OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in experimental photography

Experimental photography is a genre of photographic art based on an artistic representation of an object or action consciously modified through figurative thinking.

## General information

Experimental photography is a subclass of conceptual photography, the subgenres of this direction are surrealism and subjective photography.
The goal is to explore the possibilities of photography through trial and error.
Viewers may ambiguously evaluate experimental works: many are accustomed to the classic, documentary reflection of reality, which will lead to a subconscious rejection of "incomprehensible", sometimes abstract topics.

## Ways of implementation

In order to create a more or less interesting photo work related to the described genre, you need to be able to see world around us outside the box, sometimes with a certain degree of philosophical understanding.
Technically, you should use such techniques as pseudo-solarization, double (or multiple) exposure (see photo 2 in the gallery), photogram, blurry image effect. In addition, a wide range of digital post-processing software is at your disposal. In other words, you should experiment, as indicated by the root of the word displayed in the title of this chapter.
The reaction of an ordinary viewer can not always serve as an indicator. If your creation was not appreciated by a neighbor or a colleague, it does not mean that it is not aesthetic enough, but in the case of a negative assessment by a specialist, it is worth changing the direction of creativity.
It is difficult to imagine a ready-made recipe for creating images of this kind. Carefully look at the author's photographs as examples, try to come up with an original theme that is not like anything you have seen before.
If this genre does not appeal to you, close the page and choose another chapter of the textbook for yourself, for example, documentary photography.

## Description of the image processing methods presented in this chapter of the textbook

* "Coming from the past" (in the upper right corner of the page); "Delusion" (photo No. 2 in the gallery) — double exposure on the same frame, plus post-processing with a graphic editor.
* "Lunar Landscape", "Path of the Dead", "Unearthly Flowers" (photos No. 1, 4, 5 in the gallery) — post-processing by graphic editors.
* "Happy NU year!" (photo No. 3 in the gallery) — long exposure (approx. 30-60 seconds), as a result of which employed sparklers (3 pcs.) visually merged into one.

## Gallery

* Lunar Landscape (2010)
* Delusion (2005)
* Happy NU year! (2005)
* Path of the Dead (2010)
* Unearthly flowers (2010)
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in a high key

High Key is a method of lighting used in photography to create a special artistic effect, characterized by minimal contrast and the absence of dark tones.

## General information

To create photographs in a high key, very bright lighting should be used, affecting the shadows present to such an extent that they will almost not be noticeable. In the strictly classical sense of the method, the result should not contain dark grey and black details, but a modern interpretation suggests minor inclusions, such as black eyebrows in a portrait.

## Useful advice

If you are planning to shoot outdoors, it is advisable to do so on a clear day with side lighting and, of course, a light (or white) background. If practising indoors, you will need to do some preparatory work.

## Ways of implementation

To create a perfect photograph in a high key will require a considerable investment of money to purchase the appropriate equipment and accessories. However, possibile get your first skills with an ordinary room. You can start by taking portraits. Use a perfectly white material as a background: a wide roll of paper or at least a piece of white cloth without any patterns, texture or small spots. You'll need four light sources, two of which — the main (brighter) and the fill light (extra) should be directed at the person being photographed, placing them on the left and on the right; the rest (less powerful) should be used to light the background. The result will be a life-affirming image with a positive tone.

## Possible mistakes

The photo may turn out to be contrasting.

## See also

Creating works in a low-key
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in a low-key

Low-key is a method of lighting used in photography to create a special artistic effect.

## General information

The meaning of the method is to highlight certain parts of the photographed object, while the rest remain dark, which is how the originality of the result is achieved.
When shooting outdoors, you can find a ready-made scene, all that remains is to correctly display it using a tripod or improvised means. For studio photography, you have to create the conditions yourself.

