# Mirad Grammar/Numbers
## Types of Numbers

    Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral two is how the number 2 is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages.
    Numerals can be various parts of speech:
      * numeric nouns (The score was six to four.)
      * numeric pronouns (I want two. Give me the fifth one.)
      * numeric determiners (Five days ago. The fifth day. A double dose.)
      * prefixes (monochrome, bicentennial, triangle)
      * rootwords (anxer....to unite, onxer....to annihilate)
    Number-based words include:
      * cardinal numbers (one, two, three... used in counting and arithmetic)
      * ordinal numbers (first, second... indicating ordered position)
      * multiplicative numbers (double, triple, foursome...)
      * fractional numbers (half, third, hundredth...)
      * frequency numbers (once, twice, thrice...)
      * miscellaneous number-based words (only, percentage, annihilate)

## Cardinal Numbers

    The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in the chapter on Vocabulary Formation.

### Units

   * The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-y-glided vowels.
       Units 0123456789 oaeiuyoyayeyiyu zeroonetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnine
      * Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190 (pronounced: ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).....My telephone number is....
      * At tambese 114 (pronounced: a-a-u) Maple Street.
      * E gab e se u.....Two plus two is four.

### Decades

      * The decade formant -l- is used to form the decades. Followed by -o....zero, we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns:
       Decades with the -l- Formant 102030405060708090 aloeloilouloyoloyaloyeloyiloyulo tentwentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninety
       By changing the o....zero in lo to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows:
       Decadal Counting ala....11ela....21ila....31ula....41yola....51yala....61yela....71yila....81yula....91 ale....12ele....22ile....32ule....42yole....52yale....62yele....72yile....82yule....92 ........................... alyu....19elyu....29ilyu....39ulyu....49yolyu....59yalyu....69yelyu....79yilyu....89yulyu....99
      * At ayse alo dati.....I have ten friends.
      * It yafe sagder byu alyo.....He can count up to fifteen.
      * Yulyu gob alo gese yilyu.....Ninety-nine minus ten equals eighty-nine.

### Hundreds

      * By adding the hundreds formant s, you get the hundreds:
       Hundreds with the -s- Formant 100200300400500600700800900 asoesoisousoyosoyasoyesoyisoyuso
       All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the so ending with the units and decades:
         * asa....101
         * asale....112
         * usyulyu....599

### Thousands

      * The thousands are generated with the formant r:
       Note: The number categories starting with the thousands on up end in -o and are separated from the rest of a number by a space.
       Thousands 100020003000400050006000700080009000 aroeroirouroyoroyaroyeroyiroyuro
         * aro....1,000
         * aro a....1,001
         * ero isi....2,300
         * yoro yasula....5,641

### Millions

      * The millions are generated with the formant ml:
       Millions with the -ml- Formant 1,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000 amloemloimloumloyomloyamloyemloyimloyumlo
         * emlo yala....2,000,051
         * umlo esu....4,000,204
         * yumlo usyoro isyala....9,405,361

### Billions

      * The billions are generated with the formant mr;
       Billions 1,000,000,0002,000,000,0003,000,000,0004,000,000,0005,000,000,0006,000,000,0007,000,000,0008,000,000,0009,000,000,000 amroemroimroumroyomroyamroyemroyimroyumro
    In numbers ending in -ro (thousand), -mlo (million), and -mro (billion), these numbers keep the -o and are separated by a space from the other elements of the number.
         * imro emlo yoro asyula....three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one
         * iro asyulyo....3,195
         * yamlo asyulyo....6,000,195
         * alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele....10,075,186,922

### Trillions etc.

    The trillions are generated with the word garale, which means 10 to the positive power of 12 or 10$^{12}$.
    These numbers do not combine with surrounding numbers.
      * i garale....3,000,000,000
      * eso garale....200,000,000,000
    Even higher numbers are shown in the Number Chart later in this chapter.

## Numeric Determiners

    Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun.

### Integers

    The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant wa. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The wa formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (zero box vs. zero boxes. Think of it as not a single box).
       Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners owa tamawa tamewa tamiiwa tamiuwa tamiyowa tamiyawa tamiyewa tamiyiwa tamiyuwa tami no/zero housesone housetwo housesthree housesfour housesfive housessix housesseven houseseight housesnine houses
    If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no wa is used.
       In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg:
      * Ata iwa gajaga twidi bese bay at.....My three older brothers live with me.
      * Hia uwa tomi losexwo.....These four buildings will be destroyed.
      * At fu ewa ey iwa gouni.....I would like two or three pieces.
    The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the -wa suffix. For example, ala tami....eleven houses.
       Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun MiradEnglishWa BehaviorPluralization Behavior owa tamno houses, zero housesThe numeral is a unit, so wa is suffixed.The numeral is less than 2, so the noun is singular. awa tamone house, a house"" ewa tamitwo houses"The numeral is greater than 2, so the noun is plural. iwa tamithree houses"" uwa tamifour houses"" yowa tamifive houses"" yawa tamisix houses"" yewa tamiseven houses"" yiwa tamieight houses"" yuwa taminine houses"" alo tamiten housesThe numeral is not a unit so no wa is suffixed." ase tamia hundred two houses"" ero iwa tamitwo thousand three housesThe numeral i is a unit, so wa is suffixed." iro alo tamithree thousand ten housesThe numeral alo is not a unit, so wa is not suffixed."
    Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing s or t, respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing i. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a y before the t. The s suffix is short for sun....thing or suni....things. The t ending is short for aot....person or aoti....persons. For example:
      * Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse awas. (singular inanimate pronoun)....You have one house. I have one too.
      * At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay ewasi (plural inanimate pronoun).....I had ten pencils. Now I only have two.
      * Esa asoti yeb be ha duzam. (plural animate pronoun).... There were a hundred people in the concert hall.
      * Yat yefe kebier awoyt bi huti. (singular animate female pronoun)....We must choose one female person from those people.

