OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Kienbock's Disease

* Orthopaedic Surgery
* INTRODUCTION ·
* AUTHORS ·
* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·
* NOTE TO AUTHORS
* 1.Basic Sciences ·
* 2.Upper Limb ·
* 3.Foot and Ankle ·
* 4.Spine ·
* 5.Hand and Microsurgery ·
* 6.Paediatric Orthopaedics ·
* 7.Adult Reconstruction ·
* 8.Sports Medicine ·
* 9.Musculoskeletal Tumours ·
* 10.Injury ·
* 11.Surgical Procedures ·
* 12.Rehabilitation ·
* 13.Practice
* Current Chapter: Upper Limb
| | Kienbock's Disease | |
| <<Carpal Instability | Kienbock's Disease | Tuberculosis>> |
Kienbocks, stage IIIA with slightly negative ulnar variance age 40-50. There is as associated coronal plane fracture. Conservative management may be satisfactory if range of motion and grip are good and pain managable with occasional non narcotic analgesic. Pain which requires daily analgesic, which precludes desired avocational activity, which interferes with gainful employment may warrant ameliorative surgery. Radial shortening, the width of two saw blades, or metaphyseal decompression, denervation and orif of the fractured lunate with a herbert screw. Consider arthroscopy to evaluate articular surfaces at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints to help decide between salvage of the lunate vs PRC. Scaphocapitate arthrodesis or capitate shortening are considerations for destressing the lunate. The patient should understand that wrist arthrodesis may be required and the above motion preserving options may offer incomplete or temporary relief. The patient may be well advised to give consent on a contingent basis to arthrodesis if the intraoperative findings suggest an unpredictable outcome from a lesser procedure.
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Infections

* Orthopaedic Surgery
* INTRODUCTION ·
* AUTHORS ·
* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·
* NOTE TO AUTHORS
* 1.Basic Sciences ·
* 2.Upper Limb ·
* 3.Foot and Ankle ·
* 4.Spine ·
* 5.Hand and Microsurgery ·
* 6.Paediatric Orthopaedics ·
* 7.Adult Reconstruction ·
* 8.Sports Medicine ·
* 9.Musculoskeletal Tumours ·
* 10.Injury ·
* 11.Surgical Procedures ·
* 12.Rehabilitation ·
* 13.Practice
* Current Chapter: Basic Sciences
| | Infections | |
| <<Calcium Hydroxyapatite Deposition | Infections | Pyogenic Arthritis>> |
By present account 1,407 pathogens can infect humans; pathogens defined here include viruses, bacteria, parasites protazoa and fungi. Infection results in contact between human cells and a pathogen. Chemical interaction occurs between the two and from the standpoint of the human cell can be categorized as non-self recognition, and defense. This local encounter then gives rise to a systemic response to the infection which attempts to favor containment, eradication and elimination of the invader, or it may reflect the toxic effect of the pathogen on the organism as a whole. In some cases the immune response to infection results in late sequelae leading it seems to the development of auto-immune based diseases.
# Parkour/Basic Moves/Cat Leap

Quick navigation for Parkour Wikibook: 01. Introduction 02. Exercises 03. Basic Movements
04. Advanced Movements 05. Freerunning
A Cat leap (aka Saut de bras )is a common technique in parkour in which a traceur cannot make a jump from one point to another with his or her feet, and therefore must run at the 2nd point (usually a wall), and grab the top with their hands while simultaneously preventing their body from slamming into the wall using their feet.
To execute a cat leap, run at the top of a wall. Your legs should be extended partially in front of you once airborne. Absorb the impact with your legs first, potentially bending your knees and landing on the balls of your feet. Once the feet touch, grab the top of the wall with your hands. The cat leap has been completed. You may either drop down, jump to another wall, or pop on top or over current wall.

## Variations

In a variation of a cat leap, the body can either be partially on top of the wall (versus just the arms), or the feet may be slid down the wall, to further avoid impact.
# Parkour/Basic Moves/Kash Vault

Quick navigation for Parkour Wikibook: 01. Introduction 02. Exercises 03. Basic Movements
04. Advanced Movements 05. Freerunning
The Kash Vault is similar to the Monkey Vault and Dash Vault.

## Steps

A Kash Vault is started the same as a Monkey Vault, with the traceur putting their hands on the wall or object in front of them, springing up and bringing their legs up to their chest in a tuck position. The Traceur then lets go of the object, kicks their legs out like in the dash vault and places their hands back on the object in order to push off and secure a safe landing although it isn't necessary to let go, the traceur may wish to keep their hands on the object at all times.

