OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ponziani Opening, Jaenisch Counterattack
### 3. Nf6

The Jaenisch Counterattack is the most common response to the Ponziani Opening at both amateur and master level.
With 3. Nf6, Black attacks the e4-pawn. This takes advantage of White's last move, as Nc3 is no longer possible due to the pawn on c3.
White's best response is to continue with the plan of 4. d4.
| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| d4 exd4 | e5 Nd5 | cxd4 d6 | += |
| d4 Nxe4 | dxe5 | +- |
| d3 Bc5 | =+ |
| Qc2 Bc5 | =+ |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3/3...Nf6/4. d4
### 4. d4

With 4. d4, White ignores the attack on the e-pawn and counterattacks Black's central pawn on e5.
Black now has a choice - they can take the e-pawn, take the d-pawn, strike in the center with d5, or defend their own pawn with d6.
This is the most common line in the Ponziani opening at both beginner and master level.
| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Nxe4 | d5 Ne7 | Nxe5 Ng6 | += |
| dxe4 | e5 Nd5 | cxd4 Bb4+ | = |
| d6 | d5 Ne7 | Bd3 Ng6 | += |
| d5 | Bb5 Bg4 | Qa4 exd4 | += |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nc6/2. d5/2...Ne5/3. f4/3...Ng6/4. e4/4...e5/5. f5
## 5. f5??

This move is the most popular in the Lichess Database, but it is a blunder. After 5...Qh4 Black has a winning position.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# The Legend of Zelda

Editor's note: This guide was imported from StrategyWiki, and the images on the subpages are yet to be added.
The Legend of Zelda is a groundbreaking action-adventure game developed by Shigeru Miyamoto and initially released in Japan for the Famicom Disk System in 1986 where it propelled sales of the add-on to the core Famicom system. It was the fourth best-selling Famicom game released in 1986, selling approximately 1,690,000 copies in its lifetime. It was translated and brought to America one year later and proceeded to have the same influential effect on sales of the Nintendo Entertainment System. In America, it was released as a cartridge, and was one of the first games ever to employ a battery backed up memory chip inside which allowed players to save their progress, even after power to the system had been turned off. It is the first game in Nintendo's The Legend of Zelda series, whose games have a tremendous following to this day. A direct sequel to the game, Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, was released the following year.
The game has been re-released in several formats over the years. In 1994, Nintendo released the game in cartridge format for the first time in Japan, towards the end of the Famicom's lifetime. In 2003, the game was released for the Nintendo GameCube as part of The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition. In 2004, the game was released for the Game Boy Advance as part of the Classic NES Series. In 2006, the game was announced to be one of the first Wii Virtual Console titles. In 2011, it was available for download through the Nintendo eShop for use with the 3DS Virtual Console. In 2013, the eShop release was made available to the Wii U Virtual Console.

## Table of contents

* Story - Story summary on Wikipedia
* Controls
* Items
* Citizens
* Enemies
* Bosses
* Cheats
* Secret passage guide

### Walkthrough
#### Overworld

* Section 1
* Section 2
* Section 3
* Section 4
* Section 5
* Section 6
* Section 7
* Section 8

#### 1st Quest dungeons

* Overworld 1
* Dungeon 1
* Dungeon 2
* Dungeon 3
* Dungeon 4
* Dungeon 5
* Dungeon 6
* Dungeon 7
* Dungeon 8
* Dungeon 9

#### 2nd Quest dungeons

* Overworld 2
* Dungeon 1
* Dungeon 2
* Dungeon 3
* Dungeon 4
* Dungeon 5
* Dungeon 6
* Dungeon 7
* Dungeon 8
* Dungeon 9
# Super Mario 64/Bowser in the Sky

To get into this stage, a player requires 70 stars and needs to have beaten Bowser in the Fire Sea.

## Red Coin Route

Most red coins can be discovered throughout the way to the top. Some could be overlooked, such as the first one, which can be reached by jumping on the red-edged box near the beginning. The last coin is located beneath the stairs near the warp pipe to the final battle, making it the most difficult to find for first-time players.

