OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering

Download an early edition of the book as a PDF File (current text has been radically re-written). This can be done in two ways, you can either right click on the link "PDF File Edition 1.0" and choose "Save target as", this saves the PDF on your computer for viewing at any time; alternatively left click on the link: PDF File Edition 1.0.
Click here to see a continuous, printable version of the book Print version
* How to Participate in this Wikibook
* Glossary of Stuttering Terms

## Scientific Research (Stuttering Phenomena, Behaviors, and Etiology)

* Core Stuttering Behaviors
* Incidence and Prevalence of Stuttering
* Development of Childhood Stuttering
* Neurology of Stuttering
* Genetics of Stuttering
* Physiology, Psychology, and Personality of Stutterers
* Belief-Related Changes in Stuttering
* Stress-Related Changes in Stuttering
* Measurement of Stuttering
* Other Fluency Disorders
* Research I'd Like to See

## Stuttering Treatments

* Choosing a Speech-Language Pathologist
* Why Do Stutterers Avoid Speech Therapy?
* Stuttering Therapies for Pre-School Children
* Stuttering Therapies for School-Age Children
* Stuttering Therapies for Teenagers
* Stuttering Therapies for Mentally Retarded Individuals
* Fluency Shaping Stuttering Therapy
* Stuttering Modification Therapy
* Treating Speech-Related Fears and Anxieties
* Personal Construct Therapy: You Always Have Choices
* Treating Psychological Issues
* Improving Self-Awareness of Stuttering Behaviors
* Anti-Stuttering Devices
* Anti-Stuttering Medications
* Alternative Medicine Therapies for Stuttering—Herbs, acupuncture, guided imagery, etc.
* How We Treat Stuttering—If you're a speech-language pathologist, tell us how you treat stuttering at your speech clinic.
* What Worked for Me—If you're a person who stutters, tell us your experiences with stuttering therapies.
* Practice Word Lists

## Living with Stuttering

* You're Not Alone: Join a Support Group
* Famous People Who Stutter
* Stuttering and Employment
* How to Handle Telephone Calls
* Public Perceptions of Stutterers
* How the Media Presents Stuttering
* Cultural and Ethnic Differences in Stuttering
* High School Science Projects
* Acting and Theater
* Spouses of People Who Stutter
* Stuttering in the Military
* Advice for Listeners
* Stuttering in Movies and Television
* My Life in Stuttering—Share your life story here.
* Recommended Books and Periodicals

## External Links

* British Stammering Association
* Speech team University College London
* Stuttering Foundation of America
* The National Stuttering Association
* Speech Therapy Links
* Wikipedia stuttering article
* The Stuttering Homepage
* Official SpeechEasy Website
* Chatterboxes Pediatric Speech-Language Pathology Private Practice in Massachusetts
* Iberoamerican Association of Stuttering
# Punjabi/Conversation/SeekingAdvice
## ਸਲਾਹ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤੀ - Seeking advice

Occasionally you may feel seeking advice from an elder, a superior or someone endowed with superior wisdom or knowledge may help you deal with some issue that you may be facing. This sample gives you some idea how you do that.
    Jyoti : Sir, please advise me if I should take science or arts for my graduation.
    Teacher : Science can be good means of employment.
    Jyoti : That is correct but my interest is in arts.
    Teacher : Then you should go for arts.

### Seeking suggestions

Sometimes you may ask for suggestions to garner different options before taking a final decision. This is how you may do that.
    Headmaster : We will bring out school magazine from this year.
    Teacher : What will be its title?
    Headmaster : I am asking suggestions for its title from all students.

### Seeking opinion

When choosing from amongst different options or trying to judge something, some event or even an idea or opinion you may benefit from opinions of your colleagues or others. This is how you ask for their opinion.
    Headmaster : I have received many suggestions for the title of the school magazine.
    First teacher : Yes, I like Deep Sikha and Navdeep.
    Headmaster : Let other teachers also give me their opinion.
    Second teacher : In my opinion Deep Sikha is better.