## Note

It is often a good idea to attempt a Kash Vault in a similar area to a Double Kong Vault, with a big area to clear or with 2 objects close to each other than can be cleared in 1 vault.
# Parkour/Basic Moves/Kong Vault

Kong Vault is the same as Monkey Vault
# Parkour/Basic Moves/Lazy Vault

Quick navigation for Parkour Wikibook: 01. Introduction 02. Exercises 03. Basic Movements
04. Advanced Movements 05. Freerunning

## Steps

* As you approach the wall plant one hand down and use it to act as a support while your legs kick into position.
* The furthest leg from the wall should kick up and over followed by the other leg. All the while, the hand that was planted initially should support the weight of your body.
* As the legs clear the wall, your outer hand should be positioned and planted to take the full weight of your body, while the other hand should be freed to let go.
* With a little push, the outer hand will propel you away from the obstacle and prepares you to spot your landing. The first leg in the air should be the first leg to land. (EG kick right leg up first, land on right leg first)
* With your legs and body fully clear of the wall, the outer arm then lets go and a drop into landing is all that's required to finish the move.

## Variations

This move can be done from varying heights. If done from major height, the trailing outer arm can be used to slow the decent down and control your landing.
# Parkour/Basic Moves/Parkour Roll

Quick navigation for Parkour Wikibook: 01. Introduction 02. Exercises 03. Basic Movements
04. Advanced Movements 05. Freerunning
The Parkour Roll is a very important skill to learn properly. The purpose of this roll is to lighten the impact of a fall or landing during your run. Practice safe rolls without much speed or height at first, on grass.

## Steps

* Land on the heels of your feet. If your heels fall back on the ground - the roll you need to do is the back roll. You must maintain forward momentum for the front roll to have any purpose.
* Keep your legs at a ninety degree (right) angle when you land. this will prevent you from injuring your knees, and keep your forward momentum.
* Your hands should be out in front of you pulling you into this movement. It helps to form a diamond shape with the hands. Place the forearm that corresponds with the shoulder you are most comfortable rolling with on the ground.
* Upon impact you should move your gaze down to your waist line and tuck your chin in.
* Pull your shoulder forward with your hands. At the same time push off from your toes.
* Roll onto your shoulder in a diagonal motion. Keep your legs tucked, so that your body is tense and strong.
* Now from your shoulder roll onto the muscle surface of your gluteus maximus. If you roll onto your hip or the side of your pelvis, you'll probably end up bruising yourself.
* Roll up on to one knee, and use the continuing momentum to come up on both feet. This last position will vary from person to person.

## Visual Guides and Tutorials

* Very Informative and Entertaining Beginner Parkour Roll Tutorial
# Parkour/Basic Moves/King Kong Vault

A King Kong vault (or sometimes Kong vault or just Kong) is a common technique in parkour. The King Kong vault is executed when a traceur takes a leap 3 to 2 feet in front of the object , put their legs in between their arms, and let go. It is like a monkey vault except that take huge leap and get more momentum.
# Parkour/Basic Moves/Monkey Vault

Quick navigation for Parkour Wikibook: 01. Introduction 02. Exercises 03. Basic Movements
04. Advanced Movements 05. Freerunning
The Monkey vault (Saut De Chat/Cat Pass/Kong/Panther/Gorilla) is an extremely common and useful vault that can be used for rails or walls up to chest height. As opposed to most vaults, where the legs swing around to one side or the other, in the monkey vault the legs are tucked up to the chest and the entire body passes through the parallel planted arms.
To execute a monkey vault build up a bit of speed while approaching the rail, and just before you reach it step your legs together -- maintaining your prior momentum -- and jump up and forwards, bringing your legs together up towards your chest. As you jump reach your arms forward and grab the rail, leaning forward to allow your feet to clear it. Once you have reached the other side you may choose to land on one leg to continue running, or if it is a significant drop execute a PK roll.
# Parkour/Aesthetic Moves/Speed 360

This move is also called Speed Bomb or Side Bomb.It can be executed only in higher places with an obstacle at the edge part of it.

