OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cebuano/Months of the Year

The months, like the days of the week, were also all borrowed from Spanish.
| Enero | January |
| Pebrero | February |
| Marso | March |
| Abril | April |
| Mayo | May |
| Hunyo | June |
| Hulyo | July |
| Agosto | August |
| Setyembre | September |
| Oktobre | October |
| Nobyembre | November |
| Desyembre | December |
# Cebuano/Common phrases

| English | Cebuano | Pseudo pronunciation |
| hello | kumusta | koo-mooss-TAH |
| how are you? | kumusta ka? | koo-mooss-TAH kah? |
| thank you | Daghang salamat | dahg-HAHNG sah-LAH-maht |
| you're welcome | walay sapayan | wah-LIGH sah-PAH-yahn |
| yes | oo | AW-aw |
| no | diri | dee-REE |
| I am fine | maayo man | mah-AH-yaw mahn |
| what is your name? | unsay imong ngaran? | oon-SIGH ee-MAWNG NGAH-rahn? |
| my name is ... | ako si... | ah-KAW see |
| nice to know you | Maayo nga nagka-ila ta | mah-AH-yaw ngah nahg-kah-ee-LAH tah |
| nice to know you too | Maayo nga nagkaila man ta | mah-AH-yaw ngah nahg-kah-ee-LAH mahn tah |
| How much does this cost? | tagpila ni? | tahg-PEE-lah NEE? |
| Do you speak English? | Kabalo ka mag-Iningles? | kah-bah-LAW kah mahg-ee-neeng-LEHSS |
# Cebuano/Contents

Welcome to the course dedicated to teaching you one of the major languages of the Philippines spoken in some parts of Visayas and most of Mindanao. Good luck!
# Cebuano/Days of the Week

The days of the week are borrowed from Spanish.

## Sunday

    Dominggo

## Monday

    Lunes

## Tuesday

    Martes

## Wednesday

    Miyerkoles

## Thursday

    Huwebes

## Friday

    Biyernes

## Saturday

    Sabado
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Sirens/265
## Annotations

Cloche. Sonnez la. Cloche. Sonnez la (French) Bell. Sound the. Bell. Sound the. See 245.17-18.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Sirens/267
## Annotations

Blumenlied (German) Flower Song. Among the hundreds of songs with this title, the most famous are settings of the poem Du Bist wie eine Blume (You Are Like a Flower) by Heinrich Heine. The poem first appeared in 1825 in Heine's collection Das Buch der Lieder (The Book of Songs). The most celebrated setting was made by Schumann in 1840 in his song cycle Myrthen (Myrtles), Op. 25. The poem has also been set to music by Franz Liszt and Hugo Wolf.
One of Heine's best known poems is Die Lorelei, which tells of a siren-like creature on the Rhine who lures sailors to their deaths with her beauty and her singing.
The name The German Blumenlied (Flower Song) is a play on Bloom.
Playing it slow Schumann's Du Bist wie eine Blume has the tempo marking Langsam (Slow).

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 304. Thornton (1968) 248.
* ↑ Heinrich Heine, Du Bist wie eine Blume.
* ↑ Robert Schumann, Myrthen.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Sirens/271
## Annotations

Qui sdegno (Italian) Here indignation. These are the opening words of the Italian version of Sarastro's aria In diesen heil'gen Hallen (In these sacred halls) from Act II of Mozart's Singspiel Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute). Here, sdegno (anger, indignation) corresponds to the German Rache, which can mean fury or rage, but in this context means vengeance.

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 306. Thornton (1968) .
* ↑ In diesen heil'gen Hallen. Qui sdegno.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Sirens/266
## Annotations

Corpus paradisum (Latin) Body Paradise. Bloom has conflated two Latin liturgical expressions he has heard today: Corpus from St Andrew's Church on Westland Row (077.31) and In Paradisum from Paddy Dignam's Burial Service in Prospect Cemetery (100.34).

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 304. Thornton (1968) 248.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Sirens/270
## Annotations

quis est homo : Mercadante (Latin) Who is the man? See 079.09. Bloom seems to be confusing Mercadante with Rossini. Earlier, he mentioned Mercadante's Le sette ultime parole di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo (The Seven Last Words of Our Lord Jesus Christ) immediately after alluding to Rossini's Stabat Mater.
See also 278.29 and 614.28, where Mercadante and Meyerbeer are confused.

