# Dutch/Lesson 2

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* Beginner level: cycle 1
Lesson 2 ~ Lesson 2
Onbekenden en vrienden ~ Strangers and Friends
* • Simple conversations II
* • Grammar: Introduction to Verbs
* • Adjectives, demonstratives and articles
* • Syntax: Question and negation

## Gesprek 2-1

* First push the button to simply listen to the following conversation.
* Then study the text to find out what the meaning is. If necessary, hover your mouse over a word if you don't know it. Once you think you understand the conversation open the dropdown below to see the full translation.
* Finally listen to the conversation again and see how much you understand. First with eyes open to see the text. Then do it with eyes closed.
* If there are parts you do not understand when listening, go back to step 2.
* Finally use the vocabulary box on the right to memorize the vocabulary material
Vocabulary :
| Word | Meaning |
| goedemorgen | good morning |
| heten | to be called |
| de meneer | gentleman |
| u | you (formal) |
| uw | your (formal) |
| toevallig | coincidental |
| inderdaad | indeed |
| allebei | both of us/them etc. |
| de mevrouw | lady |
| geloven | to believe |
| zeker | certain |
| vrij | free, pretty |
    Standish: Good morning sir. How are you?
    Jansen: Goed morning. Fine. What is your name?
    Standish: I'm called Standish. Robert Standish. And you? What is your name?
    Jansen: Is your name Robert? What a coincidence! My name is Robert as well. Robert Jansen.
    Standish: A coincidence indeed! We are both called Robert. Do you know what that lady there is called?
    Jansen: I believe her name is Alice.
    Standish: Do you believe it or are you sure of it?
    Jansen: Pretty sure. Her name is Alice Koopman.
Study the above text and answer the following questions with
    Dit is waar - (this is true)
    Dit is niet waar - (this is not true)
* Meneer Standish heet Charles
* Meneer Standish en meneer Jansen heten allebei Robert
* Dit is erg toevallig
* Meneer Standish ziet een mevrouw staan
* Meneer Standish gelooft dat zij Heleen heet.
* Standish en Jansen zijn goede vrienden. Zij zeggen jij en jou tegen elkaar.
* Meneer Standish heet Charles - niet waar. Hij heet Robert.
* Meneer Standish en meneer Jansen heten allebei Robert - waar
* Dit is erg toevallig - waar
* Meneer Standish ziet een mevrouw staan - waar
* Meneer Standish gelooft dat zij Heleen heet - niet waar.
* Standish en Jansen zijn goede vrienden. Zij zeggen jij en jou tegen elkaar - niet waar. Zij zeggen 'u'.

## Pronunciation drill 2-1. Hoe heet u?

The little sentence "Hoe heet u?" literally means: What are you called? and is usually translated as: What's your name?. It presents some serious pronunciation problems particularly for American speakers, because it contains three unfamiliar sounds. There are two difficult vowels, the [u] of "hoe" and the [y] of "u". They are hard because the American "u" is much less rounded than either and also more or less intermediary between the two in tongue position.
    Lips: Both Dutch vowels are strongly rounded, the lips are held as in blowing a kiss.
    Tongue: For the [y] the tongue is pushed forward to produced a little cup just behind the teeth, for the [u] it is pulled back to form a cup in the throat area.
In addition the Dutch "h" is a bit different, because it is generally voiced [ɦ]
Listen to the recording and try to reproduce the sounds:
* Hoe heet u? (help·info)
    If you are French, Turkish or German the two vowels [u]/[y] are a piece of cake, but not the [ɦ].
    If you are Hispanic, Italian or Russian the [u] is easy, but not [y] and [ɦ].
    If you speak Arabic only the [y] should be a problem.
Depending on your background you may have to revisit this to get your ears, lips and tongue used to it all.

## Grammatica 2-1 ~ Introduction to Verbs

A verb (in Dutch: werkwoord) is that part of speech that describes an action. Verbs come in an almost bewildering array of tenses, moods, voices and aspects, and there are several major types: intransitive, transitive, ditransitive, and ergative verbs.
Fortunately, the Dutch verb is not too different from the English one, although it does have a few more forms.
Pronunciation :
| heet | geloof |
| heet | gelooft |
| heten | geloven |
| In the clips for heten and geloven the past tense and the past participle are also given. It is customary to memorize those three primitive forms of the verb, but we will deal with that later. ||||
The Dutch verb heten can best be translated as "to be named" or "to be called" and we see two forms of it here
* a singular one: heet used with ik,u,ze
* a plural one heten used for wij (as well the other plural persons).
Actually there are usually three forms. This can be seen from:
| I believe | Ik geloof |
| do you believe? | gelooft u? |
| to believe | geloven |
In the case of heten the extra -t does not get added because the stem already ends in a -t.
In a later lesson we will revisit the verb forms associated with each person.
The irregular verb to be-zijn has a few more forms in both languages.

## Gesprek 2-2 ~ De Engelsman

First push the arrow button to listen to the following conversation. Then inspect the translation and hover over each word you do not know to find out what it means. Once you understand the narrative run the audio again, following along, making sure you know what is being said. Use the pronunciation box on the right to further strengthen your comprehension both in listening and in reading.
Pronunciation :
| de Engelsman | Englishman |
| de boekhouding | bookkeeping, administration |
| het meisje | girl |
| aangenaam | pleasant |
| de kennis | acquaintance, knowledge |
| maken | to make |
| de Nederlander | Dutchman |
| echt | real, really |
| waar | true; where |
| erg | very |
Pronunciation 2 :
| interessant | interesting |
| kunnen | can, to be able |
| als | if, when |
| het beetje | little bit |
| langzaam | slow, slowly |
| spreken | to speak |
| goed | good |
| de collega | colleague |
| voorstellen | to introduce |
    Mr. Standish, an Englishman goes to the administration department.
* Mr. Standish: Good morning. Are you Mrs. Koopman?
* Mrs. Nieman: No, she is the girl over there. I am Mrs. Nieman. And you? What is your name?
* Mr. Standish: Standish is my name. (lit.: I'm called Standish)
* Mrs. Nieman: Glad to meet you. Are you a Dutchman?
* Mr. Standish: No, I am an Englishman
* Mrs. Nieman: Really? That is very interesting. Can you understand me?
* Mr. Standish: Yes, If you speak a bit more slowly.
* Mrs. Nieman: All right. May I introduce my colleague, Mrs. Koopman.
* Mr. Standish: Certainly!

## Fill in the blank 2-2-F

Say the word you think that belongs in the blank and use the hover method to check your choice
* Mevrouw Nieman wil Standish haar collega ______
* Mr. Standish vraag of ze een beetje ______ wil spreken.
* Mr. Standish bezoekt de ______.
* Mevrouw Nieman vraagt of Standish Nederlands kan _____

## Vocabulary drill 2-1

Here are a few very common expressions. Push the button and listen to this drill, repeat in the pauses and say the Dutch phrase when told to.
    What is your name? - Hoe heet je?
    What time is it? - Hoe laat is het?
    Good morning - Goedemorgen
    Please - Alstublieft
    You are welcome - Graag gedaan
    Thank you - Dank u wel
Of course memorizing words and expressions is an important part of learning any language and there are various ways of doing that. Have a look at the vocabulary pages. They are designed to help you acquire more words in a playful manner.

## Grammatica 2-2 ~ Inversion in questions and negations

You may have wondered about the order of the words in
    ik geloof dat ze Alice heet.
Even though Dutch verbs are not so much more complicated than English ones, word order is. In fact it is quite a bit more complicated than in English. For the moment let's just leave the above sentence for what it is and start with questions.

### Questions

A question sentence in Dutch simply reverses the order of subject and verb.
Recall: U heet meneer Standish ('You are named Mr. Standish).
It became: Hoe heet u? as a question
The normal word order of subject (u or "you") then verb (heten) is reversed and, in this case, an interrogative (hoe or "how") added.
Additional examples:
| Hoe gaat het met u? | ↔ | Het gaat goed met u |
| Bent u mevrouw Koopman? | ↔ | U bent mevrouw Koopman |
| Bent u Nederlander? | ↔ | U bent Nederlander ("You are Dutch"). |
| Verstaat u mij? | ↔ | U verstaat mij ("You understand me"). |
| Gelooft u? | ↔ | Ik geloof |
English does the same thing when using the verb to be:
    I am - are you?
    ik ben - bent u?
Dutch does not use the auxiliary to do as English requires in most other cases:
    ik weet - weet u?
    I know - do you know? (instead of "know you?")

### Negations

The negative is formed by simply adding niet at the end:
    Ik versta u - I understand you
    Ik versta u niet - I do not understand you
Again, Dutch does not use the auxiliary to do. (In fact using it sounds very foreign.)
Even a negative question does not use to do:
    Verstaat u mij niet? - Don't you understand me?
Turn the following statements into questions and translate:
* U gelooft de man niet
* De man ziet een vrouw
* U verstaat Nederlands
* Het meisje daar is Anne
* U hoort beneden mensen
* Gelooft u de man niet? - Don't you believe the man?
* Ziet de man de vrouw? - Does the man see the woman?
* Verstaat u Nederlands? - Do you understand Dutch?
* Is het meisje daar Anne? - Is the girl there Anne?
* Hoort U beneden mensen? - Do you hear people downstairs?

## Gesprek 2-3 ~ Het nieuwe meisje

Vocabulary :
| nieuw | new |
| het meisje | girl |
| mooi | pretty, beautiful |
| gek | crazy |
| lang | long |
| het haar | hair |
| toch | yet, though |
In this conversation, the parties are close friends.
* Charley: Helen, who is that new girl? That brunette there.
* Helen: I believe her name is Caroline.
* Charley: She is very beautiful.
* Helen: She is cute, if you like little girls with long black hair.
* Charley: Yeah, I love that hair. What a beauty!
* Helen: But Charley! (Shame on you)

## Fill in the blank 2-3-F

Use the hover method to check your answer.
* Karel vraag aan Heleen wie dat nieuwe _____ is.
* Karel vindt Karolien erg _____
* Heleen denkt dat Karel het lange zwarte _____ leuk vindt.
* Karel is ____ op dat haar.

## Grammatica 2-2 Adjectives, demonstratives and articles
### Gender

Where English uses the demonstrative pronoun that, Dutch uses either dat or die, recall:
    dat nieuwe meisje. Die brunette. - that new girl, that brunette
Similarly, where English uses the article the, Dutch has two possibilities: de or het, recall:
    de boekhouding, het meisje. - the administration, the girl
We will revisit this phenomenon (gender) in the next lesson more extensively. There is a bit of a problem with it in Dutch.
For the moment it is enough to realize that there are two kinds of words,
    ones that take de and die
    ones that take het and dat
For this reason it is advisable to always memorize a word together with its definite article, e.g. as "de boekhouding", not simply as "boekhouding".
Both articles and demonstrative pronouns are a special kind of adjectives: words that are added to make the meaning of another word more precise, like new, small or exciting
Replace the articles by the correct demonstratives die or dat and translate (might have to guess a bit):
* Het huis (house) is van het nieuwe meisje
* De huizen zijn erg groot.
* De boekhouding is niet in orde
* De brunette heeft lang haar.
* Ik weet het telefoonnummer niet.
* Weet jij wie de vrouw is?
* Dat huis is van dat nieuwe meisje - That house belongs to that new girl
* Die huizen zijn erg groot. - Those houses are very big
* Die boekhouding is niet in orde - The administration is not in order
* Die brunette heeft lang haar. - That brunette has long hair
* Ik weet dat telefoonnummer niet. - I do not know that telephone number
* Weet jij wie die vrouw is? Do you know who that woman is?

### Inflection

Recall that some adjectives in the dialogue ended in -e (mooie meid), sometimes they did not (is erg mooi).
Adjectives can be used in two ways: before a noun (as an attribute) and after a copula (as predicate) (a copula is a verb like is or were). In English the adjective remains the same in both cases:
    The house is red ("red" is the predicate)
    The red car ("red" is an attribute of "car")
As a predicate, Dutch adjectives are uninflected (i.e. they stay the same):
    Ik ben gek (I am crazy)
    Ze is mooi (She is pretty)
    De auto is rood (The car is red)
But in Dutch they are inflected if they occur as an attribute. Compare:
* practice your colors
    de rode auto - the red car
    een rode auto - a red car
    de rode auto's - the red cars
    rode auto's - red cars
Some things change with neuter words. Neuter words are the ones that carry the definite article het and the demonstrative dat. They are a bit different (Again: we will revisit them in the next lesson.)
    het rode huis
    een rood huis - a red house
    de rode huizen
    rode huizen
As you see the adjective is not inflected after the indefinite article een.
They are also left uninflected if there is no article:
    met groot gemak - with great ease (het gemak: neuter)
But:
    in hoge nood - in desperate need (de nood)
Thus, apart from the indefinite neuter an attributive adjective is usually inflected with -e.
There are a few exceptions, compare e.g.:
    de man - the man
    een grote man - a big man
    een groot man - a great man
Put the adjectives in parentheses in the correct form
* Dit is een (groot) boekhouding
* Deze haren zijn (lang)
* Dit (groot) huis is (hoog)
* Weet jij wie die (mooi) auto heeft?
* Dit is een (klein) meisje
* Dit is een grote boekhouding
* Deze haren zijn lang
* Dit grote huis is hoog
* Weet jij wie die mooie auto heeft?
* Dit is een klein meisje

### Making nouns out of adjectives

Adjectives can be turned into nouns, by assuming their inflected form:
    Dat is een grote
       That is a big one
    Dat is een kleine
       That is a small one
    Die lange heeft mijn fiets gestolen
       That tall guy has stolen my bike
Notice that Dutch does not use 'one' in such cases.
There are a number of adjectives that can be turned into nouns by adding -te. They all carry de. In English the corresponding suffix is -th:
    wijd – wijdte (wide - width)
    lang – lengte (long, tall - length)
    groot – grootte (big - size)
    breed – breedte (broad - breadth)
    eng – engte (narrow - narrowness)
    zwaar – zwaarte (heavy - heaviness)
    heet – hitte (hot - heat)
    warm – warmte (warm - warmth)
    zwak – zwakte (weak - weakness)
    sterk – sterkte (strong - strength)
    droog – droogte (dry - drought)
    hoog – hoogte (high - height)
    menig – menigte (many - crowd)
    duur – duurte (expensive - dearth)
    gewoon – gewoonte (usual - habit)
More about nouns in the next lesson.
Translate into Dutch:
* She has red hair
* How is she doing?
* She has a small black car
* The length is not very great
* How tall is she?
* The red houses are nice
* Don't you believe that?
* The heat is very great
* Do you know who that heavy man is?
* She has red hair
    Zij heeft rood haar
* How is she doing?
    Hoe gaat het met haar?
* She has a small black car
    Ze heeft een kleine zwarte auto
* The length is not very great
    De lengte is niet erg groot
* How tall is she?
    Hoe lang is ze?
* The red houses are nice
    De rode huizen zijn mooi
* Don't you believe that?
    Geloof je dat niet?
* The heat is very great
    De hitte is erg groot
* Do you know who that heavy man is?
    Weet jij wie die zware man is?

## Woordenlijst 2

| Dutch word | audio file | English translation |
| de brunette | | brunette |
| de Engelsman | | Englishman |
| het haar, de haren | haar (help·info) | hair(s) |
| het meisje, de meisjes | meisje (help·info) | girl, girls |
| de collega | collega (help·info) | colleague |
| Mag ik...voorstellen? | mag ik voorstellen? (help·info) | May I introduce...? |
| Jazeker | jazeker (help·info) | yes, indeed |
| Aangenaam kennis te maken | aangenaam (help·info) kennismaken (help·info) | Pleased to meet you |
| Goed zo! | goedzo (help·info) | That's nice! |
| gek zijn (op) | gek (help·info) zijn (help·info) | to be crazy (about) |
| verstaan | verstaan (help·info) | to understand |
| verstaat u? | | do you understand? |
| geloven | geloven (help·info) | to believe |
| ik geloof | | I believe |
| heten | heten (help·info) | to name, call (a name) |
| ze heet | | she is called |
| praten | praten (help·info) | to speak, to talk |
| u praat | | you speak |
| voorstellen | voorstellen (help·info) | to introduce |
| leuk vinden | leuk (help·info) vinden (help·info) | to like |
| als je ... leuk vindt | | if you like ... |
| Nederlands | Nederlands (help·info) | Dutch |
| het (neuter) | het (help·info) | the |
| de (m/f) | de (help·info) | the |
| dat (neuter) | dat (help·info) | that |
| die (m/f) | die (help·info) | that |
| daar | daar (help·info) | there |
| daarginds | daarginds (help·info) | over there |
| daarachter | daarachter (help·info) | over there |
| een | een (help·info) | a, an |
| een beetje | beetje (help·info) | somewhat, a bit |
| haar | haar (help·info) | her |
| interessant | interessant (help·info) | interesting |
| leuk | leuk (help·info) | cute |
| kort, korte | kort (help·info) | short |
| lang, lange | lang (help·info) | long |
| langzaam | langzaam (help·info) | slow |
| langzamer | langzamer (help·info) | slower |
| mijn | mijn (help·info) | my |
| mij | mij (help·info) | me |
| mooi | mooi (help·info) | beautiful |
| naar | naar (help·info) | to |
| nieuw, nieuwe | nieuw (help·info) | new |
| zwart, zwarte | zwart (help·info) | black |
| zij | zij (help·info) | she |
| u | u (help·info) | you |
| als | als (help·info) | if |
| wie? | wie (help·info) | who? |

## Quizlet

The vocabulary can be practiced as Quizlet (30 terms)

## Exercises

Go to the Dutch/Vocabulary/Animals to learn the most important animals in the Dutch language. Once you know them all, do the self test to make sure you really do know them.
Use this Quizlet to further practice adjectives and their -te nouns as well as the basic colors (45 terms)

## Progress made

If you have studied the above lesson well you should have
* been introduced to verbs in the present tense
* been introduced to one element of word order: inversion
* become able to ask a question
* become able to make a sentence negative with niet
* been introduced to adjectives and their inflection
* gained vocabulary
Cumulative vocabulary count:
* Les 1: 116 terms, Les 1A: 89 terms. Example 1: 21 terms Total 226 terms.
* Les 2: 82 terms Total 82 terms
* Grand total 308 terms
Pronunciation Guide >>
   * Practice Lesson 2
   * Cultural Lesson 2 >>