OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction

This book covers a sub-field of Music Technology called sound synthesis. Although the tone is generally aimed at musicians and people with little prior knowledge of music systems, there may be some mathematical concepts and programming techniques that are not familiar. The book focuses on synthesis from a digital perspective rather than an analogue one, since it aims to demonstrate the theory of digital synthesis rather than applications to a specific medium or piece of software.

## What is sound synthesis?

Sound synthesis is the technique of generating sound, using electronic hardware or software, from scratch. The most common use of synthesis is musical, where electronic instruments called synthesizers are used in the performance and recording of music. Sound synthesis has many applications both academic and artistic, and we commonly use synthesizers and synthesis methods to:
* Generate interesting and unique sounds or timbres incapable of being produced acoustically.
* Recreate or model the sounds of real-world acoustic instruments or sounds.
* Facilitate the automation of systems and processes (text-to-speech software, train station P.A.s)

## Background and history

One of the earliest musical synthesizers was Thaddeus Cahill's Teleharmonium, presented to an audience of about nine hundred in 1906. This massive instrument defined a fundamental synthesis technique called additive synthesis which used combinations of pure tones to generate its sounds. Other early synthesizers used technology derived from electronic analog computers, laboratory test equipment, and early electronic musical instruments. However, it was not until the late 1960s that technology had developed far enough for synthesizers to be a commercial success, most notably with Robert Moog's modular and mini-modular analogue synthesizers.
Since the late 1980's, most new synthesizers have been completely digital. At the same time analogue synthesis has also revived in popularity, so in recent years the two trends have combined in the appearance of virtual analog synthesizers, digital synthesizers of which model analog synthesis using digital signal processing techniques. Digital synthesizers use digital signal processing (DSP) techniques to make musical sounds. Some digital synthesizers now exist in the form of 'softsynth' software that synthesizes sound using conventional PC hardware. Others use specialized DSP hardware.
# Links and Bibliography
## Links

Sound On Sound Magazine - Many articles on synthesis available online to view.
The Theory and Techniques of Electronic Music - Electronic music manual written by Miller Puckette, inventor of Puredata.
Mathematics Of The Discrete Fourier Transform - Electronic manual on the application of mathematics to many areas of digital sound synthesis / processing by Julius O. Smith, inventor of digital waveguide synthesis.

## Related / Useful Wikibooks

Control Systems - Inter-disciplinary engineering text that analyzes the effects and interactions of mathematical systems.

## Bibliography

Boulanger, R. 2000. The CSound Book. London: MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0262522618
Loy, G. 2006. Musimathics: Mathematical Foundations Of Music, Vol. 1. MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0262122825
Loy, G. 2007. Musimathics: Mathematical Foundations Of Music, Vol. 2. MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0262122856
Roads, C. 1996. The Computer Music Tutorial. London: MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0-262-68082-0
Roads, C. 2002. Microsound. London: MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0-262-18215-7
# Sustainable Consumption and Production/What is the Marrakech Process?

In the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation signed at the UN World Summit on Sustainable Develop-ment (WSSD) in 2002, all governments were called upon to “change unsustainable patterns of con-sumption and production” (Chapter 3). To accelerate the shift towards sustainable consumption and production (SCP), the Plan called them to promote the development of a 10-year framework of programmes on SCP (10YFP).
The “Marrakech Process” is an international collective effort to develop the 10-year Framework of Programmes on SCP. An international collective effort to develop the 10YFP is named the “Marrakech Process” after the place where the First International Expert Meeting on the 10YFP on SCP took place in Morocco in 2003. The 10YFP will be proposed and reviewed at the 2010-2011 cycle of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) are coordinators for the development of this framework.
The implementation of the Marrakech Process towards formulating the 10YFP involve the following four phases :
* Phase 1: Organising regional consultations in all regions to promote awareness and identify priori-ties and needs for SCP
* Phase 2: Building regional strategies and implementation mechanisms with regional and national ownership
* Phase 3: Implementing concrete projects and programmes on the regional, national and local lev-els
* Phase 4: Monitoring and evaluating progress and exchanging information and experience at the in-ternational level
The current activities of the Marrakech Process mainly consist of the following events and development of SCP strategies at different levels, and expert groups developing develop concrete projects on differ-ent SCP issues:
* Expert meetings and roundtables held at the international, regional and national levels
* Development of SCP frameworks, strategies and action plans at the international, regional and national levels
* “Marrakech Task Forces” led by governments with focus on specific SCP issues
* “Cooperation Dialogue” that engages development agencies into SCP activities
The next sections explain the achievement of the development of the Marrakech Process at the interna-tional and regional levels as well as that of Marrakech Task Forces and Cooperation Dialogue in detail.
# Suzuki UC125

