OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# MATLAB Programming/Loops and Branches

[MATLAB Programming\|/MATLAB Programming]m]
Chapter 1: MATLAB ._.
    Fundamentals of MATLAB
    MATLAB Workspace
    MATLAB Variables
    *.mat files
Chapter 2: MATLAB Concepts
    MATLAB operator
    Data File I/O
Chapter 3: Variable Manipulation
    Numbers and Booleans
    Strings
    Portable Functions
    Complex Numbers
Chapter 4: Vector and matrices
    Vector and Matrices
    Special Matrices
    Operation on Vectors
    Operation on Matrices
    Sparse Matrices
Chapter 5: Array
    Arrays
    Introduction to array operations
    Vectors and Basic Vector Operations
    Mathematics with Vectors and Matrices
    Struct Arrays
    Cell Arrays
Chapter 6: Graphical Plotting
    Basic Graphics Commands
    Plot
    Polar Plot
    Semilogx or Semilogy
    Loglog
    Bode Plot
    Nichols Plot
    Nyquist Plot
Chapter 7: M File Programming
    Scripts
    Comments
    The Input Function
    Control Flow
    Loops and Branches
    Error Messages
    Debugging M Files
Chapter 8: Advanced Topics
    Numerical Manipulation
    Advanced File I/O
    Object Oriented Programming
    Applications and Examples
    Toolboxes and Extensions
Chapter 9: Bonus chapters
    MATLAB Benefits and Caveats
    Alternatives to MATLAB
    [MATLAB_Programming/GNU_Octave|What is Octave= (8) hsrmonic functions]
    Octave/MATLAB differences

### Program Flow

The idea of program flow is simple. However, implementing and using flow techniques effectively takes practice. MATLAB flow control is almost identical to flow control in C. There is a tremendous amount of text on the subject of flow in C. If you do a little homework in about an hour you can know all you need to from one of numerous C tutorials. To be good at flow control all you have to do is practice.
Here are a few concepts that you can practice using flow control to implement:
* Calculate compounding interest using a while loop (don't cheat by using the algebraic form).
* Create a moving average filter using a for loop
* Make a counter that keeps track of keystrokes:How many times a typist hits a certain letter.
# MATLAB Programming/Handle Graphics

This book discusses some ways of manipulating graphics in MATLAB.

## What is a handle?

All of the graphics capabilities explained thus far are ways to generate plots without worrying much about the details. However, very often, you will want a plot that looks a very specific way. You can go into the GUI and change all of the settings every time, but this gets very tedious and wastes a lot of time. If you want a way to generate a plot that has the same look all the time, it is time to delve into the realm of handle graphics.
A handle is a floating-point scalar that points to a large list of different properties. Each element of a plot has its own properties, and its own handle. Handles are organized into a tree-structured hierarchy, starting from the handle for your monitor (named 0) and branching down to separate handles for children like axis labels, text annotations, error bars, and anything else that can go on a plot. Handles at all levels can be controlled interactively or adjusted programmatically, by changing the values of the handle properties using specific functions.

## Monitor properties: the 0 handle

Monitor properties are useful to know when designing graphic user interfaces. For example, you may want to check that a figure window fits inside the user's screen. In order to get a list of the properties of the screen, type:
To get a specific property, type
See the documentation for a complete list of property names and what they mean.

## Axis handles

See the documentation for a list of valid axis properties and values of those properties.
# MATLAB Programming/Inserting Newlines into Disp Warn and Error

The functions warning, error, sprintf and fprintf will interpret '\n' as a newline character.
For example
Though previous versions of this wiki claimed this functionality was introduced in MATLAB 6.5 (R13), it doesn't work in 7.4.0 (2007a). The explanation that this change happened when formatted error strings were introduced in the Release Notes for that release was unhelpful.
To add a newline character in versions where the above example doesn't work, use SPRINTF or CHAR(10):
This works as well:
In MATLAB versions 2016b and newer the function NEWLINE is recommended instead, for code clarity
# MATLAB Programming/Loglog

