# Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation
## Introduction

    In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels.
    The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of base words and derived words.
    The vocabulary is built on base words, that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by:
      * The meaning of each letter of the word.
      * The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: fixed vs. variable.
      * How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language.
      * The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about).
      * The logic of its composition.
      * The mnemonic associations this word suggests.
    The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called vocabulary-building rules, which are spelled out below.

## Base Words

    Base words are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups:
      * Group 1: consisting of nouns
      * Group 2: consisting of prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs.

## Base words of Group 1

    Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters:
         * The first, a consonant called the classifier
         * The second, a vowel called the ordinal
         * The third, a consonant called the generic
       Examples:
Base Word Composition :
| CLASSIFIER | ORDINAL | GENERIC | MEANING |
| t | o | b | man |
| d | o | t | society |
| p | o | t | animal |
| f | o | b | plant |

## Base words of Group 2

    Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as -er (verb infinitive marker) or -a (adjective marker):
Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words :
| b-....put | p-....go |
| s-....be | x-....do |
| d-....say | t-....know |
| ab....on | ob....off |
| bu....to | bi....from |
| if-....love | uf-....hate |
| fi-....good | fu-....bad |
| va....yes | vo....no |
| vya$^*$-....true | vyo-....false |
| a....one | o....zero |
       * As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include complex vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides y or w. So, for purposes here, ya, ye, yi, yo, yu, wa, and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "complex vowels".

## Consonants and Their Meanings

       The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart:
Consonants and Their Meanings :
| CONSONANT | GROUP 1 CLASSIFIER | GROUP 1 GENERIC | GROUP 2 CLASSIFIER | IN NUMBERS |
| b | organ, health | organism | gesture, position | |
| d | society | family | communicating | |
| f | vegetation | textile, clothing | volition, attributes | |
| g | -- | measurement | quantity, attributes | |
| j | time | time | time | |
| k | -- | health | change, risk, attributes | |
| l | -- | element, food, liquid, nature | -- | l = ten |
| m | nature | place, building, furniture | temperature, light | ml = million mr = billion |
| n | commerce | -- | -- | |
| p | animal, vehicle | motion | movement | |
| r | -- | tool, machine, cosmos | -- | r = thousand |
| s | form, image, furniture | thing | being, form, thing | s = hundred |
| t | human, body | person, animal | intelligence, knowing | |
| v | plant, color | linen | truth, attributes | |
| x | action | -- | action, doing, making | |
| z | -- | precious, art | spatial, attributes | |
    The following consonants have semantic functions rather than, or in addition to semantic values:
      * l and r: Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: baer....to lean, baler....to press, barer....to crush;
      * y: Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. voa....negative -> vyoa....false, or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. ama....hot -> ayma....warm.
      * h: Used functionally only in certain interjections like hoy....goodbye and determiners like his....this, and has no semantic value.
      * w: Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. tob....person -> twob....man, or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. uber....to send -> ubwer....to be sent, or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. awa....one, or 4) sometimes to substitute for y when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. jwo....late, instead of jyo.
      * n: In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in ana....only, or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as fian....goodness from fia....good, or from a verb, such axnen....behaving from axner....to behave.

## Vowels and Their Meanings

    Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types:
      * meronymic
      * hierarchical
      * scalar
      * geo-specific
      * oppositional/polar
      * vectorial
      * directional and positional
      * special

### Ordinal Vowel Values

       The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with y are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on Vowels.
       Numeric Values of Vowels Ordinal Voweloaeiuyoyayeyiyu Cardinal Number 0123456789

### Meronymic Vowel Gradation

       Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a meronymic series. (This gradation can also be called taxonomic. The top element, or hypernym, has zero (o) as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms, and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. Tab (body) is the first meronym of tob (human being), the hypernym or zeroth element.
       Meronymic Series Rank Meronymic 0 tob....humanfob....plantvob....crop 1 tab....bodyfab....treevab....grass 2 teb....headfeb....fruitveb....tuft 3 tib....trunkfib....trunkvib....stalk 4 tub....armfub....branchvub....shoot 5 tyob....legfyob....rootvyob....tuber
    The words that descend from the base word are called subordinal words, hyponyms, or meronyms. A hypernym is a word that is higher in the taxonomy.

### Hierarchical Vowel Values

       Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a hierchical series where the top element has zero (o) as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element.
Hierarchical Vowel Gradation :
| Rank | Hierarchy | Hierarchy | Hierarchy | Hierarchy |
| 0 | dob....state | dot....society | tod....family | xob....organization |
| 1 | dab....government | dat....friend | tad....spouse | xab....staff |
| 2 | deb....leader | det....associate | ted....parent | xeb....boss |
| 3 | dib....ministry | dit....citizen | tid....sibling | xib....department |
| 4 | dub....minister | dut....gentleman | tud....child | xub....branch |

### Scalar Vowel Gradation

       Ordinal vowels can also be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a scalar series, where each member of the series is a smaller or less important component as it descends.
Scalar Series :
| Rank | Scalar | Scalar | Scalar |
| 0 | mos....masonry | som....furniture | tom....building |
| 1 | mas....wall | sam....cabinet | tam....house |
| 2 | mes....door | sem....table | tem....hall |
| 3 | mis....window | sim....chair | tim....room |
| 4 | mus....stairs | sum....bed | tum....closet |

### Geo-specific Vowel Gradation

    Ordinals can have geo-specific values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground.
Geo-specific Vowel Values :
| Ordinal | Mirad Color | English Color |
| o | outer space, top level | mop....orbit | mom....outer space | mol....nature | dop....military | pop....voyage |
| a | air, gas, sky | map....wind | mam....sky | mal....air | dap....air force | pap....flight |
| e | ground, soil, solid | mep....road | mem....land | mel....soil | dep....army | pep....ride |
| i | liquid, water, sea | mip....river | mim....sea | mil....water | dip....marines | pip....navigation/swim |
| u | underground, mineral, substance | mup....tunnel | mum....underground | mul....mineral | | pup....tunneling |

### Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation

       The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels:
Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation :
| Order | Mirad | English |
| 0 | olza$^1$ | blank, of no color |
| 1 | alza | red |
| 2 | elza | orange |
| 3 | ilza | yellow |
| 4 | ulza | green |
| 5 | yolza | blue |
| 6 | yalza | purple |
| 7 | yelza | pink$^2$ |
       1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. The colors black and white are rendered in Mirad by the words molza and malza, which are polar opposites based on the roots mo for dark and ma- for light.
       2) Properly indigo, but humans have a hard time distinguishing purple and indigo.

### Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values

    In Group 2 stems:
Oppositional Vowel Values :
| a ⇔ ya | intermediate | i ⇔ yi |
| ⇑ positive ⇓negative | e ⇔ ye | ⇑ positive ⇓negative |
| o ⇔ yo | value | u ⇔ yu |
      * positive a contrasts with negative o (av....for vs. ov....against)
      * positive ya contrasts with negative yo (yava....innocent vs. yova....guilty)
      * positive i contrasts with negative u (fia....good vs. fua....bad)
      * positive yi contrasts with negative yu (yiva....free vs. yuva....bound)
      * e and ye are in-between values (eva....neutral, yeva....fair)
       Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation positiveintermediatenegative aga....bigega....normaloga....small yava....innocentyeva....justyova....guilty ava....foreva....neutralova....against aker....to wineker....to riskoker....to lose yak....expectationyek....attemptyok....surprise fia....goodfua....bad ifer....loveufer....hate yifa....braveyufa....afraid
    Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit oppositional values:
    The Group 1 base word bok (illness) is a good example:
    Group 1 base word with oppositional values NEGATIVEINTERMEDIATEPOSITIVE bak....healthbek....treatmentbok....illness byak....hygienebyek....curebyok....pain byoyk....ache blok....suffering brok....agony baak....sanitationbook....fatigue bik....carebuk....wound buyk....sore

### Vectorial Vowel Values

    These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc.
                   a
             u ← e → i
                   o
          a....on, above, north (ab....on, zamer....north)
          e....center, middle, equator (eb....between, ze....center)
          o....off, below, south (ob....off, zomer....south)
          i....right, east (zi....right, zimer....east)
          u....left, west (zu....left, zumer....west)

### Directional and Positional Vowel Values

Directional and Positional Vowel Values :
| A ||||||||
| U | | a ↓ | ↓ a | ↑ ya | ya ↑ | | I |
| U | u → | | e | ye | | → i | I |
| U | → u | | e | ye | | i → | I |
| U | → yu | | E | E | | yi → | I |
| U | yu → | | | | | → yi | I |
| U | | ↑ o | o ↑ | yo ↓ | ↓ yo | | I |
| O ||||||||
       Explanation of the above chart:
         * If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
         * The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
         * If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs
         * Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words.
Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart :
| A | position | | on, above, north | zamer....north |
| a | movement | (free) | on | baer....lean |
| a | movement | (contact) | onto | aber....put on |
| ya | movement | (free) | up, ascend | byaer....lift |
| ya | movement | (contact) | up, get up, set up | yaber....raise |
| O | position | | under, lower, south | zomer....south |
| o | movement | (free) | off | boer....hang |
| o | movement | (contact) | on the bottom of, underneath | oper....get off |
| yo | movement | (free) | down | pyoser....fall |
| yo | movement | (contact) | fall | yoper....rise |
| U | position | | left, west | zumer....west |
| u | movement | (free) | move toward the center, come | uber....send |
| u | movement | (contact) | reach the center, arrive | pyuer....reach |
| yu | movement | (free) | near, approach | yuber....approach |
| yu | movement | (contact) | near, reach | byuser....touch |
| I | position | | right, east | zimer....east |
| i | movement | (free) | from the center out, go away | pier....go away |
| i | movement | (contact) | from the center out, leave | iper....leave |
| yi | movement | (free) | away, go far | yiper....go far |
| yi | movement | (contact) | from afar, originate | pyiser....originate |
| E | position | | center, equator | zemer....equator |
| e | rest | | between | eb....between |
| e | rest | | at, stay, hold | bexer....hold |
| ye | movement | | in, into, enter | yeper....enter |
| ye | | (contact) | contain | byeer....contain |

### Special value of certain vowels

    The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular.
      * aot....person
      * anot....individual
    Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.
      * yanber....to compose
      * yonber....to separate
    The letter y is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural:
      * at....I, me as opposed to yat....we, us
      * et....you as opposed to yet....you (pl.), you all
      * it....he, she, him, her as opposed to yit....they, them
    The letter y is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine:
      * it....he, she, him, her as opposed to iyt....she, her
      * tob....person, human being as opposed to toyb....woman
    The letter w is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine:
      * it....he, she, him, her as opposed to wit....he, him
      * tob....person, human being as opposed to twob....man

### The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words

       The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants.
       The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values.
       The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity:
Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants :
| BASE WORD | CLASSIFIER CONSONANT | GENERIC CONSONANT | SCALARITY TYPE |
| tob....person | t = human | b = organism | meronymic |
| tof....clothing | " " " | f = fabric | meronymic |
| tod....family | " " " | d = society | hierchical |
| tom....building | " " " | m = place | vectorial/positional |
| tov....lingerie | " " " | v = linen | meronymic |
| tol....nourishment | " " " | l = food | oppositional |
| top....soul, spirit | " " " | p = motion | meronymic |
| dob....state | d = society | b = organism | hierarchical |
| dop....military | " " " | p = movement | geo-specific |
| dot....society | " " " | t = human | hierarchical |
| dom....city | " " " | m = place | geo-specific |
| job....time | j = time | b....organism | hierarchical |
| fob....vegetation | f = vegetable | b = organism | meronymic |
| vob....crop | v = plant | b = organism | meronymic |
| vos....flower | " " " | s = thing | meronymic |
| volz....color | " " " | lz = color, art | spectral |
| som....furniture | s = thing | m = place | scalar |
| mos....masonry | m = place, nature | s = thing | scalar |
| mor....universe | " " " | r = machine, system | scalar |
| mom....outer space | " " " | m = place | geo-specific |
| mol....nature | " " " | l = substance | geo-specific |
| mop....orbit | " " " | p = movement | geo-specific |
| pot....animal | p = movement | t = human, animal | geo-specific |
| bok....illness | b = organ | k = condition | oppositional |
| nom....place | n = commercial | m = place | special |
| nog....degree | " " " | g = measurement | special |
| nof....cloth | " " " | f = cloth | special |
| nov....linen | " " " | v = linen | special |
| nod....point | " " " | d = communication | special |
| xob....organization | x = action | b = organism | hierarchical |

#### Special Arrangement

    Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart.
* d- communication
* daz dance
* dyaz ballet
* dez theater
* diz comedy
* duz music
* dyez cinema
* drez poetry
* din story
* dun word
* dyun name
* dyan sentence
* dyes book
* deup rhythm
* dr- write
* drof board
* draf card
* dref paper
* drov cardboard
* drav notebook
* drev page
* drez poetry
* drar pencil
* drir typewriter
* drur printer
* m- nature
* mag fire
* mak electricity
* mog ash
* meg stone
* mef brick
* mug metal
* muk mineral
* mez crystal
* mek dust
* myek powder
* mav flame
* mov smoke
* maf cloud
* maj daytime
* moj night
* man light
* maz shine
* mon shade
* moz dark
* n- commerce
* naz value
* nas money
* nax price
* nyaz wealth
* nyan stack
* nox expense
* nyox waste
* nex saving
* nyex storing
* nix earning
* nyix order
* nux pay
* nyux supply
* nun merchandise
* nyun product
* nuz jewel
* nem location
* nyem place
* nyeb box
* nab row
* nap order
* nad line
* nod point
* ned plane
* nyed grid
* nyad chain
* nid volume
* nag measure
* nog degree
* nig space
* j- time
* jag age
* jud date
* jod instance
* jop sequence
* jep process
* jwap moment
* jwep instant
* s- thing
* sag number
* saz sculpture
* san form
* saun kind
* son matter (abstract)
* sin image
* siz painting
* sun thing (concrete)
* syan class
* syen style
* syin subject
* syun object
* sar instrument
* sir machine
* sor engine
* sur motor
* t- human / knowledge
* taz statue
* tap physique
* tep mind
* top spirit
* tuz art
* toz skin color
* tez culture
* tyez magic
* tin doctrine
* tun science
* tyan class
* tyen skill
* tyun idea
* tos sensation
* tes meaning
* tot god

### The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words

       The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival (-a), adverbial (-ay), and verbal inflections (-er, -ser, -xer, etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem.
       The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative.
       Examples:
Stems of Group 2 Base Words :
| CLASSIFIER CONSONANT | POSITIVE | INTERMEDIATE | NEGATIVE | POSITIVE | NEGATIVE |
| j (time) | ja before | je during | jo after | ji since | ju until |
| j (time) | aj past | ej present | oj future | ij/$^{er}$ beginning/begin | uj/$^{er}$ end/end |
| j (time) | taj/$^{er}$ birth/to be born | tej/$^{er}$ life/to live | toj/$^{er}$ death/to die | tij/$^{er}$ awake state/to be awake | tuj/$^{er}$ sleep/to sleep |
| j (time) | jwa early | jwe on time | jwo late | yij/$^a$ opening/open | yuj/$^a$ closing/closed |
| g (measurement) | ga more | ge equal | go less | gi$^n$ point | gu$^n$ angle |
| g (measurement) | ag$^a$ big | eg$^a$ normal | og$^a$ small | ig$^a$ fast | ug$^a$ slow |
| g (measurement) | yag$^a$ long | yeg$^a$ normal | yog$^a$ short | yig$^a$ hard | yug$^a$ soft |
| g (measurement) | gya$^a$ thick | gye$^a$ enough | gyo- thin | gyi$^a$ solid | gyu$^a$ fragile |
| k (randomness) | ka$^{xer}$ find | ke$^{xer}$ seek | ko$^{xer}$ hide | ki$^a$ oblique | ku$^a$ lateral |
| k (randomness) | ak$^{er}$ win | ek$^{er}$ play | ok$^{er}$ lose | ik$^a$ full | uk$^a$ empty |
| k (randomness) | yak$^{er}$ expect | yek$^{er}$ try | yok$^{er}$ suprise | yik$^a$ difficult | yuk$^a$ easy |
| k (randomness) | kya$^a$ mobile | kye$^a$ haphazard | kyo$^a$ fixed | kyi$^a$ heavy | kyu$^a$ light |
| m (nature) | am$^a$ hot | -- | om$^a$ cold | im$^a$ wet | um$^a$ dry |
| f$^{er}$ (want, qualities) | | | | fi$^a$ good | fu$^a$ bad |
| f$^{er}$ (want, qualities) | fya$^a$ holy | fye$^a$ mythical | fyo$^a$ profane | fyi$^a$ useful | fyu$^a$ harmful |
| f$^{er}$ (want, qualities) | yaf$^{er}$ be able | yef$^{er}$ must | yof$^{er}$ cannot | yif$^{er}$ dare | yuf$^{er}$ fear |
| f$^{er}$ (want, qualities) | af$^{er}$ may | ef$^{er}$ need | of$^{er}$ be prohibited | if$^{er}$ love | uf$^{er}$ hate |
| v (truth, qualities ) | va yes | ve maybe | vo no | vi$^a$ beautiful | vu$^a$ ugly |
| v (truth, qualities ) | vay really | vey may | voy not | | |
| v (truth, qualities ) | av for | ev$^a$ neutral | ov against | iv$^a$ happy | uv$^a$ sad |
| v (truth, qualities ) | vya$^a$ true | vye$^a$ relative | vyo$^a$ false | vyi$^a$ clean | vyu$^a$ dirty |
| v (truth, qualities ) | yav$^a$ innocent | yev$^a$ fair | yov$^a$ guilty | yiv$^a$ free | yuv$^a$ captive |
| v (truth, qualities ) | van that | ven if | von lest | | |
| z (spatial) | za in front of | ze in the middle of | zo in back of | zi$^a$ right | zu$^a$ left |
| z (spatial) | zay ahead | zey across | zoy back, re- | | |
| z (spatial) | zya$^a$ wide | zye through | zyo$^a$ narrow | zyi$^a$ flat | zyu$^a$ round |
| z (spatial) | az$^a$ strong | ez$^a$ moderate | oz$^a$ weak | iz$^a$ straight | uz$^a$ curved |
| z (spatial) | yaz$^a$ convex | yez along | yoz$^a$ concave | yiz beyond | yuz around |
| b-$^{er}$ (put) | ba$^y$/($^{xer}$) with, (agitate) | be$^y$/($^{(xer)}$) by, (hold) | bo$^y$($^{xer}$) without/(calm) | bi$^{(er/xer)}$ from, (take/pull) | bu$^{(er/xer)}$ to, (give/push) |
| b-$^{er}$ (put) | ab$^{(er)}$ on,(put on) | eb$^{(er)}$ between,(block) | ob($^{er}$) off,(take off) | ib$^{(er)}$ away,(receive) | ub$^{(er)}$ toward,(send) |
| b-$^{er}$ (put) | bya$^{ser/xer}$ stand/erect | bye$^{xer}$ tap | byo$^{ser/xer}$ hang/hang | byi$^{(ser)}$ since,(originate) | byu$^{(ser/xer)}$ up to,(contact/touch) |
| b-$^{er}$ (put) | yab$^{(er)}$ up,(raise) | yeb$^{(er)}$ in,(enter) oyeb$^{(er)}$ out,(exit) | yob$^{(er)}$ down,(lower) | yib$^{(er)}$ far,(remove) | yub$^{(er)}$ near,(bring) |
| p$^{er}$ (go) | pa$^{ser/xer}$ move/move | pe$^{ser/xer}$ wait/trap | po$^{ser/xer}$ stop/stop | pi$^{er/ser/xer}$ leave/withdraw/catch | pu$^{er/ser/xer}$ arrive/jump/throw |
| p$^{er}$ (go) | pya$^{er/ser/xer}$ hover/jump up/launch | pye$^{ser/xer}$ encounter/strike | pyo$^{ser/xer}$ fall/drop | pyi$^{ser/xer}$ emanate/derive | pyu$^{ser/xer}$ reach/impact |
| p$^{er}$ (go) | yap$^{er}$ rise | yep$^{er}$ enter | yop$^{er}$ descend | yip$^{er}$ go far | yup$^{er}$ approach |
| p$^{er}$ (go) | ap$^{er}$ get on | ep$^{er}$ intervene | op$^{er}$ get off | ip$^{er}$ go away | up$^{er}$ come |
| s$^{er}$ (be) | sa$^{n/s/xer}$ evolve/make | se$^{xer}$ build | so$^{n/xer}$ matter/destroy | si$^{n/yn}$ image/sign | su$^{n/er/xer}$ thing/provide/realize |
| s$^{er}$ (be) | as$^{er}$ become | es$^{er}$ exist | os$^{er}$ cease to be | | |
| x$^{er}$ (do ) | xa$^{ler}$ execute | xe$^{ler}$ practice | xo$^{ler}$ fail | xi$^{ler}$ undertake | xu$^{ler}$ provoke |
| x$^{er}$ (do ) | ax$^{ler}$ act | ex$^{er}$ function | ox$^{ler}$ abstain | ix$^{er}$ effect | ux$^{er}$ cause |
| x$^{er}$ (do ) | yax$^{er}$ be busy | yex$^{er}$ work | yox$^{er}$ be idle | yix$^{er}$ use | yux$^{er}$ help |
| t$^{er/rer/yer}$ (know/recognize/know how) | ta$^{xer}$ remember | te$^{xer}$ think | to$^{xer}$ forget | ti$^{er/xer}$ learn/study tri$^{er}$ get to know tyi$^{er}$ learn how | tu$^{er/xer/uxer}$ inform/teach/raise tru$^{er}$ familiarize tyu$^{er}$ train |
| d$^{er/rer}$ (say/write) | da$^{ler}$ talk | de$^{ler}$ state dye$^{er}$ read | do$^{ler}$ be silent dro$^{er}$ erase | di$^{er/ler/rer}$ ask/beg/require | du$^{er/ler/rer}$ suggest/insist/demand dyu$^{er}$ call |
| h- (determiners) | ha$^{(a)}$ the | he$^a$ some | ho$^a$ which | hi$^a$ this | hu$^a$ that |
| h- (determiners) | hya$^{(a)}$ all | hye$^a$ any | hyo$^a$ no | hyi$^a$ same | hyu$^a$ other |
| (conjunctions) | ay and | ey or | oy but | | |
| (conjunctions) | ya$^n$ together | | yo$^n$ apart | | |
| (numbers) | a one | e two | o zero | i three | u four |
| (numbers) | ya six | ye seven | yo five | yi eight | yu nine |
| (privatives) | | | lo- (dis-/un-) lyo- (dis-) oy- (-less) | | |
       * Mixed root. taj/tej/toj instead of yaj/yej/yoj, because the human letter root t is more intuitive.
       Note: The opposition (y)a-(y)e-(y)o is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but (y)i-(y)u is two-way, without any intermediary sense.

