OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# AnyLang Programming Language Comparison/Appendix
## Appendix

This section of the book has draft information and details not included the previous sections.

## Professional

* Best practices, requirements, culture and preferences

## Conventions and quality control

* Naming conventions
* Coding standards
* Published specifications
Rubric:
* Usability
* Maintainability
* Scalability
* Performance
* Security

## Open source

* Strengths and challenges of open source

## Development tools

* source control
* project management

## Related resources

* http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ruby_Programming
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 74 - Coming into Force
## RPD Rule 74

The text of the relevant rule reads:
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question
## RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question

The text of the relevant rule reads:

### Commentary

The RPD possesses jurisdiction to decide questions of law pursuant to subsection 162(1) of the Act, which provides as follows:
* 162. (1) Each Division of the Board has, in respect of proceedings brought before it under this Act, sole and exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine all questions of law and fact, including questions of jurisdiction.
Constitutional questions must be raised while the Board retains jurisdiction to consider a claim. A claimant cannot return to the Board to raise a constitutional issue after having lost a judicial review at the Federal Court because of s. 170.2 of the Act which provides that:
* 170.2 The Refugee Protection Division does not have jurisdiction to reopen on any ground — including a failure to observe a principle of natural justice — a claim for refugee protection, an application for protection or an application for cessation or vacation, in respect of which the Refugee Appeal Division or the Federal Court, as the case may be, has made a final determination.
Similarly, a claimant cannot raise a constitutional issue before a panel of the Refugee Protection Division regarding a provision of the IRPA that the RPD does not have the jurisdiction to consider or apply.
There is no need for notice of constitutional question in a case where the remedy sought is something other than a judgment that a statute or regulation is invalid, inapplicable, or inoperable on constitutional grounds. Other constitutional questions do not necessarily require a notice when, for example, a constitutional provision is raised to ensure the presumption of compliance with constitutional law generally.

## References

* ↑ N.O. v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2015 FC 1186 (CanLII), [2016] 2 FCR 378 <https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fct/doc/2015/2015fc1186/2015fc1186.html>.
* ↑ X (Re), 2014 CanLII 95758 (CA IRB), para. 16 <https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2014/2014canlii95758/2014canlii95758.html>.
* ↑ Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 32, <https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par32>, retrieved on 2024-05-18.
* ↑ Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 33, <https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par33>, retrieved on 2024-05-18.
# Arithmetic Course/Non Linear Function/Exponential function/Exponential decay
## Exponential decay

Exponential decay function is a function that has the value decay exponentially
    $N(t)=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t}.\,$
Which can be proven as the root of a Differential Equation of the form
    ${\frac {dN}{dt}}=-\lambda N.$

## Proof

For a Differential Equation of the form
    ${\frac {dN}{dt}}=-\lambda N.$
    $\int {\frac {dN}{N}}=-\lambda \int dt$
    $lnN=-\lambda t+c$
    $N=e^{-\lambda t+c)$
    $N(t)=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t}.\,$
# Arithmetic Course/Non Linear Function/Exponential function/Exponential growth
## Exponential Growth

Exponential Growth function is a function that has the value growth exponentially
    $N(t)=N_{0}e^{\lambda t}.\,$
Which can be proven as the root of a Differential Equation of the form
    ${\frac {dN}{dt}}=\lambda N.$

## Proof

For a Differential Equation of the form
    ${\frac {dN}{dt}}=\lambda N.$
    $\int {\frac {dN}{N}}=\lambda \int dt$
    $lnN=\lambda t+c$
    $N=e^{\lambda t+c)$
    $N(t)=N_{0}e^{\lambda t}.\,$
# Arithmetic Course/Number Operation/Differentiation
## Differentiation

Differentiation is an arithmatic operation to find the value of Slope of a Curve represented by a function f(x)
For a function f(x)
    $m={\frac {\Delta f(x)}{\Delta x}}={\frac {f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}.$
    $f'(a)=\lim _{h\to 0}{f(a+h)-f(a) \over h}$
Then the Derivative of the function
    ${\frac {dy}{dx}}=Lim_{\delta x\to 0}\Sigma {\frac {\delta y}{\delta x}}$
# Arithmetic Course/Number Operation/Division
## Division