### Ordinals

    Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like first, second, etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending a to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word nap (order) inserted:
    Ordinal Numeric Determiners Cardinal NumeralOrdinal Numeric DeterminerVariation with nap (order) o....zerooa....zerothonapa....zeroth a....oneaa....firstanapa....first e....twoea....secondenapa....second i....threeia....thirdinapa....third alo....tenaloa....tenthalonapa....tenth asu....104asua....104thasunapa....104th garale....trilliongaralea....trillionthgaralenapa....trillionth
    Note: ana is an adjective meaning only, single, eg. Iyt se ana tud.....She is an only child. As an adverb, anay means only, eg. At yexe anay be tam.....I work only at home.
    There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers:
    Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers Root WordOrdinal Word ij....beginningijna or ijnapa....first uj....endujna or ujnapa....last aj....pastajna or ajnapa....ex-, former, previous oj....futureojna or ojnapa....future, upcoming ej....presentejna or ejnapa....current, new, present ja....beforejana or janapa....previous, last, foregoing jo....afterjona or jonapa....next, following za....in front ofzana or zanapa....next zo....behindzona or zonapa....last (previous, foregoing)
    Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix y to the adjectival counterparts:
    Ordinal Adverbs ADJECTIVEADVERB aa....firstaay....firstly anapa....firstanapay....primarily ea....secondeay....secondly ujna....lastujnay....finally
    Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix t and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix s. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix i. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing at to wat for the former, and to ayt for the latter:
      * ha aas....the first thing
      * ha aat....the first person
      * ha aati....the first people
      * hua aayt....that first female
      * ha enapas....the second thing
      * ewat....another guy
      * Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.....The last shall be first.
      * ha zanapat....the next fellow
    Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective>
      * hua uwa aga tami....those four big houses
      * ha aa alo oga tami....the first ten little houses
      * ata anapa ewa oga tudi....my first two little children
Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with ordinal vowels, which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.:
      * dob....state (1st level)
      * dab....government (2nd level derivative)
      * deb....leader (3rd level derivative)
      * dib....administration (4th " " )
      * dub....minister (5th " " )

### Fractions

    Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like half and quarter are formed by adding -yn for those functioning as nouns, -yna for adjectives, -ynay for adverbs, or -yn for prefixes, to the respective cardinal number.
Fractional Numeric Determiners :
| CARDINAL NUMERAL | FRACTION AS NOUN | AS ADJECTIVE | AS ADVERB | AS PREFIX | AS VERB |
| o....zero | oyn....a void, vacuum, null | oyna....null, nil | -- | oyn-....devoid of | oynxer....annihilate, nullify |
| a....one | ayn....whole | ayna....entire, whole | aynay....entirely | ayn-....holo-, whole-, all- | aynxer....integrate |
| e....two | eyn....a half | eyna....half | eynay....halfway | eyn-....half-, semi-, hemi-, demi- | eynxer....halve |
| i....three | iyn....a third | iyna....third | iynay....by a third | iyn-....terci- | iynxer....cut in third |
| u....four | uyn....a quarter | uyna....quarter | uynay....quarterly | uyn-....quadri- | uynxer....quarter |
| alo....ten | aloyn....a tenth | aloyna....tenth | aloynay....by a tenth | aloyn-....deci- | aloynxer....decimate |
| aso....hundred | asoyn....hundredth, percent | asoyna....hundredth | asoynay....by a hundredth | asoyn-....centi- | asoynxer....cut by a hundred |
    Here are some examples:
   * His uxo ha oynxen bi yata mir.....This will cause the anihilation of our world.
   * Ha ayna mir te ayv et.....The whole world knows about you.
   * Is se gas vyel ha ayn bi isa goni.....It is more than the whole of its parts.
   * Ferad se ayndyana dalzeyn.....French is a holophrastic language.
   * Et yafe bier eyn bi is.....You can take half of it.
   * Yat yefo eynxer eta yexnix.....We will have to halve your salary.
   * Hus sa eynvyan.....That was a half-truth.
   * Eso eynzyunida dropek.....There is going to be a hemispheric war.
   * Duven his se eynutexea dopar?....Is this a semi-automatic weapon?
   * Iynxu hua absakpovel.....Cut that pie in thirds.
   * It yeyfe bixwer ay uynxwer.....He should be drawn and quartered.
   * Hia nas se aloyn bi hos yat nixa zojab.....This money is a tenth of what we earned last year.
   * Ha dep aloynxwu.....The army would be decimated.
   * Ewa asoyni bi ha dityan baksa.....Two percent (=hundredths) of the citizenry got sick.
   * Hia tom se anay asoyn ge aga vyel hua tom.....This building is only a hundredth as big as that building.
   * Hwut se oyntofa.....That guy is naked.
    The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples:
   * Et so aynay dudyefa av eta xeyni.....You will be wholly accountable for your actions.
   * Iyt eynay tikabeloka.....She almost (= halfway) threw up.
    Pronominalizations like half of it, a third of them:
      * Eynas sa fia.....Half of it was good.
      * Eynasi sa fua.....Half of them (things) were bad.
      * Esa uwa tobi se hua fukyes. Eynati toja.....There were four people in that accident. Half (of them) died.
      * Iynati bi yet se vyaka.....A third of you are right.
      * Uynati bi yat yantexe.....A quarter of us agree.
      * Alo asoyni bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.....Ten percent of these books were ruined.