### Seeking help

At times you may be faced with a difficult situation and you may decide to take help from your teacher, friends or acquaintances.
    Teacher : Jyoti what is the matter, why are you giving a troubled look?
    Jyoti : Sir, I am unable to solve this question. Please help me solve it.
    Teacher : Bring it to me, I will solve it for you.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...f5
## Vienna Countergambit

The Vienna Countergambit of the Vienna Game is a variation where black plays a line similar to the Latvian Gambit but instead of the knight on f3 there is a knight on c3, the main line of this countergambit for white is just accepting the pawn; however, there are other moves that will be on the other section of this page

## Possible Moves

3. exf5 - The theoretically best variation, accepting the pawn that black gave to you for free, whoever, after Nf6, black has the idea to play d5 and control the whole center, white needs to take a little bit of care in this position if they don't want to lose, with perfect play, white gets a slightly better position.
3. Nf3 - This directly transposes to the Latvian Gambit Declined, it is not the best, but white can still get a position with more development than black after 3...fxe4, 4. Nxe5 Nf6 5. Bc4, and Stockfish 16 gives this a +0,7 advantage.
3. d4 - This has a slight similarity to the Falkbeer Countergambit in the King's Gambit, since black can't take the e4 pawn because of Qh5+!, instead, black should play exd4 and white should play Qxd4, but there is also the astonishing, exf5, if black plays dxc3, white will play Qh5+ after Ke7, Bg5+ and Nf6, white can just play the absurd-looking move O-O-O if black were to take the pawn, Kb1!, sacrificing yet a pawn, and black has to deal with a lot of attacking possibilities, after d5, Nf3, white's a attack is really strong.
# Russian/Vocabulary/Tools

Молоток - Hammer
Отвертка - Screwdriver
Гаечный ключ - Wrench
Плоскогубцы - Pliers
Рулетка - Tape Measure
Нож хозяйственный - Utility Knife
Дрель - Power Drill
Пила - Saw
Наждачная бумага - Sandpaper
Степлеры - Staplers
# Russian/Vocabulary/Geometry

Треугольник - Triangle
Квадрат - Square
Круг - Circle
Шестигранник - Hexagon
Куб - Cube
Сфера - Sphere
Прямоугольник - Rectangle
Пентагон - Pentagon
Цилиндр - Cylinder
Конус - Cone
Прямоугольная призма - Rectangular Prism
Пирамида - Pyramid
# Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
## Introduction

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (or just Assyrian) is a language spoken mainly in the Middle East by the Assyrian people, a mainly Christian ethnic group. It is a dialect of Syriac, which itself is a dialect of Aramaic, where Hebrew comes from. There are 22 letters in the Assyrian alphabet. It has its own script, but I will show the Latin equivalents to make it a little bit easier. Each one will be listed here below, as follows:

## Section 1a: Consonants

| Letter | Letter name | Example | IPA |
| ʾ | ālap | makes no sound | |
| b | bēyt | ball | b |
| g | gāmal | good | g |
| d | dalat | dog | d |
| h | hē | happy | h |
| w | wāʾw | water | w |
| z | zayn | zap | z |
| ḥ | ḥēyt | "k" sound but at the end of your throat | |
| ṭ | ṭēyt | "t" sound but at the back of your tongue | |
| y | yōd | yes | j |
| k | kāp | keep | k |
| l | lāmad | love | l |
| m | mīm | mother | m |
| n | nūn | no | n |
| s | semkat | soup | s |
| ʿ | ʿē | makes no sound | |
| p | pē | pale | p |
| ṣ | ṣādē | soft "s" sound | |
| q | qōp | "k" sound but at the back of your tongue | |
| r | rēš | real | r |
| š | šīn | shout | sh |
| t | tāʾw | tap | t |

## Section 1b: Vowels

| Letter | Example |
| ā | bat |
| a | same as "ā", sometimes makes a "u" in "up" |
| ē | hello |
| e | grip |
| ī | keep |
| ō | hope |
| ū | hoop |

## Section 1c: Other letters

| Letter | Example |
| v | vase |
| j | juice |
| ğ | "g" sound at the back of your throat |
| č | chapped |
| f | flute |
| th | thud |

## Section 2: Greeting

This is a greeting conversation in Assyrian:
| Name of person | Sentence | Translation | Exact Translation |
| Luke | Šlāmā ʿlāḥ! Dāʾḥīt? | Hello! How are you? | Hello(feminine)! How are you? |
| Sophia | Šlāmā ʿlōḥ! Rābā spāy! Dāʾḥīt? | Hello! I am very good! How are you? | Hello(masculine)! Very good! How are you? |
| Luke | Rābā spāy! | Very good! | Very good! |
| Sophia | Spāy! | Good! | Good! |
Note that if you say hello to a female, it would be "Šlāmā ʿlāḥ", to a male, it would be, "Šlāmā ʿlōḥ", and, to a whole group of people, you would say, "Šlāmā ʿlōḥōn".

