OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of video games/Cloud
## Early Technology

During the 1970's games were streamed from Mainframes to terminals at a number of institutions.

## Dawn of cloud gaming

G-Cluster demonstrated a cloud game streaming setup at E3 2000 which streamed PC titles to specialized rental G-Cluster mobile devices over Wi-Fi There were plans to launch the service in the Helsinki airport in August 2001, and in American airports by 2002.
Onlive would manage a public launch of a game streaming service in 2010.

## Cloud gaming matures

Cloud enhanced gaming became widespread in the 2010's and 2020 for a number of reasons. Cloud Saving can be used to automatically back up save data from a console. Cloud gaming can be used to get games to play on hardware that they are prevented from running games locally due to developer disputes.

## Early attempts

* Vidéoway - Montreal, Canada and Dayton, Ohio only.
* Taito WOWOW - Canceled Japanese satellite streaming service and device.

## Modern Cloud Gaming Platforms

* AirConsole
* Xbox Game Pass cloud gaming
* Google Stadia
* PlayStation Now
* Gaikai
* OnLive
* Luna
* GeForce Now
* Shinra Technologies

## References

* ↑ "The BG News October 3, 1973". BG News (Student Newspaper). 3 October 1973. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "The Forgotten History of 'The Oregon Trail,' As Told By Its Creators". Retrieved 25 November 2020.
* 1 2 "The past and future of cloud gaming: Will it ever work?". Gamecrate. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
* 1 2 "G-cluster's G-screen Tackles Wireless Gaming". Retrieved 25 November 2020.
* ↑ "OnLive lost: how the paradise of streaming games was undone by one man's ego". Retrieved 25 November 2020.
* ↑ "Save Data Cloud Backup – Nintendo Switch™ Online". www.nintendo.com. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
* ↑ "Fortnite set to return to iPhones via Nvidia cloud gaming service". BBC News. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
← Open games · Esports →
# History of video games/Early games/Dr. Nim
## History

Dr. Nim was a mechanical consumer computed dedicated to playing a single computer game released in the 1960's.

## Technology

Dr. Nim can play against a human opponent, or it can play against itself. Dr. Nim also had a difficulty setting between perfect play which was between un-winnable without cheating, and winnable.
Dr. Nim uses a special board and 18 marbles for operation.

## References

* 1 2 "The Alan Kaminsky Museum of Antique Computing Devices". www.cs.rit.edu. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
* ↑ "Ryan's Blog: Beat Dr. Nim! (Part 1)". Ryan's Blog. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
* ↑ "The Amazing Dr. Nim board game 102688881 Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
# Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology/Birth
### Stages of labor

* dilation
** This stage of labor is the longest, lasting 6 to 14 hours.
** This stage begins when the uterus starts regular contractions, which cause dilation.
* delivery
** During this second stage of labor, the baby actually moves through the birth canal and is delivered. Lasting an average of 30 minutes to 2 hours. This stage ends with the delivery of the baby
* after birth
** During the third and final stage, the placenta and other membranes emerge through the birth canal.
** This stage usually lasts and hour, and the mother continues to experience weaker contractions.
* Types of delivery
* Drugs during delivery
# Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology/Childhood and Sociology

Sociology as a science of the social phenomena is interested in "Infancy" as an object of study under multiple aspects; we will quote only some examples:
Another phenomenon was analyzed very finely by sociology: c'est the increasing sum of pocket money at the disposal of the child which was planned in term to be able d'achat d'un specific group of the company which became the privileged target d'une publicity specifically conceived with its intention.
Sociology also highlighted that in the various social layers which make a company, the status and roles of the members d'une family are not in the same way defined. Aujourd'hui one can also - grace, inter alia, with sociology - evaluate health or pathology d'un family group by holding account of its behavior vis-a-vis with waitings qu'a the company towards him. This last point forms part of the theorization d'une particular psychological therapy qu'est the family therapy that, for lack of place, we will not n'aborderons here.
A last point - in particular compared to sociology - must be underlined: two close sciences (here psychology and sociology) can have the same subject of study (Infancy) but arrive at apparently contradictory results if one is unaware of that the point of view on an object of study is never same the science with the other and that methodologies diverge.
Thus, sociology studied the evolutions of the role and statute of the father and the mother with l interior of the family following l emancipation of the women, and how the infant was implied in these changes. In parallel, the psychologists highlighted that simultaneously with this evolution in the imagination of the infants the mother always represents love, protection and permissiveness whereas the father continues to represent the law and repression.
This point must point out qu'il to us is necessary always much prudence when one wants to generalize a phenomenon observed and more still when one seeks to transpose it from one science to another.
# Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology/Childhood and the Law

