OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maple/Graphic functions
## Chapter 6: Graphic functions
### Simple plots

To plot a function you use the plot(function) command. You need to tell Maple what variable it needs to plot against the value function. This is done by plot(function, variable=a..b). This will plot the value of the function as the variable changes from a to b. Example:
You can also get Maple to plot a function that you have entered previously.
Maple will also accept variables in the range option if it can equate the function to those extremes. This is particularly useful if you are plotting trigonometric functions as you can then make use of multiples of pi.
There are many other options you can apply to a plot.

### Saving of plots

For using (storing, publishing), the figures should be prepared in an appropriate format (gif, jpg, pdf, eps) and saved to disk. Such a convertion can be achieved by setting the device with the command plotssetup. Example:
This command specifies that the graphic should be prepared in the EncapsulatedPostscript format. However, after such a command, while all other setting required is well arranged the plot command may cause errors. Therefore, after such a command, the command
can be very useful; especially while the user tries all the options one by one trying to catch the combination of commands which writes the picture into a file.
However, there exist also a way of saving pictures by use of the menu. The user should click on the figure ("mark it"), then find the option plot at the top menu bar and open the second-order menu "export" at its bottom, where the user has to choose the file-format to export to. This work should be repeated for each picture saved or updated.

### Display multiple graphs in single plot

t2 := plot(g2(y), y = 1 .. 10, color = red): t4 := plot(g4(y), y = 1 .. 8, color = blue): t6 := plot(g6(y), y = 1 .. 8): display({t2, t4, t6});

### Rotation and reflection of plot

>K2 := plot(g2, y = 0 .. 10,color=red): plottools:-reflect(plottools:-rotate(K2, (1/2)*Pi), [[0, 0], [0, 1;
K4:= plot(g4, y = 0 .. 10,color=blue): plottools:-reflect(plottools:-rotate(K4, (1/2)*Pi), [[0, 0], [0, 1]]);
>K6 := plot(g6, y = 0 .. 10, color = black); plottools:-reflect(plottools:-rotate(K6, (1/2)*Pi), [[0, 0], [0, 1]]);

## Animation

$f:=2*k^{2}/cosh(k*(x-4*k^{2}*t))^{2}$
with(plots); animate(subs(k = .5, f), x = -30 .. 30, t = -10 .. 10, numpoints = 200, frames = 50, color = red, thickness = 3);
animate3d(cos(t*x)*sin(3*t*y), x = -Pi .. Pi, y = -Pi .. Pi, t = 1 .. 2)
# An Introduction to Dragon

The Dragon Programming Language
Dragon is an innovative and practical general-purpose, multi-paradigm scripting language. It supports multiple programming paradigms such as imperative, object-oriented, functional, natural programming, procedural and declarative programming using nested structures. The language is portable (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Android, etc.) and can be used to create console and GUI applications. The language is designed to be simple, small, flexible, and fast. It's a dynamically- and weakly-typed language that interprets the source code through the JVM or LLVM. The first version of the language was released on January 4th, 2018.

## Table of Contents
### Getting Started

* Introduction
* History
* Features
* Hello World
* Run the program
* Multi-Line literals
* Getting Input
* Writing Comments

### Variables

* Variables
* Dynamic Typing
* Deep Copy
* Weakly Typed

### Operators

* Operators
* Arithmetic Operators
* Relational Operators
* Logical Operators
* Bitwise Operators
* Assignment Operators
* Misc Operators
* Operator Precedence

### Control Structures

* Control Structures
* Branching
* Looping
* Do While Loop

### Getting Input

* Getting Input
* readln function

### Functions

* Functions
* Define Functions
* Call Functions
* Declare parameters
* Send Parameters
* Variables Scope
* Return Value
# General Mathematical Functions
## Constants

* e is the base of the natural logarithm.
       e without arguments returns the scalar e.
       e(N) returns a square matrix of e of size N.
       e(N, M, ...) where the arguments are dimensions of some matrix of e.
       e(..., CLASS) where CLASS is an optional argument that specifies the return type, double or single.
* eps is the machine precision and returns the relative spacing between any floating point number and the next representable number. This value is system dependent.
       eps returns the value of eps(1.0).
       eps(X) returns the spacing between X and the next value.
       eps with more than one argument is treated like e with the matrix value being eps(1.0).
* All of the constant functions listed are defined exactly like e
       pi is the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of any circle.
       I is the imaginary unit defined so I^2 = -1.
       Inf is used for values that overflow the standard IEEE floating point range or the result of division by zero.
       NaN is used for various results that are not well defined or undefined. Note that NaN never equals other NaN values. Use the function isnan to check for NaN.
       realmax is the largest floating point value representable.
       realmin is the smallest positive floating point value representable.