## Defeating Bowser

Get behind Bowser and grab his tail. Spin him slowly around by rotating the analog stick 360 degrees. Then toss him a little way and run up behind him and grab him again. Repeat throwing Bowser until you get close to a mine, and let him have it. The rings he stomps out are easy to jump over the closer you stand to Bowser, but long jumping towards Bowser right before the rings damage you will work. After you throw him into a spike twice, Bowser will break the platform into a star. Stand in the middle when he is doing this. There is a 1-up right before you enter to battle Bowser. It is right behind one of the pillars where the wind blows. Good Luck!!
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR ss. 338-347 - Division 5 - Refugee Protection
## IRPR ss. 338-347

The text of the relevant sections of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations read:

## References

* ↑ Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227
# UK Constitution and Government/Elections
## General Elections

Members of the House of Commons are elected in General Elections. General Elections are called by the Prime Minister. General Elections are held at least once every five years. The maximum term that a parliament can exist before a new election interrupts it is defined by parliament. Currently, the Parliament Act states that five years is the maximum length.

## Local Elections

From 2007 Scotland will use Single Transferable Vote to elect all of its local councillors. England and Wales use first past the post or multiple-member first past the post for local elections. Northern Ireland uses STV for its local elections.

## European Elections

Members of the European Parliament for Northern Ireland are elected using Single Transferable Vote (STV). MEPs for England, Scotland and Wales are elected using the D'Hondt method.
# UK Constitution and Government/Houses of Lancaster and York
## Henry IV

Henry of Bolingbroke deposed his weak cousin, Richard II, in 1399. Henry IV's reign was marked by widespread rebellion. These were put down thanks to the great military skill of the Henry IV's son, the future King Henry V. Henry IV died in 1413 while plagued by a severe skin disease (possibly leprosy).

## Henry V

Henry V's reign was markedly different from his father's in that it involved little domestic turmoil. Overseas, Henry V's armies won several important victories in France. In 1415, the English defeated the French King Charles VI decisively at the Battle of Agincourt. About 100 English soldiers were killed, along with about 5000 Frenchmen.
For the next two years, Henry V conducted delicate diplomacy to improve England's chances of conquering France. He negotiated with the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, who agreed to end the German alliance with France. In 1417, the war was renewed; by 1419, English troops were about to take Paris. The parties agreed to a treaty whereby Henry V was named heir of France. Henry V, however, died before he could succeed to the French throne, which therefore remained in the hands of the Frenchmen.

## Henry VI and Edward IV

Henry VI succeeded to the throne while still an infant. His uncles, the Dukes of Bedford and Gloucester, both functioned as Regents. During his reign, many French territories won during the Hundred Years War were lost.
Henry VI's reign was interrupted by Edward IV's due to the War of the Roses. Henry VI was a member of the House of Lancaster, while Edward IV was from the House of York. The former House descended from Henry of Bolingbroke, the fourth son of King Edward III; the latter House descended from Edmund of Langley, Edward III's fifth son.
In 1461, the Lancastrians lost to the Yorkists at the Battle of Towton. The Yorkist claimant, Edward IV, ascended to the throne, with the support of the powerful nobleman Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, known by the nickname Warwick the Kingmaker. In 1464, Lancastrian revolts were put down. In 1469, however, Warwick the Kingmaker switched his allegiance, and in 1470, Henry VI was restored to the throne. The exiled Edward, however, soon returned and defeated Henry's forces. At the Battle of Tewkesbury, the remaining Lancastrians were defeated; Henry VI was also murdered.