Children's rights have only attracted attention relatively late in human history; the first awareness came in the 19th century in regard to child labor. The United Nations adopted a convention about The Rights of the Child in 1989 (significantly, before and since, the only convention to be adopted universally), which has encouraged lawyers and others interested in children's rights to contribute to the debate and give their knowledge and interest.
# Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology/Introduction
## Introduction

This work is addressed to all students who aim to practice in the fields - both vast and closed - of social psychology, psychological education, pedagogy, or other psychologies; that is to say, in any domain where the "rules of psychology" hold sway. Hence, this work will also interest a neophyte with any interest in psychology.
De nombreux métiers, surtout récents, cherchent à se distinguer par un hermétisme de leur code linguistique, et c'est largement le cas dans le champ professionnel désigné ci-dessus. Le langage «psy» est l'apanage des professionnels « initiés» et les démarque des autres interlocuteurs pourtant de plus en plus nombreux dans ce domaine. Si l'on souhaite que « le fait psychologique » soit considéré comme un outil, et comme l'outil le plus efficace dont nous disposions dans notre domaine professionnel, il faut lui ôter son côté hermétique et expliquer clairement ce que nous savons avec certitude, ce que nous savons par intuition et ce que nous devons soumettre à des études plus approfondies pour intégrer tel ou tel fait dans le corpus des connaissances établies.
The goal of this work is twofold: on the one hand, to describe as clearly as possible the present state of our knowledge in the field of child and adolescent psychology, and on the other, to allow future teachers, educators of young children, psychiatric teaching assistants[?aides médico-pédagogiques], etc., to further[?faire le point sur] their knowledge.
This book comprises three parts:
* The first part, dedicated to the introduction, details the history of child psychology (and situates it with respect to several related and descendant fields);
* The second part presents the content matter of the subject, in the form of questions that announce the discussion of an important point or that permit the recapitulation of a subchapter. The key terms and the important names in psychoanalysis and psychology are written in the margin in order to help the reader in his studies;
* The third part comprises:
* a bibliography of reference works;
* the assembled questions, by chapter;
* the biographies of several authors;
* a lexicon;
* [?des annales (avec des propositions de corrigés).]
With this book, the reader can always find:
* the exact point he wants to study;
* the theory of a particular psychologist;
* the answer to a question he has;
* practice for his exam.
If this book manages to accomplish these goals and, moreover, to transmit even a little of [?un tant soit peu] the pleasure of understanding, for example, what goes on when a child plays in front of our eyes or seeks to grasp a kind of reasoning up to that time unknown, if the reader (in addition to everything mentioned above) could sense the complexity - under the apparent simplicity - of these "human adventures," the goal of this work would be achieved.
# Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology/Prenatal Environment

Prenatal development is the development of an organism before its birth.

### Stages of Prenatal Development

* Germinal stage – conception to 2 weeks
** Begins at conception and ends when the zygote implants itself in the mother's uterine lining.
** Between 8 and 12 days after conception, implantation occurs. This is when the zygote embeds itself in the inner lining of the mother's uterus.
* Embryonic stage – 3 to 8 weeks after conception
** blastocyst differentiates to form three cell layers in the embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
*** The ectoderm is the outer layer of the cell mall, and during the embryonic stage it gives rise to the nervous system, sensory receptors, and outer skin layers.
*** The mesoderm becomes the circulatory system, skeleton, muscles, excretory system, reproductive system, the outer layer of the digestive tract, and the inner layer of the skin.
*** The endoderm will eventually become the respiratory system and the remainder of the digestive system.
** chronological development following conception
*** 3rd week - vulnerable brain cells and spinal cord form from the neural tube
*** 3rd and 4th week - placenta and umbilical cord form
*** by 4 weeks - eyes begin to form, torso continues to form, heart tissue begins to beat, arm buds appear
*** by 5 weeks - arms are developed and legs buds begin to form
*** during 8th week - organogenesis is complete, signaling the end of the embryonic stage and beginning of the fetal stage
* Fetal stage - week 9 to birth (38–40 weeks)
** chronological development following conception
*** 9 through 12 weeks - first arm and leg movements begin, reflexes appear, sex organs develop.
*** 17 through 20 weeks - mother begins to feel movement, heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope.
*** by 24 weeks - fat forms and rapid weight gain begins
*** 26 through 28 weeks - lungs are mature enough to allow breathing
*** 28 though 40 weeks - major organ systems are functional and brain develops rapidly.