## Arithmetic Functions

* floor(X) and ceil(X) return the highest integer not greater than X or lowest integer not less than X, respectively.
* round(X) and fix(X) return the integer closest to X or truncate X towards zero, respectively.
* rem(X,Y) and mod(X,Y) returns x - y * fix( x ./ y ) or x - y * floor( x ./ y ), they are the same except when dealing with negative arguments.
* hypot(X, Y) returns the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle with the adjacent and opposite of size X and Y.
* abs(X) return absolute of x.
* sign(X) return sign of the x (-1, 0 or +1).

## Ordinary Trigonometry

* cos(X), sin(x) and tan(X) — the elemental functions that we all know and love. They take their arguments in radians.
* acos(X), asin(X) are the inverses of cos and sin and are able to compute arguments not contained in the range [-1,1].
* atan(X) and atan2(Y, X) are the 2 available inverses of tan. atan is a simple inverse whereas atan2 takes 2 arguments and returns an angle in the appropriate quadrant. More information on atan2 can be found here.
* Note that one can add the character d to any of the functions except atan2 and they will work in degrees rather than radians. For example: asind(0.3) = asin(0.3*180/pi)
* exp(x) , exponential function of x
* log(x) , natural logarithmic of x, log$_e$ NOT log $_{10}$

## Hyperbolic Trigonometry

* cosh(X), sinh(X) and tanh(X) are analog to their more prosaic counterparts but deal with the unit hyperbola instead of the unit circle. They also take their arguments in radians.
* acosh(X), asinh(X) and atanh(X) are the inverses of cosh, sinh and tanh.
* Unlike their circular uncles they cannot be made to take their arguments in degrees.
# Structural Biochemistry/Cerebellum
## Overview

Cerebellum is the prominent hindbrain structure that is concerned with motor coordination, posture, balance, and some cognitive processes. It is composed of three layered cortex and deep nuclei, and attached to brain stem by the cerebellar penduncles.

## Cerebellar Functions

1. Cerebellum combines and coordinates rapid and skilled movements. 2. Controls and corrects compounds, complex movements through feedback and timing 3. Gains control through trial and error. established through error-correction or supervised learning network. 4. With time and practice control, passes from effortful to effortless 5. Effects on equilibrium, posture, and muscle tone.

## Organization

The cerebellum is organized into an outer cortex of cells, deep nuclei ontaining output neurons and white matter fiber tracts along which inputs and outputs course. The cerebellum receives both ascending projections from the spinal cord and brainstem and descending projections originating in the frontal motor and parital cortices. Spinal cord inputs come mainly from muscle proprioceptors and convey information about ongoing muscular activity and the position of the joints in space directly to the medial portions of the cerebellar cortex.

## Reference

Purves, Dale, "Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience", Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2008
# Structural Biochemistry/Basal Ganglia

Basal Ganglia is a group of nuclei lying deep in the subcortical white matter of the frontal lobes that organize motor behavior. The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are major components of the basal ganglia. Basal ganglia appears to serve as gating mechanism of physical movements, inhibiting potential movements until they are fully appropriate for the circumstances in which they are to be executed.
* REDIRECT
* REDIRECT
* Caption1
* Caption2

## Direct and Indirect Pathway

The net effect of basal ganglia activation through this so-called direct pathway is thus excitiation of cortical neurons. The subthalamic nucleus, on the other hand, forms part of an internal loop within the basal ganglia that via excitation of a portion of the globus pallidus has a net inhibitory effect on the cortical neurons, so called indirect pathway. The balance of excitatotry and inhibibory effects of the basal ganglia releases and coordinates desired movements.
It is speculated that when a voluntary movement is about to be initiated by cortical mechanisms, the direct pathway selectively facilitates certain motor programs in the cerebral cortex that are adaptive for the present task and the indirect pathway simultaneously inhibits the execution of competing motor programs.