## Derived Word Formation Rules

    Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building:
    These consist of the following rules:
      * Compounding
      * Affixation
      * Ordinal Vowel Scaling
      * Overlapping
      * Adding Ordinal Vowels
      * Swapping Generic Consonants
      * Marking Words for Gender
      * Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels
      * Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels
      * Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern
      * Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically

### Rule #1: Compounding

    Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations.
    Examples:
Compounding :
| COMPONENT 1 | COMPONENT 2 | COMPOUND |
| mor....cosmos | tun....science, -ology | mortun....cosmology |
| mag....fire | yazmel....mountain | magyazmel....volcano |
| dob....state | mem....land | dobmem....territory |
| tul....dish | dras....something written | tuldras....menu |
| sin....picture | dras....something written | sindras....description |
| tam....house | kyoxer....to fix (in place) | tamkyoxer....to settle |
| tax....memory | drer....to write | taxdrer....to record |
| kyo-....fixed | tep-....head | kyotepa....stubborn |
    Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for rain, for example, is ma(m) (sky) + mil (water), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, mamil.
    When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg:
   * uzra....twisted + tep....mind ---> tepuzra....crazy
   * kyoa....fixed + tep....mind ----> kyotepa....stubborn, obsessed
   * aza....strong + tep....mind ----> tepaza....intelligent
   * fua....bad + tip....mood ----> futipa....cross, ill-tempered
   * aga....big + tip....mood ----> tipaga....magnanimous, generous

### Rule #2: Affixation

    Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes:

#### Prefixes

Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes :
| PREFIX | BASE | COMPOUND |
| ja....before | per....to go | japer....to precede |
| jo....after | per....to go | joper....to follow |
| va....yes | der....to say | vader....to affirm |
| jo....after | dras....something written | jodras....postscript |
| za....ahead | jub....day | zajub....tomorrow |
| yon....apart | mel....land | yonmel....island |
    Prepositional prefixes ending in b with verbs per and ber (and their derivations) lose the b before verbal elements based on per (go) and ber (put), as shown in the following chart:
Assimilation of b and p :
| PREFIX | BASE VERB | NEW VERB |
| yab....up | ber....put | yaber....raise (NOT: yabber) |
| yab....up | per....go | yaper....rise (NOT: yabper) |
| ab....on | ber....put | aber....put on, apply |
| ab....on | per....go | aper....get on, mount |
| yob....down | ber....put | yober....take down |
| yob....down | per....go | yoper....descend |
| ob....off | ber....put | ober....take off, remove |
| ob....on | per....go | oper....get off, dismount |
| yeb....in | bux....a push | yebux....impulse |
| yeb....in | pyoser....fall | yepyoser....collapse |
    The loss of the b in the above words in one of the only cases of fusion in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called stubs are combined. For example, doyijem (public square), which is composed of do(m)....city + yij(a)....open + (n)em....place. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix a- can have many different meaninings.
    The adjective ending a is often dropped$^1$, as is the er or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that tyoyab becomes tyoya-.
Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs :
| PREFIX | BASE VERB | COMPOUND VERB |
| oza....weak | der....say | ozder....whisper |
| yaga....long | der....say | yagder....ramble |
| aja....past | der....say | ajder....evoke |
| yoga....short | der....say | yogder....summarize |
| tyoyab....foot | per....go | tyoyaper....walk |
| dreer....write | sar....tool | dresar....pencil |
| tuyob....hand | dren....writing | tuyodren....manuscript |
| mam....sky | mil....water | mamil....rain |
    $^1$: Sometimes, the adjective ending a is retained when an adjective is compounded with xer or ser. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, aga + xer can produce agaxer....to magnify or agxer....to grow. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.

#### Most Common Mirad Prefixes

Common Prefixes :
| PREFIX | EXAMPLES |
| a(n)-....uni-, number one, up | anzyuspar....unicycle antotin....monotheism adeb....emperor |
| aa-....arch-, first-, prime | aadub....prime minister aatat....archangel aavyan....principle |
| aag-....arch-, proto-, main | aagmep....highway aagdovyab....constitution aagovekut....archrival |
| aaj-....paleo-, proto- | aajtobtun....paleoanthropology aajsiyn....fossil |
| ab-....ad-, top, on, epi- | abtob....superman abtim....attic abzen....epicenter |
| ayb-....over-, super-, hyper-, sur- | aybmep....overpass aybdresin....superscript abdyun....hypernym |
| agal-....mega(lo)- | agalvyotos....megalomania agaltoj....megadeath |
| alo(n)-....deca-, ten- | alojaga....ten years old alojab....decade alonsuna....decimal |
| aloy(n)-....deci-, tenth- | aloynux....tithe aloyngoler....decimate |
| am-....thermo- | amzemula....thermonuclear amvyabxar....thermostat |
| amlo(n)-....mega- | amloagvunak....megavolt amlotoj....megadeath |
| amloyn-....micro- | amloynjweb....microsecond |
| anyen-....idio- | anyenboka....idiopathic anyendyan....idiom anyentepa....idiotic |
| ao(b/p)-....north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis | aonab....column, x-y-axis aopuys yuzpar....hop-on-hop-off bus aonada....vertical |
| aoye(b/p)-....in-and-out | aoyebar....piston aoyebelen....import-exports aoyepaper....fly in and out |
| aro(n)-....kilo- | aronminak....kilometer arobanak....kilobit |
| aroyn-....milli- | aroynvunak....millivolt aoynwunak....milliwatt |
| (a)so(n)....cent- | asojagat....centenarian asolinak....hectoliter sojab....century |
| asoy(n)-....cent-, centi- | asoygenak....centigram asoylinak....centiliter |
| av-....pro- | avyaotina....pro-communist |
| ayn-....full-, holo-, whole- | aynnuut....wholesaler aynsin....hologram aynteptija....fully-conscious |
| e(b/p)-....inter- | ebmos....mezzanine ebyanmulxer....intermingle eper....intercede |
| ejna-....neo- | ejnadun....neologism ejnaobdabin....neocolonialism |
| e(n)-....ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two- | entyoba....bipedal enzyuspar....bicycle envolza....dichromatic |
| eon-....duo-, double-, twin- | eonin....dualism eondal....double-speak eonsum....twin bed |
| ev-....a-, neutral | evdofina....amoral evdabtuna....apolitical |
| ey(b/p)-....intra-, among | eybmasa....intramural eybmimkuma....intracoastal |
| ey(n)-....demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi- | eynzyus....semi-circle eynzyup....half-turn eyntilsyeb....demitassee eynyonmel....peninsula |
| fi-....bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well- | fixut....benefactor fidrawa....well-written fitos...euphoria |
| fu-....dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly- | futos....dysphoria futuwa....ill-informed fuxeyn....malfeasance |
| fya-....hiero-, holy-, sancti- | fyasdresiyn....hieroglyphic fyader....sanctify fyatwed....holy father |
| fye-....mythical, fantasy | fyetop....phantom fyetobet....elfin fyetexer...fantacize fyedin....fantasy |
| fyo-....evil, profane | fyotez....occult fyotat....devil fyotyez....witchcraft |
| gaw-....re-, again | gawteaper....revisit gawaker....regain |
| garale-....tera- | garaleagbanak....terabyte |
| garalyi-....exa- | garalyibanak....exabit |
| garalyo-....peta- | galayoagbanak....petabyte |
| garela-....zetta- | garelaagbanak....zettabyte |
| garelu-....yotta- | gareluagbanak....yottabyte |
| ge-....equal to, equi-, even- | geyafwa....equipollent genaza....equivalent |
| gel-....homo-, like-, simul- | gelzena....homocentric gelvolza....homochromatic |
| geyl-....simul- | geyldyan....simile geylxer....assimilate |
| gla-....many-, multi-, poly- | glatyenika....multi-skilled glatwada....polyandrous glavolza....many-hued |
| glo-....mini-, little-, few- | gloduna....succint, of few words glonixea....low-earning |
| gorale-....pico- | goraleagfenak....picofarad |
| goralyi-....atto- | goralyigenak....attogram |
| goralyo-....femto- | goralyoon....quadrillionth |
| goralyu-....nano- | goralyusonak....nanosecond |
| gorela-....zepto- | gorelagenak....zeptogram |
| gorelu-....yocto- | gorelugenak....yoctogram |
| gra-....extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra- | gratosea....hypersensitive grazoyaxler....overreact granoxea....extravagant |
| gro-....hypo-, under- | groyixlawa....underemployed groaman....hypothermia |
| gwa-....hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro- | gwayelza....pure pink gwayafa....supreme gwauja....ultimate gwazoa....hindmost |
| gwo-....least-, mini-, micro- | gwosag....minimum gwoyuzpur....minibus gwoexlus....microprocessor |
| hi-....hither, these, this | his....this hisi....these him....here |
| hya(s)-....pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every- | hyas....everything hyati....all of them hyastea....omniscient hyataadifa....pansexual |
| hu-....that | hus....that huj....then huyen...that way |
| huim-....here-and-there, here-and-yon | huimkexer....search high and low huimpaper....fly here and there hyuimpoper....travel here-and-there |
| huu-....so, such | huugla....so, so very hus....such huyen....in such a way, so, thus |
| hyaewa-....ambi- | hyaewati....both of them hyaewaziza....ambidextrous hyaewatoobifa....ambi-sexual |
| hye-....-ever, any, whatever, whichever | hyem....anywhere, wherever hyempea....erratic hjej....ever, anytime |
| hyi-....homo-, like-, same | hyitoobifa....homosexual hyis....same thing hyij....at the same time |
| hyo(s)-....nothing, a- | hyostosea....apathetic |
| hyu(t/s)-....alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else | hyutoobifa....heterosexual hyua....another, alternate hyutufa....xenophobic hyus....something else |
| hyui(t/s)-....cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal | hyuitvikaxen....mutual admiration hyuixer....reciprocate hyuisa....mutual, reciprocal hyuitif....mutual love |
| i-....toward the speaker | iber....receive ixer....result |
| ik-....fully, thoroughly | iktoxer....forget completely iktos....satisfaction ikyebixer....engulf, swallow up completely |
| i(n)-....three-, tri-, tripl-, tern- | inzyuspar....tricycle inaga....three-dimensional injiba....trimensual insuna....ternary intotan....trinity |
| iyn-....terci-, third | iyna....terciary iynxer....cut into thirds |
| iz-....ortho-, recti-, right-, straight- | iznada....rectilinear izguna....orthogonal iztin....orthdoxy izdea....forthright |
| ja-....ante-, fore-, pre- | jaupya....foregone jauper....precede jadropeka....antebellum |
| je-....per-, continuously, ever- | jetejer....persevere jeteaxer....watch jexrer....perpetuate |
| jo-....after-, meta-, post- | joexlen....postprocessing jomir....metasphere jotej....afterlife |
| jwa-....early-, eo-, preter-, proto- | jwaber....prepare jwader....warn, premonish jwadodin....early history, protohistory jwamola....preternatural jwajoeb....eocene |
| jwo-....ceno-, late-, latter-, tard- | jwonux....late payment jwoa....tardy jwoteja....cenozoic |
| ko-....cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth- | koa....covert koexut....spy koyeper....sneak in |
| kovyo-....pseudo- | kovyotun....pseudoscience |
| ku-....para- | kuifut....paramour kuteliut....parasite kuteptun....parapsychology |
| kya-....alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross- | kyaember....relocate kyajoba....diachronic kyatajnad....crossbreed kyatooba....transgendered kyavolza....variegated, motley |
| kyao-....falteringly, unsteadily | kyaoper....stagger kyaotexer....vacillate |
| kye-....chance-, hap-, random- | kyea....haphazard kyebyus....chance encounter kyeteater....happen to see kyesauna....of a random type |
| kyo-....fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat- | kyosaun....stereotype kyopa....stable, static, stationary kyoson....status |
| lo-....dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un- | lozeb....disequilibrium loyuvlaxer....disengage loyuzyuber....uncoil lomulvyusber....decontaminate |
| logel-....hetero-, different- | logelsauna....heterogenous logelaxer....differentiate |
| maz-....bright- | mazteaba....bright-eyed |
| mial-....hygro-, atmo-, vapori- | mialama....hygrothermal mialnagar....atomometer, vaporimeter |
| mil-....aqua-, hydro-, water- | milyexun....aquaculture milmaka....hydroelectric miltilsyeb....water glass |
| mul-....hylo-, substance | mulsana....hylomorphic |
| o(l)-....a-, dis-, non-, un-, in- | ovyilxwa....unwashed omalza....non-white ototina....atheist otepzexea....inattentive |
| o(b/p)-....de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice- | oper....get off obneg....sublevel obxeb....sous-chef, sub-officer obtyodeb....vice-president |
| gwo-....micro-, mini- | ogalmor....microcosm ogalteaxer....microscope gowaxer....minimize |
| ov-....contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un- | ovalxer....countervail ovper....contravene ovkyin....counterweight ovdat....enemy olovmasbwa....undefended |
| oy-....-less, a(n)-, without | oytofa...naked oyxer....deprive oytosen....apathy oyteupiba....toothless |
| oyb-....hypo-, infra-, sub-, under- | oybnadrer....underline oybtomsan....infrastructure oybseuxa....subsonic oybtayoba....hypodermic |
| oyeb-....ex-, extra-, out- | oyebnad....outline oyebyujber....exclude oyebdoabuer....extradite |
| oyeyb-....extra- | oyeybdovyaba....extralegal oyeybtadiena....extramarital |
| oyv-....contra-, opposite, reverse | oyvkuma...opposite oyvder....contradict oyvduer....contraindicate oyvaxer....reverse |
| tayi(b)-....neuro-, nerve | tayibteptun....neuropsychology tayibyok....neuralgia |
| teeb-....auri-, oto-, ear- | teebbekut....aurist teeteiteyobtut....otorhinolaryngologist teebyel....earwax |
| tee(s/x/t)-....audio-, son-, phono- | teesnagen....audiography teestaxdras....phonogram teestun....audiology teexdras....audiogram teetyofwa....inaudible |
| tei(b)-....nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo- | teibbok....rhinitis teibyeg....nostril teiz....perfume teizuka....aroma-free teityaf....olfactory sense |
| tiibil-....blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin- | tiibililp....hemorrhage tiibiliut....bloodsucker tiibloker....exsanguinate tiibiltun....hematology |
| tuj-....hypno-, somni-, sopor- | tujbek....hyptotherapy tujbyea....somniferous, soporific |
| u-....away from the speaker | uber....send uxer....cause |
| ui-....horizontal, left-right, x-axis | uinab....row, x-axis uinada....horizontal |
| uib-....back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive | uibar....transceiver |
| uig-....fast-and-slow | uigpar....scooter |
| uij-....begin-and-end, start-and-stop | uijdaler....stutter |
| uip-....come-and-go | uipen....traffic, coming and going |
| uiz-....straight-then-crooked | uizbaser....swagger uizdrer....scribble uizpaser....swerve |
| u(n)-....four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater- | ungona....quadripartite unnednid....tetrahedron unsuna....quaternary |
| uyn-....fourth-, quarti- | uynxer....quarter uynjab....quarter (of a year) |
| ut-....auto-, self-, sui-, ego- | utifon....egoism utgober....autodecrement utfuyix....self-abuse uttujben....suicide |
| va-....yes | vayovder....convict vabier....accept vatexer....believe |
| vao-....yes-no | vaoder....decide vaodaler....waffle vaonaza....boolean |
| vi-....bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri- | vituzyan....fine arts, beaux arts vidun....euphemism vidrenyan....literature, belles lettres visuana....classic |
| vo-....non-, neg- | voyafxer....veto voxer....negate voyovder....acquit, declare not guilty |
| vya-....justi-, recti-, true-, reg- | vyadin....true story vyader....avow vyamol....essence |
| vyak-....ortho-, correct- | vyakdred....orthography vyakxer....correct |
| vyo-....mis-, para-, wrong- | vyoyufa....paranoid vyoyux....perfidy vyoyixer....misuse |
| ya-....more than one, multi- | yaota....communal |
| yab-....hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper- | yabdom....uptown yabdoneg....upper class yabduzneg....high pitch yabexer....support yabzyobix....hypertension |
| yabnan-....height-, hypso-, alti- | yabnanagar....hypsometer, altimeter |
| yag-....long- | yagyiban....long distance yagyeker....strive yagblokea....long-suffering |
| yan-....co(n)-, fellow-, -mate | yanzena....concentric yanyeker....compete yandit....fellow-citizen |
| yao(b/p)-....up-and-down | yaopuyser....skip yaopsim....seesaw yaoblir....elevator yaobaser....bounce |
| ya(on)-....six-, hexa-, sex- | yaonat....sextet yaongun....hexagon yaona....six-fold, sextuple yagol....sextile |
| yaov-....guilty-or-innocent | yaovder....adjudicate yaovdutyan....jury yaovkader....plead yaovyek....trial |
| yaoz-....serrated, bumpy, jagged | yaozaxer....serrate yaozgoblar....saw yaozper....bump along |
| yayb-....supra- | yaybdooba....supranational |
| yayn-....sex-, sixth | yayna...sixth |
| ye(on)-....hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven- | yejub....week yeongun....heptagon yeonat....septuplet |
| ye(b/p)-....en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro- | yebuzaser.....inflect yebzoytiibufa....intravenous yebyujer....enclode yebtayoba....endodermal yeper....enter yeber....introduce |
| yeov-....fair or not | yeovdut....umpire |
| yeyb-....intra- | yeybmepyan....intranet yeybdoeba....intrastate |
| ye-'....hepto-, seven-, septi- | yejub....week |
| yeyn-....seventh | yeynxer....split into sevenths |
| yi(on)-....oct-, eight- | yiona...eight-fold octuple |
| yib-....far-, tele-, remote | yibsin....televison yibteata....far-sighted yibtrawa....famous |
| yibaj-....archai-, archeo-, ancient | yibajtun....archaeology,yibajtun....archeology |
| yiyn-....eighth | yiynxer....divide into eighths |
| yiz-....beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra- | yiztyun...metaphor yizeza....paranormal yizmeirat....extraterrestrial yizseux....utrasound |
| yoon-....five-, penta-, quint- | yoongun....pentagon yoongol...quintile yoon....group of five quintet |
| yo(b/p)-....down-, hypo-, sub- | yobdom...downtown yoper....go down yobgoler....subdivide |
| yon-....apart, dis-, se- | yonzyaber....disperse yonxer....separate yonsauna....distinct |
| yoyn-....fifth-, quinti- | yoynnaga....quintic yoyn....a fifth |
| yu(n)-....nine-, nona- | yunapa....ninth (in order) yungunid....nonagon yunkunid....nonahedron |
| yub-....near-, proxi- | yuboj....near future yubna....next yubteas....closeup (view) yubge....almost yubfia....intimate yubgeser....approximate |
| yui(b/p)-....near-and-far | yuibjo....sooner or later yuibteabar....bifocals yuipoper....travel near and far |
| yuij-....open-and-shut | yuijar....valve yuijer....blink, wink manyuijer....blink makyuijar....switch |
| yuyb-....quasi-, pen-, almost | yuybyonmel....peninsula yuybega....quasi-normal |
| yuon-....ninth-, novi- | yuonat....nonuplet |
| yuz-....circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round- | yuzper....circulate yuznad....perimeter yuzof....wrap-around yuznadrer....circumscribe |
| za-....ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro- | zatim....antechamber zamimuf....foremast zagab....prefix zajuber....procrastinate |
| zao-....back-and-forth, front-and-back | zaopaser....wobble zaokuper....slalom zaopyoser....pendulate |
| zay-....forth-, pro-, forward, ahead, north | zaypuyser....skip ahead zaypuxer....propel zayper....go forward, procede zayupea....forthcoming zamer....north |
| ze-....mid-, central, medio- | zetej....midlife zepoxer....interrupt, stop midway zetem....central hall |
| zey-....cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across | zeyper....transit, get across zeynod....crosspoint zeytyun....metaphor |
| zi-....right, east | zim....right side zimera....eastern |
| zo-....back-, hind-, retro-, south | zotib....back zotiub....hindquarters zonapa....retrograde zomer....south |
| zoy-....back-, retro-, re- | zoyper....recede, go back zoybeler....carry back zoyzyublen....backspin |
| zu-....left-, west- | zutinut....leftist zukum....left side zumera....western |
| zui-....left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west | zuibyoser....dangle, hang left-and-right zuiper....zigzag zuituyaba....ambidextrous zuimera....east-west |
| zya-....-wide, wide-, broad-, all about | zyauber....broadcast zyateaba....wide-eyed zyasauna....general zyapoper....cruise, wander zyamira....global, worldwide |
| zye-....per-, thorough-, thru-, trans- | zyetejer....live through, experience zyeteaxer....peruse zyeteatyafwa....transparent zyemep....thoroughfare zyeper....permeate, transit |
| zyo-....narrow, steno- | zyotepa....narrow-minded zyoteat....tunnel vision zyoyija....stenopeic |
| zyu-....cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro | zyutim....rotunda zyusem....roundtable zyuper....cycle, gyrate, rotate |

