OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bengali

| II | This is a Category II Language. |
Bengali, or Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly in Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura by approximately 250 million speakers. Bengali is the national and the most widely spoken language of Bangladesh, it is the official language of the indian states of West Bengal. After Hindi, Bengali is the second most spoken language in the Indian subcontinent, and among the top 10 most spoken languages in the world. The language has a rich literary heritage and underwent a renaissance in the late 19th century.

# Preliminaries

The examples of Bengali words, phrases, clauses and sentences used in this book are generally presented simultaneously in three written forms: one using the Bengali script, a transliterated version using Latin letters, and an English translation. A phonemic transcription using the IPA, as well as recorded audio samples, are also being used. The Bengali romanisation scheme is the one followed in the English Wiktionary.
^1 Bengali transliteration – English Wiktionary

# Contents
## Introduction

* ০.০.১. A Short History of Bengali
* ০.০.২. Modern-day Bengali
* ০.০.৩. Dialects of Bengali and Their Differences
* ০.১. Overview of the Bengali Script
** ০.১.১. Vowels
** ০.১.২. Consonants, Part One
** ০.১.৩. Consonants, Part Two
** ০.১.৪. Diacritics in Bengali
** ০.১.৫. Symbols of Note
** ০.১.৬. Bengali Conjuncts, Part One
** ০.১.৭. Bengali Conjuncts, Part Two
** ০.১.৮. Other Symbols related to Bengali (in Unicode)
** ০.১.৯. Numbers in Bengali
* ০.২ The Bengali Parts of Speech
** ০.২.১ Nouns
** ০.২.২ Adjectives
** ০.২.৩ Verbs
** ০.২.৪ Postpositions
** ০.২.৫ Auxiliaries‌
* ০.৩ Introduction to Bengali Grammar
** ০.৩.১ Overview of grammar
** ০.৩.২ Sentence patterns
** 0.3.3 kolkatabengaligirlcom sentence

## A Glimpse into Vocabulary

* Greetings
* Talking about oneself
* Asking questions
* Liking and disliking
* Shopping
* Staying at hotels
* Letters
* Traveling
* Staying well
* Emergencies
* Animals
* Birds
* Body parts
* Dressing
* Flowers
* Foods and drinks
* Fruits
* Housing
* Household objects
* Months
* Music and dance
* Numbers
* Plants
* Relations
* School
* Time and dates
* Tools
* Vegetables
* Common phrases
* External references

## Older pages (being integrated)

* The Bengali abugida (being rewritten and broken up)
# Spanish

* See also the Wikibooks Spanish by Choice and The Wrong Way To Learn Spanish.
* Wikipedia has related information at Spanish language
* English Wiktionary has related information at Category:Spanish language.
* Spanish edition of Wikibooks.
* A printable version of Spanish is available.
* A PDF version is available. (info)
* I
* This is a Category I Language.
# Arabic
## Contents

| IV | This is a Category IV Language. |

### Front Matter

* Introduction
* Romanisation System (ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺭﻓﺔ)

### Alphabet and Pronunciation (ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ)

* The Alphabet (الأبجد)
* Vowels (التشكيل)
* Special Cases

### Lessons الدروس

* Parts of speech (أَقسَامُ اَلكَلِمِ)
* The definite article
* Feminine and masculine nouns (اَلأَسمَاءُ اَلمُؤَنَّثَةُ وَاَلمُذَكَّرَةُ)
* Arabic numbers
* Here and there (هنا وهنالك)
* Available (موجود)
* Existence - وجود
* There is هناك
* Describing - وصف
* Pointing
* Relations - علاقات
* Pointing and describing
* Pronouns - ضمائر
* Possessive Pronouns - ضمائر الملكية
* Possession
* Review Exercises - تمارين المراجعة
* Appendix A: Common phrases - ملحق أ:العبارات المشتركة
* Appendix B: Common phrases - ملحق ب:العبارات المشتركة
* Time and place (ظرف المكان و ظرف الزََّمان)

### Text-Study Section قسم دراسة النّص

* Classical Arabic Readings
* Modern Standard Arabic Readings

### Misc. إلخ

* Formal Arabic
* Progress report
* Vocabulary and Phrase Appendix
* Archived Lessons!
* Troubleshooting
* External Resources

## To Integrate

The following pages need to be properly integrated into the book—many are redundant or contain information out of the teaching order above.
* Lesson planning for a step-by-step introduction of the Arabic alphabet
* Arabic/Arabic alphabet step-by-step
* Arabic/Arabic alphabet
* Arabic/Arabic alphabet (by group)
* Arabic/Arabic sounds
# Japanese

| IV | This is a Category IV Language. |

## Introduction

* Cover
* About this Wikibook
** Study methods
** Contributor's Guide
* Introduction to The Japanese language