### Multiples

    Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like double, triple can be formed by adding -on to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is monosyllabic, otherwise just -n. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix -a. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows. The prefix ending, -n is often dropped.
    Multiplicative Numeric Determiners CARDINAL NUMERALMULTIPLE AS NOUN...AS ADJECTIVE...AS ADVERB...AS PREFIX...AS VERB-MAKER o....zerooon....nulloona....nilon-....zero-onxer....cancel, zero out a....oneaon....singleaona....singleaonay....singlyan-....uni-/mono-anxer....unify e....twoeon....twosome, doubleeona....doubleeonay....doublyen-....di-/bi-enxer....double i....threeion....threesome, tripletiona....tripleionay....triplyin-....tri--inxer....triple u....fouruon....quartetuona....quadrupleuonay....quadruplyun-....quadri-/tetra-unxer....quadruple yo....fiveyoon....quintetyoona....quintupleyoonay....quintuplyyoon-*....quinti-/penta-yoonxer*....quintuple ya....sixyaon....sextetyaona....sextupleyaonay....sextuplyyaon-*....sexi-/hexa-yaonxer*....sextuple alo....tenalon....decadealona....decadicalonay....by a multiple of tenalon-....deca-alonxer....multiply by ten aso....hundredason....hundredfoldasona....hundredfoldasonay....by a hundredfoldason-....hecato-asonxer....multiply by a hundred
       * An extra o is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with yan meaning together and yon meaning apart.
    The multiplicative noun dozen is expressed by aleon.
   * Aleoni bi pati yizpapa.....Dozens of birds flew by.
    By adding the suffix -at to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The -na- in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words:
   * aonat or aot ....solo, single, person
      * aonatser of aotser....become single, become a person
      * aonawat....singleton
   * eonat or eot....duo, pair, twosome, couple
      * eotxer....to copulate
      * eontajat....twin
   * ionat or iot....trio, threesome, trinity
      * iotxer....to do a threesome
      * Ionatin....Trinitarianism
      * iontajati....triplets
   * uonat or uot ....quartet, foursome
      * uontajat....quadruplet
   * yoonat or yoot....quintet, group of five people
      * yoontajati....quintuplets
      * yoonati....quintets
    By adding the suffix -un instead of -on, we get the following:
   * aun....unit
      * auna....unitary, individual
      * aunser....unite
      * aunyan....series
         * aunyana....serial
   * eun....pair
      * euna....even, paired, binary
      * oleuna....odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired
         * oleunat....odd man out
         * eunxer....even out
    Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used:
      * Yat naptyopa be eo(na)ti yez bi ha mep.....We marched in twos (= pairs) down the street.
      * Asonati upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.....Hundreds (of people) will come with us to this protest.
      * Hia ivxel xwe enjabay.....This celebration happens biennially.
      * Iyt se untupokyat.....She is a quadriplegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)
      * Diwe sagu ha auni.....Please count the units.
      * Yet gafisa aronay!....You all have improved a thousandfold!
      * Tob se entyoyaba sat.....Man is a bipedal creature.
    Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in -on in the numbers below ten is shortened to -n in common words:
      * anzyuk....monocycle
      * enzyuk....bicycle
      * ingun....triangle
      * ungun....quadrangle
      * yoongon....pentagon
      * yaongon....hexagon
    Note: The prefixes for penta-/quinti- and hexa-/sext- must keep the -on so as to distinguish them from the prefixes yon....apart and yan....together. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See Coding Chemical Elements).
      * yoongona....quintipartite BUT: yonper....separate, go apart
      * yaongun....hexagon BUT: yanuper....meet, come together

### Distributives

    The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based.
       number Latinate Grecian Mirad 0 nullary niladic, medadic onsuna 1 unary monadic ansuna 2 binary dyadic ensuna 3 ternary triadic insuna 4 quaternary tetradic unsuna 5 quinary pentadic yoonsuna 6 senary hexadic yaonsuna 7 septenary heptadic yensuna 8 octonary octadic yinsuna 9 novenary enneadic yunsuna 10 denary, decimal decadic alonsuna 11 undenary, undecimal endecadic alansuna 16 duodenary, duodecimal dodecadic alensuna sedecimal hexadecimal alyansuna 20 vigenary, vicenary icosadic elonsuna

### Frequentatives

    Words related to frequency are formed in various way:
       With -xag (frequency)
      * duhoxag?....how many times?, how often?
      * oxag....never (zero times)
      * axag....once
      * exag....twice
      * ixag....three times, thrice
      * aloxag....ten times
      * glaxag....many times, often
      * gloxag....seldom
      * hexag ....sometimes
      * hyaxag....at all times
      * hyoxag....not a single time
      * grexag....enough times
      * groxag.....not often enough
       Or, with -jod(i)....times, instances
      * duhogla jodi....how many times?
      * owa jodi....zero times
      * awa jod....one time
      * ewa jodi....two time, twice
      * iwa jodi....three times, thrice
      * ge jodi vyel....as many times as
      * ga jodi vyel....more times than, more often than
      * gla jodi....many times, often
       Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized:
      * axaga kyes....a one-time occurrence
      * glaxaga teaput....a frequent visitor
      * gloxage pat....a rare bird
   * 1
   ** daily, every day, once a day....juba / hyajub
   ** weekly, every week, once a week....yejuba / hyayejub
   ** monthly, every month, once a month....jiba / hyajib
   ** yearly/annually, every year, once a year....jaba / hyajab
   * 2
   ** twice a day....exag hyajub
   ** twice a week/biweekly....exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba
   ** twice a month/bimensual....exag hyajib / eynjiba
   ** twice a year/biannial/semiannual....exag hyajab / eynjaba
   * 2
   ** every other day....hya enapa jub
   ** every other week....hya enapa yeyub
   ** every other month....hya enapa jib
   ** every other year/biennial....hya enapa jab / enjaba
   * 3
   ** every three months/trimestral/trimonthly....hya enapa jib / enjiba
   * 4
   ** quarterly....hya enapa jib / uynjaba
   * 6
      * every semester....hya yaonjib / hya eynjab

