OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Specifications

For model years 1989 and 1990 the Nissan 240SX used a KA24E.
The KA24E is a 2.4 liter single overhead cam (SOHC) 12-valve engine .It uses SEFI fuel injection, and contrary to popular rumor among KA24 owners, they do not feature forged steel connecting rods, but an internally half-counterweight one-piece cast crankshaft, and a cast aluminum intake manifold.
* Bore × Stroke: 89.0 × 96.0 mm
* Max power: 140 hp (105 kW) @ 5600 rpm
* Max torque: 152 ft·lbf (206 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
* Valve Configuration: SOHC, 12 valves
* Compression ratio: 8.6:1 (9.1:1 for early 1989 24oSX )
The KA24DE is the stock engine for 1991 to 1998 S13 and S14 240SX vehicles. It is a 2.4 Liter DOHC Engine.
* Bore × Stroke: 89.0 × 96.0 mm
* Max power: 155 hp (115 kW) @ 5600 rpm
* Max torque: 160 ft·lbf (217 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
* Valve Configuration: DOHC, 16 valves
* Compression ratio: 9.5:1 (S14/95-98) 9.0:1 (S13/91-94)

# NA Modifications

Basic N/A tuning can net you average increases out of your KA24DE / KA24E engine. The KA24 is a larger displacement four-cylinder motor. It was mainly built with low-end torque in mind. It also uses a long piston stroke to achieve its torque. This prevents it from having the high rev limit that is seen with other Nissan four-cylinder motors. With the basic bolt-ons, you can expect to see an additional 30 whp depending on the condition of your engine. Don't expect any huge horsepower gains from inexpensive NA modifications. While it's possible to reach 200+ horsepower, it will take superior tuning skills, along with pretty deep pockets. Most of this power is had through ECU tuning and custom parts, including cams, ITB's, larger valves, port and polish, and upgraded valvetrain. A complete engine overhaul is also recommended if any modifications are to be planned. These bolt-on parts are usually installed for KA24 NA buildups:
Header
Aftermarket Engine management
CAI(cold air intake)
Exhaust
ITB's(individual throttle bodies)

# Forced Induction

Turbocharging
Supercharging
# Nissan 240SX Performance Modification/Ignition and Fuel Management

When you modify the performance aspects of your 240SX engine, the stock ECU (engine management computer) needs to know how to react to the changes to make best use of the modifications. Several types of modifications for this system are available:
MAF (mass airflow meter)
Ignition (ignition systems, spark plugs)
FMU (Fuel Management Unit)
Aftermarket ECU (AEM EMS, Greddy Emanage etc...)
Piggyback Computers (Apexi SAFC etc...)
DaughterBoard-ROM TUNE (JWT, RS-Enthalpy, BikiRom, CalumSult)
# Nissan 240SX Performance Modification/Ignition and Fuel Management/Aftermarket ECU

Aftermarket ECU's
Engines in today’s cars are controlled by computers known as engine control units or ECU’s. These ECU’s control all aspects of the motor’s operation, including ignition, timing, fuel delivery and spark. They are programmed to deliver a specific balance of air and fuel to the motor. This balance is also known as the air/fuel ratio (a/f ratio) When the motor is modified with upgraded components such as larger injectors, bigger turbo, cams, boost level, air fuel meter, the stock ECU is unable to maintain the proper air fuel ratio. A lack or overabundance of air or fuel will blow the motor. To prevent this from happening, aftermarket companies also manufacture ECU upgrades to allow the motor to run with the upgraded components and provide the proper a/f ratio and ultimately increase horsepower, torque and overall performance.
There are 2 types of fuel computers: Piggyback and standalone. Piggyback fuel computers only control ignition timing and fuel delivery. The stock ECU controls all other functions of the motor. Standalone fuel computers are a "plug and play" setup where you replace the stock ECU with the aftermarket ECU. The after market standalone controls all aspects of the engine.
HKS FCon VPro
Apex Power FC
AEM EMS
Motec
Haltech
MegaSquirt
# Nissan 240SX Performance Modification/Ignition and Fuel Management/FMU