### Teratogens

* preterm births occur before 37 weeks of gestation
* low birth weight is less than five and half pounds (two pounds lighter than average)
* Fetal Alcohol Syndrom (FAS)
** overall growth deficiency, head and facial malformations, and dysfunction of the central nervous system
* effects of alcohol use
* effects of cocaine use
* effects of cigarette smoking
* sexually transmitted diseases
* effects of stress
# GTK+ By Example/Tree View/Other Resources
## Other Resources

A short tutorial like this cannot possibly cover everything. Luckily, there is a lot more information out there. Here is a list of links that you might find useful (if you have any links that should appear here as well, please send them to tim at centricular dot net).
* Gtk+ API Reference Manual
* Gdk API Reference Manual
* Pango API Reference Manual
* GLib API Reference Manual
* gtk-app-devel mailing list archives - search them!
* gtk-demo - part of the Gtk+ source code (look in gtk+-2.x.y/demos/gtk-demo), especially list_store.c, tree_store.c, and stock_browser.c
* TreeView tutorial using Gtk's C++ interface (gtkmm)
* TreeView tutorial using Gtk's python interface
* Some slides from Owen Taylor's GUADEC 2003 tutorial (postscript, pdf, see pages 13-15)
* Existing applications - yes, they exist, and you can look at their source code. SourceForge's WebCVS/WebSVN browse feature is quite useful, and the same goes for GNOME as well.
* If your intention is to display external data (from a database, or in XML form) as a list or tree or table, you might also be interested GnomeDB, especially libgda and libgnomedb (e.g. the GnomeDBGrid widget). See also this PDF presentation (page 24ff).
# GTK+ By Example/Tree View/Introduction

GtkTreeView is a widget that displays single- or multi-columned lists and trees. It replaces the old Gtk+-1.2 GtkCList and GtkCTree widgets. Even though GtkTreeView is slightly harder to master than its predecessors, it is so much more powerful and flexible that most application developers will not want to miss it once they have come to know it.
The purpose of this chapter is not to provide an exhaustive documentation of GtkTreeView - that is what the API documentation is for, which should be read alongside with this tutorial. The goal is rather to present an introduction to the most commonly-used aspects of GtkTreeView, and to demonstrate how the various GtkTreeView components and concepts work together. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to shed some light on custom tree models and custom cell renderers, which seem to be often-mentioned, but rarely explained.
Developers looking for a quick and dirty introduction that teaches them everything they need to know in less than five paragraphs will not find it here. In the author's experience, developers who do not understand how the tree view and the models work together will run into problems once they try to modify the given examples, whereas developers who have worked with other toolkits that employ the Model/View/Controller-design will find that the API reference provides all the information they need to know in more condensed form anyway. Those who disagree may jump straight to the working example code of course.
Please note that the code examples in the following sections do not necessarily demonstrate how GtkTreeView is used best in a particular situation. There are different ways to achieve the same result, and the examples merely show those different ways, so that developers are able to decide which one is most suitable for the task at hand.
# Greek Mythology

Greek Mythology is among the most famous and well known of the Ancient Mythologies. It stretches back millennia and has intrigued man with its fantastical stories and unusual beasts. This book will serve as a detailed reference to all things in Greek Mythology, including a bestiary of Greek mythological creatures such as the centaur and nymph and a collection of Greek stories.