Suzuki UC125, also known as the SJ125T Epicuro repair manual. This manual will be slowly added to by myself and others when we need to make our own repairs.
The Suzuki UC125 comes with a single-cylinder, 4-stroke engine with 4 valves. It has a maximum power output of 15 hp and a maximum torque output of 10.9 Nm. It has a dry weight of 123 kg and its seat height is 760 mm. The Suzuki UC125 has a wheelbase of 1,350 mm.
The Suzuki SJ125T is a 4 stroke, single cylinder, Single OHC 124cc scooter with a maximum power output of 11 kilowatts and a top speed of just over 100 km/h.

## Table of contents

* Specifications
* Part numbers
* Battery
* Carburetor
* Common Faults
* ↑ "Suzuki UC125 Epicuro Specs, Features, Mileage, & Performance". motowag.com. Retrieved 6 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
* ↑ "Suzuki Models 2001". suzukicycles.org. Retrieved 5 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
# Suzuki UC125/Battery

The battery is positioned at the front of the bike under the instrument panel. To access the battery for replacement or jump starting requires only a Phillips screw-driver and the removal of a few panels. The battery the bike ships with tends to work well for around 3 years in most situations, after which initially difficulty may be experienced with cold starts, and eventually starting becomes unreliable. Replacements are easily sourced from most Motorbike service outlets. As this bike has no kick start, it is advisable to ensure the battery is in good condition at all times.
Remove the front windshield panel by removing the two silver screws and lifting the panel upwards and off.
Remove the centre screw and the plastic rivets by turning then anti-clockwise with a screwdriver and then lifting them out.
Remove the four screws either side of the handlebars to release the instrument panel.
Unhook the battery strap and pull it out.
# Swahili
## First Steps

* Introduction
* Pronunciation
* Greetings
* Personal Pronouns
* Common Phrases
* References and materials

## First Lesson

* Verbs (General Structure, Subject Prefixes, Negation, Infinitive)
* Present (+Habitual)
* Nouns (Overview, Concept of Noun Classes, Concord)
* M/W

## Second Lesson

* M/Mi
* Imperative and Subjunctive
* Past (Simple Past and Past Perfect)
* Questions

## Third Lesson

* Ji/Ma
* Future
* Possesives
* Hotelini (Ordering at the Restaurant)

## Fourth Lesson

* Ki/Vi
* Locative
* Demonstratives (Here, There and beyond)
* Directions (Telling the Way)

## Fifth Lesson

* N/N
* Passive
* Numbers
* Cooking

## Sixth Lesson

* U/N
* Object
* Family

## Seventh Lesson

* Conditional
* "Already"
* Public Transport

## Eighth Lesson

* Relative
* Participle
* Time

## Ninth Lesson

* Single Syllable

## Structured Overview
### Verbs

* General (General Structure, Subject Prefixes, Negation)
* Present (+Habitual)
* Imperative
* Past (Simple Past and Past Perfect)
* Future
* Subjunctive
* "Already"
* Passive
* Object
* Conditional
* Relative
* Participle
* Locative
* Single Syllable
* Overview

### Adjectives

* General
* Colors

### Nouns

* General (Overview, Concept of Noun Classes, Concord)
* M/W
* M/Mi
* Ji/Ma
* Ki/Vi
* N/N
* U/N
* Overview

### Questions

* General

### Numbers

* Numbers

### Demonstratives

* Demonstratives (Here, There and beyond)

### Possesives

* Possesives

### Time

* Time

### Other

* Informal/Spoken Language
* Regional differences

### Topics

* Greetings
* Hotelini (Ordering at the Restaurant)
* Directions (Telling the Way)
* Cooking
* Family
* Public Transport
* Swahili I
* Lesson One
* Lesson Two
* Lesson Three
* Swahili II
* Lesson One
* Lesson Two
* Lesson Three
# Swahili/Greetings
## Tourist Greetings

(Taken from http://mwanasimba.online.fr/E_index.html)
Jambo!
    This is a word that means "hello". The answer to this is just to repeat the word back to the person whom you are talking to. "Jambo!"
Salama?
    Are you fine? This is how you ask that question. Again, to answer this, one simply repeats the word: "Salama!"
Mambo Vipi?
    How are things? To answer this, you could respond with, "Salama", meaning fine, or with Safi or Poa tu, which mean cool.
Habari gani?
    How are you? To answer this, just reply with the words listed above, or "Nzuri", which is good.

