OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Critique of the 1776 Commission Report/Named Contributors

(please enter your name in alphabetical order)
Thomas, Russell Cameron -- Data Scientist and PhD Candidate in Computational Social Science, George Mason University
# Critique of the 1776 Commission Report/Original text

The original text of the 1776 Report is included in the following subpages, by page number, with one section per paragraph. This facilitates transclusion of the original text into the side-by-side analysis/rebuttal pages.

## Original_Table_of_Contents

I. Introduction -- 1
II. The meaning of the declaration -- 2
III. A constitution of principles -- 6
IV. Challenges to America's Principles -- 10
    Slavery -- 10
    Progressivism -- 12
    Fascism -- 13
    Communism -- 14
    Racism and Identity Politics -- 15
V. The Task of National Renewal -- 16
    The Role of the Family -- 17
    Teaching America -- 17
    A Scholarship of Freedom -- 18
    The American Mind -- 18
    Reverence for the Laws -- 19
VI CONCLUSION -- 20
Appendix I: The declaration of independence -- 21
Appendix II: Faith and America's Principles -- 24
Appendix III: Created Equal or Identity Politics? -- 29
Appendix IV: Teaching Americans about Their Country -- 34

## Original Text, by Page

Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Page 6
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
Page 10
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Page 12
Page 13
Page 14
Page 15
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# Critique of the 1776 Commission Report/Original text/Page 3
## II. THE MEANING OF THE DECLARATION (continued)
### p3_c1_pp1

There was no United States of America before July 4th, 1776. There was not yet, formally speaking, an American people. There were, instead, living in the thirteen British colonies in North America some two-and-a-half million subjects of a distant king. Those subjects became a people by declaring themselves such and then by winning the independence they had asserted as their right.

### p3_c1_pp1

They made that assertion on the basis of principle, not blood or kinship or what we today might call "ethnicity." Yet this fact must be properly understood. As John Jay explained in Federalist 2, "Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people — a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs, and who, by their joint counsels, arms, and efforts, fighting side by side throughout a long and bloody war, have nobly established general liberty and independence."

### p3_c2_pp1

Yet, as Jay (and all the founders) well knew, the newly- formed American people were not quite as homogeneous — in ancestry, language, or religion — as this statement would seem to assert. They were neither wholly English nor wholly Protestant nor wholly Christian. Some other basis would have to be found and asserted to bind the new people together and to which they would remain attached if they were to remain a people. That basis was the assertion of universal and eternal principles of justice and political legitimacy.
# Critique of the 1776 Commission Report/Introduction

| Original Text | Analysis & Rebuttal |
| I. Introduction |
| p1, col. 1, ¶1: In the course of human events there have always been those who deny or reject human freedom, but Americans will never falter in defending the fundamental truths of human liberty proclaimed on July 4, 1776. We will — we must — always hold these truths. | History: [history placeholder] Memory: [memory placeholder] Rhetoric: [placeholder] Viewpoint: Authorship: [authorship placeholder] details——> |
| Original | Rebuttal |
| Original | Rebuttal |
# Critique of the 1776 Commission Report/Guide for Contributors/Book-specific Templates

Help page for all Templates specific to this Wikibook
# Digital Circuits/Design Techniques

These are the standard digital circuit design techniques in this book. The goal on this page is to describe the scope and scale of this wikibook, NOT explain them to a new student. Each topic is expanded in this book. Digital circuit design techniques have these goals:
* standard format so can be reviewed
* reduce cost
* reduce digital circuit problems including
** noise margins .. which voltages translate into 1, 0 and unknown/floating/undetermined?
** fanout .. one output connected to many inputs weakens the output
** propagation delays .. ripple of information through a circuit
** 0's and 1's catching .. problems with level triggering
** unpredictable flip flop behavior including initialization and certain states
** races .. feedback stability .. oscillations
** static and dynamic hazards .. combinations of the above
These are the names of the design techniques covered:
* Boolean Logic: minimal sums, products, don't care
* Circuit Levels or Layers
* Karnaugh Maps: implicants, prime implicants
* Quine-McCluskey Method
* Multiple Output Simplification
* State Diagrams, Tables (Mealy and Moore)
* Implication Tables to find Equivalent States
* Minimal State Tables
* Unused State Analysis
* State Assignment Techniques
* Excitation Tables
* Algorithmic State machines (Mealy and Moore)
* Flow Tables and their Reduction
* Races
# Digital Circuits/Buffer
## Truth Table

| A | Q |
| 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 |
# Digital Circuits/AND gate

AND gates is one of the basic gates used to implement logical conjunction. It is basically a multiple input gate with a single output.

