# Public-Private Partnership Policy Casebook/Sepulveda Transit Corridor

This case study reviews the Sepulveda Transit Corridor project as the collaborative work of Wossen Bekalu, Taylor Lucas, and Katie Thompson. The casebook is a George Mason University graduate program product as an assignment for the Public-Private Partnership Policy course. This course was taught under the leadership of Dr. Jonathan Gifford. The views expressed here are the product of student research. It does not represent the views of Dr. Jonathan Gifford or George Mason University.
The casebook explores key actors, event timelines, risks, financial structures, policy issues, and key takeaways.

## Summary

Metro's Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project is part of a plan to make it easier to get around. It hopes to create better transit between the San Fernando Valley, the Westside, and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). This high-capacity rail line will help take cars off the road and provide more travel options.
The natural barrier created by the Santa Monica Mountains makes the I-405 one of the busiest freeways in the nation. Metro recognizes that more than one solution will be needed to help reduce congestion. To address this, they are also pursuing the I-405 Multimodal Corridor Plan and I-405 Sepulveda Pass ExpressLanes in this area.
The first phase of this project is connecting the San Fernando Valley and Westside. The second phase is connecting the Westside and LAX. Without additional funding for this project, Phase 1 is slated to be completed and open for service between 2033-2035. Phase 2 is expected to be completed open for service between 2057-59.
Metro seeks to accelerate this timeline by using P3s with a projected completion date of 2028 in time for the Olympics. However, a more realistic timetable is 2033, even with the use of a private partner.
The focus of this case study will be Phase 1, the San Fernando Valley and Westside.

## Annotated List of Actors

There are over 12,000 stakeholders that indicated their interest or concern regarding the implementation of the proposed Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project. Figures such as this indicate that there is high public interest. The following is a partial list that includes the primary stakeholders as well as some of the major stakeholders. The selection of the major stakeholders listed below is limited to those that have a more significant impact or say in how the project will be executed.

### Primary Public Stakeholders

Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro) is the agency that plans, operates, and coordinates funding for most of the transportation system in Los Angeles County. Metro has also coordinated, designed, built, and operated LA county's Transit system servicing more than 10 million people in the 1,433-square-mile service area.
California Department of Transportation or Caltrans manages the state's highway system. The Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project was proposed as a measure to reduce congestion on the I-405. Caltrans will have requirements and concerns regarding the construction for the Valley-Westside segment of the project. This is because the Valley-Westside segment alternatives cross over or under US 101 with one alternative running in or near Caltrans right-of-way along the west side of I-405 in the Sepulveda Pass. Since 2018, Caltrans has also been examining operational improvements and ExpressLanes in the I-405 corridor. Metro and Caltrans agreed that further coordination might be needed after the I-405 ExpressLanes project has begun.

### Primary Private Stakeholders

BYD LA SkyRail Express is a proposal created by BYD Co. Ltd. ("Build Your Dreams"). BYD is a Chinese manufacturing company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, that entered the global rail transit market with a monorail system in 2016. BYD has chosen to partner with 33 Disadvantaged Business Enterprise as it performs pre-development work on this Project. This team includes John Laing, Skanska, Gensler, HDR, ACI, and Innova.
Sepulveda Transit Corridor Partners(STCP) - Bechtel is a proposal led by Bechtel Industries with Bechtel Development Company, Meridiam Sepulveda, and American Triple I (ATI) as equity partners in this venture. Bechtel will act as the Lead Construction Contractor and Lead Engineering Firm for this proposal because it is a globally trusted engineering, construction, and project management firm. Additionally, STCP will have the engineering expertise of Mott Macdonald, T.Y. Lin, and Systra with the infrastructure development experience of Meridiam. ATI and Meridiam also have a successful track record of developing, managing, and investing in complicated public-private partnerships.