#### Suffixes

    Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes.
    Semantic Stub Suffixes
          Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material.
Semantic Stub Suffixes :
| SUFFIX STUB | SUFFIX FULL FORM | SUFFIXED EXAMPLE < BASE WORD |
| -il....liquid, drink | mil....water | teabil....tear < teab....eye teubil....saliva < teub....mouth tayebil....sweat < tayeb....skin mamil....rain < mam....sky |
| -al....gas | mal....air | tiebal....breath < tieb....lung |
| -(e)l....food | tel....food | supel....pork < supet....swine taol < taob....flesh fel < feb....fruit |
| -ul....stuff | mul....substance | vixul....cosmetic < vix-....to beautify bekul....medecine < bek....treatment |
| -yel....oil, gel, wax, pulp | yel....oil | olfyel....olive oil < olfeb....olive appelatyel....wax < appelat....bee magyel....grease < mag....fire bekyel....salve < bek....treatment megyel....cement < meg....stone yanyel....paste < yan....together |
| -am....house | tam....house | apatam....chicken coop < apat....chicken apellatam....beehive < apellat....bee melyexam....farmhouse < melyex....agriculture datibam....hostel < datib....guest-reception |
| -(e)m....place | nem....place | vobyexem....plantation, farm < vob....plant + yex....work vabem....field < vab....grass abem....top, surface < ab....above, upper zem....middle < ze(a)....middle tim....room |
| -im....room | tim....room | tulim < tul....cuisine tujim....bedroom < tuj....sleep |
| -um....cell, booth | tum....compartment | pexum....cage < pexer....catch ilzyapixum....shower stall < ilzyapix....shower |
| -yem....space | nyem....enclosure | yomyem....icebox < yom....ice |
| -yeb....container | nyeb....container | zyeb....bottle < zye(f)....glass vosyeb....vase < vos....flower |
| -of....material | nof....cloth | tof....clothes < t-....human misof....curtain < mis....window faof....wood < fa(b)-....tree tayof....leather < tayo(b)....skin |
| -ov....linen | nov....linen | teyov....collar < teyob....neck |
| -ar....instrument | sar....tool | par....cart < p-....motion zyupar....rotor < zyup....turn gobrar....knife < gobrar....cut jwobar....watch < jwob....hour |
| -ir....machine | sir....machine | drir....typewriter < dr-....write gwobir....clock |
| -ur....large machine | sur....engine | purr....car jwoburr....grandfather clock < jwob....hour |
| -(u)n....thing | sun....thing | dun....word < d-....utter, say gofrun....piece, scrap < gofrer....rip, shread, tear zyiun....plaque, plate < zyia....flat vyun....spot < vyua....dirty |
| -on....abstract thing | son....issue | yovon....tort, wrong < yov....guilt |
| yen....manner, kind | byen....manner | texyen....opinion < tex....thought hiyen....this way, thus < hi-....this esyen....status < es-....exist |
| -in....-ism | tin....doctrine | totin....theism, religion < tot-....god Kristin....Christianity < Krist....Christ vyisatin....puritanism < vysiat....puritan, clean person oytofin....nudism < oytofa....nude |
| -ufyeg....cylinder | mufyeg....pipe | manufyeg....candle < man....light tiibufyeg....artery < tiib....heart milufyeg....toilet < mil....water movufyeg....cheminee < mov....smoke |
| -ab....government | dab....government | ditab....democracy < dit....citizen |
| -eb....leader | deb....leader | xeb....boss < x-....do tameb....master of the house < tam....house |
| -ub....branch | tub....arm | patub....wing < pat....bird |
| -ad....language | -a + d(alzeyn)....language | Fransad....French (language) |
| -uz....jewelry | nuz....jewel | teyobuz....necklace < teyob....neck teebuz....earring < teeb....ear |
| -u(er)....give | buer....give | tiebaluer....exhale < tieb....lung + al....air |
| -i(er)....take | bier....take | tiebalier....inhale < tieb....lung + al....air |
| -ui(er)....exchange | buier....exchange | tiebaluier....breathe < tieb....lung + al....air |

#### Derviational Suffixes

          Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech.
Derivational Suffixes :
| DERIVATIONAL SUFFIX | FUNCTION | BASE WORD --> SUFFIXED DERIVATION |
| -er | NOUN --> VERBAL INFINITIVE | sag....count --> sager....to count |
| -n | PRESENT TENSE VERB --> VERBAL NOUN (GERUND) ADJECTIVE --> ABSTRACT NOUN | yexe....(he/she/...) works --> yexen....working via....beautiful --> vian....beauty yuba....near --> yuban....proximity, nearness |
| -a | NOUN --> ADJECTIVE ACTIVE VERB --> VERBAL ADJECTIVE (PRESENT PARTICIPLE) PAST PASSIVE VERB --> PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) | mor....universe --> mora....universal ake....wins --> akea....winning teatwa....was seen -->teatwaa (or, shortened to: teatwa....seen) |
| -ya | INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM --> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE | ip-....go away --> ipya....gone away |
| -yea | VERB STEM --> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE) | zaypas-....progress --> zaypasyea....progressive |
| -y | ADJECTIVE --> ADVERB | iga....quick --> igay....quickly tea-....knowing -->teay....knowingly |
| -ut | VERB STEM --> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN one who Xes, -er | ak-....win --> akut ....winner |
| -us | VERB STEM --> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN thing that Xes, -er | gol-....divide --> golus ....divisor |
          *Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker -i fall under the latter category.

#### Normal Semantic Suffixes

   * Augmentative Suffixes
Augmentative Suffixes :
| AUGMENTATIVE SUFFIX | BASE WORD | SUFFIXED DERIVATION |
| -ag (augmentative) | tam....house | tamag....mansion |
| -ayg (affectionate augmentative) | sem....chair | semayg....big old chair |
| -yag (pejorative augmentative) | apet....horse | apetyag....nag |
   * Diminutive Suffixes
Diminutive Suffixes :
| DIMINUTIVE SUFFIX | BASE WORD | SUFFIXED DERIVATION |
| -og (diminutive) | tam....house | tamog....hut |
| -oyg (affectionate diminutive) | tam....house | tamoyg....cottage |
| -yog (pejorative diminutive) | tam....house | tamyog....shack |
| -et (a smaller person) | twob....man | twobet....boy |
| -es (thing of lesser importance) | nas....money | nases....change, coin |
| -ud (child of, offspring) | tob....man | tobud....infant |
   * Semantic Adjectival Suffixes
Semantic Adjectival Suffixes :
| ADJECTIVAL SUFFIX | MEANING | BASE WORD | SUFFIXED DERIVATION |
| -a | mor....universe | related to, -al, -ic | mora....universal |
| -aya | miek....dust | full of, -ous, -y | miekaya....dusty |
| -oya | vyun....spot | empty of, -less, -free | vyunoya....spotless |
| -ika | miek....dust | full of, -ous, -y | miekika....dusty |
| -uka | miek....dust | empty of, -less, -free | miekuka....dust-free |
| -yea | vyod....lie | given to doing X, -ive | vyodyea....mendacious, given to lying |
| -yena | tat....angel | like, -ly, -ic | tatyena....angelic |
   * Other Semantic Suffixes
Other Semantic Suffixes :
| SUFFIX | BASE WORD | DERIVATION |
| -tun....science, ...ology | tej....life | tejtun....biology |
| -tut....-ologist, expert, -ist | dar....language | dartut....linquist |
| -tuin....theory | tob....mar | martuin....astrology |
| -yan....collection, aggregate | fab....tree | fabyan....forest |
| -tyen....trade, -ics | sir....machine | sirtyen....mechanics |
| -if....pet name | twed....father | twedif....papa |
| ifa....-philic, -loving | dyes....book | dyesifa....bibliophilic |
| ifwa....liked by | tyod....people | tyodifwa....popular |
| ufa....-phobic, -hating | toyb....woman | toybufa....misogynous |
| ufwa....hated by | tyod....people | tyodufwa....unpopular |
| yafa....able to | tyoyap-....walk | tyoyapyafa....ambulatory |
| yafwa....possible to | teat-....see | teatyafwa....visible |
| yofa....unable to | teat-....see | teatyofa....blind |
| yofwa....impossible to | dye-....read | dyeyofwa....illegible |
| yika....hard of...ing | teet-....hear | teetyika....hard of hearing |
| yikwa....hard to | teet-....hear | teetyikwa....hard to hear |
| yuka....easy at...ing | vatex-....believe | vatexyuka....gullible |
| yukwa....easily...ed | test-....understand | testyukwa....easily understood |
| yufa....fearful of, -phobic | tot....god | totyufa....god-fearing |
| yufwa....feared | hyat....everybody | hyatyufwa....feared by all |
| yiva....free to | kebi-....choose | kebiyiva....free to choose |
| efa....needful of | tel....food | telefa....hungry |
| efwa....necessary to | tej....life | tejefa....vital |
| yefa....duty-bound to, -worthy of | dud....answer | dudyefa....responsible |
| yefwa....due, -worthy of | fid-....laud | fidyefwa....praiseworthy |
| afa....authorized to | dokebi-....vote | dokebiafa....franchised |
| ofwa....prohibited to | movi-....smoke | moviofwagonem....no-smoking zone |
| yiva....free to | kebi-....choose | kebiyiva....free to choose |
| yivwa....free to be ...ed | kebi-....choose | kebiyivwa....optional |
| yuva....bound | tam....house | tamyuva....house-bound |
| ova....resistant, anti- | aagdovyab....constitution | aagdovyabova....anti-constitutional |
| ava....in favor of, pro- | tyodab....democracy | tyodabava....pro-democracy |
| eva....neutral | toos....gender | tooseva....gender-neutral |

### Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling

    Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called first-level ordinal scaling.

#### First-level Ordinal Scaling

First-level Ordinal Scaling :
| ORDINAL VOWEL | t...b | m...r | j...b | m...s | t...m | d...b | f...b | s...m | d...t | t...d |
| o = 0 | tob man | mor universe | job time | mos floor | tom building | dob state | fob plant | som furniture | dot society | tod family |
| a = 1 | tab body | mar sun | jab year | mas wall | tam house | dab government | fab tree | sam armoire | dat friend | tad spouse |
| e = 2 | teb head | mer planet | jeb season | mes door | tem hall | deb leader | feb fruit | sem table | det associate | ted parent |
| i = 3 | tib trunk | mir earth | jib month | mis window | tim room | dib office | fib tree trunk | sim chair | dit citizen | tid sibling |
| u = 4 | tub arm | mur moon | jub day | mus stairs | tum cell | dub minister | fub branch | sum bed | dut gentleperson | tud child |
| yo = 5 | tyob leg | | jyob* hour | | | | fyob root | | | tyod people |
          * The palatal glide y in these words, which follows a palatal j is hard to pronounce, so the y is replaced with a w, giving jwob, jwab, and jweb.

#### Second-level Ordinal Scaling

       A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding a vowel immediately after the ordinal vowel of the word stem.
          Examples:
Second-level Ordinal Scaling :
| mi...p | me...p | tu...b | tyo...b | ma...f | me...g | do...b |
| mip river | mep way | tub arm | tyob leg | maf cloud | meg stone | dob state |
| miap stream | meap road | tuab shoulder | tyoab hip | maaf stratus | meag marble | doab...fatherland |
| miep brook | meep path | tueb upper arm | tyoeb thigh | maef cumulus | meeg slate | doeb province, state |
| miip rivulet | meip trail | tuib elbow | tyoib knee | maif stratocumulus | meig granite | doib county, shire |
| miup torrent | meup track | tuub forearm | tyoub shin | mauf cumulonimbus | meug clay, dough | doub district |
| miyop trickle | | tuyob wrist | tyoyob ankle | mayof nimbostatus | meyog china | |
| | | tuyab hand | tyoyab foot | mayaf altostratus | meyag chalk | |
| | | tuyeb fist | tyoyeb heel | mayef altocumulus | meyeg limestone | |
| | | tuyib palm | tyoyib sole | mayif cirrus | meyig alabaster | |
| | | tuyub finger | tyoyub toe | mayuf cirrostratus | meyug gypsum | |
| | | tulob fingernail | tyolob toenail | malof cirrocumulus | |

#### Third-level Ordinal Scaling

          A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing a third ordinal number vowel to the word.
          Example:
Third-level Ordinal Scaling :
* tuyub....finger
* atuyub....thumb
* etuyub....index
* ituyub....middle finger
* utuyub....ring finger
* yotuyub....pinky
          So, to sum up, we have:
Summary of Scaling :
| t...b | tob = human being |
| FIRST-LEVEL | tub....arm |
| SECOND-LEVEL | tuyub....finger |
| THIRD-LEVEL | atuyub....thumb |

#### Scaling with Prefixed Numbering

          We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words through prefixed numbering even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first subordinal level usually begins with a.
          Example:
Prefix Numbering :
| NUMBER | dob....state | pet....animal | deb....leader | mez....gem | mer....planet | maf....cloud | sagtun....mathematics |
| 1 | adob....empire | apet....horse | adeb....emperor | amez....diamond | Amer....Mercury | amaf....nimbus | asagtun....arithmetic |
| 2 | edob....kingdom | epet....bull | edeb....king | emez....topaz | Emer....Venus | emaf....stratus | esagtun....geometry |
| 3 | idob....principality | ipet....ass | ideb....prince | imez....ruby | Imer....Earth | imaf....nimbostatus | isagtun....algebra |
| 4 | udob....duchy | upet....ram | udeb....duke | umez....emerald | Umer....Mars | umaf....cumulus | usagtun....trigonometry |
| 5 | yodob....marquisate | yopet....goat | yodeb....marquis | yomez....saphire | Yomer....Jupiter | yomaf....cumulostatus | yosagtun....calculus |
| 6 | yadob....county | yapet....pig | yadeb....count | yamez....lapis lazuli | Yamer....Saturn | yamaf....stratocumulus | |
| 7 | yedob....dominion | yepet....dog | yedeb....lord | yemez....amthyst | Yemer....Uranus | yemaf....altocumulus | |
| 8 | yidob....viscounty | yipet....cat | yideb....viscount | yimez....amber | Yimer....Pluto | yimaf....altostratus | |
| 9 | yudob....barony | yupet....rabbit | yudeb....baron | yumez....topaz | | yumaf....cirrocumulus | |
| 10 | alodob....tribe | | alodeb....tribal chief | alomez....opal | | alomaf....cirrus | |

### Rule #4: Overlapping

    When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in overlapping or a portmanteau.
    Examples:
Overlapping in Compounds :
| FIRST WORD | SECOND WORD | PORTMANTEAU |
| dom....city | mep....road | domep....boulevard |
| pat....bird | teub....mouth | pateub....beak |
| pat....bird | tub....arm | patub....wing |
| teypib....tooth | byok....pain | teypibyok....toothache |
    In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided.

### Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels

    When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an o, replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word.
    Examples:
      * edob....kingdom -> deb....chief -> edeb....monarch (edweb....king, edeyb....queen)
      * udob....principality -> deb....chief -> udeb....prince (udweb....prince, udeyb....princess)
    By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant:
    Examples:
    mil....water + mal....air -> mial....vapor, steam

### Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants

    When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant.
    Example:
Swapping Generic Consonants :
| BASE WORD 1 | BASE WORD 2 | DERIVED WORD |
| tob....human | nov....linen | tov....lingerie |
| tab....body | nof....cloth | taf....suit |
| teb....head | nof....cloth | tef....hat |
| tib....trunk | nof....cloth | tif....vest |
| tyoyab....foot | nof....cloth | tyoyaf....shoe |
| tyoyab....foot | nov....linen | tyoyav....sock |
| tuyab....hand | nof....cloth | tuyaf....glove |
| doob$^*$....nation | nof....cloth | doof....flag |
| taob$^*$....flesh | tol....food | taol....meat |
    * This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.

### Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender

    Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix w and the feminine infix y. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female.
      * To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with w.
      * To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with y.
    Examples:
Marking Animate Nouns for Gender :
| GENDER NEUTRAL | MALE | FEMALE |
| tob....human being | twob....man | toyb....woman |
| tobet....young person | twobet....boy | toybet....girl |
| ted....parent | twed....father | teyd....mother |
| it....he/she/it | wit....he | iyt....she |
| apat....cock | apwat....rooster | apayt....hen |
| toob....gender | twoob....male | tooyb....female |
      * Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for woman, rather than men, eg.:
Making Inanimate Objects Female-related :
| MALE-ORIENTED OR NEUTRAL | FEMALE-ORIENTED |
| taf....suit | tayf....dress |
| tyoyav....sock | tyoyayv....stockings |
| tiav....shirt | tiayv....blouse |
      * Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness:
Body Parts Genderized :
| NEUTRAL | MALE-ORIENTED | FEMALE-ORIENTED |
| tilab....breast | twilab....male breast | tilayb....female breast |
| | twiyib....testicals | tiyiyb....ovary |
| tiyub....sexual organ | twiyub....penis | tiyuyb....vagina |
      * In nouns that end in -ut, the agentive suffix meaning -er, one who..., the nouns can be feminized by changing -ut to -uyt, eg. dezut....actor -> dezuyt....actress. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing -ut with w to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the w can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like dezut can mean actor of neutral or male gender.
      * Animate nouns having the ending -et (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding w or y to the semantic base of the word, eg. tobet....child, youth -> toybet....girl or twobet....boy.

### Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels

    A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings.
    Geo-specific Vowels:
      * o = outer space, abstract object, initial stuff
      * a = sky, air, gas
      * e = land, soil, solid
      * i = sea, water, liquid
      * u = underground, mineral, concrete object, other
       Examples:
Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels :
| | m...p | m...m | d...p | p...t | m...l | m...r |
| Space | mop....orbit | mom....space | dop....military | pot....animal | mol....nature | mor....universe |
| Sky | map....wind | mam....sky | dap....air force | pat....bird | mal....air | mar....star |
| Land | mep....road | mem....land | dep....army | pet....land animal | mel....soil | mer....planet |
| Water | mip....river | mim....sea | dip....marine force | pit....fish | mil....water | mir....world |
| Underground (or other) | mup....tunnel | mum....underground | | | mul....mineral | mur....moon |
    This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on Hybrids for more on this subject.
       Examples:
Hybrid nouns :
| FIRST-LEVEL DERIVATION | + GEOSPECIFIC VOWEL | SECOND-LEVEL DERIVATION |
| pet....land animal | i....water, sea | peit....aquatic mammal |
| pelt....insect | a....air, sky | pelat....flying insect |
| mel....soil | i....water, sea | meil....mud |
| mil....air | a....air, gas | mial....vapor |

### Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels

    The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema:
Vectorial Vowel Values :
| A ||||||||
| U | | a ↓ | ↓ a | ↑ ya | ya ↑ | | I |
| U | u → | | e | ye | | → i | I |
| U | → u | | e | ye | | i → | I |
| U | → yu | | E | E | | yi → | I |
| U | yu → | | | | | → yi | I |
| U | | ↑ o | o ↑ | yo ↓ | ↓ yo | | I |
| O ||||||||
       Explanation of the above chart:
         * If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
         * The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
         * If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact.
         * Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement.
Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart :
| A | position | | on, above, north | amer....north |
| a | movement | (free) | on | baer....lean |
| a | movement | (contact) | onto | aber....put on |
| ya | movement | (free) | up, ascend | byaer....lift |
| ya | movement | (contact) | up, get up, set up | yaber....raise |
| O | position | | under, lower, south | omer....south |
| o | movement | (free) | off | boer....hang |
| o | movement | (contact) | on the bottom of, underneath | oper....get off |
| yo | movement | (free) | down | pyoser....fall |
| yo | movement | (contact) | fall | yoper....rise |
| U | position | | left, west | umer....west |
| u | movement | (free) | move toward the center, come | uber....send |
| u | movement | (contact) | reach the center, arrive | pyuer....reach |
| yu | movement | (free) | near, approach | yuber....approach |
| yu | movement | (contact) | near, reach | byuser....touch |
| I | position | | right, east | imer....east |
| i | movement | (free) | from the center out, go away | pier....go away |
| i | movement | (contact) | from the center out, leave | iper....leave |
| yi | movement | (free) | away, go far | yiper....go far |
| yi | movement | (contact) | from afar, originate | pyiser....originate |
| E | position | | center, equator | emer....equator |
| e | rest | | between | eb....between |
| e | rest | | at, stay, hold | bexer....hold |
| ye | movement | | in, into, enter | yeper....enter |
| ye | | (contact) | up against, strike | pyexer....strike |

#### Special value of certain vowels

    The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular:
      * aot....person, individual
      * anota....alone, solitary
      * anay....only
      * aun....unit
    The prefixes ya- or yan- meaning collection, plural:
      * yat....we, us
      * yanot....constituent
      * yanota....communal
      * yanotyan....community
      * yan....together
    Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.
      * yon....apart
      * yanota....communal vs. yonota....private
      * yanxer....to combine vs. yonxer....to separate

### Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns

    Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning.
    For example, the mnemonic eu pattern from the word for mouth, teud can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning:
Mnemonic Pattern Derivation :
| PATTERN WORD teub....mouth | CLASSIFIER | GENERIC |
| teud....shout | t = human | d = communication |
| teuz....voice | t = human | z = art |
| deuz....song | d = communication | z = art |
| seuz....tone | s = thing | z = art |
| seux....sound | s = thing | x = action |
| xeus....noise | x = action | s = thing |
| teuf....muzzle | t = human | f = apparel |
| teuv....mask | t = human | v = linen |
| teus....taste | t = human | s = thing |
More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations :
| PATTERN WORD teab....eye | (t)ea- = see | GENERIC |
| teaper....visit | " " " | p = go |
| teader....witness | " " " | d = say |
| teaxer....look | " " " | x = do |
| teaser....seem | " " " | s = be |
| teater....see | " " " | t = know |
| keaxer....scan | ke- = seek | x = do |
| vyaleaxer....check | vyal- = certain | x = do |
| yoneater....distinguish | yon- = apart | t = know |
| beaxer....guard | be- = hold | x = do |
| teatier....perceive | | -i- = subject-directed |
| teatuer....show | | -u- = object-directed |
| PATTERN WORD teeb....ear | (t)ee- = hear | GENERIC |
| teeper....attend | " " " | p = go |
| teeder....testify | " " " | d = say |
| teexer....listen | " " " | x = do |
| teeser....sound (like) | " " " | s = be |
| teeter....hear | " " " | t = know |
| keexer....scan (acoustically) | ke- = seek | x = do |
| koteexer....snoop on | ko- = hide | x = do |
| vyaleexer....sound out | vyal- = certain | x = do |
| teetier....get wind of | | -i- = subject-directed |
| teetuer....make heard | | -u- = object-directed |
| zyateetuer....rumor | zya- = all around | -u- = objected-directed |
    A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion.
    Examples:
Shortening Long Compounds :
| WORD 1 | WORD 2 | LONG COMPOUND | SHORTENED COMPOUND |
| ekpet....horse | teuder....make a noise | *ekpeteuder | ekpeder....neigh |
| serpyet....snake | teuder....make a noise | *serpyeteuder | sepyeder....hiss |
| vifeb....grape | il....liquid | *vifebil....grape juice | vifil....wine |
| povob....grain | il....liquid | *povobil | povil....beer |
    Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long.
    Examples:
From Full Words to Stubs :
| COMPOUND | NEW STUB | DERIVATION |
| tilabil....breast milk | bil....milk | bilyug....butter |
| fauf....log | -uf....(stub suffix for types of) cylinder | muf....rod, stick |
| zyeg....hole | -yeg....(stub suffix for types of) hole, hollow thing | mufyeg....pipe |
    The clipped word bil now gives rise to other compounds:
      * bilyig....cheese
      * bilyigem....cheese factory
      * bilyug....butter
      * bilyugyena....butter-like
    The word mufyeg (Lit: hollow stick) means pipe, reed, cylinder

### Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically

    Words which follow Rule #12 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation.
    These nuances are obtained by:
   * Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel.
       These vowels are:
          a for a and ya
          e for e and ye
          i for i and yi
          o for o and yo
          u for u and yu
       Examples:
Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel :
| WORD | NUANCED DERIVATION |
| nad....line | naad....rail |
| dob....state | doob....nation |
| vyab....rule | vyaab....system |
| boka....sick | booka....tired |
   * Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of less intensity:
Deintensification with Post-y-gliding :
| WORD | MITIGATED DERIVATION |
| ifer....love | iyfer....like |
| iva....happy | iyva....glad |
| zyutom....tower | zyutoym....turret |
| ama....hot | ayma....warm |
| oma....cold | oyma....cool |
   * Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of greater intensity:
Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding :
| WORD | ENHANCED DERIVATION |
| pot....wild animal | pyot....predator animal |
| pat....bird | pyat....bird of prey |
| tod....family | tyod....people |
| oma....cold | yoma....frozen |
| nuxer....pay | nyuxer....deliver |
| nexer....save | nyexer....store |
   * Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid l or the further intensifying liquid r:
Intensification with L and R :
| WORD | L-INTENSIFIED | R-INTENSIFIED |
| ifer....love | ifler....be fond of | ifrer....adore |
| iva....happy | ivla....content | ivra....delighted |
| vaa....affirmative | vlaa....sure | vraa....indubitable |
| aga....big | agla....huge | agra....immense |
| ga....more | gala....multiple | gara....exponential |
| baer....lean on | baler....press | barer....crush |
| yexer....work | yexler....labor | yexrer....toil, slave |
| yixer....use | yixler....hire | yixrer....exploit |
   * Adding consonants other than l or r as the generic consonant:
    Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like t, f, s, k, and z are used, eg.:
Creating Nuances with Other Consonants :
| WORD | NUANCED DERIVATION |
| fia....good | fika....perfect fira....excellent |
| fua....bad | futa....wicked fura....rotten |
| gea....equal | geta....identical gela....alike |
| vyaa....true | vyaka....correct vyama....real |
| vyoa....false | vyoka....incorrect vyoma....fake |
| yiga....hard | yigza....sour yigla....brusk yigra....brutal |
| yuga....soft | yugfa....smooth yugla....tender yugra....mild |
   * Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa:
Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance :
| WORD | NUANCED DERIVATION |
| nab....row | nap....order |
| vyava....just | vyafa....precise |
| jwab....minute | jwap....moment |
| jweb....second | jwep....instant |
| tab....body | tap....physique |
| tob....person | top....soul, animus |
| nov....linen | nof....cloth |
| naz....value | nas....money |
| nag....dimension | nak...unit of measurement |

## Technical Nomenclature

    The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features.