## Lesson plans

* Retropunk's Beginner Lessons
* Sugu ni Hajimemashō
* Practical Lessons

## Resources

| Reading and writing Japanese scripts Kana [ Kana chart ] Kanji Reading practice Transcribing English to Japanese | Linguistics Pronunciation Pitch accent Dialects Grammar |
| Grammar The various grammar points (from Contents) will end up here once they develop into something solid. Nouns Verbs Adjectives Pro-forms Telling time Basic particles Sentence ending particles Giving and receiving Comparisons Simultaneous action Transitivity Verb conjugation table | Vocabulary See also the vocabulary list and category for a more extensive list of available contents. Academic subjects Animals Banking Body parts Colors Computing Clothes and accessories Countries, languages and nationalities Directions Family and people Food and drink Health Numbers Time and dates Weather and seasons The 1000 Japanese basic words |

## Related wikibooks

* East Asian Calligraphy
* Japanese Phrasebook
* Memorizing the Hiragana
* Memorizing the Katakana
* JLPT Guide
* Living in Japan
* Cookbook:Cuisine of Japan
* Japanese History
# Armenian

| II | This is a Category II Language. |
Welcome to the Armenian Wikibook. This guide will help you learn the basics of the Armenian language!

## Table of Contents

* Cover
* Alphabet
* Numbers

### Vocabulary

* Common Phrases
* More common phrases
* Animals
* Calendar
* Colors
* Food
* Around the House
* Languages
* Clothes

### Grammar

* Prepositions
* Possesives
* Adverbs
* Adjectives
# Macedonian

The Macedonian language - North Macedonia - Slavistics
| II | This is a Category II Language. |
This book will help you start learning the Macedonian language through everyday phrases and expressions. At the end you will find some simple texts using the new skills and a vocabulary you have learnt. Remember that no book can cover all of the words you will need to communicate fluently in any language, including Macedonian. The best way to improve your vocabulary is to simply read newspapers and magazines, watch Macedonian TV, and most important of all, listen to and translate Macedonian songs.
* Learning Macedonian
* Introduction • The Alphabet • Common phrases
* Lessons
* Beginner level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6
* Intermediate level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6
* Advanced level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6
* Special level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4
* Grammar
* Adjectives • Adverbs • Prepositions • Nouns • Verbs
# Telugu

| II | This is a Category II Language. |
Welcome to the Telugu wikibook, a free Telugu textbook on the Telugu language.
Note: To use this book, your web browser must first be configured to display Telugu characters. If the characters in the grey box to the right appear as blank boxes or garbage such as �?�?􏿾, it is not properly configured.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Alphabet and Pronunciation
* History
* Dialects
* Literature
* Transliteration
* Alphabet
* Grammar
* Common Phrases

### Chapters

* Greetings
* Talking about oneself
* Asking questions
* Liking and disliking
* Food and Drink
* Numbers
* Shopping
* Staying at hotels
* Housing
* Letters
* Traveling
* Staying well
* Emergencies
* Zodiac Signs

### Grammar

* Sentence Formation
* Noun
* Pronoun
* Verb
* Adjective
* Adverb
* Postpositions
* Auxiliaries

### Vocabulary

* Animals
* Birds
* Body parts
* Colors
* Days and Months
* Directions
* Dressing
* Flowers
* Foods
* Food Grains
* Fruits
* Household objects
* Music and dance
* Plants and trees
* Family relations
* Stationary
* Tools
* Vegetables
# Urdu

Welcome to the Urdu Wikibook, a free textbook for learning Urdu! Urdu is one of the two official languages of Pakistan and official in India. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of five Indian states. There are between 60 and 80 million native speakers of standard Urdu. According to the SIL Ethnologue (2019 data), Urdu is the twentieth most spoken language in the world. Urdu first developed in and around Delhi after the Muslim conquests of India in the 13th Century AD. It is written in an adapted form of the Arabic script and has acquired a large part of its vocabulary from Persian, which for long time remained the language of the royal courts. Linguistically, it belongs to the Indo-European family and is thus related to English and many other European languages. Grammatically, Urdu is identical to Hindi and at the spoken level they are mutually intelligible.
To read more about the history of Urdu: History
Please feel free to use the English Wiktionary's Urdu language Category as a reference for these courses.