## Introduction

* Introduction
* A Brief History
* Sources
* Theoretical Issues
* How And When To Contribute
* Contributors
* Requests

## Gods and goddesses

* Family Tree of the Gods

### The Olympians

* Aphrodite
* Apollo
* Ares
* Artemis
* Athena
* Demeter
* Dionysus
* Hephæstus
* Hera
* Hermes
* Poseidon
* Zeus

## The Titans
#### The Titans

* Kronos
* Oceanus
* Hyperion
* Iapetus
* Crius
* Coeus
* Tethys
* Mnemosyne
* Themis
* Rhea
* Phoebe
* Theia

#### Descendants of the Titans

* Prometheus
* Epimetheus
* Enceladus
* Atlas
* The Seasons
* Metis
* Muses
* Eos
* Helios
* Selene
* Leto

## Other Gods
### Protogenoi (First Born Gods)

* Gaia
* Ourea
* Pontus
* Thalassa
* Uranus

### Major Gods

* Helios

### Minor Gods

* Erinyes
* Moirae (Fates)
* Charites (Graces)
* Muses

### Theoi Ouranioi (Sky & Weather Gods)

* Anemoi (Wind Gods)

### Theoi Halioi (Sea Gods)

* Nureus
* Palaemon
* Triton

### Primeval Gods

* Phorcys

### Chthonian Gods

* Hades
* Hecate
* Hypnos
* Persephone

### Theoi Nomioi (Countryside Gods)

* Pan

### Theoi Georgikoi (Agricultural Gods)

* Horae

## Beasts & Creatures
### Regular Beasts

* Cerberus
* Charybdis
* Chimaera
* Cyclops
* Brontes
* Steropes
* Arges
* Polyphemus
* Giants
* Graeae
* Gorgons
* Medusa
* Hesperides
* Hydra
* Minotaur
* Pegasus
* Phœnix
* Scylla
* Sphinx (Greek Σφινξ)

### Primeval Beasts

* Ceto
* Typhon

## Heroes

* Perseus (Greek: Περσεύς)
* Theseus (Greek Θησεύς)
* Heracles
* Bellerophon
* Oedipus
* Jason (Greek: Ιάσων)
* Achilles
* Odysseus

## Myths and Legends

* The Creation
* Labours Of Heracles
* The Minotaur
* The Sphinx
* Perseus and Medusa
* Voyage of the Argo
* Calydonian Boar Hunt
* Seven against Thebes
* Trojan War
* The Titanomachy
# Greek Mythology/Beasts/Gorgon/Medusa

Medusa was the only mortal sister of the three Gorgons, who were transformed into monstrous Gorgons by Athena after defiling her sanctuary. Medusa, also the most well-known of the three sisters, had snakes for hair and was hideously ugly. If ever anyone was to look into her eyes, they would instantly turn into stone.
Before being transformed into a Gorgon, Medusa had lain with Poseidon and conceived Pegasus and Chrysaor, though not yet born.
In Perseus' adventures, he had gained the favors of Athena, who lent him a magical reflective shield. Using this shield, Perseus approached Medusa obliquely, rendering her stone-turning ability useless. Perseus was then able to decapitate her. In doing so, he released Pegasus and Chrysaor into the world, who flew fully grown from Medusa's neck. Perseus returned the shield to Athena, along with Medusa's head. Since then, the image of Medusa's head can be seen on Athena's shield. Often snakes can also be seen to adorn Athena's garments and head as a symbol of Athena's dominance over Medusa.
# Greek Mythology/Beasts/Cyclops/Polyphemus