### Zoological Nomenclature

    The names of animals are formed in a systematic way.

#### Base Names

    First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with p (mobile) and end with t (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures.
    The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air (a), water (i), land (e), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild (o), tame, or predatory (y); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below:
Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms :
| TYPE | AIR = a | WATER = i | LAND = e | ANYWHERE = o |
| Ordinary | pat....bird | pit....fish | pet....domestic land animal | pot....wild animal |
| Predatory | pyat....raptor | pyit....predatory fish | pyet....reptile | pyot....predatory animal |
| Hybrid | piat....waterfowl pelat....flying insect opat....flightless bird | piit....crustacean pilt....marine invertebrate peit....mammalian fish pyeit....mollusk | payet....flying reptile piyet....batracian peyet....worm pelt....insect | piot....aquatic mammal |

#### Derived Names

    The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the Linnaean taxonomy. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name Canidae (canids). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. Ca in Latin is pronounced ka. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix ka to the base name for domestic land animal pet, yielding kapet (dog). All other members of the dog family end in pot (feral animal) or pyot (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, prairie dog (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by ci$^3$xi$^2$ro$^1$pot from Ro$^1$dentia Sci$^2$uridae Cy$^3$nomys, where pot is the basic animal type wild animal. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable ro from the Latin "order" taxon Rodentia, while all squirrel names will have the syllable xi from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon Sciuridae (xiuriday). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family:
       Canidae (dog family) >
          kapet...the common domestic dog (only one species, Canis familiaris)
          kapot...wild dog
          kapyot...predatory dog
    Species under kapyot are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names:
       Canis lupus > lukapyot...gray wolf (or just wolf)
       Canis latrans > lakapyot...coyote, prairie wolf
          Canis latrans lestes > leslakapyot...mountain coyote
       Canis aurus > awkapyot > jackal, golden jackal
          Canis aurus curensis > kurawkapyot....Indochinese jackal
       Canis vulpus > vulkapyot...fox, red fox
    If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is awkapyot and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from curensis would normally be ku, but it has to be extended to kur because the base begins in a vowel.
    The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart:
Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences :
| Latin/Greek Spelling | Latin Sound | Mirad Spelling | Example |
| au | aw | aw | aurus....aw- |
| eu | ew | ew | europa....ew- |
| ai ae | ay | ay | aegyptus....ay- |
| ei ey | ey | ey | Rheidae....ey |
| oe | oy | oy | Foeniculum....oy |
| ua | wa | wa | suavis....swa |
| ca/co/cu | ka/ko/ku | ka/ko/ku | canis....ka |
| ce/ci/cy' | che/chi/chi | ce/ci/ci | cypris....ci |
| y | i | i | cypris....i |
| g' | g | g | Geococcyx/Gastropoda....g |
| ch | k | k | Chiroptera....ki |
| ph | f | f | Sphyrapicus....f |
| rh | r | r | Rheidae....ey |
| x | ks | ks | Loxodonta....ks |
| qu | kw | kw | Quercus....kw |
| j | y | j | julianus....ju |
| sci | ski | ski | Sciuridae....xi |
| th | t | ti | Thunnus....t |
| cci | ksi | ksi | Vaccinus....ksi |
    Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for Cinnamomum would be cin.
    The Latin letter j is represented in Mirad with j even though it is pronounced like a y. This is for better recognizability.

#### Genderized and Other Forms

    Form the female of an animal by inserting a y before the t of the base adult name:
      * kapet....dog ====> kapeyt....bitch
      * vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkapyoyt....vixen
    Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a w right after the p of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with py in which case the w is inserted just before the t of the base name:
      * ekpet....horse ====> ekpwet....stallion
      * ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopwet....ram
      * vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkpyowt....dog fox
    Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an o after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name:
      * bopet....bovine ====> bopweot....ox
      * gafapat....cock ====> gafapweot....capon
    The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing -ud, the stub for tud....child:
      * ekpet....horse ====> ekpetud....colt
      * kapet....dog ====> kapetud....pup
      * ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopetud....lamb
    The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing -if:
      * kapet....dog ====> kapetif....puppy
      * fepet....cat ====> fepetif....kitty
    The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing -og:
      * supet....pig ====> supetog....piggy
      * ekpet....horse ====> ekpetog....pony
    Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal ekpet....horse can serve as an example:
Derivations of Horse :
| VARIATION | MIRAD NAME | ENGLISH NAME |
| Adult | ekpet | horse |
| Male | ekpwet | stallion |
| Female | ekpeyt | mare |
| Offspring | ekpetud | colt |
| Female Offspring | ekpetuyd | filly |
| Small adult | ekpetog | pony |
| Gelded | ekpweot | gelding |

#### Animal Sounds

    The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the t of the base name with d, the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in -der:
      * ekpet....horse ====> ekpeder....to neigh
      * kapet....dog ====> kapeder....to bark
      * pat....bird ====> pader....to tweet, chirp
      * serpyet....snake ====> serpyeder....to hiss
    A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing -yan or -nyan:
      * lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotyan....a pride of lions
      * ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopetyan....a herd of sheep
      * pit....fish ====> pityan....a school of fish
    Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final t of the base name with -per....to go:
      * serpyet....snake ====> serpeper....to slither
      * lapet....rabbit ====> lapeper....to hop
      * ekpet....horse ====> ekpeper....to gallop
    The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in l (a stub for tel, meaning food):
      * supet....pig ====> supel....pork
      * supetyob....hog leg ====> supetyol....ham
      * bopet....steer ====> bopel....beef
      * ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopel....mutton
      * bopetud....calf ====> bopetul....veal
      * appelat....bee ====> appelatil....honey
    The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing -am....house, -um....cage, etc. to the base name:
      * supet....pig ====> supetam....pigsty
      * gafapayt....chicken ====> gafapaytam....chicken coop
      * lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotam....lion's den
      * kapet....dog ====> kapetam....doghouse
      * forpelt....ant ====> forpeltam....anthill
      * appelat....bee ====> appelatam....bee hive
      * pat....bird ====> patum....birdcage, patsum....nest, patyanam...aviary
      * pot....wild animal ====> potam....lair

#### Dog Breeds

    Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to kapet....dog that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership.
    The base of the dog breed name is kapet....dog. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants (b, c, d, etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned the the ordinal vowel o, so bokepet is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the o....zero to a....one, e....two, etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with a....one, e....two, etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed.
    As an example:
    To get the name for basset hound:
      * Start with the word for dog: kapet.
    This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is h. This is prefixed to kapet, with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with a for one. The basset hound is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes ha-.
      * hakapet is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with ha kapet....the dog.).
A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel i.... three is prefixed:
      * ihakapet is a "small-sized scent hound"
    A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word a.... one is prefixed (with a w buffer glide when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, Gebaroma is placed in front, separated by a space:
      * Gebaroma awahikapet is a basset hound, a dog breed name owned by Great Britain. The name can usually be abbreviated by dropping the country owner name, thus: awahikapet
    Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site.
Group 1 = bokapet....sheepdogs/cattledogs
      * Section 1 = bakapet....sheepdogs
            * Belgian only entry = Belima bakapet....Belgian shepherd dog
            * German only entry = Deuma bakapet....German shepherd
      * Section 2 = bekapet....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs
            * Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma ebekapet....Welsh corgi (Cardigan)
Group 2 = cokapet....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs
      * Section 1 = cakapet....pinscher/schnauzer type
      * Section 2 = cekapet....Molossian type
      * Section 3 = cikapet....Swiss mountain/cattledogs
Group 3 = dokapet....terriers
      * Section 1 = dakapet....large and medium-sized terriers
            * Great Britain 9th entry = Gebaroma yudakapet....Welsh terrier
      * Section 2 = dakapet....small-sized terriers
      * Section 3 = dekapet....bull type terriers
            * Great Britain 3rd entry = Gebaroma idekapet....Staffordshire bull terrier
      * Section 4 = dakapet....toy terriers
Group 4 = fokapet....dachshunds
            * Germany only entry = fakapet....dachshund
Group 5 = gokapet....spitz and primitive types
      * Section 1 = gakapet....nordic sledge dogs
             USA 1st entry = agakapet....Siberian husky
      * Section 2 = gekapet....nordic hunting dogs
      * Section 3 = gikapet....nordic watchdogs/herders
      * Section 4 = gukapet....European spits
      * Section 5 = gyokapet....Asian spitz and related breeds
      * Section 6 = gyakapet....primitive types
      * Section 7 = gyekapet....hunting dogs
Group 6 = hokapet....scent hounds and related breeds
      * Section 1 = hakapet....scent hounds
         * Subsection 1.1 = ahakapet....large-sized hounds
            * USA 1st entry = Usoma awahakapet....American foxhound
         * Subsection 1.2 = ehakapet....medium-sized hounds
            * Great Britain only entry = Gebaroma ehakapet....harrier
         * Subsection 1.3 = ihakapet....small-sized hounds
            * Great Britain 1st entry = Gebaroma awihakapet....basset hound
            * Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma ewihakapet....beagle
Group 7 = jokapet....pointing dogs
      * Section 1 = jakapet....continental pointing dogs
      * Section 2 = jekapet....British and Irish pointers and setters
Group 8 = kakapet....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs
      * Section 1 = kakapet....retrievers
      * Section 2 = kekapet....flushing dogs
      * Section 3 = kikapet....water dogs
Group 9 = lokapet....companion and toy dogs
      * Section 1 = lakapet....bichons
      * Section 2 = lekapet....poodles
            * France only entry = Ferama lekapet....poodle
      * Section 3 = likapet....small Belgian dogs
      * Section 4 = lukapet....hairless dogs
      * Section 5 = lyokapet....Tibetan breeds
            * Tibet 2nd entry = Tibama elekapet....shih tzu
      * Section 6 = lyakapet....Chihuahueno
            * Mexico only entry = Mexuma lyakapet....chihuahua
      * Section 7 = lyekapet....English toy spaniels
      * Section 8 = lyikapet....Japan Chin and Pekingese
      * Section 9 = lyukapet....continental toy spaniel and others
      * Section 10 = lalokapet....Kromforhländer
      * Section 10 = lalekapet....small Molossian type dogs
Group 10 = mokapet....sight hounds
      * Section 1 = makapet....long-haired sighthounds
            * Great Britain 1st entry = Gebaroma amakapet....greyhound
            * Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma emakapet....whippet
      * Section 2 = mekapet....rough-haired sighthounds
      * Section 3 = mikapet....short-haired sighthounds

#### Cat Breeds

    The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See . You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat fepet.
    This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list:
Creating Cat Breed Names :
| CFA NAME | FIRST LETTERS LOWERCASED | NUMBER IF ANY + fepet | MIRAD NAME |
| American Shorthair | am | a + fepet | amafepet |
| American Wirehair | am | e + fepet | amefepet |
| Balinese | bal | bal + fepet | balfepet |
| Bengal | ben | ben + fepet | benfepet |

### Color Nomenclature

    The word for color in Mirad is volz, which is mnemonically related to the word for flower (vos). The diminutive of color is voylz, meaning tint, shade, hue.
    The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub -lza. The last historically-defined divisions of the spectrum are called indigo and violet, but even scientists themselves admit that the human eye does not distinguish these shades very well, and so Mirad divides the last two as purple and pink for convenience.
       Basic Color Words 1 - red2 - orange3 - yellow4 - green5 - blue6 - purple7 - pink alzaelzailzaulzayolzayalzayelza
    There are four other basic colors:
       Other Basic Color Words  malza....white(Associated with man (light)  melza....brown(Associated with mel (soil)  molza....black(Associated with mon (dark)  maolza....gray(A blend of malza and molza)
    Plus:
      * olza....of no color, blank, clear
    All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example:
      * mecirufeb-ulza....lime green from mecirufeb....lime fruit + ulza....green
      * mim-yalza....aquamarine from mim....sea + yalza....blue
      * licirufeb-ilza....lemon yellow from licirufeb....lemon + ilza....yellow
      * salpyit-alza....salmon red
      * magmef-alza....firebrick red
      * mim-yalza....sea blue, aquamarine
    Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner:
      * A "light" shade by changing lza to ylza: uylza....light green
      * A "-ish" shade by changing lza to lzyena: ulzyena....greenish
      * A "bright" shade by changing lza to lzayna: ulzayna....bright green
      * A "dark" shade by changing lza to lzoyna: ulzoyna....dark green
    Some in-between colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel:
      * maolza....gray from malza....white and molza....black
      * yaulza....blue-green, cyan from yalza....blue and ulza....green
      * maelza....beige from malza....white and melza....brown
    Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix -a:
      * Ulz se via volz.....Green is a beautiful color.
      * At gafe yalzayn.....I prefer dark blue.
    Colors can also be used to form verbs:
      * Iyta teobi alzasa.....Her cheeks turned red (= blushed).
      * His se fia teubip malzaxus.....This is a good teeth whitener.
      * Eta teupibi ilzaseye.....Your teeth are yellowing.

#### Rarely Used Colors

    The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors expressed in Mirad + -lz. For example, the color golden yellow has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 (ase, in Mirad), thus, the color is named aselz. The adjectival form of this color is aselza. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names.

##### Skin colors

    When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix tayo(b)- is used. The final -b of tayob is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for skin-color itself is tayovolz. Thus:
      * (tayo-)molzat....black(-skinned) person
      * (tayo-)malzat....white(-skinned) person
      * (tayo-)melzat....brown(-skinned) person
      * (tayob)omalzat....non-white(-skinned) person
      * (tayob)omolzat....non-black(-skinned) person
      * (tayob)omelzat....non-brown(-skinned) person
      * (tayob)eymolzat....half-black(skinned) person
      * (tayob)eymalzat....half-white(-skinned) person
      * (tayo-)maolzat....mulatto, mixed-skinned person
      * (tayob)olzat....albino
      * hyetayovolza....of any skin-tone
      * hyatayovolzati....people of all colors
      * Iyt se duhotayovolza?....What skin color is she?

#### Hair Colors

    Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, tayeb. The final -b of tayeb is dropped before a consonant or y. The word for hair color is tayevolz.
      * tayebalza....red-headed, auburn
      ** tayebalzayt....an auburn female
      * tayemolza....brunette
      * tayemelza....brown-haired
      * tayebiylza....blond
      * tayemaolza....gray, gray-haired
         * It gwa tayemaolzaso.....He will go gray early.
      * Duhotayevolza iyt se?....What color hair is she?

#### Eye Colors

    Eye colors are expressed by the prefix tea(b) followed by the color. The word for eye color is teavolz. In the following examples, teab (eye) becomes tea before any consonants or glides:
      * teayolza....blue-eyed
      * teabulza....green-eyed
      * teamelza....brown-eyed
         * teamelzat....brown-eyed person
      * teamolz....a black eye
      * teamalz....the white of the eye
      * Duhoteavolza et se?....What color eyes do you have?

### Chemical Nomenclature

    The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding lk, a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for hydrogen is H. So we replace that with the word for lowercase h in Mirad: he. By adding the stub suffix lk, we get helk.
    Use the the names of the small letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name ca is pronounced cha as in English cha-cha.
Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names :
| Lowercase | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z |
| Mirad Name | a | ba | ca | da | e | fe | ge | he | i | ji | ki | li | mi | ni | o | po | ko | ro | so | to | u | vu | wu | xu | yu | zu |

#### Coding Chemical Elements

    The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed:
Coding Chemical Elements :
| ENGLISH ELEMENT NAME | ABBREVIATION | MIRAD NAME |
| silver | Ar | arolk |
| iron | Fe | feelk |
| hydrogen | H | helk |
| nitrogen | N | nilk |
| mercury | Hg | hegelk |
| darmstadtium | Ds | dasolk |
    In chemical compounds, the lk is used only on the last element of the compound.
    Chemical compounds such as H$_2$O (hydrogen dioxide) are coded in the following manner.
      * The H for hydrogen is rendered as he (without the -lk).
      * The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for two, bi-, en- is prefixed to the h, giving enhe.
      * The word for oxygen, ol is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the lk is suffixed.
      * The English word ends in -ide, which is rendered in Mirad as -iyd, giving enheolkiyd
    Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below:
    Given the chemical element sulfur, which has the abbreviation S, the Mirad equivalent for this solid is solk. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are:

#### Chemical Compound Suffixes

Chemical Suffix Equivalents :
| ENGLISH SUFFIX | MIRAD EQUIVALENT | ENGLISH EXAMPLE | MIRAD EQUIVALENT |
| -ide | -iyd | sulfide | solkiyd |
| -ite | -iyt | sulfite | solkiyt |
| -ate | -ayt | sulfate | solkayt |
| -ine | -iyn | iodine | ilkiyn |
| -ane | -ayn | methane | ahelkayn |
| -ene | -eyn | benzene | ehelkeyn |
| -one | -oyn | ketone | ketoyn |
| -ine | --iyn | alanine | alaniyn |
| -ic | -a | ferric | feelka |
| -ous | aya | ferrous | feelkaya |
    Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in -n. : The numeral prefixes 5 and 6 end in -on instead of -n so as to distinguish them from the words yan....together and yon....apart.
    The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes:
Numeric Prefixes :
| NUMBER | PREFIX | EXAMPLE |
| a....mono- | an | anolkiyd....monoxide (O) |
| e....bi-/di- | en | encalkayt....bicarbonate (C$_2$) |
| i....tri- | in | inolkiyd-....trioxide (O$_3$) |
| u....tetr(a)- | un | unolkiyd-....tetroxide (O$_4$) |
| yo....pent(a)- | yoon | yoonolkiyd-....pentoxide (O$_5$) |
| ya....hex(a)- | yaon | yaonolkiyd....hexoxide (O$_6$) |
| ye....hept(a)- | yen | yenolkiyd....heptoxide (O$_7$) |
| yi....oct(o)- | yin | yinolkiyd-....octoxide (O$_8$) |
| yu....non(a)- | yun | yunolkiyd-....nonoxide (O$_9$) |
| alo....dec(a)- | alon | alonolkayt-....decoxidate (O$_{10}$) |
    Examples:
      * carbon dioxide (C$_2$O)....calk enolkiyd
      * sodium bicarbonate (Na2C)....nialk encalkayt
      * calcium dihydrogen phosphate....caalk enhelk polkayt
      * glucose (C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$)....yaoncaalanheyaonolk (or: levelos)
      * methanol (C$_3$HOH)....cainheohelk
    Note: the -lk is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings -iyd, -iyt, and -ayt, etc.

#### Names of Atomic Parts

    The word for atom in Mirad is gwomulk, which literally is least particle.
    The main particles in an atom are:
      * vamulk....proton
      * vemulk....neutron
      * vomulk....electron
    Every atom contains mulki (subatomic particles).
    The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See wikipedia:Subatomic_particle ).
      * hamulk....hadron
         * mi-hamulk....meson
            * pimi-hamulk....pion
            * kami-hamulk....kaon
         * ba-hamulk....baryon
            * lambda-ba-hamulk....lambda baryon
      * vomulk....proton
      * vemulk....neutron
      * zemulk....nucleon
      * alfamulk....alpha particle
      * fermimulk....fermion
      * goryumulk....nanoparticle
      * kyiazon mulk....graviton
      * bamulk....boson particle
         * agha-bamulk....higgs particle
         * agwu-bamulk....W boson
         * agzu-bamulk....Z boson
         * gamma-bamulk....photon
         * ge-bamulk....gluon
      * qomulk....quark
         * ba-qomulk....bottom quark
         * ca-qomulk....charm quark
         * da-qomulk....down quark
         * ov-qomulk....antiparticle, antiquark
         * penta-qomulk....penta quark
         * tetra-qomulk....tetra quark
         * to-qomulk....top quark
         * u-qomulk....up quark
         * so-qomulk....strange quark
      * limulk....lepton
         * gamma-limulk....photon (also: manmulk)
         * mu-limulk....muon
         * pi-limulk....pion
         * tau-limulk....tau
         * vu-e-limulk....electron neutrino
         * vu-mu-limulk....muon neutrino
         * vu-tau-limulk....tau neutrino
         * e-limulk....electron (also: vamulk)
         * vamulk....electron
    The nucleus of an atom is called zemulk. Therefore, zemulka means nuclear.