### Writing and Pronunciation

* Urdu Script
* Alphabet — describe complexities of Arabic based orthography
* Nasta'liq
* Roman Urdu Alphabet
* Transliteration

## Reference
### /Grammar/

* Word
* Nouns
* Verbs
* Pronouns
* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Postpositions
* Sentence Building

### /Vocabulary/

* Basic Phrases
* Colors
* Rooms and Furniture
* Days of the Week
* Months of the Year
* Seasons
* Greetings
* Interrogatives
* Numbers
* Seasons
* Time
* Duration
* Transportation
* Emergency
* Directions
* Restaurant
* Directions
* Shopping

## Lessons

* Urdu Script
* Basic Urdu
* Elementary Urdu
** Past tense
** Future tense
** Describing activities and storytelling
** Counterfactuals
* Intermediate Urdu
* Advanced Urdu
* Exercises
* Appendices

## See also

* Hindi

## External Resources

| II | This is a Category II Language. |
* Hindi Urdu phrasebook on Wikivoyage
* Urdu Language phonetic keyboard
* Urdu extension for Office and Windows applications
# Sylheti

Sylheti
Indo-Aryan language spoken in Sylhet
II
This is a Category II Language.
A printable version of Sylheti is available.
Sylheti edition of Wikibooks.
Cover
Introduction — About this wikibook
Study methods
Contributor's Guide
Authors — Contributors to this book
Lesson plans
Practical Lessons :
| Reading and writing Reading practice Pronunciation Writing practice Alphabet Numbers | Sylheti culture Literature and Poetry Folklore Festival, Dress and Cuisine Proverbs Ballads |
| Grammar General Structure Way of Grammar Nouns Verbs Pronouns Adjectives Cases Verbal Terminations Past Present Future Persons First Second Third | Vocabulary Academic subjects Animals Banking Body parts Colours Computing Clothes and accessories Countries of the World Directions Family and people Food and drink Health Numbers Time and dates Weather and seasons Appendices Useful external links Glossary of wiki terms References and recommended reading |
| English Wikivoyage's phrasebook: Sylheti phrasebook Sylheti Wikivoyage: ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠍꠚꠞ English Wikipedia's article: Sylheti language Sylheti Wikipedia: ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ||

### Attribution
#### Front Page Design

* Tanchangya by an IP user (see page history), available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
# Serbian

| Belgrade in 1900s —Belgrade, Knez Mihailova Street, 1900s | Serbian language српски језик Chrestomathy for English-speaking Slavicists СРПСКИ ЈЕЗИК Chrestomathy for English-speaking Slavicists Grammar • History • Dialects • Appendices Begin studying Serbian |

## See also

* Wikijunior Serbian
* False Friends of the Slavist
| II This is a Category II Language. | Wikipedia has related information at Serbian language | Serbian edition of Wikibooks. |
# Sinhala

| II | This is a Category II Language. |
Sinhala (සිංහල), also known as Sinhalese in English, is the native language of the Sinhalese people who constitute approximately 75% of the population of Sri Lanka and number greater than 15 million. Sinhala is also spoken as a second language by about three million people from other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. It has evolved over the course of more than 2,300 years. Sanskrit and Pali are ancestor languages of Sinhala. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages, and has been influenced by Dravidian languages such as Tamil and less so from a few other Indo-European languages: English, Dutch, and Portuguese.
* Introduction ~ හැඳින්වීම
* The alphabet ~ හෝඩිය
* Pronouns ~ සර්වනාම පද
* Word classes ~ පද වර්ග
* Nouns ~ නාම පද
* Pillam (vowel-symbols) ~ පිල්ලම්
* Verbs ~ ක්‍රියා පද
* Greetings ~ සුභාශිංසන
* Adjectives ~ විශේෂණ පද
* Numbers ~ ඉලක්කම්
* Alphabet/Step by step/Vowels 1
* Alphabet/Step by step/Vowels 2
* Alphabet/Step by step/Consonants 1
* Alphabet/Step by step/Consonants 2
* Alphabet/Step by step/Consonants 3
* Vocabulary 1
* Vocabulary 2
* Nouns/Singular and Plural
* Nouns/Gender of nouns
* Time, Days and Months
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
# Tanchangya

II
This is a Category II Language.
A printable version of Tanchangya is available.
Cover
Introduction — About this wikibook
Study methods
Contributor's Guide
Introduction to The Tanchangya language
Lesson plans
User:Tongchangya/Tanchangya Curriculum/Outline/Beginner Lessons
Practical Lessons :
| Reading and writing Tanchangya Alphabets Reading practice Pronunciation Writing practice Tanchangya Number | Tanchangya culture Festival Cuisine Dress Sept |
| Grammar General Structure Way of Grammar Nouns Verbs Pronouns Adjectives Cases Verbal Terminations Past Present Future Persons First Second Third | Vocabulary Academic subjects Animals Banking Body parts Colours Computing Clothes and accessories Countries of the World Directions Family and people Food and drink Health Numbers Time and dates Weather and seasons |
# Zulu

This book is designed to allow anyone who speaks English to learn Zulu for free. Zulu is one of the most spoken languages in South Africa. More than 20 million people are able to speak Zulu in South Africa. The current book allows someone to go from an absolute beginner to the so-called breakthrough stage - this is encompassed in the first six lessons - and beyond. The book currently provides pronunciation information in Appendix B. It is recommended that students should read it over to gain a better understanding of the pronunciation.