## Section 3: Word tones

In Assyrian, if you add "my" to a word, you would add an "ī" (sounds like ea in beat) at the end. But if something if you add "your", you would add "ōḥ"to it: These are examples:
| Singular | +My | +Your |
| baytā (house) | baytī (my house) | baytōḥ (your house) |

## Section 4: Family

| English | Assyrian |
| father | ābā/bābā |
| mother | yemā |
| son | brūnā |
| daugther | brātā |
# United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/GROUP PFF – Presidential Free Franks
## GROUP PFF – Presidential Free Franks

Click here to return to the United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog
       Stambaugh, Richard 1989 "A Catalog of U.S. First Class Mail Permit Stamps"
          "Ex-presidents and their wives and widows have had the free frank privilege for at least 125 years.
          At first this affected by the ex-president, his wife or widow signing the envelope in the upper
          right corner. Later envelopes with the signature preprinted came into use, and these are still
          in use today. Besides using preprinted envelopes, some ex-presidents and their wives also used
          permit printers to apply the free franks. So far, all the machines known used for this purpose
          have been Pitney Bowes products."
PFF1. Herbert Hoover. (EKU: 30 OCT 1958)
       Town mark reads "NEW YORK / N.Y."
PFF2. Dwight D Eisenhower.
       A Town mark reads "GETTYSBURG / PA" (EKU: 29 SEP 1961)
       B Town mark reads "PALM DESERT / CALIF" (EKU: 1963)
PFF3. Mamie Doud Eisenhower.
       Town mark reads "GETTYSBURG / PA" (EKU: 11 JAN 1971)
PFF4. Lyndon B Johnson.
       Town mark reads "AUSTIN / TEXAS" (EKU: 8 DEC 1970)
PFF5. Richard Nixon.
       Machine known to exist
PFF6. Gerald R Ford.
       Town mark reads "RANCHO MIRAGE / CALIF" (EKU: 1 JUL 1977)
PFF7. Jimmy Carter.
       Town mark reads "ATLANTA / GA" (EKU: 14 OCT 1981)
# OpenSCAD User Manual/STL Export
### Export

After rendering with F6, the "File --> Export" menu can be used to export as STL, OFF, AMF, 3MF, DXF, SVG, CSG, PNG (image), or PDF.
Be sure to check the console window for error messages.
* STL, OFF and DXF are imported using import
* CSG can be imported using include<> or loaded like an SCAD file
* PNG can be imported using surface
* There are open pull requests for SVG and AMF, which require a bit more work/testing
* The file suffix is used to determine type

### STL Export

To export your design, select "Export as STL..." from the "File --> Export" menu, then enter a filename in the ensuing dialog box. Don't forget to add the ".stl" extension.
Trouble shooting:
After compile and render CGAL (F6), you may see that your design is simple: no. That's bad news.
See line 8 in the following output from OpenSCAD 2010.02:
When you try to export this to .STL, this message appears:
"Manifold" means that it is "water tight" and that there are no holes in the geometry. In a valid 2-manifold each edge must connect exactly two facets. That means that the program must be able to connect a face with an object. E.g. if you use a cube of height 10 to carve out something from a wider cube of height 10, it is not clear to which cube the top or the bottom belongs. So make the small extracting cube a bit "longer" (or "shorter"):
Here is a more tricky little example taken from the OpenSCAD Forum (retrieved 15:13, 22 March 2010 (UTC)):
Example1 would render like this:
The example1 module is not a valid 2-manifold because both cubes are sharing one edge. They touch each other but do not intersect.
Example2 is a valid 2-manifold because there is an intersection. Now the construct meets the 2-manifold constraint stipulating that each edge must connect exactly two facets.
Pieces you are subtracting must extend past the original part. (OpenSCAD Tip: Manifold Space and Time, retrieved 18:40, 22 March 2010 (UTC)).
For reference, another situation that causes the design to be non-exportable is when two faces that are each the result of a subtraction touch. Then the error message comes up.
simply touching surfaces is correctly handled.
# AQA A-Level Physics/Photoelectric effect
## Key Definitions

The Photoelectric Effect: The emission of electrons from a surface when it is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation above a certain threshold frequency (typically in the UV range).
Threshold Frequency: The minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation such that it carries enough energy to dislodge (or remove) an electron from the surface.
Work Function ($\phi$): The minimum work that must be done to remove an electron from the surface.
Stopping Potential ($V_{s}$): The applied potential difference required to stop the fastest moving photoelectrons.

## What Happens During the Photoelectric Effect

In Einstein's photon model, electromagnetic (EM) radiation is made up of packets of energy called photons. When a surface (usually metal) is illuminated with EM radiation, each photon has a one on one interaction with each electron on the surface.