## Ways of implementation

It is not necessary to use a special equipped studio — a darkened room is enough to start. If you want to create a portrait, cover the wall plane to be used as a background with any dark (preferably black) material. The discreet lighting technique suggests uses a single key light source, which can optionally be controlled by a reflector to create a fill light. As a result, a kind of gloomy, dramatic effect is achieved.
When manipulating the source of light, try to choose an angle for the poser so that the hard shadows fall on certain parts of the face. Avoid direct light hitting the background so that the photograph does not show its texture, but only a solid, evenly distributed black colour. The light fixture (or flash) used should not be too powerful, and if there are no others, you should cover the plane of the outgoing rays with a white or light cloth.

## Possible mistakes

The result of too little exposure will be an image with missing details in dark areas, or total blackout ; too much exposure will result in an image with missing detail in light areas, or even no image at all. Be prepared for the fact that the first result may disappoint you: experience does not come immediately.

## Gallery

* Evening street (Malaysia) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Sunset (Afghanistan) Photo taken on an Afghan expedition
* Puerto Princesa, underground river (Philippines) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
* Full moon on Labuan Island (Malaysia) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* The waterfront in Alexandria (Egypt) Photo taken on a Third creative trip to Africa

## See also

Creating works in a high key
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in a minimalist photography

Minimalism is a style of photographic art, where the author's work is distinguished by the utmost simplicity of execution.

## About style and implementation methods

Minimalism emerged as an artistic trend in the 60s of the last century, later, in addition to painting, it began to be used in photography. The style involves a minimum of depicted objects, shades, shapes and textures, as a result of which the viewer's attention is concentrated on the central object, without being distracted by details.
To create a minimalist photo work, you should choose a time of day or a season when there will be as few people around as possible and objects that fall into the frame. For example, at the early morning in the city, or in the snowy winter at forest. In any case, you will need imagination and the ability to improvise. In addition, you should pay attention to the artistry and content of photography. You can photograph a small fly on a large plain wall, or an apple on the pavement - this will also be minimalism, but ... a photographic work should carry in itself something special, arouse the viewer's desire looking at it for a long time, thoughtfully. Will someone should want look at the fly?

## Important to know

Use the rule of thirds when choosing a compositional solution.

## More

A picture is worth a thousand words. Take a look at the photographs of the author of this article as an example, they will silently tell you more about minimalism than long educational texts.

## Gallery

* The road to Kampong Ayer (Brunei) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Sunset (Afghanistan) Photo taken on an Afghan expedition
* Splash (Samoa) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
* The waterfront in Alexandria (Egypt) Photo taken on a Third creative trip to Africa
* Salar de Uyuni (Bolivia) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
* Deserted beach (Brunei) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in archaeological photography

Archaeological photography is a genre of photographic art that specializes in displaying the material sources of the stages of human evolution.

## General information

This genre has points of contact with scientific, reportage and travel photography. In the first case, shooting is carried out to fix the results of research; in the second — for illustrations of journalistic articles published in the media; in the third - in order to preserve the memories of the visited objects (archaeological areas, the ruins of disappeared civilizations, museum objects, etc.)

## Ways of implementation

The presence of a press card, in particular, a document of freelance correspondent of a print edition (which is feasible in the absence of specialized education in this field), opens up the possibility of getting to archaeological sites, allowing you shoot artifacts extracted by specialists from the cultural layer, as well as the process itself. In other cases, you can visit places open to the public. Historical and archaeological objects, as a rule, are protected by the state on whose territory they are located, a fee may be charged for inspection.
Some examples from the textbook author's practice (in ru):
* The Great Wall of China, unrestored section (China)
* Uyu Uyu, ruins of an ancient city (Peru)
* Tia Seu Ancient Mound, the largest and most ancient structure in Oceania (Samoa).

