OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Armenian/Food
## Food

| English | Armenian | Transliteration | Transliteration |
| English | Armenian | Eastern | Western |
| food | ուտելիք | uteleek | oodeleek |
| (meal) food | կերակուր | kerakur | geragoor |
| plate | աման | aman | aman |
| fork | պատառաքաղ | patarraqagh | badarragagh |
| knife | դանակ | danak | tanag |
| spoon | գդալ | gdal | tkal |
| napkin | նապկին | napkeen | napkeen |
| cup | գավաթ | gavat | kavat |
| restaurant | ճաշարան | dzasharan | jasharan |
| barbeque | խորոված, քեպապ | khorovadz | kebab |

### Dairy

| English | Armenian | Transliteration | Transliteration |
| English | Armenian | Eastern | Western |
| milk | կաթ | kat | gat |
| yogurt | մածուն | matzoon | madzoon |
| yogurt drink* | թան | tan | tan |
| butter | կարագ | karag | garak |
| cheese | պանիր | paneer | baneer |
| cream | սերուցք, սեր | serootsk | ser |
| ice cream | պաղպաղակ | paghpaghak | baghbaghag |
| sour cream | թթվասեր | t'tvaser | t'tvaser |
* Note: The yogurt drink "tan" is usually called "doogh" (a Persian word) by Persian-Armenians.

### Fruit

| English | Armenian | Transliteration | Transliteration |
| English | Armenian | Eastern | Western |
| fruit | պտուղ | ptoogh | bdoogh |
| apple | խնձոր | khndzor | khntzor |
| banana | պանան | panan | banan |
| cherry | կերաս | keras | geras |
| grapes | խաղող | khaghogh | khaghogh |
| lemon | կիտրոն | keetron | geedron |
| olive | ձիթապտուղ | tsitabdough | tsitabdough |
| orange | նարինջ | nareenj | nareench |
| peach | դեղձ | deghdz | teghtz |
| pear | տանձ | tandz | dantz |
| pineapple | արքայախնձոր | arkayakhndzor | arkayakhntzor |
| plum | սալոր | salor | salor |
| raspberry | մորի | moree | moree |
| raisin | չամիչ | chameech | chameech |
| strawberry | ելակ | yelak | yelag |
| watermelon | ձմերուկ | dzmerook | tzmeroog |

### Vegetables

| English | Armenian | Transliteration | Transliteration |
| English | Armenian | Eastern | Western |
| bean | լոբի | lobee | lopee |
| cucumber | վարունգ | varoung | varounk |
| artichoke | կանկար | kankar | gangar |
| eggplant | սմբուկ | smbouk | smpouk |
| corn | կորեկ | korek | goreg |
| potato | | Kednakhentsor | Kednakhentsor |
| lettuce | հազար | hazar | hazar |
| spinach | սպանախ | spanakh | sbanakh |
| pepper | պղպէղ | pghpegh | bghbegh |
| cabbage | կաղամբ | kaghamb | gaghamp |
| carrot | ստեպղին | gazar | sdebghin |
| garlic | սխտոր | skhtor | skhdor |
| nut | ընկույզ | uhnkooyz | uhngooyz |
| onion | սոխ | sokh | sokh |
| peas | ոլոռ | olorr | olorr |
| pumpkin | դդում | d'doom | t'toom |
| radish | բողկ | boghk | poghg |
| salad | աղցան | salat | salat |
| string bean | կանաչ լոբի | kanach’ lobee | Ganach’ lopee |
| tomato | լոլիկ | loleek | loleeg |
# Armenian/Common Phrases
## Common Phrases

