OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hacking

A security hacker is someone who explores methods for breaching defenses and exploiting weaknesses in a computer system or network. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, information gathering, challenge, recreation, or evaluation of a system weaknesses as a white hat to assist in formulating defenses against potential black hat hackers. To efficiently resist cyberattacks white hat hacker should think and dream like a black hat hacker. Beginner computer cracker is called script kiddie.
Security hacker should not to be confused with Hacker - follower of Hacker culture. In general hacker is not related to security. There are Assembly, script, Perl, RegEx, shell, Linux, Google hackers and even life hackers and kitchen hackers. The common for all kinds of hackers is that non-hackers don't understand what a hacker does.
    Introduction
       Recommended style conventions
       Ethical hacking & The hacker ethic
    Background knowledge
    Reconnaissance
    Cyberattack
       Cracking wireless networks
       Exploits
       Penetration
       Post exploitation
    Tools
# Hebrew/Verbs
## Shoreshim (שׁוֹרֶשִׁים)

Every word in Hebrew is based off of a 2-4 (generally 3) letter root which gives it its meaning.

## The seven Hebrew Binyanim (בִּנְיָנִים)

In Hebrew, there are seven main types of verbs. These verb types are called בִּנְיָנִים (transliterated: Binyanim). Each בִּנְיָן has a slightly different usage, and a different conjugation. The seven Binyanim are: פָּעַל, פִּעֵל, הִפְעִיל, הִתְפַּעֵל, הֻפְעַל, פֻּעַל, נִפְעַל. The binyan are split into three categories, active, passive, and reflexive.
Every active binyan has a passive counterpart, but not every active verb has a passive counterpart. Below is a table of each Binyan, it's function, and its counterpart.
| Reflexive | Active | Passive | Function |
| | פָּעַל | נִפְעַל | Simple |
| | פִּעֵל | פֻּעַל | Intensive |
| | הִפְעִיל | הֻפְעַל | Causative |
| הִתְפּעֵל | | | Reflexive |

## Further Reading:

* https://hebrew4christians.com/Grammar/Unit_Ten/Seven_Binyanim_Overview.pdf
* https://www.hebrew-verbs.com/
# Micronations/Micronational war/Molossian-East German War
## History

On 2 November 1983, at a time when the current President of Molossia, then still Prime Minister of Vuldstein, was stationed with the United States Army in (West) Germany, he wrote a declaration of war against East Germany for reasons including "the disruption of sleep." The declaration of war was rediscovered in September 2008 during a cleanout of the closets in the house of Kevin Baugh, President of Molossia. The war was never formally ended.
Although it would seem that the end of East Germany, which took place on 3 October 1990, would also mark the end of the Molossian war with that nation, Molossia has claimed that East Germany lives on in an unlikely place, and thus the war lives on as well. The last remaining remnant of East German sovereignty, according to Molossia, is tiny Ernst Thälmann Island (Cayo Ernesto Thaelmann), off the coast of Cuba. The island is 15 kilometers long, but only 500 meters wide and is uninhabited except for the iguanas and birds that are indigenous there, and the occasional tourists stopping by. During a state visit to East Germany in June 1972 Fidel Castro made the island, then called Cayo Blanco del Sur, a gift to East Germany. The island was renamed in honor of German Communist politician Ernst Thälmann, who was the leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during much of the Weimar Republic and was later imprisoned and murdered during the Nazi regime. In August 1972, the East German ambassador to Cuba erected a bust of Ernst Thälmann on communist Germany’s one and only foothold in the tropics. The island wasn’t mentioned in the treaty unifying both Germanys, which makes it arguably the last remaining piece of East German territory.
Thus, claims Molossia, East Germany lives on on Ernst Thälmann Island. As the island is uninhabited, there is no one with whom to negotiate a peace treaty. Molossia is thus still at war with East Germany, with no end in sight. In response to this, the government of Molossia re-opened the War Department, closed since the successful prosecution of their 2005 war with the Sultanate of Mustachistan.

## 2009 Ernst Thälmann Island Expedition

On 11 February 2009, a covert team of operatives from the Principality of Vikesland, headed by Prince Christopher of that nation, landed on Ernst Thälmann Island to conduct reconnaissance operations there. The purpose, claimed the expedition, was to determine the extent of East German activities on the island. Among other evidence of East German activities, the expedition discovered a massive communications tower and a fine specimen of the East German flag. On 2 April 2023, The War has been ended

## References

http://www.molossia.org/war/eastgermany.html
# Question Writer Manual/Frequently Asked Questions
## Frequently Asked Questions

* This section aims to help you to get the best out of Question Writer by answering some of the questions that users ask. You can also visit the support pages of Question Writer online .
* This features:
* The Question Writer Forum where you can ask your questions and get answers from the Question Writer Support Team and other users
* The Question Writer blog where you can keep up to date with the latest developments.