A Fuel Management Unit (FMU), also known as a rising rate fuel pressure regulator, is an alternative to an ECU upgrade. This is *not* the same thing as an adjustable fuel pressure regulator (AFPR). The AFPR will not change "on the fly", it's "set it and forget it". The FMU is used in boosted applications. The problem is simple: the ECU from the factory will not send enough fuel for a proper air/fuel mixture under boosted applications. The common solution is to upgrade the ECU to one that has been pre-programmed for your injectors, or one that allows you to adjust the programming for your injectors. The FMU, though, can "trick" the system and correct the fuel delivery. It has a vacuum line that measures boost, and as boost increases, it increases the fuel pressure, forcing the injectors to over-flow by a corresponding amount.
The FMU is not considered a reliable solution for high power applications, but for a low boost (under 7psi) situation, you can get by with this method. It is generally cheaper to get an FMU than an ECU upgrade.
As always, be conscious of the somewhat agressive stock timing on the 240SX. An FMU will not adjust timing, and under boost you can end up with the dreaded detonation. The MSD Boost Timing Master is a popular solution to this problem. However, it should be noted that the price of an FMU and an MSD BTM will be close to that of a CalumSult ECU setup, which pretty much resolves all ECU concerns. The only catch is CalumSult does not work yet on OBD II cars (96-98 240sx). This is a work in a progress and by the time you read this it may be resolved.
# Nissan 240SX Performance Modification/Ignition and Fuel Management/Ignition

Spark plugs are a simple modification to a vehicle. If your plugs are dirty or old, it can make a big difference in how the engine runs. Also, quality plugs can improve cold starting behaviour, and improve fuel economy. Some may claim a power advantage from the spark plugs, but any improvements there are likely to be negligable. For boosted applications, spark plug choice can be very important. Under boost, the spark plugs should be slightly "colder" than stock, meaning the plug itself doesn't retain as much heat. This can aid in preventing detonation (aka motor death).
There are also after market ignition systems. MSD makes a product called the Boost Timing Master which just retards the timing under boost conditions. They also offer ignition coil upgrades (Blaster, Blaster 2), though many have complained about the MSD coils not giving good results on 240SX applications. There are also complete stand-alone units, such as those made by Megasquirt.
# Nissan 240SX Performance Modification/Ignition and Fuel Management/Piggyback Computers

A piggy back EMS system intercepts the signals from the load sensors, modifies them, then inputs them into the ECU. This can be an effective way to tune your engine.
# Novial/AIL Verbs
## Verbs

The construction of a verbal system which is fairly regular and at the same time based on existing languages is a most difficult task, because in no other domain of the grammar do languages retain a greater number of ancient irregularities and differ more fundamentally from one another. Still an attempt will be made here to conciliate the two points of view and to bring about something which resembles the simple Chinese grammar without, however, losing its European character or the power of expressing nuances to which we are accustomed in our own languages.
One thing is common to all those schemes of constructed languages which have any importance, namely that endings to indicate person or number are nowhere found: person and number are shown by the subject, and the verb as such has logically nothing to do with them. This consideration helps us to get rid of a great many complications found in most of our European languages.
In the verbal forms Z sacrificed internationality to systematic a priori construction except in so far as he took the elements -nt- and -t- for his participles from national languages. Otherwise everything is built up a priori: infinitive in -i, imperative in -u, finite tenses ending in -s. The three chief tenses are distinguished by means of the vowels a, i, o, both in the finite forms (amas love, amis loved, amos will love) and in the participles (active amanta loving now, aminta having loved, amonta loving in the future, and correspondingly in the passive amata, amita, amota), to which comes a conditional amus would love (or `loved' in a clause beginning with if, etc.); it would have been possible to frame corresponding particles corresponding to this, amunta, amuta, but these find no place in Zamenhof's system. This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us.
In Ido this play of vowels was extended to the infinitive amar to love, amir to have loved, amor to love in future, to be going to love.
The chief objection to the whole system is that it is totally artificial without any connexion with our natural linguistic habits. Further it requires a distinct pronunciation in weakly stressed closed syllables, which is against the speech-habits of many nations (e.g. Englishmen, Russians). The six participles may be helpful in some instances to express nuances which ordinary languages do not distinguish; but they often also constitute a real embarras de richesse, especially in the passive, where one may often hesitate whether to say agitata or agitita, ornata or ornita (chambro orn. per flori), komplikata or -kita afero, restriktata or -tita, etc. Several teachers of Esp and Ido say expressly that these six participles constitute one of the greatest difficulties for their pupils (cf. also estus estinta `would have been').
# OpenSSH/Cookbook/Kerberos