## Number Chart

    The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs:
Number Chart :
| MULTIPLE | MULTIPLE | MULTIPLE | MULTIPLE | MULTIPLE | FRACTION | FRACTION | FRACTION | FRACTION |
| SYMBOL | ADJECTIVE | NOUN | PREFIX$^1$ | VERB | SYMBOL | NOUN | PREFIX | VERB |
| 0 | owa zero | oon nonentity, null oot nobody | on- zero- | onxer nullify | 1/0 | oyn zeroth | oyn- nihil- | oynxer anihilate |
| 1 | awa one aa first ana single, lone | aon unit aot solo, individual | an- uni-, mono- | anxer unify | 1/1 | ayn whole | ayn- holo- | aynxer integrate |
| 2 | ewa two ea second ena dual ensuana binary | eon double eot duo, pair, couple eontajat twin | en- bi-, di- | enxer double eotxer copulate | 1/2 | eyn half | eyn- semi- | eyxner halve |
| 3 | iwa three ia third insuana ternary | ion triple iot trio, threesome iontajat triplet | in- tri- | inxer triple | 1/3 | iyn third | iyn- terci- | iynxer split into three |
| 4 | uwa four ua fourth | uon quadruple uot quartet, foursome uontajat quadruplet | un- tetra- | unxer quadruple | 1/4 | uyn fourth uynjab quarter | uyn- quadri- | uynxer quarter |
| 5 | yowa five yoa fifth | yoon quintuple yoot quintet yoontajat quintuplet | yoon-$^2$ penta- | yoonxer quintuple | 1/5 | yoyn fifth | yoyn- quint- | yoynxer cut in fifths |
| 6 | yawa six yaa sixth | yaon sextuple yaot sextet yaontajat sextuplet | yaon-$^3$ hecto- | yaonxer sextuple | 1/6 | yayn sixth | yayn- hexi- | yaynxer cut in sixths |
| 7 | yewa seven yea seventh | yeon septuple yeot septet yeontajat septuplet yejub week | yen- hepto- | yenxer mult seven | 1/7 | yeyn seventh | yeyn- hepti- | yeyxner cut in sevenths |
| 8 | yiwa eight yia eighth | yion octuple yiot octet yiontajat octuplet | yin- octo- | yinxer mult eight | 1/8 | yiyn eighth | yiyn- octi- | yiynxer cut in eighths |
| 9 | yuwa nine yua ninth | yuon nonuple yuot set of nine yuontajat nonuplet | yun- nona- | yunxer mult nine | 1/9 | yuyn nineth | yuyn- novi- | yuynxer cut in ninths |
| 10 | alo ten aloa tenth alosuana decimal | alon tenfold alojab...decade | alon- deca- | alonxer increase by a factor of ten | 1/10 | aloyn tenth | aloyn- deci- | aloynxer decimate |
| 100 10$^4$ | aso hundred asoa hundredth | ason hundredfold asojab century | ason- heca- | asonxer increase a hundredfold | 1/100 10$^{-2}$ | asoyn hundredth percentage cent | asoy- centi- | asoynxer divide by a hundred |
| 1,000 10$^3$ | aro thousand aroa thousanth | aron thousandfold arojab millennium | aron- kilo- | aronxer divide by a thousand | 1/1000 10$^{-3}$ | aroyn thousandth | aroy- milli- | aroynxer |
| 1,000,000 10$^6$ | amlo million amloa millionth | amlon millionfold | amlon- mega | amlonxer multiply by a million | 10$^{-6}$ | amloyn millionth goryan | amloyn- micro- | amloynxer divide by a million |
| 10$^9$ | amro billion amroa billionth | amron billionfold | amron- giga- | amronxer multiply by a billion | 10$^{-9}$ | amroyn- nano- | amroynxer divide by a billion | |
| 10$^{12}$ | garale$^3$ trillion garalea trillianth | garalen trillionfold | garalen- tera | | 10$^{-12}$ | goralen- pico- | goralen trillionth | |
| 10$^{15}$ | garalyo quadrillion garalyoa quadrillionth | garalyon quadrillionfold | garalyon- peta- | | 10$^{-15}$ | garalyon- femto- | goralyon quadrillionth | |
| 10$^{18}$ | garalyi quintillion garlyia quintillionth | garalyin quintillionfold | garalyin- exa- | | 10$^{-18}$ | goralyin- atto- | goralyin quintillianth | |
| 10$^{21}$ | garela sextillion garelaa sextillionth | garelan sextillionfold | garelan- zetta- | | 10$^{-21}$ | gorelan- zepto- | gorelan sextillionth | |
| 10$^{24}$ | garele septillion garelea septillionth | garelen eptillionfold | garelen- yotta- | | 10$^{-24}$ | gorelen- yocto- | gorelen septillionth | |
| 10$^{27}$ | garelye octillion garelyea octillionth | garelyen ctillionfold | garelyen- ronna- | | 10$^{-27}$ | gorelyen- ronto- | gorelyen octillionth | |
| 10$^{30}$ | garilo nonillion gariloa nonillionth | garilon nonillionfold | garilon- quetta- | | 10$^{-30}$ | gorilon- quecto- | gorilon nonillionth | |
      * Note 1: Sometimes the final -n on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. anapa first, atistam elementary school.
      * Note 2: An extra o is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from yon- dis-, apart
      * Note 3: An extra o is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from yan- con-, together
      * Note 4: Garale is short for alo gar ale ten to-the-power-of 12. By the same token, gorale is short for alo gor ale ten to-the-power-of-minus 12

