are born. These are passed on from their parent organisms. For example, genetic variations in humans could be:
* Eye color
* Blood group: either group AB, A, B or O
* Maximum potential height is determined by genetics, but whether this height is reached is due to environmental factors, like diet
* Earlobe attachment: earlobe attached or not
These forms of variation are caused by the sequences of genes. When a male sex cell joins a female sex cell, two opposite sets of genetic material are joined together to create a new, unique individual. This is called sexual reproduction, and creates much variation within a population.
# Antenna Television

A helpful guide for installing a TV antenna, how to get the best signals, and a list of channels by market.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Indoor Antennas
* Outdoor Antennas
* OTA DVR
* Troubleshooting
* Safety Precautions
* Market Listings
# Antenna Television/Introduction

Over-the-air television is a from of broadcasting in which television signals are distributed from a transmitter via radio waves to a TV receiver with an antenna. It differs from satellite television, when signals are transmitted to a satellite dish from an orbiting satellite, or cable television, in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable. The picture quality for antenna television tends to be clearer than the other two methods, because the television signals are unprocessed.
The only equipment required is an antenna. Antennas are divided into two categories: indoor and outdoor. Indoor antennas are generally smaller, while outdoor antennas are larger and generally have greater receiving capability. They are also designed to handle weather such as wind, rain, and snow, unlike indoor antennas.

## Available channels

A downside to over-the-air broadcasting is that channel options are far more limited than cable or satellite. They are normally restricted to local broadcast channels. Below is a list of channels that are typically available through over-the-air broadcasting, and a sample of programs they offer.
| Channel | Example Programs |
| ABC | Grey's Anatomy Modern Family The Good Doctor How to Get Away With Murder Black-ish |
| CBS | NCIS The Big Bang Theory Criminal Minds Survivor 60 Minutes |
| FOX | The Simpsons Family Guy Gotham Empire The Masked Singer |
| NBC | The Office Friends This Is Us Saturday Night Live The Voice |
| The CW | Supernatural Arrow The Flash Riverdale The Vampire Diaries |

## Channels and Frequency Bands

A frequency is a measure of the number of oscillations of a wave per unit of time, while a channel is a specific range of frequencies that is used to transmit information.
Following the introduction of digital TV, there are now two types of channels: virtual channels and "real" or "RF" channels. The RF channel is what a station uses to broadcast its signal, while the virtual channel is what appears on the television. Virtual channels will be followed by a period and a second number (ex. "5.1").
Terrestrial television channels are divided into two bands: the VHF band which comprises channels 2 through 13 and occupies frequencies between 54 and 216 MHz, and the UHF band, which comprises channels 14 through 36 and occupies frequencies between 470 and 700 MHz.

## Antenna Gain

Antenna gain indicates how how strong a signal an antenna can receive from a specific direction. The farther away the target is, the higher the antenna's gain should be. However, with round or omnidirectional antennae, a higher gain should be avoided to ensure the signal isn't too focused and unable to reach multiple wireless locations in your household.
# Antenna Television/Market Listings

The following are a list of stations available over antenna by television market. Be warned that a number of factors can impact reception, including antenna height, distance from transmitter, topography, and building material.
* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* District of Columbia
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
# Announcing/Wanted Modules

This page is simply a list of links to topics that could (and perhaps should) become part of this wikibook, but they have yet to be started. A "module" is simply a "page" in a wikibook. Modules can be very short or quite lengthy. Every module also has its own discussion page, where you may add comments, criticisms or other supplemental content. Groups of modules can also be nested hierarchically as appropriate to help with the organization of the text.
Anyone can add topics to this list. Just click the "edit this page" tab and add your own "wanted module" to this page. Try to follow the convention you will find on the edit page of putting topics in double brackets and prefacing them with the word Announcing and a slash. This will help keep the "red links" internal to this wikibook. The wiki software automatically puts links to pages that have yet to be created in a red font. If any of the links below are blue instead of red, someone has started working on that page, and the link should be moved from this page to the Table of Contents page.
Note that this page doesn't have to be kept in any particular order, although you should feel free to help organize the topics if you like.

