OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 2 Vocational

* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Carpentry
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Radio Electronics
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Automobile Mechanics
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Woodworking
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Teaching
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Computer - Advanced (General Conference)
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Small Engines
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Bookkeeping
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Video
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Communications
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Typewriting
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Internet
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Printing
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Bible Evangelism
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Christian Sales Principles
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Radio
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Radio Advanced
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Journalism
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Forestry
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Visual Media Critique
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Computer - Advanced (North American Division)
# Apache

The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache, is the most successful web server software. In 2009 it became the first web server software to surpass the 100 million web site milestone. Apache was the first viable alternative to the Netscape Communications Corporation web server (currently known as Sun Java System Web Server), and has since evolved to rival other Unix-based web servers in terms of functionality and performance. The majority of web servers using Apache run a Unix-like operating system like Linux.
Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. The application is available for a wide variety of operating systems, including Unix, GNU, the BSDs, Linux, Solaris, Novell NetWare, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and more. Released under the Apache License, Apache is characterized as open source software.
Since April 1996 Apache has been the most popular HTTP server software in use. As of February 2010 Apache served over 54.46% of all websites and over 66% of the million busiest.

## Table of contents

* Introduction
** Introduction/History
** Introduction/License
* Architecture
* Installation
* Configuration
** Configuration/Performance
* Virtual hosting
* SSL
* .htaccess
* Security
* CGI

## See also

* Comparison of web servers
* Internet Information Services
* Nginx
* lighttpd
* ApacheBench
* POSSE project
* Stronghold (software)

## References

* ↑ February 2009 Web Server Survey
* ↑ February 2010 Web Server Survey

## External links

* Project home page
* Apache popular APIs in GitHub
# AnyLang Programming Language Comparison/Variables and data structures
## Variables as composite data structures

Variables can be combined into composite data structures. Data structures are useful and common in mainstream programming languages, and they follow commonly recognized patterns which can be documented and re-used.

### SimpleTable (AoH , AoD)

(aka simpletable_aoh [array of hash])
(aka simpletable_aod [array of dictionary])
This composite data structure is suitable for representing a series of rows and columns in most programming languages. AoH stands for "Array of Hashes"

#### PHP

Rows are represented using an unordered sequence of name-value pairs (aka Dictionary, Hash, Object).

### SimpleTable (AoA)

(aka simpletable_aos [array of sequence])
This is a table structure suitable for representing a series of rows and columns in most programming languages.

#### JavaScript

Rows are represented using an ordered sequence of values (aka Array, List).

## Notes and references

* ↑ See e.g., "Perl Data Structures Cookbook". Retrieved 2010-01-15 09:34:53. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Perl Data Structures Cookbook
* ↑ Christiansen, Tom (2003). Perl Cookbook. Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0596003137.
* ↑ The search fingerprint for this structure is gem_hypo_kinds_yuzovka_aoh.
* ↑ This term is used in Perl, where a "Hash" is another term for a "Dictionary" array.
* ↑ The search fingerprint for this structure is gem_hypo_kinds_yuzovka_aoa.
# Apache/Architecture
## Features

Apache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules which extend the core functionality. These can range from server-side programming language support to authentication schemes. Some common language interfaces support Perl, Python, Tcl, and PHP. Popular authentication modules include mod access, mod auth, mod digest, and mod auth digest, the successor to mod_digest. A sample of other features include SSL and TLS support (mod ssl), a proxy module (mod proxy), a URL rewriter (implemented under mod rewrite), custom log files (mod log config), and filtering support (mod include and mod ext filter).
Popular compression methods on Apache include the external extension module, mod gzip, implemented to help with reduction of the size of web pages served over HTTP. ModSecurity is an open source intrusion detection and prevention engine for web applications. Apache logs can be analyzed through a web browser using free scripts such as AWStats/W3Perl or Visitors.
Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different actual websites. For example, one machine with one Apache installation could simultaneously serve www.example.com, www.test.com, test47.test-server.test.com, etc.
Apache features configurable error messages, DBMS-based authentication databases, and content negotiation. It is also supported by several graphical user interfaces.
# Apache/CGI
## CGI scripts

The CGI (Common Gateway Interface) is a norm permitting Apache to execute some programs, which can be written in any programming language (Bash, C, Java, Perl, PHP, Python...), from the moment it's executable and it respects certain in/out constraints.