# Metric Units

    Mirad uses the International System of Units (SI) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see the alphabet. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = omega, Ω = Omega). The measurement unit names are followed by nak (measurement unit).
       SI base units ENGLISH UNIT NAME SYMBOLIC ABBREVIATION QUANTITY UNIT MIRAD PRONUNCIATION second s time sonak meter m length minak kilogram kg mass kigenak ampere A electric current aganak kelvin K thermodynamic temperature agkinak Mole mol amount of substance miolinak candela cd luminous intensity cadanak
    Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:
       SI derived units with special names and symbols ENGLISH NAME SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION QUANTITY UNIT MIRAD PRONUNCIATION radian rad plane angle roadanak steradian sr solid angle soronak hertz Hz frequency aghezunak newton N force, weight agninak pascal Pa pressure, stress agpoanak joule J energy agjinak watt W power agwunak coulomb C electric charge agcanak volt V electrical potential difference agvunak farad F capacitance agfenak ohm Ω electrical resistance Omeganak Siemens S electrical conductance agsonak Weber Wb magnetic flux agwubanak tesla T magnetic flux density agtonak henry H inductance aghenak degree Celsius °C temperature nogagcanak lumen lm luminous flux liminak lux lx illuminance lixuak becquerel Bq radioactivity agbakonak gray Gy absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) aggeyunak sievert Sv equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) agsovunak katal kat catalytic activity kiatonak byte b 8 bits of information banak
    Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:
       Convenient non-SI units ENGLISH NAME SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION QUANTITY UNIT MIRAD PRONUNCIATION litre L volume aglonak or litr(i) hectare ha area heanak or hektar(i) ton t area tonak or ton(i) decibel dB loudness daagbanak or decibel(i) fathom ftm depth of water fetominak
    The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.
       Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units NAME SYMBOLIC FORMULA DERIVED QUANTITY TYPICAL SYMBOL MIRAD PRONUNCIATION square meter m$^2$ area A minak-gar-ewa cubic meter m$^3$ volume V minak-gar-iwa meter per second m/s speed, velocity v minak-gol-sonak meter per second squared m/s$^2$ acceleration a minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa reciprocal meter m$^{−1}$ wavenumber σ, ṽ minak-gor-awa vergence (optics) V, 1/f kilogram per cubic meter kg/m$^3$ density ρ kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa kilogram per square meter kg/m$^2$ surface density ρ$_A$ kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa cubic meter per kilogram m$^3$/kg specific volume v minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge ampere per square meter A/m$^2$ current density j aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa ampere per meter A/m magnetic field strength H aganak-gol-minak mole per cubic meter mol/m$^3$ concentration c minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa kilogram per cubic meter kg/m$^3$ mass concentration ρ, γ kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa candela per square meter cd/m$^2$ luminance L$_v$ canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa
    The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). Banak means byte, so garale-banak is terabyte. This breaks down to 10$^{12}$ bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:
    Scalar Metrics MACROMICRO BASE 10US/UK NAMEMIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIXSI SYMBOLBASE 10(US/UK NAME)MIRAD PREFIX....SI PREFIXSI SYMBOL 1onean- *... mono-, uni-1/1wholeayn-....holo-, uni- 2twoen-....bi-1/2halfeyn-....demi-, di- 3threein-....tri-1/3thirdiyn-....terci- 4fourun-....tetra-1/4fourthuyn-....quadri- 5fiveyoon- *....penta-1/5fifthyoyn....quinti- 6sixyaon-....hexa-1/6sixthyayn....sexti- 7sevenyeon-....hepta-1/7seventhyeyn....septi- 8eightyion....octo-1/8eighthyiyn....octi- 9nineyuon....nona-1/9ninthyuyn....novi- 10tenalon-....deca-da1/10tenthaloy-....deci-d 10$^2$hundredaso-....hecto- **h10$^{-2}$hundredthasoy-....centi-c 10$^3$thousandamso-....kilo-k10$^{-3}$thousandth)amsoy-....milli-m 10$^6$millionamlo-....mega-M10$^{-6}$millionthamloy-....micro-r 10$^9$billion /milliardamro-....giga-G10$^{-9}$billionth/ milliardthamroy-....nano-n 10$^{12}$trillion /billiongarale-....tera-T10$^{-12}$trillionth / billionth)gorale-....pico-p 10$^{15}$quadrillion)/ billiardgaralyo-....peta-P10$^{-15}$quadrillionth) / billiardthgoralyo-....femto-f 10$^{18}$quintillion / trilliongaralyu-....exa-E10$^{-18}$quintillionth)/ trillionthgoralyu....atto-a 10$^{21}$sextillion)/ trilliardgarela-....zetta-Z10$^{-21}$sextillionth / trilliardthgorela....zepto-z 10$^{24}$septillion)/ quadrilliongarelu-....yotta- Y10$^{-27}$septillionth / quadrillionthgorelu....yocto-y
    *Note: The -n or -on can sometimes be omitted in macro-prefixation, especially where there is no ambiguity. The -n (but NOT the -yn) in the micro prefixes can also sometimes be omitted.
    **Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (10$^9$) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.
The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:
    Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols MACROMICRO SYMBOL (EXPANSION)MIRAD PRONUNCIATIONSYMBOL (EXPANSION)MIRAD PRONUNCIATION dag (decagram)daagenak(decigram)dagenak hg (hectogram)hegenakcg (centigram)cagenak kg (kilogram)kogenakmg (milligram)migenak Mg (macrogram)agmigenakμg (microgram)mugenak Gg (gigagram)aggegenakng (nanogram)nigenak Tg (teragram)agtogenakpg (picagram)pogenak Pg ( petagram)agpogenakfg (femtogram)fegenak Eg (exagram)agegenakag (attogram)agenak Zg (zettagram)agzegenakzg (zeptogram)zegenak Yg (yottagram)agyugenakyg (yoctogram)yugenak
    The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar e (squared) and gar i (cubed), respectively:
      * 10 km²....(pronounced as:) alo kominaki gar e
      * 12 mm³....(pronounced as:) ale miminaki gar i

# Expressing Frequency

    There are two ways to form determiners of frequency:
      * Using jod(i) meaning occasion(s), instance(s), time(s), or
      * Using xag meaning frequency
    Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners:
    Frequentative Determiners "JOD" METHOD"XAG" METHODMEANING duhogla jodi?duhoxag?how often?, how many times? hogla jodihoxaghow often, how frequently hagla jodihaxagthe frequency hegla jodihexagsometimes, on some occasions higla jodihixagthis often, this many times hugla jodihuxagthat often, that many times, so many times huugla jodihuuxagso often, so many times hyogla jodihyoxagnever hyagla jodihyaxagalways, at all times hyegla jodihyexagany number of times, however often hyigla jodihyixagas often, the same number of times hyugla jodihyuxagnot as often, some other number of times ga jodigaxag (vyel)more often (than) ge jodigexag (vyel)as many times (as), as often (as) go jodigoxag (vyel)less often (than) gla jodiglaxagmany times, often gle jodiglexagquite a few times, quite often glo jodigloxagnot so many times, seldom gra jodigraxagtoo often gre jodigrexagoften enough gro jodigroxagtoo seldom gwa jodigwaxagas often as possible, most often, most times gwe jodigwexagan average number of times gwo jodigwoxagleast often, as seldom as possible owa jodoxagnever, at no time, zero times awa jodaxagonce, one time awa ga jodga axagagain, once more ewa jodiexagtwice, two times iwa jodiixagthrice, three times alo jodialoxagten times
    Examples:
      * Duhoxag et pe ha tayegoblam?....How often do you go to the barber shop?
      * Duhogla jodi et akaye hia ekun?....How many times have you won this game?
      * At teataye hua dyezun iwa ey uwa jodi.....I have seen that film three or four times.
      * At teataye is huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van at bokseye.....I have seen it so many times that I am getting sick.
      * Hus xwaye gaxag vyel et te.....That has happened more often than you know.

# Mathematical Expressions

    Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word ga....more.