## Gallery

* Artifact from the Pulemeley mound (Photo from book Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars)
* Mummy from Bangao cave (Philippines) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
* Pyramid of the ancient kingdom Meroe (Sudan). Photo taken on the Third African trip
* Exhibits of the arch. complex Tonina (Mexico). Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
* Reportage photo from an exhibition of artifacts from the textbook author's collection.
Joya de Cerén, archaeological site in El Salvador (Photos taken on a Latin American expedition)
* Domestic complex
* Kitchen
* Mayan workshop (Photo from book Two hundred days in Latin America)
* Place for important ceremonies
* Temazcal (steam room)
Langi — terraced tombs on the island of Tongatapu, Tonga (Photos taken on the Expedition to Oceania)
* Langi (1)
* Langi (2)
* Paepae o Tele'a (Photo from book Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars
* Langi (3)
* Paepae o Tele'a (fragment)
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in candid photography

Candid photography is shooting style, where the spontaneity of the situation is taken as the basis.

## General information

It is the exact opposite of staged photography; has some similarities with street photography, but the latter does not exclude that subject noticed the camera lens aimed at him (and managed to react emotionally), while an unbiased photograph implies the opposite. The decisive factor is the lack of posing.

## Ways of implementation

You will need spontaneity, speed of reaction and a camera, that is always at hand; in addition — a certain talent for seeing the situation, and sometimes just luck — when the photographer is in a certain place just at the right time.
It is more convenient to use point-and-shoot, which are small in size, or use a camera built into a mobile phone.
If you are a supporter of "serious equipment", usually distinguished by its large size, you can use a model with an angle-change viewfinder, that changes the angle, which will allow you to take photos even while standing with your back to the intended object. But it is better, nevertheless, to dwell on the previous version.

## Should know

In some African countries aborigines do not like to be photographed, in particular, unexpectedly, without warning. In the Comoros and Ethiopia, locals may react aggressively to a camera lens pointed in their direction. You can make sure of that with a concrete example. Never point the lens at an Ethiopian in uniform, be it a policeman or a military officer.
Those who speak Russian can read the article by the author of the textbook, which is published in Wikisource, by clicking on the link below.

## Gallery

* Serenity (Afghanistan, 2008) Photo taken on an Afghan expedition
* Female Secrets (South Korea, 2018) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
* Little rider (Laos, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Sleep at work (Namibia, 2011) Photo taken on a Third creative trip to Africa
* Four plus one (Kambodia, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Weekend (Brunei, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* On the market (Bolivia, 2015) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
* Street musician (Samoa, 2019) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
* Schoolgirls (Indonesia, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Gossips women (Panama, 2015) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition

## Wikisource

* Почему эфиопы не любят фотографов, или Цена эфиопской души (in ru)
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in abstract photography

Abstract photography is a genre that is the art of displaying a visual image that has no direct connection with objective world.

## General information

Abstract photography, also known as non-objective photography, replaces the usual dogma of image recognizability by offering a kind of unreal image instead. A fragment of the natural scene is isolated in order to hide the original context from the viewer. Works in this genre are deliberately staged, demonstrating a seemingly fantastic combination of objects. The effect is achieved with the help of lighting solutions, shades, shadows, and textures; the goal pursued is to convey a feeling, sensation, or other impression.
This genre is based on the perception of form, color and lines (rather than the details and objects characteristic of a conventional image). Proponents of creative direction, abstracting from patterns and stereotypes, moving away from the standard representation, visually transfer the viewer to the world of strange, mysterious images.

## Ways of implementation

You can create an abstract image using a standard set of photographic equipment — camera, darkroom, computer; or by direct manipulation of film, paper and other media, including digital ones.
The ability to think outside the box is important, combining an artist and a surrealist; to see a hidden mean in object that is featureless at first glance.
The photographs presented on this page were created by the author in 2022 (based on available material) specifically for Wikibooks and have not been previously published.

## Gallery

* Radio waves
* Something
* Winter
* Horror
* Scratching
* Chaos
* Good morning!
* Stuff
* Failure
* Rampage
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in humanistic photography

Humanistic photography is a genre that focuses on depicting everyday life of ordinary people, where the author's work directly or indirectly contains optimism, sometimes shades of romance.