## Edward V and Richard III

Edward IV was succeeded by his twelve year-old son in 1483. Edward IV's brother, Richard, was made guardian of Edward V and his brother, also named Richard. The young King's uncle usurped the throne and had Parliament declare the two brothers illegitimate. The two princes were then imprisoned in the Tower of London, where they might have been killed (their fate, however, is not certain).
In 1485, Richard III faced Henry Tudor, the Lancastrian claimant, at the Battle of Bosworth Field, during which Richard became the last English monarch to be killed during battle. Henry came to power as Henry VII, establishing the Tudor Dynasty.
# UK Constitution and Government/Normans
## William I

The course of English political, legal and cultural history was changed in 1066, when William, Duke of Normandy (also called William the Conqueror) successfully invaded the nation and displaced the Saxon king, Harold II.
In 1066 King Edward, also called St Edward the Confessor, died. His cousin, the Duke of Normandy, claimed that the childless King had named him heir during a visit to France, and that the other claimant to the throne, Harold Godwinson, had pledged to support William when he was shipwrecked in Normandy. The veracity of this tale, however, is doubtful, and Harold took the crown upon King Edward's death. William, however, invaded England in September, and defeated (and killed) Harold at the famous Battle of Hastings in October.

## William II

In 1087, King William I died, and divided his lands and riches between his three sons. The eldest, Robert, became Duke of Normandy; the second, William, became King of England; the youngest, Henry, received silver. Henry, however, eventually came to possess all of his father's dominions. William II died without children, so Henry became King. Henry later invaded Normandy, imprisoned his brother, and took over the Duchy of Normandy.

## Henry I, Stephen and Matilda

Henry, whose sons had predeceased him, took an unprecedented step: naming a woman as his heir. He declared that his daughter Matilda would be the next Queen. However, Matilda's claim was disputed by Stephen, a grandson of William I in the female line. After Henry I died in 1135, Stephen usurped the throne, but he was defeated and imprisoned by Matilda in 1141. Later, however, Matilda was defeated, and Stephen took the throne.
Matilda, however, was not completely defeated. She escaped from Stephen's army, and her own son, Henry Plantagenet, led a military expedition against Stephen. Stephen was forced to agree to name Henry as his heir, and when Stephen died in 1154, Henry took the throne, commencing the Plantagenet dynasty.
# UK Constitution and Government

UK Constitution and Government
* View UK Constitution and Government Edition 1.0 as a single PDF document, for speed right click on the link "PDF File 1.0" and "save target as" or click directly on PDF File 1.0.
* Print version - view the whole book as a continuous file.

## Table of contents
### Part I: Political History

* The Normans
* The Plantagenets
* The Houses of Lancaster and York
* The House of Tudor
* The House of Stuart and the Commonwealth
* The House of Hanover
* The Houses of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Windsor

### Part II: Present System

* The Constitution
* The Sovereign
* The Parliament
* His Majesty's Government
* The Judiciary
* Devolved Administrations
* Elections

### Part III: Appendices

* List of British Monarchs
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Physiology and Personality of Stutterers
## Physical Studies

Many studies have found that stutterers have normal physiological characteristics, such as heart rate and blood pressure.

## Psychological Studies

   “Whatever the source of stuttering is, it is not amenable to the treatments I have developed. I therefore refuse to deal with it further.” —Sigmund Freud
Many studies have tried to tie stuttering to a psychological or personality problem. The only psychological trait common to stutterers is fear and anxiety around speaking tasks, such as ordering in a restaurant.

## Parental Attitudes and Behaviors

Many studies have tried to tie stuttering to parental attitudes and behaviors. The only trend is that poor, uneducated, dysfunctional families are more likely to have children who stutter. Likely the only parental behavior that contributes to childhood stuttering is not taking children to see a speech-language pathologist for therapy.

## Intelligence

College students who stutter are more intelligent than college students who don't stutter. However, any person with a disability has to be especially intelligent and motivated to attempt college work. This doesn’t mean that stutterers in general are more intelligent.
Stuttering among mentally-retarded individuals appears to be far higher than the general population. In Down Syndrome, prevalences from 21% to 45% have been reported. This is likely because mentally-retarded children and adults are more likely to fail at therapy—stuttering therapies require intelligence and mental effort.