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 306. Thornton (1968) 250.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Sirens/272
## Annotations

in nomine Domini ... mea culpa (Latin) in the name of the Lord ... through my fault. Carroll Malone's lyrics for The Croppy Boy include the following stanza, in which the Croppy Boy begins his confession:
The Croppy Boy :
| The youth has knelt to tell his sins: Nomine Dei, the youth begins! At mea culpa he beats his breast, And in broken murmurs he speaks the rest. | 13 14 15 16 |
The Croppy Boy would have begun the Rite of Confession by making the Sign of the Cross while reciting the Trinitarian Formula: In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti, Amen (In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, Amen). He would recite the Confiteor, which includes the line, mea culpa, mea culpa (through my fault, through my fault), after confessing his sins. The Croppy Boy, then, would not have spoken the words Nomine Dei, while his mea culpa would have come after the litany of his sins. Furthermore, the Latin expressions Bloom, Goulding and Pat are alleged to hear are not part of the traditional lyrics. It is possible that Ben Dollard is singing a variant text, or simply misremembering the lyrics; Zack Bowen believes that the mistake is Joyce's.
It is curious that the text of Ulysses has the Latin expression in nomine domini (in the name of the Lord) instead of nomine dei (in God's name), while giving the English translation of the latter. Perhaps the translation is Bloom's.
corpusnomine (Latin) A nonsense word Bloom has concocted from corpus (body) and nomine (in the name). He has just heard Ben Dollard sing the latter; this reminds him of the expression Corpus Domini (the Body of Our Lord), which he heard in St Andrew's Church on Westland Row earlier in the day (077.31); he is also reminded of the Latin he heard in the mortuary chapel in Prospect Cemetery during Paddy Dignam's Burial Service, which had prompted another of his Latin concoctions, Dominenamine (100.01). See 246.16 for an earlier variant in this episode. See also 266.18 for a similar instance, and 277.37 for a variation on dominenamine.

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 307.
* ↑ The Croppy Boy
* ↑ Rituale Romanum 62 ff.
* ↑ Bowen, Zack R. (1974). Musical Allusions in the Works of James Joyce: Early Poetry through Ulysses. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 196–197. ISBN 0-87395-248-0.
* ↑ Gifford (1988) 307. Thornton (1968) 251.
# Sämisch Variation
### 6. c5

White has successfully won the bishop and will capture it next move.
# Nimzo-Indian Defence, Sämisch Variation

Black takes the knight with 4...Bxc3+. White must recapture with 5. bxc3. White will have the bishop-pair and a large center, but Black will have counterplay against the weak c4-pawn.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3
## Indian Defence with e6, Nf3

3. Nf3 develops a piece and contributes to White's fight for the center of the board. This move strengthens the d4 and e5 squares and brings White a move closer to castling kingside. Nf3 blocks the f-pawn, which can be a powerful lever for White in some lines, but White has many other options as well. This continuation is often chosen by White players who are trying to avoid the Nimzo-Indian Defence, 3. Nc3 Bb4. 3...Bb4+ is still possible after 3. Nf3, but this usually leads to the Bogo-Indian Defence, which has a much poorer theoretical reputation for Black than the Nimzo-Indian.
Because it blocks the f-pawn, does not support the e4 pawn break, and does not fight for the d5 square, 3. Nf3 is a little more passive on White's part than 3. Nc3. Nevertheless, it is solid, and there are many ways for White to get a quiet, positional advantage. Apart from the Bogo-Indian, Black can aim for the Queen's Indian or Benoni as well as the usual transpositions:
* 3...b6 - The Queen's Indian (QID). This move is quiet and aims at equality via active piece play, trades in the center, and freeing pawn breaks such as ...c5, ...d5 or even ...e5 (usually utilizing ...d6 as preparation for this)
* 3...d5 - as always, the Queen's Gambit Declined (QGD) transposition is in the air.
* 3...c5 - is the Benoni... This is one of the more appealing paths to the Benoni as it avoids the dangerous f2-f4 lines.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3
| | 3 | 4 |
| Queen's Indian Defence | Nf3 b6 | a3 Bb7 | = |
| Queen's Gambit Declined | ... d5 | Bg5 Be7 | = |
| Bogo-Indian Defence | ... Bb4+ | Bd2 Qe7 | = |
| Semi-Slav Defence | ... c6 | Nc3 d5 | += |
| Black Knights Tango | ... Nc6 | a3 d6 | += |
| Benoni Defence | ... c5 | d5 exd5 | += |
| Blumenfeld Gambit | ... ... | ... b5 | =/∞ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...Bb4
## Bogo-Indian Defence

