OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Apples/Introduction

The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, species Malus domestica in the rose family Rosaceae. It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. The tree is small and deciduous, reaching tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown. The leaves are alternately arranged simple ovals 5 to 12 cm long and broad on a petiole with an acute tip, serrated margin and a slightly downy underside. Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves. The flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, and in diameter. The fruit matures in autumn, and is typically diameter. The center of the fruit contains five carpels arranged in a five-point star, each carpel containing one to three seeds
The tree originated from Central Asia, where its wild ancestor is still found today. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Apples can be found in many colors including red, yellow, orange and green. Apples are rich in vitamin C and also contain B-complex vitamins and vitamin k.
At least 55 million tons of apples were grown worldwide in 2005, with a value of about $10 billion. China produced about 35% of this total. The United States is the second leading producer, with more than 7.5% of the world production. Turkey, France, Italy, and Iran are also among the leading apple exporters.

## Botanical information

The wild ancestors of Malus domestica are Malus sieversii, which is found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang,China, and possibly also Malus sylvestris.

## References

* ↑ "Apple Fruits". smitha. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
* ↑ "Apple". Jinxiang High Garlics Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
* ↑ Lauri, Pierre-éric (2006). "Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus x domestica, Rosaceae) tree". American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America, Inc. (93): 357–368. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* ↑ Coart, E., Van Glabeke, S., De Loose, M., Larsen, A.S., Roldán-Ruiz, I. 2006. Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Mol. Ecol. 15(8): 2171-82.
# New Zealand History
## Chapters

* Preface
* Introduction
PART 1: EARLY HISTORY:
   * Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand (1300)
   * Maori Culture and Lifestyle up to 1840 (1300-1840)
PART 2: EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT:
   * First European Explorers to Discover New Zealand (1642-1800)
   * A New Economy Introduced to New Zealand (1791-1840)
   * Missionaries Dispatched to New Zealand (1814)
   * The Treaty of Waitangi (1840)
   * European Colonisation of New Zealand (1800s)
   * The New Zealand Wars (1843-1872)
   * Railways Introduced to New Zealand (1863-1873)
   * The Colonial Government
PART 3: NEW ZEALAND IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY:
   * The Dawn of the Twentieth Century (1900-1914)
   * New Zealand's Involvement in World War I (1914-1918)
   * New Zealand in the Great Depression (1930s)
   * New Zealand in World War II (1939-1945)
   * Mid to Late Twentieth Century (1945-1999)
   * Famous New Zealanders in the Twentieth Century
   * Politics in the Twentieth Century
PART 4: NEW ZEALAND'S RECENT HISTORY:
   * New Zealand's Recent History (2000-2007)
   * New Zealand Prime Ministers at the Start of the Twenty First Century (1999-2008)
   * New Zealand Government at the Turn of the Twenty First Century (2000-2008)
   * New Zealand History/New Zealand During the COVID 19 Pandemic and the 2020 Recession (2019-?)
END NOTES:
* Bibliography
* Authors and Contributors
* Print version
* PDF version

## External Links

There are two main comprehensive websites on New Zealand history:
* http://history-nz.org
* http://www.nzhistory.net.nz
# Math for Non-Geeks/Real Analysis

A sitemap should appear here, which looks exactly as in:
https://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Serlo%3A_EN%3A_Real_Analysis&uselang=en
It looks like some code is still missing.
# Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts
## Introduction

PowerPoint keyboard shortcuts allow users to perform common tasks in Microsoft PowerPoint without using a mouse or touchpad. Keyboard shortcuts in PowerPoint serve multiple purposes, particularly benefiting users who prefer efficient workflows or have mobility challenges. According to Microsoft documentation, many users find that using shortcuts helps them work more efficiently. Keyboard shortcuts can be an essential alternative to using a mouse for users with mobility or vision disabilities, as they can be easier than using a touchscreen.
PowerPoint keyboard shortcuts can be categorized into four main classes:
* General Windows and Office Shortcuts
** These shortcuts are common across Windows and Office apps, such as CTRL+C and CTRL+V
* PowerPoint-Specific Shortcuts
** Shortcuts specific to PowerPoint functionality such as formatting shapes, moving objects, and managing layers
* Combined Mouse+Keyboard Shortcuts
** Mouse and keyboard combinations that makes basic functionality such as duplicating objects easy
* Ribbon Navigation Shortcuts
** A hierarchical shortcut system designed to let the user access elements from the Ribbon

