# Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/Introductory
## Lesson 1

| Pêng'im | TL | Characters | English |
| ua$^2$ | uá | 我 | I. |
| ung$^2$ | úng | 阮 | We (not including the person addressed.) |
| nang$^2$ | náng | 俺 | We (including the person addressed.) |
| le$^2$ | lúr | 汝 | You (singular.) |
| ning$^2$ | níng | 恁 | You (plural.) |
| i$^1$ | i | 伊 | He, she, it, him, her. |
| u$^6$ | ŭ | 有 | Have. |
| bho$^5$ | bô | 無 | No, none. |
| si$^6$ | sĭ | 是 | Yes, is. |
| m$^{6(7)}$si$^6$ | m̆-sĭ | 唔是 | Not, no. |
| ain$^3$ | àinn | 愛 | Want, wish |
| main$^3$ | màinn | 勿 | Don't want, don't. |
| lai$^5$ | lâi | 來 | Come. |
| ke$^3$ | khùr | 去 | Go. |
| m$^6$ | m̆ | 唔 | Will not. |
| ua$^2$ u$^6$ | uá ŭ | 我有 | I have. |
| le$^2$ bho$^5$ | lúr bô | 汝無 | You haven't. |
| ung$^2$ main$^3$ | úng màinn | 阮勿 | We don't want. |
| ning$^2$ lai$^5$ | níng lâi | 恁來 | You (plural) come. |
| i$^1$ m$^{6(7)}$lai$^5$ | i m̆-lâi | 伊唔來 | He won't come. |
| i$^1$ ain$^{3(2)}$ke$^3$ | i àinn khùr | 伊愛去 | He wants to go. |
| nang$^2$ lai$^{5(7)}$ke$^3$ | náng lâi-khùr | 俺來去 | Let us go. |
| ua$^2$ m$^{6(7)}$ke$^3$ | uá m̆-khùr | 我唔去 | I am not going. |
| m$^{6(7)}$si$^{6(7)}$ le$^2$ | m̆-sĭ lúr | 唔是汝 | Not you. |
| si$^{6(7)}$ i$^1$ | sĭ i | 是伊 | It is he. |

## Lesson 2

| Pêng'im | TL | Characters | English |
| zi2(6)go3, ziê2 | tsí-kò, tsíe | 只塊，照 | Here. |
| he2(6)go3, hiê2 | húr-kò, hié | 許塊，～ | There. |
| di5(7)go3 | tî-kò | 底塊 | Where? |
| diang1si5, di5(7)si5 | tiang-sî, tî-sî | 𫢗時 | When? |
| zi2(6)gai5, zia2 | tsí-kâi, tsía | 只個，者 | This. |
| he2(6)gai5, hia2 | húr-kâi, hía | 許個，～ | That. |
| di5(7)-zêg8(4)gai5, di5(7)gai5 | tî-tsêk-kâi, tî-kâi | 底一個，底個 | Which? |
| di5(7)gai5, si6(7)mih4 | tî-kâi, sĭ-mih | 底個，是乜 | What? |
| zo2(6)nin5 | tsó-nî | 做呢 | Why? |
| ing1ui5 | ing-ûi | 因爲 | Because, on account of. |
| di5(7)diang5 | tî-tîang | 底𫢗 | Who? |
| di5(7)diang5-gai5 | tî-tîang-kâi | 底𫢗個 | Whose? |
| zi2(6)zuan3-gai5 | tsí-tsùann-kâi | 只賤個 | These. |
| he2(6)zuan3-gai5 | húr-tsùann-kâi | 許賤個 | Those. |
| zo2(6)nin5, riêh8 | tsó-nî, zîeh | 做呢，若 | How? |
| ziên3(2)sên1 | tsìenn-senn | 照生 | Like this, thus. |
| hiên3(2)sên1 | hìenn-senn | ～生 | Like that. |
| liou2 | líou | 了 | Then. |
| ziu6 | tsĭu | 就 | Thereupon. |
| huang5(7)liou2 | hûang-líou | 還了 | Still. |
| do6 | tŏ | 在 | At, in, on, in the act of. |
| ziê3 | tsìe | 照 | According to. |
| huang2(6)dng2 | húang-tńg | 返轉 | On the contrary, on the other hand. |
| ding1do3 | ting-tò | | On the contrary, on the other hand. |
| gang7, gah4 | kāng, kah | 共，甲 | And. |
| si6 | sĭ | 是 | But. |
| ia7 | īa | 也 | Also. |
| cong5, do6 | tshông, tŏ | 從，在 | From. |
| gao3 | kàu | 到 | To. |
| kah4 | khah | 豈 | Too. |
| iag4(8)liang5 | iak-lîang | 約量 | About. |
| ca1bug4(8)do1 | tsha-puk-to | 差不多 | About. |
| ba1lag4 | pa-lak | ～～ | Perhaps. |
| nan7si6 | nā-sĭ | 哪是 | If. |
| a1si6 | a-sĭ | 啊是 | Or. |
| a1bho5 | a-bô | 啊無 | Or not? Interrogative signs. |
| mê7 | mē | ～ | Or not? Interrogative signs. |
| nê7 | nē | ～ | Or not? Interrogative signs. |