## Chart of Mathmatical Components

    The following chart shows mathematical operator verbs and derived terms:
Arthmetic Expressions :
| VERB | OPERATION | PATIENT | SUBJECT | OPERATOR | SIGN | RESULT |
| gaber add | gaben addition | gabwas addend, summand | gabus augend | gab plus + | gabsiyn plus sign | gabix sum |
| galer multiply | galen multiplication | galwas multiplicand | galus multiplier factor | gal times x | galsiyn times sign | galix product |
| garer raise to the power of | garen exponentiation | garwas base | garus exponent | gar raised to the power of | garsiyn exponent sign | garix power |
| gazer logarithmize | gazen logarithmization | gazwas base | gazus antilogarithm | gaz log | | gazix logarithm |
| gober subtract | goben subtraction | gobwas subtrahend | gobus minuend | gob minus - | gobsiyn minus sign | gobix difference |
| goler divide | golen division fraction | golwas dividend numerator | golus divisor denominator | gol divided by ÷ | golsiyn division sign | golix quotient |
| gorer derive the nth root of | goren root extraction | gorwas radicand | gorus degree | gor the nth root of √ | gorsiyn radical sign | gorix root |
| gexer equal | gexen equation | gexwas thing being equated | gexus equator | ge equal to = | gesiyn equal sign | gexix equation solution |

## How to Verbalize Math Expressions

      * 1 + 1 = 2.....A gab a gese e.
      * 3 - 1 = 2.....I gob a gese e.
      * 2 x 4 = 8.....E gal u gese yi.
      * 10 % 2 = 5.....Alo gol e gese yu.
      * 5$^2$ = 25.....Yo gar e gese elyu.
      * 2$^3$ = 8.....E gar i gese yi.
      * 4 √2 = 2 = 2.....U gor e gese e.
      * log$_{10}$ 1000 = 3.....Aro gaz alo gese i.
    Note 1: gese (equals) can be substituted with se (is), eg.:
      * E gab e se u.....Two plus two is four.
    Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix -wa, eg.:
      * Ewa lafebi gab awa afeb gese vavol.....Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.
    Examples of mathematical expressions:
      * E gab e gese u.....Two plus two equals four.
      * E gal i gese ya.....Two times three equals six.
      * I gar e gese yu.....Three to the second power equals nine.
      * E gob e gese o.....Two minus two equals zero.
      * Yu gol i gese i.....Nine divided by three equals three.
      * Yu gor i gese i.....Nine cubed equals three.
      * Aso gor e gese alo.....One hundred squared equals ten.
      * Aro gaz alo gese i.....Log$_{10}$(1000) = 3. (= Logarithm of a thousand to base ten equals three)

## Decimal Expressions

    Decimal expressions like 2.5 use the word nod....point as in English.
      * Hia bavol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.....This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.

# Calendar and Time Expressions

       The word for calendar is judar. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used:

### Basic Calendar Units

    Time is divided using the following basic terms:
    Calendar Units MIRADENGLISH jobtime jabyear jebseason jibmonth jubday jwob*hour jwab*minute jweb*second
* Note: These would ordinarily be jyob, jyab, and jyeb respectively, but the w glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter j, and is therefore substituted.

## Other Calendar Units

    Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above:
    Other Calendar Units MIRADENGLISHNUMERICAL FORMULA rojabmilleniumyear x 1,000 sojabcenturyyear x 100 lojabdecadeyear x 10 eynjabhalf yearyear x 1/2 uynjabquarteryear x 1/4 yajibsemestermonth x 6 yejubweekday x 7 yejubujweekendday x 7 end eynjwobhalf hourhour x 1/2
    This, next, last, etc. are expressed as follows:
    Day Pointers MIRADENGLISH hijub hia yejub hijabtoday this week this year zojub zoyejub zajabyesterday last week last year zajub zayejub zajabtomorrow next week next year hujub huyejub hujabthat day that week that year jazojub ja ewa yejubi jazojabthe day before yesterday two weeks ago the year before last jozajub jo ewa yejubi jozajabthe day after tomorrow two weeks from now the year after next Duhajub?Which day? hyajubevery day hyejubany day hejubsomeday hejubisome days

## Seasons of the Year

    Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for season jeb:
    Seasons of the Year MIRADENGLISH jeabspring jeebsummer jeibautumn, Fall jeubwinter
    Examples of usage:
      * be jeab....in spring
      * ja jeeb....before summer
      * ju jeib....until autumn
      * ji jeub....since winter
      * je ha jeb....during the season
      * ub ha uj bi jeeb....toward the end of summer
      * eb jeab ay jeeb....between spring and summer
      * jeeba gemoj....vernal equinox
      * jeiba fayebi....autumn leaves
      * jeba til....seasonal drink
      * jeubyena jebmalyen....wintry climate
      * jeabyena malyen....spring-like weather
      * jeuben....hibernation
      * hijeab....this season
      * zajeab....next season
      * zojeab....last season
      * hyajeab....every season

## Months of the Year

    Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month jib:
    Months of the Year MIRADENGLISH jiabJanuary jiebFebruary jiibMarch jiubApril jiyobMay jiyabJune jiyebJuly jiyibAugust jiyubSeptember jilobOctober jilabNovember jilebDecember
    Some expressions using the months:
      * be jilob....in October
      * ja jiyab....before June
      * lojo zajiyeb....by next July (lojo = not after)
      * hijib....this month
      * zojib....last month
      * zajib....next month
      * bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis....month-to-month rent
      * jibay....monthly
      * jibi joy....months later
      * jiba sindryen....monthly magazine
      * hujiba jobnis....that month's rent
      * hya ionjib....every trimester
      * jiber....menstruate
      * byi zojilob....since last October
      * ub zejib....toward mid-month

## Days of the Week

    Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day jub:
    Days of the Week MIRADENGLISH juabMonday juebTuesday juibWednesday juubThursday juyobFriday juyabSaturday juyebSunday
    Here are some common terms relating to days of the week:
    Day Expressions MIRADENGLISH Duhojub?Which day? hojub hu...the day that... hejubsomeday hijubtoday hujubthat day hyijub(on) the same day hyajubevery day hyejubany day zajubyesterday zojubtomorrow ha jajub be ha jana jubthe day before, (on) the previous day ha jojub be ha jona jubthe day before, (on) the previous day jazojubthe day before yesterday jozajubthe day after tomorrow hya ea jubevery other/second day hyajub boy juyebevery day except Sunday yejubweek hiyejebthis week yejubujweekend yexjub (or) zeyejubweekday enyejuba(y)bi-weekly zoyejublast week
    Examples of Usage:
      * (be) juyob....on Friday
      * ju juib....until Wednesday
      * ji zojub....since yesterday
      * lojo jubuj....by [Lit: not after] day's end
      * jo zajub....after tomorrow
      * je ha jub....during the day
      * bi juab bu juub....from Monday to Friday
      * yejubuja ponpop....a weekend getaway

