# World Cultures/Culture in Asia/Culture of the Philippines

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## Introduction

The culture of the Philippines is characterized by its ethnic diversity. Although the various ethnolinguistic groups of the archipelago have only recently established a shared national identity, their cultures were all shaped by the geography and history of the country, and by centuries of interaction with neighboring countries, and colonial powers. In more recent times, Filipino culture has also been influenced through its participation in the international community.

## Ethnolinguistic Groups
### Bicolano

The Bicolanos are a predominantly Roman Catholic ethnic group that originates from the Bicol Region in Southern Luzon. They are the fifth-largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. There are several Bikol languages of which there is a total of about 3.5 million speakers. The most widespread Bikol language is Central Bikol comprising Naga, Legazpi, Daet and Partido dialects (Virac is sometimes considered as a separate language). They are known for their cuisine heavily using chili peppers and coconut milk. Bicolanos have a high percentage of Spanish introgression with a government sponsored study showing 2 out of 10 Bicolanos being of Spanish descent.

### Cebuano

The Cebuano people (Cebuano language: Mga Sugbuanon) are the second most widespread ethnic group in the Philippines after the Tagalog people. They are originally native to the province of Cebu in the region of Central Visayas whose primary language is the Cebuano language and later spread out to other places in the Philippines, such as Siquijor, Bohol, Negros Oriental, southwestern Leyte, western Samar, Masbate, and large parts of Mindanao. The majority of Cebuanos are Roman Catholic. Despite being one of the majority ethnicities in Mindanao as well as southwestern Leyte, western Samar and Masbate, Cebuanos also tend to speak and understand other languages within the environment they settled and grew up such as Waray, Masbateño, Hiligaynon (a related Visayan language spoken within the borders of Hiligaynon-speaking areas of Negros Occidental and Soccsksargen in Visayas and Mindanao respectively that has 80% mutual intelligibility with Cebuano), and other languages native in Mindanao such as various Lumad languages, Zamboanga Chavacano, Maranao, Maguindanaon, Iranun, Tausug, Butuanon and Surigaonon with the latter three being related to Visayan languages.

### Hiligaynon

The Hiligaynon people, often referred to as Ilonggo people (Hiligaynon: Mga Hiligaynon/Mga Ilonggo), refers to the ethnic race whose primary language is the Hiligaynon language, an Austronesian language native to Panay, Guimaras, and Negros Occidental. Other Hiligaynons lived in Romblon, southern Mindoro, Palawan, Masbate and Soccsksargen. Over the years, inter-migrations and intra-migrations have contributed to the diaspora of the Hiligaynons to different parts of the Philippines. Now, the Hiligaynon form the majority in the provinces of Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Guimaras, Capiz, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato. Hiligaynons also tend to speak and understand other languages within the environment they settled and grew up such as Cebuano (a related Visayan language spoken within the borders of Cebuano-speaking provinces of Negros Oriental, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur and Davao Occidental in Visayas and Mindanao respectively that has 80% mutual intelligibility with Hiligaynon), Ilocano, Maguindanaon and other languages native in Soccsksargen such as T'boli, Blaan and Teduray.

### Ilocano

The Ilocano people are a predominantly Christian group who reside within the lowlands and coastal areas of northwestern Luzon. Other Ilocanos are also found in Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan Valley, as well as in west and east Pangasinan. Minor pockets of Ilocanos are also found in scattered parts of Central Luzon, such as Zambales, Tarlac, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, and Aurora, in Metro Manila and in some municipalities in Mindanao, mainly in Sultan Kudarat. They speak Ilocano and they form the third largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines at about 8.1 million. Ilocanos even speak other languages within the environment of other ethnic groups in areas they settled and grew up in, like Ibanag, Pangasinan, Ivatan, Kapampangan and Tagalog in Central Luzon, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Butuanon, Surigaonon as well as Lumad and Moro languages in Mindanao. Their foremost folk literature is Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang), an epic poem with similarities with the Ramayana.

### Kapampangan

The Kapampangan people are the seventh-largest ethnic group in the Philippines. They predominate in the southwestern portion of Central Luzon (entire Pampanga, southern Tarlac, southwestern Nueva Ecija, southeastern Zambales, western Bulacan and northeastern Bataan, and in selected areas of Aurora) and have diasporas in Metro Manila and Mindanao. They are predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic). They primarily use the Kapampangan language, which is spoken by more than 1.4 million individuals. Kapampangans even speak other languages within the environment of other ethnic groups in areas they settled and grew up in, like Sambal, Pangasinan, Ilocano, and Tagalog (all in Central Luzon) as well as Hiligaynon and Cebuano (both in Mindanao, where Kapampangans also settled). In the Spanish colonial era, Pampanga was known to be a source of valiant soldiers. There was a Kapampangan contingent in the colonial army who helped defend Manila against the Chinese Pirate Limahon. They also helped in battles against the Dutch, the English and Muslim raiders.$^{:3}$ Kapampangans, along with the Tagalogs, played a major role in the Philippine Revolution.