Black plays Bb4+ and White must block against the check. If White plays Nc3, the opening transposes into a Nimzo-Indian Defence. If instead White decides to block the check with Bd2, the resulting complications are likely to cause an exchange of pieces. Positions tend to be roughly equal, with trades (and, consequently, draws) being very common.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 Bb4+
| | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| | Bd2 Qe7 | g3 Nc6 | Nc3 Bxc3 | += |
| | Nbd2 b6 | a3 Bxd2+ | Qxd2 O-O | = |
| Nimzo-Indian Defence | Nc3 b6 | Qb3 c5 | a3 Ba5 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...b6
## Queen's Indian Defence

The Queen's Indian Defence is a popular and fairly modern opening whereby black quickly develops his queenside bishop, either by fianchettoing it on b7 to contest the long diagonal, or on a6 to put pressure on white's c-pawn.
It has been employed regularly by a number of top players including former world champions like Anatoly Karpov and Viswanathan Anand.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6
| | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Petrosian Variation | a3 Ba6 | Qc2 Bb7 | Nc3 c5 | = |
| Romanishin Variation | g3 Ba6 | b3 Bb4+ | Bd2 Be7 | = |
| | Nc3 Bb7 | Bg5 h6 | Bh4 Bb4 | ∞ |
| | e3 Bb7 | Bd3 Be7 | O-O O-O | = |
| Miles Variation (London System) | Bf4 | | | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...b6/4. Bf4
## Queen's Indian Defence - London System (Miles Variation)

In essence, in this variation, White seeks central control and space, with potential kingside attacking ideas, while Black adopts a hypermodern defense, allowing White's central occupation but preparing to challenge and undermine it later.

#### White's Strategy:

* Central Control: With 1. d4 and 2. c4, White immediately asserts control over the center. The aim is to gain space and restrict Black's central pawn breaks.
* Piece Development: The knight on f3 and the bishop on f4 represent optimal development. The Nf3 knight supports the d4 pawn and prepares for e2-e3, while the Bf4 bishop is developed outside the pawn chain, exerting pressure on the c7 pawn.
* Flexibility: White's setup allows for various pawn structures and middle game plans, ranging from the traditional d4-c4 pawn duo, a potential d5 push, or even transitioning into other Queen's Pawn openings.
* Kingside Potential: With the bishop developed to f4 early, White can consider ideas like e2-e3 followed by Bd3, potentially supporting a later kingside pawn storm with moves like g2-g4, especially if Black has already castled kingside.

#### Black's Strategy:

* Hypermodern Approach: With ...Nf6, ...e6, and ...b6, Black takes a hypermodern approach, allowing White to occupy the center initially with the aim of counter-attacking and undermining White's center later.
* Flexible Pawn Structure: Black's setup, especially with ...b6, hints at the idea of fianchettoing the queen's bishop with ...Bb7. This places pressure on the e4 square and supports potential central pawn breaks like ...d5 or ...c5.
* Central Counterplay: Despite allowing White to occupy the center, Black aims for counterplay with moves like ...d5 or ...c5. The knight on f6 and the potential bishop on b7 work in tandem to challenge White's center.
* King Safety: Black often aims for a short castle, ensuring the king's safety while also connecting the rooks. Depending on the course of the game, Black might even consider a queenside castle if the situation allows.
* Active Piece Play: Black will look to develop the remaining minor pieces (e.g., ...Bb4+ or ...Bd6, and ...Nc6 or ...Nd7) to maximize their activity and coordinate potential counter-attacks.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6 4. Bf4
| | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Miles Variation | ... Bb7 | e3 Bb4+ | Nfd2 O-O | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
# Queen's Indian Defense
### 4. g3

