OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Mental and Emotional Health/Understanding How Stress Affects Health Status

Stress is the body's response to the demands of daily living. A stressor is a source or cause of stress. For our students stress can be physical, mental, social, or environmental. There are two types of stress that can effect our students. They include:
* Eustress- A healthful response to a stressor that produces positive results.
* Distresss- A harmful response to a stressor that produces negative results.
Since stress has a holistic effect, it can effect other areas of health than just mental and emotional health. These other areas include, family and social health, growth and development, nutrition, personal health and physical activity, alcohol, tobacco and other drugs, communicable and chronic diseases, consumer and community health, environmental health, injury prevention and safety. Here are several lesson plans over stress and how to deal with it with our students.
* Striking Out Stress
* Taking Care of Me
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Personal Health and Physical Activity
## Introduction

Personal health and physical activity is the area of health that focuses on having regular examinations, following a dental health plan, being well-groomed, getting adequate rest and sleep, participating in regular physical activity, following a physical fitness plan, developing and maintaining skill-related fitness, being a responsible spectator and participant in sports, and preventing physical injuries and illnesses related to physical activity.

## What to Teach

* Physical Examinations
* Eye Care
* Ear Care
* Dental Health
* Grooming
* Rest and Sleep
* Regular Physical Activity
* Develop and Maintain Health-related Fitness
* Skill-Related Fitness
* Being a Responsible Spectator and Participant in Sports

## Link to Standards

* Indiana Academic Standards
# Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Fara Phoenix

Fara Phoenix is a fictional character from the early stories of the Star Fox series. She does not appear in any of the published games, and was removed from the story altogether when it was revised for Star Fox 64.

## Comics

Fara is an anthropomorphic fennec, and it is believed her surname is pronounced "fennecs," though this isn't stated in the comic itself. She appears in a series of comics that was published in Nintendo Power magazine from February to December of 1993.
She is a Cornerian chief test pilot who introduces the Star Fox team to the Arwing spacecrafts. Fara also catches Fox McCloud's eye, and the two frequently tease each other in an ambiguously portrayed relationship.
During the course of the story, Fara provides crucial support for the Star Fox team, and also flies with them on some of their missions. Later, it is revealed that Fara closely resembles Fox's deceased mother, Vixy Reinard.

## Star Fox 2

Fara Phoenix is known to have appeared in the early alpha versions of Star Fox 2, but is excluded from the final beta versions that appeared before the game was finally cancelled. In Fara's absence were two new female characters—Miyu and Faye—who were themselves dropped with the cancellation of that game.
It remains to be seen whether Fara Phoenix will ever appear in a future Star Fox story, as Fox McCloud's love interest now appears to be Krystal, who first appeared in Star Fox Adventures.
# Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Andrew Oikonny

Andrew Oikonny is the evil nephew of Andross, the main villain of the Star Fox series of video games. In the cancelled Star Fox 2, his Japanese name is Algy.
During the time of the Lylat Wars, he flew for Star Wolf, a team employed by Andross in hopes of destroying the Star Fox team. This was not successful, however, and Star Wolf was taken down along with Andross himself. While each team member survived, Andrew decided to leave the team to avenge his uncle's death.
Several years later, Andrew formed a powerful rebellion with Andross's remaining troops against the Cornerian Army. Fox McCloud and the Star Fox team tracked him down to the planet Fortuna, where he was then presumably killed by an Aparoid. It is possible that he is still alive though.
# Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Bill Grey

Bill Grey is a fictional character of the video game Star Fox 64 is the Commander of both the Husky Squadron and Bulldog Squadron and is under the orders of General Pepper.
Bill's name is likely a satire of the character General William M. Grey in the movie Independence Day. The entire Katina level is a spoof of the ending to this film.

## Bill's place in the story

Bill is an old military academy buddy of Fox McCloud's and since Fox's leave in the academy (rumored because he graduated or because of James McCloud's death). He has risen and rank and was elected commander of two of Corneria's defensive military squadrons. The Star Fox team meets up with him shortly in Star Fox 64, and help engage in killing off the enemies trying to destroy the Cornerian base (located on Katina). If one manages to help him destroy the enemies, he will help Fox raise his shield gauge on Solar.

## Bill's appearance

Bill is a gray husky who wears a green helmet with a yellow arrow pointing downward. It is most likely that because Miyu was excluded from Star Fox 2, her personality was handed over to Bill, and the voice, species, and gender were changed. Bill also has an arrow on his helmet which may have come from the idea of Miyu's arrow on her forehead. Though Nintendo excluded two characters from Star Fox 2, two more were put in their place, but they still carried out the idea of having one dog and one cat (Katt Monroe) added to the story.