## Authentic Greetings

Hujambo
    How are you?
       Sijambo! -I am fine.
Hamjambo
    How are you? (Plural)
       Hatujambo -We are fine.
Shikamoo
    My respects. (To an older person)
       Marahaba -Thank you

## Greetings

Hujambo? "How are you?" (lit. What things?) Sijambo "I am fine" Unaendeleaje? "How's it going?" (lit. How are you going?) Unaitwa nani? "What is your name?" (lit. Who are you called?) Ninaitwa Mustafa."My name is Mustafa." Habari za Mohammed? "How is Mohammed?" (lit. News of Mohammed?) Nzuri. "Good." Habari za asubuhi? "How are you this morning?"
# Suzuki UC125/Specifications

UC 125 X Epicuro 2001
Overall Length: 1 990 mm
Overall Width: 685 mm (27.0 in)
Overall Height: 1 070 mm
Seat Height: 760 mm (29.9 in)
Wheelbase: 1 350 mm
Dry Weight: 123 kg
Engine type: Water-cooled 125 cc SOHC, 4 valves. single cylinder, variomatic transmission. 15 hp (11 kW)/ 9,500 rpm, 10,9 Nm/ 8.900 rpm.
# Tablature/Drums/Less Than Jake - 3 Quartz Drunk

<< Drum tabs
Less Than Jake - 3 Quartz Drunk
<< Drum tabs
# Tablature/Drums/Less Than Jake - Anchor

<< Drum tabs
Less Than Jake - Anchor
<< Drum tabs
# Table Tennis

Welcome to the book on Table Tennis. This book is designed so that any level of player can pick up in the Table of Contents at their current level of play and learn a new technique or strategy. If you have anything to add, as always, feel free to improve or create content.

## Contents

* Introduction
** History of Table Tennis
** Leagues
** Standards
* Basic Play
** Basic Serving
** Strokes
** Ball Placement
* Advanced Concepts
** Types of Player
** Spin
** Movement
** Advanced Serving
** Feigning
# Table Tennis/Ball Placement

Ball placement is the basic factor that most influences the winner of a game. Mastering ball placement will make you the puppetmaster of players who have not mastered it. You can move them at will, forcing them to run from side to side, or lean back for a far shot then jump forward for a near shot. You can make your opponent catch the ball with his hand when you place your shot in a far corner that he knows won't make it (and this will happen). If you haven't gotten it yet, ball placement is very important.

## Bad placements

Figuring out where not to hit the ball is just as important as placing those corner shots. This actually ties in with the section Types of Player. Here's an exercise to help: Think of shots that you love to hit, forehand, backhand (not very common), or whatever. The odds are that your opponent likes at least a few of those shots too. Do not give those to your opponent. One shot that should be avoided at all costs is a medium-to-high-bouncing ball with no spin (you'll learn about that later) that is three-quarters of an arm's length away from your opponent. That's called asking for a slam.

## Good placements
### Backhand vs. Forehand

Most players prefer to hit balls on their forehand. That means that most players are likely to be less proficient hitting backhands than forehands. Therefore, hitting to your opponent's backhand is preferable to hitting to their forehand. This doesn't apply at all times. If you've just sent a ball to your opponent's far backhand, you might want to consider hitting to their far forehand once they return it.

### Body

The vast majority, if not all, players dislike hitting balls near their body. This is a great thing to take advantage of. One thing to consider, is that the farther away a player is from the table, the less this dislike will affect their ability to return it. Of course, the opposite also applies. If you notice that your opponent is almost or actually touching the table with their body, the next shot you make should be directed towards his body and should hit the table as far back as you feel you can make it (don't go so far that it could go off the table). After this shot, you should back off the table since their return will either hit the net (very likely), hit your side far back with moderate power (a little likely), or go off the end (even less likely).

