OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Photography Equipment/Medium Format
## Digital systems

Medium format digital systems differentiate themselves from 35mm DSLR type cameras by having a larger sensor, usually a CCD. However many medium format cameras can also be described as Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR).
* Hasselblad H system, eg HD3II-50 (50 megapixel 36×48mm sensor), leaf shutter lenses
* PhaseOne digital backs, compatible with a variety of cameras, eg P65+ camera back (53.9x40.4 mm, 60.5 megapixels)
* Leaf system using the Rollei mount, Leaf Aptus-II 10 (56x36mm sensor, 56 megapixels)
* Sinar Hy6 system using the Rollei mount

### Scanning type

* Seitz 6x17 Digital

## Film systems

Medium format film photography systems generally use roll film that is 6cm wide; either 120 film that is 72cm long with a paper backing or 220 film that is twice as long with no paper backing. Different systems use different aspect ratios, such as the smaller 6×4.5cm film size (also known as 645), the square 6×6cm format up to the panoramic 6×17cm format. The actual image size on the film is slightly smaller than the stated value, for example the Mamiya 645 system creates images sizes of 5.6x4.15cm.

### 6×4.5cm

* Hasselblad H system, eg H2F camera, autofocus leaf shutter lenses
* Mamiya 645 system, eg 645 AFD III, autofocus, focal place shutter

### 6×6cm

* Rollei, eg 6008AF camera, autofocus on selected Schneider lenses. Zeiss manual focus lenses also available. Leaf shutter.

### 6×7cm

* Mamiya 7 system. Rangefinder with leaf shutter.

### 6×17cm

* Linhof Technorama, 5 Schneider lenses, groundglass and shift adapter available
# Phylogenetics/Alignment Preparation/Global Alignment

Global alignment methods attempt to align the entire length of two sequences. Without models for sequence evolution, these methods are very general and can be applied to any sequence (not just biological) similarity.
The first algorithm to discuss is the Needleman-Wunsch.
# Phylogenetics/Noted contributors

Blackrim - original author
# Photography Equipment/References

* photo.net: Detailed guides to all aspects of photography equipment
* Digital Photography Review: in-depth reviews of digital cameras
# Phylogenetics/Alignment Preparation

Genomes change overtime. There are mutations, deletions, insertions, and other rearrangements that can change the genes and genome of an organism. When we reconstruct the phylogeny of a group of organisms, we must first create an alignment where each column, site, corresponds in each tip. This must be done because each phylogenetic method conducts per site reonstruction.
In this chapter we discuss a few of the most common methods for alignment creation. This gives a basic overview, however there are many methods to practically carry out alignment estimation.

## Sections

* Scoring Matrices
* Global Alignment
* Local Alignment
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Pelipper
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 279
* Johto Index: 279
* Hoenn Index: 28
* Stage: Stage 1
* Height: 1.2m/3'11"
* Weight: 28kg/62.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Keen Eye
* Type: Water/Flying
* Species: Waterbird
* Egg Group: Water 1/Flying
* Hatch Steps: 5120
* Catch Rate: 45
* Base Experience: 164
* Max Experience: 1000000
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 60 | 50 | 100 | 65 | 85 | 70 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 324 | 218 | 328 | 251 | 295 | 262 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are very good on Pelipper: Electric Move types which are good on Pelipper: Rock Move types which are bad on Pelipper: Bug, Fighting, Fire, Steel, Water Move types which don't effect Pelipper: Ground
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Pelipper.

## How to Evolve

Wingull evolves at level 25.