## Wanted Modules: General

* AFTRA
* Weather reporting
* Satellite Radio

## Wanted Modules: Disc Jockeying

* Beat Mixing
* DJ Software

## Wanted Modules: Sports Announcing

* Football play-by-play
* Football color commentary
* Serving as a spotter
* Racetrack announcing
* Basketball play-by-play
# Announcing/Writing Broadcast News
## Broadcast vs. Print News

Broadcast news is...
* meant to be heard
* limited by time
* shorter in length
* present tense
* simpler words
* conversational lead
* diamond style
While print news is
* meant to be read
* limited by space
* longer in length
* past tense
* broad vocabulary
* 5 Ws and an H
* inverted pyramid
Print news uses the inverted pyramid style...
Broadcast news uses the diamond style ...
Print News Lede (The Woods) Red R. Hood, a young girl from The Woods, cleverly escaped serious injury yesterday afternoon when she was approached by a transvestite wolf while on her way to her grandmother‚Äôs house, according to sources close to the family.
Broadcast News Ledes
* Summary lead
"A small girl cleverly escaped injury today when she met a wolf in the woods north of town."
* Teaser lead
"It was a close call in the woods today."
* Question lead
"Who's afraid of the big bad wolf?"
* Staccato lead
"A girl...a wolf...and a lucky escape."

## Writing for the ear

The KISS rule: Keep it...
* Short
* Simple
The AAA rule: write news that is...
* Attention-getting
* Audience-centered
* Action-focused
Prefer active over passive voice "A wolf scares a little girl." (active) "The girl was scared by the wolf." (passive)
Timeliness—use the present tense
Says is our friend
Say titles before names
Practice strategic redundancy; repeat important facts without sounding dull
Make sure the meaning is clear: "Police found two pounds of heroin in a large woman's handbag."
Be careful of homonyms: "Ninety were killed by Ebola virus." "Ninety were killed by a bowl of iris."
Use round numbers when possible.
Don't overuse pronouns; repeat names.

## Fang's Easy Listening Formula (ELF)

An easy to remember guideline for broadcast news writing is Fang's ELF:
Count all syllables over 1 per word in each sentence
A good guideline for broadcast news writers is to keep the average Fang ELF below 10.
Higher values are harder to read and harder to listen to.
Professor Thompsen hopes you get a good grade on the next quiz. (Fang ELF value is 3.)
Professor Thompsen most sincerely conveys his best wishes that you achieve maximum success in your chosen broadcasting career. (ELF=19, say)

## Reading News Scripts

Anchors must read news scripts that typically contain abbreviations & cues like:
* SLUG (brief story title)
* TRT (total running time)
* SOT (sound on tape)
* VO (voice over)
* CG (character generator)
* SUPER (superimposed)
* IN or INQ (in-cue, first words of a sound bite or package)
* OUT or OUTQ (out-cue, or last words)
* LS (long shot)
* TS (tight shot)
* CU (close-up)
* XCU (extreme close-up)
* OS (over-the-shoulder)
* RS (reverse shot).
# Antenna Television/Market Listings/Alaska
## Anchorage
### Boroughs

* Anchorage
* Kenai Pinensula
* Matanuska-Susitna

### Channels

| Channel | Call sign | Network | Owner | Subchannels |
| 2 | KTUU | NBC | Gray Television | Heroes & Icons on 2.2, Start TV on 2.3, True Crime Network on 2.4 |
| 4 | KTBY | FOX | Coastal Television Broadcasting Company LLC | Dabl on 4.2, Cozi TV on 4.3, Defy TV on 4.4, Ion on 4.5, Scripps News on 4.6 |
| 5 | KAUU | CBS | Gray Television | The365 on 5.2, Outlaw on 5.3, MyNetworkTV on 5.4, TheGrio on 5.5, Ion Mystery on 5.6 |
| 7 | KAKM | PBS | Alaska Public Media | Create on 7.2, 360 North on 7.3, PBS Kids on 7.4) |
| 11 | KTVA | Rewind TV | Denali Media Holdings |
| 13 | KYUR | ABC | Vision Alaska LLC | The CW Plus on 13.2, Scripps News on 13.5 |
| 33 | KDMD | Ion Television | Ketchikan Television | Telemundo on 33.2, MeTV on 33.3, Grit on 33.4, Laff on 33.5, Court TV on 33.6, Buzzr on 33.7, Movies! on 33.8, Catchy Comedy on 33.9 |