### Runaround

A simple concept, and also used often in tennis, is hitting to alternating sides such that your opponent must use a considerable amount of energy to get to the balls. This is especially effective when playing in warm, humid weather in such venues as garages.

### Near vs. Far

A variation on the runaround is to use the same alternating concept, but instead of forehand to backhand, you hit near to far (in relation to the net). Hitting a near shot right after a far shot can certainly throw your opponent off balance. If your opponent is able to return the near shot following the far shot, continue the cycle.
# Table Tennis/Basic Serving

In table tennis, the ball does not hit the servers side before play. You must strike the ball onto your side and cross the net to the opponents side of the table.
There are many different types of serves, some have spin and some don't, two notable serves without spin are the backhand and the forehand serve. The forehand serve has your palm facing away from you, and you should be facing sideways, when you hit the ball.

### The Service

Most social players won't call any rules on you for serving, but there are some widely accepted guidelines. First, you can't serve the ball off the bounce; you must have it in your hand and hit it before it touches anything else. It then hits your side once and then your opponent's side, clearing the net. If the ball hits the net but goes over (colloquially referred to as a netball), a let is called and the server is allowed another try. If the ball hits the net and doesn't go over, a net is called and the receiver gets the point.
Basic strategy for beginning servers is all about control. Try to serve low over the net, but not at the expense of hitting the net more than necessary. Don't serve a high and short ball that bounces vertically, because you give the other player a chance to slam it right back at you, with minimal chance of a return.
# Tablature/Drums/Less Than Jake - Help Save the Youth of America From Exploding

<< Drum tabs
Less Than Jake - Help Save the Youth of America From Exploding
<< Drum tabs
# Tablature/Drums/Nailing Descartes to the Wall / (Liquid) Meat is Still Murder Drum Tab

Below is the drum tab for the song, "Nailing Descartes to the Wall / (Liquid) Meat is Still Murder" featured on the album Less Talk, More Rock.
# Tablature/Guitar

Guitar tablature is a form of written music in which the fret and string to place your finger on is shown in order of how it appears on the song. Sometimes, various methods are used to denote timing, and often effects such as "slides" or "bends" are notated as well. This is the only way to learn many popular songs (unless one transcribes it straight from audio) and is an easy, free way to learn songs on guitar with little or no previous musical knowledge.
There are many sources of guitar tablature online and in most cases these are in the form of html documents, displaying the written music using text characters. However there are also guitar tablature software which allow the user to write, edit, listen and print out tablature. These programs are becoming so powerful that many of them support multiple tracks, making it possible to tabulate all the instruments in a band in one tablature file.

## Guitar Tablature

* Ultimate-Guitar An example of a site hosting text-based guitar tablature
* Guitar-Pro 5 An example of guitar tablature software
* Guitar-Pro Tabs An example of a site hosting guitar tablature software tabs
# Tablature/Drums/Less Than Jake - Great American Sharpshooter

<< Drum tabs
Less Than Jake - Great American Sharpshooter
<< Drum tabs
# Tablature/Drums/Less Than Jake - Look What Happened

<< Drum tabs
Less Than Jake - Look What Happened
<< Drum tabs
# SPARQL/Variables

A query variable is marked by the use of either "?" or "$"; the "?" or "$" is not part of the variable name. In a query, $abc and ?abc identify the same variable.
In this book only variables marked with "?" are used.
Allowable characters are [a-z], [A-Z], [0-9], _, · and also diacrictics like áéíóú etcetera.
Example
Try it!
# SPARQL/Subqueries

SPARQL allows one SELECT query to be nested inside another. The inner SELECT query is called a subquery and is evaluated first. The subquery result variable(s) can then be used in the outer SELECT query.
Simplest example:
Try it!
The example below calculates the population of each country in the world, expressing the population as a percentage of the world's total population. In order to calculate the world's total population, it uses a subquery.
Try it!
The syntax of a query with a subquery is shown below. A subquery is basically the same as a simple query and is enclosed within { brackets }.
Subqueries can be used, often with a LIMIT, to avoid a query timeout by fractioning the task. As an example, this query is timing out :
Try it!
but the same query putting the limit on the selected items in a subquery and the label service outside it didn't timeout :
Try it!
# SPARQL/Templates

Within Wikidata Query Service Query Helper the comment #TEMPLATE can build a simple template where the user can choose one or more variables to change a query without needing to know the SPARQL query language.
See below an example to select presidents and their spouses from any country:
Try it!
The "template" contains the texts and one ore more variables. The "variables" list the variables and optionally a "query" to select possible values, in this case ?id is instance of country.
    If no query is needed the syntax is "?var1": In that case that might be
Mind: BIND(wd:Q30 AS ?country) is used as a default for the variable ?country.