## Bill's starship

Bill rides a ship different from the Arwing. Bill's ship, The Greenie 2, is more curved at the end of the cockpit area and is white with green wings. The ship has a high armor and is indestructible, and while all his teammates can only shoot one laser, he has the twin laser upgrade, compliment of the Greenie 2, seeing how the Greenie 1 has a single laser.
# Star Fox franchise strategy guide

This wikibook features history and trivia regarding the Star Fox series, created by Argonaut, Shigeru Miyamoto, and others. The guide also has information on recurring enemies, characters, locations, and other subjects.

## Games

* Star Fox (1993)
* Star Fox 64 (1997)
* Star Fox Adventures (2002)
* Star Fox: Assault (2005)
* Star Fox Command (2006)
* Star Fox 64 3D (2011)
* Star Fox: Zero (2016)
* Star Fox Guard (2016)
* Star Fox 2 (2017)

## Characters

* Andrew Oikonny
* Beltino Toad
* Bill Grey
* Fara Phoenix
* General Pepper
* James McCloud
* Katt Monroe
* Krystal
* Leon Powalski
* Panther Caroso
* Peppy Hare
* Pigma Dengar
* Prince Tricky
* ROB 64

## Villains

* Andross

## Locations

* Corneria
* Venom

## Vehicles

* Arwing
* Blue Marine
* Great Fox
* Landmaster
* Wolfen

## Groups and Factions

* Star Fox team
* Star Wolf

## See also

* Mario franchise strategy guide
* Zelda franchise strategy guide
* Kirby franchise strategy guide
# Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Characters/Beltino Toad

Beltino Toad is the Research Director for the Cornerian Defense Forces in the Star Fox series of video games and is also Slippy Toad's father.
Beltino previously (and may still) worked for Space Dynamics Co. Ltd. as an engineer, and may have been the designer of the Star Fox franchise strategy guide/Vehicles/Arwing. He and his son were also the two that created the Blue Marine vehicle that Starfox used in Star Fox 64 to explore the planet of Aquas.
Beltino was first mentioned in the Star Fox 64 Player's Guide, but did not make an in-game appearance until Star Fox: Assault.
In Star Fox: Assault, it was Beltino who discovered two things that led to the destruction of the Aparoids: that they could have programs executed in them and that they were susceptible to apoptosis. He then coded a program that activated the apoptosis gene in the Aparoids. The program was carried by Fox McCloud to the Aparoid Homeworld where it was injected into the Aparoid Queen.
# Punjabi/Dictionary
## Punjabi Dictionary

ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
This module is not a traditional dictionary but endeavours to present to the reader most commonly used words alongwith their meanings and illustrative usage. Just click on the initial letter of the word and jump to the page containing the word you want to find and then scroll up and down to find it.
# Punjabi/Dictionary/ਘ
## ਘ

ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
ਘਿਉ ghee; clarified butter ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੁਧ ਘਿਉ ਦੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ।
ਘੀਆ gourd ਘੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਛੋਲੇ ਮਿਲਾ ਕੇ ਸਬਜੀ ਬਣਾਉ।
ਘਸੀਟਣਾ drag ਕਿਸੇ ਨੂੰ ਅਦਾਲਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਘਸੀਟਣਾ i.e. drag him into litigation.
ਘਸਣਾ wear off ਮੇਰੀ ਜੁਤੀ ਪੂਰੀ ਤਰਾਂ ਘਸ ਚੁੱਕੀ ਹੈ।
ਘੁਸਣਾ enter ਚੋਰ ਸਾਡੇ ਘਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਘੁਸ ਆਇਆ ਸੀ।
ਘਾਹ grass ਬਗੀਚੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਹਰਾ ਘਾਹ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਲਗਦਾ ਸੀ।
ਘੂਕ a continued long sound made by the spinning of spinning wheel ਅਜ ਕਲ ਚਰਖੇ ਦੀ ਘੂਕ ਬੰਦ ਹੋ ਗਈ ਹੈ। i.e. spinning wheel is no more in use.
ਘੁਗੀ dove ਘੁਗੀ ਇੱਕ ਬਹੁਤ ਹੀ ਭੋਲ਼ਾ ਪੰਛੀ ਹੈ।
ਘੋਗਾ snail ਘੋਗਾ ਧੀਰੇ ਚਲਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਜਾਨਵਰ ਹੈ।
ਘੱਗਰ
ਘੱਗਰਾ a traditional women's long skirt ਮੁਟਿਆਰ ਘੱਗਰੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਲਗ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ।
ਘੁੰਗਰੂ one of the ringing bells in the anklet etc. ਹਮੇਲ ਦੇ ਘੁੰਗਰੂ ਛਣਕੇ।
ਘਟਨਾ event; accident ਰਾਜ ਕੁਮਾਰ ਘਟਨਾ ਤੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਤ ਹੋਇਆ।
ਘੱਟ less; little ਪਤਨੀ ਦੀ ਉਮਰ ਪਤੀ ਤੋਂ ਦੋ ਸਾਲ ਘੱਟ ਹੈ।
ਘੁਟ goblet ਰਾਹੀ ਦੋ ਘੁਟ ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀ ਕੇ ਅੱਗੇ ਚਲ ਪਿਆ।
ਘੱਟਾ dust ਸੜਕ ਤੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਘੱਟਾ ਸੀ।
ਘੰਟੀ bell ਪੁਜਾਰੀ ਨੇ ਮੰਦਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਘੰਟੀ ਵਜਾਈ।
ਘਟਾਉਣਾ reduce ਮੰਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਪਨੀ ਨੇ ਸਭਦੀ ਤਨਖਾਹ ਘਟਾ ਦਿਤੀ।
ਘੁਟਣਾ strangulate ਪਹਾੜ ਤੇ ਮੇਰਾ ਸਾਹ ਘੁਟਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਘੋਟਣਾ beat something into a paste ਸਾਗ ਚੰਗੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਘੋਟਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ।
ਘਣ cube ਇਮਾਰਤ ਘਣ ਅਕਾਰ ਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਘੁਣ termites ਲਕੜੀ ਨੂੰ ਘੁਣ ਪੂਰੀ ਤਰਾਂ ਖੋਖਲਾ ਕਰ ਚੁੱਕਾ ਹੈ।
ਘੋਨਾ a shaved head ਉਸਨੇ ਘੋਨੇ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਦੇ ਸਿਰ ਤੇ ਹੱਥ ਫੇਰਿਆ।
ਘੁਪ ਹਨੇਰਾ absolute dark ਸਰਦੀ ਦੀ ਰਾਤ ਘੁਪ ਹਨੇਰੀ ਸੀ।
ਘੁੰਮਣਾ go round; move around; travel ਅਸੀਂ ਪਿਛਲੇ ਹਫਤੇ ਸ਼ਿਮਲੇ ਘੁੰਮ ਕੇ ਆਏ ਸੀ।
ਘੁਮਿਆਰ potter ਘੁਮਿਆਰ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਭਾਂਡੇ ਵੇਚ ਲਏ ਸਨ।
ਘਰ house ਮੇਰਾ ਘਰ ਕਾਫੀ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਹੈ।
ਘੋਰ severe ਰਾਜ ਕੁਮਾਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਦੇਸ ਨਿਕਾਲਾ ਦੇਣਾ ਇੱਕ ਘੋਰ ਅਨਿਆਂ ਸੀ।
ਘੇਰਾ circumference ਪੂਰੇ ਚਕਰ ਦਾ ਘੇਰਾ ਸੌ ਮੀਟਰ ਹੈ। periphery
ਘਿਰਨਾ hate ਕਿਸੇ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਰਨਾ ਨਾ ਕਰੋ।
ਘੇਰਨਾ encircle; to corner somebody ਪੁਲੀਸ ਨੇ ਪੂਰੇ ਪਿੰਡ ਨੂੰ ਘੇਰ ਲਿਆ ਸੀ।
ਘੁਰਨਾ nest; a small congested room ਸਾਰੇ ਜਣੇ ਛੋਟੇ ਛੋਟੇ ਘੁਰਨਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿ ਰਹੇ ਸਨ।
ਘੂਰਨਾ disapprovingly stare at ਸਿਪਾਹੀ ਨੇ ਚੋਰ ਨੂੰ ਘੂਰਦਿਆਂ ਦੇਖਿਆ।
ਘਾਲ hard labour ਲੰਬੀ ਘਾਲਣਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ਮਕਸਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਫਲ ਹੋਇਆ।
ਘੋਲ solution ਪਕੌੜੇ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਵੇਸਣ ਦੇ ਘੋਲ ਦੀ ਜਰੂਰਤ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਘੋਲਣਾ stir to dissolve some thing ਗੋਲੀ ਨੇ ਰਾਣੀ ਦੇ ਭੋਜਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਹਿਰ ਘੋਲ ਦਿਤਾ।
ਘੱਲਣਾ = ਭੇਜਣਾ send off ਅਕਬਰ ਨੇ ਸਲੀਮ ਨੂੰ ਲਾਹੌਰ ਘਲ ਦਿੱਤਾ।
ਘੜਾ large pot ਘੜੇ ਦਾ ਪਾਣੀ ਠੰਡਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਘੜੀ 1.watch ਮੇਰੀ ਘੜੀ ਤੇ ਪੰਜ ਵੱਜੇ ਹਨ। 2. ~ ਪਲ = moment; ਘੜੀ ਪਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੱਭ ਕੁੱਝ ਤਬਾਅ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ।
ਘੋੜਾ horse ਘੋੜਾ ਤੇਜ ਦੌੜਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਜਾਨਵਰ ਹੈ।
ਘੋੜ ਸਵਾਰ horse rider ਘੋੜ ਸਵਾਰ ਸੱਭ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲ਼ਾਂ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਆਇਆ।
ਘੜਿਆਲ crocodile; alligator ਘੜਿਆਲ ਨੇ ਹਿਰਨ ਤੇ ਹਮਲਾ ਕਰਕੇ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਖਾ ਲਿਆ।
# Punjabi/Dictionary/ਛ
## ਛ

ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
ਛਾਂ shade ਗਰਮੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਛਾਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਅੱਛੀ ਲਗਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਛੇ six ਛੇ ਮਹੀਨੇ ਅੱਧੇ ਸਾਲ ਦੇ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ।
    ਛੱਬੀ twenty six; ਛੱਤੀ thirty six; ਛਿਆਲੀ forty six; ਛਪਿੰਜਾ fifty six; ਛਿਆਹਠ sixty six; ਛਿਹੱਤਰ seventy six; ਛਿਆਸੀ eighty six; ਛਿਆਨਵੇਂ ninety six
ਛੱਕ-ਛੱਕ sound made by a railway engine ਰੇਲ ਗੱਡੀ ਛੱਕ-ਛੱਕ ਕਰਦੀ ਆਈ।
ਛਿੱਕਾ badminton racket ਚਿੜੀ-ਛਿੱਕਾ ਖੇਡਣਾ ਜਲਦੀ ਸਿਖਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਛੇਕ hole ਸਾਡੀ ਚਮੜੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਛੋਟੇ ਛੋਟੇ ਅਨੇਕਾਂ ਛੇਕ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਜਿੰਨ੍ਹਾ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਪਸੀਨਾ ਨਿਕਲਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਛੱਜ a device made of reeds to clean grains ਛੱਜ ਦਾਣੇ ਸਾਫ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਛੱਟਾ spread thinly by throwing in all directions ਕਿਸਾਨ ਨੇ ਖੇਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੀਜ ਛੱਟਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ।
ਛਿੱਟਾਂ rain drops ਮੀਂਹ ਦੀਆਂ ਛਿੱਟਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਰੁਖਾਂ ਦੇ ਪੱਤੇ ਟਹਿਕਦੇ ਦਿਸੇ।
ਛਿੱਟਾ drop of water or mud ਚਿੱਕੜ ਦੇ ਛਿੱਟਿਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਮੇਰੇ ਕਪੜੇ ਖਰਾਬ ਹੋ ਗਏ।
ਛੋਟਾ short ਮੁੰਡੇ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਾਲ ਛੋਟੇ ਕਰਵਾ ਲਏ ਹਨ।
ਛੱਡ leave ਬੱਚੇ ਨੇ ਖਾਣਾ ਅੱਧਾ ਖਾ ਕੇ ਛੱਡ ਦਿੱਤਾ।
ਛੈਣੀ a black smith's tool to cut iron ਲੁਹਾਰ ਨੇ ਛੈਣੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੋਹੇ ਦੇ ਪੱਤਰੇ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਟੁਕੜੇ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤੇ।
ਛੈਣੇ a pair of cymbols ਢੋਲਕੀ ਛੈਣੇ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਰਵਾਇਤੀ ਸਾਜਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਹਨ।
ਛੱਤ roof ਗਰਮੀ ਕਾਰਨ ਲੋਕ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਛੱਤਾਂ ਤੇ ਸਾਉਂਦੇ ਸਨ।
ਛੇਤੀ soon ਪਤਨੀ ਨੇ ਪਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਾਮ ਨੂੰ ਛੇਤੀ ਘਰ ਆਉਣ ਲਈ ਆਖਿਆ।
ਛਿੱਤਰ shoe ਮੇਰੀ ਜੁਤੀ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਛਿੱਤਰ ਗੁੰਮ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।
ਛਤੀਰ wood log ਤਰਖਾਣ ਨੇ ਛਤੀਰ ਚੀਰ ਕੇ ਕੁਰਸੀਆਂ ਮੇਜ ਬਣਾਏ।
ਛੱਤੜੀ umbrella ਧੁਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਛੱਤੜੀ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਚਲੋ।