## Examples

Here are 20 of the most common PowerPoint shortcuts:
* Ctrl + N - Create new presentation
* Ctrl + M - Insert new slide
* Ctrl + B - Bold text
* Ctrl + I - Italic text
* Ctrl + U - Underline text
* Ctrl + X - Cut selected item
* Ctrl + C - Copy selected item
* Ctrl + V - Paste
* Ctrl + Z - Undo
* Ctrl + Y - Redo
* F5 - Start slide show
* Esc - End slide show
* Ctrl + P - Print
* Ctrl + S - Save
* Page Up - Go to previous slide
* Page Down - Go to next slide
* Ctrl + K - Insert hyperlink
* Alt + F5 - Switch to Presenter view
* Ctrl + D - Duplicate selected object
* Ctrl + G - Group selected objects

## PowerPoint Shortcuts on Mac

On Mac systems, PowerPoint shortcuts follow a similar pattern to Windows, with the primary difference being the use of the Command (⌘) key instead of the Control key. The Option key (⌥) typically replaces the Alt key, and the Delete key functions differently on Mac keyboards. Microsoft maintains separate documentation for Mac-specific shortcuts, as some combinations may differ due to operating system conventions and keyboard layouts

## References

* ↑ "Use keyboard shortcuts to create PowerPoint presentations - Microsoft Support". support.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
* ↑ "The Ultimate Guide to PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts (2025)". PowerPoint Pie. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
* ↑ "New keyboard shortcuts in PowerPoint for Office 365 for Mac - Microsoft Support". support.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
# Acing the SQE/Dispute Resolution/Commencing, responding to or progressing a claim
### Where to start proceedings
#### allocation of business between the High Court and the county court

In England, both the High Court and County Court have jurisdiction over civil cases. The allocation of business between the two courts is determined by the value and complexity of the claim.
Generally speaking, the County Court will handle less complex cases with a lower value of up to £100,000. This includes matters such as small claims, debt recovery, and personal injury cases. The High Court, on the other hand, deals with more complex cases, higher-value cases exceeding £100,000, and cases involving specialized areas of law such as intellectual property, insolvency, and judicial review.
Additionally, there are specific divisions of the High Court that deal with certain types of cases, such as the Chancery Division which handles disputes involving trusts, property, and company law, and the Queen's Bench Division which deals with contract and tort disputes, among others.
It's worth noting that some cases may be commenced in either the High Court or County Court, and the choice of court will depend on a number of factors including the complexity and value of the claim, as well as the preference of the parties involved.

#### jurisdiction of the specialist courts

In addition to the High Court and County Court, there are several specialist courts in England that have jurisdiction over specific areas of law. These courts include:
The Chancery Division: This division of the High Court deals with cases involving trusts, probate, insolvency, and company law.
The Queen's Bench Division: This division of the High Court deals with cases involving contract and tort disputes, defamation, and judicial review.
The Family Division: This division of the High Court deals with cases involving family law, such as divorce, child custody, and adoption.
The Commercial Court: This division of the High Court deals with international trade disputes, shipping, and insurance matters.
The Technology and Construction Court: This division of the High Court deals with disputes related to construction, engineering, and technology.
The Patents Court: This division of the High Court deals with disputes related to patents, trademarks, and other intellectual property rights.
Each of these specialist courts has its own set of rules and procedures, and the judges who preside over them typically have expertise in the relevant area of law. By having specialist courts, the English legal system is able to ensure that cases are heard by judges with the appropriate knowledge and experience, which can lead to more efficient and effective resolution of disputes.
# XQuery/XQuery and Python

Over at Cameron Laird has an example of Python code to extract and list the a tags on an XHTML page:
The equivalent to this Python code in XQuery is:
tags in XQuery on Wikipedia (view source)
Here the namespace prefix is a wild-card since we don't know what the html namespace might be.
More succinctly but less readably (and with quotes omitted from the output for clarity), this could be expressed as:
tags in XQuery on Wikipedia (view source)
More usefully, we might supply the url of any XHTML page as a parameter and generate an HTML page of external links:
XQuery on Wikipedia
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Banzai Bill

