OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Scientific Method/Empiricism and Inductivism
## Inductivism
### Example

Take the example of the Megalodon in the field of Paleontology. From only a handful of teeth and vertebrae, paleontologists "tell" us that the Megalodon was, basically, a 20m long Great White with similar structure and behavioral patterns. The teeth of a Megalodon are similar in shape to that of a Great White so it has been assumed that it's morphology and behavior are similar (although because the teeth are larger, it's prey would be larger). While this may be accurate, it may also be completely wrong (there is strong support for the theory that Megalodon and great whites are not related, the latter being a descendant of the broad-tooth Mako shark). The only real clue that we have towards the size and behavior is that many bones of large whales have been found with tooth marks almost identical to that of the Megalodon, as sharks have full cartilaginous skeletons. However, there is no evidence, other than its similarity to the great white's, that the teeth and vertebrae even came from a shark and not some other animal which happened to have similar dentition and spinal structure.
# The Scientific Method

The scientific method is the process by which new scientific knowledge is gained and verified. The study of this method, and of its long history, is essentially a study of science itself. Many criticisms of science, scientists, or scientific knowledge stem from a misunderstanding, or ignorance of this method. It is the purpose of this book to expose both the history of the method, along with its modern use, its strengths, and its weaknesses.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction

### Philosophy of Science

* Introduction to Science
* Components of the Method
* History of Scientific Thought
* Empiricism and Inductivism
* Rene Descartes' Method
* Hypothetico-Deductivism
* Critical Rationalism
* Criticisms

### How to design and conduct an effective scientific experiment

* Determining What to Measure
* Independent and Dependent Variables
* Control of Experimental Conditions
* Control of Measurement Errors
* Tests for Experimental Validity
* Data Analysis

### A sampling of historical experiments

* Historical Experiments in Biology
* Historical Experiments in Chemistry
* Historical Experiments in Physics
* Historical Experiments in Psychology

### Appendices

* Timeline
* Resources
# The Scientific Method/Criticisms

The scientific method is not without its criticisms. Science has limitations but most if not all are human in nature and not a fault in the process itself, if that was the case the methodology would simply be improved. The biggest fragility of the scientific process is its reliance in consensual acceptance of results, this in itself does not invalidate the process but can delay or hinder scientific advance, especially on areas that require complex, costly or a high degree of verification of data, making replication difficult. Other issues to consider is in regards to how scientific knowledge is prone to be adulterated, even subverted by the way it is disseminated, validated and funded.

## Science Delusion

The concept of the scientific delusion is often proposed as a fault of science. The premise is that science includes a belief that it has a grasp (and the only possible grasp) over reality. While science can validate itself and so only consider the validity of its own conclusions the idea that science is the end all in regards to finding universal answers comes not from science itself (since if it had the ultimate word and a conclusive stage the continuation of the process would be broken), but from those that impart on science some of the characteristics of faith (belief without verifiability).
Since science is done by humans (and humans are intrinsically fallible), it, like in any other process will incur in error of judgment. This is not a fault of the scientific process (science) but of those that misapply it or impart on it characteristics that do not apply. Science is not a belief system, not even a perfect system, it is nevertheless the best process we have constructed to explore "reality".

## Scientific Taboos

This proposal addresses the notion that science has partitioned areas where it does not function or is not applied. Since science is a process there may be areas that scientific tests are harder to perform, especially in fields on the border of the human knowledge but its failing is a human limitation an not of the process itself. Society also has an influence in determining (and even dictating) what areas get to be scientifically investigated and those that should be avoided, in this science itself has no blame it is humans that bring into it artificial limitations or simply are unable to properly devise or accept scientific experiences as to validate observations.
# Signal Processing

This book is about the topic of signal processing, especially the topics of signal analysis and filtering. We will cover advanced filter theories, including adaptive Wiener and Kalman filters, stationary and non-stationary signals, beamforming, and wavelet analysis. This book requires all readers to have a solid foundational understanding of the topics covered in Signals and Systems. Readers should also have a good understanding of advanced calculus, including topics covered in Engineering Analysis.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction

### Filtering

* Fourier Analysis
* Analog Filters
* Digital Filters
* Filter Design

### Linear Predictors

* Wiener Filters
* Linear Prediction
* Lattice Predictors
* Steepest Descent Algorithm

### Least-Mean-Square Filtering

* Least-Mean-Square
* Normalized Least-Squares
* Recursive Least-Squares
* Kalman Filtering
* Square Root Filters

### Applications

* Image editing

## Resources

* Resources
* Licensing
# Sidux/Useable applications/Text editors

    sidux has three different text editors pre-installed: AbiWord, Mousepad and Midnight Commander's editor.

## AbiWord

    AbiWord is a text processor supports formats such as: RTF, HTML, LaTeX, Microsoft Word, ODF.
    Its own default format is "abw" uses XML.
    You can run it from: Menu-> Office-> AbiWord.
    AbiWord home page: http://www.abisource.com/
    And on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbiWord

## Mousepad

    Mousepad is a simple text editor, it's default for XFCE environment.
    1. Run it from: Menu-> Accessories-> Mousepad.
    2. If you want to create or edit any text file as root, type the command in Terminal:
    Home page: http://www.xfce.org/projects/mousepad/

## Midnight Commander

    Midnigt Commander is a file manager but not only, it has a ftp client and a text editor.
    Menu-> Accessories-> Terminal-> "mc" command.
    1. Mark a text file, then make a preview with F3 key or edit F4.
    2. Save the file F2, exit the editor F10.
    Home page: http://www.midnight-commander.org/
    Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander

## Nano

    Next console text editor is Nano.
    1. Install it:
    2. Run it in Terminal:
    3. To save document use "Ctr" + "o" keys, to quit editor "Ctr" + "x", etc.
    Nano home page: http://www.nano-editor.org/
    On Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_%28text_editor%29

## Others

* OpenOffice.org writer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_Writer
* Kate: http://www.kate-editor.org/
* Gedit: http://projects.gnome.org/gedit/index.html
* Leafpad: http://tarot.freeshell.org/leafpad/
* XEmacs: http://tarot.freeshell.org/leafpad/
# Sidux/Useable applications/Webcam

    Having a webcam you can make video calls using instant messengers. Sidux/Useable applications/Instant messengers.
    You can use a webcam to make photos and videos.
    To do that you need one of two applications: Camorama or Cheese.

## Video4Linux

    1. Video devices such as: TV and radio tuners, webcams works using the same video interface for Linux
       - Video4Linux (V4L or V4L2).
      * V4L is older video interface but still in use.
      * V4L2 is new and recommended interface but if you want to use it you have to change execute file of
       applications uses webcam (to pre-load V4L2 module).
    2. To run an application pre-loading the module just type in Terminal:
    3. If you want an application to be use the module all time, edit the application.desktop file
       in Terminal changing "Exec" line.
       a. For example for Skype:
       change line:
       for new one below:
       b. For Camorama:
       change line:
       for new one below:
       e. All the changes have to be done as root.
    About Video4Linux on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video4linux

## Camorama

    Camorama is a small application for pictures capturing from webcams or others divaces using V4L.
    It has a few filters to be used for pictures quality managing.
    1. Installation:
    2. Run it from: Menu-> Graphics or Multimedia-> Camorama.
    3. To make a photo just click on: Take Picture.
    4. If you want to change photos contrast, brightness or color go to "Adjustments" section.
    5. If you want to change photos destination folder go to: Edit tab-> Preferences-> Local Capture
    Camorama home page: http://camorama.fixedgear.org/

## Cheese

    Cheese is an application which lets you make photos, videos and multiple photos.
    There are a few options to change photos settings.
    1. Installation:
    2. Run it from: Menu-> Multimedia-> Cheese.
    3. The first button on the left is for photos making.
    4. There are a few visual effects to choose.
    5. Second button is for movies.
    6. But the third one is for multiple photos.
    7. If you want to change for example number of multiple photos, contrast, brightness or color go to:
       Edit-> Preferences.
    8. All you pictures will be stored in folder:
    Cheese home page: http://projects.gnome.org/cheese/
# Sidux/Useable applications/VoIP telephony

    VoIP telphony (Voice over Internet Protocol) lets making calls to landlines or mobiles with cheap prices.

## Requirements

    If you want to make VoIP calls you have to do 3 things:
    1. Create an account on any VoIP provider web side.
    2. Pre-paid your account.
    3. Install one of available VoIP application.

## VoIP providers

    There are two providers I tried by myself, more you can find on a web side below.
       1. Skype Out http://www.skype.com/intl/en-gb/features/allfeatures/call-phones-and-mobiles/
       2. Freeconet http://www.freeconet.pl/en/
       3. or check it here: http://www.voip-catalog.com/press_releases.html

## Kphone

    Kphone is very small but fully working VoIP application.
    1. Installation:
    2. The installation script doesn't make Menu entry, so you can do it yourself:
       copy and past text below in:
       and save the file (the icon patch can be vary).
    3. Run it from: Menu-> Network-> Kphone
    4. As a first step configure your account:
       a. In "User part of sip URL" type your user name or number you got from VoIP provider.
       b. In "Host part of sip URL" type VoIP provider sip address such as: sip.address.com
       c. In "Authentication Username (optional)" type your user name again.
       d. As a next step type your password marking "Save password".
    4. In: Preferences tab-> Phone Book you may add your contacts.
5. To make a phone call type a phone number in search fild and click on phone icon.
    Kphone home page: http://sourceforge.net/projects/kphone
    More about Kphone on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPhone

## Others applications

    There are not too many configuration differents for all VoIp applications so I suggest to try:
* Linphone: http://www.linphone.org and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linphone
* Ekiga: http://ekiga.org/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiga
* X-lite: http://www.counterpath.com/x-lite.html
* Zoiper: http://www.zoiper.com/
* Twinkle: http://www.twinklephone.com/
    More about VoIP on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP
# Spanish/Translation Reference/F

firm = casa face = enfrenta facing = enfrentando failed = fracasada fairly = bastante, algo fan = entusiasta feature = incluso, cualidad fee = honorarios, costo fed = alimentado fierce = feroz file = archivo, expediente findings = hallazgos fit = apto, idóneo fitting = apto, eficaz, digno fizzled = aflojó flank = costado flaw = imperfección, problema flee = huir fluorescent = fluorescente flowed to = circulada en dirección fond of = amante de footage = tomas for = debido a form = formulario for which = de la cual foreigners = extranjeros forest = bosque forthcoming = próximo foster = incitar frantic = frenético frantically = frenéticamente from = procedente, ante [la/lo/s], por parte de fuel = combustible funded = auspiciado funding = fondos, bienes furnish = suministran further = adicional
# Spanish/Translation Reference/A

| English | Spanish |
| able | capaz, capaces |
| about | sobre, en materia de |
| absent | ausente |
| abstract | abstracto, resumen |
| access | acceder |
| accomplish | lograr |
| accordingly | consecuentemente |
| account | informe |
| achieved | logrado |
| acknowledge | reconoce, confirma |
| acknowledgement | reconocimiento, confirmación |
| acquittal | absolución |
| act | mandato de congreso, iniciativa de congreso |
| actual | genuinos |
| actually | en efecto |
| addressing | domiciliado, notando |
| advertising | publicitaria |
| advisory | consultivas |
| after | seguido, seguida |
| aftertaste | derivaciones, efecto, frutos, desenlace |
| aided | auxiliados |
| allies | establece alianza |
| allows | permite |
| allocate | asignar |
| alright | adecuado |
| ammendment | enmienda, retoque |
| amok [run] | rienda suelta |
| among | entre |
| analysis | análisis, estudio, examen, comparación |
| anyways | de cualquier manera, de la manera en que siempre lo hemos hecho |
| appearing | asemejarse, mostrandos |
| appliance | aparatos, herramientas |
| appointment | cita, compromiso |
| approach | método, enfoque |
| area | regional |
| arm | brazo |
| array | arreglo |
| arson | incendio provocado [delito] |
| as if | aparentemente |
| as well as | tanto así como |
| ascertain | averiguar |
| assertion | afirmación, declaración |
| assessment | evaluación |
| assume | suponer |
| assurances | confirmaciones |
| assure | asegurarle |
| asume | suponer |
| assumption | hipótesis |
| at a time when | mientras que |
| attacker | atacante |
| attend | atender, asistir |
| attractive | atrayente, llamativo |
| awarded | apremiada |
| average | promedio |
# Spanish/Translation Reference/C

counterfeit = falsificación, fraude called = referida como, conocido como came under = cayeron bajo came up = surgió can = ha logrado, logra candid = cándido, Franco, sincero capability = capacidad carefully = esmeradamente carry out = llevar a cabo cart = carreta casting vote = voto de calidad cater = proveer causing = produciendo charming = encantador check = verificar chief = superior choice = elección choked up = conmovido clampdown = paralización, cese claim = sostienen, sostener clearly = inequívocamente clumsy = torpe cluster = conjunto coined = acuñado come = ha llegado comes = proviene comfort = consolar compensations = compensaciones compliment = alago comprise = incluye compromise = comprometer compromise = conceder a convenio concern = interés, preocupación condemn = condenan condemnation = reproche containment = contención constraint = restricción controversial = polémico convenient = opportuno cost = cobro counterpart = correspondiente countless = incontables credible = creíble creep = entra filtrándose lentamente cross referencing = referencia mutua currently = actualmente, existente, actuales cursed = condenado customized = configurable, personalizable
# Spanish/Translation Reference/E

earn = merecer eerie = sobrenatural editor = redactor jefe effort = esfuerzo efforts to _ = persiguiendo _ elsewhere = en otras partes, mediante otras fuentes embeded = empalmado, encrustado embellish = adornar embroidery = bordado empower = dar poder a empty = deshabitado encased = encasillado enclosed = encerraba endeavour = esfuerzo enforce = imponer, hacer cumplir enhance = realzar, acentuar, mejorar entire = totalidad equal = parejo even = liso, aunque, aún así, no obstante, consecuentemente even if = aún sin tomar en cuenta que eventually = tarde o temprano excitement = entusiasmo expected = anticipado experience = (to experience) experimentar expertise = dominio
# Spanish/Translation Reference/G

gang = pandilla gap = hueco gated = bardado gave = realizó gigantic = Gigante give = conceder given = realizada, diverso, un diverso rango de gleaned = espigado, recogido goes up = aumenta gone through = había sufrido good = hábil government = gubernamentales grab = arrebato grant = beca grim = siniestro grimly = funestamente groove = ranura growth = desarrollo
# Spanish/Translation Reference/H

had = había sufrido hamlet = aldea haul = arrastrando haunting = aterrador have = acabar haven = asilos head = encabezará headlines = encabezados headquarters = basados hearing = audiencia hint = sugiriendo hit = golpea, éxito hive = colmena, panal hold up = detienen host = anfitrión hosted = hospedó hosting = hospedaje hounded = perseguido, acosado household = caseros huddle = amontonar huge = inmenso
# Spanish/Translation Reference/I

impersonation = personificación in store = preparado increase = incremento indefinitely = indefinidamente indeed = inclusive, de hecho inescapable = ineludible infamous = infame injured = heridos insight = discernimiento instead = inversamente, en vez de involve = involucró involvement = compromiso irked = molestado is = permanece, se encuentra, se encuentra en etapa de issue = tema, asunto item = artículo, mercancía
# Spanish/Translation Reference/B

back in business = reincorporaron sus operaciones bad = ofensiva badly = gravemente badge = credencial background = fondo backtrack = retroceso banks = orillas been = surgido behaviour = comportamiento behind the scenes = detrás de las escenas beleaguered = hostigado believes = supone beliefs = opiniones best bet = una de sus mejores opciones bias = bies, inclinación, preferencia bid = licitación, consulta de otras ofertas billing = listado blasted = abaleados blaring = robusto bleak = triste, desconsolado bloodmoney = dinero ensangrentado boot = autoarrancar bottom = fondo boundless = ilimitada, perpetua briefing = conferencia de prensa brings = provoca brisk = agitado broadcast = emitir, emitido built-in = incorporado burst = ráfaga bursty = a ráfagas but = aún así by = mediante, con el empeño de, de parte de
# Spanish/Translation Reference/D

dashes = embates data mining = minado de datos dated = datado debugger = depurador decrypt = descifrar decelerating = aquietamiento deed = hazaña default = predeterminado delay = retrasar, demora deliberately = deliberadamente deliver = repartir denial of service attack = ataque de negación de servicios depict = representar device = dispositivo dirge = canto fúnebre discounting = abaratamiento discourage = desalentar dismiss = rechazar, despachar disperse = esparcir driving = impulsora drugs = medicamentos dusting = despolvar, despolve
# Spanish/Translation Reference/J

job = tarea, labor journal = periódico, diario, revista joyously = alegremente
# Operations

There are few popular protocol operations used in the mesh network. Below are a few popular ones.
* Babel
http://www.pps.univ-paris-diderot.fr/~jch/software/babel/
* B.A.T.M.A.N.
http://www.open-mesh.org/projects/open-mesh/wiki
* L3 and L2
* BMX
http://bmx6.net/projects/bmx6
* OLSR
http://olsr.org/
# Motivation

Below are listed of several reasons on why the "hacktivist" are keen on developing the mesh network technology

