OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Python Programming/Command-line one-liners

Python can run one-liners from an operating system command line using option -c:
* python -c "print(3.0/2)"
** Calculates and outputs the result.
* python -c "import math;print(math.sin(1))"
** Imports a module required and outputs sine value.
* python -c "for i in range(1,11):print(i)"
** Uses a loop to output numbers from 1 to 10.
* python -c "for i in range(1,11):for j in range(1,11): print(i,j)"
** Does not work; two loops in a line are an invalid syntax.
* python -c "for i, j in ((i,j) for i in range (1,11) for j in range(1,11)): print(i, j)"
** Outputs pairs using two analogues of loop within a comprehension.
* echo hey | python -c "import sys,re;[sys.stdout.write(line) for line in sys.stdin if re.search('he.', line)]"
** Acts as grep: outputs each line of the input containing a substring matching a regular expression. Not a Python one-liner strength.
* echo hallo | python -c "import sys,re;[sys.stdout.write(re.sub('h[au]llo', 'hello', line)) for line in sys.stdin]"
** Acts as sed: for each line of the input, performs a regex replacement and outputs the results. Again, not a Python one-liner strength.
* python -m calendar
** Outputs a year's calendar using calendar module.
* python -c "import playsound as p;p.playsound(r'C:\WINDOWS\Media\notify.wav')"
** On Windows, plays notification sound. Requires installation of playsound module. The module works across platforms; what is Windows specific above is the file path.

## External links

* Powerful Python One-Liners, wiki.python.org
# Octave Programming Tutorial

As per Octave website, "Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. It provides a convenient command line interface for solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing other numerical experiments using a language that is mostly compatible with Matlab. It may also be used as a batch-oriented language."
The purpose of this collection of tutorials is to get you through most (and eventually all) of the available Octave functionality from a basic level.
A longer and more advanced Wikibook related to Octave Programming is the MATLAB Programming Wikibook. Those familiar with MATLAB that want to jump into Octave should consult MATLAB Programming/Differences between Octave and MATLAB.
Indeed, Octave is often viewed as a system for numerical computations with a language that is mostly compatible with Matlab, but that is available as free software under the GNU GPL, and that can replace it in many circumstances. This is why only one advanced programming Wikibook is being written; but therein the differences between MATLAB and Octave languages are presented.

## Contents

Available tutorials for beginners:
* Getting started (complete)
* Vectors and matrices (complete)
* Plotting
* Text and file output (complete)
* General mathematical functions
* Loops and conditions
* Writing functions
* Vectorization
Available tutorials that are more advanced:
* Linear algebra (complete)
* Differential equations
* Polynomials (complete)
* Sets
* Filter design

## Authors

* Henri Amuasi (updated by Carl Scheffler and Mike Pickles)

## See also

* commons:Category:Images with Octave source code
* INTLAB - INTerval LABoratory The Matlab/Octave toolbox for Reliable Computing by Siegfried M. Rump

## References

* Octave A great deal of this tutorial has been copied from this location, that is GFDL.
* http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/programs/octave/tutorial/
# Toki Pona/ModOne
### Phonology

Toki Pona is a language of very minimal sounds, in order to be easily pronounced by the greatest number of people. Its consonants lack voicing, gemination, and clusters, while vowels are only monophthongs and do not register length.

#### Vowels

In Toki Pona, you use the same five vowels, but they have only one strict pronunciation, similar to Spanish or Japanese vowels.
| Vowel | Pronounced Like... |
| a | father |
| e | met |
| i | peel |
| o | bone |
| u | mood |

#### Consonants

Excluding j, the phonetic sounds of the nine consonants used in Toki Pona are the same as English, and there is flexibility in how one can pronounce it.
| Consonant | Pronounced like... |
| k | kill or gills |
| l | let |
| m | man |
| n | near |
| p | poke or boat |
| s | salt or zoo |
| t | talk or dog |
| w | water |
| *j | yet |
# General Genetics/Structure of the DNA Molecule

DNA is generally found as a double helix, composed of two chains, or strands, of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds. A good analogy to this would be a spiral staircase, with the sides of the staircase being the strands, and the steps being the hydrogen bonds.