Use existing Kerberos tickets to authenticate to the ssh server with GSSAPI.
The files /etc/krb5.conf and /etc/krb5.keytab must also be set up correctly.
# Pinyin/sahnbuh

* to walk
* a walk
# Raising Chickens/Finding a Hatchery

| Raising Chickens (Discussion) | View Edit History |
Starting Up:
Building a shelter | Building a pen
Choosing a breed | Pen Maintenance
Finding a Hatchery | Local Regulations
Taking care of your Chickens:
Chicks | Feeding | Watering | Winters
Dealing with death | Butchering Chickens
Keeping your chickens happy
Other:
Information that doesn't fit elsewhere
There are many ways to find hatcheries
You could look in a local service directory or search the internet
----Some Hatcheries---- :
| Region | Hatchery |
| Canada | Rochester |
| United States | McMurray Hatchery Cackle Hatchery Green-Line Hatchery |
If you would like to add a hatchery to the list feel free to do so or post it on the discussion page for this chapter.

## Additional Notes

An alternative to finding a hatchery is to find already grown hens/roosters. Many small growers are ready to give them away (free/barter/cheap) at the end of the laying season. Obviously your selection is limited to what's available, but this method saves the expense and trouble of dealing with chicks. Keep an eye on the local paper or bargain sheet. You can also ask anyone with a flock if they'd be willing to part with a few birds. Depending on the purpose of your flock, someone else's culls might be just the right birds for you. Be careful that you pick up healthy birds.
When you introduce new birds to your established flock, it won't take long for new and old birds to integrate and establish their "pecking order." Not to worry, it looks nasty at first but they quickly work it out. If two of them insist on constantly fighting, they'll be so busy with each other that you can easily pick up and move one of the birds to another part of the pen. If you're adding a grown rooster to a flock that already has one, we recommend avoiding a new one that's been the only or head honcho at his old place. Pick the second or third in the pecking order if you have a choice so your current head rooster can get along with him.
www.welp.com==Comprehensive List Of Hatcheries==
* poultryOne's Guide to Chicken Hatcheries - Links of commercial hatcheries and breeders
# Raising Chickens/Winters

| Raising Chickens (Discussion) | View Edit History |
Starting Up:
Building a shelter | Building a pen
Choosing a breed | Pen Maintenance
Finding a Hatchery | Local Regulations
Taking care of your Chickens:
Chicks | Feeding | Watering | Winters
Dealing with death | Butchering Chickens
Keeping your chickens happy
Other:
Information that doesn't fit elsewhere
In most parts of the world winters are not a big issue. However, once you go north/south of certain latitudes then keeping your chickens going through the winter is a big deal.

## Winterizing your Shelter

If you are using an existing shed that has wall cavities(in between the outside siding, and the inside wall) you can fill those up with sawdust, and that helps.

## Heat

Depending on the size and cold tolerance of your chickens heating can be very important or just a nice add on. If your shelter is small enough and insulated well the heat produced by your chickens might be enough to keep them warm. If this is not the case then it might be necessary to put heating in. A heat lamp can help add warmth to the chickens shelter. The cold tolerance of chickens varies. However, some chickens can be quite happy in -20 Celsius.