### Pangasinan

The Pangasinense people are the eighth-largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. They predominate in the northwestern portion of Central Luzon (central and east Pangasinan, northern Tarlac, northern Nueva Ecija and northern Zambales, and selected areas of Aurora, Bataan, and Bulacan), as well as southern parts of La Union, Benguet and scattered parts of Mindanao. They are predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic). They primarily use the Pangasinan language, which is spoken by more than 1.2 million individuals, & mostly speak Ilocano as second language.

### Tagalog

The Tagalogs are the most widespread ethnic group in the Philippines. They predominate the entirety of the Metro Manila, mainland southern Luzon regions and the entirety of Marinduque, with a plurality in Central Luzon (mainly in its southeastern portion [Nueva Ecija, Aurora, and Bulacan], as well as parts of Zambales and Bataan provinces except Pampanga and Tarlac), coastal parts of Mindoro, major parts of Palawan and even many parts of Mindanao. The Tagalog language was chosen as an official language of the Philippines in 1935. Today, Filipino, a de facto version of Tagalog, is taught throughout the archipelago. As of the 2019 census, there were about 22.5 million speakers of Tagalog in the Philippines, 23.8 million worldwide. Tagalogs even speak other languages within the environment of other ethnic groups in areas they settled and grew up in, like Ilocano, Pangasinan, Kapampangan (all in Central Luzon) and Bicolano (in Bicol Region), as well as Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Zamboanga Chavacano, Butuanon, Surigaonon and indigenous lumad as well as Moro languages in Mindanao where they also made a significant diaspora. They speak Tagalog as a second language already outside of their native regional homeland due to assimilation to the other ethnolinguistic groups who form majority to these areas they settled and grew up in.

### Waray

The Waray people refers to the group of people whose primary language is the Waray language (also called Lineyte-Samarnon). They are native to the islands of Samar, Leyte and Biliran, which together comprise the Eastern Visayas Region of the Philippines. Waray people inhabit the whole island of Samar where they are called Samarnons, the northern part of the island of Leyte where they are called Leytenyos, and the island of Biliran. On Leyte island, the Waray people occupy the northern part of the island, separated from the Cebuano language-speaking Leyteños by a mountain range in the middle of the island. On the island of Biliran, Waray-Waray-speaking people live on the eastern part of the island facing the island of Samar; their Waray-Waray dialect is commonly referred to as Biliranon. On the island of Ticao]], which belongs to the province of Masbate in the Bicol Region, Waray-Waray-speaking people live on most parts of the island; they are commonly referred to as Ticaonon. However, the Ticaonon have more affinity with the Masbateño-speaking people of Masbate, being their province-mates. The Bicolano language has more common vocabulary with the Waray-Waray language than with other Visayan languages (i.e. Cebuano or Ilonggo). They are historically known to be part of the Pintados people of the Visayas encountered by the Spanish and were regarded to have an established pre-Hispanic maritime militia. They are known to have cuisine with coconut milk and meat and have a slightly sweeter palette than Visayan neighbors. Animism is still a noticeable culture among the Warays and are usually practice based and alongside dominant religions.

## National symbols

Filipino is the national language of the Philippines. The current 1987 constitution designated the Filipino language, which is based on Tagalog with the inclusion of terms from all recognized languages of the Philippines, as the national language. It also designated both Filipino and English as the official languages for purposes of communication and instruction, and designated the regional languages as auxiliary official languages in the regions to serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
More than 170 languages are spoken in the Philippines and almost all of them belong to the Philippine subgroup of the Austronesian language family. In September 2012, La Union became the first province in Philippine history to pass an ordinance proclaiming a local language. It declared Ilocano as an official language. This move aims to protect and revitalize the use of Ilocano in various government and civil affairs within the province.
The Filipino Sign Language is designated as the "national sign language of the Filipino deaf" as well as the official sign language for transactions of the Philippine government.