### Configure the CGI scripts access

To make Apache interpret the scripts, it's necessary to do a minimum of settings in the site configuration.

#### ScriptAlias

The directive (from httpd.conf):
precise the folder name where Apache is authorized to executer the CGI scripts.
Unix example:
Windows example, use the URL format (no backslash):
Actually the path /cgi-bin/ doesn't really exist, it's redirected to the scripts path, set by the directive, and it allows to write some URL like http://server/cgi-bin/my_script.

#### ExecCGI

The following clause activates the option ExecCGI in /var/www/cgi-bin, which authorize Apache to execute some scripts on the server:
For example, if a script is called essai.cgi into /home/httpd/cgi-bin:
Then, call the URL: http://serveur/cgi-bin/essai.cgi

#### AddHandler

This clause permits to choose the files extensions which will be authorized, eg:

#### Recapitulation

Full example on Windows, in the Apache configuration:
In E:/www/cgi-bin/.htaccess :

### Write a CGI program

The main constraint concerns the program outputs. If a CGI script generates some data on its standard output, he must display an HTTP header before, allowing to identify them.

#### Bash

This script generates an HTML page.

#### VBS

For Windows.

### Known errors

* Error 500 Server error!: replace a Deny from all by a Allow from all.
or
* Error 403 Forbidden access: impossible to list this folder, so call directly its files.
* If the file source code is appearing in the navigator: the .htaccess is not properly set.
* couldn't create child process: replace the path after shebang. For example:
    #!/usr/bin/perl par #!c:/perl/perl/bin/perl.exe -w.
    #!/usr/bin/env python par #!C:\Program Files (x86)\Python\python.exe.
* End of script output before headers: missing header (eg: move the importation before print "Content-Type: text/plain;charset=utf-8"). But it can also be the symptom of a compilation error in the script language.
* malformed header from script: Bad header: : the header is not adapted (eg: replace #print "Content-Type: text/plain;charset=utf-8" by print "Content-type: text/html\n\n" if there is a print "<html>" after).
Otherwise consult the Apache logs...

## References

* ↑ http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/en/howto/cgi.html
* ↑ http://wiki.uniformserver.com/index.php/CGI:_VBScript_CGI
# AnyLang Programming Language Comparison/Introduction/Variables
## Core concepts

* declaration
* assignment
** assignment by reference
** assignment by value
* typing (type system)
** type conversion (explicit)
** type conversion (implicit)

## Common types
### Array
#### Core concepts

* core_arrayop.append ;; (aka array push) insert a single-element at the highest index. array treated as a single nested element
* core_arrayop.prepend ;; (aka array unshift) insert element at the lowest index
* core_arrayop.unappend ;; (aka array pop) remove and return element at the highest index
* core_arrayop.unprepend ;; (aka array shift) remove and return element at the lowest index

### Associative array

An associative array is a mapping of keys to values. This is also known as a Hash, Hashtable and Dictionary.

## References

* ↑ "Associative_array". Retrieved 2010-05-01. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_array
* ↑ From "Dive into Python" Note A dictionary in Python is like a hash in Perl. In Perl, variables which store hashes always start with a % character; in Python, variables can be named anything, and Python keeps track of the datatype internally. Note A dictionary in Python is like an instance of the Hashtable class in Java. Note A dictionary in Python is like an instance of the Scripting.Dictionary object in Visual Basic.
# AnyLang Programming Language Comparison/Object Oriented Programming
## Jargon-free introduction to OOP

Procedural vs OOP is one of the topics that no two people will answer exactly the same way, and it can be confusing.
Here is a no-jargon explanation. Procedural vs OOP just deals with how you can write code in such a way that the different pieces are easy to understand and maintain. You can actually write "Procedural" code that follows some of the principles of OOP, so the two are not necessarily opposites.
You really will not get a usable understanding until you actually start digging in, because the terminology and "jargon" is just too thick in this particular forest.

### Quick overview

* You can write PHP that does useful tasks
* You can organize useful tasks into "chunks" of code
* Sometimes those "chunks" of code will behave differently based on parameters you pass in
* Chunks of code that accept parameters are called "Functions"
* Functions can also be "chunked" together, and there are different ways of doing this:
** (( you could have just one big PHP file with all the functions you have ever written listed in alphabetical order ))
** (( you could have multiple PHP files with functions that are chunked together by subject matter [e.g., functions for doing math, functions for checking spelling, etc] ))
* OOP is a special way of "chunking" Functions together into a "Class"
* A Class is just another level of "chunking" code together so that you can treat it as a unified whole
* A Class is useful because it allows you to organize your code at a very high level in a way that makes it easy for you to understand, use, and maintain

### Web frameworks

* When someone has written a lot of functions, and organized them into a lot of Classes, and gotten those to work together in some cool way, they package the whole thing together and call it a "Framework"
* A Framework is just a system of coding style and practices that one or more people agree on because they like the way the code is organized and it suits their working style, preferences, values, or whatever.
# Apache/.htaccess
## Principle

In order to protect a directory in particular (and its subdirectories), it suffices to place a file called .htaccess inside. Apache will instantly apply its rules after, only in this tree structure. The syntax is the same as the general vhost rules (eg: URL rewriting or protection), unless it will only affect the .htaccess directory (so no Directory clause).
Attention: the Windows explorer doesn't allow to name some files beginning by a dot, but a text editor is able to save as .htaccess.

## Installation

To authorize the .htaccess in the site .conf, use AllowOverride:
To forbid them:

## References

* ↑ http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/core.html#allowoverride
# Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/Ethyl ethanoate

The experimental details given here are given in good faith and are believed to be safe and workable methods. However, the authors cannot take responsibility for the consequences of performing these experiments.
The experiments are written for experienced science teaching staff to use as instructions for a supervised class of students. The experiments are not designed for students or inexperienced members of the public to perform without supervision. If you wish to attempt the experiments, ensure that you have completed a legally adequate risk assessment beforehand and that you work within the constraints of the risk assessment.

## Chemicals and apparatus

* Quickfit: Round bottom flasks (250 & 100 cm$^3$)
** Condenser
** Receiver adapter
** Tap funnel
** Stillhead
** Thermometer pocket
* Anti-bumping granules
* Conical flask (50 cm$^3$) & rubber bung
* Measuring cylinders (10, 100 cm$^3$)
* Thermometer (110$^o$C)
* Funnel & fluted paper
* Heating mantle
* Sodium carbonate (30% solution)
* Calcium chloride (granular)
* Sulphuric acid (conc.)
* Ethanoic Acid (conc.)
* Ethanol
* Ethyl ethanoate (product)

## Method

1. Into one of the round bottom flasks, place ethanol (50 cm$^3$) and glacial ethanoic acid (50 cm$^3$). Add slowly, with cooling and shaking, concentrated sulphuric acid (10 cm$^3$). Ensure that the mixture is homogeneous at each addition. Add some anti-bumping granules and boil the mixture under reflux for about 10 minutes. (See question 1)
2. Rearrange the apparatus and distil off about two-thirds of the mixture. Transfer the distillate to the separating funnel.
3. Add sodium carbonate solution (25 cm$^3$) and shake carefully. (see Q 2).
4. At frequent intervals, invert the funnel and open the tap in order to release the pressure. Allow the liquid to settle and separate the two layers. Discard the aqueous layer (Q3 - make sure you retain the correct layer!).
5. To the organic layer, in the funnel, add a solution of calcium chloride (25 g anhydrous CaCl$_2$ in 25 cm$^3$ water) and shake vigorously (Q4). Allow the liquid to separate and run off and discard the lower aqueous layer. Run the ethyl ethanoate into a small conical flask and add a few pieces of granular calcium chloride. Allow to stand for approx. 20 minutes., shaking occasionally (Q5).
6. Filter the liquid through fluted paper into the flask (100 cm$^3$), add a few anti-bumping granules and fit up the apparatus for distillation.
7. Reject the fraction which distils over in the range 35-40$^o$C (Q6).
8. Collect the fraction distilling in the range 74 - 79 $^o$C.
9. Note the appearance and the smell of the final product.

### Questions

* Why boil the mixture and why do this under reflux?
* State what is observed when the sodium carbonate is added and hence explain why it is used.
* How did you decide which is the aqueous layer?
* What is the purpose of the calcium chloride at this stage?
* What is the purpose of the calcium chloride at this stage?
* What might distil at this temperature range?
* Record your yield and calculate your percentage yield.
# Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/Ethanal

The experiments are written for experienced science teaching staff to use as instructions for a supervised class of students. The experiments are not designed for students or inexperienced members of the public to perform without supervision. If you wish to attempt the experiments, ensure that you have completed a legally adequate risk assessment beforehand and that you work within the constraints of the risk assessment.

## Theory

Ethanol can be oxidised by the dichromate (VI) ion in acidic solution. The first product of the oxidation is ethanal, which can be further oxidised to form ethanoic acid. By carefully changing the reaction method, one or other product can be obtained.
The ethanal preparation should be performed in a fume cupboard.

## Chemicals

* sodium dichromate (VI)
* ethanol
* ethanal (product)
* concentrated sulphuric acid
* anti-bumping granules
* deionised water

## Precautions

Wear eye protection and laboratory coat.
Work in the fume cupboard when preparing ethanal.
Wear gloves when taking samples of concentrated sulphuric acid

## Method

Into a round-bottomed flask, add first 50 cm$^3$ deionised water and then 17 cm$^3$ concentrated sulphuric acid. Add the acid slowly, with shaking. Finally, add some anti-bumping granules to the flask and set up the apparatus shown below:
There should be rapid flow of water round the condenser. Ask your lecturer to adjust the flow if you do not feel confident – it is easy to create too much pressure in the rubber tubes. Dissolve 50 g sodium dichromate (VI) in 50 cm$^3$ deionised water and then add 40 cm$^3$ ethanol. Mix well and add the mixture to the dropping funnel in the above apparatus. Ensure the tap is closed first.
Heat the acid in the flask until it boils gently, then turn off the heat.
Add the ethanol/dichromate mixture slowly: allow 20 minutes for adding the entire sample. The reaction is vigorous and will keep the mixture boiling at first. In the latter stages of the reaction you will have to heat the mixture to keep it boiling gently.
While the reaction occurs in the round-bottomed flask, ethanal solution will collect in the conical flask.
Cautiously note its characteristic smell. Stopper the flask and keep it in iced water. If you have time, take samples and test using the silver mirror, 2,4-DNPH or iodoform tests.
# Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/Cocaine banknotes

Cocaine can be extracted from bank notes by vortex agitation with 15 ml methanol for 5 minutes. The extract is then evaporated and the sample can be reconstituted in 0.5 ml methanol.
The presence of cocaine is confirmed using the cobalt thiocyanate (Scott) test.
The cobalt thiocyanate reagent can be prepared by dissolving ten grams of cobalt (II) thiocyanate in a mixture of 490 milliliters of distilled water and 500 milliliters of glycerin.
The cobalt thiocyanate test is performed by placing approximately 2 to 4 milligrams of a target substance in a glass test tube, then 5 drops of cobalt thiocyanate reagent. After shaking, 1 or 2 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added, and the tube is again shaken. Ten drops of chloroform (or similar solvent) are then added, and the tube is vortexed, then allowed to settle and separate into two layers. The final colour of the chloroform (organic) layer is recorded.
Addition of the cobalt thiocyanate reagent to cocaine hydrochloride results in the surface of the particles turning a bright blue (faint blue for cocaine base). The solution changes back to pink upon adding one or two drops of hydrochloric acid and mixing. Addition of 10 drops of chloroform, vortexing, and allowing the solution to settle results in a blue organic layer for both cocaine hydrochloride and cocaine base.
Diphenhydramine and lidocaine also give blue organic layers. These compounds are known false positives for cocaine.

## References

Amanda J. Hanson "Specificity of the Duquenois-Levine and Cobalt Thiocyanate Tests Substituting Methylene Chloride or Butyl Chloride for Chloroform."
* ↑ Francesc A. Esteve-Turrillas, et al "Validated, non-destructive and environmentally friendly determination of cocaine in euro bank notes."
# Applied Science BTEC Nationals/Chemical Laboratory Techniques/PVC Extract

"PVC is typically composed of resins, stabilisers, pigments and plasticisers. Plasticisers soften the polymer, aid in the manufacturing process and provide form and function to various PVC materials. Plasticisers may account for 30-35 % of the PVC formulation."
"Traditionally, plasticisers (Such as dioctyl adipate (DOA), trioctyl phosphate (TOP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM)) are extracted from PVC using a 6 hour Soxhlet method and identified using IR spectrometry or gas chromatography."
The solvent used during extraction can be petroleum ether or cyclohexane. Extracts were evaporated to dryness and then redissolved in dichloromethane (methylene chloride).
By simply refluxing with solvent some, but not nearly 100% of the plasticisers can be extracted.
See w:Plasticizer for a good summary of why different plasticisers are chosen.
The octyl group is attached at its CH$_2$ end to the position marked ‘R’ in the structures below:
| Phosphate ester | Adipate |
| Phthalate | Trimellitate |
For example:
DiOctyl Adipate

## References

* 1 2 3 4
* ↑ BTEC specification
# Armenian/Common Phrases 2
## Armenian

| Translation | Phrase | Transliteration | IPA (Eastern-Western) |
| Armenian | Հայերեն | Hayeren | /hajɛɹɛn/ - /hajɛɹɛn/ |
| hello | բարև | barev | /baɹɛv/ - /paɹɛv/ |
| goodbye | ցտեսություն | ts't'esutyun | /ʦʰtɛsutʰjun/ - /ʦtɛsutjun/ |
| please | խնդրեմ (2) | khndrem | /xndɹɛm/ - /xntɹɛm/ |
| thank you | շնորհակալ եմ | shnorhak'al em | /ʃnoɹhakal ɛm/ - /ʃnoɹhagal ɛm/ |
| that one | այս մեկը | ays mekə |
| how much? | քանի՞ս | kanis? |
| yes | այո | ayo |
| no | ոչ | voch |
| sorry | ներողություն | neroghutiun |
| I don't understand | չեմ հասկանում | chem haskanum |
| I don't speak Armenian | Ես Հայերեն չեմ խոսում։ | Yes Hayeren chem khosum. |
| English | Անգլերեն | Angleren |
| Do you speak English? | Անգլերեն խոսու՞մ ես | Angleren khosum es? |
| Where's the bathroom? | Լվացարանը որտե՞ղ է | lvatzaranə vortegh e? |
| generic toast | Կենացդ՜ | K'enatsd! |
# Armenian/On Holiday

This Page will be Coming Soon, and Include useful Words and Phrases to Use if on Holiday.
It Will Include Phrases/Words For:
* Travelling - Plane, Train, Taxi etc.
* Asking for Help/Directions
* In Hotel
* Some General Holiday Phrases

## On Holiday

| # | Armenian | Transliteration | Transliteration |
| # | Armenian | Eastern | Western |
# Armenian/Cover

Հայերեն ~ English Learning the Armenian Language
# Armenian/Days of the Week

Monday: ԵՐԿՈՒՇԱԲԹԻ (YERKUSHABTİ)
Tuesday: ԵՐԵՔՇԱԲԹԻ (YEREQSHABTİ)
Wednesday: ՉՈՐԵՔՇԱԲԹԻ (CHOREQSHABTİ)
Thursday: ՀԻՆԳՇԱԲԹԻ(HİNGSHABTİ)
Friday: ՈՒՐԲԱԹ (URBAT)
Saturday: ՇԱԲԱԹ (SHABAT)
Sunday: ԿԻՐԱԿԻ (KİRAKİ)