### Major Stakeholders

Major Stakeholders :
| Local Government | | |
| | City of Culver | Culver City is located in Los Angeles County and will host a few proposed transit stops for the First Phase of the Sepulveda Transit System. |
| | San Fernando Valley Council of Governments | The San Fernando Valley is a northern region of Los Angeles, California, and home to Van Nuys. It will host a few proposed transit stops for the First Phase of the Sepulveda Transit System. |
| | Westside Cities Council of Governments | Westside is located in Los Angeles County and will host a few proposed transit stop for the First Phase of the Sepulveda Transit System. |
| Los Angeles Departments | | |
| | Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety | The Los Angeles Department Of Building And Safety provides building and safety services, and disaster services for people who live in the City of Los Angeles. |
| | Los Angeles Department of City Planning | The Los Angeles Department of City Planning is in charge of preparing, maintaining, and implementing a General Plan for the development of the City of Los Angeles. |
| | Los Angeles Department of Sanitation | LA Sanitation (LASAN) protects public health and the environment through the administration and management of three program areas: Clean Water (wastewater), Solid Resources (solid waste management) and Watershed Protection (stormwater). |
| | Los Angeles Department of Transportation | The Los Angeles Department of Transportation is a municipal agency that oversees transportation planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operations within the city of Los Angeles. |
| | Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | Los Angeles Department of Water and Power is a public utility company which provides building and safety services, environmental improvement services, financial assistance services, and utilities connection and repair services for people who live in the city of Los Angeles. |
| | Los Angeles World Airports | Los Angeles World Airports is the airport authority that owns and operates Los Angeles International Airport and Van Nuys Airport for the city of Los Angeles, California. |
| Transit Authorities | | |
| | Antelope Valley Transit Authority | Antelope Valley Transit Authority is the transit agency serving the cities of Palmdale, Lancaster and Northern Los Angeles County. |
| | Santa Monica Big Blue Bus | Big Blue Bus is a municipal bus service serving the city of Santa Monica and the greater Westside region of Los Angeles County. |
| | Torrance Transit | Torrance Transit is a transit agency primarily serving the South Bay region of Los Angeles County. |
| State Government | | |
| | California Department of Fish and Wildlife | The California Department of Fish and Wildlife manages and protects the state's wildlife, wildflowers, trees, mushrooms, algae, and native habitats. As a portion of the First Phase of the Sepulveda Transit System is proposed to go through the Sepulveda Pass, they need to be consulted as to not damage water mains. |
| | California Transportation Commission | The California Transportation Commission is responsible for programming and allocating funds for the construction of highway, passenger rail, transit, and active transportation improvements throughout California. The Sepulveda Transit System's funding is allocated by the commission. |
| | Metropolitan Water District | The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is a water agency serving nearly 19 million people in six counties. As a portion of the First Phase of the Sepulveda Transit System is proposed to be underground, they need to be consulted as to not damage water mains. |
| | University of California-Los Angeles | The University of California, Los Angeles is a public university in the heart of Los Angeles. It is also a proposed transit stop for the First Phase of the Sepulveda Transit System. |
| Federal Government | | |
| | Environmental Protection Agency | The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent executive agency of the United States federal government tasked with environmental protection matters. |
| | Federal Aviation Administration | The Federal Aviation Administration regulates all aspects of civil aviation in the country. |
| | Federal Highway Administration | The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides stewardship over the construction, maintenance and preservation of the Nation's highways, bridges and tunnels. FHWA also conducts research and provides technical assistance to state and local agencies to improve safety, mobility, and to encourage innovation. |
| | United States General Services Administration | The General Services Administration is an independent agency established to help manage and support the basic functioning of federal agencies. |
| Private Sector | | |
| | Concourse Federal Group | Concourse Federal Group is a consulting and technical advisory firm specializing in Architecture & Engineering, Real Estate, Technology, and Management Consulting. |

