OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Easy Ido

This is a course for the language Ido. Ido is a simple language to learn, and the explanations in this course are simple too. If you can translate this course into your language, please do so.

## What is Ido?

* Ido is perhaps the easiest language in the world to learn. It has a 100% regular grammar with no exceptions.
* Ido was created to be a language that everybody could learn quickly to talk to people from other countries.
* Ido was created on the basis of Esperanto but changed to make it easier to learn and write.
* Ido is used by at least 1000 people in the world today.
* Ido uses no special letters like in the Esperanto language (ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ and ŭ) so you don't need extra software to write it.
* Ido has its own Wikipedia and Wiktionary.
* As of 2024, Ido is 117 years old.
* Ido has its own magazines and literature.
* Ido looks a lot like French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian (and Esperanto too).
* Ido will help you understand Latin and other romance languages.

## Okay, let's learn Ido!

* Lesson one
* Lesson two
* Lesson three
* Lesson four
* Lesson five
* Lesson six
* Lesson seven
* Lesson eight

## See also

* Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona.
** Ido society in the UK
** Deutsche Ido-Gesellschaft
** Ido-France
* Parolez Ido - an Ido-language community with blogs and forums.
* Ido-English dictionaries:
** English-Ido at Glosbe
** English-Ido dictionary by Dyer
** Dictionary by Germana-Ido
* Magazines:
** Gazuyi
** Progreso
** Ido-Saluto!
* Wikipedio - Wikipedia in Ido
# Mirad

* Glojo mir ebdao ácana dadè. (accented version)
* Glojo mir ebdao yacana dadey. (unaccented version)
* Soon the world will converse through a common tongue.
    Mirad ( aka Unilingua ) is an artificially constructed auxiliary language (conlang) developed and published by Paris-based author Noubar Agopoff as a serious medium for easy and logical international communication. Mirad is categorized by constructed language aficionados as philosophical because its vocabulary is mapped letter-by-letter to a semantic ontology or thesaurus. Also, the wordstock of Mirad is considered a priori, that is, there is no deliberate association with words or roots in existing natural languages. The vocabulary is "from scratch", yet based on internal lexical and semantic rules that help the learner to construct and deconstruct derivations logically, mnemonically, and consistently.
* For some odd reason, the author of this language called it the Latinesque name "Unilingua." In this revision of the language, the name will be the more internally consistent Mirad (pronounced mee-RAHD), which means world language (mira = world's + d = speech.) The proximity to the Russian word for 'world' (мир) is pure coincidence; the vocabulary of Mirad, as stated above, is not based on or related to any existing human language.
    The author claims in his book Unilingua -- Langue universelle auxiliaire that this language is well-suited for universal, logical communication because it is based on principles already exploited globally by sciences like mathematics and chemistry where symbolic formulas are constructed in accordance with strict rules and a limited sequence of symbols understood by all practitioners.
    Mirad is constructed on the following principles:
      * Every vowel has numeric, vectorial, scalar, or semantic value.
      * Every consonant is semantically taxonomic.
      * Word derivation is systematic, consistent, analogical, and mnemonic.
      * Words are as ontologically unambiguous as possible.
      * Words are as short and as easy to pronounce as possible.
      * Inflection and derivation of words is regular and predictable.
* Conlang aficionados, note: Mirad is not strictly a logical language in the Sapir-Whorf sense. It is meant to be more practical, natural, and humanly usable. Mirad is logical in the more usual sense that it is systematic, regular, and predictable.

## Contents

* Orthography and Pronunciation
* Word-building
* Word Families
* Grammar
* Lessons in Mirad Conversation
* Sample Texts
# Lojban

This is currently a pre-draft textbook. Therefore some information is inaccurate.
Coi! This book will help you learn Lojban.