### Philippine flag

The national flag of the Philippines (pambansang watawat ng Pilipinas) is a horizontal bicolor flag with equal bands of royal blue and crimson red, with a white, equilateral chevron at the hoist. In the center of the triangle is a golden-yellow sun with eight primary rays, to represent the original eight provinces that rebelled against the Spanish during the 1896 Philippine Revolution. At each vertex of the triangle is a five-pointed, golden-yellow star, each of which representing one of the country's three main island groups—Luzon, Visayas (though originally referring to the island of Panay), and Mindanao. The white triangle at the hoist represents liberty, equality, and fraternity. A unique feature of this flag is its usage to indicate a state of war if it is displayed with the red side on top, which is effectively achieved by flipping the flag upside-down.

### Lupang Hinirang

"Lupang Hinirang" ("Chosen Land"), originally titled in Spanish as "Marcha Nacional Filipina" ("Philippine National March"), and commonly and informally known by its incipit "Bayang Magiliw" ("Beloved Country"), is the national anthem of the Philippines. Its music was composed in 1898 by Julián Felipe, and the lyrics were adopted from the Spanish poem "Filipinas", written by José Palma in 1899.
The composition known as "Lupang Hinirang" was commissioned on June 5, 1898, by Emilio Aguinaldo, head of the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, as a ceremonial and instrumental national march without lyrics, similar to the status of the "Marcha Real" in Spain. It was first performed in public during the proclamation of Philippine independence at Aguinaldo's residence in Kawit, Cavite, on June 12, 1898. It was re-adopted as the national march of the Philippine Republic (República Filipina) in 1899.

### Philippine eagle

The Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi), also known as the monkey-eating eagle or great Philippine eagle, is a critically endangered species of eagle of the family Accipitridae which is endemic to forests in the Philippines. It has brown and white-colored plumage, a shaggy crest, and generally measures 86 to 102 cm (2.82 to 3.35 ft) in length and weighs 4.04 to 8.0 kg (8.9 to 18 lb).
The Philippine eagle is considered the largest of the extant eagles in the world in terms of length and wing surface area, with only Steller's sea eagle and the Harpy eagle being larger in terms of weight and bulk. It has been declared the national bird of the Philippines. The most significant threat to the species is loss of habitat, a result of high levels of deforestation throughout most of its range. Because of this, the IUCN Red List has classified the species as “critically endangered”.
Killing a Philippine eagle is a criminal offence, punishable by law with up to 12 years' imprisonment and heavy fines.

### Sampaguita

Jasminum sambac is a small shrub or vine growing up to 0.5 to 3 m (1.6 to 9.8 ft) in height. It is widely cultivated for its attractive and sweetly fragrant flowers. The flowers may be used as a fragrant ingredient in perfumes and jasmine tea. It is the national flower of the Philippines, where it is known as sampaguita.