## Nucleotides

Nucleotides consist of three parts: sugar, nitrogenous bases, and a monophosphate group. The sugar in DNA is the five-carbon aldose deoxyribose, which has two nucleophilic hydroxyl groups: one at the 5' carbon and the other at the 3' carbon. In a nucleotide, the hydroxyl group at the 5' carbon is replaced with a monophosphate group (PO$_4$$^{3-}$). Nucleotides are joined by bonds between the phosphate group at the 5' carbon on one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group at the 3' carbon on the other nucleotide. These bonds are known as phosphodiesterase bonds, and the string of sugar monomers joined by phosphodiesterase bonds is typically referred to as the sugar-phosphate backbone.
At the 2' carbon, each sugar molecule is joined to a nitrogenous base. There are four nitrogenous bases found in DNA: guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and adenine (A). The purines A and G are composed of two rings, whereas the pyrimidines C and T are composed of one ring.

## Base Pairing

The two DNA strands in a double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogenous bases. However, not any two nitrogenous bases can form hydrogen bonds. Two purines are are too big to fit in the space between the two strands, whereas two pyrimidines would be too far apart for hydrogen bonds to form. One purine and one pyrimidine are the right size to fit between the strands and have hydrogen bonds form. Adenine and thymine each have one hydrogen bond donor and one hydrogen bond receptor, so two hydrogen bonds form between them. Guanine has two hydrogen bond donors and one hydrogen bond receptor, whereas cytosine has two hydrogen bond receptors and one hydrogen bond donor, so three hydrogen bonds form between them. The relative numbers of hydrogen bonds means that less energy is required to split DNA strands at A-T sites than at C-G sites.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Hydrogenation

A hydrogenation reaction is a type of addition reaction which results in the syn addition of hydrogens across the double bond of an alkene. The double bond is replaced with a single bond and the product is an alkane.
The metal catalyst provides a catalytic surface on which the hydrogenation can take place. It first absorbs hydrogen atoms and the alkene; then, it facilitates the interaction by bringing the two into close proximity on its surface and allowing them to react. Since the hydrogens are secured to the catalyst's surface, they approach the alkene double bond from the same direction, resulting in a syn addition.
# Georgia Water/Best Practices/Public Participation

Best practices in public participation are described here, with links to current examples where these exist.

## Public Participation Program
### Design of the Public Participation Program
### Level of Public Participation

* A Ladder of Citizen Participation - describes levels of allowed citizen involvement in the decision process.
* Citizen Juries - "A citizens' jury brings together a group of 16 or so randomly chosen citizens as jurors and provides a forum in which the jurors can consider how best to deal with an issue of public importance. ....jurors are given detailed, balanced information about the issue, hear a wide range of views from witnesses, and are able to question these witnesses as well as seek out any additional information they might want."

### Notification of Meetings

* The State maintains a website which is "a central point for meeting notices for all state government boards, commissions and task forces. People who are interested in any of the boards can sign up with the secretary of state to be notified by e-mail when the boards are meeting."
    Example - Alabama Open Meetings Law
* The State requires each state government board, commission and task force to post on the website the following information (as a condition for its continued authorization):
   * Name of board, commission or task force
   * Authorization for its creation and continuation
   * Statement of duties
   * List of members, their organizations, how appointed, and terms of appointment
   * Officers of the organization, how selected, and terms of office
   * List of all meetings, with dates and locations
   * Minutes for each meeting
   * Schedule for future meetings, with dates and locations
   * Contact information with telephone, email address and postal address
   * How to be added to the mailing lists.

### Review and Comment on Draft Documents

* Website which allows readers to post comments online for all to see. Good example: Georgia Department of Community Affairs, comments on draft water conservation program.
* Website which allows readers to record their approval/disapproval for list of proposed changes. Note that even better approach is to allow readers to define the proposed changes to be included on the online survey form. Example: Georgia Department of Community Affairs website to gather public response to proposed program changes.

## References
### Examples

* Alabama Open Meetings Law
* List of public participation techniques (not necessarily best methods), Georgia Department of Community Affairs

### Literature

* Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224.
* Reconciling Citizen, Analyst, and Manager Roles in Democratic Governance: Public Involvement Challenges in the 1990s, by Hanna J. Cortner for the National Drought Study (extensive and high quality list of pre-1994 references)
# 4chan Chronicle//b/-day

(Aug 23 2006 - Aug 2006)

