OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Telemachus/013
## Annotations

013.9 Mabinogion The Mabinogion is a title given to eleven collected medieval Welsh folk tales. These tales were collected and translated into English in the mid 19th century by Lady Charlotte Guest. They span a large range of topics and use pre-Christian Celtic mythology, folktalke motifs, and medieval historical traditions.
013.9 Upanishads The Upanishads are a collection of texts from the stories that form the basis for the Hindu religion. Their importance in India is still significant, for with the Bhagavad Gita and Brahmasutra the oldest of these nearly 200 texts form the basis of many older Hindu philosophies.
Joyce referenced the Mabinogion and the Upanishads to give mother Grogan's tea a certain air of antiquity, and to give Mulligan a certain air of pompous self-importance. None of the men in the tower had any reason to suspect that Grogan's tea was in any ancient texts.
013.20 finical finicky, in other words, excessively particular or fastidious; difficult to please; fussy.

## References

* ↑ Wikipedia article: Mabinogion
* ↑ Wikipedia article: Upanishads
* ↑ Dictionary.com "finical"
* ↑ Dictionary.com "finicky"
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Telemachus/014
## Annotations

014.05 dugs the mamma or the nipple of a female mammal.
014.08 cuckquean a woman who has an unfaithful husband. As a woman whose husband is dead is a widow, so a woman whose husband is a cuckold is a cuckquean.
014.18 Are you a medical student, sir? The milkwoman asks Mulligan if he is a medical student. He answers in the affirmative, claiming medical knowledge. Joyce has undermined this knowledge as recently as 006.24, when Mulligan incorrectly identifies the definition of GPI.

## References

* ↑ Dictionary.com "dugs"
* ↑ Wiktionary "cuckquean"
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Telemachus/006
## Annotations

006.12 bowsy Gurrier, lout; an uncouth or aggressive young man.
006.23 g. p. i. General Paresis of the Insane is a kind of paralytic dementia which affects the brain and nervous system, resulting in seizures and other muscular reflex abnormalities. At the time, doctors did not know that GPI was caused by syphilitic infection. Here, Buck Mulligan refers to GPI as Genera Paralysis of the Insane, when it is not "Paralysis," but "Paresis." Despite his medical background (014.18, 19), he is still ignorant of this fact.
006.31 dogsbody someone who does drudge work.
006.34 Ursula In Christian legend Saint Ursula was massacred along with 11,000 virginal handmaidens in (probably) the 4th century AD. Mulligan's reference stresses the supposed commitment to virginity of his aunt's servant.
006.36 Caliban . . . mirror Caliban is, most famously, a monstrous character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. However, the reference to the mirror is from another work: Oscar Wilde's preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray. In it, Wilde says that "The nineteenth century dislike of Realism is that of Caliban seeing his own face in the glass. The nineteenth century dislike of Romanticism is that of Caliban not seeing his own face in the glass." As Mulligan pulls the mirror away from Daedalus' face, he says "If only Wilde could see you now," as if to suggest that Daedalus has somehow opposed Wilde's aphorism.

## References

* ↑ General Paresis of the Insane
* ↑ The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, & co. (1916)
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Telemachus/012
## Annotations

012.26 In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti (Latin) In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. A common Trinitarian formula used in numerous prayers and rites of the Catholic Church and when making the Sign of the Cross. In the context of the parody of the Catholic Mass, begun by Mulligan on the opening page of the novel, the priest would first intone these words while making the Sign of the Cross before the antiphon Introibo ad altare Dei, and later at the beginning of the Introit. By placing them here in the midst of the Eucharist, Mulligan is again perverting the order of the liturgy.
012.37 begob A mild Irish oath meaning "by God." Joyce adds "begob" to authenticate the wheedling old woman whom Mulligan is impersonating.

## References

* ↑ Gifford, Don; Seidman, Robert J. (1988). Ulysses Annotated. University of California Press. p. 20. Thornton, Weldon (1968). Allusions in Ulysses. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 18.
* ↑ Wiktionary: Begob
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Telemachus/010
## Annotations