## References

* ↑ "About the Philippines". UNDP in Philippines. Archived from the original on June 8, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
* ↑ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
* ↑ Jocano, F. Landa (2001). Filipino worldview: ethnography of local knowledge. Metro Manila, Philippines: PUNLAD Research House. ISBN 971-622-005-7. OCLC 50000279.
* ↑ Jocano, F. Landa (2003). Filipino indigenous ethnic communities: patterns, variations, and typologies (Repr ed.). Manila: PUNLAD Research House. ISBN 971-622-002-2. OCLC 66410722.
* ↑ Junker, Laura Lee (1990). "The Organization of Intraregional and Longdistance Trade in Prehispanic Philippine Complex Societies". Asian Perspectives. 29 (2): 167–209.
* ↑ Jocano, F. Landa (1998). Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage (2001 ed.). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. ISBN 971-622-006-5.
* ↑ Abad, Michelle (September 22, 2020). "FAST FACTS: The United Nations General Assembly and PH participation" (in en). Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/things-to-know-united-nations-general-assembly-philippine-participation.
* ↑ Maximilian Larena (2021-01-21). "Supplementary Information for Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years (Page 35)" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. p. 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
* 1 2 CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Ilocano
* ↑ Discovering BataanTemplate:Webarchive in phinder.ph
* 1 2
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* ↑ "The Filipino Community in Hawaii". University of Hawaii, Center for Philippine studies. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
* ↑ "Ilocano". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
* ↑ "Discover the Philippines: Aurora Province". Archived from the original on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
* ↑ CCP Encyclopedia or Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Kapampangan
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* ↑ "Discover the Philippines: Aurora Province". Archived from the original on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
* ↑ CCP Encyclopedia or Philippine Art, Peoples of the Philippines, Tagalog
* ↑ Joaquin 1999 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJoaquin1999 (help).
* ↑ Rubrico, Jessie Grace (1998): The metamorphosis of Filipino as national language Template:Webarchive, languagelinks.org
* ↑ Template:E22
* ↑ Elias, Jun (19 September 2012). "Iloko La Union's official language". The Philippine Star. http://www.philstar.com/nation/article.aspx?publicationsubcategoryid=67&articleid=850366.
* ↑ "The Philippines - Philippine Consulate General in San Francisco". 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
* 1 2 Lone, Stewart (2007). Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-313-33684-3.
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* 1 2 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1993). Aguinaldo's breakfast & more Looking back essays. Anvil Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-971-27-0281-5.
* ↑ Benjamin R. Beede (1994). The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-8240-5624-7.
* 1 2 Al, Carpio, Et. My Country and My People 5. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 139. ISBN 978-971-23-2254-9.
* ↑ President Emilio Aguinaldo, Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino, Kawit, Cavite: June 12, 1898, "...triángulo blanco como distintivo de la célebre Sociedad "Katipunan" que por medio de pacto de sangre empujó a las masas a insurreccionarse; representando las tres estrellas las tres principales Islas de este Archipiélago, Luzon, Mindanao y Panay en que estalló este movimento insurreccional; indicando el sol los agigantados pasos que han dado los hijos de este país en el camino del progreso y civilización, simbolizando los ocho rayos de aquél las ocho provincias: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna y Batangas, declarando en estado de guerra apenas se inició la primera insurrección; conmemorando los colores azul, rojo y blanco los de la bandera de los Estados Unidos de la América del Norte, como manifestación de nuestro profundo agradecimiento hacia esta Gran Nación por la desinteresada protección que nos presta y seguirá prestando.", quoted from "Design of the Philippine Flag". Symbolisms/Meanings in the Philippine Flag. National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines. May 18, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017.
* ↑ "FULL TEXT: Pres. Benigno Aquino III's Independence Day speech". Sun.Star. June 12, 2015. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
* 1 2 A. P. Samest Blaustein; Jay Adrian Sigler; Benjamin R. Beede (1977). Independence documents of the world. 2. Brill Archive. p. 570. ISBN 0-379-00795-9.
* ↑ Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Pub. p. 259. ISBN 978-971-642-071-5.
* ↑ Zaide, Sonia M. (1994). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing Co. p. 259. ISBN 971-642-071-4.
* ↑ G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez, A History of the Orient, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 122–123.
* ↑ "... and because I know them better, I shall start with the island of Cebu and those adjacent to it, the Pintados. Thus I may speak more at length on matters pertaining to this island of Luzon and its neighboring islands..." BLAIR, Emma Helen & ROBERTSON, James Alexander, eds. (1903). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, Volume 05 of 55 (1582–1583), p. 35.
* ↑ "Origin of the Symbols of our National Flag | Presidential Museum and Library". Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
* ↑ "Iloilo remembers first PH flag-raising outside Luzon". Philippine News Agency. November 16, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
* ↑ Jerry E. Esplanada (September 27, 2010). "RP flag blooper in New York not intentional—US embassy". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20100927-294642/RP-flag-blooper-in-New-York-not-intentionalUS-embassy.
* 1 2 "About The Philippine National Anthem". philembassy.org.au. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
* ↑ Tabaranza, Blas R. Jr. (January 17, 2005). "The largest eagle in the world". Haribon Foundation. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
* ↑ Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 717–19. ISBN 0-7136-8026-1.
* ↑ Kennedy, R. S., Gonzales, P. C.; Dickinson, E. C.; Miranda, H. C. Jr. and Fisher, T. H. (2000). A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-854669-6
* ↑ Pangilinan, Leon Jr. (October 3, 2014). "In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
* ↑ "Farmer arrested for killing, eating rare Philippines eagle: officials". AFP. July 18, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
* ↑ Pangilinan Jr., Leon (3 October 2014). "In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
* ↑ The eight provinces symbolized by the rays are provinces which had significant early involvement in the Philippine Revolution. Identification of the eight provinces symbolized and descriptions of their early involvement vary between sources. Sources containing assertions regarding this include the following: Lists of provinces Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Manila–Morong, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac. Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac. Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Tarlac. Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga. Early involvement Eight provinces which revolted first against the Spanish government during the revolution of 1896. Placed under martial law on August 30, 1896.
* ↑ Visayans or Bisaya were originally referred to the people from the island of Panay, whereas those from the islands of Cebu, Bohol, Samar, and Leyte were referred to as Pintados by the Spaniards. Hence, Panay Island was recognized as the mainland of the Visayan Islands during the Spanish era. It was the representative of the entire Visayan region. Iloilo, a province on the island of Panay, was also the first province outside of Luzon to have raised the Philippine flag.