### Getting Started or System Questions

* What are all the different versions of Question Writer and which is best for me?
* What are the system requirements to run Question Writer?
* How can I install my Question Writer License?
* Why do I get an error message when I try to activate my License?
* What do I need to do to load a new version of Question Writer?
* How can I Uninstall Question Writer?
* What software can I use to create my own theme for use in a quiz?
* Why is it that when I try to Preview my Quiz I only see one question?
* What happens at the end of the quiz?
* Can I save and publish the quiz on a CD?
* What is Question Writer Tracker?
* What is the reason for this error message I get when I try to publish to Question Writer Tracker?
* How Can I Upgrade?
* How Can I Install my Upgraded License?

### Questions about Questions

* How Can I Enter Chemical or Maths Symbols?
* Does Question Writer support "right to left" script?
* I Would Like to Add Some Fun Quizzes to my Website - how?
* Can I import questions from or save results to a MySQL Database?
* Why can't I use Enter to move to the next question?
* Can I use Branching questions?
* I have a hundreds of questions online - how can I sort them?
* What is the maximum number of questions I can have in a quiz?
* Can I get a hard copy of the questions?
* How can I add good quality images to my quiz?
* How can I use Question Writer to create a survey?
* Can I limit the time allowed on each questions?
* Can I include a back button on each page?
* Can I include a link to another website in my quiz?
* Can I password protect a quiz?
* Can I add video content to a quiz?

### Results Questions

* Why am I not Receiving Email Results?
* Is it Possible to Download Quiz Results in Excel Format?
* Can I import questions from or save results to a MySQL Database?
* Can I treat users differently at the end of the quiz depending on whether or not they passed?
* Can I save and publish the quiz on a CD?
* Can I send results to more than one email address?
* What is Question Writer Tracker?
* What is the reason for this error message I get when I try to publish to Question Writer Tracker?
* Can I change the colour of the tick and cross in the answer feedback?
# Question Writer Tracker Manual/Frequently Asked Questions
## Frequently Asked Questions

* This section aims to help you to get the best out of Question Writer Tracker by answering some of the questions that users ask. You can also visit the support pages of Question Writer online.
* This features:
* The Question Writer Forum where you can ask your questions and get answers from the Question Writer Support Team and other users
* The Question Writer blog where you can keep up to date with the latest developments.

### Questions

* Why do I get an error message when I try to publish my Quiz to Tracker?
* Does everyone have to have a Question Writer Tracker User account to see the quizzes published on Question Writer Tracker?
* I am not getting any results emailed to me or appearing on Question Writer Tracker - why not?
# Algebra/Chapter 22

Chapter 22: Continued Fractions
← Chapter 21 · Chapter 23 →
Introduction

## Sections

* Expansion of Rational Numbers
* Diophantine Equations
* Pell's Equation
* Expansion of Irrational Numbers
* Periodic Continued Fractions
* Hurwit's Theorem

## Extra

* Review
* Practice Problems
* Solutions to Practice Problems
* Glossary
# Final Fantasy VIII/Siren

The Siren, a quite powerful GF can be drawn (using GF draw ability from GF junction) from Elvoret during the fight with it on the communication tower (disc I) before escaping from indestrustable X-ATM092.
If you have forgotten to draw it from Elvoret, you can either draw it from Tri-Point in the Wind Cellar of the Ultimecia's Castle (disc IV).
It's special power is "Silent Sound" that causes a little non-elemental damage against enemies (rarely on bosses) plus 'silence'.
# History of Western Theatre: 17th Century to Now/Spanish 21st

Included among noteworthy Spanish plays of the early 21st century: "Animales nocturnos" (The insomniacs, or more precisely Nocturnal animals, 2003) by Juan Mayorga (1965-?).