## Moveset

| Level | Ruby / Sapphire | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Growl Water Gun Water Sport Wing Attack | Growl Water Gun Water Sport Wing Attack |
| 3 | Water Gun | Water Gun |
| 7 | Supersonic | Supersonic |
| 13 | Wing Attack | Wing Attack |
| 21 | Mist | Mist |
| 25 | Protect | Protect |
| 33 | Stockpile Swallow | Stockpile Swallow |
| 47 | Spit Up | Spit Up |
| 61 | Hydro Pump | Hydro Pump |

### TM/HM

* RS/FL: Aerial Ace, Attract, Blizzard, Double Team, Facade, Fly, Frustration, Hail, Hidden Power, Hyper Beam, Ice Beam, Protect, Rain Dance, Rest, Return, Secret Power, Shock Wave, Steel Wing, Surf, Thief, Toxic, Water Pulse

### Evolution

* RS/FL: Agility, Gust, Mist, Twister, Water Sport

## Trading Cards

* EX Ruby & Sapphire #19 - Pelipper
* EX Sandstorm #50 - Pelipper
* EX Deoxys #21 - Pelipper
| Basic: Wingull | Stage 1: Pelipper | (No Stage 2) |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Pichu
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 172
* Johto Index: 21
* Hoenn Index: 155
* Stage: Baby
* Height: 0.3m/1'0"
* Weight: 2kg/4.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Static
* Type: Electric
* Species: Tiny Mouse
* Egg Group: Unbreedable
* Hatch Steps: 2560
* Catch Rate: 190
* Base Experience: 42
* Max Experience: 1000000
* Hold Item in Advance: Oran Berry: 5% (RS/E)
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | 20 | 40 | 15 | 60 | 35 | 35 |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 20 | 40 | 15 | 60 | 35 | 35 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | 243 | 178 | 128 | 218 | 168 | 168 |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 244 | 196 | 141 | 240 | 185 | 185 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are good on Pichu: Ground Move types which are bad on Pichu: Electric, Flying, Steel
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Pichu.

## How to Evolve

Pichu evolves through friendship.

## Moveset

| Level | Gold / Silver | Crystal | Ruby / Sapphire Emerald XD / Colosseum | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Thundershock Charm | Thundershock Charm | Thundershock Charm | Thundershock Charm |
| 6 | Tail Whip | Tail Whip | Tail Whip | Tail Whip |
| 8 | Thunder Wave | Thunder Wave | Thunder Wave | Thunder Wave |
| 11 | Sweet Kiss | Sweet Kiss | Sweet Kiss | Sweet Kiss |

### TM/HM

* GS/C/RS/FL: Attract, Double Team, Flash, Frustration, Hidden Power, Iron Tail, Protect, Rain Dance, Rest, Return, Thunder, Toxic
* C/RS/FL: Thunderbolt
* GS/C: Curse, Defense Curl, Detect, Endure, Headbutt, Mud-Slap, Rollout, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swagger, Swift, Zap Cannon
* RS/FL: Facade, Light Screen, Secret Power, Shock Wave

### Tutor

* FL/E: Counter, MegaKick, Mega Punch.
* E:Defense Curl, Endure, Mud-slap, Rollout, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swager, Swift, Thunder Punch.
* FL/E/XD: Body Slam, Double-edge, Mimic, Thunder wave, Seismic Toss, Substitute.

### Evolution

* GS/C/RS/FL: Bide, Doubleslap, Encore, Present, Reversal
* RS/FL: Charge, Wish
* E: Volt Tackle

### Other Sources

* Pokémon Crystal: Dizzy Punch
* Pokémon Box: Surf
* Event (GS/C): Scary face

## Variant Forms

* Standard
* Spiky ear

## Trading Cards

* Neo Genesis #12 - Pichu
* Expedition #22 - Pichu
* Expedition #58 - Pichu
* EX Sandstorm #20 - Pichu
| Baby: Pichu | Basic: Pikachu | Stage 1: Raichu |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Pecharunt
## Description

A small pokémon that resides within a berry shaped shell.

## Base Statistics

A Poison and Ghost type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Pecharunt: ground, ghost, dark Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Pecharunt: grass, fighting, fairy Moves that deal 25% of their damage to Pecharunt: poison, bug Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Pecharunt: normal, fighting

## How to Evolve

Pecharunt does not evolve.

