OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# OMS Manual/Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4 - ONSET OF OMS

## Description

This is generally the order in which the most prevalent symptoms of OMS can occur at the onset of the disease. As with many aspects of OMS, there are no steadfast rules or absolute consistencies. Some children will experience all of these symptoms in the order described below, some will experience only some of the symptoms, and in some, the order of appearance of symptoms will differ. The time frame in which the symptoms appear can also vary. In some, progression of disease in it’s acute phase can occur over a few days, in others it may be weeks or months. For a diagnosis of OMS to be made, technically only opsoclonus and myoclonus need to be present and all other more common causes of the two symptoms ruled out.

## First Symptoms

Many parents of children who have been diagnosed with OMS, report that in the six to four weeks prior to any visable physical symptoms of disease, there are notable changes in the behavior of the child. A child who was once easy going and happy, will suddenly become oppositional or begin having exaggerated temper tantrums. Parents often think these behavioral changes are part of a developmental phase. The child may also wake more during the night during this time. There may also be some instances of problems with gross motor skills, tripping or falling more than usual, but nothing that would necessarily cause any concern, and would generally go unnoticed.

## Next Symptoms

The child will suddenly be unable to walk properly or at all. If the child is still walking, he or she may appear to be walking like a drunkard. The child may complain of dizziness and refuse or not be able to stand unassisted. He or she may refuse to go down flights of stairs. A child that was once independent will become incredibly clingy. At this time, the child may also begin to struggle with fine motor skills especially with feeding. Behavior problems, separation anxiety, crying, and rage attacks may become more prevalent.

## Further Progression of Symptoms

The child will lose the ability to sit unassisted (without support). They may not be able to hold their head up. The body will appear to be limp and floppy. Rage attacks persist along with sleep disturbance, and these states may be interrupted by periods of extreme lethargy and malaise. Myoclonus (full-body tremor or gross jerking) may begin, and may occur most when movement is attempted, be worse if the child is agitated or stimulated, but can also be present when the child is in a resting state.

## Loss of all Function

Speech will become slurred or sound jerky, and eventually will be lost all together. Opsoclonus will begin, and may be nearly constant. The child may lose the ability to eat due to issues with swallowing or vomiting and may need to be fed temporarily with a g tube. The child may be in a constant state of distress; screaming, biting, back-arching, flailing. He or she may only be able to sleep for minutes at a time. Attempts to sedate or calm with drugs commonly used for sedation or seizures will most likely not work or potentially make the state of distress even worse.
# OMS Manual/Chapter 7

CHAPTER 7 - OMS SPECIALISTS

## Description

Diagnosis and treatment of OMS patients is challenging even for the OMS specialists. It seems that many patients just do not respond consistently to treatment and relapses pose an even bigger challenge. This means that selection of your OMS specialist may be the biggest decision that is made.
As awareness of OMS has increased, many more doctors are making proper diagnosis of OMS in a quick fashion. However, doctors that have treated a number of OMS patients still is a very small number. It is imperative that the caregiver understand that a doctor who can diagnose the disease does not mean that doctor is a specialist who should be making the decisions on treating the patient.
Below is some information of some of the well regarded OMS specialists. This list, while not complete, shows doctors who have treated many (more than ten cases) of OMS in their career.

## OMS Specialists - United States

Dr. Wendy Mitchell - Children's Hospital Los Angeles
Dr. John Santoro - Children's Hospital Los Angeles
Dr. Mark Gorman - Boston Children's Hospital
Dr. Tim Lotze - Texas Children's Hospital (Houston, Texas)
Dr. Kristen Fisher - Texas Children's Hospital (Houston, Texas)
Dr. Sarah Hopkins - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

### Other European

Dr. Ming Lim - Evelina Children's Hospital - London
Dr. Andrea Klein - Bern Switzerland
# OMS Manual/Chapter 27

CHAPTER 27 - OMS CAREGIVERS TIPS AND TRICKS

## Description

Despite treatment protocols, proven medical approaches, and other expert approaches, the day to day care of an OMS warrior often just requires good consistent practices that work in their situation. This chapter is intended to share some of the approaches that have worked well for some OMS caregivers.