## General information

The origins of the creative direction is usually associated with France of the 30-ies of the XX century; the peak of popularity, during which the genre spread in Europe and beyond — with the postwar period (1945 - 60s).
Intersects with street, genre and, in part, reportage photography (difference: the latter is aimed at depicting specific events, while humanistic photography is not tied to events and dates). Preference is given to black and white tones. Supporters of this genre can be called "poets of the lens".

## Ways of implementation

How to create works in this genre? There is nothing easier! Take a small backpack with essentials, purchase a ticket to any overseas country (preferably from among the poor), which will be the starting point of your route. Attach an inexpensive compact camera to your belt with a spare set of batteries…
The plots are already waiting for you, just need to be in one or another point of the globe in time, deftly get the camera out of the case, point the lens and press the shutter release button. After return a few months later, go through the footage. In the meantime, carefully review works of textbook author, made in different parts of the world.

## Gallery

* Romantic couple (Delhi, India, 2006) Photo taken in creative trip to India
* Kiss (Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007) Photo taken on a Second creative trip to Africa
* Rider (Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, 2008) Photo taken on an Afghan expedition
* Hot afternoon (Kwamtoro, Tanzania, 2010) Photo taken on a Third creative trip to Africa
* Girlfriends (Samosir Island, Indonesia, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Who quickly? (Aswan, Egypt, 2010) Photo taken on a Third creative trip to Africa
* Weekend (Tutong, Brunei, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Goat riding (Bayamo, Cuba, 2015) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
* Spoon for mom, spoon for dad (Raga Island, 2019) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
* When work is joy (Savaii Island, Samoa) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
The photos were taken in Papua New Guinea, during another solitary expedition of the author (2013)
* Knowledge is Power!
* The perfect couple
* Carefree
* A woman in one shoe
* Leisure
# Communication Networks/Resources
## Wikibooks

* Communication Systems
* Data Coding Theory
* Signals and Systems
* Fundamentals of Information Systems Security/Telecommunications and Network Security
# Communication Networks/Radio Communications

Everybody has a radio. Either it is in your house, or it is in your car. The pages in this chapter will discuss some of the specifics of radio transmission, will discuss the differences between AM and FM radio.

## AM Radio

AM Radio is basically a receiver radio that demodulates a carrier waves amplitude to obtain the information signal
# Bookbinding/Bone folder

A bone folder is a piece of bone, used to apply pressure for creasing paper and pressing glued surfaces together. It is shaped vaguely like a knife, but with only smooth, dull surfaces.
# Book of Magic/Devices and Gimmicks

Magicians often use an array of physical devices and gimmicks to accomplish their feats.

## Close Up items

* Close Up pad: A foam or felt pad, often placed atop a table. The performer uses this pad as a focal point during their performance. Pads are commonly black or red.
# Book of Magic/Further Reading
## General (covers a wide range of effects)

Books:
* Mark Wilson's Complete Course in Magic by Mark Wilson
Videos:
* Roped In featuring Aldo Colombini

## Card Effects

Books:
* Royal Road to Card Magic by Jean Hugard and Frederick Braue
* Card College series by Roberto Giobbi
* The Expert at the Card Table by S.W Erdnase
* Expert Card Technique by Jean Hugard and Frederick Braue
Videos:
* Easy to Master Card Miracles series by Michael Ammar

## Coin Effects

Books:
* Modern Coin Magic by J.B. Bobo
Videos:
* Easy to Master Money MIracles series by Michael Ammar

## Mental Effects

Books:
* 13 Steps to Mentalism by Tony Corinda
Videos:
* Easy to Master Mental Miracles series by Richard Osterlind
* Mind Mysteries series by Richard Osterlind
* Banachek's PSI Series by Banachek