Polyphemus (In Greek: Πολύφημος) was a cyclops portrayed in the Odyssey and the Aeneid. After capturing Odysseus and several of his men, Polyphemus held them to capture in a cave, along with the cyclops' sheep and goats. He sealed the cave shut with a massive stone. During the ordeal, Polyphemus killed and ate six of the sailors. On the second day, Odysseus made the cyclops drunk, claiming his name was "Nobody", before five men drove a small sharpened stake into Polyphemus' only eye, blinding him. The cyclops called for help and other cyclops came to his aid; but when he said "Nobody" had hurt him, the cyclops took it to mean that nobody had hurt him, so they left him alone.
The next day, when Polyphemus rolled away the stone to let out his flock, Odysseus and his men clung to the fur of the flocks underbelly. Checking the animals, backs with his hands, Polyphemus did not find the men.
Yet after they have escaped and were on their ship, Odysseus called to the blind cyclops and told him who he really was. Polyphemus, in rage, hurled a great stone into the sea, nearly sending Odysseus' ship onto land. They sailed further out and again Odysseus mocked the cyclops. Yet Odysseus did not know that Polyphemus was the child of Poseidon, who would torment Odysseus' voyage.
In the Aeneid, it tells of Aeneas' encounter with the cyclops, seeing his wounds:
Polyphemus, lived on berries and roots, and walked with a cane. He went to the sea often to wash out his eye-socket. One time, he heard the sounds of Aeneas' ships oars as they rowed nearby; but in fear, they hurriedly rowed away.
# Greek Mythology/Beasts/Cerberus

Cerberus, (In Greek: Κέρβερος), was a three-headed or hundred-headed dog that guarded the gate to the underworld of Hades, where the dead went to rest. Cerberus was always vigilant; the heads would alternate resting and guarding, thus ensuring constant vigil. Cerberus was overpowered and carried off by Heracles as one of his tasks for the King of Mycenae. The musician Orpheus also overcame Cerberus by lulling him to sleep by playing the lyre, in order to bring his beloved back from Hades.
# Greek Mythology/Beasts

Many creatures exist in Greek Myth. They come in all shapes and sizes. Most were offspring of Echidna and Typhon, though others are descended from Uranus and other monsters. They include:
* Calydonian Boar
* Centaur
** Chiron
* Cereberus (Kerberos)
* Charybdis (Kharybdis)
* Chimaera (Chimaera)
* Chrysaor
* Clytias (Klytias)
* Collossus
* Cyclopes (Kyklopês)
** Brontes
** Steropes
** Arges
** Polyphemus(Poluphemos)
* Dragons
** Ladon
** Python
* Dryad
* Echidna
* Empusa
* Erymanthian Boar
* Geryon
* Giants (Gigantes)
** Alcyoneus or Alkyonios
** Athos
** Clytias or Klytias
** Enceladus or Enkelados
** Echion
** Pallas
* Gorgons
** Euryale
** Medusa
** Stheno
* Harpies
* Hespirides
* Hippocampus
* Hydra
* Lamia
* Minotaur
* Nemean Lion
* Nereid
* Naiad
* Nymph
* Orthrus
* Pegasus (Pegasos)
* Phoenix (Phoinix)
* Satyr
* Scylla (Skylla)
* Silenus
* Siren
* Sphinx
* Stymphalian Birds
* Talos
* Teumessian fox
* Triton
# Greek Mythology/Beasts/Charybdis

Charybdis was a sea-monster that swallowed vast amounts of water, causing whirlpools in the sea, which could swallow nearby ships. Charybdis stay near to Scylla, another monster on a cliff, so that ships that wished to pass by needed to choose between encountering Charybdis or Scylla. Odysseus, choosing between the two, feared Charybdis the most, so encountered Scylla.
# Greek Mythology/Beasts/Chimaera

The Chimaera was a fire-breathing beast with the body of a goat, the head of a lion and a snake for a tail. Other descriptions also attribute to it an additional head of a goat. It was the offspring of Typhon and Echidna. Its pairing with its brother Orthrus produced the Nemean Lion and the Sphinx.
Sighting the Chimaera was an omen of storms, shipwrecks and natural disasters, particularly volcanoes.
It was slain by the hero Bellerophon with help from his flying steed Pegasus, under orders from King Iobates of Lycia. There are multiple descriptions of how this was done. According to one, Bellerophon used his spear. Another says he fitted a chunk of lead to his weapon, which melted by the heat of the Chimera's breath and consequently burnt the creature.
# Greek Mythology/Beasts/Giants

The Giants were enormous creatures that sprang up from the blood of Heaven (Uranus) after he was killed by his son, Cronus. After the Gods had defeated and imprisoned the Titans, the Giants rebelled. However, the giants were defeated, and they were thrown into Tartarus.