## In Case of Emergency

* Keep a map in the car of which seat is occupied by the OMS warrior explaining NOT to give medicines to the child without contacting the OMS specialist.
* Put identification on the OMS warrior by using a shoe tag. Place the tag on the shoe that identifies the OMS warrior and needing special treatments and emergency numbers including parents and OMS specialist.

## Other Tips and Tricks

* Under construction
# Messier Index/M34

Messier 34 (also known as M 34 or NGC 1039) is an w:open cluster in the w:constellation Perseus. It was discovered by w:Giovanni Batista Hodierna before w:1654 and included by w:Charles Messier in his catalog of w:comet-like objects in w:1764.
M34 is at a distance of about 1,400 w:light-years away from w:Earth and consists of some 100 w:stars. It spans about 35' on the sky which translates to a true radius of 7 w:light years. The cluster is just visible to the naked eye in very dark conditions, well away from city lights. It is well seen in w:binoculars.

## External links

* Messier 34, SEDS Messier pages
* Messier 34 Amateur Image by Waid Observatory

## References

* Membership of Stars in NGC 1039 (M34): w:NASA w:Astrophysics Data System link to an article by B. F. Jones and Charles F. Prosser.
* 1 2 3 "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for Messier 34. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
# Messier Index/M4

Messier 4 or M4 (also designated NGC 6121) is a globular cluster in the constellation of Scorpius. It was discovered by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in 1746 and catalogued by Charles Messier in 1764. It was the first globular cluster in which individual stars were resolved.

## Visibility

M4 is conspicuous in even the smallest of telescopes as a fuzzy ball of light. It appears about the same size as the Moon in the sky. It is one of the easiest globular clusters to find, being located only 1.3 degrees west of the bright star Antares, with both objects being visible in a wide field telescope. Modestly sized telescopes will begin to resolve individual stars of which the brightest in M4 are of apparent magnitude 10.8.

## Characteristics

M4 is a rather loosely concentrated cluster of class IX and measures 75 light years across. It features a characteristic "bar" structure across its core, visible to moderate sized telescopes. The structure consists of 11th magnitude stars and is approximately 2.5' long and was first noted by William Herschel in 1783. At least 43 variable stars have been observed within M4.
M4 is approximately 7,200 light years away, the same distance as NGC 6397, making these the two closest globular clusters to our Solar System.

## Notable stars

Photographs taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995 have revealed white dwarf stars in M4 that are among the oldest known stars in the Milky Way Galaxy at an age of 13 billion years. One such white dwarf has been found to be a binary star with a pulsar companion, PSR B1620-26 and a planet orbiting it with a mass of 2.5 times that of Jupiter.
In 1987 a millisecond pulsar was discovered in M4 with a period of 3.0 milliseconds or about ten times faster than the Crab Pulsar.

## External links

* M4, SEDS Messier pages
* M4, Galactic Globular Clusters Database page
* "Hubble Space Telescope Finds Stellar Graveyard". Hubble News Desk. 1995-08-28. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/32/text/. Retrieved 2006-05-24.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for NGC 6121. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
# Messier Index/M35

Messier 35 (also known as M 35, or NGC 2168) is an w:open cluster in the constellation Gemini. It was discovered by w:Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in w:1745 and independently discovered by w:John Bevis before w:1750. The cluster is scattered over an area of the sky almost the size of the full moon and is located 2,800 w:parsecs from Earth.

## References

* 1 2 3 "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for Messier 35. Retrieved 2006-12-08.

## External links

* Messier 35, SEDS Messier pages
* M35 and the tight old cluster NGC 2158 imaged with a semiprofessional Amateur-telescope
# Messier Index/M37

Messier 37 (also known as M37 or NGC 2099) is the richest w:open cluster in the w:constellation Auriga. It was discovered by w:Giovanni Batista Hodierna before w:1654.
Messier 37 is the brightest of the three open clusters in Auriga. M37 was missed by w:Le Gentil when he rediscovered M36 and M38 in 1749. w:Charles Messier independently rediscovered M37 in September of w:1764 but all three clusters were recorded by Hodierna before 1654. All three clusters were generally unknown until w:1984.
M37 is roughly 300 million years old and contains over 500 stars with roughly 150 stars brighter than magnitude 12.5. M37 also contains at least a dozen w:red giants with the hottest w:main sequence star of w:spectral type B9V. Its distance is between 3,600 and 4,700 w:light years and the apparent diameter of 24' corresponds to a w:linear extension of about 20 to 25 light years. It is classified as Trumpler type I,1,r or I,2,r.

