OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zulu/Exercise/Lesson 1

Welcome to the exercises related to Lesson 1.
Click "▼" to check your answers.

## Hello!

How would you respond to:

## Names

Translate the following Zulu sentences into English:
Translate the following English sentences into Zulu:

## Dialogue

Try translating the following dialogue:

## Next steps

* If you would like, review this lesson: Lesson 1
* Otherwise, continue to the next lesson: Lesson 2
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Leslie John Keast
### Leslie John Keast
#### Potted Biography

* Keast, Leslie John "Les" - 1886(SA)-1957(WA) - Licences: Nil yet identified - Qualifications: Nil yet identified - Journalist (Wireless Weekly; shortwave editor, Australasian Radio World, 1940-1951; Radio & Hobbies), professional monitor (OWI/VOA, WW2); silent era cinematographer - Electoral Rolls: licensed victuallar (Royal Hotel, Bowral, 1933-1934); ex-hotelkeeper (Coogee, 1935); clerk (Randwick North, 1936-1937); sales manager (Carlingford, 1943); organising secretary (Ermington, 1949-1958) - TroveTag: "Leslie John Keast" (450+ hits, also 150+ in ARW on WRH)

#### Comprehensive Biography

A comprehensive biography of Leslie John Keast has not yet been prepared for this Wikibook, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Research - Leslie John Keast - Summary of research to date
* Transcriptions and Notes - Leslie John Keast - More than 30 transcriptions (Reads like a biography)
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Leslie John Keast - Nothing uploaded as yet, but many photos available in Trove
* Incubator of Wikipedia Article on Leslie John Keast - Coming real soon now!
Key internet links:
Nothing identified as yet
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/MS-DOS/Code page 112

Code page 112 is the Turkish variant of code page 853 which moves the letter S with cedilla to match the location in code page 3846 and code page 857 (which were created later).

## Character set

The following table shows code page 112. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (128–255) is shown, the first half (0–127) being the same as code page 437.
Code page 112 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 8x 128 | Ç 00C7 | ü 00FC | é 00E9 | â 00E2 | ä 00E4 | à 00E0 | ĉ 0109 | ç 00E7 | ê 00EA | ë 00EB | è 00E8 | ï 00EF | î 00EE | ì 00EC | Ä 00C4 | Ĉ 0108 |
| 9x 144 | É 00C9 | ċ 010B | Ċ 010A | ô 00F4 | ö 00F6 | ò 00F2 | û 00FB | ù 00F9 | İ 0130 | Ö 00D6 | Ü 00DC | ĝ 011D | £ 00A3 | Ĝ 011C | Ş 015E | ş 015F |
| Ax 160 | á 00E1 | í 00ED | ó 00F3 | ú 00FA | ñ 00F1 | Ñ 00D1 | Ğ 011E | ğ 011F | Ĥ 0124 | ĥ 0125 | | ½ 00BD | Ĵ 0134 | ĵ 0135 | « 00AB | » 00BB |
| Bx 176 | ░ 2591 | ▒ 2592 | ▓ 2593 | │ 2502 | ┤ 2524 | Á 00C1 | Â 00C2 | À 00C0 | × 00D7 | ╣ 2563 | ║ 2551 | ╗ 2557 | ╝ 255D | Ż 017B | ż 017C | ┐ 2510 |
| Cx 192 | └ 2514 | ┴ 2534 | ┬ 252C | ├ 251C | ─ 2500 | ┼ 253C | Ŝ 015C | ŝ 015D | ╚ 255A | ╔ 2554 | ╩ 2569 | ╦ 2566 | ╠ 2560 | ═ 2550 | ╬ 256C | ¤ 00A4 |
| Dx 208 | | | Ê 00CA | Ë 00CB | È 00C8 | ı 0131 | Í 00CD | Î 00CE | Ï 00CF | ┘ 2518 | ┌ 250C | █ 2588 | ▄ 2584 | | Ì 00CC | ▀ 2580 |
| Ex 224 | Ó 00D3 | ß 00DF | Ô 00D4 | Ò 00D2 | Ġ 0120 | ġ 0121 | µ 00B5 | Ħ 0126 | ħ 0127 | Ú 00DA | Û 00DB | Ù 00D9 | Ŭ 016C | ŭ 016D | ¯ 00AF | ´ 00B4 |
| Fx 240 | SHY 00AD | | ℓ 2113 | ŉ 0149 | ˘ 02D8 | § 00A7 | ÷ 00F7 | ¸ 00B8 | ° 00B0 | ¨ 00A8 | ˙ 02D9 | | ³ 00B3 | ² 00B2 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP 00A0 |
Symbols and punctuation  Differences from code page 850
# A Link Rot Bestiary/Chapter 1 : Introduction

Link rot is a URL that no longer works. It is conceptually simple, but link rot can be complicated. In an ideal world a dead link returns a "404" status code, or no response from server. There is no question: the link is dead. In practice link rot can take many forms: crunchy 404s, soft 404s, soft redirects, inferred soft redirects, bot blockers, etc.. identifying, naming and classifying the various scenarios, or concepts of link rot, is a first step towards building solutions.
Per the above essay by Michael J. Oghia, link rot is a big problem for global society. It may seem arcane, and it is, but the loss of digital information matters in the same way the permanent loss of books and manuscripts matter. And for many reasons link rot is hard to solve.
Machine solutions that are fully automated have significant limitations. They are easily fooled by bot blockers, paywalls, soft-404s and many other traps. Semi-automated solutions such as Wayback Medic can achieve high rates of accuracy, with the cost of manual labor and lack of scalability. A combination of these is one approach being explored.
# Chess Variants/Chaturanga and Shatranj

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |

## Introduction

Chaturanga and shatranj are the ancient games that serve as the ancestor of modern chess and its Asian cousins.

## History

It is belieed that chaturanga originated in India in the sixth century CE. The name of the game means "four limbs" in Sanskrit, referring to the four arms of the ancient Indian army - the infantry, cavalry, elephants and chariots. When the game was brought to Persia around 600 CE, the name became "shatranj", and the rules were somewhat modified.

## Rules

(Note that historians disagree somewhat on the exact rules of the game. This article describes the most common interpretation)
It is believed that chaturanga was played on an uncheckered 8 by 8 board called a ashtāpada, borrowed from another board game. This board has special marking on certain squares, but these are not involved in chaturanga.
Like its descendant chaturanga is a game of war between two armies, with each trying to checkmate the other's raja (king). Like modern chess, White moves first.
The pieces move as follows:
* The raja (king) moves like his modern counterpart. There is no castling in chaturanga - the move had not been invented yet.
* The mantri (minister) moves one square diagonally.
* The ratha (rook) moves like its modern counterpart.
* The gaja (elephant) moves two squares diagonally. It is allowed to jump over pieces in the way of its move.
* The aśva (knight) moves like its modern counterpart.
* The padati (pawns) all move like their modern counterparts, expect they are not allowed a double-step move on their first move (and subsequently there is no en passant). They only get the option to promote to mantris upon reaching the far side of the board.
There are two other rules one should know:
* Stalemate is considered a win for the player delivering the stalemate.
* If a player manages to capture all of their opponent's pieces and leave them with a bare raja, they win the game. However if the bared opponent is able to bare the player's raja on the next turn, the game instead ends in a draw.
Shatranj was played with basically the same rules as chaturanga, with the sole expection that the players were allowed to choose which of the two centre squares their raja and mantri started on at game start.

## Sub-variants

* Chaturaji is a version of chaturanga played with four players.
# Google Services And Products/Search
## Searching with Google

The most commonly used Google service or product is the search engine. To use simply do the following go to www.google.com or a local version of Google e.g. www.google.co.uk,type in a search query eg.wikibooks, press enter or click Google Search and wait for your search results page to load.

## Search Results

After your search results page has loaded you will notice several things. The most important of these is the search results, listed down the page. For each result it shows the URL or Uniform Resource Locator, a snippet of the text of the page with your search terms in bold, a title for the web page

## Search Operators

* OR Google finds one of two or more search terms e.g. Services OR Products
* "" Google Searches for the exact phrase eg. "Google Services and Products"
* - Searches for things matching other search terms without a certain word e.g. -wikibooks
* link: Shows links to a web page e.g. link:www.wikibooks.org
* related: Shows related pages e.g. related:www.wikibooks.org
* site: only searches within a given website eg.google site:en.wikibooks.org
* intitle: searches within titles of web pages e.g. intitle:wikibooks
* allintitle: like intitle: but restricts results to web pages that have all of the search terms in their title e.g. allintitle:wikibooks
* inurl: searches within the urls of pages e.g. inurl:wikibooks
* allinurl: like inurl: but restricts results to web pages that have all of the search terms in their url e.g. allinurl:wikibooks
# Dell Precision M4300
## CPU

* CPU:

## Memory

* Memory:
* Memory Type:

## Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia Quadro FX360M (???MB)
* Screen Size: 14 inch wide
* Maximum Screen Resolution: 1600x900

## Audio

* Audio Chipset:

### Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad
# WikiLang/German/Counting

German language uses a decimal numeral system and uses the Arab numbers as numeric symbols, the same way English do.
| # | German word |
| 1 | ein |
| 2 | zwei |
| 3 | drei |
| 4 | vier |
| 5 | fünf |
| 6 | sechs |
| 7 | sieben |
| 8 | acht |
| 9 | neun |
| 10 | zehn |
| 11 | elf |
| 12 | zwölf |
| 20 | zwanzig |
| 100 | hundert |
| 1,000 | tausend |
| 1,000,000 | million |
| 1,000,000,000 | milliarde |
Two-digit numbers ending with 0 will end in -zig (e.g., achtzig would translate into eighty.) For a trillion (1,000,000,000,000), a quadrillion, and a quintillion, these words would translate to billion, billiarde, and trillion respectively. German numbers are sometimes one word, not more than one word. For example, zweihundertfünfzig is used as the number 250 in German, but the single word can be split in three parts, like the English word form of that number.

## Portal

* WikiLang/German/Portal
# Flora of New York/TOC-Fagales

| Clades | Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Genus | Common names | Common names | # |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Fagaceae | Quercoideae | Querceae | Quercus | oak | white oak | 15 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Fagaceae | Quercoideae | Querceae | Quercus | oak | red oak | 16 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Fagaceae | Quercoideae | Castaneeae | Castanea | chestnut | chestnut | 4 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Fagaceae | Fagoideae | — | Fagus | beech | beech | 2 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Myricaceae | — | — | Comptonia | sweetfern | sweetfern | 1 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Myricaceae | — | — | Myrica | sweetgale | sweetgale | 1 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Myricaceae | — | — | Morella | bayberry | bayberry | 2 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Juglandaceae | Juglandoideae | Juglandeae | Juglans | walnut, butternut | walnut, butternut | 3 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Juglandaceae | Juglandoideae | Caryeae | Carya | hickory | hickory | 8 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Betuloideae | — | Alnus | alder | alder | 5 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Betuloideae | — | Betula | birch | birch | 15 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Coryloideae | Carpineae | Carpinus | hornbeam | hornbeam | 3 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Coryloideae | Carpineae | Ostrya | hop hornbean | hop hornbean | 1 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Coryloideae | Coryleae | Corylus | hazelnut | hazelnut | 3 |
# Scientific racism in Germany/Template/Navigation

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach |
Immanuel Kant |
Christoph Meiners |
Petrus Camper |
Anders Adolf Retzius |
Gustav Friedrich Klemm |
Carl Gustav Carus |
Arthur Schopenhauer |
Arthur de Gobineau |
Carl Vogt |
Ernst Haeckel |
Francis Galton |
Oscar Peschel |
Theodor Pösche |
Karl Penka |
Ludwig Wilser |
Rudolf Virchow |
Otto Ammon |
Alfred Ploetz |
Giuseppe Sergi |
Samuel Weissenberg |
Joseph Deniker |
Houston Stewart Chamberlain |
Georges Vacher de Lapouge |
Ludwig Woltmann |
Rolf Nordenstreng |
Fritz Lenz |
Hans F. K. Günther |
Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß |
Ludwig Schemann |
Jan Czekanowski |
Egon von Eickstedt |
Renato Biasutti
Scientific racism in Germany
Home :
# Scientific racism in Germany/Hans F. K. Günther

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach |
Immanuel Kant |
Christoph Meiners |
Petrus Camper |
Anders Adolf Retzius |
Gustav Friedrich Klemm |
Carl Gustav Carus |
Arthur Schopenhauer |
Arthur de Gobineau |
Carl Vogt |
Ernst Haeckel |
Francis Galton |
Oscar Peschel |
Theodor Pösche |
Karl Penka |
Ludwig Wilser |
Rudolf Virchow |
Otto Ammon |
Alfred Ploetz |
Giuseppe Sergi |
Samuel Weissenberg |
Joseph Deniker |
Houston Stewart Chamberlain |
Georges Vacher de Lapouge |
Ludwig Woltmann |
Rolf Nordenstreng |
Fritz Lenz |
Hans F. K. Günther |
Ludwig Ferdinand Clauß |
Ludwig Schemann |
Jan Czekanowski |
Egon von Eickstedt |
Renato Biasutti
Scientific racism in Germany
Home :