## Introductory Lessons

* isiFundo sokuqala: Ingxoxo esilula ~ Basic conversation and introductions.
* isiFundo sesibili: Ngiyasebenza futhi ngingudokotela ~ Saying what you do, Where you're from or live.
* isiFundo sesithathu: Uneminyaka emingaki ~ Saying how long you've been working and your age.
* isiFundo sesine: Uyazi iGoli? ~ Talking about people and places that you know.
* isiFundo sesihlanu: Nginabantwana ~ The possessions and family that you have.
* isiFundo sesithupha: Ngithanda ukudlala ibhola ~ Expressing likes and dislikes.

## Exercises

* Exercise for Lesson 1 :
* Exercise for Lesson 2 :
* Exercise for Lesson 3 :
* Exercise for Lesson 4:
* Exercise for Lesson 5:
* Exercise for Lesson 6:

## Appendices

| II | This is a Category II Language. |
* Appendix A: Uhlelo ~ Grammar
* Appendix B: Khumula kahle ~ Pronunciation
* Dictionary: iDikishaneli ~Dictionary
# Jumieka
## Table of Contents

* Jumieka/Level 1
* Jumieka/Level 1/Lesson 1
* Jumieka/Level 1/Lesson 2
* Jumieka/Level 1/Lesson 3
* Jumieka/Level 1/Lesson 4
* Jumieka/Level 1/Lesson 5
* Jumieka/Level 1/Lesson 6
* Jumieka/Level 1/Lesson 7
* Jumieka/Level 1/Lesson 8
* Jumieka/Level 1/Lesson 9
| II | This is a Category II Language. |
# Latvian

Latvian is an Indo-European language, which belongs to the Baltic language family; the language itself is first attested in the 16th century. It has many archaic features. It also has some striking similarities with Russian and Polish, with Germanic and Finnic-like pronunciation of words as well as loanwords from these language families.
| II | This is a Category II Language. |
* Alphabet and pronunciation
* Basic vocabulary
* Common phrases
# Chitrali

* Welcome to KHOWAR WIKIBOOK
* The free textbook of Khowar Language that contains Khowar Grammar and much more.
Welcome to the Khowar Wikibook, a free textbook for learning Khowar! Khowar is one of the biggest languages of Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan. It is also spoken in India, Afghanistan, and Xinjiang. There are between 1 million native speakers of Khowar Language. According to the SIL Ethnologue (1999 data), Khowar is the second most spoken language in KPK and the third most spoken language in Gilgit Baltistan.

### Writing and Pronunciation

* Khowar Script
* Alphabet — describe complexities of Arabic based bibliography
* Nasta'liq
* Roman Khowar Alphabets
* Transliteration

## Reference
### /Grammar/ Image:25%.svg

* Word
* Nouns
* Verbs
* Pronouns
* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Postpositions
* Sentence Building

### /Vocabulary/ Image:25%.svg

* Basic Phrases
* Colors
* Rooms and Furniture
* Days of the Week
* Months of the Year
* Seasons
* Greetings
* Interrogatives
* Numbers
* Seasons
* Time
* Duration
* Transportation
* Emergency
* Directions
* Restaurant
* Directions
* Shopping

## Lessons

* Khowar Script
* Basic Khowar
* Elementary Khowar
** Past tense
** Future tense
** Describing activities and storytelling
** Counterfactuals
* Intermediate Khowar
* Advanced Khowar
* Exercises
* Appendices

## External Resources

| II | This is a Category II Language. |
* Keyboard 2L
* Test Wiki on Incubator
* Keyboard Layout
# Foreign Alphabet/Japanese

| III | This is a Category III Language. |

## Introduction

The Japanese language has three different writing systems: Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji. Hiragana and Katakana are collectively known as Kana. Originally borrowed from the Chinese language, Kanji is an indispensable part of the writing system of the modern Japanese.