## External links

* Messier 37, SEDS Messier pages
# Messier Index/M38

Messier 38 (also known as M38 or NGC 1912) is an w:open cluster in the w:Auriga constellation.
It was discovered by w:Giovanni Batista Hodierna before w:1654 and independently found by w:Le Gentil in w:1749. w:M36 and w:M37, also discovered by Hodierna, are grouped together with w:M38 at a distance of about 3,420 w:light years away from w:Earth.
The cluster's brightest stars form a pattern resembling the Greek letter Pi or, according to Webb, an "oblique cross." At its distance of 4,200 light years, its angular diameter of about 20' corresponds to about 25 light years, similar to that of its more distant neighbor M37. It is of intermediate age (about 220 million years, according to Sky Catalog 2000) and features a yellow giant of w:apparent magnitude +7.9 and w:spectral type G0 as its brightest member. This corresponds to an w:absolute magnitude of -1.5, or a luminosity of 900 suns. For comparison, the w:Sun would appear as a faint magnitude +15.3 star from the distance of M38.

## Components

| NAME | w:Right ascension | w:Declination | w:Spectral type |
| w:HD 35519 | 05$^h$ 26$^m$ 54.3176$^s$ | +35° 27' 26.181″ | K2 |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 2 | | | B5II-III |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 3 | | | |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 4 | 05$^h$ 28$^m$ 35.39$^s$ | +35° 52' 51.2″ | A0V |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 5 | 05$^h$ 28$^m$ 50.73$^s$ | +35° 46' 47.2″ | A0Vn |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 6 | 05$^h$ 28$^m$ 10.46$^s$ | +35° 55' 26.0″ | A0:V |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 7 | 05$^h$ 28$^m$ 34.25$^s$ | +35° 53' 29.7″ | A2V |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 11 | | | |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 19 | | | K2IIIb |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 104 | | | G5III |
| NGC 1912 SS G2 | | | |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 128 | | | K0III |
| NGC 1912 SS G4 | | | A5:V |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 153 | | | K0V |
| NGC 1912 SS G3 | | | A3V |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 160 | | | K1IV |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 161 | | | G5V |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 171 | | | G7IV |
| NGC 1912 HOAG 172 | | | |

## References

* ↑ Majaess D. J., Turner D., Lane D. (2007). In Search of Possible Associations between Planetary Nebulae and Open Clusters, PASP, 119, 1349

## External links

* Messier 38, SEDS Messier pages
# Messier Index/M40

Winnecke 4 (also known as Messier 40 or WNC 4) is a w:double star in the constellation w:Ursa Major. It was discovered by w:Charles Messier in w:1764 while he was searching for a nebula that had been reported in the area by Johann Hevelius. Not seeing any nebulae, Messier catalogued this double star instead. It was subsequently rediscovered by w:Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke in 1863.
In 1991 the separation between the components was measured at 51".7, an increase since Messier's time. The general consensus is that this is merely an optical double star rather than a physically connected system.
left|thumb|Winnecke 4 double star

## External links

* Messier 40, SEDS Messier pages
* Messier 40 CCD LRGB image with 2 hrs total exposure
# Messier Index/M39

Open Cluster M39 (also known as Messier Object 39, Messier 39, M39, or NGC 7092) is an w:open cluster in the w:Cygnus constellation. It was discovered by w:Charles Messier in w:1764. M39 is at a distance of about 800 w:light years away from w:Earth. Its age is estimated to be from 200 to 300 million years.
It is located at Right Ascension 21hours, 32.2 minutes, and Declination +48 degrees 26'.

## External links

* Messier 39, SEDS Messier pages
# Messier Index/M41

Messier 41 (also known as M41 or NGC 2287) is an w:open cluster in the Canis Major constellation. It was discovered by w:Giovanni Batista Hodierna before w:1654 and was perhaps known to w:Aristotle about w:325 BC. M41 lies about four degrees almost exactly south of w:Sirius. It contains about 100 stars including several w:red giants, the brightest being a w:spectral type K3 giant near the cluster's center. The cluster is estimated to be moving away from us at 23.3 km/s. The w:diameter of the cluster is between 25 and 26 w:light years. Its age is estimated at between 190 and 240 million years old. M41 is also referred to as NGC 2287.