## Works by Hans F. K. Günther covered in this book

* 1920 – Ritter, Tod und Teufel (Knight, Death, and the Devil)
* 1922 – Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (Racial Studies of the German People)
* 1929 – Rassenkunde des jüdischen Volkes (Racial Studies of the Jewish People)

## About Hans F. K. Günther

This book chapter or section is currently under construction. :
# Beginners Guide to Ladino
## Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Guide to Reading and Writing Ladino
Chapter 2: Komo te yamas?
Chapter 3: Ladino Grammar
Chapter 4: Verbs in Ladino
Chapter 5: Nouns in Ladino
Chapter 6: Adjectives in Ladino
Chapter 7: Regional Differences in Ladino
Chapter 8: Hebrew and Aramaic Loanwords in Ladino
Chapter 9: Ladino - English Dictionary
Chapter 10: Sources for Guide to Learning and Writing Ladino
Chapter 11: Other Ladino Resources and Links for Learning Ladino
# Comparative Politics/Proportional Representation, Single-Member Plurality, and Mixed Representation

In a proportional representation system, parties are allotted seats in the legislature based on the percentage of the votes that they receive in the polls. Each voter will select a party instead of an individual candidate, after which parties will be assigned seats according to percentages. In many countries there is a threshold that a party needs to pass before getting a seat (generally between 2 - 5 percent). The seats that would have gone to parties receiving under this threshold are divided up by the parties that passed the threshold. Some countries using proportional representation include Israel, Italy, and Iraq.

### Single Member Plurality

In a single-member plurality system, members are elected to the legislature from electoral districts. Only one member can be elected from each district. The member who is elected is the person who receives the most votes in that district, even if he does not receive a majority of the vote. Some countries that use this system are the United States and Britain.

### Mixed Representation

In a mixed representation system, some members are elected from electoral districts after receiving a plurality of the vote, while the rest of the seats in the legislature are assigned according to proportional representation. Voters in these countries generally vote for a candidate and a party. Countries employing mixed systems include Russia and Mexico.

### Single Member

A single-member system favors major parties, and will generally allows for only two or three healthy major parties. In the US, for example, only Democrats or Republicans typically win seats; in Great Britain, only the Labour, Conservative, and Liberal parties win seats. This forces the parties to moderate to gain votes and may make compromise in government easier.

### Proportional Representation

A proportional system allows smaller parties to gain seats. This will result in many views represented in the legislature but may make the government less stable. In addition, it may be difficult to employ in a big country because the votes of the entire nation need to be pooled and then divided. A recount in a close election would therefore be impractical.
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1991
## Past Prime Ministers of Malaysia

| Images | Values | Description | Designer | Printer |
| | $1 | Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj (Father of Independence) portrait is shown during his Independence Declaration in Merdeka Square | Design Dimension Sdn Bhd | Security Printers (M) Sdn.Bhd |
| | $1 | Tun Abdul Razak Hussein (Father of Development) portrait is shown together with rubber tree and oil palm He introduced National Education Policy and he was responsible for formulating Malaysia's development policy known as Red Book. and launched New Economic Policy in 1971 | Design Dimension Sdn Bhd | Security Printers (M) Sdn.Bhd |
# Flora of New York/TOC-Proteales-Buxales-Saxifragales

* The order Saxifragales is the basal clade of the superrosids, indicating that Saxifragales is the sister to the rosids.
| Clade | Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Genus | Common names | # |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Paeoniaceae | − | − | Paeonia | peony | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Altingiaceae | − | − | Liquidambar | sweetgum | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Hamamelidaceae | Hamamelidoideae | Hamamelideae | Hamamelis | witchhazel | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Hamamelidaceae | Hamamelidoideae | Corylopsideae | Corylopsis | winterhazel | 4 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Cercidiphyllaceae | − | − | Cercidiphyllum | katsura tree | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Crassulaceae | Crassuloideae | − | Crassula | pygmyweed | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Crassulaceae | Sempervivoideae | Umbiliceae | Rhodiola | roseroot stonecrop | 2 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Crassulaceae | Sempervivoideae | Umbiliceae | Hylotelephium | stonecrop | 3 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Crassulaceae | Sempervivoideae | Umbiliceae | Phedimus | false stonecrop | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Crassulaceae | Sempervivoideae | Semperviveae | Sempervivum | houseleek, hen-and-chickens | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Crassulaceae | Sempervivoideae | Sedeae | Sedum | stonecrop | 7 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Haloragaceae | − | Myriophylleae | Myriophyllum | watermilfoil | 10 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Haloragaceae | − | Myriophylleae | Proserpinaca | mermaidweed | 2 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Penthoraceae | − | − | Penthorum | ditch-stonecrop | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Grossulariaceae | − | − | Ribes | currant, gooseberry | 12 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Saxifragaceae | Saxifragoideae | Saxifrageae | Saxifraga | saxifrage | 5 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Saxifragaceae | Heucheroideae | Chrysosplenieae | Chrysosplenium | golden saxifrage | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Saxifragaceae | Heucheroideae | Heuchereae | Tiarella | foamflower | 1 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Saxifragaceae | Heucheroideae | Heuchereae | Mitella | miterwort | 3 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Saxifragaceae | Heucheroideae | Heuchereae | Heuchera | alumroot | 2 |
| sister to rosids | Saxifragales | Saxifragaceae | Heucheroideae | Heuchereae | Astilbe | florist's spiraea | 1 |
# A Guide to Discord/Easter Eggs

Easter Eggs are secrets hidden by the developers of Discord within the app. Here is how to find them.

## Snek

Follow the link to Discord's 404 page. You will see a GIF of the Discord mascot Wumpus at a Ramen shop. Click the board with a snake design in the bottom right corner to launch the Snek game, then click play to start it. Alternatively, you can enter the Konami Cheat Code (up, up, down, down, left, right, left, right, B, A,) to launch the game. This Easter Egg can only be accessed when you are using Discord on a web browser.

## Discordo (classic)

Clicking the Discord logo in the top left corner 16 times will cause a voice to say "Discordo", a typical Japanese pronunciation of Discord. The audio will continue to play every time you open the app. To disable it, click the logo 16 times again.

## Empathy Banana/Broken Magnifying Glass

If your search yields no results, Discord will display an "empathy banana" or a broken magnifying glass instead of the standard no results dialogue.

## Copy username (TRUE)

Click on your profile picture, then click your username in the menu that pops up. You will see a "Copied!" message. Move your cursor away from your username to make the message disappear, then click on it again. You will receive a different message each time. The messages that appear in order are: "Copied!", "Double Copy!", "Triple Copy!", "Dominating!!", "Rampage!!", "Mega Copy!!", "Unstoppable!!", "Wicked Sick!!", "Monster Copy!!!", "GODLIKE!!!", and finally, "BEYOND GODLIKE!!!!". This Easter Egg is not available on mobile versions of Discord.

## AMOLED Dark Theme (OUTDATED)

Tap your profile picture, then go to "Appearance" and tap on "Dark" 10 times. This will cause the background to go from grey to black. This is only available for the Android version of Discord.

## Akuma Raging Demon

Press "Control + /" or "cmd + /" to open the keyboard shortcuts window. Then enter in this code: "H+H+<right arrow>+N+K". This will cause your Discord window to flicker and display an animation resembling Akuma's Raging Demon attack from the video game Street Fighter.

## Music Notes(True)

Press "Control + /" or "cmd + /" to open the keyboard shortcuts window, then press any arrow key to hear the sound of a synthesized musical note.

## Humans

Visit https://discord.com/humans.txt to find the Discord logo in ASCII art with a link to their "About" page. This is a reference to robots.txt, a file put on a web server that tells crawlers which pages of a website not to index.

## Computer Man

Go to https://printer.discord.com in a web browser, and you will be redirected to a video clip from the Canadian television series Vid Kids.
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation/క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ

క, ఖ, గ, ఘ, ఙ
The letters above are called ka, kha, ga, ghee, nag
* 'ka' (క) makes the /k/ sound from English as in kayak, kale or Katrina.
* 'kha' (ఖ) makes the aspirated /Ky/ sound. Imagine saying 'kaha,' then removing the first 'a' from the word.
* 'ga' (గ) makes the /g/ sound from English as in game or glory.
* 'ghee' (ఘ) makes the aspirated // sound. Similar to ఖ, imagine saying 'gaga' then removing the first 'a' sound.
* 'nag' (ఙ) makes the /ŋ/ sound, similar to pronouncing the letter 'n' with the tongue at the back of your mouth.

## Exercises

Read out the following combinations of the letters as practice.
* కఘక
* గఙక
* ఖఙగఘక
* ఇకగఏగఓఏఆఖఘక
Link to Answers