## The /b/-day

The golden age of /b/ concluded with the notorious /b/-day: moot, tired with the direction /b/ has taken, makes a sticky where he declares he will impose much tighter rules, including the banning of jailbait and raids, the much-cherished traditions of /b/. The sticky was met with nothing short of outrage. Dissent was at an all-time high, even in the moderation ranks, which led to the thread being deleted, remade, and constantly stickied and unstickied. Threads claiming that putting rules on /b/ was betraying the board and its anonymous users were covering the front page. Calls for rebellion, uprising, and exodus were made everywhere. When the stickies reappeared, the drama and spam became so intense that 4chan's img server crashed, taking a plethora of boards with it. A number of /b/tards left 4chan for dead and abandoned it en masse. A declaration of independence written by exemplar /b/tard Captain_Cornflake is made that establishes Anonymous as a separate group with its home anywhere but 4chan. Two days later, /b/ was back again, but the board was submerged in a state of civil war; banned anonymous from 7chan script-flooded the board for days, with 4chan's /b/tards retaliating in a similar manner. Ultimately, the /b/-day failed its purpose. At this stage, the users of /b/ were too numerous and aggressive to be moderated properly, and there was nothing that could be done on the administration’s end. This event foreshadowed what would become of imageboard culture during the following years.
The aftermath of the /b/-day was the diversification of *chan culture, with a rise in the number of alternate image boards, or better said, alternate /b/s. Claims of an exodus became stronger and stronger, and many /b/tards would migrate from 4chan. A second generation of chans that were created after and during the /b/-day became populated by the exiled legion. Many sites were created or revived, such as 7chan, 12chan, 2ch.ru; 888chan, a site that would become the birthplace of the Russian chanverse; and already existing sites like the recently created 420chan, WAKAchan, AnonIB, WTFux, and others would benefit. The idea of independent, low-population, high-quality /b/s became a cultural trend in the imageboard communities that lasted for many years, reaching its peak in late 2006 and early 2007. The prohibition on raids also strengthened the raid mentality of those who were banned. From there on, there would be a presence of the /i/nsurgency as an extant identity that saw the idea of the anonymous legion as an independent force. They accused 4chan and /b/ of being shit and going against what they considered cultural staples of anonymous. The legion identity culminated in the creation of 7chan's /i/ – Invasion board. However, /i/ boards were highly problematic, and 7chan's board would later be deleted. With time, every major alternative site would house an /i/ board for a while.
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Assertions

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Assertions is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.
The Assert procedures in this package raise the Assertion_Error exception if the Check parameter is False.
This is the same behavior as the pragma Assert when the pragma Assertion_Policy is Check. In fact, you could think of pragma Assert as a call to this package, conditioned to the value of the pragma Assertion_Policy.

## Example

This will raise Assertion_Error with the provided message.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada
* Ada Programming/Contract Based Programming

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Assertions in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Assertions in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* 11.4.2: Pragmas Assert and Assertion_Policy

#### Ada 2012

* 11.4.2: Pragmas Assert and Assertion_Policy

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-assert.ads
* Body: a-assert.adb
drake
* Specification: a-assert.ads
* Body: a-assert.adb
# ORCID Advocacy Toolkit/About this book

This toolkit is designed to support ORCID advocacy by providing tailored resources and practical templates to help institutions engage effectively.

## Origins and purpose

Authoring Guide
Gaps page
Read about the creation of the wikibook at the Advocacy Toolkit Sprint report page
# ORCID Advocacy Toolkit

This toolkit is a community-driven resource developed by the UK ORCID Consortium to support ORCID advocacy. It provides materials, guidance, and best practices to help you:
* Explain ORCID to colleagues, researchers, administrators, and funders
* Communicate its benefits effectively
* Run advocacy events and training sessions
The toolkit brings together shared expertise, reducing duplication of effort and showcasing successful strategies. Whether you're looking for resources or inspiration, explore the So you would like to... index for easy navigation.
Would you like to contribute? Help us expand the toolkit by adding resources, case studies, or insights—see How to Contribute for details. The OAT-ED (ORCID Advocacy Toolkit Editorial Board) is happy to help and advise. Please contact the with questions.
LATEST UPDATES:
- 27/02/2025: Text changes to Home page

## Chapters

About this book
Understanding ORCID
What is Advocacy?
Audiences (who needs to hear about ORCID)
Platforms that integrate with ORCID
Resources
So you would like to....
Contributors
Do you want to practice using Wikibooks? We've provided a place to do that! Go to the Sandbox
# Telugu/Relations