## Parts of the Day

    Here are the principal parts of a day:
Parts of the Day :
| DAYTIME | NIGHTTIME |
| maj....daytime, day | moj....nighttime, night |
| bi maj....A.M. | bi moj....P.M. |
| jamajij....pre-dawn | jamojij....pre-dusk |
| majij....daybreak, dawn | mojij....dusk |
| amaryap....sunrise, sunup | amaryop....sunset, sundown |
| jwamaj....morning zajwamaj....tomorrow morning hijwamaj....this morning zojwamaj....yesterday morning hujwamaj....that morning hyajwamaj....every morning | jwamoj....evening zajwamoj....tomorrow evening hijwamoj....this evening zojwamoj....yesterday evening hujwamoj....that evening hyajwamoj....every evening |
| zemaj....noon | zemoj....midnight |
| jozemaj....afternoon | jozemoj....after midnight |
| majuj....day's end | jwomoj....late night |
      * Examples of Usage:
      * At tijpa ja majij.....I woke up before dawn.
      * At iyfe tuyjer be ha jwoa jozemaj.....I like to nap in the late afternoon.
      * It yexe bi amaryap bu amaryop.....He works from sunup to sundown.
      * Be gwa jwamoji, at teaxe sinibar.....Most evenings, I watch television.

## Expressing Dates

    The following is a how a date (jud) is normally expressed:
      * be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.....on Monday, February 11th, 1918 A.D.
    A date like 2018 can be expressed as twenty eighteen (elo alyi) or two thousand eighteen (ero alyi).
    The day 11 in the above expression is pronounced ala.
    The acronym for B.C. is jaK, short for ja Krist (before Christ).
    The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning Before the Common/Current Era is expressed in Mirad with jaEJ (ja ha Eja Joeb).
    The acronym for A.D. is joK, short for jo Krist (after Christ).
    The acronym for the de-Christianized C.E. is EJ, shoft for ha Eja Joeb (the Current Era).
    Other date expressions follow:
      * be ha 1800 jabi (alyi aso jabi)....In the 1800's (eighteen hundreds)
      * ja ha 20a (eloa) asojab....before the 20th (twentieth) century
      * eb 1920 (yulo elo) ay 2001 (emso awa)....between 1920 (nineteen twenty) and (two thousand one)
      * hyaje hua alojab....throughout that decade
      * At yexa hum je gla jabi.....I worked there for [Lit: during] many years.
      * Ujbu his lojo jiyab.....Finish this by [Lit: not after] May.
      * Iyt so him ub ha uj bi 2 (ewa) jiab.....She will be here toward the end of January 2nd.
      * At taja je ha Tejika Eloni.....I was born in the Roaring Twenties.

## Telling Time

    Clock time expressions use mostly the word jwob (hour) or jwobi (hours).
    Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as 15 hours (ulo jwobi), which is the same as 15:00 or 15 hundred hours.
    The usual time-of-day question is Se duhojwob?....What time is it? [Lit: is what-hour?]
    The typical answer is in the format Se alo (jwobi) yuwa. (Lit: (It) is ten hours five). The use of jwobi is optional, but if jwobi is modified by awa....one, then the singular form jwob is used.
    Here are some typical answers:
      * Se awa jwob.....It is one o'clock AM [Lit: It is one hour.]
      * Se ewa jwobi.....It is two o'clock AM [Lit: It is two hours.]
      * Se ale jwobi.....It is twelve o'clock AM.
      * Se alyu jwobi elo.....It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).
      * Se eli jwobi ali.....It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).
      * Se elu jwobi.....It is 24:00 (12 PM).
    The words jwob and jwobi can be abbreviated as j..
      * be elo j.....At 8:00 PM
    The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system:
      * bi maj....(AM)
      * bi moj.... (PM)
      * Se vyavay 15:10 (= alu alo).....It is exactly 7:10 P.M.. [Lit: It is exactly fifteen ten.]
      * Et sa jwoa bey alo jwabi.....You were late by 10 minutes. [Lit: You were late by ten minutes.]
      * Has ijo yuz 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).....It will begin around 10:30 PM.
      * Puu him lojo jwoa vyel 15:00 j.....Get here no later than 3 PM.
      * Ha yuzpar puo hum yeb 10 jwabi.....The bus will arrive there within 10 minutes.
      * Ha jwobar izeade$^1$ 17:00.....The clock says [Lit. indicates] 5 PM.
      * Yit pua be 3 j. be ha nod.....They arrived at 3 on the dot.
          Note 1: izeade (indicates) can be substituted with de (says).
    Note the following clock time idioms:
    Clock Idioms MIRADENGLISH jwaearly jweon time jwolate Se vyavay elo j.It is exactly 8 PM. yub bi zemaj or yuz bi zemaj.around noon ub zemojtoward midnight yeb bi jwebiwithin seconds alo jwabi ja hijten minutes ago [= before now] lojo 3 j.no later than / by 3 o'clock AM. jwobayhourly / by the hour / on the hour Hia pop efxe 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi.This trip takes (Lit: necessitates) 2 1/2 hours. ju awa jwob bi hijuntil one hour from now ji zojub be 10a j.since yesterday at 10 o'clock. je ha jana 12 jwabifor/during/over the last 12 minutes ja ojo 10 j.before / by 10 AM. lojo 10 jwobi.by / in / within 10 hours. jo 10 j.after 10 o'clock AM. At saye him ji ewa jwobi.I have been here for [= since] two hours.