## Notes

Introduced in the DLC Epilogue for Pokémon Scarlet and Violet.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Petilil
## Description

A plant-like pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Grass type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Petilil: fire, ice, poison, flying, bug Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Petilil: water, grass, electric, ground
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Phanpy
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 231
* Johto Index: 195
* Hoenn Index: 165
* Stage: Basic
* Height: 0.5m/1'8"
* Weight: 33.5kg/74.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Pickup
* Type: Ground
* Species: Long Nose
* Egg Group: Ground
* Hatch Steps: 5120
* Catch Rate: 120
* Base Experience: 124
* Max Experience: 1000000
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | 90 | 60 | 60 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 90 | 60 | 60 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | 383 | 218 | 218 | 178 | 178 | 178 |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 384 | 240 | 240 | 196 | 196 | 196 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are good on Phanpy: Grass, Ice, Water Move types which are bad on Phanpy: Poison, Rock Move types which don't effect Phanpy: Electric
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Phanpy.

## How to Evolve

Phanpy evolves at level 25.

## Moveset

| Level | Gold / Silver | Crystal | Ruby / Sapphire Emerald XD / Colosseum | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Tackle Growl | Tackle Growl | Odor Sleuth Tackle Growl | Odor Sleuth Tackle Growl |
| 9 | Defense Curl | Defense Curl | Defense Curl | Defense Curl |
| 17 | Flail | Flail | Flail | Flail |
| 25 | Take Down | Take Down | Take Down | Take Down |
| 33 | Rollout | Rollout | Rollout | Rollout |
| 41 | Endure | Endure | Endure | Endure |
| 49 | Double-Edge | Double-Edge | Double-Edge | Double-Edge |

### TM/HM

* GS/C/RS/FL: Attract, Double Team, Earthquake, Frustration, Hidden Power, Protect, Rest, Return, Roar, Rock Smash, Sandstorm, Strength, Sunny Day, Toxic
* GS/C: Curse, Defense Curl, Endure, Headbutt, Mud-Slap, Rollout, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swagger
* RS/FL: Facade, Iron Tail, Rock Tomb, Secret Power

### Breeding

* GS/C/RS/FL: Ancientpower, Body Slam, Focus Energy
* RS/FL: Counter, Fissure, Snore
* C: Water Gun

## Trading Cards

* Neo Genesis #43 - Phanpy
* Neo Destiny #75 - Phanpy
* Aquapolis #100 - Phanpy
* EX Ruby & Sapphire #62 - Phanpy
* EX Deoxys #69 - Phanpy
| Basic: Phanpy | Stage 1: Donphan | (No Stage 2) |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Pawmo
## Description

A doglike pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A electric and fighting type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Pawmo: ground, psychic, fairy Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Pawmo: electric, steel, bug, rock, dark

## How to Evolve

Evolves from Pawmo.
Evolves into Pawmot

## Notes

Introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Pawmot
## Description

A bipedal pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A electric and fighting type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Pawmot: ground, psychic, fairy Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Pawmot: electric, steel, bug, rock, dark

## How to Evolve

Evolves from Pawmot.

## Notes

Introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Pawniard
## Base Statistics

A dark and steel type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 400% of their damage to Pawniard: fighting Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Pawniard: fire, ground Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Pawniard: ghost, dark, normal, grass, ice, flying, psychic, rock, dragon, steel Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Pawniard: psychic, poison

## How to Evolve

Evolves into Bisharp.
# Microsoft SQL Server/Using Instances

On one machine, there can be more editions, as defined in the SQL Server Installation Center.
Default Instance: Only one. Please note some of the MS products using the SQL Server request the default instance (For instance the Team Foundation Server).

## Determining Multiple or Single Instances

Multiple Instances mean more administration overhead. Additional Instances require additional resources: Memory and processor capacity-
Advantages of multiple instances
* testing multiple versions
* testing service packs, dev databases and applications
* different customers require their own system and user databases with full administrative control or their instance
* desktop engine is embedded in the applications, because every application can install each own instance
# Microsoft SQL Server/Geospatial Data/WKT

Well-known text (WKT) is a text markup language for representing vector geometry objects on a map, spatial reference systems of spatial objects and transformations between spatial reference systems. A binary equivalent, known as well-known binary (WKB) is used to transfer and store the same information on databases, such as PostGIS. The formats are regulated by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and described in their Simple Feature Access and Coordinate Transformation Service specifications.