## Narrative of the Case

Commuter transport and congestion is a significant problem in the Sepulveda Pass. In 2012 LA’s Metro team initiated plans to improve the situation via the Sepulveda Pass Systems Planning Study. More than one solution will be needed to help reduce congestion, so they are also pursuing the I-405 Multimodal Corridor Plan and I-405 Sepulveda Pass ExpressLanes in this area. With the passage of the transportation sales tax in 2016, Metro identified $9.5 billion in government funding to connect the San Fernando Valley to LAX. The subject of this report is the first phase of the project. The first phase is intended to connect the San Fernando Valley to the Westside. In order to design this phase, Metro entered into a PDA with LA SkyRail Express and Sepulveda Transit Partners-Bechtel.LA SkyRail Express will propose a Monorail solution, and Sepulveda Transit Partners-Bechtel will propose a Heavy Rail transit solution. Their goal is to have the first section open for service between 2033 and 2035 and hope to have Phase 2 open for service between 2057 and 59.
The LA SkyRail plan would cost roughly $6.1 billion, with an estimated $221 million coming from outside investment and an annual operating cost of $63 million thanks to budget cuts from unattended train operating systems. Bechtel’s proposal would cost around $10.8 billion, with $634 million coming from outside investment. The operating cost would be close to $118 million annually. More financing information will become available with the progression of the project.
Government officials and community leaders have a number of policy questions regarding the project. These questions will begin to have answers once the ERI is published. Metro will have to address any wildlife and natural world impact, including pollutant concerns and earthquake safety. Initial projections believe that pollution will decrease with the completion of the project as cars will be taken off the road when those computers switch to the new rail system. The new rail system is also projected to be more energy efficient. Metro will also need to account for: how they plan to serve minority communities who have greater need of public transit; how long and where construction will go on; and the particulars of the financing situation. The Monorail system has tremendous community pushback because it is above ground, resulting in more noise, more land needed, and unsightly structures in their neighborhoods. The heavy rail option is expected to have a significant portion underground to avoid these issues.

## Timeline of Events

Brief Overview of Past Events :
| | Year | Event |
| Early Planning | | |
| | January 2012 | The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro) initiated the Sepulveda Pass Corridor Systems Planning Study. It identifies six possible concepts. |
| | 2016 | Measure M, the transportation sales tax, passes with a 71% approval rate among LA county voters. It identified $9.5 billion in funding from local, state, and federal sources. $5.7 billion for the Valley - Westside segment, $3.8 for the future Westside - LAX. |
| | 2017-2019 | Staff conducted the Sepulveda Transit Corridor Feasibility Study. Narrows possible concepts from 6 down to 2. |
| | July 2019 | Board approves Pre-Development Agreement(PDA) approach deciding to award up to two contracts for different technologies, Heavy Rail and Monorail. |
| | August 2019 | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Team begin Industry Forum Outreach. |
| | October 2019 | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Team issues Requests for Proposals(RfP). |
| | August 2020 | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Team receives Project Proposals. |
| | September 2020 - January 2021 | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Team evaluated Proposals. |
| | March 2021 | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Team awards LA SkyRail Express and Sepulveda Transit Partners-Bechtel PDA contracts. |
| | August 2021 | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Team gives LA SkyRail Express and Sepulveda Transit Partners-Bechtel a Notice to Proceed (NtP). Projects are optimized for P3 delivery. |
The following is the proposed timeline for executing the Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project if Metro decides to go with the P3 model.
Overview of Future Events :
| | Year | Event |
| Environmental Review | | |
| | November 30, 2021 - February 2022 | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Team will begin the Environmental Review Process with scoping. During this period, the team will seek feedback from the public about the proposed projects, including possible questions, issues, concerns, and modifications. This can relate to maps, scheduling, project objectives, and alternatives to be evaluated. |
| Engineering & Design Phase | | |
| | 2022 - 2025 | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Team will go through the process of refining Project Alternatives through feedback and identify a Locally Preferred Alternative (LPA), and engineering of LPA will begin. |
| | 2025 | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Team will issue the request for P3 proposals for delivery of the LPA. |
| Construction | | |
| | 2025-20XX | P3 Partner will construct agreed upon LPA. |
| Operation & Maintenance | | |
| | 20XX-20XX | P3 Partner will operate and maintain LPA for an agreed-upon duration. |