ਛੰਨ a hut made of straw ਬੁਢੇ ਸਾਧੂ ਦੀ ਛੰਨ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਗ ਲਗ ਗਈ।
ਛਨਕਾਰ sound of anklets' bells ਮੁਟਿਆਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਪੰਜੇਬਾਂ ਦੀ ਛਨਕਾਰ ਗੱਭਰੂ ਨੂੰ ਪਿਆਰੀ ਲੱਗੀ।
ਛਾਨਣੀ sheive ਛਾਨਣੀ ਨਾਲ ਆਟਾ ਛਾਣਕੇ ਛਿਲਕਾ ਅਲੱਗ ਕਰ ਲਉ।
ਛਾਪਾ 1. print ਕੱਪੜੇ ਤੇ ਛਾਪਾ ਕਰਕੇ ਕਢਾਈ ਕਰਵਾਈ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ। 2. raid ਪੁਲੀਸ ਨੇ ਅਤੰਕੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਅੱਡੇ ਤੇ ਛਾਪਾ ਮਾਰਕੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਹਿਰਾਸਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੈ ਲਿਆ।
ਛਾਪਾਖਾਨਾ press ਕਿਤਾਬ ਛਪਣ ਲਈ ਛਾਪੇਖਾਨੇ ਭੇਜ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ ਹੈ।
ਛਪਾਈ printing ਕਿਤਾਬ ਦੀ ਛਪਾਈ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ ਪੂਰਾ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।
ਛੱਪੜ pond ਛੱਪੜ ਪਛੂਆਂ ਲਈ ਪਾਣੀ ਦੇ ਸੋਮੇ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਛਿਪਣਾ hide ਚੋਰ ਭੀੜ ਵਿੱਚ ਛਿਪ ਗਿਆ।
ਛਬੀ reputation ਧੋਖੇ-ਧੜੀ ਦੇ ਕੇਸ ਨੇ ਕੰਪਨੀ ਦੀ ਛਬੀ ਵਿਗਾੜ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਹੈ।
ਛਾਬਾ one side of a weighing scale ਤੱਕੜੀ ਦੇ ਛਾਬੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੋਰੀ ਰੱਖੋ। also ਛਾਬੜਾ
ਛਮ-ਛਮ producing sound of falling drops ਮੀਂਹ ਛਮ-ਛਮ ਕਰਕੇ ਵਰਿਆ।
ਛੁਰੀ dagger ਇੱਕ ਗਦਾਰ ਨੇ ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੇ ਛੁਰਾ ਮਾਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ।
ਛਾਲ jump ਸਰਗੀ ਬੁਬਕਾ ਰੂਸ ਦਾ ਮਸ਼ਹੂਰ ਉਚੀ ਛਾਲ ਮਾਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਖਿਡਾਰੀ ਸੀ।
ਛਾਲਾ blister ਨੰਗੇ ਪੈਰ ਚਲਣ ਨਾਲ ਸਾਡੇ ਪੈਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਛਾਲੇ ਪੈ ਗਏ ਸਨ।
ਛੱਲੀ corn cob ਅਸੀਂ ਛੱਲੀਆਂ ਭੁੰਨ ਕੇ ਖਾਧੀਆਂ।
ਛੋਲੇ grams ਹਰੇ ਛੋਲੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਅੱਛੇ ਬਣਦੇ ਹਨ।
ਛਿਲਕਾ peel; skin of fruit etc. ਕੇਲੇ ਦਾ ਛਿਲਕਾ ਰਸਤੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਾ ਸੁਟੋ, ਇਹ ਖਤਰਨਾਕ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। also ਛਿੱਲੜ
ਛੱਵੀ a sharp edged weapon with a long handle ਲੜਾਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਛੱਵੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਨੇਜੇ ਚੱਲੇ।
ਛੜਾ overaged bachelor ਛੜਿਆ ਬਾਰੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਗੀਤ ਮਿਲਦੇ ਹਨ।
ਛੇੜਨਾ do something with an intention to irritate someone ਚਿੜੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਨਾ ਛੇੜੋ।
ਛੜਨਾ glean ਔਰਤ ਨੇ ਛੱਜ ਨਾਲ ਕਣਕ ਛੜੀ।
ਛਿੜਨਾ start ਉਚੀ ਅਵਾਜ ਨਾਲ ਮੇਰੇ ਸਿਰ ਪੀੜ ਛਿੜ ਪਈ।
# Punjabi/Dictionary/ਙ
## ਙ

ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
No Punjabi word starts with ਙ.
# Punjabi/Culture
## Punjabi Culture

Ancient Punjabi Culture during the period of the Indus valley civilization is one of high sophistication and many world firsts, such as the world's first planned cities and is a counterpart of ancient Chinese, Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek cultures. Scholars believe, at its peak, it surpassed the sophistication and cultural achievements of its counterpart fellow cultures of that time, to become the world's leading advanced civilization.
The folklore traditions and legends link Punjab to e.g. Ramayan through Lahore (Luv), Kasur (Kush) and Khemkaran (where Sita forgave Ram). The medieval period saw the birth and rise of a new world-religion in Punjab, Sikhism. This had a dramatic effect on the Punjabi culture and gave it added dimensions of self-sacrifice and martialism. The Modern Punjabi culture is marked both by richness and variety exhibited in all walks of Punjabi life. The Punjabi festivals have a special significance in its rich heritage, bringing together the people in a spirit of love and harmony and of celebrating it collectively, in an atmosphere of sharing and caring, forgetting all distinctions of caste, creed and religion. The numerous fairs and festivals like Diwali of Amritsar, Maghi of Muktsar, Hola Mohalla of Anandpur Sahib, Basant Panchami, Karva Chauth and Raksha Bandhan signify both the religious and secular traditions of Punjabi life. Modern Punjabi life continues to be intimately intertwined with agriculture celebrated through Baisakhi, the harvest festival.
Any description of Punjabi culture is incomplete as long as the dance and music traditions of Punjab are not mentioned. Bhangra and Gidda are world famous and are irresistible to any one of any age or sex from any nook or corner of the world. The spirit of Punjabi boy and girl is amply exhibited by the pop element of the Bhangra and Gidda as also by their apparel and jewelry, the kaintha and the jhanjar. The Punjabi cuisine, the Makke di roti and Sarson da saag and the Makhan and lassi are no less irresistible than the Punjabi dance and music.
Due to the large Punjabi diaspora dispersed throughout the world many people are increasingly experiencing the Punjabi culture and getting influenced by it the world over. Traditional Punjabi culture is being strengthened and expanded in the Western world e.g. U.S., UK, EU, Canada and Australia etc. The added pop touch borrowed from Western cultures lends even more color to Punjabi culture as it continues to thrive.
← Literature · About Punjabi Wikibook →
# Structural Biochemistry/Human Placental Lactogen
## Overview

Human placental lactogen (hPL) is a hormone produced exclusively by pregnant women. It is formed in the placenta, which is a tissue that develops during a pregnancy, so non-pregnant women do not produce hPL. The tertiary structure of hPL is similar to that of growth hormone, which all females produce. Like growth hormone, it contributes to the growth of protein tissues. However, hPL is found at exponentially higher concentrations than ugrowth hormone. The highest levels of hPL are observed during the final stages of pregnancy.

### Levels

Levels of hPL in a pregnant woman can be quantified through a blood test. This information indicates the quality of the functionality of the placenta. If the test shows lower than expected levels of hPL, this suggests toxemia, choriocarcinoma, or placental insufficiency. However, women may also have higher than expected values if they are expecting multiplets, have diabetes, molar pregnancy, or Rh incompatibility.

