OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Georgia Water/Laws/Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975

Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975 , O.C.G.A. §§ 12-7-1

## General Description

The Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act requires that each county or municipality adopt a comprehensive ordinance establishing procedures governing land-disturbing activities based on the minimum requirements established by the Act.

## Administration & Permitting system

The Erosion and Sedimentation Act is administered by the Environmental Protection Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, and by local governments. Permits are required for specified "land-disturbing activities," including the construction or modification of manufacturing facilities, construction activities, certain activities associated with transportation facilities, activities on marsh hammocks, etc. With certain constraints, permitting authority can be delegated to local governments.

## Application to water

One provision of the Erosion and Sedimentation Act requires that land-disturbing activities shall not be conducted within 25 feet of the banks of any State waters unless a variance is granted (O.C.G.A. 12-7-6-(15)).
Construction of single family residences under contract with the owner are exempt from the permit requirement but are still required to meet the standards of the Act (O.C.G.A. 12-7-17-(4)).
Large development projects, both residential and commercial, must obtain a permit and meet the requirements of the Act. According to the Georgia Coastal Management Act, any permits or variances issued under the Erosion and Sedimentation Act must be consistent with the Georgia Coastal Management Program. Permits within the jurisdiction of the Coastal Marshlands Protection Act and the Shore Protection Act can include requirements that certain minimum water quality standards be met as a condition of the permit.

## Exemptions

There are specific exemptions to the requirements of the Erosion and Sedimentation Act (O.C.G.A. 12-7-17 - Exemptions). The exemptions include: surface mining, granite quarrying, minor land-disturbing activities such as home gardening, construction of single-family homes built or contracted by the homeowner for his own occupancy, agricultural practices, forestry land management practices, dairy operations, livestock and poultry management practices, construction of farm buildings, and any projects carried out under the supervision of the Natural Resource Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Exemptions from the requirements of the Act also apply to any project involving 1.1 acres or less, provided that the exemption does not apply to any land-disturbing activities within 200 feet of the bank of any State waters.

## References

* O.C.G.A. §§ 12-7-1
# Georgia Water/Laws/Conservation Use Act

Conservation Use Act, O.C.G.A. § 48-5-7.4

## General Description

The Conservation Use Act allows property owners to designate all or portions of their property for “bona fide conservation use” which will entitle the land owner to tax breaks on undeveloped land.

## Qualifying Uses

Qualifying uses may include wetlands, storm-water wetlands and runoff areas, groundwater recharge areas, river and stream corridors and buffers, habitat for endangered species, wildlife habitat in its natural state, high elevation areas such as ridge tops and crests, and farmland.

## Requirements

To qualify, the landowner must agree to have the land continuously devoted to a qualifying use for ten years. There is a 2,000 acre maximum. To maintain conservation use status, the property owner must submit an annual inspection report from a licensed engineer certifying that the property is being maintained in the state for which it was intended. Property subject to this current use assessment shall be separately classified from other property on the tax digest.

## References

* O.C.G.A. § 48-5-7.4
# Georgia Water/Laws/Dumping Navigation Impediments

Dumping Navigation Impediments, O.C.G.A. §§ 52-8-1 to 5

## Summary of the Act

This Chapter makes it a crime to dump stone, gravel, or other ballast from a boat into the water within three miles of a harbor. The owner of the boat will be fined and could serve jail time. There is a reward for any person who reports dumping to the Board of Pilotage Commissioners. Municipalities have the authority to place additional restrictions on the dumping of any items that could be dangerous to other boats or that could reduce the depth of the navigable water.