Banzai Bill is a colossal bullet and a large variant of its smaller, shark-faced cousin, Bullet Bill. It moves slower than an ordinary Bullet Bill. It is not known whether they are shot out of their own Bill Blasters, as this is never shown on-screen.
Banzai Bill appears on a few stages and simply approaches Mario or Luigi at any given time, taking up a large part of the screen. Oftentimes, Banzai Bills cannot be jumped over unless it's from an elevated platform or slope. There is often a small space for Mario or Luigi to duck so that the Banzai Bill passes over them.

## Resistance to attacks

* Normal Jump: A normal jump defeats a Banzai Bill in one hit.
* Spin Jump: A spin jump defeats a Banzai Bill in one hit.
* Jump with Yoshi: With Yoshi, a normal jump defeats Banzai Bills in one hit.
* Fireballs: No effect.
* Cape Spin: No effect.
* Yoshi's Tongue: No effect.
* Yoshi's Fireballs: No effect.

## Locations

* 3 on Yoshi's Island 1
* Valley of Bowser
* Special Area: Awesome
# History of Brazil/Preface
## Intention of this book

The intention of this book is to provide an open-content, concise textbook on the history of Brazil that is easy for anyone who is interested to read and learn more about this amazing country.

## A Note to Authors

This book is a work in progress, so feel free to add content in places you see as unfinished or lacking in information. Please write impartially.
# Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Community
## Table of Contents

This volume is included in the Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes.
Where possible, original resources have been uploaded via Wikisource and linked to here. All other original resources are also linked to via this introduction.
Introduction: Community-Based and Community-Engaged Open Scholarship Alyssa Arbuckle
Delivering Impact of Scholarly Information: Is Access Enough? Heidi McGregor and Kevin Guthrie
Thoughts on Prestige, Quality, and Open Access Peter Suber
Why We Publish Where We Do: Faculty Publishing Values and Their Relationship to Review, Promotion and Tenure Expectations Meredith T. Niles, Lesley A. Schimanski, Erin C. McKiernan, and Juan Pablo Alperin
An Overview of the Open Access Movement in Canada Rosarie Coughlan and Mark Swartz
Data Reuse and the Open Data Citation Advantage Heather A. Piwowar and Todd J. Vision
Access, Ethics and Piracy Stuart Lawson
Beyond Open: Expanding Access to Scholarly Content Alice Meadows
Beyond Open Access to Open Publication and Open Scholarship John W. Maxwell
Digital Theoria, Poiesis, and Praxis: Activating Humanities Research and Communication through Open Social Scholarship Platform Design Jon Saklofske
Digital Humanities Futures, Open Social Scholarship, and Engaged Publics Alyssa Arbuckle and Ray Siemens
The Engaged Humanities: Principles and Practices for Public Scholarship and Teaching Gregory Jay
Public, First Sheila Brennan
The Public Digital Humanities Jesse Stommel
Postcolonial Open Access Florence Piron
Can Open Scholarly Practices Redress Epistemic Injustice? Denisse Albornoz, Angela Okune, and Leslie Chan
Open Science Beyond Open Access: For and With Communities. A Step Towards the Decolonization of Knowledge Leslie Chan, Bud Hall, Florence Piron, Rajesh Tandon, and Lorna Williams
Knowledge Organization for Open Scholarship Julia Bullard
Whose Infrastructure? Towards Inclusive and Collaborative Knowledge Infrastructures in Open Science Angela Okune, Rebecca Hillyer, Leslie Chan, Denisse Albornoz, and Alejandro Posada
Measuring Altruistic Impact: A Model for Understanding the Social Justice of Open Access Margaret Heller and Franny Gaede
# Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Connection
## Table of Contents