## Maps of Locations

Click here to view the map of the Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project.
The above map shows the proposed routes of the Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project. The route is unconfirmed and still needs to undergo several rounds of evaluation before the final refinement of project plans and construction.
It is expected that the line would begin at the Van Nuys Metrolink Station, where it would connect with the future East Fernando Valley Light Rail. It is expected to end with a connection at the E Line. This line would include stops at future G & D line connections along the way.

## Risk Matrix

Currently, a risk matrix does not exist as there is no P3 contract in place.
The following is a hypothetical risk matrix derived from existing documents and information released to the public by Metro.
| Risk Type | Public | Private | Unknown |
| Land Availability, Access and Site Risk | X | | |
| Political Risk | X | | |
| Environmental Risk | X | | |
| Design Risk | | X | |
| Construction Risk | | | X |
| Operating Risk | | | X |
| Demand Risk | | | X |
| Financing | X | | X |
| Strategic or Partnering Risk | | | X |
| Force Majeure Risk | | | X |
| Quality assurance/control | | | X |
| Change in Law Risk | X | | |
| Early Termination Risk | | | X |
| Labor Disputes | | | X |
| Fare Collection | | | X |

## Contract Type

In March of 2021, The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority awarded PDA contracts to LA SkyRail Express and Sepulveda Transit Partners-Bechtel.
The PDA will analyze the geography and existing build environment along the Sepulveda Pass to identify potential project design and construction challenges. It will also facilitate more possible innovations while accelerating the scheduled development and construction portion of the project.
The ultimate goal of the PDA is to increase the affordability of the proposed transit solutions. This will ensure that the project is cost-effective in the design and build phase and in the operate and maintain phase.
The LA SkyRail Express PDA contract for the proposed Monorail transit solution was awarded in the amount of $63,605,132.
The Sepulveda Transit Corridor Partners Bechtel PDA contract for the proposed Heavy Rail transit solution was awarded in the amount of $69,882,427.

## Cost

The two competing contract bidding teams, LA SkyRail Express and Sepulveda Transit Corridor Partners (led by construction and engineering giant Bechtel Corp. of Reston, VA), have each submitted a bid for this project. LA SkyRail Express submitted a bid for a $6.1 billion aerial monorail. In comparison, the Sepulveda Transit Corridor Partners submitted a bid for a $10.8 billion combination of heavy tunnel and aerial rail.
The LA SkyRail Express' $6.1 billion cost includes an estimated $221 million in outside equity investment. Once construction is complete, the proposal will give an annual operating cost estimate of $63 million. One cost saver is the plan for unattended train operations. The LA SkyRail Express bid scored highest on Metro's bid evaluation, mainly in the area of diversity and inclusion.
The Betchel led bid chose a single-bore tunnel design to keep the cost as low as possible. The total $10.8 billion project cost includes $634 million in anticipated outside equity investment. Once construction is complete, annual operating expenses are expected to be around $118 million, which is nearly twice the LA SkyRail Express proposal.
According to the most recent community update meeting held on October 28, 2021, this project will be very competitive. They do not currently know what they will do if they do not get federal or state funding. However, they are hopeful of receiving it.
Overview of Current Proposals :
| | Metro Request | Bechtel | BYD | BYD | BYD |
| End Stations | Orange-Expo | Orange-Expo | Orange-Expo (w/o UCLA) | Orange-Expo (w/ UCLA) | Orange-LAX (w/o UCLA) |
| Capital Cost | $9.4-13.8 Billion | $10.8B | $6.1 B | $8.2 B (>$10 B) | $7.5 B (>$10 B) |
| Mode | Monorail or Heavy Rail | Heavy Rail | Monorail | Monorail | Monorail |
| Travel Time | 16-26 | 19.7 minutes | 24 minutes | 28 minutes | +28 minutes |
| Initial Capacity (passengers per hour per direction) | 12,000 (daily ridership 105,000 - 133,000) | 12,240 pphpd / 3 car trains | 14,000 pphpd / 6 car trains | 14,000 pphpd / 6 car trains | 14,000 pphpd / 6 car trains |
| Max Capacity | - | 27,200 pphpd / 4 car trains | 19,000 pphpd / 8 car trains* | 19,000 pphpd / 8 car trains* | 19,000 pphpd / 8 car trains* |
| Completion Date | 2028 (2033) | 2028 | 2028 - 2030 | 2030 - 2032 | 2032 (203X) |
| Operational Date | 2028 (2035) | 2029 - 2030 | 2030 - | 2032 - | 203X - |
*Currently proposed stations are only designed for 6 train cars, proposals do not include price for later additions to increase capacity.