### Function

The main function of hPL is to prevent the movement of glucose into the maternal cells, so that the fetus will be able to accept enough of it to proceed towards normal development. This means an overall increase in glucose levels in the mother's blood stream, although proportionally less glucose is used by the mother's body. Because of this role, hPL contributes to a healthy birth weight of newborns.
# Structural Biochemistry/Hurler Syndrome
## Introduction to Hurler Syndrome

Hurler syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a genetic disorder, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, that results in the buildup of glycosaminoglycans (formerly called mucopolysaccharides). It is associated with storage and urinary excretion of the mucopolysaccharides dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate.
Persons with Hurler syndrome do not make a substance called lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase, an enzyme responsible for the degradation of mucopolysaccharides in lysosomes. This enzyme helps break down long chains of sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans. These molecules are found throughout the body, often in mucus and in fluid around the joints. Without this enzyme, a buildup of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate occurs in the body.

## Symptoms

Symptoms of Hurler syndrome most often appear between ages 3 and 8. Infants with severe Hurler syndrome appear normal at birth. Facial symptoms may become more noticeable during the first 2 years of life.
Symptoms include:
* Abnormal bones in the spine
* Claw hand
* Cloudy corneas
* Deafness
* Halted growth
* Heart value problems
* Joint disease, including stiffness
* Mental retardation that gets worse over time
* Thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge

## Signs and tests

* Genetic testing for the alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) gene
* Urine tests for extra mucopolysaccharides
* X-ray of the spinal cord

## Treatment

Enzyme replacement therapy adds a working form of the missing enzyme to the body. Bone marrow transplant has been used in several patients with this condition. The treatment has had mixed results. Other treatments depend on the organs that are affected.

## Classification

MPS I is divided into three subtypes based on the severity of symptoms. All of the MPS types are due to the lack of the enzyme α-L-iduronidase. MPS I H or Hurler syndrome is the most severe of the three. The other two types are Scheie syndrome and Hurler-Scheie syndrome. Hurler syndrome is often classified as a lysosomal storage disease, and is clinically related to Hunter Syndrome. Hunter is X-linked while Hurler is autosomal recessive.

##### References

* eMedicine Specialties > Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Author: Maryam Banikazemi. Updated: Apr 14, 2009
* Wraith JE. Mucopolysaccharidoses and oligosaccharidoses. In: Fernandes J, Saudubray J-m, van den Berghe G, Walter JH, eds. Inborn Metabolic Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. 4th ed. New York, NY: Springer;2006:chap 39.
* Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1737, USA. neufeld@mednet.ucla.edu
# Purported Ancient Worlds/Astral Spheres

In astronomy, the geocentric model (in Greek: geo = earth and kentron = center) of the universe is the theory that the Earth is at the center of the universe and the Sun and other celestial objects go around it.
Belief in this system was common in ancient Greece. It was embraced by both Aristotle and Ptolemy, and most Greek philosophers assumed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets circle the Earth. Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system, but he was clearly in the minority in believing that the Earth was not central.
# Purported Ancient Worlds/Previous Universe

In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory that the universe emerged from an enormously dense and hot state about 13.7 billion years ago. The Big Bang theory is based on the observed Hubble's law redshift of distant galaxies that when taken together with the cosmological principle indicate that space is expanding according to the Friedmann-Lemaître model of general relativity. Extrapolated into the past, these observations show that the universe has expanded from a state in which all the matter and energy in the universe was at an immense temperature and density. Physicists do not widely agree on what happened before this, although general relativity predicts a gravitational singularity (for reporting on some of the more notable speculation on this issue, see cosmogony).
The term Big Bang is used both in a narrow sense to refer to a point in time when the observed expansion of the universe (Hubble's law) began — calculated to be 13.7 billion (1.37 × 10$^{10}$) years ago (±2%) — and in a more general sense to refer to the prevailing cosmological paradigm explaining the origin and expansion of the universe, as well as the composition of primordial matter through nucleosynthesis as predicted by the Alpher-Bethe-Gamow theory.
# Purported Ancient Worlds/Atlantis

Atlantis is an ancient mythical island, whose existence and location have never been confirmed. The first known references to Atlantis are from the classical Greek philosopher Plato, who said it was engulfed by the ocean as the result of an earthquake 9,000 years before his own time. Plato claimed it was somewhere outside the Pillars of Hercules, now known as the Strait of Gibraltar. While there are many theories about Atlantis, nearly all serious research concludes that Atlantis never existed as Plato described it, although elements of his story may have been drawn from real events.