This volume is included in the Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes.
Where possible, original resources have been uploaded via Wikisource and linked to here. All other original resources are also linked to via this introduction.
Introduction: Digital Knowledge Commons, Scholarly Connection, and the Evolution of Open Scholarship Graham Jensen
Historicizing the Knowledge Commons: Open Access, Technical Knowledge, and the Industrial Application of Science Shawn Martin
From Social Networks to Publishing Platforms: A Review of the History and Scholarship of Academic Social Network Sites Katy Jordan
Open Knowledge Commons versus Privatized Gain in a Fractured Information Ecology: Lessons from COVID-19 for the Future of Sustainability Martin Hensher, Katie Kish, Joshua Farley, Stephen Quilley, and Katharine Zywert
A Social Networking Site Is Not an Open Access Repository Katie Fortney and Justin Gonder
‘Facebook for Academics’: The Convergence of Self-Branding and Social Media Logic on Academia.Edu Brooke Erin Duffy and Jefferson D. Pooley
What Does Academia.Edu’s Success Mean for Open Access? Gary Hall
Academia, Not Edu Kathleen Fitzpatrick
Digital Theoria, Poiesis, and Praxis: Activating Humanities Research and Communication through Open Social Scholarship Platform Design Jon Saklofske
Beyond Friending: BuddyPress and the Social, Networked, Open-Source Classroom Matthew Gold
Foundations for the Canadian Humanities and Social Sciences Commons: Exploring the Possibilities of Digital Research Communities Caroline Winter, Tyler Fontenot, Luis Meneses, Alyssa Arbuckle, Ray Siemens, and the ETCL and INKE Research Groups
# Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Policy
## Table of Contents

This volume is included in the Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes.
Where possible, original resources have been uploaded via Wikisource and linked to here. All other original resources are also linked to via this introduction.
Introduction: Open Scholarship Policy in Focus Caroline Winter
Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing Patrick O. Brown et al.
San Franscisco Declaration on Research Assessment DORA
Policy Recommendations for Open Access to Research Data RECODE Project Consortium
Access John Willinsky
Foundations for Open Scholarship Strategy Development Jonathan Tennant, Jennifer Elizabeth Beamer, Jeroen Bosman, Björn Brembs, Neo Christopher Chung, Gail Clement, Tom Crick, et al.
From the Ground Up: A Group Editorial on the Most Pressing Issues in Scholarly Communication Nicky Agate, Gail Clement, Danny Kingsley, Sam Searle, Leah Vanderjagt, and Jen Waller
ARL White Paper on Wikidata: Opportunities and Recommendations Stacy Allison-Cassin et al.
Developing a Persistent Identifier Roadmap for Open Access to UK Research Josh Brown
Open Science Beyond Open Access: For and With Communities. A Step Towards the Decolonization of Knowledge Leslie Chan, Budd Hall, Florence Piron, Rajesh Tandon, and Lorna William
How Significant Are the Public Dimensions of Faculty Work in Review, Promotion and Tenure Documents Juan Pablo Alperin, Carol Muñoz Nieves, Lesley Schimanski, Gustavo E. Fischman, Meredith T. Niles, and Erin C. McKiernan
Scholarly Communications and Social Justice Charlotte Roh, Harrison W. Inefuku, and Emily Drabinsky
# Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Training
## Table of Contents

This volume is included in the Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes.
Where possible, original resources have been uploaded via Wikisource and linked to here. All other original resources are also linked to via this introduction.
Introduction: Open Digital Pedagogy and Training Randa El Khatib
Curating Digital Pedagogy in the Humanities Rebecca Frost Davis, Matthew K. Gold, and Katherine D. Harris
Notes from the Field: Student Perspectives on Digital Pedagogy Colette Colligan and Kandice Sharren
Collaborative Knowledge Creation and Student-Led Assignment Design: Wikipedia in the University Literature Class Laura Estill
Play, Collaborate, Break, Build, Share: "Screwing Around" in Digital Pedagogy Katherine D. Harris
Critically Engaging with Data Visualization through an Information Literacy Framework Steven Braun
From OER to Open Pedagogy: Harnessing the Power of Open Robin DeRosa and Scott Robison
MOOCs and OER in the Global South: Problems and Potential Monty King, Mark Pegrum, and Martin Forsey
Teaching with OER during Pandemics and Beyond Jennifer Van Allen and Stacy Katz
# Open Scholarship Press