### Removing an electron from the surface

Supposing the photon has the objective of removing an electron from the surface. What energy would it require?
Going back to our definitions, this energy is called the work function. Hence, to complete its objective, the photon must have the same energy as the work function of the material.
It may not seem obvious at first, but this links perfectly to the threshold frequency through the equation $E=hf$, where $h=6.63\times 10^{-34}\mathrm {J\ s}$ and is called Planck's constant.
Hence, the energy that the photon has (in this case, the work function) has a corresponding frequency, in this case, called the threshold frequency.
To release the electron from the surface, the photon must have energy $hf=\phi$.

### Removing an electron from the surface with kinetic energy

Consider the case where the objective of the photon is to not only release the electron from the surface but to give it a certain velocity, $v$ away from the surface.
Because the electron has a velocity, it must have kinetic energy. As a result, the total energy that the photon must deliver can be summarised by this equation:
Photon Energy = Work Function + Kinetic Energy
Or $hf=\phi +E_{k(max)}$

## Maximum Kinetic Energy

The surface of a material contains many layers of electrons. The further the electron is from the surface layer, the more energy is required to remove it from the material. This can be thought of as an increase in work function.
Going back to our equation $E_{k}=hf-\phi$, we can see that increasing $\phi$ decreases our kinetic energy.
Hence, the maximum kinetic energy $E_{k(max)}$ of an electron occurs when the electron is on the very top layer of the surface.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. Na3
## 1. Na3?! - Durkin Opening

The Durkin Opening or Sodium Attack ("Sodium" due to the algebraic notation Na3, Na being the chemical symbol for sodium) is rarely played. The move does little to enhance the White position, although some sources consider it to be better than its reputation.

### Black's responses

Black's best response is 1... d5, although 1... e5 is sometimes seen. White may continue with 2. b3, preparing to fianchetto with 3. Bb2, or with 2. c4. Alternatively, if Black plays 1... e5, White may choose 2. Nc4 to put pressure on the e5-pawn. 1...Na6!? could lead to a drawish game. black could also play 1... b5? but white should just take it with Nxb5 and black doesn't have any clear compensation.

## Statistics

No statistics as 1. Na3 is very rarely played.

## All possible Black's moves

| Quick Navigation | Na6 a6 a5 | b6 b5 | Nc6 c6 c5 | d6 d5 | e6 e5 | Nf6 f6 f5 | g6 g5 | Nh6 h6 h5 |

## References

* Eric Schiller (2002). Unorthodox Chess Openings (Second Edition ed.). Cardoza. ISBN 1-58042-072-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# XML - Managing Data Exchange/Database and XML/Answers

* CREATE TABLE Movies (doc VARCHAR(150));
* INSERT INTO Movies VALUES
* <movie id="1">
* <mtitle>Office Space</mtitle>
* <mlength>89 min</mlength>
* <mrating>R</mrating>
* </movie>
* INSERT INTO Movies VALUES
* <movie id="2">
* <mtitle>The Ghost and the Darkness</mtitle>
* <mlength>109 min</mlength>
* <mrating>R</mrating>
* </movie>
* INSERT INTO Movies VALUES
* <movie id="3">
* <mtitle>Donnie Darko</mtitle>
* <mlength>118 min</mlength>
* <mrating>R</mrating>
* </movie>
# Hindi Lessons/Lesson 6