| English | Eastern Armenian | Eastern Armenian | Western Armenian | Western Armenian |
| English | | Transliteration | | Transliteration |
| Hello | բարև | barev | բարև | parev |
| Goodbye (formal) | Ցտեսություն | tstesutyoon | Ցտեսութիւն | Tsuhdesoochyoon |
| Goodbye (informal) | Հաջողությո'ւն | Hajoghutyoon | Յաջողութիւն | Hachoghoochoon |
| How are you? (informal) | Ինչպես ես | Eenchpess ess? | Ինչպէս ես | Eenchbess ess? |
| How are you? (formal) | Ինչպես եք | Eenchpess ek? | Ինչպէս եք | Eenchbess ek? |
| I'm fine, thank you (formal) | Ես լավ եմ, շնորհակալություն | Yes lav em, Shnorhakalootyoon | Ես լաւ եմ, շնորհակալութիւն | Yez lav em, shnorhagaloochyoon |
| I'm fine, thank you (informal) | Լավ, մերսի | Lav, merci | Լաւ, մերսի | Lav, merci |
| Please | խնդրեմ | Ghntrem | հաճիս | Hajis |
| Thank you | շնորհակալություն | Shnorhakalootyoon | շնորհակալ եմ, շնորհակալութիւն | Shnorhagal em, shnorhagaloochyoon |
| Welcome | բարի գալուստ | Baree galoost | բարի եկար | Paree yegar |
| Excuse me | ներողություն | Neroghootyoon | ներողութիւն | Neroghoochyoon |
| Yes (formal) | այո | Ayo (I-O) | այո | Ayo (I-O) |
| Yes (informal) | հա | Ha | հա | Ha |
| No (formal) | ոչ | Voch | ոչ | Voch |
| No (informal) | չէ | Che | չէ | Che |
| Nothing | ոչինչ | Vocheench | ոչինչ | Vocheench |
| Good morning | բարի լույս | Baree louys | բարի լոյս | Paree louys |
| Good afternoon (Good day) | բարի օր | Baree or | բարի օր | Paree or |
| Good evening | բարի երեկո | Baree yereko | բարի իրիկուն | Paree eereegoon |
| Good night | բարի գիշեր | Baree geesher | գիշեր բարի | Keesher paree |
# Armenian/Languages

* Անգլերեն : English
* Ֆրանսերեն : french
* Արաբերեն : arabic
* Չինարեն : chinese
* Գերմաներեն : german
* Ընդկդրեն : hindi
* Իտալերեն : italian
* Ճապոներեն : japanese
* Ռուսերեն : rusian
* Իսպաներեն : spanish
# Armenian/Possesives

* իմ : my
* Ձեր : Your
* նրա : His/her
* մեր : our
* նրանց : their
# Analytic Number Theory/Partial fraction decomposition
## Existence theorem

Theorem 2.1 (Existence theorem of the partial fraction decomposition):
Let $f,g$ be polynomials over a unique factorisation domain, and let $g=\prod _{j=1}^{n}p_{j}^{k_{j}}$, where the $p_{j}$ are irreducible. Then we may write
    ${\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}=q(x)+\sum _{j=1}^{n}\sum _{l=1}^{k_{j}}{\frac {a_{l,j}(x)}{p_{j}(x)^{l}}}$,
where $a_{l,j}$ are polynomials of degree strictly less than $p_{j}$ and $q$ is a polynomial. The term on the right hand side is called the partial fraction decomposition of ${\frac {f}{g}}$.
Proof:
We proceed by induction on $n$. For $n=1$, the statement is true since by division with remainder, we may write
    $f(x)=q_{1}(x)p_{1}(x)+r(x)$
with $\deg(r)<\deg(p_{1})$ to obtain
    ${\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}={\frac {q_{1}(x)}{p_{1}(x)^{k_{1}-1}}}+{\frac {r(x)}{g(x)}}$,
and we have reduced the degree of the denominator by one (the latter summand already satisfies the required condition). By repetition of this process, we eventually obtain a denominator of one and thus a polynomial.
Let now the hypothesis be true for $n\in \mathbb {N}$, and assume that $g=\prod _{j=1}^{n+1}p_{j}^{k_{j}}$. Write $G=\prod _{j=1}^{n}p_{j}^{k_{j}}$ and $H=p_{n+1}^{k_{n+1}}$. By irreducibility, $\gcd(G,H)=1$. Hence, we find polynomials $S,T$ such that $1=SG+TH$. Then
    ${\frac {f}{g}}={\frac {f(SG+TH)}{g}}={\frac {fSG}{g}}+{\frac {fTH}{g}}$.
Each of the summands of the last term can by the induction hypothesis be written in the desired form.$\Box$