### References

* Wikidata:SPARQL query service/Query Helper
* Wikidata:SPARQL query service/queries/examples
# SPARQL/UNION

| Suppose the set A: 28 capitals in European Union SELECT ?city ?cityLabel WHERE { wd:Q458 wdt:P150 ?country. # European Union contains administrative territorial entity ?country wdt:P36 ?city. # capital SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } Try it! | Suppose the set B: 3 cities with millions of inhabitants in European Union. SELECT ?city ?cityLabel WHERE { wd:Q458 wdt:P150 ?country. # European Union contains administrative territorial entity ?city wdt:P17 ?country. # city in a (European) country ?city wdt:P31 wd:Q1637706. # city with millions of inhabitants SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } } Try it! |
The intersection of A and B, big capitals of the European Union, can simply be achieved by combining all the triples. This results in 1 city.
Try it!
All capitals of the European union, excluding big cities can be achieved by filtering using FILTER NOT EXISTS { }. This results in the other 27 capitals.
Try it!
Finally a UNION of capitals and big cities result in 30 cities, one of which was deduplicated by DISTINCT.
Try it!
Mind that the 2 parts of the union should both be within brackets { ... } UNION { ... }.
Two simpler examples of UNION are
* {?a wdt:P27 wd:Q55. } UNION { ?a wdt:P27 wd:Q29999. } country of citizenship (P27) for Netherlands (Q55) or Kingdom of the Netherlands (Q29999).
* {?child wdt:P22 ?parent. } UNION {?child wdt:P25 ?parent. } father (P22) or mother (P25).
    The last code can be simplified by using property path ?child wdt:P22|wdt:P25 ?parent.
An overview of all kind of joins:
| Mathematical | | SPARQL |
| $A\cap B$ | And | A. B. |
| $A\setminus B$ | | A. FILTER NOT EXISTS{ B. } |
| $A$ | | A. OPTIONAL{ B. } |
| $A\cup B$ | Or | { A. } UNION { B. } |
# SPARQL/SERVICE - around and box

The service allows to search for items with coordinates located within a certain radius of the center or within a certain bounding box.
Most of the examples below use a map view by using #defaultView:Map at the top of the query. You may switch to table display to see the underlying data.
The property most commonly used for locations is coordinate location (P625).

#### Search around point

Example Airports within 100km from Berlin:
Try it!
The first line of the around service call must have format ?item predicate ?location, where the result of the search will bind ?item to items within the specified location and ?location to their coordinates. The parameters supported are:
| Predicate | Meaning |
| wikibase:center | The point around which search is performed. Must be bound for search to work. |
| wikibase:radius | Distance from the center. Currently the distance is always in kilometers, other units are not supported yet. |
| wikibase:globe | The globe which is being searched. Optional, default it's Earth (wd:Q2). |
| wikibase:distance | The variable receiving distance information |

#### Search within box

Example of box search Schools between San Jose, CA and Sacramento, CA:
Try it!
Coordinates may be specified directly:
Try it!
The first line of the box service call must have format ?item predicate ?location, where the result of the search will bind ?item to items within the specified location and ?location to their coordinates. The parameters supported are:
| Predicate | Meaning |
| wikibase:cornerSouthWest | The south-west corner of the box. |
| wikibase:cornerNorthEast | The north-east corner of the box. |
| wikibase:cornerWest | The western corner of the box. |
| wikibase:cornerEast | The eastern corner of the box. |
| wikibase:globe | The globe which is being searched. Optional, default it's Earth (wd:Q2). |
wikibase:cornerSouthWest and wikibase:cornerNorthEast should be used together, as well as wikibase:cornerWest and wikibase:cornerEast, and can not be mixed. If wikibase:cornerWest and wikibase:cornerEast predicates are used, then the points are assumed to be the coordinates of the diagonal of the box, and the corners are derived accordingly.

### Distance function

The function geof:distance returns distance between two points, in kilometers. Example usage:
Try it!
Try it!

### References

* Wikidata query service/User Manual