## Geometric Objects

Geometric objects that can be represented with WKT are: points, lines, polygons, TINs and Polyhedron]. Multi geometries are also available to represent more than one geometry of the same dimension in a single object, and geometries of different dimensions can be stored in a geometry collection.
Coordinates for geometries may be 2D (x, y), 3D (x, y, z), 4D (x, y, z, m) with a m value that is part of a linear reference system or 3D with a m value (x, y, m). Three dimensional geometries are designated by a Z after the geometry type and geometries with a linear reference system have a M after the geometry type.
WKT geometries are used throughout OGC specifications and are present in applications that implement these specifications. For example, PostGIS contains functions that can convert geometries to and from a WKT representation, making them human readable.
The following are some example geometric WKT strings.

## Spatial Reference Systems

A WKT string for a spatial reference system describes the datum, geoid, coordinate system, and map projection of the spatial objects.
Well-known text is used extensively throughout many GIS programs. ESRI uses WKT in the shapefile *.prj file.
The following is an example of a spatial reference system WKT string.

## Transformations

A WKT format is defined to describe the transformation methods and parameters used to convert coordinates between two different spatial reference systems.
Below are two examples of WKT transformation descriptions.
# Microsoft SQL Server/Table manipulation
## Introduction

The DDL and DML respect the SQL-86 norm. However, in addition to the requests SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT we find MERGE since the 2008 version.

## Create a table

In SSMS, a right click on the folder "Tables" of a database allows to add one.
A right click on a particular table lets choose between:
* Modify the table structure (add a column, modify a type).
* Select its 1,000 first records (TOP), or the 1,000 last (ORDER BY id DESC).
* Edit its 200 first.
Otherwise in SQL one must enter:
Filling the first columns:
To aim some other columns, the fields must be precised. For example, by filling the first name, the last name will be null:
From another table:
Update:

### Create an index

The software PK abbreviation means "primary key".
To create a foreign key, drop down the table, in the menu Keys, right click, new foreign key..., the list of all the table foreign keys appears in a small window (named by default "FK_..." for "foreign key").
In General, Tables and columns specification, click on "..." to select the table and its field to link.

### Add a unique id

Normally each table should own at least one unique id (primary key). However, it's impossible to modify an existing column to attribute the property AUTOINCREMENT needed to such a key.
So to add one:

## Copy a table

The selection below clones a table with the same fields sizes:
Knowing that the table spt_values from the system database master contains a sequential field number, it becomes possible to generate tables with this counter:
Where:

## Import a table

From an array (Excel or Calc) converted for example in CSV encoded in PC DOS, to import it as a new table :

## Delete a table

To delete a whole table (data and structure):
To truncate a table, that is to say to conserve only the headers and columns types, by removing all records:
To delete certain lines from a table:
NB: by adding OUTPUT deleted.* before the WHERE, we get the deleted content instead of the deleted lines number.}}

## Research a table

To research a table which we know the exact name, on all the server databases:

## Research in all the tables

SSMS 10 doesn't propose any research function, like one could find it in phpMyAdmin for MySQL for example.

### Table research

This script passes through each database to return the tables which names contain the specified string of characters (at the end):

### Research a value

A field value research in all the tables take a few time:

## References

* ↑ https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb510625.aspx
* ↑ https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms174979.aspx
* ↑ https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms174335.aspx
* ↑ https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms188365.aspx
* ↑ http://stackoverflow.com/questions/591853/search-for-a-string-in-an-all-the-tables-rows-and-columns-of-a-db
# Microsoft SQL Server/Installing Instances

Decide on Security and collation
SQL Server Agent and SQL Server run as Windows Services.
They run in a context of a user account. Determining which account is an important decision.
Questions:
* Should use use a separate account for the SQL Server service and the SQL Server Agent service, or should you use the same account for both?
* Should you use a built-in system account or a domain user account?
Remember: The SQL Server jobs require to interact with the SQL Server Agent service. When the SQL Server Agent service must interact with different servers, DBAs create different accounts for these two services to avoid giving the SQL Server service more permission than it needs.
Build-in System account or Domain user account
You can choose between: Network service account, local system account, or a dedicated domain user account.
The Network service account is a special built-in system account that is similar to authenticated user accounts. This account has the same level of access to system resources and objects as members of the Users group. Services that run under this account will use the credentials of the computer account to access network resources. Not recommended to use.
The local system account is a Windows OS account that has full adminstrativve rights on the local computer but has no network rights. You can use this account for development or testing of servers that you do not integrate with other server applications or to interact with any network resources. Not recommended.
Recommended: Create and use one or two dedicated domain user accounts for the SQL Server and SQL Server Agent services.

