# The Opensource Handbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology and nanoscience is about controlling and understanding matter on the sub-micrometer and atomic scale.
This wikibook on nanoscience and nanotechnology gathers information about the various tools, methods and systems to provide students, researchers and everyone else an open-source handbook and overview guide to this vast interdisciplinary and expanding field - a book that can be adjusted as new things appear and improved by you!
* Latest major additions in: Health effects of nanoparticles, Environmental Impact, and Nanotechnology Demonstration Experiments
* Sections Nano & Society, nanooptics and electron beam lithography are in preparation.

## Chapter 1: Introduction

Why is nanotechnology such a 'hot' subject - and is it more hype than substance? This part gives a brief introduction to the visions of nanotechnology and why so many people are working on it around the world. To help set a perspective there are overview tables with timelines, length scales and information resources.
| Perspective Nanotechnology in the Middle Ages? A perspective on Nanotechnology Nanocomponents, Tools, and Methods Hot and hyped | Overviews Internet Resources Journals Nanotech Products A nano-timeline A nano-scale overview | About the Book Vision How to contribute History Authors and Editors Support and Acknowledgments How to Reference this Book | Reaching Out Teaching Nanotechnology Outreach projects Demonstration experiments |

## Chapter 2: Seeing 'Nano'

Microscopes allow us to probe the structure of matter with high spatial resolution, making it possible to see for instance individual atoms with tools such as the scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic force microscope, and the transmission electron microscope. With the related spectroscopic methods, we can study the energy levels in nanosystems. This part gives an overview of the tools and methods used in microscopy and spectroscopy of nanostructures.
| Optical Methods Optical Microscopy STED Microscopy Confocal Microscopy X-ray Microscopy UV/VIS Spectrometry Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) Terahertz Spectroscopy (THz) Raman Spectroscopy Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) | Electron Microscopy The Electron Optical System Electron Range Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | Scanning probe microscopy Atomic force microscope (AFM) Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) Scanning Near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) | Additional methods Point-Projection Microscopes Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) Reflection High Energy Electron diffraction (RHEED) X-ray Spectroscopy and diffraction Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR /ESR) Mössbauer spectroscopy Non-Contact Measurements |

## Chapter 3: Physics at the Nanoscale

On the nanoscale force that we in everyday life do not consider strong, such as contact adhesion, become much more important. In addition, many things behave in a quantum mechanical way. This chapter looks into the scaling of the forces and fundamental dynamics of matter on the nanoscale.
| Intro to Nanophysics Scaling laws Quantized Nanosystems Bulk matter and the end of bulk: surfaces The Tyndall Effect | Modelling Nanosystems The Schrödinger equation Hartree-Fock (HF) or self-consistent field (SCF) Density Functional Theory (DFT) Transport phenomena | Physical Chemistry of Surfaces Hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces Surface Energy Surface Diffusion Mass transport in 1, 2, and 3D | Background material Dispersion relations |

## Chapter 4: Nanomaterials

Many unique nanostructured materials have been made, such as carbon nanotubes that can be mechanically stronger than diamond. This part provides an overview of nanoscale materials such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires, quantum dots and nanoparticles, their unique properties and fabrication methods.
| Overview of Production methods Commercial suppliers of nanomaterials | Semiconducting Nanostructures Carbon nanotubes Buckyballs Nanowires Semiconducting nanoparticles | Metallic Nanostructures | Organic Nanomaterials | Nanometals |

## Chapter 5: Nanosystems

To understand the novel possibilities in nanotechnology, this part gives an overview of some typical nanoscale systems - simple experimental devices that show unique nanoscale behavior useful in for instance electronics.
| Nanoelectronics Diffusive and Ballistic Electron Transport Double barrier systems Moletronics | Nano-optics | Nanomechanics Mechanics of beams and cantilevers The harmonic oscillator | Nanofluidics |

## Chapter 6: Nanoengineering

Combining nanodevices into functional units for real life application is a daunting task because making controlled structures with molecularly sized components requires extreme precision and control. Here we look at ways to assemble nanosystems into functional units or working devices with top-down or bottom-up approaches.
See also the Wikibook on Microtechnology which contains information about many fabrication and processing details.
| Top-down and bottom-up approaches Microfabrication made smaller | Self assembly Selfassembled monolayers Bottom-up chemistry Molecular engineering | Lithography Electron beam lithography (EBL) Nano imprint lithography (NIL) Focused Ion Beam (FIB) | Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID or EBD) | Nanomanipulation AFM manipulation STM manipulation In-situ SEM manipulation In-situ TEM manipulation |

## Chapter 7: Nano-Bio Introduction

Your body is based on a fantastic amount of biological nanotechnology operating right now in each of your body's cells, which has evolved over aeons to an awesome level of complexity. Much of current nanotechnology research is aimed at bio-applications, such as bio-sensors and biologically active nanoparticles for medical therapy or targeting cancer. This part is an introduction to this cross-disciplinary field.
| Nano-bio Primer Biological building blocks Lengths and masses Cells Virus Bacteria The body | Biosensors Typical applications and Analytes Sensor principles | Nanomedicine - Targeting diseases Nanomedicine Cancer Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |

## Chapter 8: Environmental Nanotechnology

People are very enthusiastic about the visions of nanotechnology, but at the same time there is a natural worry about the environmental issues of the emerging technologies. This area is being increasingly brought into focus to ensure a healthy development.
| Health Effects of Nanoparticles Nanotoxicology Production and applications of nanotech Exposure of environment and humans Nanoecotoxicology Identification of key hazard properties Hazard identification Surface chemistry and coatings Interactions in the Environment Conclusion | Environmental Impact Potential environmental impacts of nanotechnology Exploitation and loss of scarce resources Energy intensity of materials Life cycle assessment (LCA) |

## Chapter 9: Nano and Society

| Imagining Nanotechnology Scenarios for the Plausible Implications of Nanotechnology Anticipatory Symptoms Early Ontological Technologies | Nanoethics Impact on Developing Countries Collective Open Source Design The Prisoner's Dilemma | Open Source Nanotechnology Application Collective Design and Risk |

## Chapter 10: Reference Materials

| Glossary | Common Acronyms |