## "Nocturnal animals"

"Nocturnal animals". Time: 2000s. Place: Spain
The Tall Man is accosted by the Small Man, who tells him that he knows of his status as an illegal immigrant, but promises not to divulge this information provided he does as he says, mainly to serve him as a companion to talk with. The Tall Woman, wife to the Tall Man, reveals to him that a man with a hat flirted with her, but he is not worried by that. One day, he meets the Short Man at the zoo, where they discuss the habits of nocturnal animals, such as the hedgehog. He cites from the "Thousand and One Nights" a saying derived from the Greek lyric poet Archilochus (c. 680–c. 645 BC) whereby "The fox knows many things, the hedgehog only one, but of utmost importance." The Short Woman, wife to the Short man, is an insomniac, listening to a late-night television program meant to help such people, loud enough to disturb the Tall Man and the Tall Woman living in the apartment below. The Tall Woman receives the visit of the Short Man to repair an electric disturbance in her apartment. While poking around for the source of the problem, he enters their bedroom and touches the bed. Worried about his attitude, she goes over to her husband's place of work as a night-time orderly in a hospital and mentions their neighbor's visit, at which time the Tall Man reveals the nature of their relation, one he feels is under control. The Tall Woman disagrees. She finds the Short Man to be a disquieting figure. She threatens to leave the apartment with or without her husband. One day, the Tall Man greets the Short Woman in a park. They speak of her husband. She asks him what she can do to help. When she later meets her husband, they discuss their marital troubles, but to no avail. True to her word, the Tall Woman heads for the train station alone, to meet a man she just met. Meanwhile, the Tall Man goes up to the Short Man's apartment, where he meets his wife, who wishes to dance with him, much to the satisfaction of the Short Man, whose marriage problem may thereby be resolved. The Tall Man is the fox, the Short Man the hedgehog.
# MINC/SoftwareDevelopment/Benchmarks

A bunch of non scientific tests aiming to do a bit of benchmarking
Predominately this is a bit of a "mine is faster than yours" type of page, but hopefully it might be useful to someone who is trying to ascertain just what system to buy to do MINC stuff. If this is you, as a rule of thumb MINC type processing is more than often I/O bound with multiple file I/O's going on all the time. This means you should buy a motherboard with a fast FSB (Front side bus) instead of just a fast processor and fair chunk of RAM to avoid having to use swap/virtual memory.
The command we use to compute a rough indication of execution time is this:

## Notes

* yes I know it is not the best test, but it seems good enough for now
* yes I know it should make an identity transform and this is something you/we should check

## Results

Feel free to add your own results.
# Japanese white book/Class 4
## Basic grammar

1:未然/意志勸誘 +ない／う　 2:連用＋ます／ません／ましょう　 3:終止＋X　 4:連體＋Noun　 5:假定＋ば　 6:命令＋X

## N5

* Noun1　は　Noun2　のです
** 私は学生です
** I am a student.
*** <<Note>>the noun after は(ha) is the main subject of the sentence.
* 人は　Noun　が　い(adj) です
** 人はお金がほしいです
** Every one wants the gold.
*** <<Note>>The い(adj) mean the い形容詞　of variety, this kind of adj, contain words such as 欲しい(hoshii)、美味しい(oishii)、高い(takai)。
* Noun　の　Adj　Noun2
** 君の知らない物語
** the story you don't know.
*** <<Note>>The adj (知らない don't know) applies on the noun 君 statue, mention this people "don't know" about the thing.
* Noun　に　Verb　ます
* Noun　と　Verb　ます
** に mean only one side of people want to take action ,に mean two of people doing it.
*** 駅で友達に会いました >> I accidentally meet the friend on station(I didn't assign with him)
*** 駅で友達と会いました >> I meet the friend on station(the friend wants to meet you too.)
* Noun　に　Verb passive
** 弟に来られる
*** brother coming(which is not the right time for me, I　feel interrupted)

## grammar　selection one

* 何でも食べます
** He eat every thing
* 何も食べません
** He don't eat any thing
*** The Preposition(前置詞)でも、も the first でも mean complete assure the people fully doing the action,も mean totally deny the action.
* もうミスらない
** No more mistake.
*** denial use on the first two word もう(more),ミス(miss, which can mean mistake too), so the sentence is reverse by more mistake too made no more mistake.
*** ら is the conjunction for noun, meaning same to the word kind of.