## Lesson 3

| Pêng'im | TL | Characters | English |
| ua2 do6(7) zi2(6)go3 | uá tŏ tsí-kò | 我 在 只塊。 | I am here, |
| le2 do6(7) he2(6)go3 | lúr tŏ húr-kò | 汝 在 許塊。 | You are there. |
| i1 do6(7) di5(7)go3? | i tŏ tî-kò | 伊 在 底塊？ | Where is he? |
| ning2 diang1si5(7) ke3? | níng tiang-sî khùr? | 恁 𫢗時 去？ | When did you go? |
| zi2(6)gai5 si6(7) di5(7)gai5? | tsí-kâi sĭ tî-kâi? | 只個 是 底個？ | What is this? |
| he2(6)gai5 ua2 main3 | húr-kâi uá màinn | 許個 我 勿。 | I don't want that one. |
| le2 ain3(2) di5(7)zêg8(4)gai5? | lúr àinn tî-tsêk-kâi? | 汝 愛 底 一個？ | Which do you want? |
| le2 ain3(2) di5(7)gai5? | lúr àinn tî-kâi? | 汝 愛 底個？ | What do you want? |
| i1 zo3(2)nin5(7) bho5(7)lai5? | i tsò-nî bô-lâi? | 伊 做呢 無來？ | Why did he not come? |
| si6(7) ing1ui5(7) zo3(2)nin5? | sĭ ing-ûi tsò-nî? | 是 因爲 做呢？ | For what reason? |
| le2 si6(7) di5(7)diang5? | lúr sĭ tî-tîang? | 汝 是 底𫢗？ | Who are you? |
| zia2 si6(7) di5(7)diang5-gai5? | tsía sĭ tî-tîang--kai? | 者 是 底𫢗個？ | Whose is this? |
| zi2zuan3-gai5 m6(7)si6 | tsí-tsùann--kai m̆-sĭ | 只～個 唔是。 | These are not them. |
| he2(6)zuan3-gai5 si6-me7? | húr-tsùann--kai sĭ-mē? | 許～個 是～？ | Are those them? |
| le2 u6(7) riêh8(4)zoi7? | lúr ŭ ziêh-tsōi? | 汝 有 若濟？ | How much have you? |
| le2 u6(7) riêh8(4)zoi7 gai5? | lúr ŭ ziêh-tsōi kâi? | 汝 有 若濟 個？ | How many have you? |
| si6(7) ziên3(2)sên1 | sĭ tsìenn-senn | 是 照生。 | It is like this. |
| m6(7)si6(7) hiên3(2)sên1 | m̆-sĭ hìenn-senn | 唔是 ～生。 | Not like that. |
| Pêng'im | TL | Characters | English |
| i1 huang5(7)liou2 bhuê7ke3 | i hûang-líou būe-khùr | 伊 還了 未去。 | He hasn't gone yet. |
| zi2(6)gai5 gah4(8) he3(2)gai5 | tsí-kâi kah hùr-kâi | 只個 甲 許個。 | This one and that one. |
| zia2 m6(7)si6 | tsía m̆-sĭ | 者 唔是。 | This is not it. |
| hia2 ziu6(7)si6 | hía tsĭu-sĭ | ～ 就是。 | That is it. |
| le2 ia7 u6 | lúr īa ŭ | 汝 也 有。 | You have got it too. |
| cong5(7) di5(7)go3 gao3(2) di5(7)go3? | tshông tî-kò kàu tî-kò? | 從 底塊 到 底塊？ | From where to where? |
| do6(7) zi2(6)go3 gao3(2) he2(6)go3 | tŏ tsí-kò kàu húr-kò | 在 只塊 到 許塊。 | From here to there. |
| ba1lag4(8) bho5 | pa-lak bô | 拍叻 無。 | Perhaps not. |
| le2 u6 a1bho5? | lúr ŭ a-bô? | 汝 有 啊無？ | Have you or have you not? did you or did you not? |
| ua2 bho5 | úa bô | 我 無。 | I havn't; I did not. |
| le2 u6(7)ke3-mê7? | lúr ŭ-khùr--mē? | 汝 有 去 ～？ | Did you go? |
| bho5 | bô | 無。 | No. |
| zo3(2)nin5(7) bho5-nê7? | tsò-nî bô--nē? | 做呢 無呢？ | Why not? |
| ing1ui5(7) ua2 m6(7)ke3 | ing-ûi úa m̆-khùr | 因爲 我 唔去。 | Because I don't want to go. |
| zi2(6)gai5 si6(7) ua2-gai5 | tsí-kâi sí úa-kâi | 只個 是 我個。 | This is mine. |
| m6(7)si6(7) le2-gai5 | m̆-sĭ lúr-kâi | 唔是 汝個。 | It isn't yours. |
| si6 i1-gai5 | sĭ i-kâi | 是 伊個。 | It is his. |
| le2-gai5 m6(7)si6(7) ziên3(2)sên1 | lúr-kâi m̆-sĭ tsiènn-senn | 汝個 唔是 照生。 | Yours is not like his. |
| i1-gai5 si6(7) ziên3(2)sên1 | i-kâi sĭ tsìenn-senn | 伊個 是 照生。 | His is like this. |