## Electrical Analogy

It is analogous to a pair of switches in series which operates a bulb which is again in series with these switches. Thus, the bulb will be ON only when both the switches are closed. As seen from the truth table of an AND gate, the output will be HIGH only when all of its inputs are in logical 1 state.

## Standard Symbols

| MIL/ANSI Symbol | IEC Symbol | DIN Symbol |

## Design using MOSFETs

The adjoining logic diagram shows the construction of an AND gate using N-Channel MOSFET. Alternatively, an AND gate can also be constructed using P-Channel MOSFET.

## Truth Table

| A | B | Q |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
# Digital Circuits/Contributors

This is a page where we can list notes for other contributors, and where contributors can sign their name, and get some recognition for working on the Digital Circuits Wikibook.

## Templates

Here is a current list of templates in use in this book:
* Template:Digital Circuits Page
* Template:Digital Circuits Truth Table
* Template:Digital Circuits Stub

## Contributors

--Whiteknight 18:20, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
--mhasskam 19:55, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
--HL-SDK 13:14, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
# Digital Circuits/Counters

Counters stores number of time a particular event or process as occurred often in relation to a clock pulse.
# Digital Circuits/DDS

A Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) allows to create a periodic waveform whose frequency is controlled by a number.

## Application

The frequency of the DDS output is as stable as the quartz the circuit is clocked with. The frequency steps can be very small and the frequency value ranges up to the half of the clock frequency.
DDS can be used to realize function generators or oscillators within more complex circuits such as mixers, modulators and phase-locked loops.

## Circuit

A DDS is a free-running counter. When the counter reaches its maximal value, it folds back to zero.
The circuit output can be 3-fold:
* The counter output provides a sawtooth signal of programmable frequency
* The counter MSB provides a binary signal with the same frequency
* Considering the sawtooth output as a phase signal allows to calculate trigonometric functions and delivering a sine or even quadrature sine and cosine outputs
The sine and cosine values have been traditionally obtained with the help of ROM or Look-Up Tables (LUT). However, the CORDIC operator calculates these functions with the same level of accuracy together with a highly reduced hardware cost.

## Principle of operation

If the counter increments by 1 at every rising clock edge, its shape will be a sawtooth of period
       $T=2^{n}\cdot T_{ck}$
and have a frequency of
       $f={\frac {1}{2^{n}}}\cdot f_{ck}$
If the counter increments by $step$ at every rising clock edge, it will count $step$ times faster and have a frequency of
       $f={\frac {step}{2^{n}}}\cdot f_{ck}$

### Output signals

The counter itself provides a sawtooth signal. The counter MSB provides a square signal. A sinewave output can be produced considering the sawtooth as a phase signal. The sine function can be computed with the help of the CORDIC operator.
The following figure shows the time signals of a DDS.
The Fourier transform of the square and sine waves is given in the following figure.
The sinewave gives the two blue peaks, as expected. The square wave is a periodic signal and has only odd harmonics.

### Odd-valued steps

The preceeding figures have been made with a nice step value: 16. When the step value doesn't exactly divide the counter range, the teeth of the sawtooth are more ragged and the square wave output shows a kind of jitter: its mean frequency is the desired one but the signal edges are shifted to the closest active clock edge.
The following figure shows the time signals of a DDS with an odd-valued step.
The Fourier transform of the square and sine waves is given in the following figure.
The sinewave remains a pure tone. The square wave shows much more frequency content.

## Circuits

The DDS circuit can be very efficiently implemented in programmable circuits such as FPGAs. It is built out of a counter followed by a block calculating a sine from the counter output which is considered as a phase. The calculation of the sine is best done using the CORDIC algorithm.
The VHDL source for a DDS can be found on opencores. This implementation prefers to calculate the sine function with the help of lookup tables rather than with CORDIC.
# General Chemistry/Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

← Balancing Equations ·Types of chemical reactions →

## Limiting Reactants

When chemical reactions occur, the reactants undergo change to create the products. The coefficients of the chemical equation show the relative amounts of substance needed for the reaction to occur. Consider the combustion of propane:
${\hbox{C}}_{3}{\hbox{H}}_{8}+5{\hbox{O}}_{2}\to 3{\hbox{CO}}_{2}+4{\hbox{H}}_{2}{\hbox{O}}$
For every one mole of propane, there must be five moles of oxygen. For every one mole of propane combusted, there will be three moles of carbon dioxide and four moles of water produced (along with much heat). If a propane grill is burning, there will be a very large amount of oxygen available to react with the propane gas. In this case, oxygen is the excess reactant. There is so much oxygen that the exact amount doesn't matter—it will not run out.
On the other hand, there is not an unlimited amount of propane. It will run out far before the oxygen runs out, making it a limiting reactant. The amount of propane available will decide how far the reaction will go.