### Verb of list

| kanji | karina | meaning |
| 行きます | いきます | going |
| 急ぎます | いそぎます | hurry |
| 泳ぐ | およぐ | swim |
| 話す | はなす | talk |
| 過ごす | すごす | went |
# Algebra/Chapter 1/Exponents and Roots

| Operations in Arithmetic | Algebra Chapter 1: Elementary Arithmetic Section 3: Exponents and Roots | Factoring and Divisibility |
1.3: Exponents and Roots

## Exponentiation

What are exponents?
Exponents are a shorthand used for repeated multiplication of the same number. Remember that when you were first introduced to multiplication it was as a shorthand for repeated addition. For example, you learned that: 4 × 5 = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5. The expression "4 × " told us how many times we needed to add. Exponents are the same type of shorthand for multiplication. Exponents are written in superscript (that is, a smaller number written above) after a regular-sized number.
For example: 2$^3$ = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. The number in larger font is called the base. The number in superscript is called the exponent. The exponent tells us how many times the base is multiplied by itself. In this example, 2 is called the base and 3 is called the exponent.
The expression 2$^3$ is read aloud as "2 raised to the third power", or simply "2 cubed".
* Example 1.7: Here are some other examples.
* 6 × 6 = 6$^2$ (This would read aloud as "six times six is six raised to the second power" or more simply "six times six is six squared".)
* 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 7$^4$ (This would read aloud as "seven times seven times seven times seven equals seven raised to the fourth power". There are no alternate expression for raised to the fourth power. It is only the second and third powers that usually get abbreviated because they come up more often. When it is clear what is being talked about, people often drop the words "raised" and "power" and might simply say "seven to the fourth".)
There are two other powers that play an important role in understanding powers. One is

   ### $2^{0}$

and the other is

   ### $2^{1}$

Any number raised to the power of zero is equal to 1. For example: $6^{0}=1$ Any number raised to the power of one is itself. For example: $15^{1}=15$
Exponentiation Problems

## Roots

What are Roots?
Roots are the opposite for exponents. It's easy, although perhaps long, to compute exponents given a root. For instance 7*7*7*7 = 49*49 = 2401. So, we know the fourth root of 2401 is 7, and the square root of 2401 is 49. What is the third root of 2401? This article gives a formula for determining the answer, while this article gives a detailed explanation of roots.
Problems Using Roots
# Meteorology/Tornadoes
## What Are They?

Tornadoes are whirlwinds that forms over land. They are spawned from thunderstorms, most of which are known as supercells. They form mainly over the plains where the cold, dry air of the north, and the warm humid air of the south make contact, forming unstable air. This unstable air creates updrafts, downdrafts, wind shear, and more. This is what creates the conditions for the formation of a tornado.

## How Strong Are They?

Tornadoes vary in strength, and of the 1,200 tornadoes (on average) that touch down over America every year, the vast majority are weak, with winds less than 110 mph. Many tornadoes can exceed this, with stronger tornadoes packing winds of 110-165 mph. Only a very small percentage of tornadoes reach that status of violent tornadoes, with winds exceeding 166 mph. The most violent tornadoes have contained winds nearly double this, with the Bridge Creek-Moore tornado of May 3, 1999 being the strongest officially on record, with measured winds of 301 mph.
# Quantum Chemistry/Operator algebra
## Overview

Operator algebra is a subset of functional analysis and involves the use of continuous linear operators on a topological vector space. Operators are mathematical objects that, when applied to functions, generate a corresponding function or value. A key concept in operator algebra is eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. An eigenfunction is a function that, when acted upon by an operator, yields a scalar multiple of itself, with the scalar being the eigenvalue.
In quantum mechanics, operator algebra forms the mathematical basis for describing physical observables in quantum systems. Operators are generally applied to wave functions and can be used to determine physical properties like position, momentum, and energy.
The most common operator is the Hamiltonian operator, as it represents the total energy of a quantum system as described by a specific wavefunction.
${\hat {H}}\psi =E\psi$
The Hamiltonian operator is made up of the kinetic and potential energy operators.
$({\hat {T}}+{\hat {V}})\psi =E\psi$
Defining the kinetic energy operator in 1D, shows that operators are not always in the form of physical quantities and can also represent simple mathematical operations such as a derivative.
${\hat {T}}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}$
In this case, the second partial derivative ${\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}$ is defined as the Laplacian operator $\nabla ^{2}$.