### Musical Nomenclature
#### Musical Instruments

    The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument (duzar < duz (music) + -ar (instrument). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played.
Musical Instruments :
| MIRAD | ENGLISH |
| BOWED-STRING ||
| aduzar | violin |
| eduzar | violin alto |
| iduzar | cello, violoncello |
| uduzar eona uduzar | bass double bass |
| yoduzar | viola |
| yaduzar | fiddle |
| yeduzar | viol |
| yuduzar | hardanger fiddle |
| aloduzar | kemenche |
| aladuzar | nyckelharpa |
| aleduzar | rebab |
| WOODWIND ||
| faduzar | flute |
| feduzar | oboe |
| fiduzar | clarinet |
| fuduzar | bassoon |
| fyoduzar | French harp, harmonica |
| fyaduzar | recorder |
| fyeduzar | bagpipe |
| fyiduzar | didgeridoo |
| fyuduzar | piccolo |
| faloduzar | fife, hornpipe |
| faladuzar | ocarina, ocarine |
| faleduzar | sheng |
| faliduzar | duduk |
| faluduzar | bansuri |
| falyoduzar | suling |
| BRASS ||
| voduzar | horn |
| vaduzar | trumpet |
| veduzar | trombone |
| vuduzar -- avuduzar -- evuduzar --ivuduzar | saxophone -- tenor saxophone -- alto saxophone -- bass saxophone |
| vyoduzar | tuba |
| vyaduzar | bugle |
| vyeduzar | French horn |
| vyiduzar | cornet |
| vyuduzar | baritone horn |
| valoduzar | alto horn |
| valaduzar | euphonium |
| valeduzar | flugelhorn |
| validuzar | sousaphone |
| valuduzar | clarion |
| valyoduzar | mellophone |
| valyaduzar | climbasso |
| valyeduzar | ophicleide |
| PERCUSSION ||
| kaduzar -- akaduzar -- ekaduzar -- ikaduzar -- ukaduzar -- yokaduzar -- yakaduzar -- yekaduzar -- yikaduzar -- yukaduzar -- alokaduzar -- alakaduzar -- alekaduzar -- alikaduzar -- alukaduzar | drum -- snare drum -- bass drum -- tenor drum -- steel drum -- bongo drum -- timbrel -- kettledrum -- hang drum -- tupan -- taiko -- spring drum -- octoban -- candombe drum -- steel tongue drum |
| keduzar | glockenspiel |
| kiduzar | vibraphone |
| kuduzar | marimba |
| kyoduzar | tubular bell |
| gaduzar | triangle |
| geduzar | gong |
| giduzar | castanet |
| guduzar | rattle |
| gyoduzar | xylophone |
| gyaduzar | maraca |
| gyeduzar | cajón |
| gyiduzar | cymbal |
| gyuduzar | tambourine |
| galoduzar | steelpan |
| galaduzar | wind chime |
| galeduzar | chime bar |
| galiduzar | celeste |
| galuduzar | clapper |
| galyoduzar | Jew's harp |
| galyaduzar | bazooka |
| galyeduzar | waterphone |
| galyiduzar | balafon |
| galyuduzar | boomwhackers |
| geloduzar | udu |
| geladuzar | thunder sheet |
| KEYBOARD ||
| raduzar -- utekea raduzar -- agala raduzar -- sem raduzar | piano -- player piano -- grand piano -- keyboard |
| reduzar | clavichord |
| riduzar | harpsichord |
| ruduzar -- mufyeg ruduzar -- maka ruduzar | organ -- pipe organ -- electric organ |
| ryoduzar | accordion |
| ryaduzar | dulcimer |
| ryeduzar | calliope |
| ryiduzar | melodica |
| ryuduzar | concertina |
| GUITAR ||
| baduzar -- seuxa baduzar -- maka baduzar -- yoba baduzar | guitar -- accoustic guitar -- electric guitar -- bass guitar |
| beduzar | banjo |
| biduzar | lute |
| buduzar | harp |
| byoduzar | mandolin |
| byaduzar | ukelele |
| byeduzar | zither |
| byiduzar | lyre |
| byuduzar | cithara, kithara |
| baloduzar | sitar |
| baladuzar | veena |
| baleduzar | koto |
| baliduzar | balalaika |
| baluduzar | charango |
| balyoduzar | hurdy-gurdy |

#### Voice Ranges

    Suffix these nouns with -a to make them adjectives, eg.:
      * His se yabdeuzwuta duznod.....This is a tenor note.

#### Solmization Syllables

    The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world:
Solmization Syllables :
| do | re | mi | fa | sol | la | ti | do |

#### Musical Score Elements

    The semitone or accidental symbols are:
Accidentals :
| ENGLISH NAME | SYMBOL | MIRAD NAME | ENGLISH EXAMPLE | MIRAD EXAMPLE | MIRAD PRONUNCIATION |
| flat | 𝄬 | yobwa (=lowered) | B flat | B yobwa | ba YOBwa |
| sharp | 𝄰 | yabwa (=raised) | C sharp | C yabwa | ca YABwa |
| natural | 𝄮 | egxwa (=normalized) | F natural | F egxwa | fe EGxwa |
    Some staff notation:
Staff Notation :
| ENGLISH NAME | SYMBOL | MIRAD NAME |
| staff | 𝄙 | nuidyan |
| treble clef, G clef | 𝄞 | G yijar |
| C clef | 𝄡 | C yijar |
| base clef, F clef | 𝄢 | F yijar |
| note | | nod |
| half note | 𝅗𝅥 | eyna nod |
| quarter note | 𝅘𝅥 | uyna nod |
| whole note | 𝅝 | ayna nod |
| quarter rest | 𝄽 | uyna poys |
| eighth note | 𝅘𝅥𝅮 | yiyna nod |
| bar, measure | 𝄀 | nodzyan |
| ligature | | yanxus |

#### Characteristic Features of Music

Characteristic Features of Music :
| MIRAD | ENGLISH |
| deup | beat |
| seupan | cadence |
| jes | duration |
| zoyteuz | echo |
| yanseuz | harmony |
| duzneg | pitch |
| ijduzneg | key |
| druz | lyric |
| agala duzmus | major scale |
| duznag | measure |
| duznad | melody |
| duzjob | tempo |
| nak | meter |
| ogala duzmus | minor scale |
| duz | music |
| yinig | octave |
| byexes | pulse |
| zoyseuzen | resonance |
| deupyan | rhythm |
| duzmus | scale |
| duzdreyn | score |
| seux | sound |
| duzigan | tempo |
| seuzvolz | timbre |
| seuz | tone |
| yanseuz | chord, harmonic |
| aybseuz | overtone |
| deuzunog | tune |
| deuz | voice |
| seuxnid | volume |

#### Dynamics

    Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left as is in Mirad.
    These include:
    a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo, and others.

#### Types of Arrangements

Musical Arrangements :
| ENGLISH | MIRAD |
| a capella song | a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari |
| anthem | fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun |
| antiphon | duiddeuzun |
| aria | arya, awat deuzun |
| arrangement | napbeyn |
| art song | tuz deuz |
| ballad | daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun |
| battle hymn | dropek deuzun |
| bird song | pat deuzun |
| broadway song | Broadway deuzun |
| campfire song | tamoftem deuzun |
| cantata | kantata |
| canticle | efyadeuzun |
| carol | ivdeuzun |
| chant | yagdeuzun |
| choral arrangement | deuzutyan napxeyn |
| Christmas carol | Kristtaj ivdeuzun |
| classical song | visauna deuzun |
| composition | duzdrun |
| concerto | koncerto |
| country song | odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun |
| dance song | daz deuzun |
| dirge | uvdeuzun |
| ditty | deuzog |
| doggerel verse | dizdeuzun |
| drinking song | tilien deuzun |
| duet | ewat (deuzun) |
| folksong | tyoyd deuzun |
| glee | Gebama deuzun |
| gospel song | fyadin deuzun |
| hip hop song | hip hop deuzun |
| hit song | agakus deuzun |
| hymn | fyadeuzun |
| instrumental | duzarun |
| jingle | nundeuzunog |
| karaoke song | karaoke deuzun |
| love song | ifon deuzun |
| lullaby | tudet deuzun |
| lute song | riduzar deuzun |
| madrigal | duzuka deuzun |
| marching song | doptyopen deuzun |
| medley | ebmulxwa deuzyan |
| metal song | mug deuzun |
| musical number | duzun |
| old standard | ajdeuzun |
| opera | dyuz, dyuzun |
| oratorio | oratoryo |
| paean | akrun deuzun |
| partsong | gon deuzun |
| patter song | deuzig |
| pop song | tyoda deuzun |
| psalm | afyadeuzun |
| rock song | rok deuzun |
| round | zoydea deuzun |
| sea shanty | mim deuz |
| show tune | duez deuzun |
| signature song | ujak deuzun |
| slow jam | bluz deuzun |
| soliloquy | awat, awat deuzun |
| solo | awat (duzun), awat (deuzun) |
| song | deuzun |
| spiritual, negro spiritual | topa deuzun |
| sporting song | tapifek deuzun |
| symphony | viduzunyag |
| theme song | texzena deuz |
| torch song | ifonok uvdeuzun |
| vaudeville song | Vaudeville deuzun |
| Wienerlied | Viena deuzun |

#### Musicians

Musicians :
| ENGLISH | MIRAD |
| musician | duzut, duzuyt, duzwut |
| instrumentalist | duzarut |
| violinist | aduzarut |
| conductor | duzdeb, duzutyaneb |
| soloist | anduzut |
| singer, vocalist | deuzut |
| danseur | dyazwut |
| ballerina | dyazuyt |
| dancer | dazut, dazuyt, dazwut |
| opera singer | dyuzut, dyuzuyt, dyuzwut |
| operatist, librettist | dyuzdrut |
| composer | duzdrut |
| lyricist, songwriter | deuzdrut |
| dance conductor | dazeb |
| (symphony) orchestra | duzarutyan |
| philharmonic orchestra | duzarutyanag |
| chorus, chorale | deuzutyan |
| dance troupe | dazutyan |

#### Song Parts

Song Parts :
| MIRAD | ENGLISH |
| ujgon | coda |
| ijgon | intro |
| ebek | interlude |
| ijek | finale |
| galijun | reprise |
| galdwas | refrain |
| agalduznad | theme |
| nadyan | verse |
| zeymep | bridge |
| galdwas | chorus |
| ujnadyan | outro |

#### Music Genres

    Some genres and styles of music:
Genres of Music :
| MIRAD | ENGLISH |
| a kapella, boy duzari | a capella |
| yugtaxea duz | ambiant |
| Usoma tyoyduz | American folk |
| Usoma egona duz | American standard |
| yizejna | avant garde |
| Baroka | Baroque |
| yolza vab | bluegrass |
| bluz | blues |
| Bolliwud | Bollywood |
| bossa nova | bossa nova |
| kalipso | calypso |
| Kelta yagdeuz | Celtic chant |
| Canima tyoyduz | Chinese folk |
| Canima ajutbyena dyuz | Chinese traditional opera |
| jejoba deupyan ay bluz | contemporary R&B |
| maima bluz | country blues |
| maima duz | country music |
| maima pop | country pop |
| maima rap | country rap |
| maima rok | country rock |
| dazam pop | dancehall pop |
| disko | disco |
| du-wop | doo-wop |
| maka dauz | electronic dance music (EDM) |
| yugtaxea duz | elevator music |
| Euma disko | Euro-disco |
| jwayeka | experimental |
| flamenko | flamenco |
| funk | funk |
| Gregoria yagdeuz | Gregorian chant |
| hip-hop | hip-hop |
| honki-tonk | honky-tonk |
| hyusuna rok | Indie rock |
| jaz | jazz |
| makjaz | jazztronica |
| juju | juju |
| fyaxela duz | liturgical music |
| majika | majika |
| mamo | mambo |
| merengwe | merengue |
| mesitzo | mesitzo |
| mug | metal |
| Mixuma duz | Mexican |
| seuz bi Naxvil | Nashville sound |
| Ejna Orleans bluz | New Orleans blues |
| dyuz | opera |
| rancera | ranchera |
| rap | rap |
| rege | reggae |
| deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba | rhythm & blues |
| rok-ay-rol | rock & roll |
| salsa | salsa |
| samba | samba |
| ska | ska |
| galoduzaruta duz | steel band music |
| swing | swing |
| Tehano | Tejano |
| eyntuj duz | trance music |
| Umera visauna | Western classical |
| Umeryena | Western |
| zideko | zydeco |

### Geographic Placenames

    As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants.

#### Countries of the World

Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter m is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.:
    Example 1:
    Burundi is translated as follows:
      * The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI.
      * BDI is lowercased to bdi
      * b is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell ba.
      * Since d is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: d.
      * The vowel i is left as is: i
      * m is appended for place: badim
      * The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Badim
      * BDI (Burundi) = Badim.
    Example 2:
    Uzbekistan is translated as follows:
      * The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB.
      * UZB is lowercased to uzb
      * u is left as is: u.
      * z is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: zu
      * b is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: ba
      * m is appended for place: uzubam
      * The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Uzubam
      * UZB (Uzbekistan) = Uzubam.
Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column) :
| ISO | English | Mirad |
| ABW | Aruba | Abawum |
| AFG | Afghanistan | Afegem |
| AGO | Angola | Agom |
| AIA | Anguilla | Aiam |
| ALA | Åland Islands | Alam |
| ALB | Albania | Alibam |
| AND | Andorra | Anidam |
| ANT | Netherlands Antilles | Anitom |
| ARE | United Arab Emirates | Arem |
| ARG | Argentina | Arogem |
| ARM | Armenia | Aromim |
| ASM | American Samoa | Asomim |
| ATA | Antarctica | Atam |
| ATF | French Southern Territories | Atofem |
| ATG | Antigua and Barbuda | Atogem |
| AUS | Australia | Ausom |
| AUT | Austria | Autom |
| AZE | Azerbaijan | Azem |
| BDI | Burundi | Badim |
| BEL | Belgium | Belim |
| BEN | Benin | Benim |
| BFA | Burkina Faso | Bafam |
| BGD | Bangladesh | Bagedam |
| BGR | Bulgaria | Bagerom |
| BHR | Bahrain | Baherom |
| BHS | The Bahamas|Bahamas | Bahesom |
| BIH | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bihem |
| BLM | Saint Barthélemy | Balimim |
| BLR | Belarus | Balirom |
| BLZ | Belize | Balizum |
| BMU | Bermuda | Bamum |
| BOL | Bolivia | Bolim |
| BRA | Brazil | Baram |
| BRB | Barbados | Barobam |
| BRN | Brunei Darussalam | Baronim |
| BTN | Bhutan | Batonim |
| BVT | Bouvet Island | Bavutom |
| BWA | Botswana | Bawam |
| CAF | Central African Republic | Cafem |
| CAN | Canada | Canim |
| CCK | Cocos Islands | Cacakim |
| CHE | Switzerland | Cahem |
| CHL | Chile | Cahelim |
| CHN | China | Cahenim |
| CIV | Côte d'Ivoire | Civum |
| CMR | Cameroon | Camirom |
| COD | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Codam |
| COG | Republic of the Congo | Cogem |
| COK | Cook Islands | Cokim |
| COL | Colombia | Colim |
| COM | Comoros | Comim |
| CPV | Cape Verde | Capovum |
| CRI | Costa Rica | Carim |
| CUB | Cuba | Cubam |
| CXR | Christmas Island | Caxurom |
| CYM | Cayman Islands | Cayumim |
| CYP | Cyprus | Cayupom |
| CZE | Czechia | Cazem |
| DEU | Germany | Deum |
| DJI | Djibouti | Dajim |
| DMA | Dominica | Damam |
| DNK | Denmark | Danikim |
| DOM | Dominican Republic | Domim |
| DZA | Algeria | Dazam |
| ECU | Ecuador | Ecum |
| EGY | Egypt | Egeyum |
| ERI | Eritrea | Erim |
| ESH | Western Sahara | Esohem |
| ESP | Spain | Esopom |
| EST | Estonia | Esotom |
| ETH | Ethiopia | Etohem |
| FIN | Finland | Finim |
| FJI | Fiji | Fejim |
| FLK | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | Felikim |
| FRA | France | Feram |
| FRO | Faroe Islands | Ferom |
| FSM | Federated States of Micronesia | Fesomim |
| GAB | Gabon | Gabam |
| GBR | United Kingdom | Gebarom |
| GEO | Georgia | Geom |
| GGY | Guernsey | Gegeyum |
| GHA | Ghana | Geham |
| GIB | Gibraltar | Gibam |
| GLP | Guadeloupe | Gelipom |
| GMB | Gambia | Gemibam |
| GNB | Guinea-Bissau | Genibam |
| GNQ | Equatorial Guinea | Geniqom |
| GRC | Greece | Gerocam |
| GRD | Grenada | Gerodam |
| GRL | Greenland | Gedolim |
| GTM | Guatemala | Getomim |
| GUF | French Guiana | Gufem |
| GUM | Guam | Gumim |
| GUY | Guyana | Guyum |
| HKG | Hong Kong | Hekigem |
| HMD | Heard Island and McDonald Islands | Hemidam |
| HND | Honduras | Henidam |
| HRV | Croatia | Herovum |
| HTI | Haiti | Hetim |
| HUN | Hungary | Hunim |
| IDN | Indonesia | Idanim |
| IMN | Isle of Man | Iminim |
| IND | India | Inidam |
| IOT | British Indian Ocean Territory | Iotom |
| IRL | Republic of Ireland | Irolim |
| IRN | Iran | Ironim |
| IRQ | Iraq | Iroqom |
| ISL | Iceland | Isolim |
| ISR | Israel | Isorom |
| ITA | Italy | Itam |
| JAM | Jamaica | Jamim |
| JEY | Jersey | Jeyum |
| JOR | Jordan | Jorom |
| JPN | Japan | Jiponim |
| KAZ | Kazakhstan | Kazum |
| KEN | Kenya | Kenim |
| KGZ | Kyrgyzstan | Kigezum |
| KHM | Cambodia | Kihemim |
| KIR | Kiribati | Kirom |
| KNA | Saint Kitts and Nevis | Kinam |
| KOR | Korea, Republic of | Korom |
| KWT | Kuwait | Kiwutom |
| LAO | Laos | Laom |
| LBN | Lebanon | Libanim |
| LBR | Liberia | Libarom |
| LBY | Libya | Libayum |
| LCA | Saint Lucia | Licam |
| LIE | Liechtenstein | Liem |
| LKA | Sri Lanka | Likam |
| LSO | Lesotho | Lisom |
| LTU | Lithuania | Litum |
| LUX | Luxembourg | Luxum |
| LVA | Latvia | Livam |
| MAC | Macao | Macam |
| MAF | Saint Martin | Mafem |
| MAR | Morocco | Marom |
| MCO | Monaco | Micom |
| MDA | Moldova | Midam |
| MDG | Madagascar | Midagem |
| MDV | Maldives | Midavum |
| MEX | Mexico | Mexum |
| MHL | Marshall Islands | Mihelim |
| MKD | Republic of Macedonia | Mikidam |
| MLI | Mali | Milim |
| MLT | Malta | Militom |
| MMR | Myanmar | Mimirom |
| MNE | Montenegro | Minem |
| MNG | Mongolia | Minigem |
| MNP | Northern Mariana Islands | Minipom |
| MOZ | Mozambique | Mozum |
| MRT | Mauritania | Mirotom |
| MSR | Montserrat | Misorom |
| MTQ | Martinique | Mitoqom |
| MUS | Mauritius | Musom |
| MWI | Malawi | Miwim |
| MYS | Malaysia | Miyusom |
| MYT | Mayotte | Miyutom |
| NAM | Namibia | Namim |
| NCL | New Caledonia | Nicalim |
| NER | Niger | Nerom |
| NFK | Norfolk Island | Nifekim |
| NGA | Nigeria | Nigam |
| NIC | Nicaragua | Nicam |
| NOR | Norway | Norom |
| NIU | Niue | Nium |
| NLD | Netherlands | Nilidam |
| NPL | Nepal | Nipolim |
| NRU | Nauru | Nirum |
| NZL | New Zealand | Nizulim |
| OMN | Oman | Ominim |
| PAK | Pakistan | Pakim |
| PAN | Panama | Panim |
| PCN | Pitcairn Islands | Pocanim |
| PER | Peru | Perom |
| PHL | Philippines | Pohelim |
| PLW | Palau | Poliwum |
| PNG | Papua New Guinea | Ponigem |
| POL | Poland | Polim |
| PRI | Puerto Rico | Porim |
| PRK | North Korea | Porikim |
| PRT | Portugal | Porotom |
| PRY | Paraguay | Poroyum |
| PSE | Palestinian territories | Posem |
| PYF | French Polynesia | Poyufem |
| QAT | Qatar | Qatom |
| REU | Réunion | Reum |
| ROU | Romania | Roum |
| RUS | Russia | Rusom |
| RWA | Rwanda | Rowam |
| SAU | Saudi Arabia | Saum |
| SDN | Sudan | Sodanim |
| SEN | Senegal | Senim |
| SGP | Singapore | Sogepom |
| SGS | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | Sogesom |
| SHN | Saint Helena | Sohenim |
| SJM | Svalbard and Jan Mayen | Sojimim |
| SLB | Solomon Islands | Solibam |
| SLE | Sierra Leone | Solem |
| SLV | El Salvador | Solivum |
| SMR | San Marino | Somirom |
| SOM | Somalia | Somim |
| SPM | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Sopomim |
| SRB | Serbia | Sorobam |
| STP | São Tomé and Príncipe | Sotopom |
| SUR | Suriname | Surom |
| SVK | Slovakia | Sovukim |
| SVN | Slovenia | Sovunim |
| SWE | Sweden | Sowem |
| SWZ | Swaziland | Sowuzum |
| SYC | Seychelles | Soyucam |
| SYR | Syria | Soyurom |
| TCA | Turks and Caicos Islands | Tocam |
| TCD | Chad | Tocadam |
| TGO | Togo | Togom |
| THA | Thailand | Toham |
| TJK | Tajikistan | Tojikim |
| TKL | Tokelau | Tokilim |
| TKM | Turkmenistan | Tokimim |
| TLS | East Timor | Tolisom |
| TON | Tonga | Tonim |
| TTO | Trinidad and Tobago | Totom |
| TUN | Tunisia | Tunim |
| TUR | Turkey | Turim |
| TUV | Tuvalu | Tuvum |
| TWN | Taiwan | Towunim |
| TZA | Tanzania | Tozam |
| UGA | Uganda | Ugam |
| UKR | Ukraine | Ukirom |
| UMI | United States Minor Outlying Islands | Umim |
| URY | Uruguay | Uroyum |
| USA | United States | Usam |
| UZB | Uzbekistan | Uzubam |
| VAT | Vatican City | Vatom |
| VCT | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Vucatom |
| VEN | Venezuela | Venim |
| VGB | British Virgin Islands | Vugebam |
| VIR | United States Virgin Islands | Virom |
| VNM | Vietnam | Vunimim |
| VUT | Vanuatu | Vutom |
| WLF | Wallis and Futuna | Wulifem |
| WSM | Samoa | Wusomim |
| YEM | Yemen | Yemim |
| ZAF | South Africa | Zafem |
| ZMB | Zambia | Zumibam |
| ZWE | Zimbabwe | Zuwem |
    The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker a, eg:
      * Feram....France ==> Ferama....French
      * Usom....United States ==> Usoma....American
      * Deum....Germany ==> Deuma....German
    The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final m of the placename to t (meaning person), eg:
      * Feram....French ==> Ferat....a French person, a Frenchman
    The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg:
      * Ferat....a French person ==> ha Ferati....the French
      * Etohet....an Ethiopian ==> Etohwat....an Ethiopian male
      * Finit....a Finn ==> Finiyt....a Finnish woman
    Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: Ferama refers to the country of France, not the language French. French the language is Ferad.

#### Continents

    The word for continent in Mirad is yanmel (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word yanmel with vectorial prefixes.
Continent Names :
| MIRAD | ENGLISH |
| Ayanmal | North America |
| Oyanmel | South America |
| Iyanmel | Asia |
| Uyanmel | Europe |
| Eyanmel | Africa |
| Yoyanmel | Oceania |
    The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing -a:
   * Iyanmela....Asian
   * Uyanmela....European
    By appending -t(i) to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants:
   * Eyanmelat....an African
   * Ayanmelati....North Americans
    Note:
   * The Americas is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word Aoyanmel (a combination of North and South America).
   * Central America is expressed in Mirad by Ebaoyanmel (Inter-America)
   * The word Usom means United States or USA. The word America by itself is not used in Mirad; only North America or South America. United States of America is expressed by Usom bi Ayanmel (United States of North America), abbreviated as UA.
   * The word Usomati is used for Americans when referring to inhabitants of the U.S.
   * The word Eyanmel-Usomat, or more briefly, Eusomat is used for African American.
   * Latin America is expressed as Liada Oyanmel.
   * A Latino is Liadut.
   * A latinx in the U.S. is called Usoma Liadut.
   * In some geographic systems, Ausom....Australia is considered a continent.
    The word for island is yonmel (= separate land).

#### Oceans

    The Mirad word for ocean is mimag. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word mimag:
Ocean Names :
| MIRAD | ENGLISH |
| Amimag | Arctic Ocean |
| Omimag | Southern Ocean |
| Imimag | Pacific Ocean |
| Umimag | Atlantic Ocean |
| Emimag | Indian Ocean |

#### Compass Directions and Poles

    The compass directions (merizoni) and poles (mernodi) are as follows:
      * zamer....north / zamera....northern / zamernod....north pole
      * zomer....south / zomera....southern / zomernod....south pole
      * zimer....east / zimera....eastern
      * zumer....west / zumera....western
    The words Yibzamer....Arctic and Yibzomer...Antarctic(a) both use the prefix yib....far.
    Prefixing the directions with iz-....due- yields:
      * iz zamer....due north
      * iz zomer....due south, etc.
    Directional words can be hybridized, eg:
      * zaomera....north-south
      * zuimera....east-west
      * zaumera....north-west
      * zaimera....north-east

#### Earth Grid Lines

    The earth grid lines (mernadi) are as follows:
      * zamernad....Arctic Circle
      * zomernad....Antarctic Circle
      * zaomernad....longitude
      * zuimernad....latitude
      * zemernad....equator
         * abzemernad....Tropic of Capricorn
         * obzemernad....tropic, Tropic of Cancer
            * yizobzemernad....subtropic
      * eymernad....meridian
      * mamnad....horizon
      * aonada....vertical
      * uinada....horizontal
      * zyenada....perpendicular

#### Languages of the World

    Mirad names of languages are based on either:
      * the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or:
      * the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [of Congress ISO639-2 Codes].
    If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final m or the country name with d. For example, Enigem (England), becomes Eniged (English). See Countries of the World.
    If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and d is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, ba + e becomes be.
    Mirad Language Names ISO LANGUAGE NAMECOUNTRY or ISO CODEMIRAD LANGUAGE NAME AbkhazianabkAbakid AfaraarAarod AfrikaansZafem....South AfricaZafed AkanakaAkad (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka) AlbanianAlibam....AlbaniaAlibad AmharicamhAmihed ArabicaraArad AragoneseargAroged ArmenianAromimHeyud AssameseasmAsomid AvaricavaAvad AvestanaveAved AymaraaymAyumid AzerbaijaniAzem....AzerbaijanAzed BambarabamBamid BashkirbakBakirod BasquebaqBaqod BelarusianBalirom....BelarusiaBalirod BengaliBagedim....BangladeshBagedid BislamabisBisod BosnianBihem....BosniaBihed BretonbreBared BulgarianBagerom....BulgariaBagerod BurmeseMimirom....MiyanmarMimirod
...and so on...
    The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing -a, eg:
      * Eniged....(the) English (language) ==> Enigeda....(in the) English (language)
      * Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.....This English language document is incomprehensible.
    The language names can be verbalized with the addition of -der....to say, -daler....to speak, and -xer....to translate into, eg:
      * Ferad....French ==> Ferader....to say in French
      * Esopod....Spanish ==> Esopodaler....to speak Spanish
      * Arad....Arabic ==> Aradxer....to Arabicize/translate into Arabic
      * Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.....French has many Anglicizations.
    The speaker of a language is created by adding -ut or -alut, eg:
      * Eniged....English ==> Enigedut (or) Enigedalut....English speaker
      * Duven et Enigedale?....Do you speak English?
      * Aradu hia dun.....Say this word in Arabic.
      * At se Itadut/Itadalut.....I am a speaker of Italian.
    Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows:
    Language Variants VARIATION CATEGORYEXAMPLE Ajna....Old/AncientAjna Eniged....Old English, Anglo-Saxon Ejoba....ModernEjoba Perod....Modern Persian, Farsi Visauna....ClassicalVisauna Gerocad....Classical Greek Vyirina....PuristicVyirina Gerocad....Katharevousa (Puristic Greek) Tyoda....Vulgar/Popular/DemoticTyoda Latod....Vulgar Latin Tyoda Gerocad....Demotic Greek Fyaxela....LiturgicalFyaxela Hebad....Liturgical Hebrew Fyadyesa....BiblicalFyadyesa Hebad....Biblical Hebrew Egona....StandardEjoba Egona Arad....Modern Standard Arabic Egema....EgyptianEgema Arad....Egyptian Arabic Usoma....AmericanUsoma Eniged....American English
    There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself.
      * Mirad....Mirad (Mir....world)
      * Meurad....Martian (Meur...Mars)
      * Celtic, which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called Celid in Mirad.
      * Indo-European, with the code "ine", translates to Inied in Mirad.

#### Cities and Their Residents

    Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in -a or -yena.
    Cities and Their Residents CITYADJECTIVEINHABITANT Paris....ParisParisyena....ParisianParisat....Parisian Ejna York....New YorkEjna Yorka....of New YorkEjna Yorkat....New Yorker Rom....RomeRoma....RomanRomat....Roman Beijing....BeijingBeijinga....of BeijingBeijingat....resident of Beijing Berlin....BerlinBerlina....from BerlinBerlinat....Berliner
    Examples:
   * Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.....Berlin citizens are called Berliners.
   * Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.....Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.

### Playing Cards Notation

    The playing card suits and prime denominations are:
       Playing Card Suits MIRADENGLISHIMAGE tiibheart♥ melukarspade♠ amezdiamond♦ infayebclub♣
       High Cards plus the Joker MIRADENGLISHIMAGE Az bi tiibiace of hearts Edweb bi melukariking of spades Edeyb bi ameziqueen of diamonds Yuxtwobet bi infayebijack of clubs hihiduutjoker
    Some useful terms:
      * eker drafi....to play cards
      * zyabuer ha drafi....to deal the card
      * ebnapxer ha drafi....to shuffle the cards
      * goler ha nyan....to cut the deck
      * ujber....to fold
      * durer....to bid
      * lokoxer draf....to turn over a card
      * lokoxer ota tuyab....to show one's hand
      * abnabxer....to trump
      * ekdrafnyan....deck of cards
      * nab....suit
      * joper nab...to follow suit
      * kyesdraft....wild card
      * abnaba draf....trump card
      * ha yannas....the pot
      * ha nax....the ante
      * yaber ha nax....to up/raise the ante

### Chess Piece Nomenclature

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
    The game of chess is called xahifek in Mirad.
    The chess pieces (xahifek gouni) are as follows:
    Chess Piece Names MIRADENGLISHIMAGE edwebking edeybqueen efyaxebbishop apetaputknight tamazrook melyexutpawn
    Some chess terms:
      * to checkmate....xahtojber
      * Check!....Xah!
      * Checkmate!....xahtoj!
      * chess board....xahifek seym, xahifek drof
      * to move a piece....paxer goun
      * to capture a piece....pixler goun
      * chess clock....xahifek jwobar
      * chess set....xahifek gounyan
      * chess tournament....xahifekanyan
      * chess player....xehifekut
      * my turn....ata nayb
      * score....aoksag
      * world champion....miraklut

### Botanical Nomenclature

    The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the Linnaean taxonomy.

#### Base Names

    So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words:
      * fab....trees
         * feb....fruits and nuts
      * fayb....vines and shrubs
         * feyb....berries
      * vob....crops
      * vol....vegetables
      * veel....legumes and beans
      * vos....flowers

#### Specific Names

    To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, pine tree is rendered as pifab. The pi prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees Pinaceae. The fab ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. cedar tree is cepifab from Pianaceae Cedrus. A cedar of Lebanon is licepifab from the more specific Pinaceae Cedrus libani.
    By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in pifab.
Basic Botanical Terms :
| fob....plant | vob....crop | vol....vegetable |
| fab....tree fayeb....leaf faob....wood fayob....bark | vab....grass vayob....peel | |
| feb....fruit/nut | veb....ear/tuft veeb....seed veeyb....grain | veel....legume |
| fib....trunk | vib....stem | |
| fub....branch | vub....blade vulob....thorn | |
| fyob....root | vyob....tuber | |

##### Product Names

    Products derived from plants are formed with the following words:
      * -fel....juice
      * -feel....-ade
      * -feyl....juice
      * -fil....alcoholic drink
      * -fyel....oil/jam/syrup
      * -fyeyl....jelly
      * -fol....grounds/powder
      * -fayel....leaf juice
    Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section Zoological Nomenclature. For example, an apple is from the Rosaceae family of trees, the genus being Malus. So the word for apple becomes marofeb. Apple tree is marofab and apple juice is marofel. Thus, apple cider is marofil.

##### Crops

    Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base vob with taxonomic syllables.
    The base words of this group are:
      * -vob....crop
      * -vab....grass
      * -vayeb....leaf
      * -veb....ear, cob, head, spike, tuft
      * -veeb....seed, germ
      * -veel....bean, legume
      * -veeyb....grain, kernel, pip
      * -vib....stem
      * -vub....blade, sprig, twig
      * -vyob....tuber
      * -vel....edible product
      * -vil....drinkable product, beer
      * -vyel....syrup
      * -vol....vegetable
    From the above base words are derived these products, among others:
      * sakol....sugar < sakvob....sugarcane
      * povel....bread < povob....cereal
      * zepovyel....corn syrup, corn oil < zepovob....corn
      * zepovil....whiskey, bourbon
      * sepovil....rye whiskey < zepovob....rye
      * povil....beer
      * epovil....ale
      * avpovob mekil....oatmeal < avpovob....oat
      * orpovob zyiglal....rice cake < orpovob....rice
      * mekuvol....melon

##### Vegetables and Legumes

    Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base vol (vegetable) or veel (legume, bean) with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks.
Vegetables :
| EDIBLE CROP | TAXONOMY |
| LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS ||
| faveel....bean | Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris |
| lensfaveel....lentil | Fabaceae Lens culinaris |
| glifaveel....soybeen | Fabaceae Glycine max |
| vigfaveel....black-eyed pea | Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata |
| VEGETABLES: BERRIES/FRUITS ||
| lisovol....tomato | Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum |
| mesovol....eggplant | Solanaceae Solanum melongena |
| perlawvol....avocado | Lauraceae Persea americana |
| sakuvol....cucumber | Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus |
| cinasvol....artichoke | Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus |
| akapsovol....chili pepper | Solanaceae Capsicum annuum |
| abmalvol....okra | Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus |
| BULBS ||
| amalvol....leek | Allium ampeloprasum |
| cepalvol....onion | Allium cepa |
| alkalvol....shallot | Alium ascalonicum |
| satalvol....garlic | Allium sativum |
| zinvol....ginger | Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale |
| skoynalvol....chive | Allium Schoenoprasum |
| foynapvol....fennel | Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera |
| MELONS/GOURDS ||
| kuvol....squash, gourd | Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita |
| makuvol....pumpkin | Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima |
| mekuvol....melon, honeydew, cantaloupe | Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon |
| cikuvol....watermelon | Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus |
| pekuvol....zucchini | Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo |
| TUBERS/ROOT VEGETABLES ||
| tusovol....potato | Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum |
| betamvol....beet, beetroot | Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris |
| rafbravol....radish | Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus |
| kadawapvol....carrot | Apiaceae Daucus carota |
| nabravol....turnip | Brassica napus |
| cinasvol....artichoke | Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus |
| pasavol....parsnip | Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa |
| kolaravol....taro | Araceae Colocasia esculenta |
| divol....yam | Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea |
| LEAFY/FLOWERING VEGETABLES ||
| bravol....cabbage | Brassicaceae |
| botrolbravol'....cauliflower | Brassica oleracea botrytis |
| gemolbravol....Brussels sprouts | Brassica oleracea gemmifera |
| valkavol....corn salad, lamb's lettuce | Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta |
| lakasvol....lettuce | Asteraceae Lactuta sative |
| spinamvol....spinach | Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea |
| rupolivol....sorrel | Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa |
| tarasvol....mustard greens | Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale |
| itolbravol....broccoli | Brassica Oleracea italica |
| abmalvol....okra | Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus |
| petapvol....parsley | Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum |
| basoclamvol....basil | Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum |
| orlamvol....thyme | Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare |
| encivol....chicory, endive | Cichorium endivia |
| nasbravol....watercress | Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale |
| korapvol....coriander | Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum |
| STALKS ||
| aspavol....asparagus | Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis |
| gravapvol....celery | Apiaceae Apium graveolens |
| rewmpolivol....rhubarb | Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum |
| kurzinvol....turmeric | Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa |
| kokarvol....heart of palm, swamp cabbage | Arecaceae Cocos |
| cimpovol....lemongrass | Poaceae Cymbopogon |

#### Common Flower Names
##### Flower Parts

    Flower names are built on the base name vos, meaning flower. First, here is a list of flower parts:
Flower Parts :
* Flower Parts
* vos....flower
* vosayob....sepal
* vosayeb....petal
* vosib....receptacle
* veeybpexus....stigma
* vosij....bud, flower bud
* tooygon....pistil
* veeybyan....pollen
* twoogon....stamen
* twoogonyif....filament
* veeybyem....anther
* vosyob....peduncle

##### Flower Names

    Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base vos that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples:
    sompavos....opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
    magvos....magnolia (Magnoliaceae Magnolia)
    orvos....orchid (Orchidaceae Orchis)
    krokirvos....crocus (Iridaceae Crocus)
    For a fuller list, see the section Flower Words.

### Computer Terminology

    This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges.
Computerese :
| MIRAD | ENGLISH |
| agna saibyan syaagir | mainframe computer |
| absem syaagir | desktop computer |
| agbanak | byte |
| ajnexer | to archive |
| amloagbanak | megabyte |
| anay dyewa tax | read-only memory, ROM |
| aota syaagir | personal computer |
| aottuunyan | profile |
| aoyebmeyp | port |
| apaxler | to swipe |
| aroagbanak | kilobyte |
| baler buxnuf | to press/hit a key |
| banak | bit |
| agdresin kyoxea buxnuf | caps lock key |
| buxnuf | key |
| buxnufsemes | keyboard |
| buxnufseym | keypad |
| izeaxus | cursor |
| byuxseym | touchpad |
| datier | to friend |
| dodrer ebdras | to post a message |
| dota zeyn | social medium |
| ebdrer | to text |
| dreun | document |
| dreuzyufer | to scroll, pan |
| droer naab | to delete a file |
| drou buxnuf | delete key |
| drur | printer |
| drurer naab | to print out a file |
| drurer | to print out |
| druru buxnuf | print screen key |
| drurun | a printout |
| dunexlar | word processor |
| dyezier | to take a movie |
| ebdayler | to chat |
| ebdaylim | chatroom |
| emojin | emoji |
| ex buxnuf | function key |
| exen vyaab | operating system |
| extuundras | program, application |
| extuundrasog | app |
| extuundrasyan | software |
| extuundrer | to program |
| fuk | bug |
| fukaya | buggy |
| fukoyxer | to debug |
| garalyoagbanak | petabyte |
| gelxer naab | to copy a file |
| googler | to google |
| gyia kyos yebiar | solid state drive, SSD |
| gyia zyiun yebiar | cd drive |
| haydren dyun | login name |
| haydrer bay tuyubbal | to log in with one's fingerprint |
| haydrer | to log in |
| hoydrer | to log out |
| huisteaxar | browser |
| kyeteaxer | to browse |
| hyux buxnuf | alt key |
| iber naab | to receive a file |
| ila mez sinuar, IMS | liquid crystal display, LDC |
| izbex buxnuf | control key |
| izbexdrof | motherboard |
| kliker ab | click on |
| kodun | password |
| gawdyunxer naab | to rename a file |
| kyax buxnuf | shift key |
| kyea yempuen tax | random access memory, RAM |
| kyisier naab | to download a file |
| kyisuer naab | to upload a file |
| kyiunxar | charger |
| kyiunxer | to charge |
| lodatier | to unfriend |
| makebdren | email |
| makedrer | to email |
| man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES | LED |
| mansin dyes | photo album |
| mis | window |
| naab | file |
| naedzyun | trackball |
| nagonxar | modem |
| neaf mansiniar | web camera |
| nexer naab | to save a file |
| num yibdalir | cellphone |
| belyafwa syaagir | laptop computer |
| oglagos | microchip |
| gwoteexar | microphone |
| omijber | to boot up |
| gawomijber | to reboot |
| paxer naab | to move a file |
| paxyafwa yibdalir | mobile phone |
| poxu zyumuf buxnuf | scroll lock key |
| sagbexu buxnuf | numlock key |
| sagseym | number pad |
| sam | console |
| saunapxer naab | to sort a file |
| semes syaagir | tablet computer |
| sindren semes | graphics tablet |
| sindrenyan exlen aun | graphics processing unit, GPU |
| sines | icon |
| sinuar | screen, display, monitor |
| syaager | to compute |
| syaagir | computer |
| syaagirdal | computerese |
| syaagirtun | computer science |
| syaagnyed | spreadsheet |
| taam mays | home screen |
| tampu buxnuf | home key |
| sirmul | hardware, physical matter |
| taxdrer | to record |
| taxmuf | memory stick |
| teataxdrer | to video |
| teataxdrun | video |
| tuunnabyan | database |
| tuyab izdar | mouse |
| uber naab | to send a file |
| uinig buxnuf | tab key |
| utmansin | selfie |
| yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD) | HTML |
| yeber | to enter, insert |
| yebu buxnuf | enter key, return key, insert key |
| yiga zyiun yebiar | hard disk drive, HDD |
| yijber naab | to open a file |
| yujber naab | to close a file |
| makmepdrof | circuitboard |
| zea exlen aun | central processing unit, CPU |
| zoynigxu buxnuf | backspace key |
| zyiun yebiar | disk drive |

### Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology

    This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages.

#### Medical Diseases

    Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg.
      * balyoganbok....asthma (lit: shortness of breath illness)
      * tiebbok....pneumonia (lit: lung illness)
      * teibbok....rhinitis (lit: nose illness)
      * tayibblok....neuropathy (lit: nerve suffering)
      * tebbyoyk....headache (lit: head ache)
      * teibzyegikanbok....osteoporosis (lit: bone porosity illness)

#### Pharmaceuticals

    Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized.
      * aspirin....aspirin
      * Ibupropen....Ibupropen
    Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose:
      * bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol....analgesic, painkiller (Lit: pain reliever)
      * tikebilokxol....emetic (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance)
    Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see Nonproprietary Names). For example, phenobarbital. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad:
    INN names pronunciation GRECO-ROMAN SPELLINGMIRAD PRONUNCIATION chk phf xks yi qukw rhr tht aeay oeoy c before i, e, or yc c otherwisek final esilent double consonantsingle consonant
    Examples:
      * acetaminophen....a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN
      * amphetamine....am-fe-ta-MIN
      * trimethroprim....tri-me-tro-PRIM
      * sulfamethoxazole....sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL
      * oxacillin....o-ksa-si-LIN

### Mineral Nomenclature

    General words:
    muk....mineral
    muz....ore
    mug....metal
    mez....crystal
    meg....rock, stone
       megog....pebble
       meges....gravel
    mel....soil
    meil....mud
    mek....dust
    miek....sand
    mev....porcelain
    mef....brick

#### Common Crystals

    The common crystals end in -mez and are listed here:
    Names of Common Crystals MIRADENGLISH mezcrystal amezdiamond emeztopaz imezruby umezemerald yomezsapphire yamezlapis lazuli yemezamethyst yimezamber yumeztopaz alomezopal alameztourmaline alemezgarnet alimezzirconia alumezjasper alyomezjade alyamezmarganite alyemezquartz

#### Other Minerals

    All other minerals end in -muk with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example:
    Some Mineral Names ENGLISHIMA SYMBOLMIRAD SPELLINGSMIRAD NAME argyrodyteAgya-ge-yuageyumuk brochantyteBctba-ca-tobacatomuk chromiteChrca-he-rocaheromuk
    There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.:
      * Lemmleinite-K (Lem-k) is liemikomuk in Mirad.

#### Rock Classification

    The naming of individual rock types is based on the [BGS Rock Classification Scheme ].
    All rocks end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type:
      * ameg....sedimentary rock
      * emeg....igneous rock
      * imag....metamorphic rock
    The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final e is dropped from names that end in yte or ite. For example, trachydacite in the scheme becomes trachydacit in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above (emeg igneous rock). So trachydacite becomes trachydacitemeg in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary.
    The word meg rock has some common derivatives:
      * megag....boulder
      * meg....stone
      * megog....pebble
      * meges....gravel
      * megyel....cement, asphalt, bitumen
         * megyelyig....concrete
      * megil....lava
      * meggos....crag
      * megyig....flintstone, basalt
      * meag....marble
      * meeg....slate
      * meig....granite
      * meug....clay, dough
      * meyog....china
      * meyag....chalk
         * meyaz....pastel
         * meyayg....calcite
      * meyeg....limestone, sediment
      * meyig....alabaster
      * meyug....gypsum
      * mealog....sandstone, stoneware
      * mameg....coal
         * eymameg....coke
         * maameg....anthracite
         * maemeg....peat
         * maimeg....lignite
    Related are:
      * mek....dust
         * mekes....grit
         * mekil....grout
         * meyk....grit
      * myek....powder
      * miek....sand
      * mieg....coral
      * mel....dirt
      * muk....mineral
      * meil....mud
      * mez....crystal
         * meyz....spar
         * meyzag....feldspar
      * muz....ore
      * memol....alkali
      * mimol....salt
      * mef....brick

### Metric Nomenclature

    Mirad uses the International System of Units (SI)) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names (alpha, gamma, etc.) preceded with the word ag- if majuscule (aggamma for γ) The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ohm (Ω) is agomega. All metric units end in the word nak.

#### SI Base Units

       SI base units ENGLISH UNIT NAME SYMBOLIC ABBREVIATION QUANTITY UNIT MIRAD PRONUNCIATION second s time sonak meter m length minak kilogram kg mass kigenak ampere A electric current aganak kelvin K thermodynamic temperature agkinak Mole mol amount of substance miolinak candela cd luminous intensity cadanak

#### SI Derived Units

    Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:
       SI derived units with special names and symbols ENGLISH NAME SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION QUANTITY UNIT MIRAD PRONUNCIATION radian rad plane angle roadanak steradian sr solid angle soronak hertz Hz frequency aghezunak newton N force, weight agninak pascal Pa pressure, stress agpoanak joule J energy agjinak watt W power agwunak coulomb C electric charge agcanak volt V electrical potential difference agvunak farad F capacitance agfenak ohm Ω electrical resistance agomeganak Siemens S electrical conductance agsonak Weber Wb magnetic flux agwubanak tesla T magnetic flux density agtonak henry H inductance aghenak degree Celsius °C temperature nogagcanak lumen lm luminous flux liminak lux lx illuminance lixunak becquerel Bq radioactivity agbakonak gray Gy absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) aggeyunak sievert Sv equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation) agsovunak katal kat catalytic activity kiatonak byte B 8 bits of information agbanak bit b one bit of information banak
    Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:

#### Convenient Non-SI Units

       Convenient non-SI units ENGLISH NAME SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION QUANTITY UNIT MIRAD PRONUNCIATION litre L volume aglinak hectare ha area heabak ton t area tonak decibel dB loudness daagbanak

#### Metrical Formulae

    The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.
       Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units NAME SYMBOLIC FORMULA DERIVED QUANTITY TYPICAL SYMBOL MIRAD PRONUNCIATION square meter m$^2$ area A mi-gar-ewa cubic meter m$^3$ volume V mi-gar-iwa meter per second m/s speed, velocity v mi-gol-so meter per second squared m/s$^2$ acceleration a mi-gol-so-gar-ewa reciprocal meter m$^{−1}$ wavenumber σ, ṽ mi-gor-awa vergence (optics) V, 1/f kilogram per cubic meter kg/m$^3$ density ρ kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa kilogram per square meter kg/m$^2$ surface density ρ$_A$ kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa cubic meter per kilogram m$^3$/kg specific volume v mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige ampere per square meter A/m$^2$ current density j aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa ampere per meter A/m magnetic field strength H aga-gol-mi mole per cubic meter mol/m$^3$ concentration c mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa kilogram per cubic meter kg/m$^3$ mass concentration ρ, γ kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa candela per square meter cd/m$^2$ luminance L$_v$ cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa

#### Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes

    The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for b (byte) is pronounced ba in Mirad. A terabyte ( Tb) is therefore pronounced ag-to-ba, which This amounts 10$^{12}$ bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:
    Scalar Metrics MACROMICRO BASE 10US/UK NAMEMIRAD PREFIX SI PREFIX MIRAD PRON.SI SYMBOLBASE 10(US/UK NAME)MIRAD PREFIX SI PREFIXSI SYMBOL MIRAD PRON. 1onean- ... mono-, uni-1/1wholeayn- holo-, uni- 2twoen- bi-1/2halfeyn- demi-, di- 3threein- tri-1/3thirdiyn- terci- 4fourun- tetra-1/4fourthuyn- quadri- 5fiveyoon- penta-1/5fifthyoyn quinti- 6sixyaon- hexa-1/6sixthyayn sexti- 7sevenyen- hepta-1/7seventhyeyn septi- 8eightyin octo-1/8eighthyiyn octi- 9nineyun nona-1/9ninthyuyn novi- 10tenalo- deca-da da-a-1/10tenthaloy- deci-d da- 10$^2$hundredaso- hexa-h hi-10$^{-2}$hundredthasoy- centi-c ca- 10$^3$thousandamso- kilo-k ki-10$^{-3}$thousandth)amsoy- milli-m mi- 10$^6$millionamlo- mega-M agmi-10$^{-6}$millionthamloy- micro-r ro- 10$^9$billion /milliardamro- giga-G agge-10$^{-9}$billionth/ milliardthamroy- nano-n ni- 10$^{12}$trillion /billiongarale- tera-T agto-10$^{-12}$trillionth / billionth)gorale- pico-p po- 10$^{15}$quadrillion)/ billiardgaralyo- peta-P agpo-10$^{-15}$quadrillionth) / billiardthgoralyo- femto-f fe- 10$^{18}$quintillion / trilliongaralyu- exa-E age-10$^{-18}$quintillionth)/ trillionthgoralyu atto-a a- 10$^{21}$sextillion)/ trilliardgarela- zetta-Z agzu-10$^{-21}$sextillionth / trilliardthgorela zepto-z zu- 10$^{24}$septillion)/ quadrilliongarelu- yotta- Y agyu10$^{-27}$septillionth / quadrillionthgorelu yocto-y yu-
    *Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (10$^9$) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.

#### Abbreviated Symbols

    The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:
    Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols MACROMICRO SYMBOL (EXPANSION)MIRAD PRONUNCIATIONSYMBOL (EXPANSION)MIRAD PRONUNCIATION dag (decagram)daage(decigram)dage hg (hexagram)hegecg (centigram)cage kg (kilogram)kogemg (milligram)mige Mg (megagram)agmigerg or μg (microgram)roge or muge Gg (gigagram)aggegeng (nanogram)nige Tg (teragram)agtogepg (picagram)poge Pg ( petagram)agpogefg (femtogram)fege Eg (exagram)agegeag (attogram)age Zg (zettagram)agzegezg (zeptogram)zege Yg (yottagram)agyugeyg (yoctogram)yuge
    The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar ewa (squared) and gar iwa (cubed), respectively:
      * 10 kg2....(pronounced as:) alo koge gar ewa
      * 12 mm3....(pronounced as:) ale mimi gar iwa

### Trigonometric Nomenclature

    This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by -naz (value).
    Trigonometry Functions Function (Symbol)Mirad Technical NameMirad Ordinary Name sine (sin)soini-nazuznaz cosine (cos)caoso-nazyanuznaz arccosine (arccos, cos$^{-1}$) anticosine inverse cosinearocacaoso-nazovuznaz hyperbolic sine (sinh)soinihe-nazenuza uznaz hyperbolic cosine (cosh)caosohe-nazenuza yanuznaz secant (sec)soeca-nazgolus naz cosecant (csc)casoca-nazyangolus naz arccosecant (arccsc)arocacasoca-nazenuza yangolus naz

### Poetry Nomenclature

    Mirad uses the nonsense syllables di and da to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable di represents an unstressed syllable in verse, while the syllable da denotes a stressed syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word deup as a noun, which means meter or rhythm. The adjectival form of the word ends in deupa. Here are the most common poetic meters:
      * di-da deupa.... iambic
         * di-da yoonkyiba deup.... iambic pentameter
      * di-di-da deupa.... anapestic
      * di-da-da deupa.... bacchius
      * da-da deupa.... spondaic
      * da-da-da deupa.... molossus
      * da-da-di deupa.... antibacchius
      * da-di deupa.... tochaic
         * da-di deup.... trochee, choree
      * da-di-da deupa.... cretic, amphimacer
      * da-di-di deupa.... dactylic
      * da-di-di yaonkyiba deup.... dactylic hexameter
      * da-di-di-da deupa.... amphibrachic
    Other words representing elements of poetry are:
      * drez....poetry, verse
         * dreza....poetic
         * drezyen....poesy
         * drezyan....anthology (of poetry)
         * drezut....poet
            * drezuyt....poetess
            * popdrezut....minstrel
            * Vikinga drezut....skald
            * dreuzut....bard
         * odrez....prose
         * vyasma drez....concrete verse
         * tyoda drez....folk poetry
         * inkyiba drez....trimeter
         * unkyiba drez....tetrameter
         * yoonkyiba drez....pentameter
         * yaonkyiba drez....hexameter
         * yenkyiba drez....heptameter
         * yinkyiba drez....octameter
         * ogelseuxwa drez....blank verse
         * yiva drez....free verse
         * drezun....poem
            * deuzwa drezun....sung poem, lay
            * dindrezun....ballad
            * dizdrezun....limerick
            * fiddrezun....ode
            * fizdrezun....epic poem
            * haikudrezun....haiku
            * viysindrezun....idyll
            * ifondrezun....love poem, romantic poem
            * indrezun....terzain
            * jodrezun....epode
            * yindrezun....sistina
            * klerihyudrezun....clerihew
            * meimdrezun....pastoral
            * melyexdrezun....georgic
            * petnyanuta drezun....pastoral, eclogue
            * popduzuta drezun....troubadour poem
            * rondodrezun....rondeau, rondel, roundel
            * seuz drezun....sound poem
            * tadyandrezun....prothalamion, epithalamion
            * tankadrezun....tanka
            * taxdrezun....epitaph
            * tuddrezun....nursery rhyme
            * ulondrezun....sonnet
            * ujdreznadeon....envoi
            * undrezun....quatrain
            * unnad drezun....tetrastich
            * uvdrezun....elegy
            * alyundrezun....villanelle
            * virelaydrezun....virelai, virelay
            * yizivtos drezun....rhapsody
            * yoondrezun....quintain
      * dreznad....line, -stich, verse
         * eyndreznad...hemistich
         * endreznad....couplet
      * dreznadyan....stanza
      * gelseux....rhyme
         * gelseuxyen....rhyme scheme
         * dunija gelseuxen....alliteration
      * seuxzoyxen....assonance
      * geyldyan....simile
      * yiztyun....metaphor
      * yanseuzan....consonance
      * deup....rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter
      * kyib....stress
      * seuz....tone

### Dimensional Nomenclature

    This chart shows adjectives that describe dimensional relationships:
Dimensional Words :
| Positive | Intermediate | Negative |
| yaba....high(er) | yeba....inner | yoba....low(er) |
| yaiba....tall | yeiba....deep inside | yoiba....deep (down) |
| yauba....short | yeuba....a short way in | youba....shallow |
| yaga....long | | yoga....short |
| yiba....far | | yuba....near |
| aonada....vertical | | uinada....horizontal |
| kia....diagonal | | kua....lateral |
| zyia....flat | | zyua....round |
| yaza....concave | yeza....flush | yoza....convex |

### Geologic Period Nomenclature

    The principal geochronologic units of the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest, are:
   ** joob....eon, eonothem
   *** ajoob....Hadean Eon
   *** ejoob....Archean Eon
   *** ijoob....Proterozoic Eon
   *** ujoob....Phanerozoic Eon
   ** joab....era, erathem
   *** ajoab....Eoarchean Era
   *** ejoab....Paleoarchean Era
   *** ijoab....Mesoarchean Era
   *** ujoab....Neoarchean Era
   *** yojoab....Paleoproterozoic Era
   *** yajoab....Mesoproterozoic Era
   *** yejoab....Neoproterozoic Era
   *** yijoab....Paleozoic Era
   *** yujoab....Mesozoic Era
   *** alojoab....Cenozoic Era
   ** joeb....period
   *** ajoeb....Siderian Period
   *** ejoeb....Rhyacian Period
   *** ijoeb....Orosirian Period
   *** ujoeb....Statherian Period
   *** yojoeb....Calymmian Period
   *** yajoeb....Ectasian Period
   *** yejoeb....Stenian Period
   *** yijoeb....Tonian Period
   *** yujoeb....Cryogenian Period
   *** alojoeb....Ediacaran Period
   *** alajoeb....Cambrian Period
   *** alejoeb....Ordovician Period
   *** alijoeb....Silurian Period
   *** alujoeb....Devonian Period
   *** alyojoeb....Carboniferous Period
   *** alyajoeb....Permian Period
   *** alyejoeb....Triassic Period
   *** alyijoeb....Jurassic Period
   *** alyujoeb....Cretaceous Period
   *** elojoeb....Paleogene Period
   *** elajoeb....Neogene Period
   *** elejoeb....Quarternary Period
   ** joib....epoch
   *** ajoib....Terreneuvian Epoch
   *** ejoib....Series 2 Epoch
   *** ijoib....Miaolingian Epoch
   *** ujoib....Furongian Epoch
   *** yojoib....Lower Epoch
   *** yajoib....Middle Epoch
   *** yejoib....Upper Epoch
   *** yijoib....Llandovery Epoch
   *** yujoib....Wenlock Epoch
   *** alojoib....Ludlow Epoch
   *** alajoib....Pridoli Epoch
   ** joub....age
   *** ajoub....Fortunian Age
   *** ejoub....Stage 2 Age
   *** ijoub....Stage 3 Age
   *** ujoub....Stage 4 Age
   *** yojoub....Wulian Age
   *** yajoub....Drumian Age
   *** yejoub....Guzhangian Age
   *** yijoub....Paibian Age
   *** yujoub....Jianshanian Age
   *** alojoub....Stage 10 Age
   *** alajoub....Temadocian Age
   *** alejoub....Floian Age
   *** alijoub....Dapingian Age
   *** alujoub....Darriwilian Age
   *** alyojoub....Sandbian Age
   *** alyajoub....Katian Age
   *** alyejoub....Hirnantian Age
   *** alyijoub....Rhuddanian Age
   *** alyujoub....Aeronian Age
   *** elojoub....Telychian Age
   *** elajoub....Cheinwoodian Age
   *** elejoub....Homerian Age
   *** elijoub....Gorstian Age
   *** elujoub....Ludfordian Age
   *** elyojoub....Pridoli Age
   *** elyajoub....Lochkovian Age
   *** elyejoub....Pragian Age
   *** elyijoub....Emsian Age
   *** elyujoub....Eifelian Age
   *** ilojoub....Givetian Age
   *** ilajoub....Frasnian Age
   *** ilejoub....Famennian Age
   *** ilijoub....Tournaisian Age
   *** ilujoub....Visean Age
   *** ilyojoub....Serpukhovian Age
   *** ilyajoub....Bashkirian Age
   *** ilyejoub....Moscovian Age
   *** ilyijoub....Kasimovian Age
   *** ilyujoub....Gzhelian Age
   *** ulojoub....Asselian Age
   *** ulajoub....Sakmarian Age
   *** ulejoub....Artinskian Age
   *** ulijoub....Kungurian Age
   *** ulujoub....Roadian Age
   *** ulyojoub....Wordian Age
   *** ulyajoub....Capitanian Age
   *** ulyejoub....Wuchiapingian Age
   *** ulyijoub....Changhsingian Age
   *** ulyujoub....Induan Age
   *** yolojoub....Olenekian Age
   *** yolajoub....Anisian Age
   *** yolejoub....Ladnian Age
   *** yolijoub....Carnian Age
   *** yolujoub....Norian Age
   *** yolyojoub....Rhaetian Age
   *** yolyajoub....Hettangian Age
   *** yolyejoub....Sinemurian Age
   *** yolyijoub....Pliensbachian Age
   *** yolyujoub....Toarcian Age
   *** yalojoub....Aalenian Age
   *** yalajoub....Bajocian Age
   *** yalejoub....Bathonian Age
   *** yalijoub....Callovian Age
   *** yalujoub....Oxfordian Age
   *** yalyojoub....Kimmeridgian Age
   *** yalyajoub....Tithonian Age
   *** yalyejoub....Berriasian Age
   *** yalyijoub....Valanginian Age
   *** yalyujoub....Hauterivian Age
   *** yelojoub....Barremian Age
   *** yelajoub....Aptian Age
   *** yelejoub....Albian Age
   *** yelijoub....Cenomanian
   *** yelujoub....Turonian
   *** yelyojoub....Coniacian
   *** yelyajoub....Santonian
   *** yelyejoub....Campanian
   *** yelyijoub....Maastrichtian
   *** yelyujoub....Danian
   *** yilojoub....Selandian
   *** yilajoub....Thanetian
   *** yilejoub....Ypresian
   *** yilijoub....Lutetian
   *** yilujoub....Bartonian
   *** yilyojoub....Priaboanian
   *** yilyajoub....Rupelian
   *** yilyejoub....Chattian
   *** yilyijoub....Aquitanian
   *** yilyujoub....Burdigalian
   *** yulojoub....Langhian
   *** yulajoub....Serravallian
   *** yulejoub....Tortonian
   *** yulijoub....Messinian
   *** yulujoub....Zanclean
   *** yulyojoub....Piacenzian
   *** yulyajoub....Gelasian
   *** yulyejoub....Calabrian
   *** yulyijoub....Chibanian
   *** yulyujoub....Tarantian
   *** asojoub....Greenlandian
   *** asajoub....Northgrippian
   *** asejoub....Meghalayan

## Forming Adjectives

    You can form an adjective by adding the suffix a to a substantive, adverb, or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized.
    Examples:
    Deriving Adjectives NOUNADJECTIVE taam....hometaama....domestic doob....nationdooba....national tej....lifeteja....vital tyoyapyaf....ability to walktyoyapyafa....ambulatory martun....astronomymartuna....astronomical PRONOUNADJECTIVE at....I, meata....my eut....yourselfeuta....your own hiyen....this kindhiyena....this kind of duhot?....who?duhota?....whose? GERUNDADJECTIVE ifeken....recreationifekena....recreational VERB FORMADJECTIVE (= PARTICIPLE) teje....(he) livestejea....living tojo....will dietojoa....moribund, about to die tojbu....would killtojbua....lethal twa....was knowntwaa....known (usu. shortened to twa)

### Adjectival Suffixes

    Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just a.
    Examples:
    Deriving Other Adjectives SUFFIXMEANINGNOUNADJECTIVE -avapro-, for Usom U.S.Usomava pro-U.S. yuvrin slaveryyuvrinava pro-slavery -ovaanti-, against dobvyabyan constitutiondovyabyanova anti-constitutional dot societydotova anti-social -ayafull of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly volz colorvolzaya colorful futax resentmentfutaxaya resentful tiibil bloodtiibilaya bloody yiflan courageyiflanaya courageous -oyabereft of, -less, un- volz colorvolzoya colorless, pale tajyaf talenttajyafoya untalented -ikafull of, -ous, -ful, -y map windmapika windy -ukabereft of, without, -less nas moneynasuka broke, penniless -yena-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al tudet childtudetyena childish, infantile tot godtotyena divine, godly pit fishpityena fish-like, fishy -wa or -awa-ed, past passive participle (added to verb stem)VERB STEMPAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE t- knowtwa known dal- speakdalwa spoken, oral nixbu- sellnixbuwa sold dr- writedrawa written -ea-ing (added to verb stem)VERB STEMPRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE ot- not knowotea ignorant tej- livetejea living, alive tuj- dietujea dying -yea-ive, prone to Xing, given to X (added to verb stem)VERB STEMPRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE tujb- killtujbyea murderous tex- thinktexyea pensive, thoughtful tox- forgettoxyea forgetful axl- actaxlyea active -uwa-able, apt to be Xed (added to verb stem)VERB STEMPOTENTIAL PASSIVE PARTICIPLE ex- operateexuwa operable tos feeltosuwa palpable tex- thinktexuwa conceivable tel- eatteluwa edible -yafa-able, capable of Xing (added to verb stem)VERB STEMPOTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED teat- seeteatyafa sightful, able to see dyed- readdyedyafa literate -yafwa-able, possible to be Xed (added to verb stem)VERB STEMPOTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED teat- seeteatyafwa visible tax- remembertaxyafwa memorable teet- hearteetyafwa audible tel- eattelyafwa edible -yofaincapable of Xing (added to verb stem)VERB STEMNEGATIVE POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED teat- seeteatyofa blind tyoyap- walktyoyapyofa lame teet- hearteetyofa deaf dal- speakdalyofa dumb, incapable of speaking -yofwaun-X-able (added to verb stem)VERB STEMNEGATIVE POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED teat- seeteatyofwa invisible teet- hearteetyofa inaudible tox- forgettoxyofa unforgetable dal- speakdalyofa unspeakable -ifafond of, -phileNOUN STEMADJECTIVE pot animalpotifa pet-friendly hyitoob- same-genderhyitoobifa homophile tobot childtobotifa pedophile fitel foodfitelifa gourmand doob nationdoobifa patriotic -ifwaloved byNOUN STEMADJECTIVE tyod peopletyodifwa popular -ufaadverse to, hating, miso-, -phobicNOUN STEMADJECTIVE tob humantobufa misanthropic hyut- other personhyutufa xenophobic toyb- womantoybufa misogynist -ef(w)aneedful of, (necessary to be X-ed)NOUN OR VERB STEMADJECTIVE til drinktilefa thirsty tel foodtelefa hungry nas moneynasefa poor, needy yelb- to oilyelbefwa squeaky, in need of oil -yef(w)aworthy of, due to be (deserving of being X-ed)NOUN OR VERB STEMADJECTIVE fid praisefidyefa praiseworthy dud answerdudyefa responsible tax- remembertaxyefwa memorable -yuk(w)aeasy to, (easily X-ed)VERB STEMADJECTIVE vatex- believevatexyuka gullible vatex- believevatexyukwa incredible, hard to believe -yik(w)ahard to, (hard of X-ing)VERB STEMADJECTIVE teat- seeteatyikwa opaque teet- hearteetyika hard of hearing

### Adjectival Prefixes
#### Negating the Meaning of Adjectives

          The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix o-.
          Examples:
            * vlea....probable → ovlea....improbable
            * fika....perfect → ofika....imperfect
            * twa....known → otwa....unknown
            * bosa....quiet → obosa....upset, unquiet
          Note: Occasionally, the prefix lo- is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case:
            * fwa....wanted
            * → ofwa....prohibited < ofer....to prohibit
            * → yofwa....impossible < yofer....to be unable
            * → lofwa....unwanted < fer....to want (disambiguated)
          The prefixes lyo- and ov are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective:
            * data....friendly
            * odata....unfriendly
            * ovdata....hostile
            * lyodata....inimical
            * dota....social
            * odota....unsocial
            * ovdota....antisocial
            * lyodota....savage