## Language Studies

Many studies have examined stutterers' language skills. Whether children who stutter started talking later has not been established. School-age stutterers have normal language skills, as measured by standard tests. However, advanced tests such as understanding words played backwards suggest that stutterers may have an auditory processing disorder.

## Recommended Books

* A Handbook on Stuttering, by Oliver Bloodstein (1995, ISBN 1565933958)
# Bengali/Body

Given below are the parts and organs of a Human body:
| ইংরেজি - English | বাংলা - Bengali |
| Body | গা, দেহ |
| Head | মাথা |
| Face | মুখমণ্ডল |
| Forehead | কপাল |
| Cheek | গাল |
| Eye | চোখ |
| Eyebrow | ভুরু |
| Eyelid | চোখের পাতা/যে অংশ দু'টো চোখ বোজায় আর খোলায় |
| Eyelash | রশ্মি/উপরিউক্ত চোখের পাতার কিনারার লোম |
| Tear | চোখের জল/অশ্রু |
| Nose | নাক |
| Mustache | গোঁফ |
| Lips | ঠোঁট |
| Mouth | মুখ |
| Tongue | জিভ, জিহ্বা |
| Teeth | দাঁত |
| Gum | মাড়ি |
| Chin | থুতনি |
| Beard | দাড়ি |
| Ear | কান, কর্ণ |
| Neck | গলা, গ্রীবা, ঘাড় |
| Hair | চুল |
| Hip | নিতম্ব/পাছা/পশ্চাৎদেশ |
| Braid | বিনুনী |
| Shoulder | কাঁধ, স্কন্ধ |
| Hand | হাত |
| Elbow | কনুই |
| Wrist | কবজি |
| Palm | হাতের পাতা |
| Finger | হাতের আঙুল |
| Thumb | বুড়ো আঙুল |
| Nail | নখ |
| Fist | মুঠো |
| Chest | বুক |
| Breast | স্তন |
| Stomach | পাকস্থলি |
| Belly | পেট/উদর |
| Navel | নাভি |
| Waist | কোমর |
| Thigh | উরু |
| Leg | পা |
| Knee | হাঁটু |
| Foot | পায়ের পাতা |
| Ankle | গোড়ালি |
| Sole | পায়ের তলা |
| Back | পিঠ |
| Wound | ক্ষত |
| Blood | রক্ত |
| Mole | তিল |
| Lump | ফোলা |
| Blister | ফোঁড়া |
| Skull | খুলি |
| Brain | মস্তিষ্ক |
| Skeleton | কঙ্কাল |
| Backbone | শিরদাঁড়া |
| Bone | হাড় |
| Heart | হৃৎপিণ্ড |
| Lung | ফুসফুস |
| Intestine | অন্ত্র |
| Liver | যকৃত |
# General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1

← Chemistries of Various Elements ·Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 2 →

## Alkaline Metals

The alkaline metals are the elements in Group 1 (1A). They are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium.
These elements are best marked by their reactivity. Physically they are soft, shiny (when freshly prepared) solids with low melting points; they conduct electricity well. They all have one valence electron that they lose easily to almost any electronegative substance. Alkali metals are never found in their elemental form outside the lab because they are too reactive. Even the smallest amount of oxygen or water would react with the metal. For this reason, alkali metals have no structural use. They must be kept under inert liquids such as kerosene or in inert gases (nitrogen suffices for any of these elements other than lithium).
Alkali metals have many uses in both biological life and industry. Francium, however, is radioactive and decays rapidly to other elements, so it has no commercial use and its chemical properties are vaguely understood.
All oxidize easily to the +1 oxidation state.

## Safety

Leave experiments with alkali metals to the experienced chemists.