## References

* O.C.G.A. §§ 52-8-1 to 5
# Forth

The Forth language is a stack-based language designed for rapid interactive programming in limited-resource environments. Forth is interesting because it can be simple and small, yet it allows for remarkably powerful extensions to be written in Forth itself; most fully-fledged Forth systems are implemented partially in Forth. Forth is most often used to write embedded applications.
Forth emphasizes a number of classic computer ideas, such as
* one pass compilation
* factoring and subroutines
* interactivity
* making an application to get a result greater than the sum of its parts.
Many ritual necessities of other languages and required designer syntax falls away.
Forth is an extensible language, giving the user great flexibility to extend it. This is both a pro and a con. As with modeling clay, in the hands of an architect with a clear philosophy it can work wonders, or it can create a hodgepodge. Much Forth programming consists of "adding words to a dictionary" and learning someone's program, the words they have chosen to create, and their significance is often confused with learning the language itself.

## Lessons

* Introduction
* Core ideas of Forth
* Parsing in Forth, or "What happened to the Compiler"
* Structuring vs. words that actually do something
* Basic Syntax
* Manipulating the Stack
* Arithmetics
* Control Structures
* Handling Files

## Appendices

* Command Reference
* Forth/PSoC Forth
* Forth/Propeller Forth

## Further reading

* Forth Interpreter in JavaScript that you can try out right now
* Starting Forth by Leo Brodie, online edition from FORTH, Inc.
* Forth Lessons by Mitch Bradley, the author of Open Firmware
* Taygeta
* Retro Forth Main Page
* herkforth wiki
* Quartus Forth Main Page (for PalmOs)
* Forth Freak wiki lists some Forth tutorials
* Thinking Forth by Leo Brodie.
# Formation of Banded Microstructures with Rapid Intercritical Annealing of Cold-Rolled Sheet Steel
## About this book

The effects of heating rate in the range of 0.3 to 693 °C/s on transformations during inter-critical annealing of a cold-rolled 0.12C-1.4Mn-0.02Nb steel with either a ferrite-pearlite or ferrite-spheroidized carbide microstructure were evaluated. Heating rates were selected to impart different predicted degrees of ferrite recrystallization present at the onset of austenite formation. Rapid heating minimized ferrite recrystallization with both prior microstructures and minimized pearlite spheroidization in the ferrite-pearlite condition, and austenite formation occurred preferentially in recovered ferrite regions as opposed to along recrystallized ferrite boundaries. Martensite was evenly distributed in slowly heated steels because austenite formed on recrystallized, equiaxed, ferrite boundaries. With rapid heating, austenite formed in directionally oriented recovered ferrite, which increased the degree of banding. The greatest degree of banding was found with intermediate heating rates leading to partial recrystallization, because austenite formed preferentially in the remaining recovered ferrite, which was located in bands along the rolling direction. Ferrite-spheroidized carbide microstructures had somewhat reduced martensite banding when compared to the ferrite-pearlite condition, where elongated pearlite enhanced banded austenite leading to banding in transformed microstructures.

## Useful Off-site Resources

* Springer link
* ↑ Thomas, Larrin S.; Matlock, David K. (2018-10-01). "Formation of Banded Microstructures with Rapid Intercritical Annealing of Cold-Rolled Sheet Steel". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 49 (10): 4456–4473. doi:10.1007/s11661-018-4742-9. ISSN 1543-1940.
# Formulations/Inks/Writing/Iron Gall Ink 1
## Ingredients

* Dried & Crushed Oak Galls - 2 Ounces
* Ferrous Sulfate - 1 Ounce
* Water - 1 Pint
* Gum Arabic - As needed

## Procedure

* Soak dried crushed oka galls in water for 24 hours, strain the water.
* To the strained water ferrous sulfate, wait for a minute.
* Add gum arabic which adds brilliance and thickness as needed.
Your Iron gall ink is ready to be used.
# Handbook of Descriptive Statistics/Measures of Statistical Variability/Range
## Description

* The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values of a variable. In some contexts, it is a single value obtained by subtracting the lowest (minimum) from the highest (maximum) value. In other contexts, the minimum and maximum are both presented and the range is a pair of values. For example, if the data include values from 10 through 42, the range may be expressed as either 32 (42-10) or the pair (10,42).