010.05 I am the boy . . . invisibility From a popular musical of the day called Turko the Terrible. In it, King Turko sings about how he will use his newfound gift of invisibility, given him by a rose. Daedalus' mother hid that she attended bawdy shows, and this poem is used to illustrate that fact.
010.09 And no more . . . brood From the same Yeats poem as 009.20.
010.21 Liliata rutilantium te confessorum turma circumdet : iubilantium te virginum chorus excipiat (Latin) May the lilied throng of radiant Confessors encompass thee; may the choir of rejoicing Virgins welcome thee. These words are taken from the Ordo Commendationis Animae (Rite for the Commending of a Departing Soul), one of the Prayers for the Dying that form part of the Last Rites given to Catholics at the point of death. This prayer can be found in the Roman Ritual (Rituale Romanum), the official book of the Roman Rite containing all the services not found in the Missal or Breviary. It comprises the seventh chapter of the title Anointing of the Sick.
Stephen would have heard these words when the Last Rites were being given to his dying mother.
Liliata, "lilied", means "as white as lilies" or "as bright as lilies". Confessors are saints who suffered for their faith but were not martyred for it.

## References

* ↑ The Joyce Project
* ↑ Ordo Commendationis Animae.
* ↑ Rituale Romanum
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Telemachus/007
## Annotations

007.30 Matthew Arnold Matthew_Arnold was a poet who lived from 1822 to 1888 and wrote mostly on contemporary social issues. The significance of a deaf gardener masked with Arnold's face is that the social critic is totally focused on what he can see--"watching narrowly the dancing motes of grasshalms"—rather than anything he can perceive with other senses.
007.32 omphalos (Homeric Greek) navel, centre. In the Odyssey, the island of Ogygia, on which Odysseus is being detained by the nymph Calypso at the beginning of the epic, is described thus:
Odyssey 1:48-50 :
| ἀλλά μοι ἀμφ᾽ Ὀδυσῆι δαΐφρονι δαίεται ἦτορ, δυσμόρῳ, ὃς δὴ δηθὰ φίλων ἄπο πήματα πάσχει νήσῳ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ, ὅθι τ᾽ ὀμφαλός ἐστι θαλάσσης. | But my heart is torn for wise Odysseus, Hapless man, who far from his friends has long been suffering woes In a sea-girt isle, where is the navel of the sea |
Several locations have been identified with Ogygia, including Ireland. See also 017.31, 038.14 and 383.32.
The term omphalos has a number of meanings which resonate throughout Ulysses:
    Navel symbolical of birth and the interconnectedness of all life; the seat of the soul and the point at which mystics stare while meditating. Stephen may be suggesting that contemporary Irish nationalism was little more than self-centred navel-gazing. See 038.11 ff.
    Centre of the world The Oracle of Delphi was believed to be located at the centre of the world, which was represented by a stone known as the omphalos.
In some editions of Ulysses, the word omphalos is italicized. See 017.31.

## References

* ↑ Wikipedia's page on Matthew Arnold
* ↑ Gifford (1988) 17. Thornton (1968) 15.
* ↑ Odyssey 1:48-50.
* ↑ Gilbert, Stuart (1930). James Joyce's Ulysses: A Study.
# A Field Guide to Final Fantasy's Creatures and Monsters/Monsters/A/Adamantoise

The Adamantoise, sometimes simply named Land Turtle, is a gargantuan tortoise. Its shell provides it with a strong defense to its body, although magic is normally a weakness. The Adamantoise is often explicitly related to Adamantite, one of the strongest metals in several games of the series, which is used to make strong weapons such as Final Fantasy's Excalibur or Final Fantasy VIII's Lion Heart. Traditionally the Adamantoise is a mid to high level solitary monster appearing on beaches or in the final dungeon.
The Adamantoise and sometimes other variously named turtle monsters have appeared in all numbered installments of the series, except the first and the sixth, and also appear in the spin offs Mystic Quest, Tactics Advance, Chocobo's Dungeon 2 and Final Fantasy Fables: Chocobo Tales. They also appear in Itadaki Street Portable, and are featured as a Gummi Ship model in Kingdom Hearts.
Other names include Adamantaimai, Adamantortoise, Grass Turtle, Land Turtle, Tortoise, Carapace, Turtle, etc.
The name is a portmanteau of the words "tortoise" and "adamant" ("unyielding").