## Technique

No matter how complicated our fraction of polynomials ${\frac {f}{g}}$ may be, we can give the partial fraction decomposition in finite time, using easy techniques. The method, which for the sake of simplicity differs from the one given in the above constructive existence proof, goes as follows:
* Split the polynomial $g$ into irreducible factors.
* Using division with remainder of $f$ by $g$, reduce to the case $\deg(f)<\deg(g)$ (the resulting polynomial $q$ is allowed in the formula of theorem 2.1).
* Solve the equation given in theorem 2.1 for the $a_{l,j}$ (this is equivalent to solving a system of linear equations; namely multiply by $g$ and then equate coefficients).
Theorem 2.2:
The algorithm given above always terminates and gives the partial fraction decomposition of ${\frac {f}{g}}$.
Proof: Due to theorem 2.1, in step three we do obtain a system of linear equations which is solvable. Hence follow termination and correctness.$\Box$
# Analytical Chemiluminescence
## Table of Contents
### A Introduction

* Electronic transitions and luminescence
* Chemiluminescence spectroscopy

### B Reagents

* Luminol
* Lophine and pyrogallol
* Luciferins
* Lucigenin and coelenterazine
* Dioxetanes and oxalates
* Organic peroxides and lipid peroxidation
* Manganese
* Cerium
* Ruthenium
* Oxygen radicals
* Sulfites and persulfates
* Hypohalites and halates

### C. Enhancement of Chemiluminescence

* Micellar enhancement
* Dye enhancement
* Enhancement by ultrasound

### D. Instrumentation

* Detection of chemiluminescence
* Flow injection analysis (FIA)
* Sequential injection analysis (SIA): lab on a valve
* Lab on a chip
* Chemiluminescence sensors
* Chemiluminescence imaging
* Electrochemiluminescence
* Photo-induced chemiluminescence
* Chemiluminescence detection in gas chromatography
* Chemiluminescence detection in high performance liquid chromatography
* Chemiluminescence detection in capillary electrophoresis

### E. Applications

* Environmental analysis
* Pharmaceutical analysis
* Food analysis
* Biomedical analysis
The starting point for this wiki-book is a synopsis of analytical chemiluminescence, <http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/chemiluminescence>. In its fifteen thousand words it does not attempt to summarise all the work done to date. It aims to use mainly well-established literature to give a brief introduction to the achievements of each division of the field. It deals with the research and development that underlies the present state of the art. The chemistry of each reagent that has been used in chemiluminescence is explained and the techniques for increasing the magnitude of the emitted signal are discussed. Further sections describe the different instrumental methods that have been used and examine the sort of work that has been carried out with them. The final sections discuss the applications of chemiluminescence in some of the major areas of analytical chemistry. The aim of the book is to give a comprehensive account of the subject suitable for students, research workers, professional analytical chemists and life scientists.
# Analytical Chemiluminescence/Cerium
## B8. Cerium

