OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canadian History/The Whiskey Traders and the NWMP

During the 1870's there were many independent companies trading whiskey to the Native peoples of the southwest part of the North-West Territories. This led to widespread alcoholism among the Native peoples, which eventually caused poverty, disease, malnutrition, and death. In 1873, the Canadian government formed the North-West Mounted Police in an effort to reduce the use of alcohol as a trading currency. By 1874, the NWMP accomplished their task of removing the whiskey traders from Canada, forcing them to flee across the border to the United States.

# The Arrival of the Whiskey Traders

Aboriginals of North-West Canada were eager to trade their furs for European tools, food, and weaponry. Trading between Native peoples and the Europeans became a large part of the history of Canada and the exploration and settlement of the country.
In the mid-1800's, American fur traders began to introduce Native peoples to liquor, which had a devastating effect on their way of life. The whiskey traders traded strong, cheap liquor to the Natives, and it benefited the traders greatly, allowing them to make better deals on trade. However, it caused malnutrition, poverty, and disease among the Natives.
Many forts, such as the infamous Fort Whoop-Up, were established around the southern Canadian plains, and the traders began to illegally trade whiskey to Native peoples. The Canadian government formed the North-West Mounted Police in an effort to prevent the use of whiskey in trading with Natives.

# The Formation of the NWMP

In 1873, the North-West Mounted Police were formed to protectnch and Assistant Commissioner James Macleod reached Fort Benton, and visited the fort to stock up on supplies. While visiting the fort, they were also introduced to Jerry Potts, whom they hired as a guide.
With guidance from Potts, the group reached Fort Whoop-Up, which was searched and found to have no alcohol. After leaving the fort, they traveled further west, and established a permanent fort, Fort Macleod, on the Oldman River.
# Algebra/Chapter 21/Exercises

A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 21.
This set contains 0 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions)
# Algebra/Chapter 23/Exercises

A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 23.
This set contains 2 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions)

## Exercises
### Section 23.1
### Section 23.2

23.1 (Cubic Equations) Solve the following cubic equations:
23.2 (Discriminant of a Cubic Equation) Find the discriminant of the equation $x^{3}-2x-4=0$ ,and find its roots.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4
## Scandinavian Defense, Leonhardt Gambit

White thrusts her b-pawn at the queen, sacrificing it for quick development and open lines for attack ideas like Ba3, Rb1. This line scores very well for white and can be deadly in a practical game. This line has been tried by Emmanuel Lasker and Jose Raul Capablanca, and the results aren’t bad. White does not have full compensation for the pawn, but still has a lot of it.
Black can decline the sacrifice with 4...Qb6, but usually accepts the pawn with 4...Qxb4 instead.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qb6
## Scandinavian Defense, Leonhardt Gambit

While declining the gambit isn’t unsound, it is far less ambitious than accepting it. White continues to develop normally. Black shouldn’t take the b-pawn because that will give White a favourable version of the Leonhardt Gambit accepted, where she enjoys an extra tempo.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qb6/5. Nb5

Please delete this page
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qb6/5. Nb5/5...Qa5

Please delete this page
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qxb4
## Scandinavian Defense, Leonhardt Gambit

The Black queen greedily takes the pawn, accepting White's challenge. White now has an open b-file, so she continues with 5. Rb1.
5. Nb5?! has been tried by some mavericks, setting up some deadly traps.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qxb4/5. Nb5
## Scandinavian Defense, Leonhardt Gambit

5. Nb5?!
The white knight leaps to b5, eyeing the c7 square and a fork of the black queen and rook. Black can avoid White's tricks with 5...Na6 or 5...Qc5. The most ambitious and popular move however, is 5...Qa5
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qxb4/5. Nb5/5...Qa5
## Scandinavian Defense, Leonhardt Gambit

It appears as if Black has solved her problems—her queen covers the c7 square and escapes the b-file, where she could be a target for attack. However, this is merely entry to the rabbit hole. White continues with 6. Bc4, which looks like a simple developing move, but comes with a trick.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qxb4/5. Nb5/5...Qa5/6. Bc4/6...c6/7. Bxf7
## Scandinavian Defense, Leonhardt Gambit

7. Bxf7
White sacrifices her bishop, drawing Black's king out into the open. Black usually accepts the sacrifice, it looks like a free bishop, right?
7...Kd8 avoids black’s threats, but white still has an advantageous position after 8. Nc3 due to the weakness of the black king. And let’s be real, anyone who saw the threat of 6. Bc4 would not have played 6...c6 in the first place.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qxb4/5. Nb5/5...Qa5/6. Bc4/6...c6/7. Bxf7/7...Kxf7
## Scandinavian Defense, Leonhardt Gambit

Black accepts the bishop sacrifice. But then, 8. Qh5+
and Black realises she has fallen into a trap.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qxb4/5. Nb5/5...Qa5/6. Bc4
## Scandinavian Defense, Leonhardt Gambit

6. Bc4
It looks like White simply develops her bishop to c4. 6...c6 looks like an amazing move! You attack the annoying knight on b5 and give your queen an escape square in c7 just in case. Surely nothing can go wrong.
Right?
It turns out, 6. Bc4 has a threat of Bxf7!! followed by Qh5+ and then Nd6+ winning Black's Queen! That is why 6...Nf6 is black's best move here, you cover the h5 square and avoid white's tricks.
# Geometry/Chapter 0/Introduction

The word geometry originates from the Greek words (geo meaning world, metri meaning measure) and means, literally, to measure the earth. It is an ancient branch of mathematics, but its modern meaning depends largely on context. Geometry largely encompasses forms of non-numeric mathematics, such as those involving measurement, area and perimeter calculation, and work involving angles and position. It was one of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers. In modern times, geometric concepts have been generalized to a high level of abstraction and complexity, and have been subjected to the methods of calculus and abstract algebra, so that many modern branches of the field are barely recognizable as the descendants of early geometry. This Wikibook is dedicated to high school geometry and geometry in general.
# Welcome To Geometry!

This Wikibook helps you to learn geometry. If you wish to read this book, click the link above.
# Welcome To Number Theory!

This Wikibook helps you to learn number theory. If you wish to read this book, click the link above.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. exd5/2...Qxd5/3. Nc3/3...Qa5/4. b4/4...Qxb4/5. Nb5/5...Qa5/6. Bc4/6...c6
## Scandinavian Defense, Leonhardt Gambit

6...c6??
What a fool, Black must have thought. You let me threaten your pest on b5 and grant my queen an escape square?
White plays 7. Bxf7!, knowing Black has missed her threat.
# 3D Printing/Models
## Creation
### Manual

It is possible to design a 3D model from the ground up for 3D printing using standard 3D software.

### 3D Scanning

3D Scanning through techniques such as photogrammetry can be used to duplicate real world objects.
* A 3D Scanner that photographs objects as they move on a turntable.
* A less common but quicker scanner type uses a chamber filled with cameras that surround the subject.

## Editing

Some models, such as those created by 3D scanning, require cleanup before they can be printed.
3D models on a computer can represent things that are impossible to recreate in reality. Thus for a model to be 3D printable, it must represent an actual object, without errors in an object that would cause the interior of the model to not be watertight.

## File Formats
### STL

.stl has become a defacto standard for many 3D printer slicer programs.

### 3MF

3MF is an open source format that offers a number of improvements over .stl, such as being more error resistant and including color information.

## Related Wikibooks

* Blender 3D: Noob to Pro
* Wings 3D

## References

* ↑ "Photogrammetry 2 - 3D Scanning simpler, better than ever!". Prusa Printers. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
* ↑ Hoya, Billy. "LSC-North Harris Library Research Guides: Creating 3D Objects using Photogrammetry: Step 3: Viewing, Printing, and Editing". nhresearch.lonestar.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ Charlesworth, Sean (19 March 2014). "Bits to Atoms: 3D Modeling Best Practices for 3D Printing". www.tested.com. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ Mellinger, Margaret. "LibGuides: 3D printing : 3D Printing Tips". guides.library.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ "Art + Design - Tutorial - Preparing 3D Print Files for the Zortrax Printers". art.illinois.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ "3MF File Format (3D Printing) – Simply Explained". All3DP. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ "3MF file format and why it's great". Prusa Printers. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
# Natural Disasters/Tornado
## Preparation

* If you are able, build a storm shelter inside your dwelling, or identify a suitable sturdy space in the innermost lowermost portion of the structure.
* Stock your shelter with the usual emergency supplies, plus the following:
** Some suggest that wearing a helmet during a tornado may prevent head injury.
** Keep closed toe shoes in your shelter. When the tornado is over, you may have to enter a debris filled landscape. Emergency services will be stressed following an event, so it's important that you don't injure yourself by stepping on a stray nail or glass shard.
** A thick fabric sheet to cover your body and eyes.
** Safety Goggles

## During
### Watch vs. Warning

During a Tornado Watch a tornado is possible but not yet confirmed - This is a good time to make preperations. A Tornado Warning means a tornado has been confirmed - Seek shelter immediately.

### Finding Shelter

When a Tornado warning is in effect, seek the nearest shelter possible and stay there until the danger has passed. Avoid windows, vehicles, and

### Common Mistakes

* Never open windows, as this just wastes time.
* Never seek shelter in an underpass, because wind patterns increase the danger.
* Don't panic.

## After

Damage following a tornado may be significant, impacting utilities, basic infrastructure, and straining emergency services.

## Gallery

* This truck has been wrapped around a pole by a tornado. Do not seek shelter in vehicles.
* Even heavy vehicles like this school bus are easily tossed around by tornados.
* Interior rooms on the lowest floor offer the greatest chance of surviving a tornado.
* Waterspouts are serious hazards for boats.
* Tornados are a hazard in the shaded regions.

## References

* ↑ . https://community.fema.gov/ProtectiveActions/s/article/Tornado.
* 1 2 US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Emergency Supplies Kit" (in EN-US). www.weather.gov. https://www.weather.gov/owlie/emergencysupplieskit.
* ↑ "UAB researchers say add a helmet to your tornado-preparation kit". UAB News. https://www.uab.edu/news/research/item/1960-uab-researchers-say-add-a-helmet-to-your-tornado-preparation-kit.
* 1 2 US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Understand Tornado Alerts" (in EN-US). www.weather.gov. https://www.weather.gov/safety/tornado-ww.
* ↑ "Tornado safety: NOAA busts common severe weather myths" (in en). al. 5 April 2017. https://www.al.com/news/2017/04/tornado_safety_should_you_open.html.
* ↑ "Tornado Damage, Safety, and Myths | METEO 3: Introductory Meteorology". www.e-education.psu.edu. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo3/l9_p8.html.
# Onondaga/Basics

This section contains basic Onondaga vocabulary.
Onondaga Nation Dialect
* Onoñda’gegá’- Onondaga (People of the Hills)
* Nya•wéñha -Thank you (I am grateful)
* Nyoñh - You're welcome
* Nya•wéñha Sgé•noñ’- I am thankful that you are well (a formal greeting)
* Heñheñ - Yes
* Hi•yah- No
* Hátsgwih- All right
* ___ Gya·jih - ___ it is my name
# Hokkien/Common Phrases
### Chinese, Min Nan / Taiwanese (Sinitic)

The Han characters provided below are for reference and are consistent with the Taiwanese Minnan Recommended Hanzi Usage (台灣閩南語推薦用字) which has been promoted by the government of Taiwan. Individual usage may vary from speaker to speaker based on preference.
| Translation | Characters | Romanization | Remarks |
| Min Nan | 閩南語 | Bân-lâm-gú |
| Taiwanese | 臺灣話 | Tâi-oân-oē |
| Hokkien | 福建話 | Hok-kiàn-oē/Hok-kiàn-oā |
| Hello. | 食飽未? | Chia̍h pá boeh? | (literally, Eaten full yet? Note: This greeting came about at a time when most of Taiwan was in poverty, so to say that one has had enough to eat would be to imply that the person is “doing well”.) |
| Goodbye. | 平安 | Pêng-an. | (literally, Peace, can also be used as a greeting; primarily Christian usage.) |
| Please | 拜託 | Pài-thok |
| Thank you | 勞力 | Ló·-la̍t | 感謝 (Kám-siā) (literally, "be grateful for, praise") or 感恩 (Kám-ún) is more common in Taiwan. |
| That one | 彼个 | Hit-ê |
| how much? | 偌濟? | goā choē? |
| is | 是 | Sī |
| not | 毋是 | m̄-sī | (literally, "not is") |
| Sorry | 失禮 | Sit-le | |
| Embarrassed! | 歹勢! | Pháiⁿ-sè! | (often used in response when offered/given something by a host) |
| I don't understand. | 我聽無. | Goá thiaⁿ bô. | (literally, "I hear not") |
| Where's the bathroom? | 便所佇佗? | Piān-só· tī toh? | (literally "bathroom is where?") |
| Cheers! | 予焦啦! | Hō· ta lah! | (literally, Let it [the cup/glass] be dry [empty]!) |
| Do you speak English? | 你敢講英語? | Lí kám kóng Eng-gú? Lú ē-hiáu kong Eng-gú? |
# Open Sicilian with 2...Nc6

Here White is moving a piece that is already developed, so they are playing an opening move that does not help their development. They are capturing a pawn, however it is anticipated that Black can capture White's pawn when White played 3.d4. In return for neglecting development White is getting a centrally located knight, and Black neglected development when they made two moves with the same pawn.
A good point here is it is bad for Black to trade knights on d4, and it also bad for White to trade knights on c6. If Black plays 4. ... Nxd4 followed by 5. Qxd4 White will have better control of the center and Black cannot easily chase away the White queen because the Knight that was on b8 has been traded. Also if White plays 4.Nxc6 then black can play 5. ...bxc6 which will strengthen Black's center and prepares for the d7-d5 push.

## Theory table

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4
| | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Main Line | ... Nf6 | Nc3 d6 | Bg5 e6 | Qd2 Be7 | += |
| Taimanov Variation | ... e6 | Nc3 Nf6 | Ndb5 Bb4 | a3 Bxc3+ | += |
| Kalashnikov Variation | ... e5 | Nb5 d6 | N1c3 Nf6 | Bg5 a6 | += |
| Accelerated Dragon | ... g6 | c4 Nf6 | Nc3 d6 | Be3 Ng4 | += |
| Nimzovich Variation | ... d5 | exd5 Qxd5 | Be3 e6 | Nc3 Bb4 | += |
| Flohr Variation | ... Qc7 | Nc3 e6 | f4 | += |
| Godiva Variation | ... Qb6 | Nb3 Qb4+ | Nc3 Nf6 | Bd3 Ne5 | a3 Qb6 | Be3 Qd8 | Be2 d6 | f4 Neg4 | Bd4 e5 | fxe5 dxe5 | Bb5+ Bd7 | Bxd7+ Qxd7 | Bc5 0-0-0 | += |
| | ... a5 | Nc3 e5 | Ndb5 d6 | Be3 Nf6 | Be2 Be7 | 0-0 0-0 | f4 b6 | Qd2 += |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Mac OS X Tiger/About this Wikibook

Although considered easier to use than the competition, learning to use a Mac is not without its challenges. Many everyday commands work differently on a Mac, and new users usually find they have much to learn before they can fully take advantage of their new operating system.
Apple includes a built-in help system with Tiger (you can access it at any time by pressing ⌘?), but they no longer maintain an online support website for it. However, Apple's documentation, like most software manufacturers', has often been labelled as lacking. So what's a new Mac user to do?
Many new users will pay their local bookshop a visit, leaf through a couple books about Mac OS X, pick out the one they like best, fork over $30, and begin reading. But now, with the existence of this book, this age-old new computer tradition is no longer necessary. You can use this site to learn all about Mac OS X for free. We promise that there are no hidden charges for using this site!
Wikibooks are edited by a community of writers. We encourage you to join this community and help out once you learn how to use the Mac OS. See a confusing explanation of how to do something? Once you figure out a better way to explain, come back and fix it for everyone else. In a traditional book, you can't help other readers understand something the author explained poorly. When an update comes out, books don't magically change to reflect the changes to the software. This is especially important for Mac OS X, because Apple introduces a large number of updates and products over the course of an operating system's life. A well-maintained book is always up-to-date, so you can be sure you're reading the latest information.
Whether you're an average computer user who's decided that the grass is greener on the Mac side of the fence, a refugee from the security problems plaguing Microsoft Windows, a multimedia maven looking to take advantage of Apple's unparalleled iLife suite, or are a Windows user who's been given a Mac at work, you'll find this book to be your new best friend. It will thoroughly and clearly explain how to use Mac OS X and its included applications. It will also help you to fix problems that may arise while using your Mac. Even experienced Mac users can learn something.
If you're looking for help with Apple's iLife suite of digital media applications, check out this Wikibook's companion title, iLife. This book will also skip over the very basics of personal computing (e.g. how to use a mouse), Mac OS X Server, and Mac development.

### Navigation

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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nxe5
## Irish Gambit / Chicago Gambit
### 3. Nxe5??

The Irish Gambit is an unsound opening. It trades a knight for a pawn, since Black can just recapture with 3...Nxe5. While this move does let White have a stronger center, the cost of a knight is too much to pay. Still, like other dubious openings, it can be used to surprise or unsettle the opponent.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# JavaScript/Useful software tools

A list of useful tools for JS programmers.

### Editors / IDEs

* Adobe Brackets: Another browser-based editor by Adobe
* Codelobster: A handy code editor with special support for all popular frameworks.
* Eclipse: The Eclipse IDE includes an editor and debugger for JS
* Notepad++: A great tool for editing any kind of code. It includes syntax highlighting for many programming languages.
* Programmers' Notepad: A general tool for programming many languages.
* Scripted: An open-source browser-based editor by Spring Source
* Sublime Text: One of the most used editors for HTML/CSS/JS editing
* Web Storm or IntelliJ IDEA: both IDEs include an editor and debugger for JS, IDEA also includes a Java development platform

### Engines and other tools

* JSLint: static code analysis for JS
* jq - " 'jq' is like sed for JSON data "
* List of ECMAScript engines
# LGBT Young Adult Literature/Bullying

Bullying LGBT people is a form of harassment and discrimination. Normally, this is done in schools but it can be between family members as well.

## What to do upon encountering bullying

Report any forms of bullying if available.
# Algebra/Chapter 2/Review
## 2.4 - Properties of Real Numbers

All numbers that we will be working with for the majority of Algebra are called Real Numbers. They consist of Rational and Irrational Numbers. Irrational Numbers are numbers that have infinite, non-repeating decimals, such as pi. Rational Numbers are all numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of integers, which include Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers, and Rational Numbers. For all Real Numbers, there are a few properties of addition and multiplication: Commutative, Associative, Identity, Inverse, and Distribution. The Distribution will come in handy for the rest of the course.
# Quantum Chemistry/Example 16

Write an example question showing the calculation of the frequency of EM radiation emitted when a HCl molecule transitions from the J=1–>0 rotational state.
Example 16: Giving the bond length r$_e$=1.27Å, find the frequency of the EM radiation emitted when a HCl molecule transitions from the J=1→0 rotational state
Given the reduced mass (μ) and inertia (I), the energy can be found and subsequently be used to find frequency of the transition.
Note that for rotational states for J=1→0, ΔE is not required as the transition states are in the ground state.
Inertia can be found by using reduced mass of the molecule and their bond length(r$_e$ = 1.27Å):
$I=\mu \cdot r_{e}^{2}$
where reduced mass can be calculated by the following:
$\mu ={\frac {m_{1}\cdot m_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}$, where $m_{1}=1.00784~{\textrm {amu}}$ and $m_{2}=35.453~{\textrm {amu}}$
$\mu ={\frac {(1.00784)(35.453)}{1.00784+35.453}}=0.9770~{\textrm {amu}}$
Convert to SI units:
$1u=1.66054\times 10^{-27}kg$, thus
$\mu =0.9799~{\textrm {amu}}\times {\frac {1.66054\times 10^{-27}kg}{1~{\textrm {amu}}}}=1.627\times 10^{-27}kg$
Note that the bond length must also be in SI units,
1Å= 1×10$^{-10}$m
Bond length = 1.27×10$^{-10}$m
Inertia can now be calculated:
$I=(1.627\times 10^{-27}kg)(1.27\times 10^{-10}m)^{2}=2.624\times 10^{-47}kg\cdot m^{2}$
After calculating the inertia, energy can be found:
$E={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2I}}J(J+1)=hv$
and $\hbar ={\frac {h}{2\pi }}$, where h is the Planck's constant.
$E={\Biggl{\frac {6.626\times 10^{-34}m^{2}kgs^{-1}}{2\pi }}{\Biggr )}^{2}\times {\frac {1}{2\times 2.624\times 10^{-47}kg\cdot m^{2}}}\times 1(1+1)$
$E=4.240\times 10^{-22}J$
Frequency of the transmission can therefore be found:
$\nu ={\frac {E}{h}}$
$\nu ={\frac {4.240\times 10^{-22}J}{6.626\times 10^{-34}m^{2}kgs^{-1}}}=6.40\times 10^{11}s^{-1}$
# String Theory/M-Theory

String theory is the theoretical framework of a theory of which the fermion particles in the standard model are made up of subatomic strings that vibrate at different frequencies.