## Financial Structure

Currently, a financial structure for the Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project does not exist as there is no P3 contract in place. The tables below illustrate the financial breakdown of the PDA Contract awarded to BYD and SCTP- Bechtel as well as the possible funding sources of the Project when it nears execution.
PDA Financial Breakdown :
| | Phase Title | PDA Price by Phase | PDA Price by Phase |
| | | BYD LA Skyrail Express | Sepulveda Transit Corridor Partners - Bechtel |
| Phase 1 | Alternatives Refinement | $6,445,812 | $6,500,000 |
| Phase 2 | Conceptual Engineering & Analysis | $20,869,629 | $22,452,822 |
| Phase 3 | Conceptual Engineering to Support LPA Selection | $9,784,655 | $9,452,860 |
| Phase 4 | Final Technical Concept | $26,505,036 | $31,434,745 |
| Phase 5 | Project Implementation | $0 | $0 |
| Total | | $63,605,132 | $69.882.427 |
The following are possible funding sources that would facilitate the expedition of the project's completion as derived from existing documents and information released by Metro.
Overview of Possible Funding :
| | Sepulveda Line Phase 1 |
| Budget Shortfall | Depends on Project Choice |
| State Olympics Fund | Potentially |
| State General Transit | Yes |
| State Grade Separation | No |
| Federal Capital Investment Grants | Yes |
| Federal National Infrastructure Project Grants | Yes |
| Federal Nationwide Amtrak | No |
| Federal Rail Safety Improvements | No |
| Federal New Intercity Rail | No |
| Other Public private Partnership | Yes |
| Other Enhanced Infrastructure Financing Distribution | Unknown |

## Institutional Structure

As previously stated, there is no P3 contract in place, so the framework below describes the organizational structure of the Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project.
BYD and SCTP- Bechtel as the awardees of the PDA contract report to Program Management Consultants Working under the PDA Project Manager, Kavita Mehta.
The Environmental Consultant Team reports to the Environmental Project Manager, Peter Carter.
Kavita Mehta works hand-in-hand with Colin Peppard from the Office of Extraordinary Innovation, Carolina Coppolo from Vendor/Contract Management, and Peter Carter. He works with Karen Swift, the Communications Lead.
Kavita Mehta answers to Rick Meade, the PDA Director.
Peter Carter reports to Deputy Executive Officer of Mobility Corridors, Cory Zelmer. He reports to the Project Director, David Mieger.
Rick Meade works in conjunction with the County Counsel and David Mieger.
Rick Meade & David Mieger report to the Executive Leadership Board that contains: Phil Washington, Rick Clarke, Jim de la Loza, and Joshua Schank.
Debra Avila and Yvette Rapose serve as SLT Advisors to the Executive Leadership and are outside the above chain of command.