## Reactions

Alkali metals react violently with water, halogens, and acids. The reactions release surprising amounts of heat and light. In a chemical equation, alkali metals are represented with an M. Here are some example equations:
| $4{\hbox{M}}_{(s)}+{\hbox{O}}_{2(g)}\to 2{\hbox{M}}_{2}{\hbox{O}}_{(s)}$ | Alkali metals react with oxygen to form oxides, which have a duller appearance and lower reactivity. The oxides are much less reactive than the pure metals. |
| ${\hbox{M}}_{2}{\hbox{O}}_{(s)}+{\hbox{H}}_{2}{\hbox{O}}\to 2{\hbox{MOH}}_{(aq)}$ | However, the oxides do react vigorously with water to form a hydroxide. The resulting hydroxides of these elements dissociate completely in water to form some of the strongest bases known. "Lye" is an industrial-strength base, which is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). |
| ${\hbox{NaOH}}_{(aq)}+{\hbox{HCl}}_{(aq)}\to {\hbox{NaCl}}_{(aq)}+{\hbox{H}}_{2}{\hbox{O}}_{(l)}$ | These hydroxides react readily with acids to form water and their corresponding alkali salt in a neutralization reaction. |
| $2{\hbox{M}}_{(s)}+2{\hbox{H}}_{2}{\hbox{O}}\to 2{\hbox{MOH}}_{(aq)}+{\hbox{H}}_{2(g)}$ | The pure alkali metal can also react directly with water. In this case, the metal is a basic anhydride. Gaseous hydrogen is released, which is flammable. |
| $2{\hbox{M}}_{(s)}+{\hbox{Cl}}_{2(g)}\to 2{\hbox{MCl}}_{(s)}$ | Exposing an alkali metal to a halogen will cause an extremely exothermic reaction that results in an ionic salt. |
Almost every salt of an alkali metal is highly soluble in water. They form conducting solutions, proving their ionic nature.

### Flame Tests

When burned in a flame, the alkali metals give off a unique color that can be used to identify them.
* Flame Tests
* Lithium (pinkish-red flame)
* Sodium (yellow flame)
* Potassium (pale violet flame)

## References

* ↑ Spelt as Caesium in British English.
# General Chemistry

Welcome to the General Chemistry wikibook. In this wikibook, you will be introduced to various aspects of general chemistry such as changes in matter and elements.

## Contents

Introduction

## Properties of Matter

* Basic Properties of Matter
* Changes in Matter
* Classification of Matter
* Numbers Used to Describe Atoms

## Atomic Structure

* History of Atomic Structure
* Subatomic Particles
* Introduction to Quantum Theory
* The Quantum Model
** The Quantum Atom
** Shells and Orbitals
** Filling Electron Shells
** Periodicity and Electron Configurations
* Octet Rule and Exceptions

## Compounds and Bonding

* Overview of bonding
* Electronegativity
* Ionic bonding
* Covalent bonds
* Metallic bonding
* Molecular Shape
* Intermolecular bonds

## Chemical Reactions

* Naming Substances
* Formulas and Numbers
* Stoichiometry
* Chemical equations
* Balancing Equations
* Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
* Types of chemical reactions
* Energy changes in chemical reactions
* Predicting Chemical Reactions

### Redox Reactions

* Redox reactions
* Oxidation states
* Electrochemistry

## Aqueous Solutions

* Solubility
* Properties of Solutions

### Acids and Bases

* Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases
* Titration and pH
* Buffer Systems
* Reactions of Acids and Bases

## Phases of Matter

* Solids
* Liquids
* Gases
* Phase Changes

### Gases

* Behaviour of Gases
* Diffusion and Effusion
* Gas Laws

## Chemical Equilibria

* Equilibrium
* Le Chatelier's Principle
* Acid-Base Equilibrium
* Solutions in Equilibrium

## Chemical Kinetics

* Introduction
* Reaction Rates
* Reaction Mechanisms

## Thermodynamics

* Introduction
* Enthalpy
* Entropy
* The First Law of Thermodynamics
* The Second Law of Thermodynamics
* Free Energy