## Usages

* The range is a marker of the spread or variability of a variable.
* The range is often a very unstable marker of variability because it can be highly influenced by a single outlier value. For instance, if the data contain the ages of many high school students all with values between 13 and 19 except for a single (perhaps erroneous) value of 93, the range is 80 rather than a more representative value of about 6.

## Distributions

* The range is calculable for any distribution measured on at least an ordinal scale.

## Software

The range is usually presented along with other common descriptors by most commercial statistical software.
* Stata: summarize varname
* Excel: If the data are entered into cells B5 through B50, the range will be returned by the formula: $=maximum(B5:B50)-minimum(B5:B50))$
# Handbook of Descriptive Statistics/Template

This a template for how an entry in the Handbook of Descriptive Statistics should look. Please copy and paste the source of this page when creating a new entry.

## Description

* Brief description of what it is and what its used for.
* Mathematical formula
* Link to a Wikipedia article on it.

## Usages

Describe in detail here data sets and purposes on which it is most useful. Describe also data sets for which it may give misleading results.

## Distributions

* Include standard values for common distributions, if they exist. For example, a normal distribution always has a skew and kurtosis of zero.
* Include standard error for normal distribution, and for other distributions also if possible.
* Sampling distribution.

## Calculation

Include any alternative methods of calculation, especially for large data sets, or when other measures have already been calculated.
(An example: once you have the count, sum, sum of squares, cubes and fourth powers for a data set, you can then use these to easily calculate the Mean, Std. Dev, Skew and Kurtosis, rather than having to go through the entire dataset multiple times calculating differences.)

## Software

Include how it is accessed in common statistical packages, if known. Can also provide links to source code samples for calculating it, etc.
# Handbook of Descriptive Statistics/Measures of Statistical Variability/Interquartile range

The Interquartile Range (IQR) is the range from the 25th to the 75th percentile of a distribution. It represents the "Middle Half" of the data and is a marker of variability or spread that is robust to outliers.
The IQR is a component of the Box plot, a useful graphical representation of distributions.
# Handbook of Descriptive Statistics/Measures of Statistical Variability/Geometric Standard Deviation

In probability theory and statistics, the geometric standard deviation describes how spread out are a set of numbers whose preferred average is the geometric mean. If the geometric mean of a set of numbers {A$_1$, A$_2$, ..., A$_n$} is denoted as μ$_g$, then the geometric standard deviation is
    $\sigma _{g}=\exp \left({\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{n}(\ln A_{i}-\ln \mu _{g})^{2} \over n}}\right).\qquad \qquad (1)$

## Derivation

If the geometric mean is
    $\mu _{g}={\sqrt[{n}]{A_{1}A_{2}\cdots A_{n}}}.\,$
then taking the natural logarithm of both sides results in
    $\ln \mu _{g}={1 \over n}\ln(A_{1}A_{2}\cdots A_{n}).$
The logarithm of a product is a sum of logarithms (assuming $A_{i}$ is positive for all $i$), so
    $\ln \mu _{g}={1 \over n}[\ln A_{1}+\ln A_{2}+\cdots +\ln A_{n}].\,$
It can now be seen that $\ln \,\mu _{g}$ is the arithmetic mean of the set $\{\ln A_{1},\ln A_{2},\dots ,\ln A_{n}\}$, therefore the arithmetic standard deviation of this same set should be
    $\ln \sigma _{g}={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{n}(\ln A_{i}-\ln \mu _{g})^{2} \over n}}.$
Thus
       ln(geometric SD of A$_1$, ..., A$_n$) = arithmetic (i.e. usual) SD of ln(A$_1$), ..., ln(A$_n$).
# Handbook of Descriptive Statistics/Measures of Statistical Variability/Standard Deviation

Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics is statistical measures that are used to describe numerical data; this numerical data can be in form of a table, number list, frequency distribution etc.
Common Statistical measures are arithmetic mean (AM) (or average or simply the mean), median, mode and standard deviation.
    Arithmetic Mean (or average or mean)
    Arithmetic Mean (AM) of a list of n numbers is defined as the sum of n numbers divided by n. This is a kind of center of the number list or simply the average of the number list. The order of numbers in the list is not important.
    For example, the AM of the number list 3, 8, 7, 3, 5, 10, and 2 is
             ${\frac {3+9+7+3+6+10+4}{7}}=6$
    Median
    Median is another type of central tendency of list of numbers. To calculate the median of list of n numbers, first the numbers should be arrange in ascending order i.e. from smallest to greatest. If n is odd then the median is defined as the middle number, if n is even then the median is defined as the average of two middle numbers. The order of the numbers is important for this tendency.
# Organic Compounds

The molecules found in life are uniquely complex in structure and function. The element carbon presents qualities that allow for the synthesis of such molecules. Due to this element's significance in biological compounds, molecules containing carbon, and typically Hydrogen, are known as "organic compounds". The study of organic compounds, organic chemistry, is a vast field, with many of the things we use everyday falling within its bounds.

## Why Carbon?

A carbon atom's nucleus is made up of four (neutrally charged) neutrons, and four (positively charged) protons, comprising a net charge of (+4). Due to this, carbon, and other elements in its group retain four valence electrons, and therefore can share those electrons with other elements to form four covalent bonds. A total of four covalent bonds allows carbon to form more stable complex molecules than other elements due to them resulting in a "full" valence shell of eight electrons.
This, along with the prevalence of carbon on Earth, allows for the synthesis of complex macromolecules and life.

## Bonding

Carbon is particularly able to form large and complex organic molecules. By sharing its four valence electrons with other atoms carbon can form four covalent bonds. Each shared pair of valence electrons between two atoms is considered an individual covalent bond.
It is possible for more than one covalent bond to be present between two atoms. By sharing four total outer shell electrons, a double bond is formed (eg. O$_2$). In more specific scenarios, a triple bond can be formed through the sharing of six total valence electrons (eg. N$_2$).

### Skeleton Structure

The location and number of bonds within a molecule can be represented in multiple ways (Lewis, Stick and Ball, etc.). When studying organic molecules it is typically most convenient to utilize the "skeleton" structuring style. In molecules depicted in this way, covalent bonds are shown as straight unbroken lines, with the vertices between lines being interpreted as carbon atoms. When less than four covalent bonds are depicted on an uncharged carbon atom, the remaining unrepresented bonds are assumed to be to hydrogen atoms.
Using the skeleton method of drawing organic compound structures has several advantages and disadvantages:
Skeleton Structure :
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Faster | Easy to misinterpret for novices |
| Reduces cluttering of depicting redundant hydrogens | 3D configuration of bonds not as clear as other methods |
| Emphasizes functional groups | Can communicate false simplicity |

## Nomenclature Basics

Although thoroughly covering the terminology of organic compounds is outside the scope of this book, it is important to understand the systematic nature of chemical names.

### IUPAC Standards

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is considered the world authority on chemical terminology. Contrary to a compound's common name, the IUPAC naming system allows for the interpretation of a compound's structure.
# High School Biology/Mendelian Inheritance

Based on Mendel's Investigations, Mendel proposed two laws of inheritance which are now called Mendelian inheritance. The Mendelian inheritance explains how traits may be inherited from the parents to the offspring.

## Law of Segregation

The first law Mendel proposed is called the Law of Segregation. According to this law, every single visible trait (phenotype) is an outcome of a pair of alleles (genotype). Each parent may pass only one of the pair of alleles they posses to their offspring through a gamete. Thus, fertilization from two normal gametes results in pairs of different alleles in the offspring. Dominant alleles may be expressed over the recessive ones.