## Clear Identification of Policy Issues

There are some key policy issues of concern to community leaders regarding the Sepulveda project:
* The Environmental Impact Report (ERI), scheduled to be released on November 30, 2021, will contain numbers regarding wildlife impact, pollution, and earthquake readiness.
* Community activists want to ensure that the line is servicing at-risk communities. Minority communities need greater access to public transit in order to have greater opportunities. Any option that enters development must consider how to serve those communities best. This aspect could be key as some nonprofit organizations have expressed interest in assisting with the project's financing as long as the neighborhoods they must care about are well serviced.
* There is a general question of how the passage of the infrastructure bill would impact this project. In short, funding is not expected to be impacted. However, more details are expected to become public with the publication of the ERI.
* Many community leaders and homeowners are worried about the length of time construction will go on and what land will be needed to build the rail system. Again, more information will become public with the publication of the ERI.

## Takeaways and Points of Discussion

The planning and procurement process involves a great number of actors. At every phase of the process, the number of people who need to be consulted or give unsolicited opinions is astounding. This shows Metro’s commitment to finding the best solution to the transit problems the communities face as well as ensuring the public has the information they need. With that in mind, there is not a great deal of clarity or forthrightness in this phase of a project because everything is in a very larval stage. That being said, here are a number of questions to consider.
* What project should be chosen given current information?
* Is the cost-consideration more or less important than community reaction?
* Are there other steps that need to be taken to ensure a successful project?

## Additional Readings

Los Angeles County Transportation Expenditure Plan, November 2016 (1pg, Line Items 15 & 16 for Phase 1; Line Items 22 & 23 for Phase 2)
Feasibility Report, November 2019(184pg)
Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project Frequently Asked Questions, November 2021(8pg)

## References

* “2.4 Performance.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://brtguide.itdp.org/branch/master/guide/why-brt/performance.
* International Railway Journal. “LA Appoints Two Teams to Study Sepulveda Transit Options,” March 29, 2021. https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/la-appoints-two-teams-to-study-sepulveda-transit-options/.
* International Railway Journal. “Los Angeles Considers Private Funding for Metro Expansion,” January 10, 2020. https://www.railjournal.com/financial/los-angeles-considers-private-funding-for-metro-expansion/.
* “Metro Moves Ahead With 2 Bids for Sepulveda Pass Project | Los Angeles Business Journal.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://labusinessjournal.com/news/2021/aug/30/metro-proceeds-2-bids-sepulveda-pass-transit/.
* Andert, Nick. 2020 Update on LA Metro Projects, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzFwWsO30KM.
* Andert, Nick. 2021 Update on LA Metro Projects (Part 2 of 3): The Sepulveda Line, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJdbCgVkH3w.
* LA Metro. “Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://www.metro.net/projects/sepulvedacorridor/.
* Bechtel. “L.A. Metro Board Awards Sepulveda Transit Corridor Partners -- Bechtel Innovative Pre-Development Contract to Create Rail Transit Solution for One of the Nation’s Most Congested Freeway Corridors.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/la-metro-board-awards-sepulveda-transit-corridor-partners--bechtel-innovative-pre-development-contract-to-create-rail-transit-solution-for-one-of-the-nations-most-congested-freeway-corridors-301266010.html.
* LA Metro. “I-405 Sepulveda Pass ExpressLanes Project.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://www.metro.net/projects/i-405-expresslanes-project/.
* Bechtel Corporate. “L.A. Metro Board Awards STCP Pre-Development Contract.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://www.bechtel.com/newsroom/releases/2021/04/l-a-metro-board-awards-stcp-dev-contract/.
* Metro Los Angeles. Metro Sepulveda Transit Corridor Project – Community Update Meeting October 2021, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ak9EWkUUpN8.
* ↑ LA Metro. “Measure M.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://www.metro.net/about/measure-m/.
* ↑ “Metro Moves Ahead With 2 Bids for Sepulveda Pass Project | Los Angeles Business Journal.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://labusinessjournal.com/news/2021/aug/30/metro-proceeds-2-bids-sepulveda-pass-transit/.