## Chemistries of the Various Elements

* Representative Elements
** Group 1 (1A): Alkali Metals
** Group 2 (2A): Alkaline Earth Metal
** Group 13 (3A): Boron Family
** Group 14 (4A): Carbon Family
** Group 15 (5A): Nitrogen Family
** Group 16 (6A): Oxygen Family
** Group 17 (7A): Halogens
** Group 18 (8A): Noble Gases
* Hydrogen
* Transition Metals
** Group 11 (1B): Coinage Metals
** Group 12 (2B): Zinc Family
** Group 8/9/10 (8B): Platinum Family
* Inner Transition Metals
** Lanthanoids
** Actinoids (including Nuclear Chemistry)
* Synthetic Elements

### Appendices

* Periodic Table
* Units
* Constants
* Useful Equations
* Standard Reduction Potentials
* Table of the Chemical Elements and their Properties
* Review Questions

## External Resources

* Chemmybear.com Tons of info, pictures, and study flashcards.
* Chemistry Problems 1.0 Free educational software for General Chemistry
* Free University Project: General Chemistry

## Wikibook Administration

* Book Structure
* Book Cover
* Orphaned Pages
# Perspectives in Digital Literacy

   In theory, ... absolutely everything was available to him,
   but that only meant that it was more or less impossible to find whatever it was you were looking for,
   which is the purpose of computers.
   -Terry Pratchett, The Last Continent.

## Contents

I. Introduction for Contributors
II. Introduction for Readers: What is Digital Literacy?
III. The Internet and the World-Wide Web: History, Evolution, and Values
IV. Digital Literacy Topics
    Addiction
       "Misuse of Smartphones: A Device Meant for Connection Slowly Isolating Society"
       "Libérese de la Esclavitud Digital: Manteniendo las Redes Sociales Bajo Control"
       "Caught in the Web: Exploring How Social Media Persuasive Strategies Can Lead to Addiction”
    Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning
       "The Beauty Algorithm: The New Tool of Manipulation"
       "New GenAI Misinformation in The U.S Political Landscape: The Worries, The Risks, and The Search for Proper Regulation"
    Cybercrime and Cybersecurity
       "The Futility of Personal Data Security: How Data Breaches Reveal Fundamental Issues in Data Harvesting"
       "Evolving Walls of Ones and Zeroes: Deep Learning and its Uses in Cybersecurity"
    Digital Divide
    Digital Labor
    Disinformation
       "Waiting for 'The Great Awakening': QAnon as the Mother of All Conspiracy Theories"
       "The Fake News Effect: The Impact of COVID-19 on 5G"
    Filter Bubbles
    Humane Tech Design
    Net Neutrality
    Manipulation
       "More Than a Number: China’s Social Crediting System Comes with Inherent Bias"
    Misinformation
       "Stuffed with Garbage": How Fake News, Misinformation, and Disinformation Impact the Journalists' Code Of Ethics in Digital News Media
    Open Culture
       "Expensive Textbooks Stressing You Out? The Need for Open Educational Resources"
    Privacy
    Social Media
       "Digital Cult: Is Online Dating Making You Socially Awkward?"
       "Stop Scrolling and Listen to Me: The Psychology Behind Social Media"
    Surveillance
    Surveillance-Attention Economy
    Trolling
    Virality
V. Contributors
# Perspectives in Digital Literacy/Contributors

* Julisa McLaurin
* Ssjun
* Labrat21
* TRainez
* JAYACEEE
* Spongebob is cute
* Pebbles
* ELLANDREJTEAH
* Dinaagudelo
* Dr. X
# Algebra/Chapter 1/Solutions
## 1.1

$-4,-2.3,-{\frac {3}{4}},-0.25,0.0001,{\frac {1}{2}},2.1,3.99$

## 1.2

1. 100 2. 9.0001 3. -2 4. 0 5. Neither

## 1.3

Shark 4, Shark 3, Shark 1, Shark 2

## 1.46

5. The number 456395 can be rewritten as 450000 + 6300 + 90 + 5. The first three addends are divisible by 9, but 5 is not.