## Butchering all your chickens in the fall

One option of getting your chickens through the winter is to not do it. If you are raising chickens for meat purposes then this is an option worth considering. For instructions on doing this look in the Butchering section of this book.
# Raising Chickens/Editing Instructions

| Raising Chickens (Discussion) | View Edit History |
Starting Up:
Building a shelter | Building a pen
Choosing a breed | Pen Maintenance
Finding a Hatchery | Local Regulations
Taking care of your Chickens:
Chicks | Feeding | Watering | Winters
Dealing with death | Butchering Chickens
Keeping your chickens happy
Other:
Information that doesn't fit elsewhere
Feel Free to edit any pages in this module. If there is a section that you feel is missing or need to be added then either mention it in the main Talk Page for this module, a link to it in the table of contents, or be bold and create it yourself.

## New Page Instructions

After you have created a new page please add {{Raising Chickens}} to the top of the page. This adds a navigation template designed to make navigating the Raising Chickens module easier on the right side of the page (as seen on the right of this page).
After a page is started and has the navigation template added please add that page to the navigation template by clicking on the "Edit" link in the template.

### New Discussion Page

When you create a new discussion page please add {{Raising Chickens Discussion}} to the top of the page. It is a navigation template designed to make navigating through the Raising Chickens Discussion easier, and looks like:
| Raising Chickens Discussion (module) | View Edit History |
Choosing a Breed | Finding a Hatchery | Feeding | Keeping your chickens happy | Building a pen | Other Information | Archives
After a page is started and has the navigation template added please add that page to the navigation template by clicking on the "Edit" link in the template.

## Disputes

If there is a fact that is oviously false then feel free to be bold and correct it. However, if you arn't sure then you can dispute a fact in that pages discussion. If there is a disupte section add your dispute with a title under it using three '=' e.g.
If there isn't a Disputes section then feel free to add one.
After mentioning you dispute mark where your dispute is in the article by adding <sup>[[Talk:Raising Chickens/*Talk Page*#*dispute*|Disputed]]</sup>
replace *Talk Page* with the talk page name and *dispute* with the name of your dispute used in the page in the '=' signs e.g. say that you feel that chicks (in the chicks page) need dogfood. Your marker would look like
This would look something like this
# Raising Chickens/Local Regulations

| Raising Chickens (Discussion) | View Edit History |
Starting Up:
Building a shelter | Building a pen
Choosing a breed | Pen Maintenance
Finding a Hatchery | Local Regulations
Taking care of your Chickens:
Chicks | Feeding | Watering | Winters
Dealing with death | Butchering Chickens
Keeping your chickens happy
Other:
Information that doesn't fit elsewhere
In the UK anyone can keep chickens in their backgarden or smallholding. Noise restrictions mean that cockerels may not be kept in urban areas, and there have been complaints about cockerels in the countryside. Flocks greater than 50 birds must be registered with DEFRA because of the possibility of bird flu. Smaller flocks can be registered, but this is not compulsory. It is generally a good idea to share surplus eggs with the neighbours, so they do not mind if a chicken escapes onto their land. In the US check your town's zoning laws. in Petaluma you can keep up to 6 chickens, no cockerels.
# Raising Chickens/Watering

| Raising Chickens (Discussion) | View Edit History |
Starting Up:
Building a shelter | Building a pen
Choosing a breed | Pen Maintenance
Finding a Hatchery | Local Regulations
Taking care of your Chickens:
Chicks | Feeding | Watering | Winters
Dealing with death | Butchering Chickens
Keeping your chickens happy
Other:
Information that doesn't fit elsewhere
Watering chickens is not a hard thing to do. It is said that 20 chickens drink about as much as a cow. Since chickens are small creatures you don't need a lot of water to keep them going. However, you do need to give them water several times a day when it is hot. Since watering chicks is covered in the chicks section this section will cover adult chickens.
To hold the chickens water there are a variety of devices you can use. Anything that can hold water will do. Halves of tires, tip-over pails, tubs, etc. A limiting factor is that it needs to be small enough for chickens to drink out of. A tip-over pail is a small pail that you fill with water. When you take it into your pen you tip it over and the chickens drink out of that.
For other devices all you have to do is fill them with water. Every once in a while you should dump out the water (if it is dirty) and rinse and refill. Chickens will often walk in their water and also kick stuff into it. So to keep your chickens healthy it is a good idea to keep their water clean.
For a small collection of chickens, a dog bowl can work nicely — and it is easy to clean. You can also buy electric dog bowls for the winter, which some of the contributors to this book have had a lot of success with.
# Principles of Economics/Macro objectives