## New Table Of Contents
### Kickstarting an understanding of the basics

* Place structure teaches you how to read Lojban dictionary definitions
** Practicing vocabulary with Anki guides you in using software for memorising words
* Simple sentences with pronouns will have you speak Lojban in no time!
* Using words as adjectives by adding them together
* Forming nouns using articles and you can say almost anything
* Changing the order of a place structure so you can say anything

## Old Table Of Contents

* Introduction to Lojban
** Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
** Culturally neutral
** Unambiguous grammar
** Phonetic spelling
** Logical language
* Introduction to Lojban grammar
* Sounds and alphabet
* cmene (names)
* Vocatives
* Attitudinals
* Bridi
* Selbri
* Tanru
* Sumti
* How to learn vocabulary
* Anaphora
** Acronyms
** Pro-sumti
** Pro-bridi
*** Anaphora Subscription
* Rafsi
** Great Rafsi Reallocation (GRR) (1993)
** Rafsi list prior to GRR (1993)
* Lujvo
* Abstractions
* Sumti tcita
* Connectives
* Tenses
* Negation
* Letterals
* Mathematics
** mekso
** Numbers
* Times and dates
** Times
** Dates
* Colors
* Commands
* Elidable terminator
* Cause and effect
* Discursives
* Erasure
* Measurements
* By standard
* Foods and beverages
* Plants
* Animals
* Body parts
* Emotions
* Clothes
* Rooms of the house
* Directions
* Le ninmu cu te dunda le ninmu le gerku
* Fu'ivla
* Vocabulary 1
* Vocabulary 2
Appendices
* Vocabulary
* Glossary
* Recordings
* Other resources
# Isoba

Welcome to the online Isoba course! This book is divided into 4 sections.
* First is the linguistic description of Isoba, organized as a collection of pages, each focusing on a linguistic feature of Isoba.
* Second is the coursebook proper, organized as a series of pages, each about a topic of everyday life. Readers should read the linguistic description before the coursebook.
* Third is a lexical catalog of Isoba, including an Isoba-English dictionary and a collection of idioms.
* Fourth is a collection of texts in Isoba, including translations and original content.

## About Isoba

Isoba is an a priori constructed language created by a native speaker of Beijing Mandarin and General American English. It is designed to be moderately easy to learn.
Isoba is characterized by a moderately high degree of apophony; vowel gradation and changes in stress, tone, and pharyngealization are used for grammatical inflection. Isoba uses a unique morphosyntactic alignment that combines elements of Austronesian and active-stative alignment.

## Linguistic Description
### Phonology and Orthography

* Consonants and Vowels
* Tone
* Pharyngealization
* Prosody
* Phonotactics

### Grammar

* Syntax and Morphology
* Morphosyntactic Alignment
* Number
* Case

## Coursebook

* Phrases
* Self-Introduction
* Dining
* School
* Hobbies

## Lexical Catalog

* Dictionary
* Idiom Catalog

## Isoba Texts

* The North Wind and the Sun
* The Rainbow Passage
# Russian

* RUSSIAN
* РУССКИЙ
* Learning the Russian Language, for English Speakers
* Содержа́ние (Contents)
* Printable version: View
* Russian is a Category III language. (Foreign Service Institute (US))
* Russian Wikipedia: Википедия
* English Wikipedia's article: Russian language |
# Updated jan Pije's lessons
## Table of Contents

* Lesson 1 Introduction
* Lesson 2 Pronunciation
* Lesson 3 Basic Sentences
* Lesson 4 Direct Objects and Compound Sentences
* Lesson 5 Adjectives and Adverbs
* Lesson 6 Prepositions 1 lon, kepeken, and tawa
* Lesson 7 Prepositions 2 Other prepositions
* Lesson 8 Negation, Yes - No Questions
* Lesson 9 Gender, Unofficial Words, Commands
* Lesson 10 Questions using seme
* Lesson 11 pi
* Lesson 12 Conjunctions, Temperature
* Lesson 13 Colors
* Lesson 14 Living Things
* Lesson 15 The Body
* Lesson 16 Numbers
* Lesson 17 la
# Na'vi

Naʼvi is a constructed language, created for the fictional Naʼvi, the humanoid inhabitants of the moon Pandora in the 2009 film Avatar. It was designed by Paul Frommer, a professor at the Marshall School of Business with a doctorate in linguistics, to fit film director James Cameron's conception of what the language should sound like in the film, to be realistically learnable by the fictional human characters of the film, and to be pronounceable by the real actors, but to not closely resemble any human language.
When the film was released in 2009, Naʼvi had a growing vocabulary of about a thousand words, but understanding of its grammar was limited to Frommer. To date, it has roughly 2,656 words and a fully fleshed out grammatical system, thanks to the work of Paul Frommer and a robust fan community. The goal of this book is to make what is known of Naʼvi grammar available to fans who are attempting to learn the language.