Cerium(IV)-based chemiluminescence systems involve the reduction of cerium(IV), which suggests that the emitter is a cerium(III) species. The chemiluminescence reaction is carried out in an acidic medium (generally sulfuric acid) and has been applied for the determination of substances of biological interest. A few pharmaceuticals in dosage forms can reduce the cerium(IV) and produce luminescence directly. As a result, many flow-injection-chemiluminescence methods have been established for such species as naproxen, acetaminophen and fluphenazine hydrochloride. The sensitivity of the assays can be improved by increasing cerium (IV) concentration. Almost all cerium(IV) chemiluminescence systems need sensitization procedures to transfer the excited-state energy to a sensitizer, which then emits light of greater intensity. Thus most determinations involving cerium(IV) as the oxidant are indirect, based on the enhancement of chemiluminescence of the cerium(IV)-sulfite system by some analytes. This type of process is used to determine reducing compounds, such as cortisone, ofloxacin, nomoxacin, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid and salicylic acid.
Cerium(IV) chemiluminescence systems are very popular to determine sulfur-containing substances such as sodium-2-mercaptoethane, tiopronin, captopril, menadione sodium bisulfite and some sulfur-substituted benzamides but also other substances such as paraben, phenolic compounds (by LC), phentolamine, barbituric acid and erythromycin. In addition, light emission resulting from the chemical reaction of cerium(IV) with some mercapto-containing compounds in pharmaceutical preparations can be enhanced by certain fluorometric reagents such as quinine, rhodamine B and rhodamine 6G or by lanthanide ions such as terbium(III) and europium(III). Thus, a range of flow-injection chemiluminescence methods have been developed for determination of compounds of this kind.

##### References

* ↑ Chen J and Fang Y, Sensors, 2007, 7, 448-458.
# Analytical Chemiluminescence/Chemiluminescence detection in capillary electrophoresis
## D11. Chemiluminescence detection in capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis has outstanding resolving power for extremely small samples, but this poses a challenge for detectors. Compared with other candidates, chemiluminescence detection has the advantages of being highly sensitive and requiring inexpensive equipment of simple design. In addition it is not affected by the high voltage used in the separation system, a particular problem for electrochemical detection, which is also highly sensitive. Ultra-violet absorbance detectors also have low cost and are widely used, but narrow capillaries make it difficult to arrange for long enough optical path lengths. Laser induced fluorescence has high sensitivity, but the equipment is costly and pre- or post-column derivatization of nonfluorescent analytes is necessary.
Figure D11.1 – On-column coaxial flow interface between capillary electrophoresis and chemiluminescence detection (adapted from reference D9.1).
As with HPLC, there is an inherent problem of compatibility between the conditions needed for separation and those needed for chemiluminescence. Additionally, there is a potential problem with the stability of chemiluminescence reagents. Both of these are addressed by using the post-column mode rather than pre-column. Post-column interfaces are devices for mixing the eluent with the chemiluminescence reagents and for this purpose designs may make use of merging flow, coaxial flow or reservoir mixing. Interfaces may also be classified as off-, on- or end-column, depending on the site of detection and on whether this is isolated from the high voltage supply used for capillary electrophoresis.
The simplest interface, off-column and merging flow, did not find widespread application. Buffer flowed from a reservoir through the separation capillary and merged with the reagent at a four-way connector at the end of the column. The outlet arm carried the mixture to the chemiluminescence reaction coil and flow cell adjacent to a photomultiplier, while the fourth arm connected through a semi-permeable membrane to a second buffer reservoir (containing the ground electrode) immediately downstream of the merging point. This arrangement isolates the high voltage from the detection zone.
In contrast, an on-column coaxial flow interface has proved to be effective for a large number of applications. Figure D11.1 shows the detector is located at the capillary outlet tip, so detection is “on-column”. The ground electrode is located in the effluent reservoir so that detection takes place within the high voltage zone. The separation capillary outlet is inserted coaxially into the reaction tube, giving rise to minimum turbulence and reproducible mixing.

##### References

* ↑ Huang X-J and Fang Z-L, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2000, 414, 1-14.
* ↑ Dadoo R, Colon L A and Zare J, J.High Resol. Chromatogr., 1992, 15, 133.
# Bikol/Introduction

This book will help you start learning the Bikol language through everyday phrases and expressions. The Wikibooks Bikol Textbook is a collaborative project to create an online open-content textbook for Bikol, which we hope will become the definitive Bikol textbook for English speakers.
The development of this Wikibook began on November 21, 2023. It is an ongoing project that will evolve as users contribute to the content and layout of pages. The end goal of this project is to create an online resource for those wishing to learn Bikol. We will attempt to encompass all aspects of the Bikol language, including pronunciation, reading, writing, and grammar.
This book will help you to begin learning the Bikol language. Each lesson is aimed to some particular topic and at the end you will find some simple text using the new skills and a vocabulary. Remember that no book can cover all of the words you will need to communicate fluently in any language. The best way to improve your vocabulary is simply to read and use new words.
This book is intended for those who wish to learn Bikol at a conversational and written level. It requires you to have a good knowledge of English. We do recommend, however, a basic understanding of grammatical words like subject, object, agent, transitive, pronoun etc.
# Bikol/Negation