## External links

* Messier 41, SEDS Messier pages
* NightSkyInfo.com - M41

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for Messier 41. Retrieved 2006-12-21.
* ↑ M41 possibly recorded by Aristotle
# Messier Index/M36

Open Cluster M36 (also known as Messier Object 36, Messier 36, M36, or NGC 1960) is an w:open cluster in the w:Auriga constellation. It was discovered by w:Giovanni Batista Hodierna before w:1654. M36 is at a distance of about 4,100 w:light years away from w:Earth and is about 14 light years across. There are at least sixty members in the cluster. The cluster is very similar to the Pleiades cluster (M45), and if it were the same distance from Earth it would be of similar magnitude.

## External links

* Messier 36, SEDS Messier pages
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 5 answer 4

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer. If both strops are negative they repel. If ther are both positive they also repel. But the question asked which statements are false. Hit back and try again.
<<back
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 6 answer 1

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer.
Increasing the voltage would increase the current making the layer of silver thicker. But the question asked which one of the four possible measures would not increase the thickness of the layer.
<<Back
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 6 answer 2

This is the correct answer. Well done!
Increasing the resistance would decrease the current and so decrease the thickness of the silver.
On to the next question>>
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 6 answer 4

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer. Increasing the concentration of silver nitrate will mean there are more ions to carry the current. The current will therefore be larger and so the silver layer will be thicker.
The question asked which method 'would not produce a thicker layer.
<<back
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 5 answer 3

This is the correct answer. Well done!
Next question>>
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 6

A student decided to silver plate his/her mother's forks. S/he set up the apparatus above. S/he set the power pack and variable resistor so that the ammeter read 0.1 A. S/he allowed the fork to remain in the electrolysis apparatus for 10 min. Once s/he removed the fork s/he tested it by trying to scratch the silver off. S/he found that the layer of silver was too thin and decided that s/he would have to take steps to make the layer a lot thicker.
Which one of the following steps would not produce a thicker layer of silver ?
* Increasing the voltage of the power pack
* Increasing the resistance of the variable resistance
* Increasing the time spent in the apparatus
* Increasing the concentration of the silver nitrate solution
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 7

What is the maximum power that an appliance should have if it connect to a 230V supply by a 5A cable ?
* 46W
* 1.15kW
* 115W
* 4600W
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 5 answer 5

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer. B may very well be true as "like charges repel". Hit back and try again.
<<back
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 5 answer 6

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer. C may well be true. Two positively charged strips would repel.
<<back
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 6 answer 3

I'm sorry but this is the wrong answer. Increasing the time gives the silver more time to build up. This means the layer will be thicker.
<<Back
# Introduction to Nynorsk/Nynorsk and the other Nordic languages

The differences between Nynorsk and the other Scandinavian languages are fairly systematic. This page will go through several of these differences.
Before we start, remember (or learn now) that Nynorsk is both
    a) a West Scandinavian language
    b) a Continental Scandinavian language
The relationship between the Nordic (Scandinavian) languages may be summarised as follows:
The North Germanic languages :
| | western | eastern | mainland | insular |
| Nynorsk | x | | x | |
| Faroese | x | | | x |
| Icelandic | x | | | x |
| Bokmål | ? | ? | x | |
| Danish | | x | x | |
| Swedish | | x | x | |

## Diphthongs

Part of what defines the West Scandinavian languages, is that they keep the diphthongs from Old Norse. Nynorsk has fewer diphthongs than both Icelandic and Faroese, however. Below are a few examples.
diphthongs :
| Old Norse | Nynorsk | Faroese | Icelandic | Bokmål | Danish | Swedish | translation |
| draumr | draum | dreymur | draumur | drøm | drøm | dröm | dream |
| rauðr | raud | reyður | rauður | rød | rød | röd | red |
| brauð | brød | breyð | brauð | brød | brød | bröd | bread |
| heyra | høyra | hoyra | heyra | høre | høre | höra | hear |
| einn | ein | ein | einn | en | en | en | a (indefinite article), one (numeral) |
In traditional Nynorsk, brød was spelled braud. brød is one of few instances were an Old Norse -au has not been kept in Nynorsk, like the vast majority of them are.