Division is a mathematical operation of adding two quantities which can be represented by
    A / B

## Operation

    a / b = b / a
    a / b / c = a / (b / c) = (a / b) / c

## Rules

Any number divides zero is equal to Infinity
    a / 0 = ∞
Any number divides to itself is equal to 1
    a / a = 1
Any number divides to its negative is minus one
    a / (-a) = -1
# Arithmetic Course/Number Operation/Addition
## Addition

Addition is a mathematical operation of adding two quantities which can be represented by a mathematical expression
    A + B

## Rules of arithmetic and algebra

The following laws are true for all values of a, b, and c, whether a, b, and c are numbers, variables, functions, or more complex expressions involving numbers, variable and/or functions.

### Addition

* Commutative Law: $a+b=b+a\,$.
* Associative Law: $(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)\,$.
* Additive Identity: $a+0=a\,$.
* Additive Inverse: $a+(-a)=0\,$.

### Subtraction

* Definition: $a-b=a+(-b)\,$.

### Multiplication

* Commutative law: $a\times b=b\times a\,$.
* Associative law: $(a\times b)\times c=a\times (b\times c)\,$.
* Multiplicative identity: $a\times 1=a\,$.
* Multiplicative inverse: $a\times {\frac {1}{a}}=1$, whenever $a\neq 0\,$
* Distributive law: $a\times (b+c)=(a\times b)+(a\times c)\,$.

### Division

* Definition: ${\frac {a}{b}}=a\times {\frac {1}{b}}$, whenever $b\neq 0\,$.
Let's look at an example to see how these rules are used in practice.
* = $\left[(x+2)\times (x+3)\right]\times \left({\frac {1}{x+3}}\right)$ (from the definition of division)
* = $(x+2)\times \left[(x+3)\times \left({\frac {1}{x+3}}\right)\right]$ (from the associative law of addition)
* = $((x+2)\times (1)),\qquad x\neq -3\,$ (from multiplicative inverse)
* = $x+2,\qquad x\neq -3.$ (from multiplicative identity)
Of course, the above is much longer than simply cancelling $x+3$ out in both the numerator and denominator. But, when you are cancelling, you are really just doing the above steps, so it is important to know what the rules are so as to know when you are allowed to cancel. Occasionally people do the following, for instance, which is incorrect:
    ${\frac {2\times (x+2)}{2}}={\frac {2}{2}}\times {\frac {x+2}{2}}={\frac {x+2}{2}}$.
The correct simplification is
    ${\frac {2\times (x+2)}{2}}={\frac {2}{2}}\times {\frac {x+2}{1}}=1\times {\frac {x+2}{1}}=x+2$,
where the number $2$ cancels out in both the numerator and the denominator.

## Rules

Any number add zero is equal to the number
    a + 0 = a
Any number add to itself is doubled
    a + a = 2a
Any number add to its negative is zero
    a + (-a) = 0
# Arithmetic Course/Number Operation/Gradient
## Gradient

A gradient is the rate of change of one variable compared to another variable.
If there is a change in y
    $\delta y=y-y_{1}$
and there is a change in x
    $\delta x=x-x_{1}$
Gradient , m
    $m={\frac {\delta y}{\delta x}}={\frac {y-y_{1}}{x-x_{1}}}$
    $\delta y=m\delta x=m(x-x_{1})$

## Example

two points on a straight line (2,3), (3,4) then the gradient of the straight line is
    $m={\frac {4-3}{3-2}}$
# Arithmetic Course/Non Linear Function/Exponential function/Characterizations of the exponential function
## Characteristics of e

1. ${\frac {d}{dt}}e^{t}=e^{t}.$
2. ${\frac {d}{dt}}\log _{e}t={\frac {1}{t}}.$
3. $e=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{n}$
    Similarly:
    $e=\lim _{x\to 0}\left(1+x\right)^{1/x}$
4.$e=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n!}}={\frac {1}{0!}}+{\frac {1}{1!}}+{\frac {1}{2!}}+{\frac {1}{3!}}+{\frac {1}{4!}}+\cdots$ where n! is the factorial of n.
5. $\int _{1}^{e}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt={1}$.
# Arithmetic Course/Non Linear Function/Parabola Function
## Parabola Function