With this move, White decides to challenge the h1-a8 diagonal immediately and fianchetto his own light-squared bishop to counter black's.
Black can now play:
* 4...Bb7 (Old Main Line), a standard developing move. White can then respond with Bg2 and Nc3. The line continues: 5. Bg2 Be7 6. 0-0 0-0 7. Nc3 Ne4 8. Qc2 Nxc3 9. Qxc3. White now has a spacial advantage, but black's position is solid. Black can choose many ways for counterplay, including 9...c5 (the most common), 9...f5, or 9...Be4. These lines are known for their drawish tendencies and are currently used as drawing weapons. However, there have been developed a few ways to unbalance the play in the Old Main Line:
** 6. Nc3, which postpones castling for the e2-e4 and d4-d5 thrusts.
** 7. d5!?, which gives up a pawn. However, white can play 8. Nh4, threatening to regain the pawn or play Nf5. If black keeps the pawn, white gets plenty of compensation for it.
** 8. Bd2, which defends the knight on c3 and threatens a d4-d5 push.
That was, until, the Modern Main Line came by:
* 4...Ba6, attacking the c-pawn. This is a bit of a nuisance for white, who cannot comfortably defend the pawn with the natural e2-e3 because the bishop is already committed to g2.
Also possible is:
* 4...Bb4+, echoing the Bogo-Indian and Nimzo-Indian defences. White can interpose with the bishop or knight. However, this leaves black with a slightly passive position. Nevertheless, this is solid as well.
There are other options available, though these are less likely to be encountered:
* 4...c5, immediately challenging the (central) d-pawn. This leads to pawn structures specific to the Benoni or to variations with a late c5 of the Queen's Indian, if both sides choose to neglect this central challenge and continue to develop
* 4...c6, leads to a Closed Catalan variation after Black's immediate 5...d5 follow-up

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3
| 4 |
| Bb7 ... | = |
| Ba6 ... | = |
| Bb4+ ... | = |
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# Catalan Opening

This is the Catalan Opening, named after the Spanish region of Catalonia, when Grandmaster Savielly Tartakower was asked, at the Barcelona tournament of 1929, to invent an opening system in honor of the region's chess history. Usually, the game continues 3...d5 4.Nf3. The Catalan then has two main branches, the Open Variation and the Closed Variation. In the Open Variation, Black takes the pawn on c4. This gives White strong pressure on Black's queenside, thanks to the fianchettoed bishop on g2. In the Closed Variation, Black retains his strong-point on d5, attempting to block out the bishop on g2, but stays passive.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3.g3
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Catalan Opening | g3 d5 | Nf3 dxc4 | Bg2 Be7 | O-O O-O | = |
| Benoni Defence | ... c5 | d5 exd5 | cxd5 d6 | Nc3 g6 | = |
| Bogo-Indian Defense | ... Bb4+ | Bd2 Qe7 | Nf3 Nc6 | = | |
| | ... Be7 | Bg2 d5 | Nf3 O-O | = |
| | ... c6 | Bg2 d5 | Nf3 Nbd7 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Nimzo-Indian Defence, Rubinstein Variation
### 4. e3