## Kanji

Kanji is essentially Chinese characters that are imported from China during the Han Dynasty. Although there are over 50,000 kanji characters (many of them rarely used), the Japanese government has approved 1,945 so-called "daily use" kanji characters, known as 常用漢字 (じょうようかんじ jouyou kanji) for publications.
Even so, they are not alphabets but are pictogram (pictures that each depicts a meaning or part of a meaning). Hence, they are not elaborated on here.

## Note on Romanization

Japanese has two competing transliteration methods: the Kunrei-shiki developed by the Japanese government in the mid-20th century and taught in elementary school; and the more widely used Hepburn-shiki developed by Reverend James Curtis Hepburn in the late 19th century. This section would mainly use the Hepburn-shiki version.

## Kana

* Hiragana
* Katakana
# Estonian

| III | This is a Category III Language. |
Welcome to the Estonian Wikibook, a free online textbook on the Estonian language. Estonian is spoken by roughly 1 million people in Estonia and by Estonian immigrant communities in other countries including Finland, United States, Canada, Russia, Sweden.
It is spoken mainly in Europe but is not an Indo-European language, and bears little resemblance to languages of the Indo-European family. Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, it is related to Finnish and more distantly to Hungarian. Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German, and Russian languages, nowadays by English also.
Estonian is one of the official languages of the European Union.
* Introduction lessons
** Lesson 1
** Common phrases
** Numbers
* Details
** Word Formation
** Vocabulary
** Nouns
** Pronouns
** Adjectives
** Postpositions
** Verbs
** Questions, Adverbs and Future
** Partitive
** Negative and Conjunctions
** Everything and Nothing
** Plural and Adverbs
** -da Infinitive

## See also

* Wikijunior:Languages/Estonian
# Cantonese

Welcome to the wikibook course on Cantonese. To use this book, your web browser must first be configured to display Chinese characters . If the characters in the box below appear as blank boxes or garbage such as �?�?, your browser is not properly configured.
* 如果你識廣東話嘅話，唔該幫下手！

## Introduction / 序

* About Cantonese 廣東話係乜
* How To Use This Textbook 點用呢本教科書
* How To Study Cantonese 點學廣東話
* Pronunciation 廣東話發音

## Lessons / 課程

* Lesson 1: Hello! 第一課：你好！
* Lesson 2: Introductions II 第二課：介紹 2
** Conversation 傾偈
** Grammar Notes 文法
** Practice Drills 練習
* Lesson 3: An introduction to particles 第三課：助語詞
* Lesson 4: Word order and Verbs 第四課：詞序同動詞
* Lesson 5: Measure words 第五課：量詞
* Lesson 6: More on interrogatives 第六課：疑問助詞
* Lesson 7: What's this? 第七課：呢啲係咩黎架？
* Lesson 8: Introduce yourself to strangers 第八課：向陌生人介紹自己
* Lesson 9: It's Monday today. 第九課：今日係(星期/禮拜)一。
* Lesson 10: Ancient Origins of Cantonese Words. 第十課：粵語嘅本字。

## Appendices / 附錄

* Cantonese-English Glossary 粤英詞彙
* Solutions to Exercises 題解
* English-Cantonese Glossary 英粤詞彙
* Numbers 數字/數目/數目字
* Cantonese Romanization Schemes 粤語注音
* Web Resources 網上資源
* Common phrases

## References / 參考

* Cantonese Syllabary - Look up the Cantonese pronunciations of a character or look for all the characters of a particular pronunciation. Includes sound files, simple definitions, variant pronunciations, and more. Can switch to virtually any Cantonese romanization system.

## Related Books / 相關維基教科書

* Standard Mandarin 普通话
* How to write Chinese in the right way 如何正確書寫中文

## Contributors / 編者

* Contributor's Guide
* Textbook Planning 課文安排
* Contributors: xingmu
| III | This is a Category III Language. |
# Finnish

| III | This is a Category III Language. |
This book is an introductory beginners course in the Finnish Language.
Being developed alongside this book are a Grammar Reference Book and a Guide to Modern Finnish which readers may find useful.
For very practical reasons, these other books cannot be merged with this basic introductory course book (see Discussion Page for further information).

## Introduction

* Introduction
* Alphabet

## Grammar

* Grammar-Vowel harmony
* Grammar-Suffixes
* Grammar-Cases
* Grammar-Verbs
* Grammar-Conditional

## Some phrases

* Time
* Basic greetings
* Names and nationalities

## Dialogues

* Dialogues with audio read by native speakers
* Dialogue 1: kohtaaminen metroasemalla / encounter on a metro station

## Answers to exercises

    Answers to exercises

## About the book

    Cover page
    Appendix A: Common phrases