[MATLAB Programming\|/MATLAB Programming]m]
Chapter 1: MATLAB ._.
    Fundamentals of MATLAB
    MATLAB Workspace
    MATLAB Variables
    *.mat files
Chapter 2: MATLAB Concepts
    MATLAB operator
    Data File I/O
Chapter 3: Variable Manipulation
    Numbers and Booleans
    Strings
    Portable Functions
    Complex Numbers
Chapter 4: Vector and matrices
    Vector and Matrices
    Special Matrices
    Operation on Vectors
    Operation on Matrices
    Sparse Matrices
Chapter 5: Array
    Arrays
    Introduction to array operations
    Vectors and Basic Vector Operations
    Mathematics with Vectors and Matrices
    Struct Arrays
    Cell Arrays
Chapter 6: Graphical Plotting
    Basic Graphics Commands
    Plot
    Polar Plot
    Semilogx or Semilogy
    Loglog
    Bode Plot
    Nichols Plot
    Nyquist Plot
Chapter 7: M File Programming
    Scripts
    Comments
    The Input Function
    Control Flow
    Loops and Branches
    Error Messages
    Debugging M Files
Chapter 8: Advanced Topics
    Numerical Manipulation
    Advanced File I/O
    Object Oriented Programming
    Applications and Examples
    Toolboxes and Extensions
Chapter 9: Bonus chapters
    MATLAB Benefits and Caveats
    Alternatives to MATLAB
    [MATLAB_Programming/GNU_Octave|What is Octave= (8) hsrmonic functions]
    Octave/MATLAB differences

## Introduction

The loglog command plots both x and y data sets on a log scale while the plot command plots both axes on linear scales and the semilogx/y command plots 1 axis on a linear scale and the other axis on a log scale. Other than the scale of the axes, the 3 plotting commands are identical in most ways.

## Basic Usage

The basic usage of the plot, semilogx/y, and loglog command are identical. Below is an example of how a PSD would be plotted

## See Also

* pwelch

## External Links

* ControlTheoryPr.com page on loglog
# MATLAB Programming/Nichols Plot
## Introduction

This article is on the topic of creating Nichols plots in MATLAB. The quick answer is use the Nichols command. However, the Nichols command has several options and the plots generated by the Nichols command are not easily reformatted. The default formatting of most MATLAB plots is good for analysis but less than ideal for dropping into Word and PowerPoint documents or even this website. As a result this article presents an alternative that requires more lines of code but offers the full formatting flexibility of the generic plot command.

## MATLAB's Nichols Command

The basic Nichols command is as follows
where
   * LTI_SYS is an LTI object - TF, SS, ZPK, or FRD
The Nichols command will automatically call gcf which will put the Nichols plot on the current figure. If no figure exists then one is created by gcf.
If you wish to specify the frequency points at which LTI_SYS is plotted then create a frequency vector using logspace or linspace as follows
where
   * freqVec is a vector of 5000 frequencies, in Hz, spaced evenly on a log scale from 10$^{-1}$ to 10$^3$
   * pi is a MATLAB constant equal to the value of $\pi$ and in this case it is used to convert freqVec to rad/sec as it is passed to the Nichols command

### Issues with the nichols command

The main issue with the nichols command is reformatting of the plot. The nichols command appears to use a normal semilogx plot and then apply patches or something similar to the figure. This can lead to odd behavior when attempting to create multi-line titles, reformat line widths or font sizes, etc. The normal relationship of axes to figure is just not quite present.

## External Links

More on the Nichols plot at ControlTheoryPro.com
# MATLAB Programming/Nyquist Plot
## Introduction

This article is on the topic of creating Nyquist plots in MATLAB. The quick answer is use the nyquist command. However, the Nyquist command has several options and the plots generated by the nyquist command are not easily reformatted. The default formatting of most MATLAB plots is good for analysis but less than ideal for dropping into Word and PowerPoint documents or even this website. As a result this article presents an alternative that requires more lines of code but offers the full formatting flexibility of the generic plot command.

## MATLAB's Nyquist Command

The basic Nyquist command is as follows
where
   * LTI_SYS is an LTI object - TF, SS, ZPK, or FRD
The Nyquist command will automatically call gcf which will put the Nyquist plot on the current figure. If no figure exists then one is created by gcf.
If you wish to specify the frequency points at which LTI_SYS is plotted then create a frequency vector using logspace or linspace as follows
where
   * freqVec is a vector of 5000 frequencies, in Hz, spaced evenly on a log scale from 10$^{-1}$ to 10$^3$
   * pi is a MATLAB constant equal to the value of $\pi$ and in this case it is used to convert freqVec to rad/sec as it is passed to the nyquist command

### Issues with the nyquist command

The main issue with the nyquist command is reformatting of the plot. The nyquist command appears to use a normal semilogx plot and then apply patches or something similar to the figure. This can lead to odd behavior when attempting to create multi-line titles, reformat line widths or font sizes, etc. The normal relationship of axes to figure is just not quite present.