The Open Scholarship Press makes relevant open social scholarship research and output available openly to academics and non-academics alike. Its mandate is threefold:
* Curate and republish foundational, significant open access work in open social scholarship—and publish select important new and emergent work in the area—as objects of intervention aligned with stated goals of the Implementing New Knowledge Environments (INKE; https://inke.ca/) Partnership and its members and employing established and emergent methods pertinent to them.
* Publish open access journal issues related to work undertaken by Canadian Social Knowledge Institute (https://c-ski.ca/) entities, as objects of intervention and academic record aligned with shared open social scholarship goals.
* Provide a space for INKE Partnership researchers and partners to model collaborative, open scholarly practices that effectively meet the interests and needs of an engaged public for humanities and social sciences research in particular.
The Open Scholarship Press has published foundational research scans and curated volumes of reprinted, open access material on PubPub and Wikibooks. Further details are available here.

## Open Scholarship Press Collections

The Open Scholarship Press Collections feature four individual, book-length annotated bibliographies with analytical overviews covering key areas of open social scholarship: Community, Connection, Policy and Training.
* Open Scholarship Press Collections: Community by Alyssa Arbuckle et al.
* Open Scholarship Press Collections: Connection by Graham Jensen et al.
* Open Scholarship Press Collections: Policy by Caroline Winter et al.
* Open Scholarship Press Collections: Training by Randa El Khatib et al.

## Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes

The Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes feature four individual primers, book-length curated volumes of essential readings, following an analytical introduction, covering key areas of open social scholarship: Community, Connection, Policy and Training.
* Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Community by Alyssa Arbuckle et al.
* Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Connection by Graham Jensen et al.
* Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Policy by Caroline Winter et al.
* Open Scholarship Press Curated Volumes: Training by Randa El Khatib et al.

## Other Publications Aligned With and Supporting OSP Volumes

These related publications have been part of the research and design process associated with these Open Scholarship Press volumes.
* Saint Michael: Early Anglo-Saxon Tradition (2022)
* The Lyrics of Henry VIII (also published as The Lyrics of the Henry VIII Manuscript) (2018)
* Open Social Scholarship Annotated Bibliography (also published as An Annotated Bibliography of Social Knowledge Creation) (2017)
* A Social Edition of the Devonshire MS (BL Add. MS 17492) (also published as A Social Edition of the Devonshire Manuscript (BL MS Add 17,492)) (2015)
# Ada Programming/Libraries/GNAT.Sockets
## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/GNAT

### External examples

* Search for examples of GNAT.Sockets in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to GNAT.Sockets in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...Nf6

2...Nf6 is the Mediterranean Defense. The main idea is to overextend White's pawns, except e6 was already played. Here is the most played moves:
3. e5: Main Line: White agrees to Black's plan, whereas it becomes hard to castle properly if Black moves the Knight some more.
3. Nc3: Classical Attack: This is a bit more passive. Here 3...d5! the main idea of the French, is not a bad idea.
3. Nf3?!: Gussoni Gambit: Aggressive, but gives up a pawn to 3...Nxe4!, where he has to play 4. d3 because 4. Qd2?! blocks out the Light-squared Bishop.
# Erase-Remove
### Intent

To eliminate elements from a STL container to reduce the size of it.

### Also Known As

Remove-Erase (based on the order of execution, rather than the typed order on the source code line)

### Motivation

The std::remove algorithm does not eliminate elements from a container; it simply moves the elements not being removed to the front of the container, leaving the contents at the end of the container undefined. This is because std::remove works only using a pair of forward iterators (Iterator Pair idiom), and the generic concept of forward iterators does not know how to eliminate data elements from an arbitrary data structure. Only container member functions can eliminate container elements, as only members know the details of the internal data structure. The Erase-Remove idiom is used to remove and eliminate data elements from a container.

### Solution and Sample Code

The std::remove algorithm returns an iterator to the beginning of the range of "unused" elements. It does not change the end iterator of the container, nor does it change the container's size. The erase member function can be used to really eliminate the members from the container in the following idiomatic way.
The order of evaluation of v.end and invocation of std::remove is unimportant here because std::remove algorithm does not change end iterator in any way.

### Known Uses

http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_43_0/libs/range/doc/html/range/reference/algorithms/new/remove_erase.html

### References

Effective STL, Item 32 - Scott Meyers