## Table of contents

* History
* Phonology
* Nouns
* Pronouns
* Adpositions
* Adjectives
* Numbers
* Questions
* Verbs
* Syntax
* Discourse
* Lexicon
* Texts
* Naʼvi–English dictionary
* English–Naʼvi dictionary
* Appendix: Glossing conventions
* Glossary of linguistic terms
* Bibliography

## References

* ↑ "Do You Speak Naʼvi? Giving Voice To 'Avatar' Aliens : NPR". Retrieved 16 December 2009.
* ↑ http://dict-navi.com/ Retrieved 24 July 2021
* ↑ https://naviteri.org/
* ↑ https://learnnavi.org/
# Mirad Thesaurus

Mirad Thesaurus · Universe →
Welcome to Mirad Thesaurus, a thematically-ordered vocabulary of Mirad, a serious constructed language. This book is an accompaniment to Mirad Grammar.
Table of Contents :
| Glojo, ha mir gonbio yansauna gabyuxea dalzeyn. (Soon, the world will share a common auxiliary language.) | Universe Nature Weather Flora Fauna Human Body Clothing Society Family Health Home Food City Life Commerce School Mathematics | Government Technology Geography Military Arts and Entertainment Religion Mirad Grammar |
# Bune Ğonatan!

Bune Ğonatan! Qes es la stur dun ğuven anglian qe va visitar a seu amiq natre națiu europei... o is sembla.

## Unesim capitul (1.esim capitul)
### 1 de mai

Un om es nan cită. L'om sqri un ditar. L'om vi an cită.
Es l'om nan cită? Si, il es nan cită.
Es l'om intu... un om? Non, il non es intu'n om. Il es nan cită.
Es l’om nun trĕn? Non, il non es nun trĕn. Il es nan cită. L’om es nan cită.
Sqri l’om un ditariu? Si, il sqri un ditariu.
U ditariu sqri un om? Non, u ditariu non sqri un om. Un ditariu non sqri. Un om sqri. L’om sqri’l ditariu?
Vi la cită a l’om? Non, la cită non vi a l’om. An cită no vi. Un om vi. ¿Vi l’om la cită? Si, l’om vi la cită.
Ŭn es l’om? Il es nan cita. Qe sqri l’om? Il sqri an ditariu. Qe vi l’om? Il vi an cită. Il es nan cită i sqri un ditariu i vi an cită.
Es l’om nun ditariu? Non, il sqri nun ditariu. L’om vi an om? Non, il non vi an om; il vi an cită.
L’om es gran, l’om es bun i l’om es inteligent. Il pens. Il pens su la cită. Il pens: Q’es la cită? Es la cită bun? Es la cita gran?
L’om sqri an cită? Non, il non sqri an cită; an cită es gran. Il sqri un ditariu; un ditariu non es gran.
U ditariu pens su l’om? Non, un ditariu non pens. Un om pens. Il pens su’l ditariu i pens su la cită.
Il sqri nun ditariu. Il sqri su la cită. Il sqri: “La cită es bun i la cită es gran”.
Il pens: “La cită es bun”; il pens qe la cită es bun. Il pens: “La cita es gran”; il pens qe la cită es gran. Il pens su la cita ‘il pens su’l ditaru.
Q’es un ditariu? U ditariu es ŭn l’om sqri; il sqri nu ditariu. Nu ditariu, l’om sqri su la cită. Un ditariu, l’om non sqri su’l tren; l’om es na cită, ni nu tre. Il non pens su’l cită, la cită de Munič.
Q’es la cită? Qe’s Munič. Ŭn es Munič? Qes’ ŭn es l’om. Ŭn es l’om? Il es in Munič?
Si, Munič es an gran cită i an bun cită. L’om pens qe Munič es an bun cită, ‘il pens qe qes’ an gran cită. L’om es inteligent. Il di: “Bune, Munič! Il es un bun om.
L’om s’aţ i pens: “Ŭn es u tren? Il vi… il vi u tren! Il pens: “U tren!” Aqur il non pens su’l ditariu ni su la cită; il pens su’l tren.
# Mandarin Chinese Grammar for Pimsleur Students

