OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Companion to Our Literary Journey

This Wikibook is a textbook on English literature and culture tailored on the needs of students who have already passed the IGCSE exam of English as a Second Language. The contents have been gathered and analysed by the students of class 3D at Liceo Scientifico Gaetano Salvemini in Bari, under the supervision of their English teacher, Mrs Francesca Romana Palumbo. The initiative has been realised in collaboration with the Department for Research and Innovation in the Humanities of the University of Bari.

## Table of Contents
### Third year

* From the Celts to the Romans
* The Evolution of the English Language: from the Anglo-Saxon to Norman English
* The Norman Conquest
* The Plantagenets
* Magna Carta
** Magna Carta: Source Language Latin, Target Language English
** Exercises
# Bishop's Opening Classical Defence
## 3. Qh5 Scholar's Mate Variation

White immediately tries to checkmate on f7. Although this move violates a principle of the opening, it can ensure a quick win if Black doesn't recognize the threat. However, this is not recommended.

### Black's responses

* 3...Qf6 defends the f7-pawn and counterattacks f2.
* 3...Qe7 Unlike 3...Qf6, the f6 square remains free for the knight.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Bc5 3. Qh5
| 3 |
| ... Qe7 | Nf3 Nc6 | = |
| ... Qf6 | Nf3 Nc6 | = |
| ... Nc6?? | Qxf7# |
| ... Nf6?? | Qxf7# |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Bishop's Opening: Classical Defence
## 3...Qe7

Black defends against mate by protecting the pawn on f7. 3...Qf6 could cause a few problems with Nc3 and Nd5 in the future. 3...Qe7 also leaves the f6-square free for the knight.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...Na6
## De Bruycker Defense

The De Bruycker variation is very interesting and is often played by very strong players. The idea of this move is to move the knight from a6 to c7. If White decides to take on a6, then Black has the strong move Qa5+! followed by Qxa6, which will lead to a positional advantage for Black due to the possession of the bishop pair. However, White does not have to take and can simply develop with Nc3.
Caro-Kann Defense: De Bruycker Defense :
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |

### White's responses

* 3.Bxa6 the most popular move.
* 3.c4 Whites takes control over the center.
* 3.Nf3 White continues the development.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...c5
## 1...c5 - Old Benoni Defence/ Benoni Defense

The Old Benoni Defense is quite rare and uncommon nowadays but can actually lead to a tactical and sharp game. Black takes a swipe with c5 and gambits a pawn for the exchange, develops, and gets pieces into the game. White normally responds with d5; taking the pawn is not recommended because of 2...e6, and if White tries defending, then a5 and White has no solutions to hold on to pawns while Black gains a tempo. This opening is quite rare nowadays. One idea for Black is to transpose to a Modern Benoni while avoiding the Four Pawn Attack (that is, variations with an early f2-f4 for White). Black can fianchetto his King's Bishop, and only after White plays Nf3 blocking an f-pawn, continue with ... e6 and ... exd5.
Another idea for Black is to keep the h8-a1 diagonal of Black's bishop open by delaying ... Nf6. Black could then play ... Ne7 instead of ... Nf6, or possibly, if White plays an early Nc3, give up his bishop by ... Bc3 to double the pawns.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 c5
| | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| 1 | d5 d6 | c4 g6 | Nc3 Bg7 | Nf3 Bxc3!? | bxc3 Nf6 | King's Indian Benoni |
| 2 | Nc3 g6 | e4 Bg7 | Nf3 Bxc3!? | bxc3 Nf6 | = | Schmid Benoni |
| 3 | d5 e5 | e4 d6 | Nc3 Be7 | Nf3 Bg4 | h3 +/= | Czech Benoni |
| 4 | e3 - | = |
| 5 | dxc5 e6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# 4chan Chronicle/Raid Culture

4chan's nominal anonymity begins to attract a bunch of colorful groups to 4chan, such as Touhou fans, stalkers, guro lovers, pedophiles, and furries. Usually, these groups were granted their own containment boards.
Curiously, out of all the insane fandoms on 4chan, furries have faced universal hatred. During the early days of the internet, the two core websites, SA and (possibly) Fark, began a crusade against the furry fandom in all its forms. During one memorable moment, Lowtax crated a furry board, waited for it to be filled with furry goons, and permabanned them all. Inspired by this punitive action, Moot once created a /fur/ board on April Fool’s day 2005, and banned all the users who posted there for a month.
This attitude eventually shaped internet culture, where it became the norm to hate on furries, and the furry fandom itself, building a constant cycle of paranoia and "fursecution".
Colourful groups were always around, (evidenced by the early /c/ - Cute/Male (back then being not safe for work), /l/ - Lolicon, /g/ - Guro and /d/ - Hentai/alternative boards), and the random furry forcing his art on everyone. 4chan would eventually diversify beyond anime. As the Touhou doujin subculture grew day by day, /a/ users were fed up, and called on moot to oust them. Moot thus created /jp/ - Japanese Culture, on a day henceforth known as /a/-day.

## Raid Explosion

On August 22, a splinter group of /b/tards went completely nuts and completely obliterated three sites from the face of earth, prompting anons to make threads urging /b/ to start a crusade against faggotry, and /b/ planned its Magnum Opus: a series of detailed, coordinated raids against the entire furry fandom, including sites like WikiFur, Furaffinity, fchan and various forums.
However, the next day proved to be somewhat different than planned.
# Katalimov Sicilian
### 2...b6

This fianchetto of the Queen's Bishop leaves Black with many weak white colored squares on the Queenside where allowing a possible Bb5 or Nb5, while it does nothing to develop on the Kingside. White's best move is 3. d4 and sets a trap if Black plays 7...d6??, White can win a queen with 8. Bb5+! (see diagram below).

## Theory table

For explanation of notation, see Chess Opening Theory Table.
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 b6
| 3 | 4 | 5 |
| d4 cxd4 | Nxd4 Bb7 | Nc3 d6 | += |
| ... Bb7 | d5 | += |
| g3 Bb7 | Qe2 Qc7 | Bg2 Nc6 | 0-0 Nd4?! | += |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Introduction to Moral Reasoning/Why Study Moral Reasoning?

Our actions stem from our thoughts, and such actions influence the lives of others. Unfortunately, we are not born with a "code of conduct". Rather we absorb our morality from our parents, schools religions, societies and, sometimes we also have to adopt the codes of professions. But such impositions only provide general directions, they do not solve specific questions as to how we should live our lives or how should treat other people:
* One approach is to seek the knowledge of leaders whose wisdom is respected and simply follow the herd.
* Alternatively, one could take such wisdom as one finds and then engage is moral reasoning to determine whether ones actions are right or wrong.
Even in making the choice to seek the knowledge of respected leaders, or to choose a life-philosophy or religion, one is making a decision regarding right action - e.g. "Is this leader, philosophy or religion the correct one to guide my lifestyle and inform my choices?" Even the decision to hand one's decision-making power over to another requires that one be capable of making a decision - hopefully the right one.
Most of us have no choice in our religious, social or moral formation - it is imposed by parents, teachers and politicians. Only later in life do we have the ability to choose to follow a particular religious calling or to rethink our early indoctrination in the light of some seemingly more relevant philosophy, is as in any other similar choice, one can benefit from the application of moral reasoning.
In strongly religious societies the ability to break with convention and make an informed choice is not available without punishment for religious offenses.
In secular and democratic societies, with less rigid rules, it is often necessary to to make a good choice, has powerful consequences thereafter. Our lives, and our effect on others, are governed by the decisions we make, and the consequences of our decisions are likely to be governed by the quality of the decisions we make. The ability to make good decisions - however we may end up defining "good" will impact our lives, how we treat others, how we are treated in return. The ability to have a good framework for making our own decisions will allow us to make better decisions than a person who does not so educate or increase themselves.
While we will often find ourselves lacking good information, and sometimes lacking in the ability to perceive pertinent facts (for example: our ancestors did not know of the existence of microbes), the ability to formulate good decisions with whatever information is available can enable us not to merely muddle through, but to intelligently choose the most effective roads. In an uncertain, complex, and always-changing world, we cannot always count on good data or rely on being able to fall back on past experience and precedent, so it is ever-more important to have the ability to make "good" decisions with what we have, and that requires the ability to choose or recognize what we know to be "good" or "right". Moral Reasoning serves this purpose.
# World History/Contributors' Corner

Maps | Resources | Contributors' Corner
Welcome to the World History Project's Contributor's Corner. Contributor's corner is a place for contributors to discuss plans, ideas, and discuss development resources. There's no need to use the discussion page here-- just dig right in with comments!

## Ideas
### General Comments

Okay, I am not sure if this is the right place where I can say this, but I think you are doing a great job. This page is just what I needed. Please, go on with your work. Lissa el toro bravo español en españa desde tiempos muy remotos se leha adorado al toro(un ejemplo esta en las cuevas de altamira).despues los iberos siguieron adorando y lo adoptaron como un dios ,al ver la devocion que estos pueblos tenian al toro los griegos llamaron a esa zona la region de los tauros,y se cree que por hay habia minotauros.mas tarde esta devocion con la llegada de los romanos se combirtio en un espectaculo. mastarde,esto se perdio, pro en el siglo XVII algunos nobles empezaron a torear con el caballo(esta tecnica se llama rejoneo),luego la gente mas pobre lo imtaron a pie combiriendolo en el toreo.actualmente es un espectaculo muy completo extendiendose por mexico, españa, portugal,y al sur de francia.pero la verdadera alma del toro se encuentra en españa y si no se cuida se perdera.
The article on Ancient Civilizations does not at all include that of Mesoamerica, considered by anthropologists to be one of the five or six civilizations that developed de novo. The article on Cradle of Civilization does include Mesoamerica. The Ancient Civilizations article needs to be corrected.
The wikibook A Comprehensive Guide To World History has a very nice prologue and table of contents that can be merged with this project as its table of contents feels a bit easier to read and view at a glance.

## Helpful Hints

Please use the term "Allied Powers" when referring to the US/UK/France in WWI and the "Allies" when referencing WWII. I always find that it helps to keep things clarified.
The page should be set so that when people write "World War Two" they are directed to this place, because it did not happen to me when I typed it. I had to type "World War II" to come here.
It would be better if the chapters are arranged according to themes (as specified in the AP Exam Course) rather than on the basis of regions. The regional subdivisions may be maintained as a part of the larger thematic chapter. For e.g. Instead of a chapter on each of the Classical Civilization, it would be better if all are treated under one large unit with comparing and contrasting each with the other in their respective subdivisions.

### Page headings

The wikimarkup {{World History resources}} yields the standard page top.
# XML - Managing Data Exchange

eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a widely used computer language for creating and designing pages on the World Wide Web, and for defining other languages with more specialized purposes. This Wikibook provides a detailed description of XML, its origins, its programming, and its uses on the Internet today. This book also provides exercises with which to test the knowledge you have gained through the deliberate study of its contents.
If you wish to participate in the writing or editing of XML - Managing Data Exchange, or if you have an idea as to how this book can be improved, please see the "to-do" list. You may also add your name to the list of contributors.

## Chapters

Preface
* Introduction to XML
* A single entity
* Basic data structures
* The one-to-many relationship
* The one-to-one relationship
* The many-to-many relationship
* Recursive relationships
* Data schemas
* Document Type Definitions
* XHTML
* XPath
* XLink
* CSS
* XSLT and Style Sheets
* Cocoon
* Parsing XML files
* XUL
* Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)
* Web Services
* XMLHTTP
* Database and XML
* SyncML
* SVG
* VoiceXML
* DocBook
* SMIL
* XBRL
* WDDX
* RPC
* JSTL
* RDF
* RSS
* JDesktop Network Components (JDNC)
* Namespace
* Business Intelligence and XML
* Handling XML with MySQL
* XML Encryption
* XQL
* XQuery
* Exchanger XML Lite
* XML and JDBC
* XForms
* XML Web Audio
* OpenOffice.org & OpenDocument Format
* KML & Google Earth
* The ACORD standard - XML in the insurance industry

## Appendices

* Glossary
* Contributors
* Author guidelines
* XML Editor
* XML Colors
* Stylesheet section workspace
* Resources

## External Links

* XML Tutorials
* XML Specification
* XML Books
# Python Programming/Interactive mode

| Previous: Setting it up | Index | Next: Self Help |
Python has two basic modes: script and interactive. The normal mode is the mode where the scripted and finished .py files are run in the Python interpreter. Interactive mode is a command line shell which gives immediate feedback for each statement, while running previously fed statements in active memory. As new lines are fed into the interpreter, the fed program is evaluated both in part and in whole.
Interactive mode is a good way to play around and try variations on syntax.
On macOS or linux, open a terminal and simply type "python". On Windows, bring up the command prompt and type "py", or start an interactive Python session by selecting "Python (command line)", "IDLE", or similar program from the task bar / app menu. IDLE is a GUI which includes both an interactive mode and options to edit and run files.
Python should print something like this:
(If Python doesn't run, make sure it is installed and your path is set correctly. See Getting Python.)
The >>> is Python's way of telling you that you are in interactive mode. In interactive mode what you type is immediately run. Try typing 1+1 in. Python will respond with 2. Interactive mode allows you to test out and see what Python will do. If you ever feel the need to play with new Python statements, go into interactive mode and try them out.
A sample interactive session:
However, you need to be careful in the interactive environment to avoid confusion. For example, the following is a valid Python script:
If you try to enter this as written in the interactive environment, you might be surprised by the result:
What the interpreter is saying is that the indentation of the second print was unexpected. You should have entered a blank line to end the first (i.e., "if") statement, before you started writing the next print statement. For example, you should have entered the statements as though they were written:
Which would have resulted in the following:

### Interactive mode

Instead of Python exiting when the program is finished, you can use the -i flag to start an interactive session. This can be very useful for debugging and prototyping.
| Previous: Setting it up | Index | Next: Self Help |
For i in range(-1,-5,-1):
# Transportation Deployment Casebook/2025/Chinese SAF
### Quantitative Analysis: Chinese and USA SAF consumption data
#### Data Overview,Collection

China, as the world's second-largest civil aviation market, is projected to exceed 5,000 operational commercial aircraft with annual aviation fuel consumption surpassing 50 million tons by 2030. Sinopec initiated sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) research and development in 2009, followed by multiple demonstration production projects. CNPC conducted its first bio-jet fuel verification flight in 2011 and developed bio-jet fuel process packages during both the 13th and 14th Five-Year Plan periods. Currently, six Chinese enterprises have operational SAF production facilities, all employing Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) technology. Three manufacturers – Sinopec Zhenhai Refinery, Henan Junheng Biotechnology, and Shandong Highneng Technology – have obtained airworthiness certification from the Civil Aviation Administration of China, achieving a combined annual SAF production capacity of 350,000 tons. However, due to high production costs, China only commenced mandatory SAF blending in September 2024 for 12 designated flights operated by Air China, China Eastern, and China Southern Airlines departing from Beijing Daxing, Chengdu Shuangliu, Zhengzhou Xinzheng, and Ningbo Lishe airports. Notably, no annual SAF consumption data have been released since the September 2024 implementation, whereas the United States – possessing a comparable aviation market scale – has disclosed complete SAF consumption statistics from 2016 to 2023. In this part , a three-parameter logistic growth model is employed to estimate the technology lifecycle progression of SAF adoption in the U.S. market.
| Year | Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Estimated Consumption In USA (Million Gallons) |
| 2016 | 1.9 |
| 2017 | 1.7 |
| 2018 | 1.8 |
| 2019 | 2.4 |
| 2020 | 4.6 |
| 2021 | 5.1 |
| 2022 | 15.8 |
| 2023 | 26.3 |

#### Methodology

The Logistic Formula:
$S(t)={\frac {K}{1+e^{-b(t-t_{0})}}}$ S(t) = Predicted total consumption of SAF in US
S(max)=Saturation SAF somsuption level
b = Growth rate coefficient
t = Year
t0 = Inflection year(50% to S(max) )
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Act Governing Local Tax Regulations/Article 4
## First promulgated on 2002-12-11
### Article 4

    For the sake of conducting autonomous affairs or generating more revenues, a municipal or county (city) government may add up to thirty percent (30%) to the upper limit of the originally prescribed tax rate (or amount) for local taxes, except for stamp tax and land value increment tax. In case the original prescribed tax rate adopts a progressive schedule, rates for all tax brackets shall be increased at the same time while the number of tax brackets remains unchanged.
    Except in the case where the central government adjusts the upper limit of the original prescribed tax rate (amount), the adjusted tax rate (amount) as specified in the preceding paragraph may not be raised again in two years after its implementation.

## Promulgated amendment on 2025-01-03
### Article 4

    {pending governmental translation}
* ↑ "The Act Governing Local Tax Regulations: Article 4". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2002-12-11. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
# Lojban/Selbri

selbri are Lojban words that describe the relationships between the various parts of a sentence. Most words used as selbri are gismu, which can be easily recognized as they always follow the pattern CVCCV or CCVCV (where C is a consonant and V is a vowel).
The word order of the sentence gives selbri their meaning. The positions of the other words in the sentence, with respect to the position of the selbri, determine what the meaning of the sentence is. For example:
la djon. pritu la matius. la maikyl.
pritu is the selbri. It means "x is to the right of y, where y is facing z." The variables (called sumti) are replaced with other things. In this case, x is John (djon.), y is Matthew (matius.), and z is Michael (maikyl.) Thus the whole sentence (a sentence like this is called a bridi) means "John is to the right of Matthew, where Matthew is facing Michael."
selbri follow some rules for determining the structure of their possible sumti:
* The subject of the sentence, the person or thing that is or does, usually comes first.
* The object of the sentence, the person or thing that is affected by the action, comes second.
* The destination (to [place]) comes before the origin (from [place])
* Any other places come near the end; "by standard," "by means of," "made of," etc.
# Dynamical Systems
## Dynamical Systems

This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). Thenub314 (talk) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)
    It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —Kittycataclysm (discuss • contribs) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)
       Hello there,
       currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --Mathmensch (discuss • contribs) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
* Delete. While this is a stub and we should not deleted them the content present is extremely limited and by the reply above it is duplicated in another language project with the intention of migration here later. Since it also occupies a topic space name it also becomes a blocker to other similar works. --Panic (discuss • contribs) 20:26, 7 November 2024 (UTC)
* Delete Pppery (discuss • contribs) 05:54, 21 January 2025 (UTC)