## The infinitive ending

In the Nordic standard languages, there are two different infinitive endings: -a and -e (but in dialects, additional endings exist). Nynorsk has, as written in earlier chapters, both of these infinitive endings (plus a system that switches between the two). Thus Nynorsk can be written with the same infinitive ending as any of the other Nordic languages. The differences can be summarised with the verb kasta, which means 'to throw' and still has the same root in all the Nordic languages:
infinitive ending :
| Old Norse | Nynorsk | Faroese | Icelandic | Bokmål | Danish | Swedish | translation |
| kasta | kasta or kaste | kasta | kasta | kaste | kaste | kasta | throw |
# Introduction to Nynorsk/Phrase list

Below is a list of common phrases and phrase concepts. Typically, the item or proper noun that acts as an illustration for a concept can simply be replaced without making any other changes to the sentence. Exceptions are pointed out.
* Eg heiter Sylve. My name is Sylve.
* Kva heiter du? What is your name?
* Eg kjem frå Wales. I come from Wales.
* Kvar kjem du frå? Where do you come from?
* Eg bur i Rendalen. I live in Rendalen.
* Kan du norsk? Do you speak Norwegian?
* Eg talar ikkje norsk. I don't speak Norwegian.
* Eg kan berre litt norsk. I only know a little bit of Norwegian.
* Orsak. Kan du seia meg kvar jarnbanestasjonen er? Excuse me, can you tell me where the railway station is located?
* Når går neste buss? When does the next bus leave?
* Kvar kan eg kjøpa smør? Where may I buy butter?
* Kor mykje kostar denne? How much does this [one] cost?
* Når går sola ned? When does the sun set?
* Når står sola opp? When does the sun rise?
* Kva slags vêr vert det i morgon? What will the weather be tomorrow?
* Kva slags dyr er dette? What kind of animal is this?
* Kan dette etast? / Er dette etande? Can this be eaten?
* Eg likar meg her. I like it here.
* Er det giftig? Is it poisonous?
* Kor lenge skal de vera her? How long will you be staying?
* Me er her for to veker. We are here for two weeks.

## Notes

* ↑ Two different prepositions are used to indicate where something is located: i and på. The usage of i typically corresponds to English in (i Egypt, in Egypt) while på typically corresponds to English on (på Færøyane, on the Faroe Islands).
# Introduction to Oceanography

<Cover and interwiki The oceans cover about 70% of the Earth's surface. Hence, if one wants to understand our planet he or she has to understand oceans. In this book we shall describe the materials which make the oceans, their unique characteristics - among all the unique properties of water - chemical and physical. We shall describe their origin, behavior, and history, and relationship to global systems. After reading this book, you will have a better understanding of our planet and its most important outer feature - the Oceans.

## Table of Contents

* The World Ocean General description of the World Ocean
* Water - origin and properties
* Heat and Radiation - Effects on our world oceans.
* The Water Cycle and Winds - How water move from the ocean and to the ocean.
* Surface Ocean Currents - What drives them, where they go, and why ?
* The Convoyer Belt - The model of three dimensional flow in the ocean.
* Marginal Seas - Lagoons and Estuarines.
* The Dissolved Contents - Why are oceans salty?
* Sediments in the Ocean - Where they form, what are they made of?
* The Carbon Cycle of the Ocean - The cycle of Carbon in the ocean, implications on Green House Effect.
# Introduction to Oceanography/Cover
### Introduction_to_Oceanography

This book describes the materials which make the oceans, and the unique chemical and physical properties of sea water. We shall describe their origin, behavior, and history, and when relevant the relationship to other Earth systems such as the atmosphere and the lithosphere. After reading this book, you will have a better understanding of the Ocean role in our dynamic planet. This book is intended for people who wish to better understand our world and we hope that the text is fluently readable. We hope the text will encompass a university level oceanography course. The reader is assumed to have a general knowledge of high school chemistry, physics, and mathematics. When complex ideas from these disciplines are introduced we will include a brief primer and link to relevant materials to aid the reader who is unfamiliar with them. Our primary purpose is to be as clear as possible.

### Contributing

Everyone is encouraged to contribute. Be bold in your edits! If you have a question about how we do things here look at the Style Guide or post your question on the talk page.

### Authors

| Oz "Fisheye" | Martin Hoecker-Martinez |

### Reviews

Introduction to Oceanography/Reviews