## Fairbanks
### Boroughs

* Fairbanks North Star
* Southeast Fairbanks
* Yukon-Koyukuk

### Channels

| Channel | Call sign | Network | Owner | Subchannels |
| 2 | KATN | ABC | Vision Alaska LLC | FOX on 2.2, The CW Plus on 2.3, Ion on 2.4, Ion Mystery on 2.5, Grit on 2.6, Court TV on 2.7, Dabl on 2.8 |
| 9 | KUAC | PBS | University of Alaska Fairbanks | World on 9.2, Create on 9.3, First Nations Experience on 9.4, PBS Kids on 9.6, 360TV on 9.7 |
| 11 | KTVF | NBC | Gray Television |
| 13 | KXDF | CBS | Gray Television |

## Juneau
### Boroughs

* Haines
* Hoonah-Angoon
* Juneau
* Skagway

### Channels

| Channel | Call sign | Network | Owner | Subchannels |
| 3 | KTOO | PBS | Alaska Public Media | Create on 3.2, 360 North on 3.3, PBS Kids on 3.4 |
| 2 | KATH | NBC | Gray Television |
| 5 | KYEX | CBS | Gray Television | MyNetworkTV on 5.4 |
| 8 | KJUD | ABC | Vision Alaska LCC | The CW Plus on 8.2, FOX on 8.3 |

## Sitka-Ketchikan
### Boroughs

* Ketchikan Gateway
* Petersburg
* Prince of Wales-Hyder
* Sitka

### Channels

| Channel | Call sign | Network | Owner | Subchannels |
| 2/5 | KUBD | CBS | Gray Televison | NBC on 2.1 |
| 7 | KTNL | MeTV | Ketchikan Television |
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in conceptual photography

Conceptual photography is a genre (type, style) of photographic art, where the author develops original (peculiar, unusual) ideas for subsequent implementation in his own works.

## General information

The genre has points of contact with staged photography; conceptual works are distinguished by extravagance and unusuality; sometimes there are present elements of surrealism and minimalism.
At the origins of this genre lies conceptualism, a creative movement that emerged in the 1960s, whose proponents argued that an object becomes a work of art not because it has aesthetic values, but primarily due to the desire of the author (that is, at the artist, in a generalized sense of the word). Probably the first experimental works with a conceptual bent were made much earlier than the period mentioned above.
Conceptual photography is usually staged, but, theoretically, it can be random — when author, seeing a “scene” worth capturing, instantly directs the lens and presses the button.

## Step-by-step instruction

* Mentally create a sketch.
* Prepare everything that is required to implement the idea: paraphernalia, decoration elements, participants (if any will be involved in the plot), not forgetting the correct location of the light source (s).
* Make sure that composition corresponds to the set theme and looks aesthetically pleasing.
* Need a previsualization of the scene, that is, a preview before shooting, rough animation sketches, allowing you to experiment with the arrangement of objects and participants, lighting, camera positioning — to be able to choose the best option.
* Post-processing also plays a role: elements of different images can be combined into one.
* The name of a photographic work (also like the title of a book or a movie) should smoothly “glide” along the plot, not revealing the meaning directly.
* It is important that your work makes the viewer think. The purpose of conceptual art is not to display an idea, but to encourage reflection through photography.
The photographs by the author of this textbook, presented in the gallery, will help you become visually familiar with the topic you are studying.

## Gallery

* The window of life (2013)
* Nil aeternum est /Latin/ (2012) — from art-album
* Eternal light (2009)
* Repentance (2009)
* Countdown (2010)