## Game appearances

Adamantoise has appeared in the following games:
* Final Fantasy II (Origins) as Spiketoise and Adamantoise (Boss)
* Final Fantasy II (Dawn of Souls) as Land Turtle, Adamantoise (Boss), and Gil Snapper
* Final Fantasy III as Land Turtle (Boss), Adamantoise
* Final Fantasy IV as Adamantium, HellTurtl, and MagmaTurtl
* Final Fantasy IV Advance as Adamantoise, Hell Turtle, Magma Tortoise, and Gilgamesh
* Final Fantasy V as Glastos, LandTurtle, Adamantaimai (Boss), and Gilgame
* Final Fantasy V Advance as Grass Tortoise, Land Turtle, Adamantoise (Boss), and Gil Turtle (Boss)
* Final Fantasy VI as Baskervor, Adamanchyt, Chitonid
* Final Fantasy VII as Adamantaimi
* Final Fantasy VIII as Adamantoise
* Final Fantasy IX as Adamantoise
* Final Fantasy X as Adamantoise
* Final Fantasy X-2 as Adamantoise
* Final Fantasy XI as Adamantoise, Aspidochelone, Tartaruga Gigante, and Genbu
* Final Fantasy XII as the Titantoise-class monsters: Great Tortoise, Silicon Tortoise, Pandaemonium, Rocktoise, Gil Snapper, Emeralditan/Urutan Eater, Thalassinon, Aspidochelon (in the demo, it was called Adamantoise however)
* Final Fantasy Tactics Advance as Adamantoise
* Final Fantasy Mystic Quest as Land Turtle, Adamant Turtle

## References

* ↑ Final Fantasy VII Official Guide, 194-211
* ↑ Final Fantasy VIII Official Guide, 197-238
# A First Course to Network Coding/Communication Model and Network Concepts
## Communication Model and Network
### Abstract

In this chapter, we lay the basics in communication model and network, so that readers have a big picture in mind when we go on to study the components of communication. First we introduce the Shannon-Weaver model of communication. Secondly, we introduce a network, including relevant concepts and definitions, performance measure, etc.

### Abbreviations and Acronyms

| SW model | Shannon-Weaver model of communication |
| Codec | Coding and decoding |
Communication is a very broad subject. It involves the information to be shared, the means to do so (such as talking, composing a melody, texting), the mechanism of error correction, and so on so forth. In this book, we refer to communication in an engineering sense: communication is the process of transmitting information. To study communication, it is essential to simplify the process of communication to an easily understandable model, and quantify the components. In [2], Shannon and Weaver developed a very well-known model of communication that has since taken after their names. This model contains six major components:
* Information source, which produce a message;
* Transmitter, which converts the message into forms that are suitable for transmission: an e-mail, for instance, translate a message into a digital stream of ‘1’s and ‘0’s that can be sent via internet;
* Channel, through which the message is conveyed. It could be a physical connection, like a landline, or a logical one, like one you establish when you call someone and they pick up;
* Receiver, which reconstruct the original message from the transmitted data;
* Destination, where the message arrives;
* Noise source, a dysfunctional, yet important element of communication: it interferes with the data during transmission and makes it difficult to reconstruct the original message.
# A First Course to Network Coding

Network coding is a rising paradigm for data transportation. It brings light to a prior dark area: that a node within a network can process information passing through it to make better use of the transmission capacity. This is a textbook aiming to introduce network coding to people with limited background in mathematics and/or engineering. The study of network coding interacts with various fields in engineering, mathematics, physics, even biology. For readers to form a rigorous understanding of network coding, relevant knowledge in mathematics, information theory, engineering etc. is integrated in this book.

## Table of Contents
### Preface

* How to Use this Book

### Background Knowledge

* Probability: Concepts and Useful Equations

### Chapters

* Communication Model and Network Concepts
This chapter gives the audience a general impression of a Shannon-Weaver communication model and a traditional network.
* An Introduction to Network Coding
This chapter aims to introduce the general idea of network coding via butterfly network, and demonstrate its superiority.
* Information Measure and Handy Inequations
This chapter introduces how to measure information, i.e. the concept of entropy and mutual information.
* Max-flow Bound
This chapter focus on how to measure the performance of a network that implements coding.
* Linear Network Coding: Acyclic
This chapter introduces the most well-known and well-established model of coding network: linear, acyclic with a single source.
* A Brief Review of Probability

## Further Reading Suggestions

* Network Coding and Cyber Security
* Network Coding in Physical Layer

## References

* ↑ R.W. Yeung, "Network coding: A historical perspective," Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 3, p. 366, Mar. 2011.
# A First Course to Network Coding/How to Use this Book

As readers may already noticed, there are one or two sentences under each chapter's title. It briefly summarize the content of said chapter, so readers have a general idea of what they are getting into when click in.
The background section, as the name indicates, is a supplementary section for look-ups. There's no need to finish the section before entering the main body of this textbook. Rather, when you get stuck on a new term or find a concept blurry in memory, then open this chapter and look up for a definition, example or explanation. An alternative way is to seek explanation from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The articles will be longer, sure, but more elaborate and rigorous due to mass review and edition.
# A Field Guide to Final Fantasy's Creatures and Monsters/Monsters/A/Ahriman