Broadly, the objective of macroeconomic policies is to maximise the level of national income, providing economic growth to raise the utility and standard of living of participants in the economy. There are also a number of secondary objectives which are held to lead to the maximisation of income over the long run. While there are variations between the objectives of different national and international entities, most follow the ones detailed below:
* Sustainability - a rate of growth which allows an increase in living standards without undue structural and environmental difficulties. 'Economic growth' will be studied later on in this book.
* Full employment - where those who are able and willing to have a job can get one, given that there will be a certain amount of frictional and structural unemployment.
* Price stability - when prices remain largely stable, and there is not rapid inflation or deflation. Price stability is not necessarily the same as zero inflation, but instead steady levels of low-moderate inflation is often regarded as ideal. It is worth noting that prices of some goods and services often fall as a result of productivity improvements during periods of inflation, as inflation is only a measure of general price levels. However, inflation is a good measure of 'price stability'. Zero inflation is often undesirable in an economy. ("Internal Balance" is used to describe a level of economic activity that results in full employment with no inflation.)
* External balance - equilibrium in the Balance of payments without the use of artificial constraints. That is, exports roughly equal to imports over the long run.
* Equitable distribution of income and wealth - a fair share of the national 'cake', more equitable than would be in the case of an entirely free market.
* Increasing productivity - more output per unit of labour per hour. Also, since labour is but one of many inputs to produce goods and services, it could also be described as output per unit of factor inputs per hour.
# Principles of Economics/Marginal Utility
## Average versus Marginal

The margin is the edge of a situation; marginal is the adjective form. If a firm is currently producing 10 units of a good, the tenth and eleventh are both considered marginal units of production. Generally, the marginal costs and benefits of a good are more important in determining whether we do something than the average; we would like more of something if its marginal benefits outweigh its marginal costs (e.g. where one likes another unit of a good more than the unit of money one has to expend for it). Even if the average happiness from each individual good obtained may decrease from consuming another unit of goods at the margin, one would still consume it because its value itself, its marginal value, is still positive and greater than the marginal cost.

## Utility and Marginal Utility

Utility is the amount of happiness brought by a certain amount of a good for the individual. Marginal utility/Marginal benefit is the amount of happiness brought by the next unit of a good. Under ideal circumstances, the marginal utility of the next unit is infinitely less than the amount of happiness brought by the previous unit of a good. A more precise definition would involve calculus, but a preferred way of "fudging" this relationship involves taking the average of the next and previous units' marginal utilities:
    Marginal utility = ${\frac {\Delta _{1}+\Delta _{2}}{2}}$
where
* $\Delta _{1}$ is the marginal utility of the previous unit
* $\Delta _{2}$ is the marginal utility of the next unit

## Law of Diminishing Returns

The Law of diminishing returns states that as more and more of a good is produced/consumed, the less marginal benefit the next unit of that good brings. Goods generally start with high marginal returns at low levels of the good, lower marginal returns at higher levels of the good, and negative marginal returns at even higher levels of the good.
    This is generally the case with food; as one consumes more and more food, one begins to lose taste for even more food; at one point, one becomes indifferent for whether one wants to eat more; at even higher levels of the food, one feels too full and may be worse off.
[See if you can make a graph that represents/models this law.]
# Principles of Economics/Laffer

As the government increases taxes, the economy's available money decreases, resulting in less and less economic activity. Additionally, the taxes reduce the returns on entrepreneurial activity. At first, increasing taxes increases revenues, but provides decreasing marginal returns. At a certain point, the economy has been so taxed (pun intended) that additional taxation would cause the economy to shrink so markedly that it would not increase revenue. This is a point that economists and politicians have much internal and external conflict, because it is particularly difficult to find and may perhaps change over time. At even higher tax rates the government drives the economy into the ground and ends up with less revenue. This is the Laffer Curve.
Some economists believe that the Laffer curve is actually jumbled and fuzzy in the middle - in other words, there is no clear point associated with any particular tax rate.