## Basal Ganglia Functions

1. Rule-based habit learning system - initiating, stopping, monitoring, temporal sequencing, and maintaining the appropriate movement 2. Braking Function - inhibiting undesired movements and permitting desired ones 3. Action Selection - choosing from the potential actions, cortex plans to perform the ones that actually get executed 4. Other cognitive role - Motor planning, sequencing, learning, maintenance, predictive control, working memoery, attention, switches in behavioral set.

## Relation to Parksinson's disease

In parkinson's disease, the selective death of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta that use the neurotransmitter dopamine increases the excitatotry tone of the direct pathway through basal ganglia. Patients with Parkinson's show a marked disruption in the ability to initiate voluntary movement. This decrease excitation in direct pathway which increase inhibition in indirect pathway, thus resulting more inhibition of thalamaus and less excitotry input to motor cortex.

## References

Purves, Dale, "Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience", Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2008
Levinthal, Charles, "Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society", Pearson Education, Inc., 2008
# Vietnamese/Predicative Adjective

When an adjective modifies a noun functioning as an attribute of the noun modified, it follows the noun.
* Cô Hà có nhà đẹp
* Miss Hà has a beautiful House.
* Tôi thấy.... : I'm...
** rấ vui. : so happy.
** buốn. : sad.
** ngạc nhiên. : suprise.
** xấu nổ. : shy.
** tức giận. : angry.
** lo lắng. : worried.
** đáng yêu. : cute.
** buốn ngủ. : asleep.
** chán. : boring.
# Fijian/Nouns

All nouns can take the definite article na, which is equivalent to English the. Na is used with both singular and plural nouns. However, if na starts the sentence, it can be replaced by a, however, na is generally more specific and formal than a. Keep in mind that a can also be used for the indefinite article, which is equivalent to English a/an. Proper nouns get the article o when they are the subject of the sentence. Fijian does not distinguish between plural and singular nouns, so for example, vale, house, can also mean houses.

## Examples

* dua na otela sau lailai
* Translation: "a cheap hotel"
| Fijian | English | Grammar |
| dua | one/a | article indefinite |
| na | the | article definite |
| otela | hotel | common noun |
| sau lailai | cheap | adjective |
Go back to the contents page
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...exd4/3. c3/3...dxc3/4. bxc3

Wooly Mammoth Formation: 4. bxc3?
Similar to Transnistrian Variation of the Smith-Morra (e4 c5 d4 dxc4 c3 dxc3 bxc3?!) but Black has no e-pawn instead of no c-pawn, making this a BIT better.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. c3/3...dxc3/4. bxc3

TRANSNISTRIAN VARIATION: 4. bxc3?!
White thought that moving the pawn toward the center would be good, but simply blocks the Knight.
4...Nc6! Black flashes an uppercut at White. White shouldn't play 5. Nf3 as 5...e5! maws White's position.
# How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Conclusion

Ĉ
If you're serious you’ve probably at least glanced over this book as you considered building your own computer, and I hope it has inspired you to go ahead with that project. Throughout we’ve tried to steer you clear of some of the pitfalls and alert you to some of the safety issues involved, and in so doing, we have undoubtedly overemphasized the dangers and difficulty. In sooth, it’s pretty hard to hurt yourself building a computer and most people get through their first build without burning up any parts. With a little planning, anyone who can use a screwdriver can build a computer.
The computer you build {{w:IKEA effect|will always mean a little bit more to you than one you buy}}, not least because you designed it yourself and will no doubt be upgrading it from time to time for years to come. You may find a little smile of satisfaction creeping onto your face each time you hit the power button, and I think you’ll find that smile is an ample return for your time and effort.
Lastly, if you go through with it and build your own PC, you’re bound to run into something we've missed here; a problem we didn’t anticipate, something we forgot to mention, or something that has changed recently. If you do, please come back here and add to or change this book. You don’t have to know everything to contribute, just one thing that’s true. If this guide has helped you at all, think of it as payback.
← Silencing
# Sport Innovation/GPS Tracking/Manchester United FC/Use of GPS Tracking