### Example

If there are three moles of hydrogen, and one mole of oxygen, which is the limiting reactant? How much product is created?
Twice as much hydrogen than oxygen is required. However, there is more than twice as much hydrogen. Thus hydrogen is the excess reactant and oxygen is the limiting reactant. If the reaction proceeds to completion, all of the oxygen will be used up, and one mole of hydrogen will remain. You can imagine this situation like this:
The reactant that is left over after the reaction is complete is called the "excess reactant". Often, you will want to figure out how much of the excess reactant is left after the reaction is complete. to do this, first use mole ratios to determine how much excess reactant is used up in the reaction.
Here are the ratios that need to be used:
$\left({\frac {\text{moles of limiting reactant}}{1}}\right)*\left({\frac {\text{coefficient of product}}{\text{coefficient of limiting reactant}}}\right)={\text{moles of excess remaining}}$

## Percent Yield

Usually, less product is made than theoretically possible. The actual yield is lower than the theoretical yield. To compare the two, one can calculate percent yield, which is ${\frac {actual~yield}{theoretical~yield}}\times 100$.
The percent yield tells us how far the reaction actually went.
# General Chemistry/Kinetic Theory of Gases

* Gases
* Gas Laws
* Diffusion and Effusion
# General Chemistry/Gas Laws/Answers
## Answers to Gas Laws Questions

1. The Ideal Gas Law accounts for chemical change. The Combined Gas Law accounts for changes in pressure, volume, and temperature. These are physical properties. The Ideal Gas Law accounts for these properties along with molar mass. Although molar mass is a physical property as well, the amount of molecules in an isolated gas would only change in the event of a chemical reaction. Thus, the Ideal Gas Law can account for chemical reactions.
2. Density is mass divided by volume, and the number of moles equals the mass divided by molecular weight. So:
$D={\frac {m}{V}}$ and $PV=nRT$
so
${\frac {n}{V}}={\frac {P}{RT}}$
and
$D={\frac {P\times (MW)}{RT}}$
Substituting and solving gives us a density of 80.7 g/m$^3$. Remember that hydrogen is diatomic, so its molecular mass is 2.0 g/mol.
3. Simply substitute into the Ideal Gas Law and solve. 0.144 m$^3$.
4. Stoichometrically, one mole of H$_2$ is needed for each mole of H$_2$S. We must determine the number of moles in 7.4L of hydrogen sulfide, then convert that number of moles into liters of hydrogen. This is a two-step problem, both using the Ideal Gas Law.
Solving for moles of hydrogen sulfide: 0.330 mol
Solving for liters of hydrogen: 7.39 L H$_2$
# Exercise as it relates to Disease/Combating Dyslipidaemia: Exercise Vs Pharmaceutical Intervention

* Contents
* Background
* What is Dyslipidaemia?
* Prevalence
* Causes of Dyslipidaemia
* Symptoms/ Diagnosis
* Health issues associated with Dyslipidaemia
* Methods of Intervention/Treatment
* Pharmaceutical
* Exercise
* Recommendations
* Caution
* Further readings
* Reference list
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map listopad

Semasiological map for *listopadъ
R. листопад • Blr. лістапад • Ukr. листопад • Pol. listopad • Ka. lëstopadnik • LSo. listopad • USo. listopad • Cz. listopad • Slk. listopad • Sln. listopad • Cr. listopad • Bo. listopad • Sb. листопад • Mk. листопад • Bg. листопад •
| *listopadъ | Meanings: ‘falling of leaves’ ‘October’ ‘November’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *listopadъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *listopadъ | falling of leaves | October | November |
| R. листопад | + | | |
| Blr. лістапад | + | | + |
| Ukr. листопад | + | | + |
| Pol. listopad | + | | + |
| Ka. lëstopadnik | | | + |
| LSo. listopad | | | + |
| USo. listopad | | | + |
| Cz. listopad | + | | + |
| Slk. listopad | + | | |
| Sln. listopad | + | | + |
| Cr. listopad | + | + | |
| Bo. listopad | + | | |
| Sb. листопад | + | | |
| Mk. листопад | + | | |
| Bg. листопад | + | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map lěkarьstvo