## Authentication mode

Windows and Mixed mode. Default is Windows: Only users that have previously authenticated to the Windows OS can connect to the SQL Server 2005 instance.
Mixed is recommended for Legacy.

## Determining Collation Setting

You define the default collation for a SQL Server at installation. The SQL Server uses the collation setting to determine how non-Unicode character data is stored and how to sort and compare Unicode and non-Unicode data.
Default will be selected of Windows.
# Microsoft SQL Server/Print version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server
# Physics Course/Projectile Motion
## Projectile Motion

Projectile Motion refers to any motion moving under the effect of gravity. This kind of motion is famous for its trajectory being in the shape of a parabola. all are due to gravity

## Analysis (two dimensional space)

Suppose the object is projected at an angle $\theta$ at a height h with an initial velocity of v with a gravity of g. When on Earth g will equal 9.8 m/s$^2$.
The components of velocity in horizontal (x-) and vertical (y-) directions are:
    $x'(t)=v\cos \theta$
    $y'(t)=v\sin \theta$
By using $s=vt+{\frac {1}{2}}at^{2}$, The x- and y- coordinates of the object are
    $x(t)=v(\cos \theta )t$
    $y(t)=v(\sin \theta )t-{\frac {1}{2}}gt^{2}$
which are functions in time.
By eliminating t,
    $y(t)=(\tan \theta )x(t)-{\frac {g}{2v(\cos \theta )}}[x(t)]^{2}+h$
which shows that the trajectory is a parabola

### Velocity at any time t

The magnitude of the velocity at any time t is given by
    $|{\vec {v}}|={\sqrt {[x'(t)]^{2}+[y'(t)]^{2}}}$
and the direction is given by
    $\tan \theta ={\frac {x'(t)}{y'(t)}}$

### Time of flight

To solve for the time of flight, we set y(t)=0
    $v(\sin \theta )t-{\frac {1}{2}}gt^{2}=0$
    $t=0$ or $t={\frac {2v\sin \theta }{g}}$

### Horizontal range

After $t={\frac {2v\sin \theta }{g}}$, the x-coordinate of the object is given by
    $x({\frac {2v\sin \theta }{g}})={\frac {v^{2}\sin 2\theta }{g}}$

### Maximum height

The maximum height is given by
    $H={\frac {v^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta }{2g}}+h$
where h is the initial height
# Physics Course/Radiation

* Black Body Radiation
* Electromagnetic Radiation
* Radioactive Decay Radiation
# Physics Course/Radiation/Electromagnetic Radiation
## Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic Radiation is observed in Dipoles consists of two straight wire of different polarities carrying current . Electromagnetic Radiation is spread out as an ElectroMagnetic Wave that compose of an ElectroMagnet Wave perpendicular to an Electric Wave

## Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic Radiation travels at a speed equal to speed of light in a vacuum C = 3 x 10$^{18}$ and has a Quanta Energy Level.
    v = C = λ f
    $\lambda ={\frac {C}{f}}$
    $f={\frac {C}{\lambda }}$
    E = h f = h nfo = $h{\frac {C}{\lambda }}$

## Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum

Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum used in communication include frequencies of
* Radio Waves , wave of frequency in the range of 2KHz - 20 KHz
* Microwave , wave of frequency > 3MHz
* Visible Light , wave of frequency > 3 THz
* Ultra Violet Waves , wave of frequency > 3GHz
* X Rays ,
* Gamma Rays ,

### Wavelength and Frequency of Electromagnetic Radiation

* Visible Light has a frequency spectrum