Lesson 6: Adjectives: Colors, Qualities
After the long and fatiguing lesson about Hindi tenses, let me explain you how adjectives act in Hindi in a short and neat lesson :-)
What you've learned so far will help you much to understand the adjectives in Hindi. Actually they act just like nouns or verbs, having the ending -a for masculine and -i for feminine (generally speaking). The other thing you have to know about them is that they're declined according to the noun they modify. Nothing new as I said! Here are some adjectives, which I'll use a little below in a few examples.
General Adjectives:
* बड़ा (baṛā), महान (mahān) = big
* छोटा (choṭā), अल्प (alp), लघु (laghu) = small
* लम्बा (lambā), दीर्घ (dīrgh) = long
* ठिगना (ṭhignā) = short
* महंगा (mahaṅgā) = expensive
* सस्ता (sastā) = cheap
* साफ़ (sāf), निर्मल (nirmal) = clean
* गन्दा (gandā), मलिन (malin) = dirty
* ठण्डा (ṭhaṇḍā) = cold
* गर्म (garm) = hot
* शुभ (śubh) = good
* अशुभ (aśubh) = bad
* सुन्दर (sundar) = beautiful
* कुरूप (kurūp) = ugly
* बलवान (balvān) = strong
* दुर्बल (durbal), अशक्त (aśakt) = weak
* शीघ्र (śīghra) = quick
* मूर्ख (mūrkh) = stupid
Note that all adjectives given above are in their masculine or indeclinable forms. To make them feminine, change the -ā to an -ī; those not ending in the vowel -ā are indeclinable, hence remain the same in their feminine forms.
Now we'll use those to build some sentences you already are familiar with:
यह एक बड़ा घर है. (yah ek baṛā ghar hai.) = This is a big house.
यह घर बडा है. (yah ghar baṛā hai.) = This house is big. लड़की अच्छी रोटी खाती है. (laṛkī acchī roṭī khātī hai.) = The girl eats tasty bread. मैं ठंडा पानी पी रहा हूँ. (ma͠i ṭhaṇḍā pānī pī raha hū̃;) = I'm drinking cold water.
Note how meaning can change depending on the position of the adjective in the first two sentences. Actually nothing so different in meaning, but rather the way of saying that "the house is big" is changed... Now you get the idea, I hope. Therefore let me show you some colors:
Colors: रंग (rang)
* सफेद, श्वेत (safed) = White
* काला,श्याम (kala) = Black
* नील (nila) = Blue
* हरा (hara) = Green
* पीला (pila) = Yellow
* लाल,रक्त,लोहित रंग का (lal) = Red
* जामुनी, बैंगनी( jamuni, baingni) =Purple
* कपिश,भूरा(kapish, bhura) = brown
* धूसर(dhusr) = grey
* गुलाबी, पाटल (gulabi, patl) = pink
* नारंगी,कमला (narangi, kamla) orange
I've mentioned it above, but I'll say it once again. You have to "decline" the adjective according to the word it modifies. If it's masculine, use the adjective with the ending -a else i.e. if the word being modified is feminine change the ending to -i. If a word ends in a consonant however you don't have to decline it at all!
You have it all now. You can build crazy sentences as for example "This is a blue house" (Yeh nila ghar hai) or "The girl eats red bread" (Ladki lal roti khati hai) etc. :-) Just be imaginative. I won't give more examples in this lesson. I've promised it'll be short, so it is. Next lesson is about the cases. It isn't really hard, but it's very important. There you'll learn some postpositions as well.
# Perl Programming/Basic variables

In Perl, there are five different types of variables, each indicated by its own sigil character: scalars ($), arrays (@), hashes (%), subroutines (&), and typeglobals (*). We first introduce scalars, as they are easiest to understand.

## Scalar variables

Although they have a complicated name, a scalar variable is just a way of storing a value for later use. For example, consider:
If we wanted to change the name of the user, we can just change the string. However, if this program were hundreds of lines long and the name was used several times, trying to find the strings throughout the program would be more fuss than it was worth. Instead, it is common to use variables for any values that might change.
This new program gives exactly the same output as the previous one. There are several new things about this program, the most obvious being the line
* my $firstname = "John";
** my Tells the Perl interpreter to give you a new variable. Technically, this is optional but highly recommended.
** $firstname Tells the Perl interpreter that you want a scalar variable called firstname
** = Tells the Perl interpreter to assign the value on it's right hand side to the variable on the left hand side
** "John" Tells the Perl interpreter that every time you use $firstname you want it to use the string John.
While using variables to contain information that you have programmed is all very well, variables are used to store data that can change while your program runs, as their name implies.
You should notice that when we change the value of $firstname we do not need to use the my operator. This is because we have already told Perl to give us the variable, and it is now ours to do what we wish with.

## Numbers

Now, while strings are very useful, there is a place in computer programs for numbers as well. A scalar variable can contain either a number or a string.
Perl does not provide any easy way of telling the type of information stored in a scalar variable. Indeed, if you give Perl a string and ask it to do number operation, Perl will automatically convert the string into the number; and vice versa. Here is an example:
If you run this program, you can see that both the first two examples result in 11 being stored to $y. Perl does not convert English words to numbers, though, and if you give a string like "ten" it will not turn it to 10, but instead just think it is 0. The last example shows that it actually tries to understand the string as a number, and stops whenever it finds something it doesn't understand.

## Raw printing

It is of course possible to output variables without including them in a string.

## Exercises

* Try making a program that says hello to several people that uses the same print statement each time, but changes a variable containing a name.
* Try making a program with four variables, the first and last names of two people and prints the name changes when they get married.
* Try making a program that adds two variables together into a third variable and prints them and the result.