Semasiological map for *lěkarьstvo
R. лекарство • Blr. Ø • Ukr. Ø • Pol. lekarstwo • Ka. lékarstwò • USo. lěkarstwo • Slk. lekarnarstvo • Sln. • Bg. лекарство •
| *lěkarьstvo | Meanings: ‘remedy, medicine’ ‘cure-all’ ‘farmacy’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *lěkarьstvo | Meanings | Meanings |
| *lěkarьstvo | remedy, medicine | cure-all | farmacy |
| R. лекарство | + | | |
| Blr. Ø | | | |
| Ukr. Ø | | | |
| Pol. lekarstwo | + | + | |
| Ka. lékarstwò | + | | |
| USo. lěkarstwo | + | | |
| Slk. lekarnarstvo | | | |
| Sln. | | | + |
| Bg. лекарство | + | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map machina

Semasiological map for < Latin machina
R. машина • Blr. машына • Ukr. машина • Pol. maszyna • Ka. maszina • LSo. mašina • USo. mašina • Cz. mašina • Slk. mašina • Sln. • Cr. mašina • Bo. mašina • Sb. машина • Mk. машина • Bg. машина •
| < Latin machina | Meanings: ‘machine’ ‘car’ ‘locomotion’ ‘locomotive’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| < Latin machina | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| < Latin machina | machine | car | locomotion | locomotive |
| R. машина | + | + | | |
| Blr. машына | + | + | | |
| Ukr. машина | + | + | | |
| Pol. maszyna | + | | | |
| Ka. maszina | + | | | + |
| LSo. mašina | + | | | |
| USo. mašina | + | | | |
| Cz. mašina | + | | | |
| Slk. mašina | + | | + | |
| Sln. | | | | |
| Cr. mašina | + | | + | |
| Bo. mašina | + | | + | |
| Sb. машина | + | | + | |
| Mk. машина | + | | | + |
| Bg. машина | + | | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map list

Semasiological map for *listъ
R. лист • Blr. ліст • Ukr. лист • Pol. list • Ka. lëst • LSo. list • USo. list • Cz. list • Slk. list • Sln. list • Cr. list • Bo. list • Sb. лист • Mk. лист • Bg. лист •
| *listъ | Meanings: ‘letter’ ‘sheet of paper’ ‘leaf’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *listъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *listъ | letter | sheet of paper | leaf |
| R. лист | | + | + |
| Blr. ліст | + | | + |
| Ukr. лист | + | + | + |
| Pol. list | + | | |
| Ka. lëst | + | | + |
| LSo. list | + | | + |
| USo. list | + | | |
| Cz. list | | + | + |
| Slk. list | + | + | + |
| Sln. list | | + | + |
| Cr. list | | + | + |
| Bo. list | | + | + |
| Sb. лист | | + | + |
| Mk. лист | | + | + |
| Bg. лист | | + | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map ložьko

Semasiological map for *ložьko
R. • Blr. ложак • Ukr. ліжко • Pol. łóżko • Cz. lůžko • Slk. lôžko •
| *ložьko | Meanings: ‘bed’ ‘hospital bed; berth (on a train)’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *ložьko | Meanings | Meanings |
| *ložьko | bed | hospital bed; berth (on a train) |
| R. | | |
| Blr. ложак | + | |
| Ukr. ліжко | + | |
| Pol. łóżko | + | + |
| Cz. lůžko | | + |
| Slk. lôžko | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map ljubiti

Semasiological map for *ljubiti
R. любить • Blr. любіць • Ukr. любити • Pol. lubić • LSo. lubiś • USo. lubić • Cz. líbit se(2), líbat(5) • Slk. ľúbiť • Sln. ljubiti • Cr. ljubiti • Bo. ljubiti • Sb. ljubiti • Mk. љуби • Bg. любя •
| *ljubiti | Meanings: ‘to love’ ‘to like’ ‘to promise’ ‘to vow’ ‘to kiss’ ‘to love (poetically)’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *ljubiti | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *ljubiti | to love | to like | to promise | to vow | to kiss | to love (poetically) |
| R. любить | + | + | | | | |
| Blr. любіць | | + | | | | |
| Ukr. любити | + | + | | | | |
| Pol. lubić | | + | | | | |
| LSo. lubiś | | | + | + | | |
| USo. lubić | | | + | | | |
| Cz. líbit se(2), líbat(5) | | + | | | + | |
| Slk. ľúbiť | + | + | | | | |
| Sln. ljubiti | + | | | | | |
| Cr. ljubiti | | | | | + | + |
| Bo. ljubiti | | | | | + | + |
| Sb. ljubiti | | | | | + | + |
| Mk. љуби | | | | | + | + |
| Bg. любя | + | | | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map lice