This book is designed specially for users who study Mandarin Chinese with the Pimsleur audio program. It is not a textbook for the program but a collection of information that might come in handy for Pimsleur students, like a systematic grammar overview (which the audio program does not provide).
Another goal is to provide some access to written Chinese (simplified Chinese) resp. to the Pinyin system. Since most Chinese are not really familiar with the Pinyin romanization, it cannot be used in written communication. Still, even for students who decide not to spend time to study the Chinese writing, it is highly recommendable to acquire knowledge of the Pinyin writing. At some point, every student needs to go beyond the vocabulary and the grammar that the Pimsleur program provides, and look up information in a dictionary or textbook. Without knowledge of at least the Pinyin writing, this is hardly possible.

## Table of contents

* Nouns
** Pronouns
** Nouns
** Proper nouns
* Verbs
** Activity verbs
** Adjectival stative verbs
** Non-adjectival stative verbs
** Yes/No answers
** Past tense
** Future tense
* Negation
* Questions
* Adverbs
* Conjunctions
* Prepositions
* Numbers
* Phrases
* Lessons (Summary of vocabulary in each lesson)

## Related Wikibooks

For comprehensive Chinese textbooks see:
* Chinese (Mandarin)
* Written Chinese

## Recommended Weblinks

* LearnchineseOK.com Web's biggest directory of free online resources for learning Mandarin Chinese language - hundreds and hundreds of entries include this one for the Wikibook "Mandarin Chinese Grammar for Pimsleur Students"
* xuezhongwen.net Online dictionary
** Pimsleur Mandarin Chinese Courses
# History of Elven Writing Systems

Welcome to the WikiTextBook on History of Tolkien’s Elven writing systems
also known as
Quenta Eldatencelion
Being an Account on the Elvish Writing Systems through the Ages and Modes as exemplified and described in the works of Professor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien.
Theories written and expressed by various Elvish scholars through the years, and compiled in the Common Speech.
Go to Foreword >>
# Loglan
## Loglan, the logical language
### Introduction

The name Loglan, in this context, refers to the logical language that James Cooke Brown first started to develop in the 1950s. Loglan forms an example of a logical language because the developers based the language on predicate logic which forms a way of defining logical relationships. However, for practical purposes, you could view the language as an example of a fill the blanks language as each of the main type of words used in Loglan effectively form an incomplete sentence where you fill in the blanks to complete the meaning. For example, the Loglan word meaning to see, vizka, has three blanks and forms the sentence x sees y against background z as in mi vizka tu meaning I see you (you don't have to use all the blanks in loglan).
Loglan could form a future auxiliary language as it has a number of advantages over natural languages and languages such as Esperanto.
* Loglan has a set of consistent rules - no exceptions
* Consistent spelling (the base words come in either CVCCV or CCVCV form (where C stands for "consonant" and V for "vowel")).
* Simpler rule set. Loglan has about 200 rules, far less than a natural language.
* A defined way to grow so any additions follow a set of rules as the language grows and develops. So, once you know Loglan, your knowledge doesn't get out dated as the language changes.
* Simpler grammar. No nouns, adverbs, imperfect forms, etc. to learn.

### Table of Contents

* Chapter 1 - Overview of Loglan
* Chapter 2 - Putting Things Together - Forming Sentences
* Chapter 3 - The Power of Little Words
* Chapter 4 - Using Loglan
# D'ni
## Table of contents

* Foreword

### Phonology and writing

Note: You will need the D'ni font to view characters correctly.
* Numbers
* Alphabet and Phonology

### Parts of speech

* Pronouns
* Verbs
* Adverbs
* Nouns
* Conjunctions
* Prepositions

### Other

* Derivations
* Idioms
# Hai, Jon!

This is the start of the Monav translation of "Salute, Jonathan!", a book by Mithridates which teaches the language, using easy vocab and building up in a fun way. This is a work in progress, so please be patient.