* f(x) = x$^2$
    y = x$^2$
    x | -2 -1 0 1 2
    y | 4 -1 0 1 4

## Graph

    A function y = x$^2$ has a parabola shape and passes through point (0,0)
# Arithmetic Course/Non Linear Function/Wave function
## Basic Wave Functions
### Sin

Referring to the diagram at the right, the six trigonometric functions of θ are:
    $\sin \theta ={\frac {\mathrm {opposite} }{\mathrm {hypotenuse} }}={\frac {a}{h}}$

### Cos

    $\cos \theta ={\frac {\mathrm {adjacent} }{\mathrm {hypotenuse} }}={\frac {b}{h}}$

### Tan

    $\tan \theta ={\frac {\mathrm {opposite} }{\mathrm {adjacent} }}={\frac {a}{b}}$

### Cot

    $\cot \theta ={\frac {\mathrm {adjacent} }{\mathrm {opposite} }}={\frac {b}{a}}$

### Sec

    $\sec \theta ={\frac {\mathrm {hypotenuse} }{\mathrm {adjacent} }}={\frac {h}{b}}$

### CoSec

    $\csc \theta ={\frac {\mathrm {hypotenuse} }{\mathrm {opposite} }}={\frac {h}{a}}$
# Arithmetic Course/Number Operation
## Mathematic Operations on Number

* Addition
* Subtraction
* Multiplication
* Division
* Power
* Root
* Log
* Ln

## Mathematic Operations on Function

* Gradient
* Differentiation
* Integration
# Basic Algebra/Working with Numbers/Dividing Rational Numbers
## Lesson

Dividing rational numbers covers a general area of equations. For an equation that is such has only to have a numerator and denominator that are both rational numbers. In turn, one will come out with a quotient that fits the terms applied to a "rational number". Given the fact that you already understand rational numbers, you will understand this unit. If, on the other hand, you have no clue what a rational number is, then you should do some research concerning this subject so that you can understand the explanation of dividing such numbers that follows this text.
Anyway, dividing rational numbers, sometimes worded "quotients of rational expressions", is simply dividing a rational number by a rational number. For instance, look at the example problems, dividing rational numbers is very easy. If you have a fraction dividing another fraction then you simply flip the dividend and, by multiplying, one will come out with exactly the same number. The knowledge of expressing how this works is beyond the scope of this lesson. But, it works every time. You are still dividing, but you have switched your means of doing so. When you come to more complicated problems that have unknown variables the same method works. So if you have a fraction of 7 over 5 divided by 3 over 4, you will simply flip the 3 over 4 and multiply the fractions instead of dividing. This is a method that will be used again and again in math, so know it well. Look at the examples given and, although this is easy, make sure you know it.

## Example Problems

Example 1
    ${\frac {2}{7}}\div {\frac {14}{16}}$
    ${\frac {2}{7}}\times {\frac {16}{14}}$ (Change the division to multiplication and flip the fraction on the right.)
    ${\frac {1}{7}}\times {\frac {16}{7}}$ (Reduce fractions with any common factors on top and on bottom.)
    ${\frac {1\times 16}{7\times 7}}$ (Multiply the tops and bottoms together.)
    ${\frac {16}{49}}$ (Simplify)
    ${\frac {14}{2}}\div {\frac {14}{2}}$
    ${\frac {14\times 2}{2\times 14}}=$
    ${\frac {28}{28}}=1$
    ${\frac {31}{2}}=15.5$
    ${\frac {77}{9}}=8.{\overline {55}}$
    ${\frac {12}{6}}=2$
    ${\frac {36}{8}}=4.5$
    ${\frac {55}{3}}=18.{\overline {33}}$

## Practice Games

put links here to games that reinforce these skills

## Practice Problems

Note: Use parentheses for the repeating part, ex. ${\frac {1}{9}}=0.{\overline {1}}=$0.(1)
# Basic Algebra/Working with Numbers/Integers and the Number Line
## Vocabulary
### Integer

    A whole number (both positive and negative).