Semasiological map for *lice
R. лицо • Blr. Ø • Ukr. лице • Pol. lico • Ka. lico • LSo. lico • USo. lico • Cz. líce (3) x líc (4) • Slk. líce • Sln. lice • Cr. lice • Bo. lice • Sb. лице • Mk. лице • Bg. лице •
| *lice | Meanings: ‘face’ ‘person’ ‘cheek’ ‘facing, outside’ ‘shamelessness, "nerve"’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *lice | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *lice | face | person | cheek | facing, outside | shamelessness, "nerve" |
| R. лицо | + | + | | + | |
| Blr. Ø | | | | | |
| Ukr. лице | + | | + | + | |
| Pol. lico | + | | + | | |
| Ka. lico | + | | + | | |
| LSo. lico | | | + | | |
| USo. lico | | | + | | |
| Cz. líce (3) x líc (4) | | | + | + | |
| Slk. líce | | | + | + | |
| Sln. lice | | | + | | |
| Cr. lice | + | | | | |
| Bo. lice | + | + | | | |
| Sb. лице | + | + | | | |
| Mk. лице | + | | | | |
| Bg. лице | + | + | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map lipn

Semasiological map for *lipьnь
R. Ø • Blr. ліпень • Ukr. липень • Pol. lipiec(2), lipień pospolity(3) • Ka. lëpińc • Cz. lipan podhorní • Slk. lipeň obyčajný • Sln. lipan • Cr. lipanj • Bo. • Sb. липљен • Mk. Ø • Bg. липан •
| *lipьnь | Meanings: ‘June’ ‘July’ ‘grayling (fish species)’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *lipьnь | Meanings | Meanings |
| *lipьnь | June | July | grayling (fish species) |
| R. Ø | | | |
| Blr. ліпень | | + | |
| Ukr. липень | | + | |
| Pol. lipiec(2), lipień pospolity(3) | | + | + |
| Ka. lëpińc | | + | |
| Cz. lipan podhorní | | | + |
| Slk. lipeň obyčajný | | | + |
| Sln. lipan | | | + |
| Cr. lipanj | + | | |
| Bo. | | | |
| Sb. липљен | | | + |
| Mk. Ø | | | |
| Bg. липан | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map lug

Semasiological map for lug
R. луг • Blr. луг • Ukr. луг • Pol. ług • Cz. luh(1), louh(2) • Slk. luh(1), lúh(2) • Sln. lug • Cr. lug • Bo. lug • Sb. луг • Bg. луга •
| lug | Meanings: ‘meadow’ ‘lye’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| lug | Meanings |
| lug | meadow | lye |
| R. луг | + | |
| Blr. луг | + | |
| Ukr. луг | + | |
| Pol. ług | | + |
| Cz. luh(1), louh(2) | + | + |
| Slk. luh(1), lúh(2) | + | + |
| Sln. lug | | + |
| Cr. lug | | + |
| Bo. lug | | + |
| Sb. луг | | + |
| Bg. луга | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map luk

Semasiological map for luk
R. лук • Blr. лук • Ukr. лук • Pol. łuk • Cz. luk • Slk. luk • Sln. luk • Cr. luk • Bo. luk • Sb. лук • Mk. лук • Bg. лък(1), лук(2) •
| luk | Meanings: ‘bow (weapon)’ ‘onion’ ‘garlic’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| luk | Meanings |
| luk | bow (weapon) | onion | garlic |
| R. лук | + | + | |
| Blr. лук | + | | |
| Ukr. лук | + | | |
| Pol. łuk | + | | |
| Cz. luk | + | | |
| Slk. luk | + | | |
| Sln. luk | | + | |
| Cr. luk | + | + | |
| Bo. luk | + | + | |
| Sb. лук | + | + | |
| Mk. лук | | | + |
| Bg. лък(1), лук(2) | + | + | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# Greek Mythology/Primeval Gods/Phorcys

Phorcys was a primeval Greek Sea god. He was said to be the son of Pontus and Gaia. His wife was Ceto, and it was said that all the children they had were monsters. Their children were known as the Phorcydes which included the Gorgons and Scylla. Phorcys is depicted as a fish-tailed Merman.
# Greek Mythology/Protogenoi/Uranus

Also known as Ouranos. His son Kronos betrayed him just as Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades betrayed Kronos. Kronos overthrew his father and cut him into pieces. He is the father of Kronos (God Of Titans) who is the father of Zeus (God Of The Western Civilization).