## Law of Independent Assortment

The second law is called the Law of Independent Assortment. This law states that every trait in the offspring is inherited separately from the other traits through separate genes. In other words, an expression of one trait is independent of the expression of another. Mendel proved this idea by examining cross breed of plants with two different traits. This technique is also referred to dihybrid cross.
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Molecular Genetics

* DNA and RNA
* Protein Synthesis
* Mutation
* Regulation of Gene Expression
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Photosynthesis

* An Overview of Photosynthesis
* How Photosynthesis Works
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Mendel's Investigations

In 1800’s, an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel performed breeding experiment with pea plants in his garden. He observed the visible traits (phenotype) of the plants in every generation and derived some general patterns of inheritance. Some of the traits that he observed include the flower color, the surface of the peas, and the height of the plant. By performing cross-breed among the pea plants with different phenotype, he concluded that some genes may remain hidden under another one. Now the genes that remain hidden are known as recessive genes, while the ones expressed over the other are called dominant genes. This discovery of recessive and dominant genes revealed the general rule of inheritance which is now called Mendelian Inheritance.
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Mendelian Genetics

* Mendel's Investigations
* Mendelian Inheritance
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# Classification

Classification is the grouping of plants and animals according to their similarities in structure,physiological processes and ancestry.

## A hand lens

is a magnifying instrument used to observe small organisms like insects. If a hand lens is used in order to make a drawing of a specimen,the magnification bears no relation to the size of the drawing.
External Features include:
* Plant Features
* Animal Features
# High School Biology/Nervous and Endocrine Systems

* Nervous System
* Endocrine System
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# Introduction to 2D Linux Game Programming/Algorithms/Simple Software Transformations/Flip Image
### Flip Image

Probably the most common reason to flip an image in gaming is to reverse the direction a character is running. For instance, if our Ragamuffin is running left, we could use this algorithm to flip his image and have him run to the right. You'd typically do this before you actually needed to have him run in the other direction. This algorithm may actually be more beneficial in a sprite creation program than in the game itself, but either way it neatly flips the image horizontally, or vertically.
# Introduction to 2D Linux Game Programming

Introduction to 2D Linux Game Programming is meant to be a basic introduction for the novice Linux 2D game developer. See the introductory overview for more information.
    Overview

## Algorithms
### Simple software transformations

    Non Optimized Integer Scaling
    Optimized Integer Scaling
    90° Image Rotation
    Flip Image
    The Helper Functions
    The Makefile
    The Zipped Code

## Appendices

There are no appendices at the moment.
# Introduction to 2D Linux Game Programming/Algorithms/Simple Software Transformations/90° Image Rotation
### 90° Image Rotation

In 2D games it's often necessary to rotate an image by 90 degrees. This algorithm does so quickly and easily.
# Introduction to 2D Linux Game Programming/Algorithms/Simple Software Transformations/Non Optimized Integer Scaling
### Introduction

This algorithm demonstrates scaling an image by one positive integer value in both the x and y axis. A common use for this algorithm would be taking a game made for a GameBoy's low resolution screen and doubling or tripling it before displaying it on a PC's high resolution monitor.
This algorithm keeps the aspect ratio of the original image. Think of watching old TV shows on a widescreen monitor. You can either stretch the image to fit the screen, distorting the original image and making all the actors appear fatter, or you can watch in the original aspect ratio, but then you have black bars on either side of the screen. With this algorithm you'd have the black bars. Princess Peach won't have to worry about why she's gained so much weight!
To understand how this algorithm works, it's important to know how most libraries store image data in memory. Where an image is a two dimensional object, most libraries store the individual pixels of the image in a single dimensional array - a line. The game has to keep track of the height of the image and its width to manipulate the image. Some libraries, like SDL, hide this from you until you need to do something like rotate or scale the image.

### Setting up the Problem

To show how this works, we'll scale one 3x3 image. In the following images, each square will represent a single pixel.
Stored in an array, that image looks like:
If you're trying to come up with an algorithm, it's handy to step through the problem a piece at a time. The first thing we're going to do is copy the first pixel three times:
We need to continue copying 3 pixels for every pixel in the source image until we hit the end of the row to properly scale the width of the image:
Then we need to repeat this 3 times to properly scale the height of the image:
Which drawn on the screen looks like: