# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/George Walter Exton/Notes
## George Walter Exton - Transcriptions and notes
### Key article copies

Wonderful biography of Exton in mid-1922, which, if true would make Exton one of Australia's earliest wireless experimenters
   LISMORE EXPERIMENTER'S SUCCESS. CONCERTS FROM MELBOURNE AND SYDNEY. POWERFUL RADIO TELEGRAPH SET. PICTURES BY WIRELESS THE NEXT STEP.
   People in the Northern Rivers district have read of the wonderful achievements with wireless telephony in Europe, America, and in other parts of the world, and of Melbourne and Sydney wireless telephone installations talking to ships at sea and to Australian, but it is not generally known that Lismore has, in Mr. G. W. Exton, of Molesworth Street, an experimenter in wireless telegraphy and telephony who is quite as up-to-date as the most advanced experimenters in this country of the world. G. W. Exton has at his dynamo and magneto store, 202 Molesworth-street, a wireless set which is one of the best and most complete in the Commonwealth. He is an experimenter in wireless of long standing and fully qualified under the various licensing and certified authorities in connection with wireless. He is also a member of the Wireless Institute of Australia. Not only is Mr. Exton abreast of the times with the latest developments in the science. he is conducting experiments in a direction which, so far as can be learned from the text books and scientific journals, very little or nothing at all has been accomplished. He is investigating the possibility of adapting the cinema to wireless in order that pictures by wireless may become as usual a feature of everyday life as the ordinary picture show is today. In connection with this most interesting subject, his experiments so far have been eminently satisfactory, and it more than probable that at some time in the near future he will be able to announce results that will mark the commencement of (Start Photo Caption) SOME OF THE INSTRUMENTS OF MR. G. W. EXTON'S WIRELESS TELEPHONY AND TELEGRAPH INSTALLATION AT LISMORE. The instruments shown are (left to right):— 10 inch spark, at the back; in front of spark coil, tuning loose coupler; Marconi key, mercury break and motor; variable condenser, honeycomb coils; oil filled condensers; loud speaker; resistance rheostats; transformer condensers; radiotron valve set; Marconi detecting relay; balancing relay; Neon gas tubes; Brown's headphones; reflecting galvanometer, and at the back, direct reading cymometer. (End Photo Caption) a new era in the history of wireless and of the cinematograph. On entering Mr. Exton's modest establishment in Molesworth-street, there is, at first glance round, nothing which impresses one with the fact that the place is the workshop and laboratory of one of the foremost experimenters and exponents in the Commonwealth of the latest wonders in modes of communication. But side by side with the patients in his dynamo and magneto hospital are a number of contrivances not usually seen in such places, which give the impression that there is more than is to be found in the average electrician's workshop.
   HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTS. Before proceeding to describe his plant and demonstrate its possibilities, Mr. Exton gave a brief outline of the history of his work with his hobby. "In 1896," he said, "I conducted my first experiments with what was known as the induction system, now known as wireless. At that time I had a crystal detector and 'phones for the receiving set, and the transmitting set was the morse key and coil, with a carbon transmitter and the telephone set. With this apparatus it was possible to send a message five miles with the key and two miles by the telephone set. It was in 1900 that I added to my set a one inch spark coil, which so increased the transmitting power of my plant that it was able to send ten miles, and to receive on the crystal detector. I again changed my set to a Wimshurst machine, giving a 13 inch spark and ???? through condensers. This increased the sending radius to fifty miles. After this I exchanged the receiving set from a crystal detector to a coherer, as a detector. The coherer was made with a glass tube filled with iron and nickle filings.
   MEMBER OF INSTITUTE. At that time I joined the Electrical Engineering Institute, from which I hold nine passes. I continued my wireless studies through the institute. In these further studies, I now turned my attention to the old crystal detector, with the addition of a battery. This set would receive up to a distance of 500 miles. A loose coupler which I added to the set for tuning brought the receiving range up to 1000 miles. Later experiments I conducted with vacuum tubes of all types, with the result that signals could be heard from stations up to 1500 miles. Then attention was given to wireless in real ??st in 1919, and with the set I hold today I can receive up to 25,000 metres wavelength, which means that I can take messages sent out by stations in any part of the world. The present transmitting set consists of a 10 inch spark coil, giving 130,000 volts through a high-tension oil-filled condenser and a rotary spark gap, with an oscillation transformer for tuning-in any wave length from 200 metres to 3750 metres. The set is operated by the Marconi key, through a mercury break, driven by an electric motor; with current supplied from a Weymouth dynamo (100 volts, 20 amps.). The dynamo driven by a Crossley gas engine. I also work the arc for resistance for the wireless telephones, but for wireless concerts I use the arc or valves circuit.
   THE RECEIVING SET. The receiving set consists of the Fleming cymometer, which has a graduated scale over which moves a pointer. The instrument is calibrated by the manufacturer so as to indicate at a glance the frequency corresponding to any particular adjustment of the tubular condenser. It is designed for reading frequencies from 50,000 up to 5,000,000 oscillations per second. With this machine I use vacuum tubes of the spectrum type filled with neon. Neon is a rare gas contained in the atmosphere, about one eighty thousandth part by volume. In addition to these instrumcnts, I use with the receiving set Marconi's detecting relay and oil-filled variable condenser, Murdoch's loose coupler, oil and air filled condensers, and block condenser, an expanse condenser and transformers and Federal transformers, honeycomb coils from 100 to 1500 turns, Moorhead valves, radio frequency, radiation valves, detectors, Radiotron valves amplifying. These valves will oscillate 5,000,000 times per second, and are the very latest, having just come to hand through Australectic, Sydney. I also use a reflecting galvanometer, Brown 6000 ohms telephones, Telefunken 4000 ohms telephones and resistance regulators. The aerial is 154 yards, two wires 35 feet high. I use a 12 volt Edison battery, also a 140 volt plate. The receiving set also includes a direction finder, for determining the direction in which the waves are coming in. The circuit employed at present is the cascade amplification using radio and audio frequency. The rate at which the current travels is 186,000,000 miles per second. Mr. Exton mentioned that he now holds an experimenter's transmitting and receiving license.
   STATIONS COMMUNICATED WITH. As has been stated above, the plant is sufficiently high powered to communicate with any part of the world where there is a wireless station. An interesting feature of the advanced wireless student's hobby or science is that he is at all times in touch with the whole world. It is a fact that it is possible for this station in Lismore to be in touch any day of the week with the world's centres of the publication of news by wireless. All the principal stations have their fixed hours for sending out their daily budget. For instance, the Eiffel Tower station at Paris commences at 2.30 a.m. and continues until 5 a.m.; Lyons 1.30 a.m. until 3.30 a.m.; Nauen (Berlin) 11.30 p.m. to 9 a.m.; Carnarvon (Wales), 2.30 a.m. to 5 a.m.; Budapest 5 a.m. to 10 a.m.; Moscow 1 p.m. to 9 p.m. These hours are according to the Sydney time. Each station transmits in the language of its own country, and their messages can be received with perfect satisfaction in Lismore. However, under the strict rules and regulations which govern the license which Exton holds for the conduct of his investigations in the science of wireless he is bound not to disclose the nature of any message picked up. Very heavy penalties are imposed for a breach of these provisions of the license conditions, and it would be the end of his wireless studies for any one who committed a breach of them.
   STANDARD TIME SIGNALS. Another interesting feature of the regulation of the world's wireless systems is the determination of standard time for each hemisphere by wireless signals sent out by an appointed station in each. For the Northern hemisphere, Stavanger, in Norway, transmits the time signal, and Marion, Massachusetts, United States of America, performs the same function for the Western hemisphere. To the uninitiated it will doubtless be a matter of wonder how it is that with such a great number of land stations working, as well as ships at sea transmitting messages, that there is anything but an incoherent jumble of signals, wholly unintelligible. This is provided for by fixing for any station a given wave length. The wavelengths of every station are published and distributed to all operators, so that to get into communication with any particular station known to be transmitting, the operator tunes his receiving apparatus to the given wave length, and is ready to take what is being sent out. As an example of this it may be stated that Hong Kong comes in on 5000 metres wavelength, Bathurst (Sierra Leone) ???? metres, Demarara (British Guiana) ????, Rome 11,000, Eiffel Tower 10,000, Stavangar 12,000, Berlin 5500, Lyons l5,000, Cavite (Philippines) 12,000, Pearl Harbour (Hawaii) 11,000, San Francisco 8600, Boston 5000, Carnarvon 14,000, Clifden (Ireland) 6000, Nauen 12,600, Rabaul 2900, Singapore 3000, Mexico City 4000. The wave length is in no degree an indication of the power of the station or of the distance over which the messages are transmitted. It is an adjustment to facilitate clearness in hearing the signals throughout the world.
   START WITH TELEPHONY. As Mr. Exton was one of the earliest experimenters in Australia to turn his attention to wireless telegraphy, so he is one of the pioneers in the Commonwealth with wireless telephony. Of course his progress in this development of wireless was res??? easier by having such a complete and up to date installation for telegraphy, and the adaptation to the new science did not take so long as if a start had to be made at the very beginning. Last month Mr. Exton was entertained at the Observatory to to a concert transmitted by wireless from Mr. Maclurcan's, Strathfield, and a few days later Australectric, Sydney, transmitted a wireless concert at which he was entertained at Mr. Marsden's, Bellevue Hill. Concerts have also been transmitted from Melbourne which Mr. Exton has been able to receive on his set, at Lismore. For this he couples to the loud speaker. It may be mentioned that sound is transmitted in tone about as loud as that of a good gramophone.
   PICTURES BY WIRELESS. As to his experiments with wireless pictures, Mr. Exton at present prefers not to disclose the full nature of the results obtained. He declares that the success which had attended his work so far is very satisfactory. So rapid has been the advance of wireless that it is impossible nowadays to predict with any degree of certainty what the future will bring forth. But it may be said that the object of Mr. Exton's experiments is to perfect an apparatus whereby cinematagraph films of any great public event taking place in, say, Europe or America, ???? transmitted by wireless from a central station and received, and thrown on the set as they are received, in any part of the world. To give an instance of what may yet come to pass if this invention is perfected to such an extent as to make it commercially practicable, when Mr. Hughes opens the first session of the Federal Parliament at the Commonwealth capital, Canberra, the cameras will record this great event in the history of Australia. The films after development and printing will be shown in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and every other place in the United Kingdom, and throughout the world, equipped with a picture receiver. There are great possibilities before the experimenter in this direction and everyone will wish him all success in his work.

### 1900s
#### 1900
##### 1900 12
#### 1901
##### 1901 09

Exton is best man at a friend's wedding
   Marriage at Bexhill. A MARRIAGE which has been looked forward to with more than usual interest, was celebrated at Bexhill on Wednesday, which was an ideal day for a marriage, being all sunshine. Under the most happy conditions on that day Miss Lizzie Charlotte Windsor became Mrs. James Henry Sharpe, and the solemnity of the process or change once over, many were the beaming faces and hearty handgrips, to say nothing of the stray kisses that seemed to find a resting place, which went to prove the high appreciation and genuine good wishes of many friends. "Hopefield," the residence of the hospitable and convivial George and Mrs. Windsor, parents of the esteemed young lady, with its tasteful decorations bespoke of the labour of love of many friends and gained the admiration of everybody. The bride in a charmingly made and fitting brocaded silk dress, orange blossoms, and richly beaded front, with handsomely embroidered veil and wreath, looked the winning bride she sure would be. The Rev. J. Gray, in his most happy vein, cemented the Union, and without loss of time the attractive festive board, groaning under its weight of good things, secured the attention of the bridal party. Spread with loving hands and a free purse, the table seemed to curry all the best and nicest goods of the season, and will long rank in the minds of those present as one of the finest wedding breakfasts yet attended. The toast of the bride and groom, in a neat speech, was proposed by Mr. Frank Russell, responded to by the bridegroom; "The parents" by Mr. Dargie, who was in a happy vein; "The Bridesmaids" by Mr. Waldron, responded to by Mr. Geo. Exton. Opposite the bride and groom could be seen the bridesmaid, Miss Birdie Windsor, looking very handsome in a pretty white silk, richly trimmed with lace, and relieved by pale blue ribbons, wearing a handsome bracelet, gift of bridegroom. Next to her sat the best man, Mr. Geo. Exton. Many nice dresses were in evidence amongst them; Mrs. Windsor in rich brown silk, with trimmings to match; Miss Watson, white muslin, torehon lace; Miss McCann, cornflower blue, cream silk and gold braid; Mrs. Freeborn, dark green Bengelene and white chiffon trimmings; Mrs. Dargie, black silk, white lace trimmings; Mrs. W. Robinson, black and white check, trimmed with white lace; Miss B. McKinnon (aunt of the bride), violet poplin trimmed with cream lace and black velvet; Miss G. McKinnon, pink muslin, black ribbon, velvet trimmings; Mrs. Burnie, Chinese silk with pink silk trimmings; Mrs. Priest, grey cashmere and steel trimmings; Miss Sharpe, pretty lawn dress trimmed with cream silk; Mrs. Wheatley, dark brown, pale blue silk trimmings; Mrs. Frank Russell, brown with cream lace and brown satin trimmings. A table fully spread with handsome and useful presents was a great attraction and source of admiration, and was made up by gifts from: Father of the bride, handsome initial cruet; mother of the bride, house linen and china; Birdie Windsor, two cake dishes; Poppie Windsor, pair cut glasses; Minnie Windsor, cut glass jug; Deli Windsor, silver plate handles; Chuddie Windsor, jam dish; Kennie Windsor, lemon squeezer; Dick Windsor, cheque; George Windsor, silver mounted umbrella; Miss McKinnon, silver teapot, cake stand and plates; Mr. A. G. Robertson, silver butter dish; Miss Alderton (Sydney), silver breakfast cruet; Mrs. Alderton (Sydney), silver butter dish and knife; Mr. London, half-dozen silver serviette rings; Miss Sharpe, pair silver serviette rings; Mrs. Sharpe, set carvers; Mrs. Ambruster, two fruit dishes; Mrs. Hollingworth (Sydney), half dozen silver tea spoons and tongs; Annie, Marion, and Arthur Sharpe, salt sellars, jam spoon and butter knife; Mr. E. White, breakfast cruet ; Mrs. Burnie, silver pickle jar; Lillie Anderson, silver sugar tongs; Mrs. Hicks, salad bowl; Mr. Whittaker, salt sellars; Mrs. Exton, jam dish; Mrs. McKinnon, crystal cake stand; Miss McKinnon, butter and sugar basins; Mr. and Mrs. Freeborn, set carvers; Mr. Grey, set of carvers; Miss McCann, silver and oak biscuit barrel; Mr. and Mrs. Robinson, set of carvers; Mr. and Mrs. Exton, silver crystal biscuit barrel; Mr. and Mrs. Farrow, pair of vases; Mr. G. Exton, silver jam dish; Mr. and Mrs. Priest, cut glass cheese and butter dish; Mrs. Lee, knife rests and spoons; Mrs Dargie, silver jam dish; Mrs. Smith, pair of vases; Mr. S. McLean, table cloth; Miss Watson, paper racket; Mrs. Dunlop, plush photo frames; Mrs. G. Cook, pair jam spoons; Mrs. Frank Russell, opal enlargement; Miss Cross, biscuit barrel; Miss Geraghty, teapot and cosy; Mr. P. Sexton, serviette rings; Miss Smith, pair of jam and butter dishes. Mr. and Mrs. Sharpe were escorted to the train by some 50 or 60 friends, accompanied by Pipers McLean and Robinson, and were cheered away amidst a shower of rice, the bride looking sweetly pretty in her handsome travelling dress of new blue poplin, cream silk tucked vest and collar, with gold trimmings, dress and umbrella to match, with a nice cream hat, trimmed with silk and feathers. After tea festivities were renewed on a large scale, the house being illuminated with Chinese lanterns. Singing contributed by Misses Davis, McKinnon, and Geo. Windsor, jun., and Miss Windsor, stepdancing by the Windsors and Burnies was very much appreciated, as was also the pipe playing of Miss Poppie Windsor and Messrs. McLean, Robinson, and McPherson. Dancing was indulged in till the small hours of the morning, when very reluctantly the gay party dispersed, leaving behind their truest wishes for the continuous and happy union of the newly-wedded pair.— (Communicated).

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##### 1904 07

Exton invites tenders for cottage at Molesworth St, possibly his future home
   Tenders. . . . TO BUILDERS.— Tenders invited for the Erection and Completion of Cottage, Molesworth-street. Tenders close 16th July. Plans and Specifications, GEO. W. EXTON, Lismore, to whom tenders are to be addressed.

##### 1904 12
#### 1905
##### 1905 12
#### 1906
##### 1906 04

Exton advertises a motorcycle for sale
   BICYCLES AND MOTOR CARS. . . . MOTOR CYCLE, in perfect order, for sale, cheap, a bargain. GEO. W. EXTON, Box No. 9, Lismore.

##### 1906 06

Exton presented with an electro-technical encyclopaedia from the Electrical Engineer' Institute of Correspondence of England and America
   The Result of Private Study. Mr. George W. Exton, son of Mr. Thos. Exton, has received very recently a set of seven handsomely bound volumes, consisting of a complete electro-technical library as a present from the Electrical Engineer' Institute of Correspondence of England and America, on his passing his ninth examination. Mr. Exton, in his passes, obtained percentages of 96, 84, 86, 85, 85, 89, 90, 80 and 87, and seeing that these results have all been obtained from private study, the achievement is one that redounds greatly to his credit, alike for his application and ability would be greatly to the advantage of themselves and the country if more of our young men devoted themselves to studies of a scientific nature. The books make a very handsome present, and we congratulate Mr. Exton on his success, and we feel certain he will some day be able to secure, as a result of this self-education, a lucrative and good position in electrical work.

##### 1906 12
#### 1907
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#### 1908
##### 1908 07

Exton attends meeting of Masons in Lismore
   MASONIC INSTALLATION OF W.M. AND INVESTITURE OF OFFICERS. The installation of Worshipful Master elect for Lodge Richmond River, No. .77, and investiture of officers for the current year took place yesternight in the presence of a large gathering of members of the craft, most of the district lodges being well represented. The following is a list of the officers:— W.M., Wor. Bro., W. I. Lane; I?.P.M., Wor. Bro. S. T; Laws, P.M., S.W.; Bro. Thos. Nicol; J.W., Bro. W. A. Taylor; Chaplin, Bro. T. G. Hewitt; Treasurer, Bro. J. Macgregor Dunn; Secretary, Wor. Bro. C. E. Taylor, P.M., S.D., Bro. S. J. Jamieson, J.D.; Bro. G. W. Exton; D. of Ceremonies, Wor. Bro. B. Brewster, P.M.; Organist, Bro. Colin Renwick, I.G.; Bro. F. Jones; Stewards, Bros. K. Wotherspoon, N. Harley, C. W. Leben, and A. D. McLean; Tyler, Bro. G. Annand; Auditors, Bros. D. P. Pountnoy, and J. B. Osborne. At the conclusion of the business a banquet was served, when the customary Loyal and Masonic toasts were honoured, and a number of excellent songs were given by members and visiting brethren. The evening concluded with the singing of "Auld Lang Syne."

##### 1908 12
#### 1909
##### 1909 12
### 1910s
#### 1910
##### 1910 03

Report of Exton's wedding in Australian Town and Country Journal
   SOCIETY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY. . . . COUNTRY WEDDINGS. . . . Exton — Lloyd.— At the residence of the bride's parents, Lismore, on March 16, Mr. Geo. W. Exton, youngest son of Mr. T. Exton, sen., of Lismore was married to Miss Ruth Lloyd, youngest daughter of Mr. J. R. Lloyd.

##### 1910 04

Exton's marriage notice
   MARRIAGE. EXTON — LLOYD.— At Warrawee, the residence of the bride's parents, on the 15th March, 1910, by the Rev. Mr. Gould, George Walter Exton, youngest son of Thomas Exton, Sen., of Molesworth-st., Lismore, to Ruby Lillian, second daughter of John Roberts Lloyd, late of Hobart, Tasmania.

##### 1910 12
#### 1911
##### 1911 11

Birth notice for Exton's son, Walter George Alva Exton
   BIRTHS. EXTON.— On 3rd Nov., 1911, the wife of G. W. Exton — a son.

##### 1911 12
#### 1912
##### 1912 07

Exton advertises to exchange land allotments for motor car
   BICYCLES AND MOTOR CARS. EXCHANGE for MOTOR CAR (seats 5), in good order, 12 Allotments LAND, 10 miles from G.P.O., Sydney, 1 mile from Fairfield railway station. GEO. W. EXTON, Box 9, Lismore.

##### 1912 12
#### 1913
##### 1913 03

Exton family off to Sydney and Blue Mountains for a month's holidays
   PERSONAL. Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Exton and son leave by the Brundah to-morrow for Sydney and the Blue Mountains. They expect to be absent about a month.

##### 1913 12
#### 1914
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##### 1916 06

Exton working in Munitions manufacture in Newcastle during WW1
   PERSONAL. Mr. G. W. Exton, who left Lismore some months ago to assist in the manufacture of munitions at Newcastle, is still busily engaged on Walsh Island there, extending his varied experiences in the engineering craft, for which he has a natural bent, and now ranking as a first-class worker in this department of the war.

##### 1916 12
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#### 1918
##### 1918 08

Exton donates to a collection for an old Lismore district pioneer
   GRACEFUL RECOGNITION. TO A TRUE PIONEER. When it became known that our old and esteemed citizen, Mr. ex-Alderman V. J. Norris, was lying very seriously ill, many were the expressions of regret. From the report of the gathering of pioneers held at Ballina in May, 1902, we find that Mr. Norris there stated that he first landed at Ballina (then called Deptford) from the schooner Josephine in the year 1847. In that long-forgotten period the place was a howling wilderness. He was then a vigorous young man of 20 summers, so that his birth in 1827 would give his present age as 91 years — truly a great age. . . . Mrs. B. J. Spinks very kindly undertook the work of calling on friends to enable them to give practical and united expression of their appreciation of Mr. Norris' work, and sympathy with him in his illness. Within the space of a few hours on Friday afternoon this lady received the sum of £22 13s, which sum it is safe to say would have been doubled had time permitted to call on other friends. This money was handed to the old gentleman on Saturday morning by Mrs. Spinks and Mr. N. C. Hewitt. Mr. Norris was then in a very weak state, and unable to say more than half a dozen words. He was manifestly overcome by the thought and practical evidence that though "out of sight," he was not "out of mind," and all that could be distinguished were the words "good friends." "God bless them." We give below a list of cheerful givers. . . . W. B. Lane, O. Meurer, G. W. Exton, John Carr, each 2s 6d; . . .
Exton applies for a plumber's licence
   LISMORE COUNCIL. The Lismore Municipal Council met on Monday night when there were in attendance: Aldermen McKenzie (Mayor), Strat-ford, Lockett, Sims, Quilty, Gorton, Lutton, Tulk, McGoldrick and Boa. . . . From G. W. Exton, applying for a plumber's license.— Granted subject to certificate being exhibited.

##### 1918 12
#### 1919
##### 1919 03

Exton claims to have invented a new and more efficient method of winding dynamos
   NEW METHOD OF WINDING DYNAMOS. Mr. Geo. Exton, electrician, Molesworth-street, claims to have perfected a new method of winding dynamos, which possessed great advantages over the old system, and effects a considerable saving in cost. Mr. Exton, who holds nine certificates for engineering, said he bought the present dynamo he is using after being cast aside as having been burnt out; he renewed it with similar wire, the same gauge, and the same weight, but wound in a totally different manner. The dynamo, which was off a Studebaker car, was at that time giving 120 watts, running at 1400 revolutions per minute, but at the present time it will give 750 watts running at 1000 revolutions, and capable of lighting 72 12 volts 12 candle-power lamps, or really six times the output of the original manufacture. The dynamo, which is being run off a 2-h.p. Crossley engine, reveals the fact of 16 lights being run off six amps. One of the most striking features is that it can be run without the slightest resistance, so that any person can handle the bare wires without receiving the slightest shock. It is Mr. Exton's intention to instal the 16 lamps in his residence, and he estimates the cost will not exceed 1s per month. Patent rights are pending.

##### 1919 10

Exton advertises to sell a Bosch Magneto
   FOR SALE, 4-cylinder "BOSCH" MAGNETO, first class order. Geo. Exton, Molesworth-street, Lismore.

##### 1919 12
### 1920s
#### 1920
##### 1920 12

Exton demonstrates his wireless equipment to a party of school boys
   LISMORE DISTRICT SCHOOL. A party of school boys under Mr. L. Allen inspected the wireless plant of Mr. G. Exton on Saturday afternoon. Mr. Exton in a demonstration explained many of the intricacies of this modern science, and imbued the lads with many new notions and desires. It may be news to many that this plant is highly powered and longer ranged than any other in the Commonwealth, being capable of direct contact with Europe or London. The delicacy of the machinery may be imagined on realising that the cyometer attached measures time to the one-millionth of a second, and again to one-thousandth part of that. After thanking Mr. Exton for his good information and Mrs. Exton for good refreshments the boys dispersed to ponder over one more of the modern wonders of the world.— Communicated.

#### 1921
##### 1921 02

Exton offers to sell his 10 inch spark coil to Lismore Hospital, but at a time with greatly constrained finances
   LISMORE HOSPITAL. At the monthly meeting of the Lismore District Hospital committee held at the secretary's office on Tuesday evening, February 1, there were present: Messrs. W. Riley (president), W. T. Rayner, A. D. McLean, K. Wotherspoon, E. Navin, N. W. Sidney (treasurer), R. Brewster, E. Williams, J. J. Scotchmer and P. G. Mitchell. CORRESPONDENCE. From Drs. Coen, Graham, Robertson, Aspinall, Bignell and McFarlane, accepting positions on the honorary medical staff of the institution for the year 1921; also from Dr. Cahill, accepting position as eye, ear, nose and throat specialist.— Received. From C. Wickham, North Lismore, forwarding donation of 21s.— To be thanked. From G. W. Exton, Lismore, stating he had on hand an X-ray coil, 10-inch spark, to be worked by a 30-volt battery, which he was prepared to sell for £75, or reasonable offer.— Received. . . . GENERAL. The ambulance fees received for the month amounted to £6. The vegetables for January totalled £18 8s, all grown by the institution. Mr. McLean moved: "That the house committee meet every Monday night for the year, which in his opinion would be more convenient than meeting in the daytime. Mr. Sidney seconded, which suggestion was endorsed by the president and Messrs. Navin and Wotherspoon. The motion was carried. The matter of calling the committee together in the daytime, if necessary, was left in the hands of the president and secretary. Messrs. Fourro, Brewster, Navin and Mitchell were appointed a house committee, and Messrs. Riley, McLean, and Sidney ambulance and ground committee. Mr. McLean moved: "That the president and secretary be instructed to obtain a price for installing electricity to the operating theatre and X-rays apparatus, and have same connected at once. It was as much as the financial position would allow them to do at present. Seconded by Mr. Scotchmer, who considered their present financial position did not warrant any further expenditure; they could not afford luxuries. The motion was carried.
As previous, Exton offers to sell his 10 inch spark coil to Grafton Hospital, but no deal
   GRAFTON HOSPITAL. MONTHLY COMMITTEE MEETING. The usual monthly meeting of the Grafton Hospital Committee was held at the Copmanhurst Shire Chambers, Grafton, last night, with Mr. A. Eggins (President) in the chair. There were also present: Messrs. H. Hynes, W. A. Zuill, A. J. Gazzard, J. F. Lane, A. C. Bultitude, R. Hynes, F. Beckman, J. McPhee, A. Englert, the Rev. W. D. McIlwraith and Mr. H. Crisford (Secretary). . . . Correspondence. . . . George W. Exton, Lismore, offered for sale an X-ray coil, at £75.— To be informed that the hospital did not require the coil. . . .

##### 1921 12
#### 1922
##### 1922 04

Exton visiting Sydney and presumably meeting with other wireless experimenters
   THE MAGIC SPARK. Amateur Radio News. . . . BY DOT DASH. . . . Among the visitors to Sydney at the present time is Mr. G. W. Exton, who has a fine station at Lismore. He is also known for his experiments with X-rays, and in radio motion picture making. . . .

##### 1922 05

Exton returns to Lismore from Sydney, having joined the WIA NSW and undertaken to form a Lismore branch
   THE MAGIC SPARK. Radio News for Amateurs. . . . BY DOT DASH. . . . RADIO PERSONALITIES. Mr. G. W. Exton, one of the best-known experimenters on the North Coast, returned to Lismore today. While in Sydney he joined the Wireless Institute, and was so impressed with the possibilities of concerted experimental work that he has undertaken to form a section of the Institute at Lismore.

##### 1922 07

Precusor to the following article
   MOVIES BY WIRELESS. Experiments at Lismore. LISMORE, Tuesday. The next important development in wireless may be the transmission of cinema films by wireless. Mr. G. W. Exton, a Lismore electrician, who has been experimenting in wireless for the last 26 years, is perfecting an apparatus which he has invented, by which films may be transmitted over long distances, the same as radio messages, and received by a special machine which will immediately project them on a screen. Mr. Exton has one of the finest radio and audio sets in Australia, and is able to pick up radios from any part of the world. He has received wireless concerts from Melbourne, and has already met with considerable success in experiments with his wireless pictures invention. So far as can be ascertained from the latest wireless scientific journals, his experiments have been more successful than any others.
Wonderful biography of Exton, which, if true would make Exton one of Australia's earliest wireless experimenters
   LISMORE EXPERIMENTER'S SUCCESS. CONCERTS FROM MELBOURNE AND SYDNEY. POWERFUL RADIO TELEGRAPH SET. PICTURES BY WIRELESS THE NEXT STEP.
   People in the Northern Rivers district have read of the wonderful achievements with wireless telephony in Europe, America, and in other parts of the world, and of Melbourne and Sydney wireless telephone installations talking to ships at sea and to Australian, but it is not generally known that Lismore has, in Mr. G. W. Exton, of Molesworth Street, an experimenter in wireless telegraphy and telephony who is quite as up-to-date as the most advanced experimenters in this country of the world. G. W. Exton has at his dynamo and magneto store, 202 Molesworth-street, a wireless set which is one of the best and most complete in the Commonwealth. He is an experimenter in wireless of long standing and fully qualified under the various licensing and certified authorities in connection with wireless. He is also a member of the Wireless Institute of Australia. Not only is Mr. Exton abreast of the times with the latest developments in the science. he is conducting experiments in a direction which, so far as can be learned from the text books and scientific journals, very little or nothing at all has been accomplished. He is investigating the possibility of adapting the cinema to wireless in order that pictures by wireless may become as usual a feature of everyday life as the ordinary picture show is today. In connection with this most interesting subject, his experiments so far have been eminently satisfactory, and it more than probable that at some time in the near future he will be able to announce results that will mark the commencement of (Start Photo Caption) SOME OF THE INSTRUMENTS OF MR. G. W. EXTON'S WIRELESS TELEPHONY AND TELEGRAPH INSTALLATION AT LISMORE. The instruments shown are (left to right):— 10 inch spark, at the back; in front of spark coil, tuning loose coupler; Marconi key, mercury break and motor; variable condenser, honeycomb coils; oil filled condensers; loud speaker; resistance rheostats; transformer condensers; radiotron valve set; Marconi detecting relay; balancing relay; Neon gas tubes; Brown's headphones; reflecting galvanometer, and at the back, direct reading cymometer. (End Photo Caption) a new era in the history of wireless and of the cinematograph. On entering Mr. Exton's modest establishment in Molesworth-street, there is, at first glance round, nothing which impresses one with the fact that the place is the workshop and laboratory of one of the foremost experimenters and exponents in the Commonwealth of the latest wonders in modes of communication. But side by side with the patients in his dynamo and magneto hospital are a number of contrivances not usually seen in such places, which give the impression that there is more than is to be found in the average electrician's workshop.
   HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTS. Before proceeding to describe his plant and demonstrate its possibilities, Mr. Exton gave a brief outline of the history of his work with his hobby. "In 1896," he said, "I conducted my first experiments with what was known as the induction system, now known as wireless. At that time I had a crystal detector and 'phones for the receiving set, and the transmitting set was the morse key and coil, with a carbon transmitter and the telephone set. With this apparatus it was possible to send a message five miles with the key and two miles by the telephone set. It was in 1900 that I added to my set a one inch spark coil, which so increased the transmitting power of my plant that it was able to send ten miles, and to receive on the crystal detector. I again changed my set to a Wimshurst machine, giving a 13 inch spark and ???? through condensers. This increased the sending radius to fifty miles. After this I exchanged the receiving set from a crystal detector to a coherer, as a detector. The coherer was made with a glass tube filled with iron and nickle filings.
   MEMBER OF INSTITUTE. At that time I joined the Electrical Engineering Institute, from which I hold nine passes. I continued my wireless studies through the institute. In these further studies, I now turned my attention to the old crystal detector, with the addition of a battery. This set would receive up to a distance of 500 miles. A loose coupler which I added to the set for tuning brought the receiving range up to 1000 miles. Later experiments I conducted with vacuum tubes of all types, with the result that signals could be heard from stations up to 1500 miles. Then attention was given to wireless in real ??st in 1919, and with the set I hold today I can receive up to 25,000 metres wavelength, which means that I can take messages sent out by stations in any part of the world. The present transmitting set consists of a 10 inch spark coil, giving 130,000 volts through a high-tension oil-filled condenser and a rotary spark gap, with an oscillation transformer for tuning-in any wave length from 200 metres to 3750 metres. The set is operated by the Marconi key, through a mercury break, driven by an electric motor; with current supplied from a Weymouth dynamo (100 volts, 20 amps.). The dynamo driven by a Crossley gas engine. I also work the arc for resistance for the wireless telephones, but for wireless concerts I use the arc or valves circuit.
   THE RECEIVING SET. The receiving set consists of the Fleming cymometer, which has a graduated scale over which moves a pointer. The instrument is calibrated by the manufacturer so as to indicate at a glance the frequency corresponding to any particular adjustment of the tubular condenser. It is designed for reading frequencies from 50,000 up to 5,000,000 oscillations per second. With this machine I use vacuum tubes of the spectrum type filled with neon. Neon is a rare gas contained in the atmosphere, about one eighty thousandth part by volume. In addition to these instrumcnts, I use with the receiving set Marconi's detecting relay and oil-filled variable condenser, Murdoch's loose coupler, oil and air filled condensers, and block condenser, an expanse condenser and transformers and Federal transformers, honeycomb coils from 100 to 1500 turns, Moorhead valves, radio frequency, radiation valves, detectors, Radiotron valves amplifying. These valves will oscillate 5,000,000 times per second, and are the very latest, having just come to hand through Australectic, Sydney. I also use a reflecting galvanometer, Brown 6000 ohms telephones, Telefunken 4000 ohms telephones and resistance regulators. The aerial is 154 yards, two wires 35 feet high. I use a 12 volt Edison battery, also a 140 volt plate. The receiving set also includes a direction finder, for determining the direction in which the waves are coming in. The circuit employed at present is the cascade amplification using radio and audio frequency. The rate at which the current travels is 186,000,000 miles per second. Mr. Exton mentioned that he now holds an experimenter's transmitting and receiving license.
   STATIONS COMMUNICATED WITH. As has been stated above, the plant is sufficiently high powered to communicate with any part of the world where there is a wireless station. An interesting feature of the advanced wireless student's hobby or science is that he is at all times in touch with the whole world. It is a fact that it is possible for this station in Lismore to be in touch any day of the week with the world's centres of the publication of news by wireless. All the principal stations have their fixed hours for sending out their daily budget. For instance, the Eiffel Tower station at Paris commences at 2.30 a.m. and continues until 5 a.m.; Lyons 1.30 a.m. until 3.30 a.m.; Nauen (Berlin) 11.30 p.m. to 9 a.m.; Carnarvon (Wales), 2.30 a.m. to 5 a.m.; Budapest 5 a.m. to 10 a.m.; Moscow 1 p.m. to 9 p.m. These hours are according to the Sydney time. Each station transmits in the language of its own country, and their messages can be received with perfect satisfaction in Lismore. However, under the strict rules and regulations which govern the license which Exton holds for the conduct of his investigations in the science of wireless he is bound not to disclose the nature of any message picked up. Very heavy penalties are imposed for a breach of these provisions of the license conditions, and it would be the end of his wireless studies for any one who committed a breach of them.
   STANDARD TIME SIGNALS. Another interesting feature of the regulation of the world's wireless systems is the determination of standard time for each hemisphere by wireless signals sent out by an appointed station in each. For the Northern hemisphere, Stavanger, in Norway, transmits the time signal, and Marion, Massachusetts, United States of America, performs the same function for the Western hemisphere. To the uninitiated it will doubtless be a matter of wonder how it is that with such a great number of land stations working, as well as ships at sea transmitting messages, that there is anything but an incoherent jumble of signals, wholly unintelligible. This is provided for by fixing for any station a given wave length. The wavelengths of every station are published and distributed to all operators, so that to get into communication with any particular station known to be transmitting, the operator tunes his receiving apparatus to the given wave length, and is ready to take what is being sent out. As an example of this it may be stated that Hong Kong comes in on 5000 metres wavelength, Bathurst (Sierra Leone) ???? metres, Demarara (British Guiana) ????, Rome 11,000, Eiffel Tower 10,000, Stavangar 12,000, Berlin 5500, Lyons l5,000, Cavite (Philippines) 12,000, Pearl Harbour (Hawaii) 11,000, San Francisco 8600, Boston 5000, Carnarvon 14,000, Clifden (Ireland) 6000, Nauen 12,600, Rabaul 2900, Singapore 3000, Mexico City 4000. The wave length is in no degree an indication of the power of the station or of the distance over which the messages are transmitted. It is an adjustment to facilitate clearness in hearing the signals throughout the world.
   START WITH TELEPHONY. As Mr. Exton was one of the earliest experimenters in Australia to turn his attention to wireless telegraphy, so he is one of the pioneers in the Commonwealth with wireless telephony. Of course his progress in this development of wireless was res??? easier by having such a complete and up to date installation for telegraphy, and the adaptation to the new science did not take so long as if a start had to be made at the very beginning. Last month Mr. Exton was entertained at the Observatory to to a concert transmitted by wireless from Mr. Maclurcan's, Strathfield, and a few days later Australectric, Sydney, transmitted a wireless concert at which he was entertained at Mr. Marsden's, Bellevue Hill. Concerts have also been transmitted from Melbourne which Mr. Exton has been able to receive on his set, at Lismore. For this he couples to the loud speaker. It may be mentioned that sound is transmitted in tone about as loud as that of a good gramophone.
   PICTURES BY WIRELESS. As to his experiments with wireless pictures, Mr. Exton at present prefers not to disclose the full nature of the results obtained. He declares that the success which had attended his work so far is very satisfactory. So rapid has been the advance of wireless that it is impossible nowadays to predict with any degree of certainty what the future will bring forth. But it may be said that the object of Mr. Exton's experiments is to perfect an apparatus whereby cinematagraph films of any great public event taking place in, say, Europe or America, ???? transmitted by wireless from a central station and received, and thrown on the set as they are received, in any part of the world. To give an instance of what may yet come to pass if this invention is perfected to such an extent as to make it commercially practicable, when Mr. Hughes opens the first session of the Federal Parliament at the Commonwealth capital, Canberra, the cameras will record this great event in the history of Australia. The films after development and printing will be shown in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and every other place in the United Kingdom, and throughout the world, equipped with a picture receiver. There are great possibilities before the experimenter in this direction and everyone will wish him all success in his work.
Another interview with Exton is reported by the Tweed Daily
   WIRELESS IN LISMORE. Mr. G. W. Exton, of Molesworth Street. Lismore, has installed at his works a wireless plant which is one of the best and most complete in the Commonwealth. He is an experimenter in wireless of long standing, and is fully qualified under the various licensing and certified authorities in connection with wireless. Not only is Mr. Exton abreast of the times in the latest developments in the science, but he is conducting experiments in a direction in which, so far as can be learned from the latest text books and scientific journals, very little or nothing at all has been accomplished. He is investigating the possibility of adapting the cinema to wireless in order that pictures by wireless may become as usual a feature of everyday life as the ordinary picture show is today. In connection with this most interesting subject, his experiments so far have been eminently satisfactory, and it is more than probable that at some time in the near future, he will be able to announce results that will mark the commencement of a new era in the history of wireless and of the cinematograph. The Lismore plant is sufficiently powerful to communicate with any part of the world where there is a wireless station, and Mr. Exton is able to pick up messages from all the principal European stations. He has listened to a number of the wireless concerts recently sent from Sydney and Melbourne. The sound is transmitted in tone about twice as loud as that of a good gramaphone. The object of Mr Exton's experiments with wireless and the cinema is to perfect an apparatus whereby cinematograph films of any great public event taking place in, say, Europe or America, may be transmitted by wireless from a central station, received and thrown on a screen as they are received, in any part of the world.
Photo of Exton in the Sydney "Sun"
   (Start Photo Caption) Mr. G. W. Exton the Lismore wireless expert who is perfecting an apparatus which he has invented for transmitting pictures and cinema films by wireless. (End Photo Caption)

##### 1922 08

Another interview with Exton, much in his own words
   WIRELESS WONDERS. A LISMORE EXPERIMENTALIST. AN UP-TO-DATE PLANT. A representative of the "Tweed Daily" spent a highly interesting hour in the compact and well-fitted workshop of Mr. G. W. Exton, electrician, Molesworth street, Lismore. Mr. Exton studied under the Electrical Engineering Institute, from whom he received a certificate in 1901. During succeeding years he continued experimenting in electrical matters, but on the outbreak of war became a munition worker at Walsh Island, Newcastle, where he was engaged in the manufacture of shells. Returning to Lismore in 1919, he resumed his studies of wireless, and gradually purchased and improved receiving and despatching instruments until, now, he is able to send and receive messages to and from any part of the world. "Wireless messages," said Mr. Exton, "travel with the speed of light, namely, 180,000 miles per second, so you can imagine that it only takes a fraction of a second to send a message round the world." (The circumference of which is 24,000 miles). The despatching instrument used by Mr. Exton is capable of sending 10in. sparks info space at the rate of 130,000 per second. Messages are sent out with the ordinary telegraphic Morse key, and in Morse code. The receiving apparatus is beyond the comprehension of an amateur. It receives both messages and vocal or other sounds, and in the case of the latter, the tone, is raised by various instruments until a concert can be heard at a distance of 200 yards — a megaphone attachment being used in that case. When listening to a concert in Melbourne or Sydney, which he often does, Mr. Exton wears a telephone attachment on his head such as is used by exchange attendants, but when several persons are present the megaphone attachment is employed. Different vibratory powers are used in various wireless stations throughout the world, and an instrument in this plant registers the difference. "Wireless is really very simple," said Mr. Exton. "You see a man and hear him speak because certain waves of light and sound impinge on your eyes and ears. Put a current of electricity behind those sight and sound waves and you convey them 1000 or 10,000 miles. That is wireless. You simply carry the vibrations to a distance by electrical waves." "What are you on now?" asked the pressman. "Wireless pictures. They can travel as well as sound. I am not ready to say much on this subject yet, but it will be possible to transmit colors by wireless." "Any other novelty?" "A 'singing spark.' The ordinary spark crackles. By the use of nickel-plated discs I create a spark which 'sings' or hums. The practical object is to carry the sound further." "We are only on the outer edge of this wireless business," went on Mr. Exton, "and "no one knows what may be discovered yet. Matter is no distinction to the wireless spark. Forty-two thousand electric atoms could be placed on the point of a pin. How, then, could matter prevent the passage of electric atoms? The closest masses of matter, such as sheet iron, would be a sieve to the electric spark." Tubes of Neon, an extremely rare constituent of the atmosphere, are used in connection with wireless.— Thirty years ago the existence of Neon was unknown. A very interesting instrument is a reflecting galvanometer, which vibrates, or moves to the finest tremors of the earth, and registers the vibrations of any radio message which reaches the workshop day and night. For those untrained in the technicalities of a little-known subject it is difficult to grasp even a portion of the intricacies of wireless, but the most unskilled person listening to Mr. Exton could not but be impressed by the fact that he is in new regions of knowledge and experiment, and standing on the very threshold of great and wonderful discoveries.

##### 1922 12

Exton invites a group of friends to listen in to a broadcast by 2BL
   RADIO IN LISMORE. On Wednesday evening Mr. G. W. Exton, an enthusiastic member of the Lismore and District Radio Club, invited a number of friends to listen in to Broadcaster's, Ltd., concert. The reception from the first item, "The Bonnie Banks of Loch Lomond," Lomond," by Mr. Murray and Miss White, to the last strains of the National Anthem, was excellent. The Lismore Radio Club is installing a more powerful set, and as the power will be up to one hundred times greater the members are looking forward to having a very enjoyable time in the new year.

#### 1924
##### 1924 01

Exton clearly a major property holder in the Lismore district
   LISMORE COUNCIL. DECISIONS AT LAST MEETING. The Lismore Municipal Council met on Monday night, when the Mayor (Ald. Brewster) occupied the chair. The business included the following matters:— . . . Messrs. T. and G. W. Exton asked for the connection of the sewerage system to their nine cottages between Ballina and Girard streets.— Referred to the health, water and sewerage committee.
Lismore Radio Club secretary visits Exton and listens in to 2BL
   RADIO. WIRELESS CONCERT IN LISMORE. INTERESTING PROGRAMME. The secretary of the Lismore and District Radio Club, Mr. L. Yung, paid a visit to the station of Mr. W. G. Exton, a member of the club who has his own set, last evening and listened-in to Broadcasters' Ltd. concert programme. During the early part of the evening "statics" were bad, but after 9 o'clock the reception was very good. The items were varied and interesting, including weather reports, fashion talks for the ladies, instrumental items, songs and news reports. Among the songs broadcasted, "Your Eyes Have Told Me So and A Prayer from Ivanhoe," were heard very distinctly and the modulation was perfect. The banjo solo items were very clear, and fox trot music added to the novelty of the entertainment. The club's four-valve set is due to arrive in Lismore this week, and when fully installed there is no doubt but that good results will be obtained, as Mr. Exton was only using two valves.
Exton reported in the Northern Star's radio column as having good reception
   RADIO TOPICS. (By "Sparks") . . . Station 2CZ, owner Mr. G. W. Exton, has been listening in during the past fortnight, and reports good receptions. . . .

##### 1924 02

Exton, as president of Lismore Radio Club, seeks support for the club to use a room of the Rural School; proposal well received by Education Minister
   RADIO. LISMORE INSTALLATION WANTED. USE OF RURAL SCHOOL. Mr. G. W. Exton (president), on behalf of the Lismore Radio Club, interviewed Mr. A. Bruntnell, Minister for Education, on his visit to Lismore yesterday, with reference to the proposed establishment of a radio station in one of the rooms of the Rural School. Mr. Bruntnell was asked to give his consent, the idea being that the radio station would be used for instruction purposes by the pupils in the day time, and by members of the local Radio Club at night. Mr. Exton pointed out that the room asked for would be suitable in every way for the purpose. All that was necessary was the installation of electric light. The club officials had conferred with the inspector of schools (Mr. Fraser), who was in sympathy with the object. Should the application be granted full responsibility for the care of the buildings and furniture would be taken both by the teachers and the executive of the Radio Club, and no loss of space or disorganisation of class work would be occasioned. The set was already under order — a four valve receiving set with folding sides and a 14 inch magno box, the approximate cost being £100. The set would permit of all wiring and working to be seen by the students, as the club was an experimental station. At a later date a transmitter would be installed, and the club felt that if the permission asked for were granted, it would be a distinct educational asset to the Rural School. In the event of a license being obtained, the desire was that it should be in the name of the Lismore Radio Club and the Rural School. Mr. Bruntnell, in reply, said that the proposal was just what he desired, as it would tend still further to bring the parents and citizens into close touch with the teachers and scholars and the work of the school. On his return to Sydney he would immediately refer the application to a committee which had been specially appointed, and this committee in turn would communicate the decision to the Radio Club. Personally, he was very much in favour of the proposal.

##### 1924 03

Lismore Radio Club has much success with it's new 4-valve Burgin Electric receiver
   LISMORE RADIO. SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTS. During the past week the Lismore and District Radio Club's new 4 valve wireless receiving set has been used out at station 2 C.Z. and the results have been entirely satisfactory. Stormy conditions resulted in a large amount of "statics," but on clear evenings the vocal and instrumental items broadcasted from Sydney by 2 B.L. (Broadcasters Ltd.) were received excellently. Two valves brought the music, and when the four valves and magnavox loud speaker were used the volume of sound was enough to fill a large sized hall. People on the other side of the street from 2 C.Z. have been enjoying the novelty of "listening-in." When the necessary adjustments have been made, and better atmospheric conditions are experienced, members of the radio club will be able to have many enjoyable concerts. The secretary (Mr. L. Yung), while in Sydney a fortnight ago, tested out the set at the makers' experimental station, the Burgin Electric Co., and was pleased with the excellent result. The set has been constructed so that all wiring can be traced, and no parts hidden away, as it is to serve as a club experimental demonstration set. When the set was completed many city radio enthusiasts inspected it and reported on its commonsense construction. Mr. G. W. Exton, owner of 2 C.Z., was responsible for the design and circuit and he is to be complimented on his choice. A test was made during the week, when Mr. Exton rang up a friend on his telephone while the set was in use, and hanging up the telephone receiver invited him to listen in. Mr. Exton's friend voted it a success. It was a good demonstration especially when it is taken into consideration that the person listening in was five miles from the exchange, and that Mr. Exton's telephone was situated about 25 feet away from the loud speaker.
Local newspaper hears a wireless concert by telephone from Exton's station
   WIRELESS CONCERT. Through the courtesy of Mr. Exton, part of a wifeless concert broadcasted from Sydney, was heard over the telephone at the "Northern Star" office last night. The music was heard quite distinctly, but was rather interfered with by the vibrations of the telephone.
Lismore Radio Club receives conditional approval to use the local Rural School for radio experiments
   RURAL SCHOOL'S RADIO. Mr. R. S. Perdriau, M.L.A., has been in-formed in reference to his representations on behalf of Mr. G. W. Exton, Lismore, in relation to a request for permission to instal a radio system in one of the rooms of the local Rural School, to be used for instructional purposes by pupils during the day, and members of the Radio Club in the evenings, that the Education Department has no objection to the proposal, subject to the observance of the following conditions by the Radio Club:— That the department is put to no expense in the matter; that the work of the school is not interfered with; that the radio Club undertakes full responsibility for the proper care of the department's property and agrees to make good any damage sustained while the premises are in use, and that no structural alteration is made without the sanction of this Department.
Exton hears a wireless concert from Mexico (presume medium wave)
   WIRELESS FROM MEXICO. Mr. G. W. Exton, station 2CZ, Lismore, states that between 10.30 and 11.20 last night he received on his set a wireless concert from Mexico. Though the statics were busy the voices were frequently quite clear and the telephony was good.

##### 1924 04

Comprehensive report of the annual meeting of the Lismore Radio Club, with Exton's activities prominent
   RADIO. PROGRESS OF LISMORE CLUB. BUSINESS AT ANNUAL MEETING. The annual meeting of the Lismore and District Radio Club was held in the club room at the Lismore Rural School last night. The president, Mr. E. S. Graves, occupied the chair. There was an attendance of about 20 members. The retiring president submitted a report of the past operations of the club, in which it was mentioned that the membership, which at the inception of the club in October, 1923, was 16, had since increased to 126 members. This spoke volumes for the enthusiasm and interest displayed by radio enthusiasts of the town and district. There was a very great amount of preliminary work to be accomplished before the station could be classified as in full working order. The first consideration was the building of a receiving set, and Mr. G. W. Exton was responsible for the designing of a circuit, for a four valve set which was built by the Burgin Electric Co., of Sydney. The set had been thoroughly tested and had proved to be quite suitable for the station. Music, broadcasted from Sydney had been heard 50 yards away from the loud speaker. On March 7 an experimental station license was granted to the club. Through the generosity of Mr. M. Allan the upstair portion of his garage was available to the club for use as a club room and an aerial was erected. Later it was decided to approach the Minister for Education for permission to use the science room of the Rural School as club rooms and station. During the day the senior pupils would be instructed in the science of radio, and the club to use the rooms in the evening. Mr. G. W. Exton waited upon the Minister, Mr. Bruntnell, on his visit to Lismore in February and placed the proposition before him. Permission was duly granted. The thanks of the club were due to Mr. W. T. Fraser and Mr. W. A. Elston for their interest in this matter. The official opening of the club was performed by Mr. J. Malone, Chief Manager for Wireless and Telegraphs, on March 13, and was attended by over 80 members and visitors. WORKING OF THE SET In regard to the working of the set an aerial was erected between the two chimneys of the school, but the results obtained were not satisfactory. Another was erected between the girls and boys' school, and although better than the first, was not suitable for the station. To again test the set it was placed on Mr. G. W. Exton's aerials and the results obtained were excellent. A further test was carried out on Mr. G. Wells' aerials and those who were present could testify as to the capabilities of the set. It was therefore necessary that new and higher aerials should be erected before any experiments could be carried out, and it was to be hoped that the new committee would see that this was done at once. To have formed a club, built a four valve receiving set complete, and secured suitable club rooms, and have a credit balance all within six months was indeed a creditable performance, and spoke volumes for the energy and enthusiasm of the committee. The thanks of the members were due to all those who had rendered valuable assistance, and in particular Messrs. G. W. Exton, H. Holt, P. M. Hoare, G. Wells, N. Thompson, V. Bale, C. Martin and A. Holley. A 500 tournament and dance was held in January in aid of the club and resulted in a profit of £9 2s 1d. Mr. H. S. Thomas and his orchestra rendered valuable assistance. It was gratifying to know that a good many members were busy building their own sets. A number of lectures had been given and it is proposed to continue these at least weekly. A buzzer class had been formed and instructional classes would be held biweekly. The report concluded with an expression of thanks, to the officers and committee for their assistance. The report was adopted. SECRETARY THANKED Mr. Holt proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the secretary. Such an official could either make or mar any institution. They had been very fortunate in securing Mr. Yung's services in that capacity. Mr. Brown seconded the motion. Mr. Yung's enthusiasm was remarkable, and a great deal of the success of the club was due to his work. The election of officers resulted as follow:— President, Mr. P. H. Balzer; vicepresident, Messrs. H. Holt and H. Brawn; secretary, Mr. L. Yung ; hon. treasurer, Mr. C. Twartz ; committee, Messrs: P. M. Hoare, E. S. Graves, G. Wells, L. Jarvis, H. Russell, H. J. Griffiths, G. W. Exton, D. K. Murray, G. R. A. Watts, R. H. Atkinson, C. Folkes, J. L. Howison, and H. Thompson. Mr. Yung mentioned that he had been approached with reference to the loan of the loud speaker from the club's set in connection with a proposed wireless concert to be given in Lismore. Mr. Balzer moved that the club is not in favour of loaning the loud speaker or any portion of the club's apparatus for outside concerts. Mr. Thompson seconded the motion. The general opinion of members was that the set could not be hired out in the terms of the license. It was generally understood also that if concerts were given the proceeds must be in aid of club funds or the development of wireless. The motion was carried. Mr. Jarman moved that no portion of the set be removed from the club room without the consent of the electrical committee. The motion was carried. PIONEERING WORK. In reviewing the work of the past six months, Mr. Yung said that a large amount of work had been accomplished, particularly by Mr. Exton, in setting the club on to its legs. Many may have joined up out of curiosity. At times there had been some disappointments. One thing they must realise was that they were pioneers and had to accept the setbacks, also the criticism of outsiders. They must also realise that they were experimentalists. Wireless in Australia was very much behind the times. They must become imbued with the spirit that, what others had done they could do, and they must not get downhearted at occasional failures. They could possibly run the set satisfactorily by the expenditure of a lot of money, but that was not going to help wireless along locally. It was practical experience they needed. They had, he thought, done wonders so far. It was a good thing that in the town they had a number of young men who were desirous of learning all they could with regard to wireless and the working of the machine. The aim of the club was for those who had acquired any knowledge to hand it on. In regard to the aerial, the electrical committee had found out that this was the cause of the whole of the trouble in the past. If they could get a good aerial and ground connection the club would go ahead. New aerials would cost a lot of money. Finance was the problem at present. They also needed new coils and extra valves, and they would have to go into ways and means of raising more money. A radio ball was a matter for the future. He suggested that the Radio Club should approach the Parents and Citizens' Association with a view to organising a combined dance in aid of the funds of the Radio Club. The Radio Club was a matter in which the association was vitally interested. He moved that the president, secretary and treasurer be a subcommittee to confer with the Parents and Citizens' Association. The motion was carried. GENERAL MATTERS. Mr. Balzer desired to know what a permanent aerial would cost. The president thought the cost would be about £20. In regard to the aerial it was decided that the electrical committee inspect and report. A member expressed the opinion that lectures should be delivered by members of the electrical committee at least once a week in order to provide instruction for the general members. Mr. Hall suggested that a club badge should be designed. It was decided that the secretary obtain quotations for badges. Mr. Balzer thought the club should purchase two new valves. They could not trespass any longer upon the goodness of Messrs. Thompson and Wells. The chairman said this was a matter for the committee to deal with. Prior to and at the conclusion of the meeting the members had the privilege of "listening-in" to an excellent programme distributed by Broadcasters, Ltd., of Sydney. The musical selections were distinctly heard, and an interesting item was the chiming of the Sydney Post Office clock at 8 p.m.
Exton to demonstrate the Lismore Radio Club's 4 valve receiver
   NEAR AND FAR. LATEST NEWS FROM ALL QUARTERS. . . . The first of a series of lectures on wireless will be given tomorrow evening in the Lismore Radio Club's rooms, when Mr. P. Hoare will speak on "Elementary Wireless." On Thursday evening Mr. G. Exton will give a demonstration and address on the club's four-valve set.

##### 1924 05

Exton now a Justice of the Peace
   NEAR AND FAR. LATEST NEWS FROM ALL QUARTERS. . . . At the Lismore Quarter Sessions yesterday George Walter Exton, of Lismore, was sworn in as a Justice of the Peace.
Exton completes additions to his cottage in Molesworth Street
   LISMORE'S PROGRESS. BUILDING OPERATIONS ACTIVE. REVIEW OF YEAR'S WORK. If the prosperity of any city can be gauged by its building operations then Lismore can rightly be said to be making progress. Generally speaking business has been quiet, but that is due to unfavourable seasons rather than other causes. Lismore and contiguous centres have not benefited by the recent rains as much as other districts, only 1354 points being registered locally up to the present time. Given a good spring the district will quickly recover itself and money will again be plentiful. . . . JANUARY, 1924. J. Nunan, cottage, Currie-street; A. Thorburn, additions, 64 Union-street, South Lismore; R. W. Prosser, additions, Woodlark-street east; C. L. Saville, cottage, Ballina-street; Frank McKee, cottage, Parade and Showview streets; J. Stubbins, additions to residence, Leycester-street; A. Petersen and Son, cottage, Casino-street; R. C. Stanger, cottage, Dalley-street; G. W. Exton, additions to cottage, Molesworth-street; B. R. Bosworth, additions to residence off Keen-street; and cottage in Terania-street, North Lismore; — Vennhoff, cottage, High-street, near reservoir; Cupitt and Elliott, cottage rebuilt, Cathcart-street.

##### 1924 08

Exton and the Lismore Radio Club called upon for advice
   WIRELESS FOR WOLLONGBAR. The advantage of installing a wireless listening in set in the Wollongbar school was fully discussed at the last meeting of the Parents and Citizens' Association. The secretary, Mr. Harder, was empowered to interview Messrs. Exton and Yung, of Lismore, and ask them to pay a visit to the Wollongbar school at an early date to give the residents an insight into matters relative to wireless sets.
Exton gives a lecture on wireless to the Lismore Rural School
   RURAL SCHOOL RADIO CLASS. Last Friday evening, at the invitation of the Lismore Radio Club, the members of the Lismore Rural School radio class attended the club rooms. Some had already been initiated into the secrets of the ether, while the remainder experienced their first "listen-in." While "Uncle George" and the Hello Man from 2 F.C. were telling their bedtime stories the eyes of the boys never seemed to leave the loud speaker. Later in the evening Mr. G. W. Exton explained to the pupils the construction of simple crystal sets, and answered their many and varied queries. Most of the members are now busy on the construction of crystal sets.
Exton and Yung deliver lectures on wireless to a gathering at Wollongbar
   WOLLONGBAR. LECTURE ON WIRELESS PROGRESS. A large gathering of residents listened with interest to addresses on "Wireless," delivered by Messrs. Exton and Yung (of Lismore) in the Public School on Thursday evening last. Mr. J. Corcoran, senr., presided. Mr. Yung dealt with the every day or practical side of wireless. Briefly outlining the formation of the Lismore Club he gave concrete ideas as to the procedure it would be advisable to follow when starting a club at Wollongbar. Many phases of wireless, namely educational, interest as a hobby, and commercial advantages, etc., were dealt with in an interesting manner. Mr. Yung concluded his address by advising any who took up wireless not to be discouraged by outside opinion, for although some failed to achieve much success, the failure could usually be traced to lack of perseverance. The system was in its infancy, and a great and wonderful future lay ahead. Mr. Exton then explained clearly technical construction and capacity of a "crystal set." The setting up and use of a valve set was also described. Helpful literature was suggested to intending beginners, and an invitation to visit Lismore and "listen in" was extended to those interested. Messrs. Corcoran, Harder, Mallon and Blacklock each expressed their hearty appreciation and thanks to the speakers for their kindness in visiting Wollongbar and giving such interesting addresses, and also for the invitation to visit the Lismore club. They trusted that it would not be long before Wollongbar had a wireless set. A vote of thanks, proposed by the chairman, was carried by acclamation. Refreshments were served by the ladies before the gathering dispersed. It is intended to try to arrange for a practical demonstration of a listening-in set with loud speaker at an early date.

##### 1924 12
#### 1925
##### 1925 02

Exton elected to the committee pf the Lismore Radio Club
   LISMORE RADIO CLUB. The first annual meeting of the Lismore and District Radio Club was held in the club rooms on Tuesday night, Mr. P. H. Balzer being in the chair. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:— President, Mr. P. H. Balzer; vice-presidents, Messrs. H. Brawn and P. Hoare; joint secretaries, Messrs L. Yung and V. Derrick; treasurer, Mr. C. Harris; committee, Messrs. Exton, Rutherford, Thompson, Radford, and Holley. It was decided to affiliate with the Wireless Institute. A buzzer class has been formed, and the syllabus is being drawn up covering lectures and practical demonstrations in experimenting.

##### 1925 04

Exton appears in a list of Australian transmitters
   AUSTRALIAN EXPERIMENTERS. LICENSED TRANSMITTERS. Below are given details of wireless experimenters in . . . NEW SOUTH WALES. . . . 2CZ, G. W. Exton, Lismore

##### 1925 08

Exton exhibits at the first Lismore radio exhibition
   RADIO. LISMORE EXHIBITION. FIRST COUNTRY DEMONSTRATION. The first exhibition of wireless to be held outside the metropolitan area was given at Lismore yesterday under the auspices of the Radio Club. Mr. P. H. Balzer, who presided, said it was hoped the exhibition would remove much of the prejudice at present in evidence against wireless. The official opening ceremony was performed by Mr. W. H. Pye, postmaster at Lismore, and district inspector of radio sets. Mr. Pye, who expressed pleasure at the comprehensive nature of the display, said the Lismore Radio Club, if its members worked well together, would doubtless accomplish a great deal for the good of the science. He could assure them that Mr. Malone, who controlled the wireless section in the Postmaster-General's Department, would give every consideration. There was a large attendance, and much interest was shown in the display. It was unfortunate, however, that the lack of familiarity with the surroundings did not enable the operators to demonstrate the sets at their best. Their difficulty was added to by the noise made by the spectators. The most successful item was a song broadcasted from Melbourne and "tuned in" by Mr. S. Rutherford, junr. Several attempts were made to transmit speeches from the loud speakers, but though the tones were clear enough it was difficult to catch the words. All classes of sets, from humble home-made contrivances staged by members of the club to elaborate five and six valve cabinet sets for home use, were on view. It was expected that a number of additional displays would have been received from Sydney, but barbound vessels prevented the whole of the exhibits being placed on view. Additional sets are expected to arrive by train for the sessions today and tonight. The exhibitors, in addition to the Lismore Radio Club members, are the Canada Cycle and Motor Company, Brisbane; the Western Electric Company; Lismore General Electric Company; Willard Batteries; Exide Batteries; Messrs. Wells and Thompson, Lismore; Mr. G. W. Exton, Lismore; Mr. S. Rutherford, junr., Lismore, and Messrs. F. Wicks and Co., Lismore. The exhibition will resume at 10 o'clock this morning, and will continue until 11 o'clock tonight.
Exton appears in a list of NSW licensed experimental transmitters
   NEW SOUTH WALES. Call Sign. Name. Address. . . . 2CZ Exton, G. W., 173 Molesworth-st., Lismore.

##### 1925 12
#### 1926
##### 1926 12
#### 1927
##### 1927 05

Exton the constructor of a set that logged a 2LO broadcast by 2BL, branded "Extndyne"
   NEAR AND FAR. LATEST NEWS FROM ALL QUARTERS. . . . Mr. T. S. Husband, whose log of the re-broadcasting from Sydney of a programme from 2LO, London, was published yesterday, listened-in on a four-valve Extndyne set built and assembled in Lismore by Mr. G. W. Exton.

##### 1927 10

Obituary for Exton's father
   OBITUARY. MR. THOMAS EXTON, SENR. One of the few remaining human links between early Lismore and Lismore of today was broken yesterday with the death of Mr. Thomas Exton, who was born at Leycester 80 years ago, and resided in the district all his life. During his long and active life he saw the area changed from a jungle to what we know it today — a rich countryside. The late Mr. Exton was connected with many of the early progressive movements and played an important part in public life. He was an alderman for 16 years on some of the first councils, and three times was nominated for the position of Mayor, but refused the position, and when his friends would not accept his withdrawal, lost the Mayoral elections on his own vote. He was a foundation member of the Turf Club and one of the first committee of management, and of the original committee only two are now alive, Mr. F. (Start Photo Caption) Photo taken 30 years ago. (End Photo Caption) Fredericks, aged 88, and Mr. Bentley. He was one of the founders of the agricultural society, and one of the bondsmen for the first show held in Lismore. His parents were engaged in farming and cattle raising at Leycester, but the late Mr Exton early commenced to take an interest in the timber industry, and built up a large connection in the early days, and retained his connection with the industry until he retired from active business a few years ago. At the same time he conducted stores in the town, first at North Lismore and later in Woodlark-street, where the firm of Messrs. Maloney and Son and O'Connor is now. He was widely respected and was admired for his business integrity. During his career he acquired large property interests in the town, and was probably the largest owner of house property in Lismore. His inherent good nature and fairness is borne out by the fact that as a landlord he had been held up to admiration for many years, and there was always a good deal of competition to rent the houses which he owned. Throughout his life he took a great deal of interest in sporting matters, and as a racehorse owner met with moderate success. Deceased is survived by a widow, three sons and one daughter, 10 grandchildren, and eight greatgrandchildren. The sons are Messrs. Thomas Henry Exton and George Walter Exton (Lismore), and William James Exton (Sydney). Mrs. John Farrow, of Lismore is a daughter. Deceased has one brother, Mr. William Exton, of Lismore, aged 82. The funeral will leave the residence in Molesworth-street at 2 p.m. today for the Church of England cemetery.
Probate notice for Exton's father
   LEGAL NOTICES. IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Probate Jurisdiction.— In the Will of THOMAS EXTON, late of Lismore, in the State of New South Wales, Timber Merchant, deceased. Application will be made after fourteen days from the publication hereof that Probate of the last Will of the above-named deceased may be granted to THOMAS HENRY EXTON and GEORGE WALTER EXTON, both of Lismore, the Executors named in the said Will, and all notices may be served at the Office of the undersigned, to whom all persons having claims against the Estate of the said deceased are requested to furnish particulars thereof within such fourteen days. McKENZIE and BONDFIELD, Proctors for the Executors, Molesworth-street, Lismore. Sydney Agents, Messrs. Clayton, Utz and Company, 280 Castlereagh-street, Sydney.

##### 1927 12
#### 1928
##### 1928 05

Exton announces the establishment of a Class B service, but PMGD policy delays a further two years
   LISMORE PROJECT. BROADCASTING STATION. COMMENCEMENT OF WORK. Work has commenced on the erection of a broadcasting station in Lismore. The station will have a power of 250 kilowatts and broadcast on a 225-metre wave length. Mr. G. W. Exton is responsible for the project, and much of the material has already arrived. A suitable building for housing the plant is now being erected. The station will cost about £2000. The Department of Education and the Defence Department are connected with the scheme, and Paling's, Ltd. will be responsible for much of the programme in the initial stages. At first the station will broadcast from 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. and from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. Later it is probable that these hours will be extended and arrangements may be made to rebroadcast the Sydney daylight programmes. If this is successful Lismore listeners will receive more for their license fees than they do at present. Only a very few sets in town are now capable of receiving Sydney in the daytime, and reception is dependent on atmospheric conditions. Thus Lismore residents who pay their annual license fees are not as well served as other parts of the State where the A class stations can be heard the whole of the time they are on the air. The new station will be a B class and one of the most powerful in the country parts of the State; Bathurst has a similarly powered station. A station of this size will serve the whole of the countryside between the border and Grafton during daylight hours and popularise the cheaper receiving sets. The Education Department will use the station for broadcasting instructional lectures, and for this purpose direct lines may be connected to one or more of the schools. The Defence Department is involved as the station will be a link to maintain communication with the North Coast under all possible conditions and instructions to staff and trainees may be sent by this means. First release of gramophone records and pianola rolls will be given to the new station and concerts and items by artists arranged for at intervals. Mr. Exton has been connected with the electrical trade for many years. He has for some years past given a good deal of attention to broadcasting and has placed many hundreds of receiving sets in Lismore and district houses. Among the equipment for the new station now on the premises are some huge valves, the smaller ones costing about £90 each and the larger ones up to £300 each. Although they are expensive the valves, or, to use the American term now becoming more popular in Australia, "tubes," can only be used for 1000 hours; their life is then ended and they must be replaced with new ones. The transmitting set will contain eight tubes. Transformers weighing 5cwt., rectifiers, generators, etc., are also on Mr. Exton's premises. The owner has for some time operated a 10-watt amateur station, which has been heard in America, and for this station he uses the same wave length as in the new one. When erecting the plant provision will be made to include apparatus to permit of dropping to short wave transmission if required; this is insisted upon by the Defence Department. The new station will be built to deal with a voltage as high as 10,000, but it is expected that the initial work will be done with 2000 volts.

##### 1928 07

Malone makes clear that Exton's licence issue not guaranteed
   LISMORE BROADCASTING. QUESTION OF A LICENSE. SYDNEY, Friday. Referring to the commencement of the erection of a broadcasting station at Lismore, Mr. James Malone, Chief Inspector of Wireless, writing to the Director of the Radio Broadcast Bureau, stated that he had already informed the mover in the project (Mr. G. W. Exton) that his application with others for class B. station licenses was held up pending the settlement of policy. He had also warned Mr. Exton not to commit himself to any expenditure as he had no guarantee that the license would be granted.
Council approves plans for Exton to extend his workshop, likely associated with his proposed 2XN station
   NEW BUILDINGS. As Lismore's health inspector (Mr. J. Stewart) has been away on holidays the list of plans of new buildings approved by the municipal council on Monday night was rather longer than usual. Plans approved were:— Shops, flats and garage in Keen-street for S. Rutherford; garage in Bounty-street for W. T. Caldwell; extension to workshop for G. W.Exton; house in Esyth-street for W. Wagner; . . .
At the second Lismore Radio & Electrical Exhibition, Crawford encourages the establishment of an experimental broadcasting station and notes the relationship between Exton and Malone
   RADIO EXHIBITION. LISMORE INTEREST. OFFICIAL OPENING BY MAYOR. Officially opening the radio and electrical exhibition in the Masonic Hall, Lismore, last night the Mayor (Ald. C. McKenzie) stressed the vast improvement made in broadcasting as evidenced by that display since the exhibition in the same hall a few years ago. The difference was most marked and though conditions at the Masonic Hall are anything but ideal for reception it is only necessary to remember the whistles, bangs, and snorts which constituted reception on the previous occasion to realise the advance that radio has made. Fortunately most persons are now sufficiently acquainted with good reception to avoid the mistake of confusing it with the Masonic Hall kind. The interest of the general public was evidenced by an attendance of about 300 people between 2 p.m. and 10 p.m., when the display was closed. It will be open today and tomorrow from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. The latest sets, in handsome cases which would ornament any home, are on view, prices varying from three valve sets at £20 and less to super-eights at more than £100. The electrical dealers show many devices for the home and the general standard of the exhibition brought commendation from city visitors. In addition to the receiving sets many exhibitors display parts.
   OFFICIAL OPENING. Mr. S. J. Hosie, president of the Richmond River Listeners' League, which organised the exhibition, introduced the speakers to an audience of about 100 at the official opening ceremony and explained the good work the league was doing for listeners in general and those in the district in particular. The Mayor and Mayoress were both present and the Mayor congratulated the Richmond River Listeners' League on organising such a display and the exhibitors on their exhibits. He referred to the varied nature of the articles, the latest in the radio field and the last word in electrical washing machines and labour saving devices for the home. He pointed out that the council had installed an up-to-date electrical plant which would be further improved in the future and a natural result would be decrease in prices and an increased consumption. He said the council recognised that broadcasting had brought something new into the life of the people and was out to assist the new development which was strengthening the home life of the nation by making homes more attractive. The Mayor pointed out that every listener paid a fee. Though not very large they amounted to a great deal in the aggregate. This money went to provide programmes for all and thus to a certain extent the broadcasting stations belonged to the people for they provided a communal service. He hoped that the future would not only see stations limited but that the country districts would have their transmitting stations and country listeners would be in the same fortunate position as those of the cities. He contrasted the present exhibition with the previous one and it was an indication not only of the progress of radio but of Lismore. He concluded with congratulations to the League and exhibitors, extended good wishes for success, and declared the exhibition officially open.
   DEPARTMENT'S ATTITUDE. Mr. W. T. S. Crawford, radio inspector, thanked the league for the invitation to be present and said he had no difficulty in securing departmental permission for the department was endeavouring to do all that it could for the benefit of those who paid license fees. He congratulated officers and members of the league, also the radio dealers, on the display, which he considered the best staged in any country town. The department was well aware of reception conditions in Lismore and district, for it kept in touch with the whole of the State and he did not think that it would be very long before a policy was put forward by which country listeners-in would be better served. The limiting factors in the matter were chiefly financial for stations and land lines were costly; the technical side of the question did not present such great difficulties as the financial. He dealt with the complications that would arise were too many stations to be licensed and explained how the air in Europe and America had become congested by insufficient attention to this factor and the steps that had been taken to remedy it. The necessity for care in this direction was evidenced in the north of Australia, where the high powered Japanese stations interfered with the reception of Australian stations, and in some places the same remarks applied to the New Zealand stations.
   PROGRAMMES. Mr. Crawford spoke of the Government's action with regard to the improvement of programmes which was about to bear fruit and thought that all listeners-in with some experience of programmes would admit that these were improving. He knew nothing officially of the amalgamation of stations beyond that it was a step to eliminate financial waste which was going on and to give better programmes, and better programmes was the wish of the Government. Dealing with the interference question he said that Lismore was not unique in experiencing this trouble. He had been listening-in for the past two nights and reception in Lismore was what he would call "good," and the electrical officers in country towns were only too glad to cooperate with the department in eliminating trouble where possible. He said that there were some causes of electrical disturbances, such as those associated with X-ray plants, which could not be obviated and necessary services could not be stopped. The same trouble was experienced in America, where the big electrical manufacturers had created special departments to deal with this phase. There was a greater possibility of interference with direct current than with alternating current and when Lismore was using alternating current only he anticipated an improvement in conditions. Mr. Crawford next dealt with the howling trouble and counselled the league to educate set owners to the realisation that broadcasting was a communal service. He said that Lismore had a very fine experimenter in Mr. Exton, with whom he and the chief of the department had been in touch for many years, and he hoped that other young men would be encouraged to follow in Mr. Exton's footsteps. He urged the league to consider the formation of a technical branch, also to teach the young listeners telegraphy. He would like to see an experimental station established in Lismore. One effect of this would be to make the name of Lismore known not only in all parts of the Commonwealth but in America and other overseas countries. At the instance of Mr. Hosie a vote of thanks was carried to the Mayor and Mr. Crawford. The amateur sets were judged by Mr. W. T. S. Crawford, radio inspector from the P.M.G.'s Department, points being awarded for wiring (neatness and electrical correctness), panel layout, baseboard layout, suitability of apparatus, simplicity of control, novel mechanical features, novel electrical features, and general appearance and design, total 100. Results were:— Multivalve set, H. Attewell (Nimbin), 89 points, 1; E. W. H. Stanger (Nimbin), 83 points, 2; B. L. Smith (Lismore), 82 points, 3. Single valve set, J. Threlfall, 80 points. Short wave set, H. Temperly, 85. 1; J. Threlfall, 83, 2. Combination short wave and broadcast wave set, J. Threlfall, 83 points.
   TRADE DISPLAYS. Exhibitors included Mr. J. S. Meaney, showing a wide range of Radiola (Amalgamated Wireless) products, including a super-eight, straight six, screened six, standard six, all-electric six, service tester, and the Electrutone, the latter a device for attaching to a gramopohne and receiving the music through a wireless set. This makes possible excellent gramophone music from a cheap gramophone if it is not desired to tune into a broadcasting station. A number of similar devices of different, makes were shown by other firms. Mr. V. Bale showed a fine range of R.C.A. sets and speakers, including all electric models and those operated by battery power. An unusual feature was a power speaker for use in a hall. This was operated by four valves and would make music from an ordinary orchestra seem of very small volume. Many of the R.C.A. sets have been sold in Lismore and district during the past few weeks. Webster, Jack, and McDonald showed 6-valve Crossley and Kolstor sets in varied designs and handsome cabinets, together with speakers and all equipment. F. Wicks and Company had a fine display of New System sets, five, three, and six valves, which are made by the New System Telephone Company, a firm with an international reputation. Floor and table models were included and cone speakers at a very reasonable price are worth attention. The C.C.M. Company showed its own well-known models, handsomely cased and completely equipped. Mr. P. Hoare showed Harrington's popular fives and threes, Gilfillan neutrodynes, Burgophones, Consol standard five, a complete range of Amplion speakers, other makes of speakers and valves and radio parts of all kinds. Mr. J. R. Currie showed the famous Atwater Kent sets of varying power all with the one-dial control which this firm claims to have originated and which is now seen as a feature of a number of makes. The serial number of one set was 2,109,000, so the make must be a popular one. Bennet and Woods are the N.S.W. distributors for Stewart Warner sets and showed the popular five-valve model together with Columbia and Everready batteries and an interesting display of Philips valves, which included an exhibit explanatory of the different stages a valve goes through before it is placed on the market. Lismore Electric Company had a stand full of all kinds of electrical devices for the home including irons, fans, radiators, kettles, toasters, urns, time switches, all worked by electricity; also all kinds of radio parts and speakers, battery chargers, etc. Northern Rivers Radio (Mr. R. W. Rogers) showed the Freshman five, World five, speakers, vlaves (sic), and radio parts. Mr. E. Downs exhibited many different kinds of electrical equipment including irons, fans, radiators, lamp fittings, etc.
Exton applies to Council for roadworks in the vicinity of his property
   LISMORE COUNCIL. COMMITTEES' REPORT. STATE OF ROADWAYS. The Mayor (Ald. C. McKenzie) presided at Tuesday night's meeting of the Lismore Municipal Council. Aldermen R. White, R. Brewster, H. Green, W. E. Bryant, F. L. Hacking, G. Stratford, S. R. Arthur, E. J. Eggins, R. Kellas, and G. A. Robinson were present. . . . Messrs. G. W. Exton and G. Wells wrote asking that Junction-street be made traffickable, and the lower end of Molesworth-street be completed in bitumen.— Works committee. . . .
Exton's father's estate is parcelled up
   NOTICE UNDER REAL PROPERTY ACT. APPLICATIONS have been made to bring the lands respectively described under the provisions of the Real Property Act. Caveats may be lodged on or before the respective dates mentioned:— . . . 31st August, 1928. . . . No. 29,272. Thomas Henry Exton, 2 r., lot 5, sec. 13, Lismore Est., Cathcart-st., Lismore. No. 29,273. Eliza Silk Exton, (estate for life), and George Walter Exton (estate in remainder), 2 r. 26½ p., cor. Gerard and Molesworth-sts., Lismore. No. 29,300. Eliza Silk Exton (estate for life), and William James Exton (estate in remainder), 21¾ p., includ. No. 161 Molesworth-st., Lismore.

##### 1928 08

Exton alreading allocating air time for his future 2XN station
   LISTENERS' LEAGUE. RECEPTION IN LISMORE. A number of matters of interest to owners of radio sets were discussed at a well attended meeting of the Richmond River Listeners' League, held in Lismore last night, when the president, Mr. S. J. Hosie, occupied the chair. The balance sheet of the radio exhibition recently held in Lismore was presented by the secretary (Mr. B. L. Smith) and showed a credit balance of £24. This was adopted on the motion of Mr. J. Connah, who congratulated the executive committee on the success of the exhibition. Mr. Smith was accorded a vote of thanks for his work. In connection with Mr. G. Exton's application for a "B" class license, the secretary stated that there was a good prospect of Mr. Exton's application being granted. The Lismore branch of the Returned Soldiers' League had accepted Mr. Exton's offer to provide the programme for the first night on the air. Mr. Exton had also offered a night to the Listeners' League. . . .
Exton receives a delegation from the Lismore Chamber of Commerce and is interviewed about his broadcasting station
   WIRELESS PROJECT. PROPOSED B CLASS STATION. Far from being a nebulous idea, Mr. G. W. Exton's project for the establishment of a B class broadcasting station is assuming definite shape, and considerable progress has been made with the assembling of the plant at his residence in the lower end of Molesworth-street. This was seen by Messrs. W. J. Hodge (vice-president), A. T. Stratford, L. Clements, and R. N. Williams, of the Lismore Chamber of Commerce, who made an inspection yesterday afternoon, at Mr. Exton's invitation. Mr. Exton told the party that the total cost of the erection of the station, which would have a power of 250 kilowatts, would be £2000, and already a big proportion of this amount had been expended. It was intended to broadcast on a 225 metre wave length, and programmes for the initial broadcasts had already been mapped out — the Diggers to have the first night and the Listeners-in League the next. Paling's, Ltd., had agreed to instal an electric pianola and an Estey pipe organ. Application had been made to broadcast from 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. each day and also for a relay programme from a Sydney station. Mr. Exton said that the erection of a landline for the latter purpose would cost some thousands of pounds. He was not asking for Government subsidy, but the alteration of his amateur license for an experimental station, known as 2CJ (sic, 2CZ), and which had been heard in Iowa (America), to a license for a B class broadcasting station. The only revenue he would secure would be from advertising. The wireless inspector, Mr. Crawford, had expressed himself as being in favour of the project, and he had been told by Mr. Malone, Deputy Director Posts and Telegraphs, that his application would be deferred until the return of another official from England. QUESTION OF INTERFERENCE. Asked if the station would interfere with reception of metropolitan broadcasts by local listeners, Mr. Exton replied that his station would be on the air during the afternoon and the only alteration to sets having a PI circuit would be the addition of a coil and a condenser to shut out the local station, if desired. If a station were erected at Grafton there would be no interference with Grafton. All the B class stations, he continued, were run by private enterprise, and there was a similar type of station run by Mockley's, Ltd., Bathurst, to that which was intended for Lismore. Mr. A. T. Stratford remarked that there was a movement on foot in Grafton to have a station erected there by the Commonwealth Government. Mr. Exton said that that station would cost the taxpayers from £2000 to £3000, whereas he was not asking for assistance for the Lismore project. Mr. Hodge, in extending an invitation to Mr. Exton to meet a committee of the chamber on Monday night, said that he felt that that body should accord his (Mr. Exton's) application for a licensed broadcast station endorsement, and said that, if granted by the Government, a new era in radio on the North Coast would be marked. THE DISTRICT'S CLAIM. Mr. Stratford pointed out that the Richmond district's claim on a population basis was more attractive compared with Grafton's, there being 60,000 on the North Coast who would be served, as against 16,000 in the sister city's district within a given radius. Mr. Exton said he would accept the invitation to discuss the matter with the chamber, and the party departed, after expressing thanks to him for his courtesy in allowing an inspection of the plant and information readily given.
Lismore Council approves new building for engine house for Exton's station
   NEW BUILDINGS. Lismore council last night approved the plans for the following buildings: — Engine house for wireless broadcasting station in Molesworth-street for G. W. Exton; motor shed in Woodlark-street for A. McKinnon; house in Cathcart-street for E. Wunderlich; additions to house in Lake-street for T. Winterton; boiler house at South Lismore soap works for A. T. Brown; house in Leycester-street for J. A. O'Flynn; house in James-street for R. C. Garrard; house in Atlas-street for P. Fitzgerald; house on W. Murray's farm, North Lismore.
Exton gets partial support from Council for road improvement
   LISMORE COUNCIL. COMMITTEE'S REPORTS. REQUESTS DEALT WITH. The Mayor (Ald. C. McKenzie) presided at the meeting of the Lismore Municipal Council last night. Aldermen R. White, S. R. Arthur, H. Green, E. J. Eggins, W. E. Bryant, F. L. Hacking, R. Kellas, and G. Stratford were present. . . . WORKS. . . . G. W. Exton and G. Wells, requesting that Junction-street be made traffickable and the work on the lower end of Molesworth-street be completed in bitumen. The construction of Junction-street is included in the loan programme, and will be carried out in due course. The construction work in Molesworth-street is to be tarred from Conway-street to Ballina-street, but no funds have been provided for tar or bitumen beyond Ballina-street. This road does not carry much traffic, and it is considered advisable that the council should adhere to its policy of tarring on heavily trafficked roads before expending funds for that purpose on the residential streets.
Chief engineer of New Systems Telephones visits Lismore for research and spends time with Exton
   SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS. Mr. H. K. James, chief engineer of New Systems Telephones Proprietary, Ltd., is making a tour of the North Coast, making scientific observation in the interests of wireless. When interviewed by the "Northern Star" representative as to the future of wireless, he said that prospects were literally unbounded. With regard to their own manufacturing, one of the largest in the Commonwealth, it had been necessary to obtain larger premises and the up-to-dateness of the machinery and the fitness of the receiver, for its position geographically was of vital importance. It might not be generally known that many English and American sets with a high reputation in their own country were not really well suited to Australian conditions. Again, certain receiving sets that did very well in the inland parts were not specially suitable for these coastal districts. During the past three weeks the New Systems Sydney laboratory had been engaged in overhauling and thoroughly testing the "Southern Cross" transmitting and receiving apparatus, which was donated to Kingsford Smith by the New Systems people when the trans-Pacific flight was projected. Mr. James himself fitted two new generators and tested the transmitter whilst in flight, and his signals were reported as being R7 in New Zealand. The tremendous importance of this apparatus might be justly estimated by the fact that in all human probabil- (Start Photo Caption) Mr. James. (End Photo Caption) ity Kingsford Smith and his intrepid companions owed their lives to its 100 per cent. efficiency. At critical moments, when chart and observation were of little help, guidance was readily obtainable per medium of the receiving set, which, though occupying only a small amount of space, was worth its weight in gold. The New Systems organisation was busy tabulating and embodying in their present models all the data compiled from the exhaustive tests made of these trials, and he was proud to think that their efforts had been rewarded with phenomenal success. The receiving set of the future would not necessarily be an expensive one, but must in the main be sound in design, accurate in construction, and impervious to interference of a disturbing nature. A good set could never be cheap, but a £50 set of today would give results that were unobtainable by one of three times that price a few years ago. Many weaknesses have been eliminated, and the general tendency lay in the direction of simplicity of control and greater selectivity. It is not generally known that some of our leading Australian designers are equal to any in the world, and Australian workmanship has reached a high state of perfection. The design of receiver has a great bearing on the amount of noises introduced. In view of this, it would be wise for intending purchasers of radio receivers to thoroughly investigate the noise reducing merits of the receiver. Mr. James has taken a considerable amount of evidence during his visit to the Northern Rivers, and would be pleased to reply to any inquiries on his return to Sydney. He felt sure that a brighter prospect was in store for radio enthusiasts in this district when the new electrical reticulation is completed. Mr. James inspected, through the courtesy of Mr. Geo. Exton, the projected Lismore broadcasting station, and much much impressed with the care taken to ensure perfect rendition. Mr. James spoke highly of the courtesy received from the president (Mr. S. Hosie) of the Listeners-in League, and of the secretary (Mr. Smith). It was a society Lismore should be proud of. He also wished to express thanks for the courtesy of the New Systems representatives (Messrs. F. Wicks and Co.), who had done everything possible to bring him in touch with local conditions.
Lismore Chamber of Commerce supports Exton's application for a B Class licence
   WIDE INTERESTS. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. LAST NIGHT'S MEETING. Nothing comes amiss to the Lismore Chamber of Commerce. It is equally ready to discuss radio, flood prevention, post boxes, stamp duties, in fact anything which affects the life of the community in general and Lismore district in particular. This was evidenced last night, when the chamber dealt with a number of widely differing topics in the course of a meeting lasting two and a half hours. Col. F. J. Board (president) occupied the chair. Capt. F. Davis, Major T. B. Osborne, Messrs. H. Sullivan, W. F. McDermott, J. N. Williams, N. W. Sidney, H. Moore, W. McLiesh, R. W. Simes, A. Clemens, A. C. Joubert, A. T. Stratford, S. W. Hodge, F. Mattress, C. H. Riley, H. C. Tulk, and C. A. Munro (secretary) were also present. Major Osborne and Mr. Riley attended as representatives of the Chamber of Manufactures. . . . Letters from Senator Massy Greene, Mr. G. Nesbitt, M.L.C., Mr. R. F. H. Green, M.H.R., Mr. W. T. Missingham, M.L.A., and others, referred to the chamber's support of Mr. G. W. Exton's application for a B. class broadcasting license to permit him erecting a station of this calibre in Lismore. The matter is still in abeyance pending the commencement of work by the board to control wireless, but all promised to endeavour to secure a license for Lismore. It was decided to instruct the secretary to prepare district statistics of population, etc., to be used by those supporting the application.

##### 1928 09

WIA lends its support to Exton's B Class application
   WIRELESS STATION. Recently the Lismore Chamber of Commerce supported Mr. G. Exton's application for a license for a B class broadcasting station in Lismore. The chamber has received letters from Senator Massy Greene, Mr. G. Nesbitt, M.L.C. Mr. R. F. H. Green, and Mr. W. T. Missingham, M.L.A., stating that they will do their best to secure a license for Lismore. Mr. Bruce Hardy (sic, Hardie), secretary of the Wireless Institute of Australia, has written stating that the executive of this body will be pleased to assist and has approached the authorities asking that permanent amateurs, which is considered to include Mr. Exton, be given consideration when the licenses are issued. The Postmaster-General's Department wrote stating that no action was being taken till the board to control broadcasting is appointed, that board would first deal with the policy for A class stations, and afterwards with the B class applications.
Construction of the Lismore broadcasting station proceeds, despite the absence of a licence
   BROADCASTING STATION. Mr. G. W. Exton is proceeding with the erection of his wireless station in Lismore, and 11 valves and five panels are now in position. The alternator is expected from Sydney this week, and "wiring up" will commence. Mr. Exton is an applicant for a B class station license, and his application has been supported by the Lismore Chamber of Commerce.

##### 1928 10

Lovely photo of Exton's new transmitter
   (Start Photo Caption)MR. G. W. EXTON'S WIRELESS STATION, LISMORE. With the work of construction completed except for the final wiring, Lismore's B class broadcasting station, 2CZ, now awaits the issuing of a license by the authorities to the owner, Mr. G. W. Exton, lower Molesworth-street before going on the air. The station will be of 250 watts power, and in addition to the plant shown in the illustration, a 16 horse power Tangye gas engine and a 7 kilowatt alternator, the latter having being built by the Royal Australian Navy, are installed. (End Photo Caption)

##### 1928 11

Exton still managing his real estate holdings
   NOTICE UNDER REAL PROPERTY ACT. APPLICATIONS have been made to bring the lands respectively described under the provisions of the Real Property Act. Caveats may be lodged on or before the 7th December, 1928:— . . . No. 29,274. George Walter Exton, 1 a. 1 r. 17 p., lots 2 to 6 (incl.), Gordon's Subdivn. of lots 26, 27 and 28, sec. 3, Lismore Estate, Molesworth-st., Lismore.

##### 1928 12

Exton's brother involved with the Lismore Radio & Electrical Exhibition by the Richmond River Listeners' League
   LISMORE EXHIBITION. RADIO AND ELECTRICAL. Lismore radio and electrical appliance dealers met last evening to discuss the radio and wireless exhibition it is proposed to hold about May next. Mr. B. L. Smith (secretary of the Richmond River Listeners' League) explained that the league desired to hold an exhibition similar to the one that proved so successful last year. It was proposed to secure a larger hall so that exhibitors might have more space. The allotment of space would be made by an independent committee. Space in the larger hall would be dearer owing to the increased rents, but dealers would get a rebate of 50 per cent. of the rents paid at the last exhibition. In the discussion of the arrangements it was pointed out that nearly all exhibitors next year would be using gramophone pick ups in case daylight reception could not be secured and daylight demonstrations would have to be controlled the same as the night sessions were. Applications for space should be closed fairly early so that exhibitors would know exactly what they had to do. Applications for space must be accompanied by cheques for the amount of space required. Dealers spoke in favour of the date of the exhibition, to follow the Sydney show. This would permit firms showing in Sydney making their exhibits available for display by their Lismore district representatives. It was proposed to open the exhibition at 1 p.m. on the first day and at 11 a.m. on the other days. The exhibition to be open continuously till 10 p.m. The question of charging for admission was discussed, but it was pointed out that people who intended buying did not mind a small charge for an interesting display. No exhibits that are sold will be allowed to be removed till the end of the exhibition. The control of the amateurs' exhibits was left to the league. On the motion of Messrs. F. Wicks and Meaney the dealers decided to support the exhibition. Mr. H. Temperley submitted a motion in favour of the league appointing a caretaker not connected with wireless firms, and this was seconded by Mr. T. Exton, and carried.
PMG strongly cautions Exton against incurring costs in respect of his broadcasting station with no guarantee of a licence
   WIRELESS STATION. National Service. EFFECT ON LISMORE PROPOSAL. Recently the Lismore Chamber of Commerce decided to support Mr. G. Exton's application for a license for a B class broadcasting station at Lismore. The station has been built by Mr. Exton at his own expense. The chamber has received a letter from the Postmaster-General, through Mr. R. F. H. Green, as follows:— "As you are doubtless aware it is the intention of the department to establish in selected centres throughout the States stations that will enable country listeners to obtain much better services and, at the same time, permit of local broadcasts of information of local interest. All such stations, to be efficient, will need to be part of the national broadcasting service of the Commonwealth. It is quite unlikely that there will be wave lengths available for any other local broadcasting stations, although the question has still to be considered by the Wireless Broadcasting Advisory Committee. "I might add," the letter concluded "that Mr. Exton was warned on several occasions before committing himself to any expenditure that he had no promise or definite prospect of obtaining the necessary license to operate a 250-watt station."

#### 1929
##### 1929 02

The other Exton brother also involved with the league
   RADIO EXHIBITION. Listeners' League Plans. UNIFORM AERIAL SYSTEM. It was reported at last night's meeting of the Richmond River Listeners' League held in Lismore that a satisfactory solution of the problem of securing a uniform aerial system for the Lismore radio exhibition to be held on May 23, 24, and 25 had been arrived at following an inspection of the Federal Hall, which will house the exhibition. An apology for absence was tendered on behalf of the president (Ald. S. J. Hosie), and Mr. P. M. Hoare (vice-president) was voted to the chair. Messrs. J. Connah, J. W. Palmer, H. Temperley, W. Exton, F. Wicks, J. McLean, J. Clarke, and B. L. Smith (secretary) were also in attendance. Mr. W. T. Crawford, radio inspector, wrote stating that he would not be able to attend the exhibition, and expressing pleasure regarding his visit last year. The secretary intimated that Sydney firms, represented in Lismore, had been circularised regarding the exhibition, and inquiries for space were coming to hand. One local firm, unable to secure a stand last year, had already paid for space. DRIVE FOR MEMBERS. A detailed report on the proposed publicity scheme, included in which is a "drive" for new members, was also given by the secretary, who said that the details of organisation would need to commence one month before the exhibition. It was agreed to make application for a license for the proposed short wave transmitter in the name of J. Connah, on behalf of the league. Technical details required by the P.M.G. Department, have been drafted by Mr. Hoare. Mr. Connah introduced a discussion on the "hardy annual," "howling" valves. He considered it was time the league took up the matter, as the nuisance was constant. In his locality it was very bad, and the league should take steps to locate the operators of the sets. A set would not howl unless it was made to do so, and when it did, it disturbed the enjoyment of other listeners. The chairman suggested that listeners should be invited to notify the league if there were offenders in their locality, giving time and details. The league was willing to show operators of the sets how "howling" could be obviated. It was pointed out that to leave valves oscillating was an offence under the regulations. Future meetings were ordered to be held on the first Tuesday in each month at 7.30 p.m.

##### 1929 04

Lismore Chamber of Commerce continues to support the establishment of Exton's B Class station, now complete
   Chamber of Commerce. . . . Lismore Chamber of Commerce met last night and discussed many matters affecting the town and district. . . . Those present were: Col. F. J. Board (president), Capt. F. Davis, Messrs. A. T. Stratford, H. Sullivan, W. Frith, T. G. Nelson, W. O'Connor, J. N. Williams, J. B. Carlton, N. W. Sidney, S. W. Hodge, S. Ward. J. N. Baird, A. C. Haysom, P. G. Harris, W. F. McDermott, J. Walsh, and C. A. Munro (secretary). . . . Some time ago the chamber had urged the Postal Department to grant a B class broadcasting license for Mr. G. Exton's station, now ready to go on the air, but no decision has yet been made. It was resolved to again urge the granting of the license. It was also resolved to place the matter before the Federated Chambers. Col. Board, said he understood that Mr. Exton's station had cost about £2500.

##### 1929 05

PMGD advises that Policy on B Class stations not yet finalised
   "B" CLASS STATION. Replying to the Lismore Chamber of Commerce representations supporting Mr. G. Exton's application for a B class broadcasting license for his Lismore station the Postal Department points out that the matter is still before the Wireless Broadcasting Advisory Committee. It is expected that the Government will deal with the committee's further recommendations in the near future, but until then the position will be unchanged.

##### 1929 09

Malone, Controller of Wireless visits Exton's station, station 2CZ to test on 250 metres
   LISMORE WIRELESS STATION. Mr. G. W. Exton states that wireless station VK2CZ, Lismore, will be testing at 10 p.m. on Sunday on 250 metres and he will be pleased to have reports on reception from listeners. Yesterday, the station was visited by Mr. J. Malone, Chief Radio Inspector, P.M.G. Department, who expressed the opinion, says Mr. Exton, that dealers and purchasers of sets should insist on getting receivers of stations down to 200 metres.

##### 1929 12
### 1930s
#### 1930
##### 1930 05

Announcement of testing of station 2CZ
   STATION 2CZ. The Lismore B class broadcasting station 2CZ will be on the air tonight from 7 to 9 o'clock, and will give district sporting results and general news, also a musical programme. The station will also be working during the same hours on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of next week, when the broadcast will include local market reports. Favourable reports were received of the transmission on Thursday night last, Casino listeners stating the programme came in with good volume. 2CZ can be tuned in near the zero mark on most sets, the wave length being 224 metres.
Exton's experimental station 2CZ starting to sound like a full broadcasting station
   STATION 2CZ. BROADCASTING FROM LISMORE. Broadcasting station 2CZ (Lismore). was on the air on Saturday from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. on its wave length of 224 metres, and numerous messages testified to the quality of the transmission, although static interfered with listeners' reception. Brisbane received the station fairly well, and Casino listeners reported that reception was excellent. It was intended that the station should be on the air on Mondays, Tuesdays and, Wednesdays, but, in response to numerous requests, the management has decided to make the Saturday broadcast a permanent feature. For the first 15 minutes a musical programme was given, and this was followed by weather report, results of football matches and other sporting fixtures from Murwillumbah, Byron Bay, Casino, Kyogle and Lismore, also Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Casino racing results. A musical programme was given from 7.50 p.m. to 9 p.m. The management would appreciate letters or telephone calls from country centres giving listeners' impressions of the broadcast. The station's telephone number is 474 Lismore. The station will be on the air from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. today, tomorrow, and on Wednesday. Interesting programmes have been arranged and prices ruling at district cattle and pig sales will be put on the air. It is hoped to arrange in the next few weeks for the broadcasting of church services on Sunday nights.
Listeners report hum on modulation of 2CZ transmissions
   LOCAL STATION. Some Lismore radio enthusiasts state that an unpleasant feature of the broadcasting from 2CZ, the Lismore B class station, is the humming noise mixed with the programme. This may be due to the carrier wave or to proximity to the station, some Sydney listeners making similar complaints about the transmission from A class stations in the city. However, on all sets but those fitted with coils of a certain type, the Lismore station does not interfere with reception of the A class stations because these are all on higher wave lengths.
Report on Saturday 10 May 1930 broadcast by 2CZ
   STATION 2CZ. The management of station 2CZ, Lismore, supplies the information that the programme broadcast on Saturday night from this station was excellent and that congratulatory messages were received from Brisbane, Taree, Kyogle, Murwillumbah, Casino and other centres. The telephone message from Taree, it is stated, reported good reception on a three-valve set and with an absence of fading. The station will be on the air today, tomorrow, Wednesday and Saturday from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. in each instance. On Sunday, May 25, a church service will be broadcast, and this will then be a regular feature. The management states that it is proposed to lengthen the news service. The wave length is 224 metres.
Exton proposes a "searchlight" on top of the broadcast station
   LISMORE BROADCAST STATION. On top of the steel tower aerial, 120 feet high, to be erected at the Lismore broadcasting station, 2CZ, Mr. G. W. Exton proposes to install a powerful searchlight, as a guide to airmen flying at night. In the erection of the aerial many tons of cement will be used.
Local firm constructing the tower for the Lismore broadcasting station
   AERIAL TOWER. A steel tower 130 feet high is being constructed at Mr. D. Townley's premises in Lismore. The tower is for use as an aerial by broadcasting station 2CZ, Lismore, and tapers from a broad base like those used at the A class stations.
First published programme schedule for 2XN for Tuesday 27 May 1930
   LISMORE 2XN BROADCASTING STATION. (224 METRES) PROGRAMME FOR TO-NIGHT. 7.0: Overture. 7.5: Solo. 7.10: Weather report, pig markets, etc. 7.18: Tenor solo and waltz, soprano, fox trot, comic, string instruments, jig, waltz, male quartette. 7.48: News and miscellaneous. 8.0: March, soprano, comic. 8.15: Miscellaneous. 8.20: Waltz, soprano solo, baritone, comic. 8.40: Miscellaneous. 9.0: Close down. Last night, Mr. Einfeld, the Sydney tenor, contributed another solo, which was marked by its clarity of tone. The loud speaker of a receiving set was placed near a telephone while Mr. Einfeld was rendering his solo, accompanied by Miss Hilda Syer at the piano, and the reception was retransmitted by the management of the broadcasting station to the "Star" office over the telephone. Each word of the song was heard distinctly.
PMGD changes the callsign of the Lismore broadcasting station from 2CZ to 2XN
   BROADCASTING STATION 2XN. Mr. G. Exton, of the Lismore broadcasting station, 2CZ, states that he has been notified by the Postmaster-General's Department that it had been found necessary to alter some of the call signs of broadcasting stations with the object of obtaining a more satisfactory system. The call sign of the Lismore B class station has been changed to 2XN.
Full programme schedule for 2XN published
   LISMORE BROADCASTING. 2XN (Late CZ) STATION. Wave length 224 meters. PROGRAMME FOR TO-NIGHT. 7.0.— Overture and music. 7.10.— Racing results (Warwick, Victoria Park, Melbourne, Brisbane and South Grafton). 7.25.— Cricket final scores of Lismore competition (Marist v. Goolmangar). 7.32.— Weather report. Federated Chamber of Commerce Dinner Speeches. 7.35.— Loyal Toast, "The King" (by the chairman, Mr. S. W. Hodge). 7.40.— Welcome Toast, "Mr. W. J. Cleary, Chief Commissioner of N.S.W. Railways" (by the Mayor, Ald. D. Ross). 7.45.— Response and Address by Mr. W. J. Cleary. 8.30.— Toast, "The Federated Chamber of Commerce" (by the Mayor of Ballina, Ald. P. E. Tighe). 8.35.— Response by Mr. A. T. Stratford (president). 8.40.— Musical items. 9.0.— Football results. 9.15.— District news. 9.25.— Miscellaneous and music. 9.30.— Close down. SUNDAY NIGHT Presbyterian church service will be broadcasted from Lismore.

##### 1930 06

Council approves plans for 2XN's aerial tower
   NEW BUILDINGS. Last night the Lismore Council adopted the building inspector's (Mr. J. J. Beattie) recommendation that the following plans be approved:— House in Hallem-street for M. Singh, house in Spring-street for A. Sped-ding, school in Rhodes-street for the Roman Catholic Church, wireless tower in Molesworth-street for G. Exton's broadcasting station, additions to house in Keen-street for E. Blanch, additions to house in Conway-street for T. Taylor, additions to house in Keen-street for J. Ware, and laundry in Keen-street for G. Annand.

##### 1930 07

Comprehensive description of the antenna for 2XN
   TOWER AERIAL. FIRST ON NORTH COAST. FOR BROADCAST STATION. The tower type of aerial erected at Mr. G. Exton's broadcasting station 2XN in Molesworth-street, Lismore, brings the station into line with all A class stations in the metropolis. Lismore's station is, perhaps, the only B (Start Photo Caption) Tower aerial at Station 2XN, Lismore. (End Photo Caption) class station in New South Wales to have an aerial of this type for transmission purposes. The customary B class aerial is a single pole about 100 feet in height. This steel tower, which weighs 3¼ tons, cost approximately £380 to erect. Commencing with a base of 6 square feet the tower extends 120 in height, the apex measuring 18 inches. Foundations are formed of concrete blocks measuring 6 feet x 6 feet x 4 feet deep. If they were placed in a heap and weighed, the scale pendulum would swing to the 17 tons mark. On top of the mast is a powerful beacon with 1,000 candle power light facing skywards. The beam throws five miles into the air and would be visible from an aeroplane for long distances. The beacon, which has a face measurement of 2 feet in diameter, will remain in this position always, but can be thrown on to the Lismore aerodrome quite easily. Questioned as to the benefits of the higher aerial tower, Mr. Exton explained that the station would be given a wider range. With the present type of aerial the field was limited, although he has had acknowledgment of excellent reception from South Australia. With the new aerial the station could be heard all over the world. Later another aerial of the same dimensions will be erected at Mr. Exton's residence in Molesworth-street, and a revolving beacon with a range of 25 miles will be given pride of place on the top. By the completion of the tower another feather has been added to the cap of local enterprise. The tower was designed, prepared, and erected by a local firm — Messrs. D. Townley and Sons — in record time. In an accompanying picture the proprietor of the station and the builders of the tower are shown. Reading from left to right they are:— Messrs. W. McGregor, D. Townley, E. Townley, Dudley Townley, W. Townley, D. Townley senr., and G. Exton. The boy on the ladder is Bruce Townley. Incidentally three generations of Townley's were present when this photo was taken — David Townley, three sons, and two grandsons (in light trousers, and younger boy on ladder). (Start Photo Caption) Mr. Exton (on the right) and workmen who erected the aerial. (End Photo Caption)
The "searchlight" on top of the 2XN tower not powerful enough, too be replaced
   LISMORE'S "LIGHTHOUSE" Many people commented on Lismore's "lighthouse" last week, but when alterations are completed by Mr. G. W. Exton, proprietor of the broadcasting station 2XN, people in neighbouring towns should notice the ray of light from his tower aerial which is 120 feet high with a base of 20 feet square. The light has been taken down from the top of the steel mast because the light was not powerful enough. The new lamp to be used will be much stronger and visible for a greater distance.
2XN only one of 10 new B Class licences issued
   BY METRE. Australian Broadcasting Expanding Rapidly. It is a matter of great interest to learn that no fewer than 10 B class licenses have been issued by the Director of Posts and Telegraphs. N.S.W. will be well catered for in this direction, more particularly in the Northern Rivers district, where a license has been issued to Station 2UZ [sic, 2CZ], Lismore. Another B class station will be operating at Albury, in addition to the above-mentioned stations. The new A class relay station will be in operation in the Newcastle district. I have often pointed out that the time will soon arrive when we will not need more than three or four tube sets for successful operation outback. The new stations will be a great boon for daylight programmes. At night-time, of course, the majority of sets will successfully tune in the city stations.
Exton visits Brisbane and 2XN does not operate for a week!
   GENERAL NEWS. LISMORE BROADCASTING. The Lismore broadcasting station, 2XN, will be on the air on Sunday night next, and will broadcast the service from St. Paul's Presbyterian Church. The station will not maintain its regular service throughout the week owing to the absence of the proprietor, Mr. G. Exton, in Brisbane.
Exton to broadcast the St Paul's service on Sunday evening
   UNUSUAL BROADCAST. The service from St. Paul's Church, Lismore, will be broadcast tomorrow evening from the Lismore station 2XN. The Rev. A. J. Parker will preach the sermon. St. David's Church, South Lismore, is an offshoot, of St. Paul's, the Rev. A. J. Parker being the minister for both, and at the South Lismore church a receiving set and loud speaker will be installed. Thus the congregation will be able to listen to their own minister and participate in the service he conducts on the other side of the river.
Lismore Aero Club seeks free electricity for 2XN's aerial tower light
   LISMORE COUNCIL. . . . The Mayor (Ald. D. McA. Ross) presided at last night's meeting of the Lismore Municipal Council. Aldermen R. White, N. Sidney, W. Braid, S. R. Arthur, W. Frith, J. McLeod, S. J. Hosie, F. L. Hacking, W. H. Caterson, E. J. Eggins, and R. Kellas were present. The council adopted the following reports:— . . . ELECTRICITY . . . Lismore Aero Club's letter dealing with the aviation beacon being erected by G. W. Exton, requesting that council should supply current for lighting of the beacon free of charge. Recommended that this matter be referred to the electrical engineer for investigation and report.
Exton fails to broadcast the St Paul's service due to illness while visiting Brisbane
   NEWS OF THE CHURCHES. (The items appearing under this heading are supplied by the ministers of the various denominations or their representatives.) . . . Owing to illness, whilst on a visit to Brisbane, Mr. Geo. Exton, the proprietor, of Station 2XN was unable to return to Lismore in time to broadcast St. Paul's service last Sunday night. Disappointed "listeners-in" including a numerous congregation at South Lismore sympathetically regret the cause of the silence of the station. The disappointment will be compensated when St. Paul's service goes "on the air" on Sunday night, and the same arrangements will be made for its reception in St. David's Church, South Lismore. A loud speaker is to be installed in the Goolmangar Presbyterian Church on Sunday night so that the congregation there also may be able to participate.

##### 1930 08

Council resolves not to grant Exton's request for heavily discounted electricity for the aerial beacon
   COUNCIL BREVITIES. Business dealt with by Lismore Municipal Council last night included: . . . It was resolved to inform Mr. G. Exton, owner of the Lismore broadcasting station, 2XN, that the council could not grant his request to supply current at manufactured cost for the aerial beacon on the tower at the station.
Lismore Council agrees to discount electricity charges for 2XN tower searchlight
   LISMORE COUNCIL. EXTENSION OF ELECTRICAL PLANT. REPORTS FROM COMMITTEES. Lismore council met on Tuesday night, and there were present: The Mayor (Ald. D. McA. Ross), Aldermen R. White, S. R. Arthur, W. Frith, J. McLeod, F. L. Hacking, W. H. Cater-son, R. Kellas, S. J. Hosie, and E. J. Eggins. The following reports were adopted:— . . . ELECTRICITY. The electricity, works, water, health and sewerage committee reported:— . . . (2) G. W. Exton (charge to be made for lighting of aviation beacon). After fully considering this matter the committee recommends that the best arrangement that can be made satisfactory to both parties would be to allow Mr. Exton to have this charged through his ordinary domestic service and charged at the rate of 2¼d per unit.
Listeners' League asks 2XN to close down at 9pm to assist reception of 4QG's coverage of test match
   LISTENERS' LEAGUE. Mr. R. C. Creasey presided at the last meeting of the Richmond River Listeners' League when there were also present Messrs. J. