# History of video games/1970-1979
## Mass Media

While the general public remained generally oblivious to video games during the early part of the decade, this quickly began to change with the dawn of the golden age of arcade gaming, as well as the release of the popular Atari 2600 home video game console. With the rise of this new mass media, also came some of the first widespread moral panics and controversies over video gaming.
In addition to consumer usage, edutainment games in schools began to propagate more broadly during the 1970's, though their usage was hampered by both the technology, and by a lack of computers.

## Women Developers

Despite facing workplace adversity, the 1970's saw several women make prominent contributions in the video game industry, most notably at RCA and Atari. However these developers would often not see widespread recognition in their day. This trend would continue into the 1980's.

## Popular Genres

* Arcade style games, especially the Lunar Lander subgenre
* 2D Shooters
** In the first half of the decade Spacewar! clones were popular among video gamers.
** The massive success of Space Invaders (1978) led to the popularization of the genre with the public.
* Tabletop games often influenced computer games of the time.
** Wargaming, as well as tabletop role playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons inspired many early computer roleplaying games.
* Text adventures and other interactive fiction proved popular among those few who owned home computers. These simplistic games often required no special graphics hardware, yet offered a glimpse into fantastic worlds for imaginative gamers despite their limitations.
* Edutainment games were a popular target for developers, hoping to improve or capitalize on the educational market.
** In the first half of the decade, these games were common on minicomputer and mainframe time share systems, limited to those affiliated with specific institutions.
** Later in the decade, as schools began adopting home computers, these games became much more accessible to the public.

## 1970
### The May 4th Massacre

The horrific events of the May 4th massacre by the Ohio National Guard at Kent State University had drastic effects on America, and especially on those present. Several of those present at the event would go on to influence the game industry.
Several students present were moved by what they witnessed transpire to form the band DEVO. Band member Mark Mothersbaugh later goes on to work on games such as Crash Bandicoot. Another student, John De Lancie, was less than 20 yards from the shooting, and worked with Senator Young and Ted Kennedy to share his experience with the Senate. John De Lancie would later pursue a career as a prominent actor, which included voice acting for video games.

### Game of Life

After development in the 1960's, Conway's Game of Life is published in Scientific American in 1970. Although initially a simple mathematical game, it was later turned into various computer programs. The game is formed by a simple playfield of "cells", each one surrounded by eight "neighbors" (the adjacent cells), and either "lives" or "dies" in the next turn based on them. The correct combination of "alive" and "dead" cells can create stable systems ("still lives"), mutating shapes, ("oscillators"), moving objects ("spaceships") or generate an infinite stream of shapes through "guns", thus allowing for a sort of "war" to be "fought".

## 1971
### Galaxy Game

In September 1971 the arcade game Galaxy Game is installed at Tresidder Memorial Union of Stanford University. The game is a Spacewar! clone, designed with multiplayer-only capabilities in mind as it lacked an artificial intelligence for single-player gameplay. Although it ranks as the first known coin-operated video game (running on a modified PDP-11), it was never commercially released. Despite this, it can be ran on the popular MAME emulator for modern computers.

### Computer Space

In November 1971 the arcade game Computer Space is released by "Syzygy Engineering" (the progenitor of Atari, Inc.) to try to recreate the success of the Computer Quiz game of 1968. The gameplay is reminiscent of Spacewar!, but is distinct enough to avoid being classified as a Spacewar! clone. Few units survive to this day, but the game itself is a popular culture icon among video game fans, both due to it's historical value and due to it's distinctive and funky cabinet design.

### The Oregon Trail

In November 1971 three student teachers (Bill Heinemann, Don Rawitsch, and Paul Dillenberger) make The Oregon Trail for a UNIVAC computer operated by the Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium and is connected to a number of schools in Minnesota by teletypewriter. The Oregon Trail was made despite challenges posed by limited computer access. The first version of The Oregon Trail had to be made with teletypewriters in mind, so shooting mechanics were based on accurately typing words quickly.
The Oregon Trail is one of the earliest edutainment games. As of 2020 the game's modernized versions are often considered to be among the best edutainment games made.

### Intel 4004

1971 saw the release of the Intel 4004, Intel's first chip produced on a 10 micron process. This chip becomes one of the first generally available microprocessors, helping to usher in an era where mass-produced computers and programmable game consoles could reach the home.

## 1972
### Atari & Pong

In 1972 Nolan Bushnell founds the company Atari, releasing the arcade hit Pong by fall 1972.