## Cap 1
### Unem maj (1em maj)

Un om sa na un zif. Li om skra na un jurbuk. Li man vida li zif.
Cu li om skra un jurbuk. Jo, li om skra un jurbuk.
Cu li jurbuk skra li om. No, li jurbuk no skra li om. Un jurbuk no skra. Un om skra. Li om skra li jurbuk.
Cu li zif vida li om. No, li zif no vida li om. Un zif no vida. Un om vida. Cu li om vida li zif. Jo, li om vida li zif.
Vok sa li om? U sa na un zif. Vos skra li om? U skra un jurbuk. Vos vida li om? U vida un zif. U sa na un zif, e u skra un jurbuk, e u vida un zif.
Cu li om sa na un jurbuk? No, u skra na un jurbuk. Cu li om vida un om? No, u no vida un om; u vida un zif.
Li om sa nolit. Li om sa bo, din li om sa klug. U prexa. U prexa pi li zif. U prexa: "Vos sa li zif? Cu li zif sa bo? Cu li zif sa nolit?"
Cu li om skra un zif? No, u no skra un zif; un zif sa nolit. U skra un jurbuk; un jurbuk no sa nolit.
Cu li jurbuk prexa pi li om? No, un jurbuk no prexa. Un om prexa. U prexa pi li jurbuk, e prexa pi li zif.
Din un skra na li jurbuk. U skra pi li zif. U skra: "Li zif sa bo, din li zif sa nolit".
U prexa: "Li zif sa bo"; sa prexa ke li zif sa bo. U prexa: "Li zif sa nolit"; u prexa ke li zif sa nolit. U prexa pi li zif, din u prexa pi li jurbuk.
Vos sa li jurbuk? Li jurbuk sa vok li om skra; u skra na li jurbuk. Na li jurbuk, li om skra pi li zif. Na li jurbuk, li om no skra pi li tren; li om sa na li zif no na li tren. U no prexa pi li tren; u prexa pi li zif, li zif Munhen.
Vos sa li zif? E sa Munhen. Vok sa Munhen? E sa vok li om sa. Vok sa li om? U sa na Munhen.
Jo, Munhen sa un nolit zif, din un bo zif. Li om prexa ke Munhen sa un bo zif, din u prexa ke e sa un nolit zif. Li om sa klug. U dira: "Hai, Munhen!". U sa un bo om!
Li om prexa: "Vok sa li tren?" U vida... u vida li tren! U prexa: "Li tren!" Nu u no prexa pi li jurbuk din no prexa pi li zif; u prexa pi li tren!
# Hallo, Jonathan!

Hallo, Jonathan! (Hello, Jonathan!) is the story of a young Englishman who goes to visit his friend in another European country...or so it would seem.
It is written entirely in the language Interlingua, a language created by the IALA that was published in 1951. The book Salute, Jonathan! was originally written in Interlingue by Mithridates and published on Wikibooks in 2019.
Hallo, Jonathan! begins with very simple language. The first words in the book are Un viro sta in un citate (a man stands in a city), and it continues from there. The words the reader knows are repeated and new words are added slowly and in context, so that no dictionary is required to read it. Interlingua was created to be an international language, with a very simple and straightforward grammar. Thanks to its simplicity and regularity, you will know how to read and use it by the end of Hallo, Jonathan!
The method in the book is based on the same used in books such as English by the Nature Method, Le français par la méthode nature, and L'italiano secondo il metodo natura, as well as Hans Ørberg's Lingua Latina per se Illustrata.
Curious about the true nature of the story in the book? You will begin to get clues as to the true story around Chapter 4 as the language becomes more and more complex and an actual story begins to form. Hallo, Jonathan! is in fact a full translation of a classic book that you are likely very familiar with. Read on to find out!

## Capitulos

* Preface
* Chapter: 1
* Chapter: 2
* Chapter: 3
* Chapter: 4
# Hay, Jonathan!

Hay, Jonatan! (Hello, Jonathan!) is the story of a young Englishman who goes to visit his friend in another European country...or so it would seem.