The Ahriman traditionally appears as a floating creature with a predominant single eye. The appearance of the monster leads to alternative names such as Evil Eye or Float Eye.
Ahriman first appeared in the series as one of the last bosses in Final Fantasy III.
In Final Fantasy IV the Plague was an alternate form of Ahriman that guarded a sacred treasure in the final dungeon and cast a death sentence on your party at the start of the battle, giving you only ten turns to defeat it.
In Final Fantasy X, a monster named One Eye can be created through the Monster Arena.
In Final Fantasy: Dawn of Souls, the remake of Final Fantasy for the Game Boy Advance, the Ahriman from Final Fantasy III was selected with the other four Black Crystal Guards as optional bosses in one of the new special dungeons added to the game.
Ahriman appears as a ghost-like boss in Final Fantasy XII. Ahriman has appeared in all numbered games in the series except II, V, and VIII.
Ahrimans have also appeared in Chocobo's Dungeon 2, Final Fantasy Tactics , Final Fantasy Tactics Advance, Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift, Crisis Core, Final Fantasy Fables: Chocobo Tales and Itadaki Street Portable. They are featured as a Gummi Ship model in Kingdom Hearts. Alternative names include Buer, Floating Death, Float Eye, Evil Eye, Veteran, etc.
The word Ahriman is an alternative name of Angra Mainyu, a spiritual foundation in Zoroastrianism, which appeared in Final Fantasy X-2 as a superboss and Final Fantasy XI in several areas of the game. This creature also appeares in Final Fantasy X, it is an eye with wings attached on either side.

## List of game appearances

Ahriman has appeared in the following games:
* Final Fantasy (Dawn of Souls) as Ahriman (Boss)
* Final Fantasy III as Ahriman (Boss)
* Final Fantasy IV as FloatEye, Red Eye, FatalEye, and Plague (Boss)
* Final Fantasy IV Advance as Floating Eyeball, Bloody Eye, Ahriman, and Plague (Boss)
* Final Fantasy VI as Veteran
* Final Fantasy VII as Allemagne
* Final Fantasy IX as Veteran
* Final Fantasy X as Floating Eye, Buer, Evil Eye, Bat Eye, Ahriman, Floating Death, and One-eye.
* Final Fantasy X-2 as Ahriman, Fly Eye, Vertigo, & Grim Gaze
* Final Fantasy XI as Seeker, Searcher, Agas, Bat Eye, Floating Eye, Spotter, Evil Eye, Osschaart, Shadow Eye, Fachan, Ahriman, Deadly Iris, Morbid Eye, Smolenkos, Vanguard Eye, and Angra Mainyu
* Final Fantasy XII as Ghost-type: Ahriman (Boss)
* Final Fantasy Tactics as Flotiball, Ahriman, and Plague
* Final Fantasy Tactics Advance as Floateye and Ahriman
* Final Fantasy: Crystal Chronicles as Ahriman, Lava Ahriman, and Ice Ahriman

## References

* ↑ Final Fantasy X Guide, 172-174
* ↑ Final Fantasy VII Official Guide, 194-211
* ↑ Boyce, Chap. 2
* ↑ Final Fantasy X-2 Guide, 94
# Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/1 Corinthians/Chapter 2

Introduction · The Apostle Paul · Chapter 1 · Chapter 2 · Chapter 3 · Chapter 4 · Chapter 5 · Chapter 6 · Chapter 7 · Chapter 8 · Chapter 9 · Chapter 10 · Chapter 11 · Chapter 12 · Chapter 13 · Chapter 14 · Chapter 15 · Chapter 16
# Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/1 Corinthians/Chapter 11

Introduction · The Apostle Paul · Chapter 1 · Chapter 2 · Chapter 3 · Chapter 4 · Chapter 5 · Chapter 6 · Chapter 7 · Chapter 8 · Chapter 9 · Chapter 10 · Chapter 11 · Chapter 12 · Chapter 13 · Chapter 14 · Chapter 15 · Chapter 16
# A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1

This exam is worth 40% of your A-Level. It is examined in June of your final year only.
# A-level Computing/AQA/Computer Systems, Programming and Network Concepts

This is the Computer Systems, Programming and Network Concepts module of the A-level Computing Book. This module consists of four chapters listed below with their short summaries. Please follow the links to learn out more about each section.