## Example Problem & Solution
### Problem

There is a known commutator between the position and momentum operators that is used to prove the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
$[{\hat {x}},{\hat {p}}]=i\hbar$,
Provide a detailed derivation using operator algebra for this expression by applying the position and momentum commutator to an arbitrary wavefunction where:
${\hat {x}}\psi =x\psi \quad$and$\quad {\hat {p}}=-i\hbar {\frac {d}{dx}}$

### Solution

The commutator of two operators ${\hat {A}}$ and ${\hat {B}}$ is defined as:
$[{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}]={\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}-{\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}$
Substituting the position and momentum operators:
$[{\hat {x}},{\hat {p}}]={\hat {x}}{\hat {p}}-{\hat {p}}{\hat {x}}$
Apply the commutator to an arbitrary wavefunction $\psi$:
$[{\hat {x}},{\hat {p}}]\psi ={\hat {x}}{\hat {p}}\psi -{\hat {p}}{\hat {x}}\psi$
Expand ${\hat {x}}{\hat {p}}\psi$ and ${\hat {p}}{\hat {x}}\psi$
${\hat {x}}{\hat {p}}\psi ={\hat {x}}\left(-i\hbar {\frac {d}{dx}}\psi \right)=-i\hbar {\hat {x}}{\frac {d}{dx}}\psi$
${\hat {p}}{\hat {x}}\psi =-i\hbar {\frac {d}{dx}}x\psi =-i\hbar (\psi +x{\frac {d}{dx}}\psi )=i\hbar \psi -i\hbar x{\frac {d}{dx}}\psi$
Substitute into the initial commutator expression and simplify:
$[{\hat {x}},{\hat {p}}]\psi =-i\hbar {\hat {x}}{\frac {d}{dx}}\psi -(-i\hbar \psi -i\hbar x{\frac {d}{dx}}\psi )$
$[{\hat {x}},{\hat {p}}]\psi =-i\hbar {\hat {x}}{\frac {d}{dx}}\psi +i\hbar x{\frac {d}{dx}}\psi +i\hbar \psi$
$[{\hat {x}},{\hat {p}}]\psi =i\hbar \psi$
Since the commutator acts on the wavefunction to give $i\hbar \psi$ we know that:
$[{\hat {x}},{\hat {p}}]=i\hbar$
# Calculus/Acknowledgements
### Acknowledgements

Portions of this book have been copied from relevant Wikipedia articles.

### Contributors

In alphabetical order (by surname or display name):
* Aaron Paul (AKA Grimm)
* "Professor M." (no user page available)
* Chaotic llama
* User:Cronholm144
* User:Fephisto
* User:GoreyCat
* User:Juliusross
* User:Rgdboer (Hyperbolic angle)
* User:Stranger104
* User:Whiteknight

### Further Reading

The following books list Calculus as a prerequisite:

#### Other Calculus Textbooks

Other calculus textbooks available online:
* Calculus Refresher by Paul Garrett, notes on first-year calculus (PDF/TeX).
* Difference Equations to Differential Equations: An Introduction to Calculus by Dan Sloughter, available under a Creative Commons license (PDF).
* The Calculus of Functions of Several Variables by Dan Sloughter, available under a Creative Commons license (PDF).
* Lecture Notes for Applied Calculus (PDF) by Karl Heinz Dovermann, first-semester calculus without using limits.
* Elements of the Differential and Integral Calculus by William Granville (1911), a classic calculus textbook now available online in various forms. (It is also partially available at Wikisource.)
* Calculus (3rd Ed., 1994) by Michael Spivak, is a more rigorous introductory calculus textbook.
* Top-down Calculus by S. Gill Williamson, available under a Creative Commons license (PDF).
Other printed calculus textbooks:
* Apostol, Tom M. Calculus.; This two-volume set provides a rigorous introduction to calculus.

##### Using infinitesimals

* Elementary Calculus: An Approach Using Infinitesimals (2nd Ed., 1986) by H. Jerome Keisler, an out-of-print nonstandard calculus textbook now available online under a Creative Commons license (PDF).
* Yet Another Calculus Text by Dan Sloughter, an introduction to calculus using infinitesimals available under a Creative Commons license (PDF).
* Calculus by Benjamin Crowell, an introduction to calculus available under a Creative Commons license (PDF). Also see Crowell's "Five Free Calculus Textbooks" (2004) review on Slashdot.

#### Interactive Websites

* Online interactive exercises on derivatives
* Visual Calculus - Interactive Tutorial on Derivatives, Differentiation, and Integration
* Planet Math: A wiki-style math reference.

#### Other Resources

* Notes on Integration Techniques: Structured, comprehensive lecture notes scanned and uploaded to Wikimedia Commons.
Navigation:
Main Page · Precalculus · Limits · Differentiation · Integration · Parametric and Polar Equations · Sequences and Series · Multivariable Calculus · Extensions · References
# Number Theory/Contributors
## Completion Scale

* Sparse text 0-24%
* Developing text 25=49%
* Maturing text 50-74%
* Developed text 75-99%
* Comprehensive text 100%

## Extra

* To Do List
* Book Order
* Problem Bank
* Templates