### Number Line

    a line marked periodically with numbers

### Origin

    Zero (0)

## Lesson

An integer is any number, positive or negative, that does not have a fraction or decimal point. Integers can be shown on a number line, like the one below.
This number line shows the numbers from -10 to (positive) 10. Notice the arrows on either side to show that the numbers continue in both directions even though they are not shown on the line.

## Practice Games

http://www.funbrain.com/linejump/index.html
# Basic Algebra/Working with Numbers/Rational Numbers
## Lesson
### Rational numbers

A rational number is a fraction, written ${\frac {p}{q}}$ where $p$ and $q$ are integers. $p$ is called the numerator and $q$ the denominator. Applied to a cake, it means $p$ parts of a cake divided equally into $q$ parts. For example ${\frac {1}{2}}$ means a half. But note that $p$ and $q$ can be negative. $+{\frac {1}{2}}$ means gaining a half and $-{\frac {1}{2}}$ means losing a half.

### Fractions of negative numbers

If $p$ and $q$ are positive, then the fraction or rational number is positive. This is the way we commonly think of fractions ( ${\frac {1}{3}}$ of a cake...).
There is no difference whether $p$ is negative or $q$ is negative. The reason for this is simple : if you talk about losing parts of a cake ( $-{\frac {p}{q}}$ ), or about parts of a lost cake ( ${\frac {p}{-q}}$ ), in both cases, you talk about lost parts. In these cases, the fraction is said to be negative.
Finally, if $p$ and $q$ are negative, then their effect is canceled by each other and the fraction is positive. As rational numbers are on one axis, the second time you take the opposite you obtain the original fraction. Thus, the fraction ${\frac {-p}{-q}}$ is the fraction ${\frac {p}{q}}$.

## Example Problems

I have been given 1 piece of cake, my father who is very hungry has taken 2. My mother has taken 1 and my sister has taken 1 too. There were 10 pieces. What fraction of the cake has been eaten?
${\frac {1}{10}}+{\frac {2}{10}}+{\frac {1}{10}}+{\frac {1}{10}}={\frac {5}{10}}={\frac {1}{2}}$ of the cake, which is half of the cake.
Note that in this case, the addition is very simple because the denominator is always 10. We just have to add the numerators.

## Practice Games

put links here to games that reinforce these skills

## Practice Problems

(Note: put answer in parentheses after each problem you write)
# Basic Algebra/Working with Numbers/Multiplying
## Lesson

Multiplication of rational fractions is perhaps easier than addition and subtraction (lessons 4 and 5). This is because the denominators do not have to be equal, so you do not need to find a common denominator before carrying out a calculation. Consider the following problem:
    ${\frac {5}{9}}\times {\frac {7}{4}}$
This may look like a difficult calculation but in reality it's rather easy. We simply multiply the two numerators together, then multiply the denominators. So, the answer to the above problem would be:
    ${\frac {5}{9}}\times {\frac {7}{4}}={\frac {5\times 7}{9\times 4}}={\frac {35}{36}}$
This fraction is irreducible as 35 and 36 share no common factors.
Notice that in the problem above there was a top heavy fraction (${\frac {7}{4}}$). When multiplying two fractions, if one is top heavy then leave it as it is until you have your final answer. Attempting to multiply a mixed number with a fraction will result in an incorrect answer.
Let us now consider a more complex problem. Say we had three large fractions which we had to multiply together:
    ${\frac {100}{101}}\times {\frac {263}{325}}\times {\frac {150}{175}}$
The first thing you should notice is that ${\frac {150}{175}}$ can be simplified to ${\frac {6}{7}}$. This should make this calculation a little easier. As above, we simply multiply the numerators together then multiply the denominators together.
    ${\frac {100}{101}}\times {\frac {263}{325}}\times {\frac {6}{7}}={\frac {100\times 263\times 6}{101\times 325\times 7}}={\frac {157800}{229775}}$
Now this is a huge number so trying to find common factors in order to reduce it will be very difficult and time consuming. If you have a scientific calculator to hand, simply enter the above fraction and it should give you an irreducible fraction out. My calculator gives the following result:
    ${\frac {6312}{9191}}$