#### Table of Adjective Prefixes

          As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones:
          Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column MIRAD PREFIXENGLISH PREFIXALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES o-un-, a(n)-, in-, non-obaka....unhealthy oyezyebeya....incontinent, oyelpea....non-invasive ototina....atheist ov-anti-, counter-ovzuina....anti-leftist oviztida....counter-intuitive av-pro-avhyitoosifa....pro-gay kovyo-pseudo-kovyotepina....pseudo-intellectual hya(s)-all-, pan-, omni-hyastea....all-knowing, omniscient voy-, gal-re-voyupya....returned galabwa....reapplied vyo-mis-vyoseudxwa....mispronounced eyn-semi-, half-eynlevelaya....semi-sweet eyntija....half-awake yiz-ultra-, super-yizdoobina....ultra-nationalist yizmola....supernatural gro-under-, hypo-grojaga....under-aged gra-over-, hyper-, uber-graagxwa....overgrown gratoseya....hypersensitive gla-multi-, many-, poly-glakuma....multilateral glatadaya....polygamous fu-mal-, ill-futeyenxwa....ill-conceived fusanxwa....malformed fi-well-fitofabwa....well-dressed yuyb-quasi-, almostyuybdaba....quasi-governmental ja-pre-, (a)fore-, pro-jateyenxwa....pre-conceived jaigdawa....aformentioned jo-post-jodropeka....post-war oyeb-extra-, exo-, oyebtada....extra-marital yeb-endo-yebtayoba....endo-dermal agl(a)-macro-aglamora....macrocosmic ogl(a)-micro-oglamora....microcosmic ut-auto-, self-, sui-utpana....automatic uttojbua....suicidal hyaewa-ambi-hyaewatesea....ambivalent en-bi-entoobifa....bisexual yuz-circum-yuzteaxea....circumspect gel-homo-gelsauna....homogeneous ogel-hetero-ogelsauna....heterogeneous oyb-infra-, sub-oybivoza....infrared ge-iso-, equi-gevoza....isochromatic agr(a)-mega-agratipa....megamaniacal ku-para-kuega....paranormal yuyb-quasi-, almost, pen-yuybdobyena....quasi-official yib-tele-, far-yibpyuxea....far-reaching zey-trans-, cross-zeymimaga....transoceanic aaj-paleo-aajtoba....paleoloanthropic eej-neo-eejvisauna....neoclassical yibaj-arch(a)eo-, ancientyibajtuna....archaeological yeb-endo-, inner, intro-yebzena....endocentric yebuzbwa....introverted oyeb-exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-oyebzena....exocentric oyebuzbwa....extroverted yab(an)-high-, upyabnoga....upscale yabnayxa....high-priced yaban-acro-yabanyufa....acrophobic yob-low-, down-yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale

### English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison

    Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts:
    English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared ENGLISH SUFFIXMEANINGMIRAD SUFFIXALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES -fulfull of-aya -ikavozaya....colorful tuzika....skillful -ousfull of-aya -ikanazika....precious milaya....aqueous -filledfull of-aya -ikamovika / movaya....smoke-filled -yfull of-aya -ikamovika / movaya....smoky -ousof like-atotina....religious vyosa....erroneous -lylike-yenatotyena....godly toybyena....womanly -likelike-yenapatyena....bird-like -ishlike-yenatobotyena....childish -ylike-yenafyabyena....fruity -iclike-yenatuzyena....artistic silyena....acidic -icof related to-atuna....scientific beka....therapeutic -icalof related to-azyunida....spherical iztexa....logical -ologicalpertaining to the study of-tunatejtuna....biological -ist(ic)pertaining to the doctrine of-inadoparina....militarist(ic) nasyanina....capitalist(ic) -ophobic (and miso- prefix)hating fearful of-ufayudatufa....xenophonic tobyanufa....misanthropic -ophilic (and philo- prefix)loving-ifatobotifa....pedophilic tobifa....philanthropic -allike-yenapyotyena....bestial -alof pertaining to-ateja....vital amana....thermal -lesswithout empty of-oya -ukatejuka....lifeless tobotoya....childless -freewithout empty of-oya -ukayomuka....ice-free vyosoya....error-free -safe -prooffree not subject to-vakamilvaka....waterproof

## Forming Adverbs

    Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix a, in other words, by adding a y to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
    Examples:
    Deriving Adverbs ADJECTIVEADVERB fia....goodfiay....well vyaa....truevyaay....truly gyua....easygyuay....easily iga....quickigay....quickly auta....personalautay....personally
    For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example:
      * It tyoyape ig.....He walks fast.
      * Yit xa has fi.....They did it well.

### Special Adverbs

    Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in -ay.
    Here are the principal such adverbs:
    Special Adverbs MIRADENGLISH vayindeed, really, certainly, do (cf. va....yes) veypossibly, may, might (cf. ve....maybe) voynot (cf. vo....no) gamore (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) gayalso, moreover, further, still geas, equally (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) geyeven goless (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb) goyno longer, no more glavery glayquite, rather, so gleso glonot very, not so gratoo greenough, sufficiently, over- gronot...enough, inadequately, under- gwamost, super- gweaverage gwoleast, sub- zayahead, forward zeyacross zoyback zyethrough zyathroughout
    The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow:
      * AFFIRMATIVE: Va, at vay se taduwa.....Yes, I am indeed married.
      * DUBITIVE: Iyta dud se vey vyosa.....Her response is possibly wrong.
      * NEGATIVE: At voy se eta yuxrut.....I am not your slave.
    The adverbs above beginning with g are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb:
      * Et se gla via.....You are very beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].
      * Et peya gra ig.....You were going too fast [=ADVERB].
      * It gra dale.....He talks [=VERB] too much.
    Other special adverbs, which do not end in -ay, include the following, which can all be used in multi-word prepositions:
    Adverbs Used in Prepositional Phrases SPECIAL ADVERBEXAMPLES yab....upHa pat papa yab bu ha mam.....The bird flew up to the sky. yob....downTeaxu yob bu ha mel.....Look down to the ground. yub....nearBesu yub bi ha mas.....Stay near the wall. yib....farHa tobi igpia yib bi ha yovbyokam.....The people ran far from the prison. yeb....in, inward, insideKyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa yeb buha tam!....Guess who just walked into the house! oyeb....out, outsideIt tyoyapa oyeb zye bi ha zames.....He walked out through the front door. yuz....aroundYit daza yuz bi yat.....They danced around us. yiz....beyondEt yefe teaxer yiz bi hia tistam av yux.....You must look beyond this school for help. iz....directly, straightPu iz bu hat.....Go right up to him. zi....rightUzpu zi ub yat!....Turn right toward us! zu....leftHat uzpa zu ib at.....He turned left away from me. zay....forwardPu zay bu ha uj.....Go on to the end. zoy....backUpu zoy bi hua nem.....Come back from that place. zye....throughYat buxo ha muyv zye bi ha dref.....We will push the pin through the paper. yan....togetherVan yat tyopu yan.....Let's walk together. yon....apartHa meri kyapeye yon.....The planets are drifting apart.

### Pro-adverbs

    There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as pro-adverbs. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like duhom? (where?), duhoyen? (how?), duhoj? (when?), duhogla (to what extent?), and their answers, such as hum (there), heyen (somehow), and hyoj (never), hugla (so, to that extent). These words are discussed under the chapter on Deictic Determiners.

## Forming Verbs

    Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech:
      * Noun stems
      * Adjective stems
      * Verb stems

### Forming Verbs from Nouns

    Verbs can often be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix er:
    Denominal Verb Derivation NOUNVERB syag....countsyager....to count af....permissionafer....may, be allowed teud....cry, shoutteuder....to cry, shout, exclaim taj....birthtajer....to be born tej....lifetejer....to live toj....deathtojer....to die ej....presentejer....to continue ij....beginningijer....to begin uj....endijer....to end yuj....sleeptujer....to sleep

### Verb Formants

    More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such verb formants are in this chart:
   * -ser....to be/become usually intransitive and stative (unite = become one)
   * -xer....to do/make usually transitive and dynamic (unite = make one)
   * -per....to go usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (mount = get onto)
   * -ber....to put usually transitive and a verb of gesture (apply = put onto)
   * -ier a stub from the verb to take, usually an action verb benefiting the agent (eat = take food)
   * -uer a stub from the verb to give, usually an action verb benefiting the patient (feed = give food)
   * -der....to say, a verb of communication (affirm = say yes)
   * -ter....to know, verbs of the perception and knowledge (teater = see)
       Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids l or r, eg.sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer.
    Verb Derivation with Verb Formants NOUNAUXILIARY VERB OR VERB STUB FORMANTVERB yav....innocenceder....to sayyavder....to acquit yov....shame, guiltaber....to apply, put onyovaber....to shame, accuse yov....shame, guiltober....to remove, take offyovober....to excuse, exculpate tof....clothesaber....to apply, put ontofaber....to dress, don tof....clothesober....to remove, take offtofober....to undress, strip det....associateser....to be, becomedetser....to associate dat....friendxer....to do, makedatxer....to befriend san....formser....to be, becomesanser....to form (intransitive) san....formxer....to do, makesanxer....to form (transitive) tel....food(b)ier....to taketelier....to eat, consume tel....food(b)uer....to giveteluer....to feed, nourish if....pleasure(b)ier....to takeifier....to enjoy if....pleasure(b)uer....to giveifuer....to please taj....birthber....to puttajber....to give birth tej....lifeper....to gotejper....to come alive tej....lifeber....to puttejber....to bring to life toj....deathper....to gotojper....to drop dead toj....deathber....to puttojber....to kill tij....wakefulnessper....to gotijper....to wake up tij....wakefulnessber....to puttijber....to awaken tuj....sleepper....to gotujper....to fall asleep tuj....sleepber....to puttujber....to put to sleep tax....memory(b)ier....to taketaxier....to recall tax....memory(b)uer....to givetaxuer....to remind yev....justiceder....to say, tellyevder....to judge vyan....truthder....to say, tellvyander....to tell the truth vyon....falsehoodder....to say, tellvyonder....to tell a lie il....liquidaker....to gainilaker....to take on liquid il....liquidoker....to loseiloker....to leak, lose liquid il....liquid(b)ier....to takeilier....to soak up il....liquid(b)uer....to giveiluer....to pour, water il....liquidikser....to get fullilikser....to be soaked (intransitive) il....liquidikxer....to fill upilikxer....to flood, soak (transitive) il....liquidukser....to become emptyilukser....to drain (intransitive) il....liquidukxer....to emptyilukxer....to flush (transitive) il....liquidser....to be, becomeilser....to liquify, melt (intransitive) il....liquidxer....to do, makeilxer....to liquify, melt (transitive) il....liquidaber....to apply, put onilaber....to wash (transitive) il....liquidaper....to get onilaper....to float (intransitive) il....liquidper....to goilper....to flow (intransitive) il....liquidzyaber....to spreadilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive) il....liquidzyober....to squeezeilzyober....to squirt (transitive) il....liquidpyexer....to strikeilpyexer....to splash (with liquid) il....liquidyujer....to closeilyujer....to plug
    Note that verbs ending in -ser and -ier are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in -xer and -uer are transitive. Also, -ier verbs are inchoative, while -uer verbs are benefactive or causative (making someone do something).

### Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser

    The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with -xer....to do, make, cause, and the intransitive group with -ser....to be, become.
    The following chart shows how these verbs are formed:
    Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser ADJECTIVETRANSITIVE VERBINTRANSITIVE VERB aza....strongazaxer....fortify, strengthen, make strongazaser....get strong oza....weekozaxer....weakenozaser....grow weaker kyia....heavykyiaxer....weigh downkyiaser....grow heavy kyua....lightkyuaxer....lighten, make lighterkyuaser....get lighter yana....togetheryanaxer....bring togetheryanaser....get together
    The final adjective ending a is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the a makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart:
    Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation ADJECTIVETRANSITIVE VERBINTRANSITIVE VERB aga....bigagaxer....magnifyagaser....get big agxer....growagxer....grow up, mature iga....fastigaxer....accelerateigaser....speed up igxer....rushigser....hurry up baka....healthybakaxer....make healthybakaser....get healthy bakxer....healbakser....heal sana....formalsanaxer....formalizesanaser....become formal sanxer....form, shapesanser....form, take shape

### Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per

    Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb ber....to put, while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb per....to go. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in b, the b is dropped. Here are some examples:
    Verb Derivation with Ber and Per PREPOSITON BASETRANSITIVE GESTURE VERBINTRANSITIVE MOTION VERB ab....onaber....apply, put onaper....mount, get on eb....betweeneber....blockeper....intervene ob....offober....remove, take offoper....dismount, get off ib....awayiber....receiveiper....leave ub....towarduber....senduper....come yab....upyaber....raiseyaper....rise yeb....in oyeb....outyeber....insert oyeber....take outyeper....enter oyeper....exit yob....downyober....loweryoper....descend yib....faryiber....take awayyiper....move away yub....nearyuber....bringyuper....approach za....frontzaber....put up frontzaper....take the lead zay....forwardzayber....advancezayper....advance, go forward ze....middlezeber....balancezeper....balance zey....acrosszeyber....take across, transferzeyper....cross, go over, transit zo....behindzober....hinderzoper....trail, lag zoy....backzoyber....set back, returnzoyper....retreat, go back, return iz....straightizber....guideizper....aim for uz....crookeduzber....divertuzper....turn, diverge zu....leftzuber....set to the leftzuper.... go left yiz....beyondyizber....take beyondyizper....pass by yuz....aroundyuzber....take aroundyuzper....go around
    More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of ser and xer, plus the intensifiers y, l and r. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial p is a more semantically intense version of b. Also the verb endings -sler and -srer and more intense versions of the intransitive ending -ser, while -xler and -xrer and more intense version of the transitve ending -xer. Verbs ending in -ler and -rer are transitive voice by nature, -rer being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions.
    Creating More Elaborate Verbs GESTURE VERBMOTION VERB INTRANSITIVETRANSITIVEINTRANSITIVETRANSITIVE --ber....put beer....have beler....carry bexer....hold bexler....keep per....go-- baer....lean onbaler....press yanbaler....compress yobaler....depress, suppress yuzbaler....hug zoybaler....repress barer....crushpaer....hover baser....gesticulatebaxer....make a gesture abaxer....caress, patpaser....movepaxer....move byaser....stand upbyaxer....set up, erectpyaser....jump uppyaxer....shoot, launch basler....budgebaxler....rouse abaxler....strokepaaser....get excitedpaaxer....excite apaxler....sweep basrer....shakebaxrer....shake abaxrer....rubapaxrer....scrub beser....staybexer....hold zoybexer....restrain yobexer....detain, hold downpeser....waitpexer....trap pexler....capture pexrer....abduct byeser....behavebyexer....hitpyeser....run into, bump intopyexer....strike, knock yonpyexer....break yopyexer....knock down epyexer....fight apyexer....attack ovpyexer....offend kunpyexer....sideswipe tuyapyexer....slap besler....adherebexler....retainpyexler....pound, beat apyexler....assault yonpexler....shatter, burst yanpyesrer....implode yonpyesler....explodepyexler....blast, bomb boser....calm down boyser....restboxer....quieten, quellposer....stop poyser....pausepoxer....stop byoser....hangbyoxer....hangpyoser....fall yonpyoser....decaypyoxer....drop, throw down yopyoxer....topple biser....originatebixer....pull yanbixer....contract yonbixer....distract yubixer....attract yibixer....distract oyebixer....extract yebixer....push inpixer....catch bisler....springbixler....yank bixrer....ravagepixler....snatch pixrer....rape buser....be destinedbuxer....push, drive zyobuxer....squeeze yebuxer....expel abuxer....imposeapuser....assaultpuxer....throw, thrust byuser....bump intobyuxer....touch yanbyuxer....contactpyuser....run intopyuxer....crash busler....swoopbuxler....shovepusler....lunge, pouncepuxler....thrust zyapuxler....splatter
    Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb baxer (and its intransitive partner baser) as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart:
    Baxer Verbs PREFIXVERB baxer....gesture, make a bodily motion ab....onabaxer....caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub iz....straightizbaxer....point teb....headtebaxer....nod va....yesvatebaxer....nod yes vo....novotebaxer....nod no ve....maybevetebaxer....shrug tuyab....handtuyabaxer....wave tub....armtubaxer....flail, swing teubab....tongueteubabaxer....lick teab....eyeteubaxer....wink patub....wingpatubaxer....flap tiyub....tailtiyubaxer....wag baser....gesticulate ig-....fastigbaser....jerk zay....forwardigzaybaser....lurch zoy....backzoybaser....recoil yob....downyobaser....bow, bend down ku-....sidekubaser....slide ig-....fastigkubaser....slip iz....straight + uz....curveduizbaser....sway, swagger, swish zi....right + zu....leftzuibaser....wiggle, wobble, totter

### Forming Frequentative Verbs

    A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by infixing the syllable eg- between the verb stem and verb ending. Here are some examples:
    The -eg- Frequentative Infix REGULAR VERBFREQUENTATIVE VERB paser....movepaseger....shake, shudder pyaser....jumppyaseger....bounce paper....flypapeger....flutter, flit braser....shakebraseger....shudder, quiver, vibrate teupixer....biteteupixeger....nibble ilzyaber....sprayilzyabeger....sprinkle pyexer....beatpyexeger....batter, whip

### Forming Hybrid Words

    Expressions with alternating components like back-and-forth, up-and-down, etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs:
    Hybrid Words ALTERNATING COMPONENTSHYBRID EXPRESSIONEXAMPLES yab....up + yob....downyao(b)-....up-and-downyaoper....fluctuate, yaopuser....bounce a-....up, north, skyward + o-....down, southao-....verticalaonada....vertical, aonab....column za(y)....forth, north + zo(y)....back, southzao(b)-....front-back/north-to-southzaobaser....rock, zaomera....north/south bu....to + bi....frombui-....to-and-frombuipar....shuttle, buipop....round-trip ab....on + ob....offao(b)-....on-and-offaoper....get on and off yuj-....closed + yij-....openyuij-....open-and-shutyuijbar....switch, igyuijer....blink uj-....stop + ij-....startuij-....stop-and-startuijparpan....stop-and-go traffic (a)yeb....in + oyeb....outaoye(b)-....in-and-outigaoyeper....run in-and-out yub....near + yib....faryui(b)-....near-and-faryuipoper....travel near-and-far ub....toward + ib....awayui(b)-....toward-and-awayuipen....coming and going hum....there + him....herehuim....here-and-therehuimkexer....search high-and-low (here-and-there) hus....that + his....thishuis....this-and-thathuisyexer....do odd jobs, work at this-or-that hyut....other person + hyit....same personhyuit....one anotherhyuitifer....love one another, hyuita....mutual, reciprocal
    Here are some more examples:
    More Hybrids HYBRID WORDENGLISH GLOSSALTERNATING COMPONENTS aogsen fluctuation (in size) ag- (big) + og- (little) + s- (become) + -en (-ing) aonadavertical a- (up/north) + o- (down/south) + nad (line) + -a (adj.) aopuys hop-on-hop-off a(p)- (on) + o(p)- (off) + puys- (hop) buien trading, swapping bu- (give) + bi- (trake) + -en (-ing) buip traffic bu- (to) + bi- (from) + p- (go) buixarspringbux- (push) + bix (pull) + -ar (instrument) buixek tug-o-war bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + ek (play) buixnyem drawer bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + nyem (box) byaosen teetering, stumbling byas- (stand) + byos- (fall) + -en (-ing) diep marine force dip (sea force) + dep (land force) duid q&a, interview dud (answer) + did (question) eigpyexerbatter, whipeg- (again) + ig- (fast) + pyexer (to hit) gao more-or-less ga (more) + go (less) glaojo sooner or later gla (very) + glo (slightly) + jo (after) huimkexersearch here and therehu- (that) + hi- (this) + -m (place) + kex (search) + -er (inf.) huis this-and-that hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -s (thing) hyuit one another hyu- (other) + hyi- (same) + -t (person) kyaopen fluctuation kya- (mobile) + kyo (static) + -pen (going) maluier breathe mal- (air) + u- (let out) + i- (take in) -er (inf.) maojyex double-shift work maj (day) + moj (night) + yex (work) maonig flicker man (light) + mon (dark) + ig- (fast) maolza black&white/gray malza (white) + molza (black) meil mud mel (soil) + mil (water) memuiben import-exports mem (country) + ub- (send) + ib- (receive) + -en (-ing) mial vapor mil (water) + mal (air) mieg reef mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -g (stone) miek sand mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -k (rocky substance) miem swamp mim (sea) + mem (land) mimpuin dock mim (sea) + pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place) mimpyaos surf mim (sea) + pyas- (surge) + pyos- (sink) mimuip tide mim (sea) + up- (come) + ip- (go) peit amphibian pet (land animal) + pit (sea creature) puim kiss-and-ride zonepu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place) puixek baseball pux- (pitch) + pix- (catch) + ek (play) pyaoswavepyas- (surge) + pyos- (crest) teabyuij blink teab (eye) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open) tuijea nodding off tuj- (sleep) + tij (wake) -ea (-ing) uijdal stutter uj- (finish) + ij- (start) + dal (speech) uipeni comings & goings up- (come) + ip (go) + -en (-ing) + -i (pl.) uiza serpentine, snaky uza (crooked) + iza (straight) vao? yes or no? va (yes) + vo (no) vaod decision va (yes) + vo (no) + d- (say) yaobar elevator yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + -ar (instrument) yaobyuijarpistonyab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open ) + -ar (instrument) yaoplasoscillationyap- (up) + yop- (down) + plas (shake) yaopsimseesawyap- (ascend) + yop- (descend) + sim (seat) yaopusbounceya(b)- (up) + yo(b)- (down) + pus (jump) yaovdutjuroryav- (innocent) + yov- (guilty) + d- (say) + -ut (agent) yaozauneven, bumpy, serratedyaza (convex) + yoza (concave) yaozgoblarsawyaz (protrusion ) + yoz (indentation) + gobl- (cut) + -ar (instrument) yaozilwaveyaz (swell) + yoz (trough) + -il (liquid) yuibteabarbifocalsyub (near) + yib (far) + teab (eye) + -ar (instrument) yuijar valve, switchyuj- (close) + yij- (open) + -ar (instrument) zaobelurferryza- (forth) + zo (back) + bel- (carry) + -ur (vehicle) zaobyexarswatter, batza (forth) + zo (back) + byex- (strike) + -ar (instrument) zaodaldialogza- (forth) + zo (back) + dal (speech) zaogoblarsawza (forth) + zo (back) + gobl (cut) + -ar (instrument) zaokyaxalternationza (forth) + zo (back) + kyax (change) zaopasenswingingza- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving) zaopsimswing or rockerzap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat) zuibasenwigglingzu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing) zuibayxwagzu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move) zuibyoxeadanglingzu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing) zuiyafaambidextrouszu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable) zyaobasthrobzya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)
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