### Digital Divide

In rural area, there are often lack of Internet access. There are few projects in the world that tries to bridge the digital divide in the rural area.
(1) (India) SARI (Sustainable Access in Rural Area)
Mesh network created India to let the rural India have access to Internet
(2) (India) Aravind Teleophthalmology Kiosk
Mesh network created to let the patients self diagnosed himself in a kiosk and send the results to the doctors who maybe hundreds of kilometer away
(3) (Tibet) Dharamsala Wireless Mesh Network
In remote northern India region of Dharamsala where the Internet connection is patchy and unreliable, a group of networking experts helped the local people to set up the network.Using recycled PC parts and materials for antenna, they managed to connect over 2000 devices to the mesh networks itself.
(4) (Nepal) Nepal Wireless
In remote mountain of Nangi ,Mahabir Pun uses TV relay dishes to connect to Internet using the relays of mesh network. In May 2002, with help of university students, the Internet signal from Pokhara is sending Internet signal to Mohare

### Service Provider

(1) (South Africa) Mesh Potato by Village Telco
Mesh Potato is the wifi based mesh network services that provided data and free voice call to anyone in the network
(2) (Germany) BBNG / Citizen Broadband Network Company
In a population of few hundreds people, a small village Löwenstedt decided to take the slow patchy Internet connections by building their own Internet mesh network
(3) (United States) DBUIA / Doe Bay Internet User Associations
A group of neighbours frustrated by the Century Link patchy internet connections decided to establish their own Internet network

### Hobbyist

(1) (Greece)Free sharing culture inside the Greece community
(2) (Wall Street) Occupy Wall Street - Freedom Tower
The Internet we knew is under huge surveillance by NSA and now the Freedom tower is creating the other Internet which will provide freedom

### References

* ↑ "Sustainable Access in Rural Area".
* ↑ "Teleophthalmology" (PDF).
* ↑ "A Wireless Network for 'Little Lhasa'".
* ↑ "Mahabir Pun uses the internet to improve life in remote parts of Nepal".
* ↑ "Village Telco: A WiFi-based mesh network that offers voice and data services anywhere".
* ↑ "German Villaers Build Own Network".
* ↑ "How a group of neighbors created their own Internet service".
* ↑ "Strix: Government".
* ↑ "Mesh Networks: A Revolution in Wireless Connectivity".
* ↑ "Mesh Networks in Greece".
* ↑ "How Occupy Wall Street Is Building Its Own Internet".
# Planning Tools
## NetSim

NetSim is a popular tool for wireless network design and planning. The steps would be
Modeling and Simulation: Model the network scenario, and set up the protocol / device parameters. Then run the simulation Visualizing the simulation using the packet animator: This would show the flow of packets, movement of nodes etc Analyzing the results: Study the output statistics and then iterate if required
# The science of finance/Bibliography

Admati, Anat, Hellwig, Martin, The bankers' new clothes : what's wrong with banking and what to do about it (2013)
Akerlof, George A., Shiller, Robert J., Phishing for phools : the economics of manipulation and deception (2015)
Bagehot, Walter, Lombard Street (1873)
Bernanke, Ben S., Mémoires de crise (2015)
Bernanke, Ben S., Laubach, Thomas, Mishkin, Frederic S. Posen, Adam Simon, Inflation targeting : lessons from the international experience (1999)
Böhm von Bawerk, Eugen, The positive theory of capital (1889)
Fisher, Irving N., The nature of capital and income (1906), The purchasing power of money (1911)
Hull, John, Options, futures et autres actifs dérivés (2011)
Kindleberger, Charles, Manias, panics and crashes: a history of financial crises (2000)
Krugman, Paul, Sortez-nous de cette crise, maintenant (2012)
Krugman, Paul, Obstfeld, Maurice, Économie internationale (2008)
Krugman, Paul, Wells, Robin, Macroéconomie (2012)
Marx, Karl, Le capital (1867)
Merton, Robert C., Bodie, Zvi, Finance (2000)
Rodrik, Dani, The globalization paradox, why global markets, states and democracy can't coexist (2011)
Shiller, Robert, Finance and the good society (2012)
Stiglitz, Joseph E., Principes d'économie moderne (1999), La grande désillusion (2002), Quand le capitalisme perd la tête (2003), Un autre monde : contre le fanatisme du marché (2006), Le triomphe de la cupidité (2010), Le prix de l'inégalité (2012), L'Euro, comment la monnaie unique menace l'avenir de l'Europe (2016)