## Aa dyesgon
### Aa jub bi Jiyob.

Twob byaseye be dom. Ha twob dreye jubdyes. Ha twob teate dom.
Duven ha twob byaseye be dom? Va, it byaseye be dom.
Duven ha twob byaseye be...twob? Vo, it voy byaseye be twob. It byaseye be dom.
Duven ha twob byaseye be bixpur? Vo, it voy byaseye be bixpur. It byaseye be dom.
Duven ha jubdyes dreye ha twob? Vo, ha jubdyes voy dreye ha twob. Ha twob dreye ha jubdyes.
Duven ha dom teate ha twob? Vo, ha dom voy teate ha twob. Ha twob teate ha dom.
Ha twob byaseye duham? It byaseye be un dom. Ha twob dreyeye duhas? it dreye jubdyes. Ha twob teate duhos? Ha twob teate ha dom. It byaseye be dom, ay it dreye jubdyes, ay it teate dom.
Duven ha twob byaseye be jubdyes? Vo, it dreye be jubdyes. Duven ha twob teate twob? Vo, it voy teate twob; it teate dom.
Ha twob se aga. Ha twob se fia. Ha twob se tepaza. It texeye. It texeye ayv ha dom. It texeye: "Ha dom se duhos? Duven ha dom se fia? Duven ha dom se aga?
Duven ha twob dreye dom? Vo, it voy dreye dom; dom se aga. It dreye jubdyes; Ha jubdyes voy se aga.
Duven ha jubdyes texeye ayv ha twob? Vo, jubdyes voy texe. Ha twob texe. Ha twob texeye ayv ha jubdyes, ay it texeye ayv ha dom.
Ay it dreye be ha jubdyes. It dreye ayv ha dom. It dre: "Ha dom se fia ay ha dom se aga."
It texe: "Ha dom se fia." It texe van ha dom se fia. It texe: "Ha dom se aga." It texe van ha dom se aga. It texeye ayv ha dom ay it texeye ayv ha jubdyes.
Duhos se ha jubdyes? Ha jubdyes se hos ha twob dreye; it dreye be ha jubdyes. Be ha jubdyes, ha twob dreye ayv ha dom. Be ha jubdyes, ha twob voy dreye ayv ha bixpur; ha twob se be ha dom, voy be ha bixpur. It voy texeye ayv ha bixpur; it texeye ayv ha dom, ha dom Munih.
Duhos se ha dom? Has se Munhen. Duhom se Munhen? Has se hom ha twob byase. Ha twob byase duhom? It byase be Munhen.
Va, Munhen se aga dom, ay fia dom. Ha twob texe van Munhen se fia dom, ay it texe van has se aga dom. Ha twob se tepaza. It de: "Hay, Munhen." It se fia twob!
Ha twob byase ay texe: "Duhom se ha bixpur?" It teate...it teate ha bixpur! It texe: "Ha bixpur!" Hij it voy texeye ayv ha jubdyes ay voy texeye ayv ha dom; it texeye ayv ha bixpur!

### Drevyab

Erduni:
   * ser......se......seye
   * byaser.....byase.....byaseye
   * drer.....dre.....dreye
   * teater...teate...teateye
   * texer....texe....texeye
   * der......de......deye
Sunduni:
   * ha twob
   * ha dom
   * ha jubdyes
   * ha bixpur
Nemduni:
   * Munih
Avduni:
   * it (ha twob)
   * has (ha jubdyes)
   * duhos?
   * hos
Dida duni:
   * duhos? (ha bixpur)
   * duhom? (be ha dom)
   * duven...? (va, vo)
Ebduni:
   * be
   * ay
   * van
   * ayv
Aduni:
   * ha
   * fia
   * aga
   * tepaza
Ayduni:
   * voy
   * hij
   * hom
   * duhom?
Yokduni:
   * va!
   * vo!
   * hay!
Sagduni:
   * a = 1
      * aa (.)
   * e = 2
      * ea (...)
   * i = 3
      * ia (...)

### References

   * Mirad_Grammar
   * Mirad-English Dictionary Interface
# Wu Chinese

Welcome to the Wu wikibook, a free textbook on the Wu language. To use this book, your web browser must first be configured to display Chinese characters. If the characters in the box below appear as blank boxes or garbage such as �?�?, your browser is not properly configured.
* 如果倷会讲吴语，请帮帮忙！

## Introduction / 序

* About Wu 关于吴语
* Pronunciation 吴语发音

## Lessons / 课程

* Lesson 1: Hello! 第一课：倷好！
| III | This is a Category III Language. |