## 1973
### Gaming at BGSU

Across the United States, many gaming cultures have sprung up at various universities, piggybacking off of the advanced computing resources available to students. Records from the rural Bowling Green State University show that this spread was not limited to the biggest or most elite universities by 1973. The Bowling Green State University computer center offers about 250 computer games for students to play freely, including Moon an early game in the Lunar Lander genre.

### Lemonade Stand

A programmer working for the educational institution Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium makes Lemonade Stand for their UNIVAC mainframe, which is connected to a number of schools via teletypewriter.Gameplay revolves around simulating a business, balancing prices and costs with demand influenced by external factors like weather.
Lemonade Stand is among the first games that attempts to simulate a business, as well as an early example of an edutainment game.

### Oil Panic

The OPEC Oil embargo to the United States, Japan, and other nations creates great economic shock and a recession. Hanafuda cardmaker and toy manufacture Nintendo is nearly pushed to financial ruin by the economic effects of the embargo and begins desperately seeking alternate revenue sources, eventually leading them to make home video games.

### Phong Shading

Phong Shading is invented in 1973, becoming a common 3D graphics shading technique which adds dynamic highlights to objects.

### BASIC Computer Games

1973 sees the release of one of the most influent computing and video gaming books of History: BASIC Computer Games, initially a DEC book titled "101 BASIC Computer Games". The book is a collection of BASIC source codes (usually converted from DEC's FOCAL) for simple video games, collected and partially modified or created by David H. Ahl. The book initially written in the DEC dialect of the language for use on PDP computers, but Ahl later left DEC to found the magazine Creative Computing, purchased the rights to the book, changed its title and ported the games to the now more standard Microsoft BASIC (which was starting to be used for home computers, and still survives today in its Visual Basic form), with instructions on how to port the games to platforms running personalized dialects.

## 1974
### Dungeons & Dragons

In 1974 the original "White Box" edition of the World-famous Dungeons & Dragons tabletop roleplaying game is released with it and its derivatives influencing a number of programmers, and through them highly influenced the creation of both Western computer RPGs and Japanese RPG genres.

## 1975
### Video Games on Planes

In 1975 Braniff Airlines offers Pong during flights, becoming the perhaps first airline to offer a video game as an official in flight entertainment option.

### First Digital Camera

On December 12th, 1975 the first digital photograph is taken by Kodak employee Steven Sasson of subject Joy Marshall. The Camera captures the image using a CCD from Fairchild Semiconductor and then takes 26 seconds to record the result onto an audio tape. Later on gaming devices such as the GameBoy camera and the Xbox Kinect used digital cameras to offer unique gameplay experiences.

### Graphic Music Synergy

At ACM SIGGRAPH 1975 in Bowling Green, Ohio a presentation is given on graphics influenced by music, an early example of a relationship that would become common in games with adaptive music.

## 1976
### Cars!

1976 was an important year for automobiles and racing in video games.
Datsun became the first automaker to license one of it's cars for a arcade game in 1976, later seeing a home console port to the Bally Professional Arcade. Later on, real automobile brands would later proliferate in racing games, adding to realism and immersion, as well as being a powerful marketing tool for the automobile industry.
In 1976 the Death Race arcade game is introduced, prompting media to question the violence featured in the game. The newness of video games meant that some outlets struggled to differentiate the game from a pinball machine or board game. The sensationalism surrounding the game ultimately boosted it's sales.

### Apple Computer

On April 1st, 1976, Apple Computer is founded by Steve "Woz" Wozniak and Steve Jobs in the latter's garage. The initial purpose of the company is to manufacture Woz's Apple I motherboard. The company later produces a number of computers which were commonly used for gaming, and would even help produce the short lived Apple Pippin game console during the 1990's.

## 1978

The gameshow TV Powww debuts, focusing on playing video games on a television show via telephone.

## 1979
### Mobile Suit Gundam

The Anime Mobile Suit Gundam is released in Japan, having a huge influence on Japanese geek culture, and by extension influencing a number of Japanese game designers. The designs of Mobile Suits from Gundam may have had an influence on other game series as well.

## References

* ↑ Wells, Matthew (28 July 2022). "The nuclear war origins behind some of the earliest computer lab games". Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/23278536/rand-corporation-nuclear-wargames-computer-lab.
* ↑ "Celebrating Women at Atari - Blog - The Henry Ford". www.thehenryford.org. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
* ↑ Edwards, Benj (27 October 2017). "Rediscovering History’s Lost First Female Video Game Designer". Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90147592/rediscovering-historys-lost-first-female-video-game-designer.
* ↑ Hernandez, Patricia (11 February 2021). "In the ’80s, she was a video game pioneer. Today, no one can find her" (in en). Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2021/2/11/22273073/ban-tran-atari-2600-wabbit-first-female-character-video-games-playable-history-apollo.
* ↑ "REMEMBERING MAY 4 - AN INTERVIEW WITH DEVO'S JERRY CASALE". Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "Exclusive Interview – Composer Mark Mothersbaugh talks working with Wes Anderson, Crash Bandicoot and his discography". Flickering Myth. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "de Lancie" (in en). Star Trek. https://www.startrek.com/database_article/de-lancie.
* ↑ "Q and A-theism w/ John de Lancie - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
* ↑ "John de Lancie Kent State University". www.kent.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
* ↑ "The Game of Life, by John Horton Conway The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ ""Galaxy Game", the Earliest Coin-Operated Computer or Video Game : History of Information". www.historyofinformation.com. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "Computer Space and the Dawn of the Arcade Video Game". PCWorld. 1 January 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "Pixels In Print (Part 1): Advertising Computer Space - The First Arcade Video Game". Video Game History Foundation. 10 April 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ [computerspacefan.com "computerspacefan.com"]. computerspacefan.com. Retrieved 10 February 2020. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
* 1 2 "How You Wound Up Playing The Oregon Trail in Computer Class". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 Juba, Joe. "A Pioneer Story: How MECC Blazed New Trails". Game Informer. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* 1 2 Porges, Seth. "How 'The Oregon Trail' Was Built Without Access To A Computer". Forbes. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* ↑ Brown, Shelby. "Worried about your kids' screen time? Try one of these educational video games". CNET. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* ↑ Staff, GamesRadar; December 2013, GamesRadar 25. "The best edutainment games [ClassicRadar]". gamesradar. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* ↑ "The Story of the Intel® 4004". Intel. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
* ↑ Edwards, Benj (17 February 2017). "The Untold Story of Atari Founder Nolan Bushnell's Visionary 1980s Tech Incubator". Fast Company. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 "The BG News October 3, 1973". BG News (Student Newspaper). 3 October 1973. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "oil crisis of 1973 Japan Module". www.japanpitt.pitt.edu. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* ↑ "Milestones: 1969–1976 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* ↑ "Nintendo - The Early History". www.i-programmer.info. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* ↑ "History School of Computing". Retrieved 5 December 2020.
* ↑ "Phong shading algorithm". mrl.cs.nyu.edu. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
* ↑ "The Unlikely Origin Story of JRPGs". www.gamasutra.com. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ Messner, Steven (15 April 2017). "The forgotten origins of JRPGs on the PC". PC Gamer. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "​Henk Rogers: The Dutch Godfather of Japanese RPGs". www.vice.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020. {{cite web}}: zero width space character in |title= at position 1 (help)
* ↑ "Beautiful posters from the golden age of flying – where are the airlines now?". The Telegraph. 13 September 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/posters-golden-age-air-travel/braniff/.
* ↑ "A Brief History of In Flight Entertainment – Imagik Corp". Retrieved 14 December 2020.
* 1 2 "How the Digital Camera Transformed Our Concept of History". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* ↑ "Hands on: Xbox One Kinect review". TechRadar. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* ↑ "The Game Boy Camera, Or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love The Pixels". Hackaday. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
* ↑ Kaczmarek, Thomas; Smoliar, Stephen W. An experiment in interaction between independent music and graphics processors. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 208–211. ISBN 978-1-4503-7354-8. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
* ↑ "Datsun Was The First Car Maker To Officially Brand A Video Game" (in en-us). Jalopnik. https://jalopnik.com/datsun-was-the-first-car-maker-to-officially-brand-a-vi-1652829922.
* ↑ "The Torchinsky Files: I'm Betting Most Of You Have Never Seen A Bally Professional Arcade" (in en-us). Jalopnik. https://jalopnik.com/the-torchinsky-files-im-betting-most-of-you-have-never-1844218806.
* ↑ Wilson, Mark (8 June 2012). "How Do Real Cars End Up In Video Games? And Does It Help The Brands?". Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/1669990/how-do-real-cars-end-up-in-video-games-and-does-it-help-the-brands.
* ↑ "The Media vs. Death Race". Video Game History Foundation. 1 June 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "A Video Game By Any Other Name". Video Game History Foundation. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ Kocurek, Carly A. (September 2012). "The Agony and the Exidy: A History of Video Game Violence and the Legacy of Death Race". Game Studies. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "Apple Computers: This Month in Business History (Business Reference Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ Barder, Ollie. "Understanding How Gundam May Have Influenced Halo Over The Years" (in en). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/07/01/understanding-how-gundam-may-have-influenced-halo-over-the-years/?sh=6586cd8655eb.
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