# Old Norse/Noun Declension

In this chapter, the following concepts are explained:
* strong masculine declension
* strong feminine declension
* strong neuter declension
* strong r-stem declension
* strong nd-stem declension
* weak masculine declension
* weak feminine declension
* weak neuter declension
Labial mutation (aka. u-umlaut) is marked by an L before the ending.
Front mutation (aka. i-umlaut) is marked by an F before the ending.

## Strong masculine declension
### a-stem nouns

a-stem masculine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -r | -ar |
| genitive | -s, -ar | -a |
| dative | -i | L -um |
| accusative | -∅ | -a |
For the genitive singular, some nouns had -s, others had -ar, still others had both.

### ja-stem nouns

ja-stem masculine nouns :
| | long stem | long stem | short stem | short stem |
| case | singular | plural | singular | plural |
| nominative | -ir | -ar | -r | -jar |
| genitive | -is | -a | -s | -ja |
| dative | -i | L -um | -i | L -jum |
| accusative | -i | -a | -∅ | -ja |
Masculine short stem are rare. The only ones are niðr, herr and beðr.
Long stems have i instead of j unless followed by back vowels (here a, u). j disappears anyways after a long stem, unless preceded by g or k.

### wa-stem nouns

wa-stem masculine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | L -r | L -var |
| genitive | L -s, -var | L -va |
| dative | L -vi | L -um |
| accusative | L -∅ | L -va |

### i-stem nouns

i-stem masculine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -r | -ir |
| genitive | -s, -ar | -a |
| dative | -∅, -i | L -um |
| accusative | -∅ | -i |

### u-stem nouns

u-stem masculine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | L -r | F -ir |
| genitive | -ar | -a |
| dative | F -i | L -um |
| accusative | L -∅ | L -u |

### Consonant stem nouns

Consonant stem masculine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -r | F -r |
| genitive | -s, -ar | -a |
| dative | (F) -i, -∅ | L -um |
| accusative | -∅ | F -r |

## Strong feminine declension
### ō-stem nouns

ō-stem feminine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | L -∅ | -ar |
| genitive | -ar | -a |
| dative | L -∅, -u | L -um |
| accusative | L -∅ | -ar |

### jō-stem nouns

jō-stem feminine nouns :
| | long stem | long stem | short stem | short stem |
| case | singular | plural | singular | plural |
| nominative | L -r | -ar | L -∅ | -jar |
| genitive | -ar | -a | -jar | -ja |
| dative | L -i | L -um | L -∅, -ju | L -jum |
| accusative | L -i | -ar | L -∅ | -jar |

### wō-stem nouns

wō-stem feminine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | L -∅ | L -var |
| genitive | L -var | L -va |
| dative | L -∅, -u | L -um |
| accusative | L -∅ | L -var |

### i-stem nouns

i-stem feminine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | L -∅, -r | -ir |
| genitive | -ar | -a |
| dative | L -∅, -u | L -um |
| accusative | L -∅ | -ir |

### Consonant stem nouns

Consonant stem feminine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | L -∅ | F -r |
| genitive | -ar, (F -r) | -a |
| dative | L -∅ | L -um |
| accusative | L -∅ | F -r |

## Strong neuter declension
### a-stem nouns

a-stem neuter nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -∅ | L -∅ |
| genitive | -s, -ar | -a |
| dative | -i | L -um |
| accusative | -∅ | L -∅ |

### ja-stem nouns

ja-stem neuter nouns :
| | long stem | long stem | short stem | short stem |
| case | singular | plural | singular | plural |
| nominative | -i | L -i | -∅ | L -∅ |
| genitive | -is | -a | -s | -ja |
| dative | -i | L -um | -i | L -jum |
| accusative | -i | L -i | -∅ | L -∅ |
Long stems have i instead of j unless followed by back vowels (here a, u). j disappears anyways after a long stem, unless preceded by g or k.

### wa-stem nouns

wa-stem neuter nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | L -∅ | L -∅ |
| genitive | L -s, -var | L -va |
| dative | L -vi | L -um |
| accusative | L -∅ | L -∅ |

## Strong r-stem declension

r-stem nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -ir | F -r |
| genitive | L -ur | F -ra |
| dative | L -ur | F -rum |
| accusative | L -ur | F -r |
r-stem nouns are those of family members and relationships. They are faðir, móðir, bróðir, systir and dóttir. faðir has an alternative genitive singular feðr.

## Strong nd-stem declension

nd-stem nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -i | F -r |
| genitive | -a | -a |
| dative | -a | L -um |
| accusative | -a | F -r |
nd-stem nouns were originally present participles used substantively, like English he witnessed the killing of his mother.

## Weak masculine declension
### an-stem masculine nouns

an-stem masculine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -i | -ar |
| genitive | -a | -a |
| dative | -a | L -um |
| accusative | -a | -a |

### jan-stem masculine nouns

jan-stem masculine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -i | -jar |
| genitive | -ja | -ja |
| dative | -ja | L -jum |
| accusative | -ja | -ja |

## Weak feminine declension
### ōn-stem feminine nouns

ōn-stem feminine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -a | L -ur |
| genitive | L -u | -na |
| dative | L -u | L -um |
| accusative | L -u | L -ur |

### jōn-stem feminine nouns

jōn-stem feminine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -ja | L -jur |
| genitive | L -ju | -na |
| dative | L -ju | L -jum |
| accusative | L -ju | L -jur |

### īn-stem feminine nouns

īn-stem feminine nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -i | -ar |
| genitive | -i | -a |
| dative | -i | L -um |
| accusative | -i | -ar |

## Weak neuter declension
### an-stem neuter nouns

an-stem neuter nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -a | L -u |
| genitive | -a | -na |
| dative | -a | L -um |
| accusative | -a | L -u |

### jan-stem neuter nouns

jan-stem neuter nouns :
| case | singular | plural |
| nominative | -ja | L -ju |
| genitive | -ja | -na |
| dative | -ja | L -jum |
| accusative | -ja | L -ju |