| English | Transliteration | Telugu |
| Relationship/Relatives | Chuttarikalu/Chuttaalu | చుట్టరికాలు/చుట్టాలు |
| Mother | amma, talli | అమ్మ |
| Father | nanna, naayana, tandri | నాన్న |
| Son | koduku, putrudu | కొడుకు |
| Daughter | kooturu, putrika | కూతురు |
| Elder Brother | anna | అన్న |
| Younger Brother | tammudu | తమ్ముడు |
| Elder Sister | akka | అక్క |
| Younger Sister | chelli | చెల్లి |
| Grandfather | taata | తాత |
| Grandmother (father's mother) | baamma, nanamma, naayanamma, maamma | నాయనమ్మ |
| Husband | bharta, magadu, mogudu, pati | భర్త |
| Wife | bhaarya, aali, illalu, patni | భార్య |
| Father In Law | mamagaru | మామగారు |
| Maternal Uncle | mamayya, menamama | మామయ్యా |
| Paternal Aunt's Husband | mamayya | మామయ్యా |
| Mother In Law | atthagaru, attha, atthayya | అత్తగారు |
| Paternal Aunt, Maternal Uncle's Wife | attha, atthayya | అత్త |
| Son In Law | alludu | అల్లుడు |
| Man's Brother's son, Woman's Sister's son | koduku | |
| Man's Brother's Daughter, woman's Sister's Daughter | kooturu | |
| Man's Sister's son, Woman's brother's son | Menalludu | |
| Daughter In Law | Kodalu | |
| Man's Sister's Daughter, Woman's Brother's Daughter | Menakodalu | |
| Father’s Younger Brother, Mother’s Younger Sister’s Husband | Chinnaayana, babai, pinatandri | |
| Mother’s Younger Sister, Father’s Younger Brother’s Wife | Chinnamma, pinni, pinatalli | |
| Father’s Elder Brother, Mother’s Elder Sister’s Husband | peddananna, peddatandri, peddanaayana | |
| Mother’s Elder Sister, Father’s Elder Brother’s Wife | doDDamma, peddamma, pethalli | |
| Spouse’s elder brother | bava | బావ |
| Elder sister's husband | bava | బావ |
| Children | pillalu, santanam | |
| Spouse’s elder sister, Elder brother's wife | vadina | |
| Husband’s Younger Brother, younger sister's husband | maridi | |
| Spouse’s younger sister, younger brother's wife | maradalu | |
| Friend(Male), Friend(Female) | snehitudu, snehituralu | |
| Friendship | sneham | |
| Orphan | Anatha | |
| Wife’s Sister's Husband. | todalludu | |
| Husband's Brother's wife. | todikodalu | |
| Wife's Brother. | bavamaridi, | |
| Great grand mother | mutthavva, taathamma | |
| great grand father | muthaata , taathayya | |
| great grand daughter | muni manvaralu | |
| great grand son | muni manavadu | |
| grand son | manavadu | |
| grand daughter | manavaralu | |
| Husband's another wife | Savati | |
# Using Firefox/Keyboard shortcuts
## Standard Firefox Keyboard Shortcuts

    Note: for Mac OS X, use the Command key in place of Control for all shortcuts listed.
| Back | Alt+Left Arrow (or Backspace on Windows) |
| Bookmarks | Ctrl+B or Ctrl+I |
| Bookmark This Page | Ctrl+D |
| Bookmark All Tabs | Ctrl+Shift+D |
| Caret Browsing | F7 |
| Clear Personal Data | Ctrl+Shift+Del |
| Close Tab | Ctrl+W or Ctrl+F4 |
| Close Window | Ctrl+Shift+W or Alt+F4 |
| Complete .com Address | Ctrl+Enter |
| Complete .net Address | Shift+Enter |
| Complete .org Address | Ctrl+Shift+Enter |
| Copy | Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Insert |
| Cut | Ctrl+X or Shift+Del |
| Delete | Del |
| Downloads | Ctrl+J (Windows & Mac OS X only), Ctrl+Y (Linux only) |
| Find Again | F3 or Ctrl+G |
| Find in This Page (Find As You Type) | Ctrl+F or / |
| Find in This Page (Find As You Type): links only | ' (apostrophe key) |
| Find Previous | Shift+F3 or Shift+Ctrl+G |
| Force Reload (override cache) | Ctrl+F5 or Ctrl+Shift+R |
| Forward | Alt+Right Arrow (or Shift+Backspace on Windows) |
| Full Screen | F11 (not implemented on Mac OS X) |
| Group Your Tabs (Panorama) | Ctrl+Shift+E |
| History | Ctrl+H |
| Home | Alt+Home |
| Location Bar | F6 or Ctrl+L or Alt+D |
| New Tab | Ctrl+T |
| Next Frame | F6 |
| Next Tab | Ctrl+Tab or Ctrl+PageDown or Ctrl+Alt+Right Arrow |
| New Window | Ctrl+N |
| Open File | Ctrl+O |
| Open Last Closed Tab | Ctrl+Shift+T |
| Open Location in New Tab | Alt+Enter |
| Page Source | Ctrl+U |
| Paste | Ctrl+V or Shift+Insert |
| Previous Frame | Shift+F6 |
| Previous Tab | Ctrl+Shift+Tab or Ctrl+PageUp or Ctrl+Alt+Left Arrow |
| Print | Ctrl+P |
| Redo | Ctrl+Y (NOT Linux) or Ctrl+Shift+Z |
| Reload | F5 or Ctrl+R |
| Save Page As | Ctrl+S |
| Search | Ctrl+F |
| Select All | Ctrl+A |
| Select Next Search Engine in Search Bar | Ctrl+Down |
| Select Previous Search Engine in Search Bar | Ctrl+Up |
| Select Tab [1 to 8; last tab] | Ctrl+[1 to 8; 9] |
| Stop | Esc |
| Text Size: Decrease | Ctrl+- |
| Text Size: Increase | Ctrl++ |
| Text Size: Normal | Ctrl+0 |
| Web Search | Ctrl+K (or Ctrl+E on Windows & Mac OS X, or Ctrl+J on Unix) |
| Undo | Ctrl+Z |
| Start typing in address bar | Ctrl+L (Cmd + L on OS X) |
# Minecraft/Planks

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
Planks are required to make many things, and as wood, it is one of the first blocks you obtain. However, do not build a house entirely of wood, unless it is the only thing that you can use. Doing so risks setting the whole building ablaze, and weak to explosions.

## Obtaining

They are a block made from logs. They can also be found in most naturally spawning structures.

## Varients

There are 8 types of planks:
* Oak: flammable
* Birch: flammable
* Spruce: flammable
* Jungle: flammable
* Acacia: flammable
* Dark oak: flammable
* Mangrove: flammable
* Crimson: not flammable
* Warped: not flammable

## Crafting

Planks are used in many crafting recipes, including crafting tables, boats, doors, wooden tools, jukeboxes, beds, barrels, beehives, bookshelves, bowls, cartography tables, fletching tables, grindstones, looms, noteblocks, pistons, shields, signs, smithing tables, sticks, tripwire hooks, fence gates, fences, stairs, slabs and more.
Below are a few important ones:
Crafting recipe:
* Plank
* Plank
This makes four sticks.
Crafting recipe:
| Wool | Wool | Wool |
| Plank | Plank | Plank |
This makes a bed.
Crafting recipe:
| Plank | Plank |
| Plank | Plank |
This makes a crafting table.
# 4chan Chronicle/The Fappening

On August 31, a /b/tard makes a thread declaring that he has the nudes of celebrity Jennifer Lawrence and several others, and he will proceed to post them if they gave him a certain amount of bitcoins to his account. The situation explodes to incommensurable levels as the whole event immediately gains attention from the old media, and on top of that, the hacking scene that was behind obtaining those nudes, realizing that the cops will be on their ass very soon, declare the scene dead and proceed to dump all their content. For giggles, they decide to post it on /b/. The internet pretty much explodes when it finds out, and 4chan is swarmed with millions of people from the outside trying to get the pics, overloading the site. This also leads to no end of trouble for moot, as Jennifer Lawrence took the whole thing awfully and began to threaten everyone with lawsuits, including 4chan. The result is months of behind the scenes negotiation with the lawyers (which moot suggests in a "Fappening related stress" sentence in a Q/A regarding his lack of activity). Nobody knows why the original buyer dumped his personal batch. Some suggest it was because his buy was filled with fakes. Over the following months there would be several other leaks, adding to 5 in total. The most hacking was made through Apple's Cloud system, which Apple fervently denied, claiming it was impossible. Moot's only public activity regarding the site was saving the hashes of several Jennifer Lawrence pics and making it so users are unable to post them, and banning everyone who evaded the prohibition.
The Fappening had quite an impact on the 4chan staff, as Jennifer Lawrence's legal pressure made them realize how easily everything could come down. The moderation team ended up stressed and tired from over-management, still surprised how everything could tumble down so fast in so little time.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Acid-catalyzed hydration

An acid-catalyzed hydration is an addition reaction in which a water molecule is added across the double bond of an alkene as a hydrogen (${\ce {-H}}$) and a hydroxyl group (${\ce {-OH}}$). The addition follows Markovnikov regioselectivity and lacks stereospecificity, resulting in a mixture of enantiomers.
# World Cultures
## Contents

* African culture
* Asian culture
* North American culture
* South American culture
* European culture
* Oceanic culture
* Authors & Contributors