# Expressing Age

    Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for age: jag.
    The typical question is:
      * Et se duhojaga?....How old are you? (Lit. what-aged)
    A typical answer is one of the following.
      * At se eli jabi jaga.....I am twenty-three years old.
      * At se eli jaga.....I am age twenty-three.
      * At se eli.....I am twenty-three.
    Here are some ways to compare age:
      * gejaga vyel et....as old as you, the same age as you
      * gajaga vyel et....older than you
      * gojaga vyel et....not as old as you
      * gajoga vyel et....younger than you
      * grajaga....too old
      * grejaga....old enough
      * grojagat....a minor (an underaged person)
      * zejaga....middle aged
      * gwajogat....the youngest one
      * gwajogat....the oldest one
      * ha gwajogat bi ha tixutyan.....the oldest one in (= of) the class.
      * Fiyzuu eta gajagati.....Respect your elders.
      * iwa jabi gajaga vyel et....three years older than you
    Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter y is added to the number.
       People of different ages MiradEnglish awajubjagatone day old baby awajagatone-year-old alojagatten-year-old aloyjagatteenager eloyjagatvicenarian, twenty-something-year-old iloyjagattricenarian, thirty-something-year-old uloyjagatquadracenarian, forty-something-year-old yoloyjagatquinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old yaloyjagatsexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old yeloyjagatoctogenarian, eighty-something-year-old yiloyjagatnonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old asoyjagatcentenarian, hundred-something-year-old aybasojagatsupercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old
    Here is a list of important age expressions and categories:
* duhojaga?....how old?
* hojoga....of which age
* hajaga....of the age
* hejaga....of some age
* hijaga....this old
* hujaga....that old
* huujaga....so old
* hyajaga....of every age
* hyejaga....of any age
* hyijaga / gejaga....of the same age, as old
* hyujaga / ogejaga....of a different age
* zejaga .... middle-aged
* jaga....old
* jayga....oldish
* joga....young
* joyga .... youngish
* gle jaga....rather old, oldish
* gla jaga....very old
* gra jaga....too old, super-aged
* gro jaga....under-aged, minor
* ge jaga....as old, of the same age
* awa (jab) jaga....one year old
* ewa (jabi) jaga....two years old
* alo (jabi) jaga....ten years old
* ga jaga vyel et....older than you
* ga joga vyel at....younger than me
* ge joga vyel iyt....as young as her
* ha gwa jagat bi ata tidetyan....the youngest of my siblings
* gajagat .... an elder
* grojagat....a minor
* jagat .... old person, elder, senior
* jagwat .... old man
* jagayt .... old woman
* jogat....a youth
* jogwat....a boy
* jogayt....a girl
* grejagat....an adult, someone of age
* jagseat....an adolescent
* jagsyat/agsyat....a grownup
* tud .... child, offspring
* twud .... male child, son
* tuyd .... female child, daughter
* tudet .... baby, infant
* tobet .... youth, young person
* twobet .... boy, young man
* toybet .... girl, young woman, maiden
    Some other examples of usage:
      * Et jagseye fi.....You are aging well.
      * At voy jogseye hyegla.....I am not getting any younger.
      * His se taam av ha jagati.....This is a home for the elderly.
      * Gawaku eta jogan!....Regain your youth!
      * At se ga jaga vyel ha yazmeli.....I am older than the hills.
      * Teaxu ata gwa joga tud.....Look at my youngest child.
      * Yat ife yata awajagat.....We love our one-year-old.
      * Jagseatan se yika joob bi tej.....Adolescence is a difficult period of life.
      * Agsu!....Grow up!
    Note the difference:
      * agaser....to get bigger
      * agser....to grow

# Currency Nomenclature

    The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter n is suffixed (mnemonic for nas....money). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.:
      * The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD".
      * Lowercase is "usd"
      * Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is u so da.
      * This, with n suffixed, results in usodan.
      * Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving Usodan.
      * Pluralized, Usodan becomes Usodani (= U.S. dollars).
      * The Euro is therefore Euron.
      * The Thai baht is Toheban.
      * The Russian ruble is Rouban.
    The ISO codes can be found at List of circulating currencies. A portion of that file is replicated here:
Currencies :
| English Currency Name | Currency symbol | ISO code | Mirad Name |
| Jordanian dinar | JD | JOD | Jiodan |
| Moroccan dirham | DH | MAD | Miadan |
| Australian dollar | $ | AUD | Audan |
| Bitcoin | ₿ | (BTK?) | Batokin |
| Brunei dollar | $ | BND | Banidan |
| Eastern Caribbean dollar | $ | XCD | Xucadan |
| Hong Kong dollar | $ | HKD | Hekidan |
| New Zealand dollar | $ | NZD | Nizudan |
| Singapore dollar | $ | SGD | Sogedan |
| United States dollar | $ | USD | Usodan |
| Armenian dram | ֏ | AMD | Amidan |
| Euro | € | EUR | Euron |
| Central African CFA franc | Fr | XAF | Xuafen |
| CFP franc | Fr | XPF | Xupofen |
| Swiss franc | Fr | CFN | Cufenin |
| West African CFA franc | Fr | XOF | Xuofen |
| Netherlands Antillean guilder | ƒ | ANG | Anigen |
| Danish krone | kr | DKK | Dakikin |
| Turkish lira | ₺ | TRY | Toroyun |
| Mauritanian ouguiya | UM | MRU | Miroun |
| Sterling | £ | GBP | Gebapon |
| Saint Helena pound | £ | SHP | Sohepon |
| South African rand | R | ZAR | Zuaron |
| Russian rouble | ₽ | RUB | Rouban |
| Indian rupee | ₹ | INR | Iniron |
| Israeli new shekel | ₪ | ILS | Ilison |
    The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word -asoyn to the end of the Mirad name of the currency.
    For example:
      * The American cent is Usodan-asoyn.
      * The Euro cent is Euron-asoyn.
      * The British penny is Gebapon-asoyn.
    In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to asoyn.
    The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example:
      * Five point six Euros ==> Yowa nod yawa Euroni ==> €5.6
      * Two thousand nine dollars ==> Emro yuwa Usodani ==> $2,009
    Note: : The bitcoin has no ISO code, so it is arbitrarily translated into Mirad as Batokin (for BTK). Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as Batokin-amroyn.
    Other monetary vocabulary:
      * nas....money
         * nasa....monetary
         * nasyen....currency
         * nases....change
         * nasmug....coin
         * syagnas....cash
            * syagnasuer....to cash
      * ejnux....debit, cash
      * ojnux....credit
      * nasyef....debt
      * ojbier....to borrow
      * ojbuer....to lend
      * drefnas....paper money
      * nasdrev....bill, note, banknote
         * alo Usodan nasdrev....ten dollar bill
      * nax....price
      * nayx....cost
      * namper....to shop
      * nusbier....to buy
      * nisbuer....to sell
      * nun....merchandise, product
      * nuer....to supply
      * nuxer....to pay
      * nyuxer....to deliver
      * nier....to demand
      * nixer....to earn
      * nyixer....to order
      * nexer....to save
      * nyexer....to stock
      * noxer....to spend
      * nyoxer....to waste
      * kyaxler nas....convert money
      * nasokrer....go bankrupt
      * nasam....bank
      * nuien....trade
      * nuiem....market
      * nam....store
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