## External Links

* http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/control/ref/nyquist.html
# MATLAB Programming/Graphics

[MATLAB Programming\|/MATLAB Programming]m]
Chapter 1: MATLAB ._.
    Fundamentals of MATLAB
    MATLAB Workspace
    MATLAB Variables
    *.mat files
Chapter 2: MATLAB Concepts
    MATLAB operator
    Data File I/O
Chapter 3: Variable Manipulation
    Numbers and Booleans
    Strings
    Portable Functions
    Complex Numbers
Chapter 4: Vector and matrices
    Vector and Matrices
    Special Matrices
    Operation on Vectors
    Operation on Matrices
    Sparse Matrices
Chapter 5: Array
    Arrays
    Introduction to array operations
    Vectors and Basic Vector Operations
    Mathematics with Vectors and Matrices
    Struct Arrays
    Cell Arrays
Chapter 6: Graphical Plotting
    Basic Graphics Commands
    Plot
    Polar Plot
    Semilogx or Semilogy
    Loglog
    Bode Plot
    Nichols Plot
    Nyquist Plot
Chapter 7: M File Programming
    Scripts
    Comments
    The Input Function
    Control Flow
    Loops and Branches
    Error Messages
    Debugging M Files
Chapter 8: Advanced Topics
    Numerical Manipulation
    Advanced File I/O
    Object Oriented Programming
    Applications and Examples
    Toolboxes and Extensions
Chapter 9: Bonus chapters
    MATLAB Benefits and Caveats
    Alternatives to MATLAB
    [MATLAB_Programming/GNU_Octave|What is Octave= (8) hsrmonic functions]
    Octave/MATLAB differences

## 2D Graphics
### Plot

The plot command renders a 2D line in Cartesian coordinates.
Example:
Matlab also lets the user specify the line style. The following example generates the same graph as in the previous example, but plots the function with a specific line style: a black line with circle markers on each node:
To plot two or more graphs in one figure, simply append the second (x,y) pair to the first: The following example will plot y1 and y2 on the same x-axis in the output.

### Polar Plot

Plots a function using θ and r(θ)

## 3D Graphics
### plot3

The "plot3" command is very helpful and makes it easy to see three-dimensional images. It follows the same syntax as the "plot" command. If you search the MATLAB help (not at the command prompt. Go to the HELP tab at the top of the main bar and then type plot3 in the search), you will find all the instruction you need.
Example:
This example plots a line in 3D. I created this code in an M-file. If you do the same, change the values and hit the run button in the menu bar to see the effect.

### Mesh

Creates a 3D plot using vectors x and y, and a matrix z. If x is n elements long, and y is m elements long, z must be an m by n matrix.
Example:

### Contour

Creates a 2D plot of a 3D projection, using vectors x and y, and a matrix z. If x is n elements long, and y is m elements long, z must be an m by n matrix.
Example:

### Contourf

Same as contour, but fills color between contour lines

### Surface

Basically the same as mesh
# Pinyin/Ban

See also
# Pinyin/Banana

Search banana
A banana is a long fruit with smooth yellow skin.
xiangjiao shih guoopir guanghuar huarngseh d shuiiguoo.
# Pinyin/Basa

Search Pinyin basa
Basa fish is a cultivated variety of clearwater fish in southeast Asia countries. It is a kind of fish without scale. Basa fish is a kind of special good economical fish within the Mekong river basin. It is an important edible fish in the international market. Basa fish have: fast growth, big body, high output, wide appetite, ease of feeding, white and tender texture of meat, and a good and fresh taste. It is rich in nutrition, no tiny bones within muscles. It has the quality of being easy to process. The baby fishes take one year feeding to grow to 500-800g, consecutive year can grow to 1500-2000g. The largest basa fish can reach 15kg.
Basa-yú, shì Dōngnányà guójiā zhòngyào de dànshuǐ yǎngzhí pǐnzhǒng. Tā shì wúlín-yúlèi. Basa-yú shì Mekong Hé liúyù zhōng yīzhǒng tèyǒu de yōuzhì jīngjì yúlèi. Tā shì guójì shìchǎng zhòngyào de shíyòng-yú. Basa-yú jùyǒu shēngzhǎng kuài, gètǐ dà, chǎnliàng gāo, shíxìng-guǎng, yì-sìyǎng, ròuzhì báinèn, wèidào xiānměi, yíngyǎng fēngfù, wú roù-zhōng xiǎo-cì, lìyú jiāgōng děng yōudiǎn. Dāngnián miáozhǒng jīngguò yī nián sìyǎng kě zhǎng zhì 500-800g, cì-nián kě zhǎng dào 1500-2000g, zuìdà gètǐ kě dá 15kg.