## Practice Problems

Use / as the fraction line!
# Basic Algebra/Working with Numbers/Subtracting Rational Numbers
## Lesson

Subtracting fractions when the denominators are equal is also easy
    ${\frac {3}{7}}-{\frac {2}{7}}={\frac {1}{7}}$
Notice that when the denominators are the same for either adding or subtracting fractions we only add or subtract the numerators. With this in mind we can now use the techniques learned in Lesson 4 to subtract more complex fractions by finding the factors of the following fractions
    ${\frac {121}{456}}-{\frac {61}{570}}={\frac {11\times 11}{2\times 2\times 2\times 3\times 19}}-{\frac {61}{2\times 3\times 5\times 19}}$
We can now see that multiplying 456 by 5 and 570 by 4 gives the smallest possible denominator
    ${\frac {121\times 5}{5\times 456}}-{\frac {4\times 61}{4\times 570}}={\frac {605-244}{2280}}={\frac {361}{2280}}$
Now the question is, is this fraction irreducible? We know the factors in the denominator so checking if 361 is divisible by the numbers 2, 3, 5, 19 will show that 361/19 = 19 therefore
    ${\frac {361}{2280}}={\frac {19}{120}}$
Which is now an irreducible fraction.

## Example Problems

${\frac {20(8-3)-4(10-3)}{10(2-6)}}+2(7+4)$
$={\frac {20(5)-4(7)}{10(-4)}}+2(11)$
$={\frac {100-28}{-40}}+22$
$=-{\frac {72}{40}}+22$
$=-{\frac {9}{5}}+{\frac {5(22)}{5}}$
$=-{\frac {9}{5}}+{\frac {110}{5}}$
$={\frac {101}{5}}$
$=20{\frac {1}{5}}$

## Practice Games

put links here to games that reinforce these skills

## Practice Problems

(Note: put answer in parentheses after each problem you write)
# Basic Algebra/Working with Numbers/Formulas
## Lesson

In this lesson we will be learning formulas. A formula is a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems
There are many different kinds of formulas and like it or not most of us high school kids need to know some of them.
To give you an example of a formula we will show you the formula for finding area.
To find the area of a rectangle you multiply the length times the width. If the rectangle on the right is five inches wide and six inches long you would multiply five times six and get thirty, that would be the area of this rectangle. That is the formula for the area of a rectangle: Length * Width.
Of course there are other harder formulas you will have to work with but now you know the basics of what a formula is.
A formula is an established form of words or symbols for use in a ceremony or procedure.

## Example Problems

Example A:
Solve for 'y':
(a = 7)
a +5 + y = 20
Answer:
a + 5 + y = 20 (Put the 7 in place of the 'a')
7 + 5 + y = 20 (Add the integers, add 7+5=12)
12 + y = 20
12-12 + y = 20 - 12 (to get the 12 to the other side, add -12 to each side.)
y = 8 (20-12=8, so this leaves y=8)
Check:
a + 5 + y = 20 (to check it, put the 7 in place of the a, and the 8 in place of the y.)
7 + 5 + 8 = 20 (7+5+8=20, it's correct!)
Example B:
Solve for 'x':
(a = 7)
5 + 2 + x + a = 24
Answer:
5 + 2 + x + 7 = 24
14 + x = 24
14-14 + x = 24-14
x = 10
Check:
5 + 2 + x + a = 24
5 + 2 + 10 + 7 = 24

## Practice Games

put links here to games that reinforce these skills

## Practice Problems

(Note: put answer in parentheses after each problem you write)
# A Traveler's Guide to the World of Pokémon/Regions/Kalos

Kalos is a fictional Pokémon region loosely based on France in real life. It is featured in Pokémon X & Y, as well as in the Pokémon Anime.