## Steps

* Search for this kind of structure first.
* Since it was called Speed 360,run towards the obstacle then,perform the Speed Vault then,tuck your knees with your another hand.
* When you're already in the midair, flip at horizontal axis and not at vertical axis as same as in common flips like front, back or sideflip.
* One rotation is enough to do this move.
* Before the rotation would be completed, change your horizontal position into vertical position and release your legs for landing.
# Parkour/Basic Moves/Dash Vault

Quick navigation for Parkour Wikibook: 01. Introduction 02. Exercises 03. Basic Movements
04. Advanced Movements 05. Freerunning

## Steps

* Run near a wall at a steady pace. As you approach, your weight will fall backwards.
* At the same time kick up one leg to clear the height of the wall. The trailing leg will then be powered through.
* Place your hands on either side of the legs and to keep the momentum going with a push away from the wall.
* The momentum here will fire you over the wall. While in the air your body weight will be brought forward to prepare for landing.
* With your body weight moving forward, you should begin to straighten up and get your feet ready for a nice landing.
# Parkour/Basic Moves/Landing

Quick navigation for Parkour Wikibook: 01. Introduction 02. Exercises 03. Basic Movements
04. Advanced Movements 05. Freerunning

## Landing

Landing is one of the most important techniques to master in the practice of Parkour. Traceurs who do not land properly risk repeated damage to their legs, back and joints.
The key to safely landing is bending the knees when toes make contact with ground. Never land flat footed; always land on toes and ball of your foot. Do not land with your feet (exaggeratedly) stretched! This "technique", as often seen in videos, might slightly (if at all) reduce strain on the vertebral column on impact, but significantly increases the risk of ankle fracture. This is due to the specific anatomy of the ankle joint. Stability of the lower ankle joint is notably decreased in the plantarflexed condition (i.e. when the foot is "stretched") increasing the risk of severe injuries. This is also the reason why most people twist their ankle when walking/running downhill.

## Note

When landing from a move with a lot of momentum, it may be best to land using a Parkour Roll.
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Discrete Time/Output Feedback

      * H-infinity
      * H-2
      * Mixed
# LMIs in Control/D-Stability/Observer D-Stability

LMIs in Control/D-Stability/Observer D-Stability
This is a WIP Page.

## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)\\x(0)&=x_{0}\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

In order to properly define the acceptable region of the poles in the complex plane, we need the following three pieces of data: rise time ($t_{r}$), settling time ($t_{s}$), and percent overshoot ($M_{p}$). From this, we have to then define the acceptable region in the complex plane that the poles can lie on using the following inequality constraints:
Rise Time: $\omega _{n}{\leq }{1.8 \over t_{r}}$
Settling Time: $\sigma {\leq }{-4.6 \over t_{s}}$
Percent Overshoot: $\sigma {\leq }{-ln({M_{p}}) \over {\pi }}|{\omega _{d}}|$
Assume that $z$ is the complex pole location, then:
       ${\begin{aligned}{\omega _{n}}^{2}=\|z\|^{2}&=z^{*}z\\{\omega _{d}}=Im{z}&={(z-z^{*}) \over 2}\\{\sigma }=Re{z}&={(z+z^{*}) \over 2}\end{aligned}}$
This then allows us to modify our inequality constraints as:
Rise Time: $z^{*}z-{1.8^{2} \over {t_{r}}^{2}}{\leq }0$
Settling Time: ${(z+z^{*}) \over 2}+{4.6 \over t_{s}}{\leq }0$
Percent Overshoot: $z-z^{*}+{{\pi } \over ln({M_{p}})}|z+z^{*}|{\leq }0$

## The Optimization Problem

A description of the Problem to be solved, if appropriate.

## The LMI: The Observer D-Stability

Title and mathematical description of the LMI formulation.
       ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find}}\;X:&\\{\begin{bmatrix}X\end{bmatrix}}&>0\\{\begin{bmatrix}A^{T}X+XA\end{bmatrix}}&<0\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

Interpretation of the results of the LMI

## Implementation

A link to CodeOcean or other online implementation of the LMI

## Related LMIs

      * Controller D-Stability
# LMIs in Control/D-Stability

This page focuses on the design of controllers that achieve D-stability for the given rise time, percentage overshoot, and settling time. The LMI's used for these 2 problems are referenced from the following source: "LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control".

## Contents

      * Controller D-Stability
      * Observer D-Stability
# LMIs in Control/D-Stability/Controller D-Stability

LMIs in Control/D-Stability/Controller D-Stability
In some control problems, people are still interested in designing a controller whose poles are located in specific regions of a complex plane, also known as D-stability.

## The System

Suppose we were given the continuous-time system
    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)\\y(t)&=Cx(t)+Du(t)\end{aligned}}$
whose stability was not known. Then the controller that simultaneously stabilizes the above system while ensuring that the poles are at their desired location can be achieved by the controller $u(t)=Kx(t)$.