Manchester United was first introduced to GPSports technology in early 2010. During the year 2010, Manchester United FC had the lowest injury rates in the English Premier league. According to the coaching staff, the technology was an exciting addition to their already impressive training programming and facilities. As a result, after months of testing and optimisation, Manchester United FC decided in late 2010 to fully integrate GPSports technology as part of their training and rehab strategy for the 2010-2011 EPL season - Manchester United raised the 2011 Premier League trophy.
“We use GPSports tracking devices as part of our training and rehab strategy, this type of athlete monitoring ensures that the correct training stimulus can be achieved. Information is gathered and reported to players and coaches so that decision can be made on individual player conditioning needs and future training sessions. The quality and accuracy of the data gives us confidence in the decisions we make.” – Robin Thorpe, Sports Science Research, Manchester Uniter Football Club, UK
Back to GPSports
References
* ↑ http://www.socawarriors.net/forum/index.php?topic=50154.0
* ↑ http://www.facebook.com/pages/GPSports/105496552835885
# Structural Biochemistry/Biochemical Pathways of Vision

Biochemical Pathways for Vision

## References

* ↑ Von Lintig, Johannes, Philip D. Kiser, Marcin Golczak, and Krzysztof Palczewski. "The Biochemical and Structural Basis for Trans-to-cis Isomerization of Retinoids in the Chemistry of Vision." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 35.7 (2010): 400-10. Print.
# Pharmacology/Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics interact with a number of receptors, including dopamine receptors, the receptor system involved in psychosis, which is theorized to occur as a result of a functional excess of dopamine in certain parts of the brain. Many antipsychotics work by targeting dopamine receptors, such that dopamine levels are reduced. Antagonism of the dopamine D2 receptor subtype, is one well characterized mechanism of action, although other receptors, including non-dopamine receptors, are involved, depending on the antipsychotic.
The older antipsychotics are also known as "typical antipsychotics" or "first generation antipsychotics". More recently developed antipyschotics are also known as "atypical antipsychotics" or "second generation antipsychotics". The atypical or second generation antipsychotics are also active at other receptors, including serotonin receptors, such that side effects, especially motor ones, are thought to be reduced. Neuroleptics is another commonly used name, although its use has fallen out of favor.
Well known antipsychotics include haloperidol (Haldol) and chlorpromazine (Thorazine), which are older agents. The newer agents, many developed near the 1990's, include risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), and aripiprazole (Abilify). Aripiprazole is thought to be a dopamine system stabilizer in that it acts as a functional antagonist of dopamine where dopamine levels are in excess and a functional agonist where dopamine levels are low.
# Topology/Simplicial complexes

A simplicial complex is a union of spaces known as simplicies, that are convex hulls of points in general position. In Euclidean space they can be thought of as a generalisation of the triangle. For the first few dimensions they are: the point, the line segment, the triangle and the tetrahedron.

## Definition of a simplex

Given n+1 points $\{a_{0},a_{1},\dots ,a_{n}\}$, in a space with dimension of at least n, such that no three points are colinear, the set
    ${\mathcal {S}}=\{t_{0}a_{0}+t_{1}a_{1}+\dots +t_{n}a_{n}:\sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}=1{\text{ with }}t_{i}\in [0,1]\}$
is a simplex, and more specifically an n-simplex since it has n+1 verticies.

## The standard n-simplex

For ease we will sometimes need a standardised co-ordinate system for a simplex. The standard n-simplex, a subset of Euclidean (n+1)-space, $\mathbb {R} ^{n+1}$, is
    $\Delta _{n}=\{(t_{0},t_{1},\dots ,t_{n})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}:t_{i}\geq 0{\text{ and }}\sum _{i=0}^{n}t_{i}=1\}$
Note that the set is expressed in a very similar manner, but the co-ordinates are fixed in $\mathbb {R} ^{n+1}$.

## Face of a Simplex

A face of an n-simplex ${\mathcal {S}}$ is any (n-1)-simplex formed by an n-1 element subset of the verticies of ${\mathcal {S}}$.

## Definition of a simplicial complex

A simplicial complex is a union of simplicies such that the intersection of any two simplicies is a simplex. Alternatively if ${\mathcal {C}}$ is a simplicial complex then
1. Every face of a simplex in ${\mathcal {C}}$ is a simplex in ${\mathcal {C}}$.
2. The intersection of two simplicies $A,B\in {\mathcal {C}}$ is a face of both of A and B.

## Example

The triangulation of a polygon in the plane is a simplcial complex. In fact it hints at the existence of simplicial complexes existing for all polytopes, e.g. every polyhedron can be expressed as tetrahedrons meeting full face to full face.