White assesses that an immediate 4...Bxc3 is not a threat, but also that 4. a3, provoking the capture, is not necessary (yet). Instead, 4. e3 simply clears the way for White's light-squared bishop to develop, usually to d3, where it helps control the all-important e4 square. Black has three main responses:
* 4...O-O is the most common. Since Black will never castle queenside in a Nimzo-Indian, castling kingside now is a useful but still highly flexible move.
* 4...c5 puts pressure on White's center immediately. Taking on c5 and accepting tripled isolated pawns (after ...Bxc3 bxc3) is right out of the question, and pushing d5 now simply creates a target, so White instead continues his development and leaves the tension.
* 4...b6 is the St. Petersburg Variation (not to be confused with the Leningrad Variation). This move prepares to strengthen Black's control of e4 yet further by fianchettoing a bishop to b7, though ...Ba6 is not yet out of the question.
In all three cases White has a choice between 5. Nge2 and 5. Bd3.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3
| | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Rubinstein System | ... O-O | Bd3 d5 | Nf3 c5 | O-O dxc4 | = |
| | ... c5 | Ne2 cxd4 | exd4 O-O | a3 Be7 | = |
| Hübner Variation | ... ... | Bd3 Nc6 | Nf3 Bxc3 | bxc3 d6 | = |
| St. Petersburg Variation | ... b6 | Bd3 Bb7 | Nf3 O-O | O-O d5 | = |
| Fischer Variation | ... ... | Nge2 Ba6 | a3 Bxc3 | Nxc3 d5 | = |
| | ... ... | ... Bb7 | a3 Be7 | = |
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# Catalan Opening
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. g3 d5
| | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Catalan Opening | Bg2 dxc4 | Nf3 Be7 | O-O O-O | = |
| | Nf3 | | | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry

High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS or RF-DC ion mobility spectrometry) is a mass spectrometry technique in which ions at atmospheric pressure are separated by the application of a high-voltage asymmetric waveform at radio frequency (RF) combined with a static (DC) waveform applied between two electrodes. Depending on the ratio of the high-field and low-field mobility of the ion, it will migrate toward one or the other electrode. Only ions with specific mobility will pass through the device.

## References

* ↑ Guevremont R (2004). "High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry: a new tool for mass spectrometry". J Chromatogr A. 1058 (1–2): 3–19. PMID 15595648. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
* ↑ Kolakowski BM, Mester Z (2007). "Review of applications of high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) and differential mobility spectrometry (DMS)". Analyst. 132 (9): 842–64. doi:10.1039/b706039d. PMID 17710259. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |DUPLICATE DATA: doi= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/How to Use This Book
## Chemical Sciences : A manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF

How to use this textbook:
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Heteronuclear single quantum coherence

The Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) experiment is used frequently in NMR spectroscopy of organic molecules and is of particular significance in the field of protein NMR. It was invented by Geoffrey Bodenhausen and D. J. Ruben in 1980. The resulting spectrum is two-dimensional with one axis for $^1$H and the other for a heteronucleus (an atomic nucleus other than a proton), most often $^{13}$C or $^{15}$N. The spectrum contains a peak for each unique proton attached to the heteronucleus being considered. Thus, if the chemical shift of a specific proton is known, the chemical shift of the coupled heteronucleus can be determined, and vice versa.

## HSQC in protein NMR

The $^{15}$N HSQC experiment is probably the most frequently recorded experiment in protein NMR. The HSQC experiment can be performed either using the natural abundance of the $^{15}$N isotope, or using isotopically labeled protein. The latter can be recorded on much lower concentrations of protein, but requires recombinant expression of the protein.
Each residue of the protein (except proline) has an amide proton attached to a nitrogen in the peptide bond. If the protein is folded, the peaks are usually well dispersed, and most of the individual peaks can be distinguished. Being a relatively cheap and quick experiment, the HSQC is useful to screen candidates for structure determination by NMR. The number of peaks in the spectrum should match the number of residues in the protein (though sidechains with nitrogen-bound protons will add additional peaks). It will probably be difficult to solve the structure of the protein if this is not the case. The labour-intensive process of structure determination is usually not undertaken until a good HSQC is obtained.
It is not possible to assign the HSQC spectrum by itself, or in other words to determine which peaks correspond to a particular residue in the protein. This process can be done in different ways as outlined in the protein NMR article. The assignment of the spectrum is usually the first step in a structure determination, and is essential for a meaningful interpretation of more advanced NMR experiments.
The HSQC experiment is also useful for detecting interactions with ligands, such as other proteins or drugs. By comparing the HSQC of the free protein with the one bound to the ligand, it is possible to find the changes in the chemical shifts of the peaks, which is most likely to occur in the binding interface.

## References

Protein NMR Spectroscopy : Principles and Practice (1995) John Cavanagh, Wayne J. Fairbrother, Arthur G. Palmer III, Nicholas J. Skelton, Academic Press