## Locales

* Geosenge Town
# A Traveler's Guide to the World of Pokémon/Regions/Fiore

Fiore is a region in Pokémon Ranger. Its name is Italian for flower. It has one native Pokémon, Manaphy. The resident crime syndicate is the Go Rock Squad.

## Towns and cities
### Ringtown

Ringtown is located in the south-western area of the Fiore region. It is where the protagonist of Pokémon Ranger lives and also the ranger leader, Spenser. Other rangers include either Lunick or Solona-depending on the gender of the protagonist-and Murph. A resident, Larry, provides the rookie mission when his Taillow escapes. There is also a capture challenge situated in Ringtown on the Kisara Plain.

### Fall City

Fall City is located in the south-east of the Fiore Region and is the largest settlement in Fiore. It has symbols such as the Joy Clock Tower and the harbor. The resident leader here is Joel, and a prominent ranger is Aria. Missions 2 and 3 are set in this city. After completing the game, a Capture Arena opens and the top score will be 50,000 points by Spencer. There is a Lapras in the harbor, however it can't be captured. It's browser entry can be gotten after you save it from two Krabby, though. It will then give you rides from Fall City to Summerland, and vice versa. After the game, if you go out in the sea during a special mission, you can capture a Kyogre.

### Summertown

Summertown is situated on a volcanic islet south of the main Fiore island. It is accessible by the ship Fiore II from Fall City. It has a Capture Challenge known as the Marine challenge in the Safra Sea. The ranger leader known is Cameron and a prominent ranger is Percy.

### Wintown

Wintown is located at the foot of the Sekra Range. It is very cold so Snorunt are common sights around it. The local ranger leader is Elita and a prominent ranger is Chris, aka 'Silent Chris'. The final mission is set close by in the Fiore Temple.

## Other locations
### Sekra Range

The Sekra Range is set near Wintown and is home to the Fiore Temple. It is over 2500 feet high and is also known as the 'Roof of Fiore'. There is also a tree where five Shiftry hide. The Go-Rock Squad's hideout is here.

### Lyra Forest

The Lyra Forest is set between Ringtown and the Krokka Tunnel. Two special missions are set in the Lyra Forest. It is so large that locals get lost in there. Weepinbell swallow and spit people back to the forest entrance. A huge tree marks halfway through Ringtown and Fall City.

### Krokka Tunnel

The Krokka Tunnel is set between Lyra Forest and Fall City. It has many tunnels and can be reached through Panula Cave, though only to a miniscule room. Dugtrio helped make it. Registeel, Machop, Machamp, Diglett, Dugtrio, Spinarak, Geodude, Graveler, Magnemite, Magneton, Kirlia, Taillow, Blaziken, Torkoal, Poliwag, Poliwhirl, Bellsprout, Rhydon, Paras, Parasect, Zubat, and Hariyama can be obtained.

### Panula Cave

Panula Cave is the coldest spot in the Fiore region. It is the only place where Snorunt, Glalie, Absol, Sneasel, Jynx, Raichu, Golbat, Crobat, Steelix, Whismur, Loudred, Exploud, Golem, Solrock, Wobbuffet, Dusclops, Medicham, Poliwhirl, Poliwrath, Swinub and Piloswine can be obtained.
# A Traveler's Guide to the World of Pokémon/Regions/Orre

Orre is a fictional Pokémon region loosely based on Arizona in real life. It is featured in the GameCube Pokémon RPGs.
# A Traveler's Guide to the World of Pokémon/Regions/Unova

Unova is a fictional Pokémon region loosely based on parts of the New York City metropolitan area in real life. It is featured in Pokémon Black and White, Pokémon Black 2 and White 2, as well as in the Pokémon Anime.
# A Traveler's Guide to the World of Pokémon/Regions/Galar

Galar is a fictional Pokémon region loosely based on parts of Great Britain in real life. It is featured in Pokémon Sword and Shield, as well as in the Pokémon Anime.
# Arithmetic Course/Number Operation/Log
## Log

If there is a power of ten, 10$^b$ = a, then
    log$_{10}$ a = b which is equivalent to log a = b

## Rules

* $loga+logb=logab$
* $loga-logb=log{\frac {a}{b}}$