## Exercises

(under construction)
# Measure Theory/Basic Structures And Definitions/Measurable Functions

This section defines measurable functions, which will be used in the development of integration.
Let $f:E\to \mathbb {R}$ be a function from the measurable domain $E$. We say that $f$ is measurable if the preimage of every measurable set in $\mathbb {R}$ is measurable. What is interesting with this definition is it's strong relation to the definition of continuity between topological spaces, which is, the preimage of every open set is open. A further investigation of this topic is left as an exercise. When proving measurability, there are another set of tools which are useful.

## Equivalent Definitions

Proposition:
Let $f:E\rightarrow [-\infty ,\infty ]$ be an extended real-valued function defined on a measurable domain E. Fix some $\alpha \in \mathbb {R}$. If $f$ is measurable, the following sets are equivalent, and measurable:
$(i)\{x\in E:f(x)<\alpha \}$
$(ii)\{x\in E:f(x)>\alpha \}$
$(iii)\{x\in E:f(x)\leq \alpha \}$
$(iv)\{x\in E:f(x)\geq \alpha \}$
We are using such sets Proof: It should be clear that (i) and (iv) are equivalent by complements of algebras, as with (ii) and (iii). What remains to be shown is the equivalence of (i) and (iii). We do this by establishing the following identities:
$\{x\in E:f(x)\leq \alpha \}=\cap _{n=1}^{\infty }\{x\in E:f(x)<\alpha -{\frac {1}{n}}\}$
$\{x\in E:f(x)<\alpha \}=\cup _{n=1}^{\infty }\{x\in E:f(x)\leq \alpha +{\frac {1}{n}}\}$
Finally, because the countable intersection or union of measurable sets is measurable, the resulting set is measurable.
Examples: First, we will give a couple examples of measurable functions. Let $f,g:E\rightarrow [-\infty ,\infty ]$ be extended real-valued mappings from the measurable domain $E$.
Exercises Let $f$ be a measurable function, and $g$ be continuous, where $f:E\rightarrow F$ and $g:F\rightarrow G$
# X86 Disassembly/Variable Examples
## Example: Identify C++ Code

Can you tell what the original C++ source code looks like, in general, for the following accessor method?
We don't know the name of the class, so we will use a generic name MyClass (or whatever you would like to call it). We will lay out a simple class definition, that contains a data value at offset +8. Offset +8 is the only data value accessed, so we don't know what the first 8 bytes of data looks like, but we will just assume (for our purposes) that our class looks like this:
We will then create our function, which I will call "GetValue3". We know that the data value being accessed is located at [ecx+8], (which we have defined above to be "value3"). Also, we know that the data is being read into a 4-byte register (eax), and is not truncated. We can assume, therefore, that value3 is a 4-byte data value. We can use the this pointer as the pointer value stored in ecx, and we can take the element that is at offset +8 from that pointer (value3):
The this pointer is not necessary here, but i use it anyway to illustrate the fact that the variable was accessed as an offset from the this pointer.
Note: Remember, we don't know what the first 8 bytes actually look like in our class, we only have a single accessor method, that only accesses a single data value at offset +8. The class could also have looked like this:
Or, any other combinations of 8 bytes.

## Example: Identify C++ Code

Can you tell what the original C++ source code looks like, in general, for the following setter method?
This code looks a little complicated, but don't panic! We will walk through it slowly. The first two lines of code set up the stack frame:
The next two lines of code compare the value of [ebp + 8] (which we know to be the first parameter) to zero. If [ebp+8] is zero, the function jumps to the label "error". We see that the label "error" sets eax to 0, and returns. We haven't seen it before, but this looks conspicuously like an if statement. "If the parameter is zero, return zero".
If, on the other hand, the parameter is not zero, we move the value into eax, and then move the value into [ecx + 0], which we know as the first data field in MyClass. We also see, from this code, that this first data field must be 4 bytes long (because we are using eax). After we move eax into [ecx + 0], we set eax to 1 and jump to the end of the function.
If we use the same MyClass definition as in question 1, above, we can get the following code for our function, "SetValue1(int val)":
Notice that since we are returning a 0 on failure, and a 1 on success, the function looks like it has a bool return value. However, the return value is 4 bytes wide (eax is used), but the size of a bool is implementation-specific, so we can't be sure. The bool is usually defined to have a size of 1 byte, but it is often stored the same way as an int.