## Contents

* Introduction to Computer Systems (Sep 24, 2006) An introduction to the hardware components of a computer system and the different types of software. Overview of the interaction between software and hardware, binary notation in computers and execution of the processor.
* Introduction to Programming (Sep 25, 2006)
* Introduction to Information and Data Representation (Sep 26, 2006)
* Introduction to Communication and Networking
# A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Fundamentals of algorithms

In this unit you will see several algorithms that operate on the data structures you have seen in the previous unit.
* Graph traversal algorithms systematically visit all the vertices in a graph
* Tree traversal algorithms systematically visit all nodes in a tree
* Reverse Polish notation, an alternative way to represent arithmetic expressions, requires stacks or trees
* Searching algorithms check if a given data item exists in a data structure or not
* Sorting algorithms put a collection (typically an array) of items in ascending or descending order
* Optimisation Algorithms find the best solution to a problem, e.g. the shortest path from one graph vertex to another
# A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Fundamentals of algorithms/Graph traversal
## Breadth-first traversal

Breadth-first search is an algorithm that visits graph vertices by exploring nodes at successively further away levels. You could think of it as a wave that radiates outwards from the starting node.
A typical application of BFS is finding the shortest path for an unweighted graph.
* Enqueue the source node or nodes that make up the set of starting nodes.
* Dequeue a node and examine it.
** If the element sought is found in this node, quit the search and return a result.
** Otherwise enqueue any successors (the direct child nodes) that have not yet been discovered.
* If the queue is empty, every node on the reachable sub-graph has been examined – quit the search and return "not found".
* If the queue is not empty, repeat from Step 2.

## Depth first traversal

Using a stack instead of a queue would turn this algorithm into a depth-first search. DFS travels down branches as far as possible, backtracking when it hits a dead end.
A typical application of DFS is navigating a maze.
The above method described is non-recursive, so in order to do post-order traversal, which is an important variation, instead of working on the current vertex after inserting all its children in the stack, insert it into a second stack. Then pop off the vertices in the second stack and operate on them in that order.
If the graph and parent-child relationships represents a dependency relationship, e.g. a construction schedule for various trades, a curriculum of related units of study, then the order created by emptying the second stack creates a viable schedule.
# AnyLang Programming Language Comparison

This book is a general-purpose comparison of a few mainstream programming languages. The purpose of this book is to illustrate some very basic similarities and differences between languages; as well as to explain some common basic principles and concepts.

## Contents

* Introduction
** Variables
* Variables and data structures
* Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
* Anylang Core Concepts
* Anylang Common Concepts
* Appendix
* Appendix:PLEAC Crossref
* Appendix:FeatureCompleteSoftware

## Incorporated content

This book also incorporates content from other sources available on-line:

### PLEAC cross-reference

* PLEAC Arrays
* PLEAC Cgi_programming
* PLEAC Classes_objects
* PLEAC Database_access
* PLEAC Dates_and_times
* PLEAC Directories
* PLEAC File_access
* PLEAC File_contents
* PLEAC Hashes
* PLEAC Internet_services
* PLEAC Numbers
* PLEAC Packages_libraries_modules
* PLEAC Pattern_matching
* PLEAC Process_management
* PLEAC References_and_record
* PLEAC Sockets
* PLEAC Strings
* PLEAC Subroutines
* PLEAC User_interfaces
* PLEAC Web_automation

## See also

* PLEAC Multi-language Programming Language Cookbook
* Syntax Across Languages
* StackOverflow tag language-agnostic
* StackOverflow tag hidden-features
* StackOverflow tag language-comparisons
# Antiracist Activism for Teachers and Students/White Activists
## Introduction

White antiracist activists are white people who challenge racial oppression in society either by their participation in established social justice organizations or through individual efforts, or both. There are white people working for racial justice in all parts of the U.S. and the world but relatively few are well known by the general public or within the academic community. Some white antiracists in the U.S. have national prominence such as Morris Dees, Anne Braden, and Tim Wise. But there are many other white people who use their white privilege to challenge racial oppression at the individual or institutional level in cities and states across the nation. Included below are the names of some who live and work in western Massachusetts, specifically in the area known as the Pioneer Valley.

## References

* Derman-Sparks. L. and Ramsey, P. G. (2006). What if all the children are white? Anti-bias multicultural education with young children and families. New York: Teachers College Press.
* Tatum, B. D. (1994). Teaching white students about racism: The search for white allies and the restoration of hope. Teachers College Record, 95(4), 462-476.
* Thompson, B. (2001). A promise and a way of life: White antiracist activism. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.