## See also

* Pinyin/Sole Fish
# Pinyin/Barley

See also
Barley is a kind of main food and feeding crop. It is also a main ingredient for the brewing of beer. Barley is the fifth largest cultivated grain in the world. It has a plantation area of approximately 530,000km$^2$.
dahmaih shì 1-zhǒng zhǔyào d liángshí hé sìliào zuòwù. Tā yěshì niàngzào píjiǔ de zhǔyào yuánliào. Dàmài shì shìjiè shàng dì-5 dà gēngzuò gǔwù. Tā de zhòngzhí miànjī yuē 530,000km$^2$.
# Perl Programming/Keywords/-g
## The -g keyword

-g is a file test that tests, if the file has its setgid bit set.
It takes one argument, either a FILENAME, a FILEHANDLE, or a DIRHANDLE to test the associated file to see, if something is true about it. If the argument is omitted, it tests $_. -g returns 1 for true and an empty string for false. If the file doesn't exist or can't be examined, it returns undef and sets $! (errno).
# Perl Programming/Keywords/-t
## The -t keyword

-t is a file test that tests if the filehandle is opened to a TTY.
It takes one argument, either a FILENAME, a FILEHANDLE, or a DIRHANDLE to test the associated file to see, if something is true about it. If the argument is omitted, it tests STDIN. -t returns 1 for true and an empty string for false. If the file doesn't exist or can't be examined, it returns undef and sets $! (errno).
# Perl Programming/Keywords/-l
## The -l keyword

-l is a file test that tests if the file is a symbolic link (false if symbolic links aren't supported by the file system).
It takes one argument, either a FILENAME, a FILEHANDLE, or a DIRHANDLE to test the associated file to see, if something is true about it. If the argument is omitted, it tests $_. -l returns 1 for true and an empty string for false. If the file doesn't exist or can't be examined, it returns undef and sets $! (errno).
# Perl Programming/Keywords/-r
## The -r keyword

-r is a file test that tests, if the file is readable by effective uid/gid.
It takes one argument, either a FILENAME, a FILEHANDLE, or a DIRHANDLE to test the associated file to see, if something is true about it. If the argument is omitted, it tests $_. -r returns 1 for true and an empty string for false. If the file doesn't exist or can't be examined, it returns undef and sets $! (errno).
# Perl Programming/Keywords/-s
## The -s keyword

-s is a file test that tests, if the file has nonzero size (returns size in bytes).
It takes one argument, either a FILENAME, a FILEHANDLE, or a DIRHANDLE to test the associated file to see, if something is true about it. If the argument is omitted, it tests $_. -s returns 1 for true and an empty string for false. If the file doesn't exist or can't be examined, it returns undef and sets $! (errno).
# Perl Programming/Keywords/-u
## The -u keyword

-u is a file test that tests if the file has the setuid bit set.
It takes one argument, either a FILENAME, a FILEHANDLE, or a DIRHANDLE to test the associated file to see, if something is true about it. If the argument is omitted, it tests $_. -u returns 1 for true and an empty string for false. If the file doesn't exist or can't be examined, it returns undef and sets $! (errno).
# Perl Programming/Keywords/-w
## The -w keyword

-w is a file test that tests whether the file is writable by effective uid/gid or not.
It takes one argument, either a FILENAME, a FILEHANDLE, or a DIRHANDLE to test the associated file to see, if something is true about it. If the argument is omitted, it tests $_. -w returns 1 for true and an empty string for false. If the file doesn't exist or can't be examined, it returns undef and sets $! (errno).
# Perl Programming/Keywords/-o
## The -o keyword

-o is a file test that tests, if the file is owned by effective uid.
It takes one argument, either a FILENAME, a FILEHANDLE, or a DIRHANDLE to test the associated file to see, if something is true about it. If the argument is omitted, it tests $_. -o returns 1 for true and an empty string for false. If the file doesn't exist or can't be examined, it returns undef and sets $! (errno).
# Perl Programming/Keywords/-p
## The -p keyword

-p is a file test that tests, if the file is a named pipe (FIFO), or filehandle is a pipe.
It takes one argument, either a FILENAME, a FILEHANDLE, or a DIRHANDLE to test the associated file to see, if something is true about it. If the argument is omitted, it tests $_. -p returns 1 for true and an empty string for false. If the file doesn't exist or can't be examined, it returns undef and sets $! (errno).
# Pinyin/Shiny