Use dai to mean no and bakô to mean not.
Note: "Daing gayon" means no beauty and "bakong magayon" means not beautiful. Some nouns connot be combined with dai. Never say daing lumoy, instead say, bakong malumoy.
Bako can also be used for nouns. Example: Bako ining lapis. (This is not a pencil).
it is not or s/he is not plus adjectives or nouns, use bako. If you used a verb in a sentence, then use dai.
Examples: 1. Dai nag-uuran. 2. Dai nagtaram. 3. Bakong masiram. 4. Bakong malinaw.
Dai can also be used to mean there is no.
Examples: 1. Daing kwarta. (there is no money) 2. Daing harong. (there is no house)
Quiz: Translate these sentences in Bikol. 1. She doesn't have a boyfriend. 2. He doesn't love his girlfriend. 3. It is not delicious. 4. It's not good for you.
# Bikol/Greetings

In this lesson you will learn to greet anyone with the appropriate level of formality.
The level of formality for many sentences, including greetings, is more complex than in English. But we will see here that it is quite easy to show respect or sound formal.
The first word to know is marhay, good. Then you need the word describing the time of day: aga morning, udto noon, hapon afternoon, banggi night,
If you want to be formal and respectful to elderly, you need the word tabi and the following construction then applies:
Marhay na hapon tabi Good afternoon, sir or Good afternoon, madam showing respect for an older person.
The na simply links good with afternoon and is a compulsory link word. You can also add the word Dios before the greetings.
Dios marhay na hapon tabi Good morning, sir or Good morning, madam showing respect for an older person.
Another frequently used phrase is Kumusta which means both Hello, and How are you?. It is borrowed from the Spanish Como esta? which means exactly How are you?. You can also say, tara instead of saying kumusta.
Examples
| Bikol | English |
| Marhay na aldaw | Good day |
| Marhay na aga | Good morning |
| Marhay na udto | Good midday |
| Marhay na hapon | Good afternoon |
| Marhay na banggi | Good evening |
| Maugma akong mamidbidan ka | I'm glad to know you |
| Paaram | Goodbye |
| Mahale na ako | I'm going now |
| Ingat | Take care |
Special Greetings :
| Bikol | English |
| Rukyaw | Congratulations |
| Maugmang Kaaldawan | Happy Birthday |
| Maugmang Pasko | Merry Christmas |
| Maugmang Bagong Taon | Happy New Year |
# Bikol/Inclusive and Exclusive We

Distinction between inclusive we and exclusive we is required in Bikol. Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressees (that is, one of the words for "we" means "you and I"), while exclusive "we" specifically excludes them (that is, another word for "we" means "them and I, but not you"), regardless of who else may be involved.
Bikol has two words which are equivalent to the English word we. If you intend to include the person or people you are talking to, the word to use is kita. If the subject does not include your listener(s), then the correct word would be kami.
In linguistics, clusivity is a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive "we" and exclusive "we". Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressees (that is, one of the words for "we" means "you and I"), while exclusive "we" specifically excludes them (that is, another word for "we" means "he/she/they and I, but not you"), regardless of who else may be involved.
Clusivity paradigms may be summarized as a two-by-two grid (this grid addresses only plural forms):
| | | Includes the addressee? | Includes the addressee? |
| | | Yes | No |
| Includes the speaker? | Yes | Inclusive we | Exclusive we |
| Includes the speaker? | No | 2nd person | 3rd person |
# Bikol/Interrogative Pronouns

Here is the list of interrogative pronouns in Bikol language.
| Bikol | English |
| siisay | who |
| kay siisay | whose |
| arin | which |
| nuarin (future) kasuarin (past) | when |
| ta'no | why |
| haen (directive) saen (locative) | where |
| mamira or manggura'no | how much |
| gura'no | how much (degree) |
| pira | how many |
| pa'no | how |
| ano | what |
Examples

## Ano idto?

    What is it?

## Ano ini?

    What is this?

## Siirisay sinda?

    Who are they?

## Masaen si Ivan?

    Where is Ivan going?

## Taga-saen ka?

    Where are you from?

## Nuarin sinda Alden asin Maine mapasiring sa saindang magurang?

    When are Alden and Maine going to their parents?

## Saen dating nakaistar an saindang magurang?

    Where did their parents live before?

## Sa anong klaseng harong dati sinda nakaistar?

    In what kind of house did they live before?
# Bikol/Introducing Yourself

In this lesson you will learn to introduce yourself using the standard level of formality or respect. You will also be able to ask someone his name.
First you need to know that the verb to be is never expressed in Bikol. Where there is no verb, it is automatically assumed that the sentence is about something being something. Therefore to ask What is your name, you only need to know the words "What your name?". Here they are:
| ano | what |
| ngaran | name |
| mo | your |
However you also need the article the. This is because Bikol literally say What is the name your?
Ano an ngaran mo? or Anong ngaran mo?.
The phrase ano an, meaning what the is obviously a very frequent combination. It has evolved into an aggregated word, which is anong. It means exactly ano an, but is much easier to pronounce and therefore more common.
Note that mo is placed after the name it modifies. This is always the case: possessive pronouns are always placed after the possessed thing.
If your name is Karl, the answer is Ako si Karl
Ako simply means I or me. When this word is not at the beginning of a sentence, it can be abbreviated into ko.
si is an article reserved in the case that the word that follows is a name. It is compulsory unless you are calling someone.
Then you might want to say Nice to meet you. In Bikol, the expression used is Happy me knowing you. We will therefore need 3 more words:
| maugma | happy |
| mamidbidan | to know |
| ika or ka | you |
Again we see here that the pronoun you, ika, can be abbreviated into ka. Abbreviation of pronouns is frequent in Bikol, we will see more of that in later lessons.
So the phrase Happy me to know you is Maugma akong mamidbidan ka.
So the final sentence becomes Maugma akong mamidbidan ka.
We have just one more words to learn, which is essential in every situation: iyo is yes
# Bikol/Family

Bikol, like most Austronesian languages, is gender-neutral. The third-person pronoun siya is used for both "he" and "she", as well as "it" in the context of being a neuter gender. Native nouns also feature this characteristic, normally with the addition of lalaki ("male") or babayi ("female") to the noun to signify gender in terms such as aking lalaki ("son") or babaying kanding ("she-goat").
However, because Bikol has had over three centuries of Spanish influence, gender is usually differentiated in certain Spanish loanwords by way of the suffixes -a (feminine) and -o (masculine). These words mostly refer to ethnicities, occupations, and family. Some examples are: Bicolana/Bicolano (Filipina/o) and their derivative nicknames Pinay/Pinoy, tindera/tindero (vendor), inhinyera/inhinyero (engineer), tita/tito (aunt/uncle), manang/manong (elder sister/brother), and lola/lolo (grandmother/grandfather). A few gender-differentiating pairs originate from Chinese, mostly relating to kinship terminology such as ate (big sister) and kuya (big brother).
| Bikol | English |
| agom | spouse |
| aki | child |
| magurang | parents |
| tugang | sibling |
| lola | grand mother |
| lolo | grand father |
| ama | father |
| ina | mother |
| tiyo | uncle |
| tiya | auntie |
| pinsan | cousin |
| pamangkin | nephew, niece |
# Bikol/Here and There

Bikol uses three words to represent the words "here" and "there": digdi, diyan and duman. Digdi means "here", while both diyan and duman mean "there", depending on the context.