## Online Learning Resources

* www.reelmagic.com
# Bookbinding
## Table of contents

* Introduction
* Motivation
* Content of self-bound books
** Printing free material
*** Wikibooks and Wikipedia
*** Other sources
** Preservation & restoration of existing books
** Blank books: notebooks, photo albums, scrap books, planners, sketch books, etc.
** Self-publishing
* Types of binding
** Adhesive
*** Perfect binding
*** Fan binding
** Stiff leaf
** Side stitch
*** Stapled side stitch
*** Coptic
*** Japanese side stitch (Stab Binding)
** Saddle stitch
** Long stitch
** Sewn book
** Case binding
** Traditional hardcover
** Box making- slip case, drop-spine boxes
* Equipment
** Press
** Brush
** Bone folder
** Paperknife
** Awl & needle
** Plane or guillotine
* Materials
** Paper
*** PH
*** Grain
** Adhesive
*** Contact/rubber cement
*** PVA homopolymer vs. copolymer
** Spine
*** Super
*** Thread
*** Stiff materials
** Cover
*** Letter size card stock
*** Museum board
*** Clear adhesive vinyl
    Damaging effect on toner
*** Re-used materials
*** Binder's board & buckram

## See also

* Zine Making
* The Wikipedia article on the subject
# Book of Magic/Card Magic/Double Lift
### Double Lift

The object of performing a Double Lift, is to pick up the top or bottom two cards as onecard only. . To do a Double Lift, hold the deck on the palm of the left hand with your fingers on one side and have the thumb on the other side. With either the little finger of your left hand or the index finger of your left hand,you can now casually count off the two top or bottom two cards for that matter. (Normally Its best and safer to use the little finger for counting.) Now bevel the deck across your finger tips or better stil, get a little fingertip break or separation between the the top or bottom two cards (after counting them), Thus separating the top or bottom two cards from the rest of the deck. You now have easy access to the two top or bottom cards. You now slide the two cards across the deck with the left thumb to the right, so that you can now move your right hand pick them up at the top corner, between the right thumb on top and forefinger below held firm, so you can correctly pick them up as ONE CARD.
The double-lift is a powerful technique in the hands of a magician. If performed with even a modicium of skill, it easily goes unnoticed even close up!It is usually used to fool spectators, by showing the the second card As the top card.
# Book of Magic/Coin Magic
## Palming

Palming is a technique used in the performance of magic, wherein the performer secretly conceals one or more objects in their hand. Its use is prevalent in the field of coin magic.
The graphic below shows a human hand. The point at which the hand/fingers bend, are potential palming locations. In addition to the fingers and their respective joints, items are also palmed using the muscles in the palm of the hand.
A technique often referred to as "edge palming" can be achieved by holding a coin on its edge. There are also two areas between the bends that can hold coins in standard palm position. Palming is an art of hiding necessary items without the knowledge of others it can be used in most sleight of hand. Want to try? First, place a coin in the center of your palm and try to hold in by shrinking your fingers. Avoid folding your fingers at first, as doing so would make it obvious that you are holding something in your hand.
But... after a little practice you will be able to keep a neutral positioned palm and still can keep coins small balls inside the palm even without your knowledge,, I tried to keep coins in my hand for six to seven hours a day with out anybody knows even typing this I have a One dhs coin in my hand.
# Croatian/Main Contents/Level 2

This level is to prepare you for level 3 when you learn about forming sentences. This level teaches you basic grammar.
Lesson 1 - Masculine, Feminine and Neuter nouns
Lesson 2 - Personal pronouns and the verb "to be"
Lesson 3 - How verbs work
Lesson 4 - Declensions
Lesson 5 - Useful questions and adjectives
Lesson 6 - Possessive pronouns
Lesson 7 - Relative Pronouns-Odnosne zamjenice
Lesson 8 - Demonstrative pronouns-Pokazne zamjenice
Lesson 9 - Nominative case
Lesson 10 -Genitive case
Lesson 11 -Dative case
Lesson 12 -Accusative case
Lesson 13 -Vocative case
Lesson 14 -Locative case
Lesson 15 -Instrumental case
Lesson 16 -Sibilarization
Lesson 17 -Palatalization
Lesson 18 -Yotation