See also
# Pinyin/Shell

Search Pinyin shell
# Pinyin/Shenyang

Shenyang is the provincial capital and the largest city in the northeast of China. In the 17th century, Shenyang is the capital of the Manchurian people. Today it is the largest city in the northeast of China. Its area is 12,942km2. Its population is 8,100,000+.
Shenyang is the transport and commercial centre in the northeast of China - especially with Japan, Russia, North Korea and South Korea. Shenyang is the railway center in the northeast of China, eight rail lines go through Shenyang, connecting with Beijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin and Fushun.
Shěnyáng shì Zhōngguó Dōngběi de shěnghuì hé zuìdà chéngshì. Shěnyáng zài 17 shìjì shì Mǎnzhōu-rén de shǒudū. Jīntiān tā shì Dōngběi zuìdà chéngshì. Tā de miànjī 1'2942km2, rénkǒu 810'0000+.
Shěnyáng shì Zhōngguó Dōngběi de yùnshū hé shāngyè zhōngxīn - yóuqíshì yǔ Rìběn, Russia, Cháoxiǎn hé Hánguó. Shěnyáng shì Dōngběi de tiělù zhōngxīn. 8 tiáo tiělù tōngguò Shěnyáng liánjiē Běijīng, Dàlián, Chángchūn, Harbin hé Fǔshùn.
# Pinyin/Shoot Dead

See also
# Pinyin/Shoot Down

See also
# Pinyin/Ship

See also
# Open Scholarship Press Collections: Policy
## Table of Contents

This annotated bibliography is included in the Open Scholarship Press Collections.
ISBN 9798210902702

### Open Scholarship and the Open Scholarship Movement

* Open Access
* Open Data
* Open Education
* Open Knowledge
* Open Source

### Scholarly Communication

* The Scholarly Communication Landscape
* Libraries and Open Scholarly Communication
* Publication Models and Subscription Practices
* Open Monographs

### Infrastructure

* Digital Research Infrastructure (DRI)
* Funding Models and Infrastructures
* Bibliometrics
* Intellectual Property and Copyright
* Identity Management
* Linked Open Data
* Research Data Management

### Collaboration and Community Engagement

* Knowledge Mobilization and Translation
* Community Engagement
* Public Scholarship
* Crowdsourcing and Citizen Science

### Policy Development, Implementation, and Analysis

* Open Scholarship Practices
* Institutional Policy and its Implementation
* National and International Policy and its Implementation
* Social Justice
# Phylogenetics

This book serves as a manual and reference for inferring phylogenies. It includes relevant algorithms to encourage programming and tutorials for existing programs. It is intended for students and practicing scientists.

## Contents

Noted contributors

### Chapters

* Introduction
* Alignment Preparation
* Trees, heuristics, and more
* Parsimony Reconstruction
* Distance Method Reconstruction
* Likelihood Reconstruction
* Bayesian Reconstruction

### Appendices

* Math Primer
* Programs

## Note to Editors

Any editors are welcome, but try to use the development page before doing so.
# Physical Activity

This book contains advice about physical exercise, tips and warnings etc. This advice is not tailored to any particular individual and it is strongly recommended that you use your common sense, as well as moderation at all times. It is advisable to visit a doctor before embarking upon some thing new. Importantly, always use moderation.

## Contents
### Chapters

* Aerobic Exercise - This chapter is an introduction to what Aerobic Exercise is, why it is important, and how to calculate target heart rate ensuring you are performing the exercise safely. It then gives examples of many types of Aerobic exercises and how to perform them.
* Strength Training - This chapter deals with different types of strength, how to train for a particular type of strength, and safety issues concerning strength training.
* Sports - This chapter details sports! Sports are an important and fun part of physical activity. It will give a brief over-view of various sports, and exercise techniques to improve in those sports.
* Injury - This deals with injury, injury prevention, and techniques for dealing with injuries.
* Nutrition - Physical activity is important, but to perform at peak levels one must also know the nutrition. This chapter is a basic overview of nutritional concepts, and deals with issues of weight loss and body image.

### Guides and appendices

* Back Exercises
* Improving Your Vertical Jump
* Pulldown Exercise
* Running a Marathon
* Skateboarding X-treme
* Planche

## Sources

* New Food Pyramid
* UV and Vitamin D
* Plant Oils are Good
* Overweight Less Deaths
* Overweight Less Deaths #2