## The Data

In order to properly define the acceptable region of the poles in the complex plane, we need the following pieces of data:
      * matrices $A$, $B$, $C$, $D$
      * rise time ($t_{r}$)
      * settling time ($t_{s}$)
      * percent overshoot ($M_{p}$)
Having these pieces of information will now help us in formulating the optimization problem.

## The Optimization Problem

Using the data given above, we can now define our optimization problem. In order to do that, we have to first define the acceptable region in the complex plane that the poles can lie on using the following inequality constraints:
Rise Time: $\omega _{n}{\leq }{1.8 \over t_{r}}$
Settling Time: $\sigma {\leq }{-4.6 \over t_{s}}$
Percent Overshoot: $\sigma {\leq }{-ln({M_{p}}) \over {\pi }}|{\omega _{d}}|$
Assume that $z$ is the complex pole location, then:
       ${\begin{aligned}{\omega _{n}}^{2}=\|z\|^{2}&=z^{*}z\\{\omega _{d}}=Im{z}&={(z-z^{*}) \over 2}\\{\sigma }=Re{z}&={(z+z^{*}) \over 2}\end{aligned}}$
This then allows us to modify our inequality constraints as:
Rise Time: $z^{*}z-{1.8^{2} \over {t_{r}}^{2}}{\leq }0$
Settling Time: ${(z+z^{*}) \over 2}+{4.6 \over t_{s}}{\leq }0$
Percent Overshoot: $z-z^{*}+{{\pi } \over ln({M_{p}})}|z+z^{*}|{\leq }0$

## The LMI: The Continuous-Time Controller D-Stability

Keeping the above inequalities in mind, we observe the following:
Suppose there now exists a symmetric matrix $X>0$ and matrix $Z$, we can now determine the controller the following LMIs:
       ${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}-rP&&AP+BZ\\(AP+BZ)^{T}&&-rP\end{bmatrix}}&<0\\AP+BZ+(AP+BZ)^{T}+2\alpha P&<0,and\\{\begin{bmatrix}AP+BZ+(AP+BZ)^{T}&&c(AP+BZ-(AP+BZ)^{T})\\c((AP+BZ)^{T}-(AP+BZ))&&AP+BZ+(AP+BZ)^{T}\end{bmatrix}}&<0\end{aligned}}$
where the resulting controller matrix is $K=ZP^{-1}$.

## Conclusion:

Given the resulting controller $K$, we can now determine that the pole locations $z\in \mathbb {C}$ of $A+BK$ satisfies the inequality constraints $|x|{\leq }r$, $Re(x){\leq }-{\alpha }$ and $z+z^{*}{\leq }-c|z-z^{*}|$.

## Implementation

* CodeOcean Link - An implementation of the LMI.

## Related LMIs

      * Observer D-Stability - Equivalent D-stability LMI for a continuous-time observer.

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Discrete Time/Static Output Feedback

      * H-infinity
      * H-2
      * Mixed
      * Discrete-Time Static Output Feedback Stabilizability
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Takagi Sugeno Models for Polytopic Controller Design

   * Quadratic Stability
   * Apkarian Filter and State Feedback
   * Minimum Decay Rate in State Feedback
   * Maximum Natural Frequency in State Feedback
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Discrete Time/State Feedback/Closed-Loop Robust Stability and Controller synthesis of Discrete-Time System with Polytopic Uncertainty
## Closed-Loop Robust Stability and Controller synthesis of Discrete-Time System with Polytopic Uncertainty

Stability is an important property, stability analysis is necessary for control theory. For robust control, an LMI criterion was developed for the discrete case with closed-loop and open-loop system. The open-loop system is obtained by replacing $B=0$..

## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}x_{k+1}&=A_{d}(\alpha )x_{k}+B_{d}(\beta )u_{k}\\u_{k}&=Kx_{k}\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices $A\in R^{n\times n}\;B\in R^{n\times m}\;K\in R^{m\times n}$.
In the case of robust polytopic uncertainty control we have:
    ${\begin{aligned}A&\in \{\sum _{k=1}^{n}\alpha _{k}A_{k}|{\text{ }}\;\sum _{k=1}^{n}\alpha _{k}=1\}\\B&\in \{\sum _{k=1}^{m}\beta _{k}B_{k}|{\text{ }}\;\sum _{k=1}^{m}\beta _{j}=1\}\end{aligned}}$

## The Optimization Problem

The following feasibility problem should be solved:
    ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find}}\;&P_{ij}>0,G{\text{ is invertible}},L:\\{\begin{bmatrix}P_{ij}&A_{i}G-B_{j}L\\G^{T}A_{i}^{T}-L^{T}B_{j}^{T}&G+G^{T}+P_{ij}\end{bmatrix}}&>0&{\text{ for }}i=1,...,n{\text{ and }}j=1,...,m\\\end{aligned}}$
Where $L\in R^{m,n}$, $P_{ij},G\in R^{n,n}=0$ for $i=1,...,n$ and $j=1,...,m$
Then our controller $K=-LG^{-1}$

## Conclusion:

This LMI allows us to investigate stability for the robust control problem in the case of polytopic uncertainty and gives on the controller for this case

## Implementation:

* - Matlab implementation using the YALMIP framework and SeDuMi solver

## Related LMIs: =

* - Discrete Time Stabilizability.
* - Polytopic stability for continuous time case
* - Quadratic polytopic stabilization
* -Quadratic Polytopic Hinf- Optimal State Feedback Control

## External Links

A list of references documenting and validating the LMI.
* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes. (3.19.2 page 63)
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.

## Return to Main Page:

* - Main Page.
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Discrete Time/Optimal Output Feedback

      * H-infinity
      * H-2
      * Mixed
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Discrete Time/Optimal State Feedback

      * Discrete Time Hinf Optimal Full State Feedback Control
      * Discrete Time H2 Optimal Full State Feedback Control
      * Discrete Time Mixed H2-Hinf Optimal Full State Feedback Control
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Discrete Time/State Feedback

      * H-infinity
      * H-2
      * Mixed
      * Closed-Loop Robust Stability and Controller synthesis of Discrete-Time System with Polytopic Uncertainty
# Manshu/Outstanding Work

For the convenience of others here are listed any potentially useful tangents for further research that came to mind during my interpretation of the text.
* Historical comparative phonetic analysis Many names of places, regions, people or objects transliterated in to Chinese could be evaluated on the basis of major linguistic groups in the region against reconstructed period pronunciation in order to obtain further insight in to identities or probable/possible semantics/etymologies.
* Attribution of origin for each piece of the text Apparently this edition of the text was compiled from fragmentary surviving portions. Finding out precisely where each portion came from would assist with a more fine-grained evaluation of some of the text's contents.
* Evaluation of prior and subsequent usage of toponyms An evaluation of the prior and subsequent use (or otherwise) of certain geographic names in the text, notably those about the region such as those used for foreign kingdoms of Southeast Asia may assist with more carefully evaluating the text. Certain portions, for example, are extremely detailed in a geographic sense whereas others are almost ridiculously vague. This suggests that some information may have been sourced from other, earlier or contemporary texts. Geographic information was certainly compiled from sources of vastly differing quality.
# Manshu/Influences
## Cartographic

The fairly detailed geographic knowledge of the region detailed in the text does not seem to be widely adopted the dynasties following the Tang. One example is the much-lauded map of China in the Forest of Stelae （碑林） in Xi'an, sometimes considered a marvel of Song Dynasty cartography, which shows a very confused and very blank view of the region. Only the Stone Gate (石门) and Qujing (曲靖) are shown in relatively correct locations. Lake Dian (滇池) and an unidentified place known as Black River Mouth (黑水口) are shown bordering a south-easterly flowing river, directly to the west of Annan (安南府; ie. Hanoi) which, while probably referring to the Red River (红河), veers southward more like the Mekong River (澜沧江) and spuriously misses its mark, where it should have flowed through Annan (安南府) and onward to the South China Sea.
This may suggest that the Manshu (蠻書) was not widely reproduced or distributed, pointing to it being more of a Tang period political text prepared prior to the Tang armies' invasions rather than a broadly distributed dossier. The Yunnanese region was probably of limited interest to the majority of literate Chinese of these periods, being remote, relatively dangerous and possibly of limited trade value and historical/political significance.
# Manx
## Ayndagh

* Toshiaght (Introduction)
* Abbyrlhit as Fockley-magh (Alphabet and Pronunciation)
* Lessoon 1: Bannaghtyn! (Lesson 1: Greetings!)
* Lessoon 2: C'raad t'ou cummal? (Lesson 2: Where do you live?)
* Lessoon 3: Nane, Jees, Tree (Lesson 3: One, Two, Three)
* Online resources
Authors: Girdi —— Recording: Girdi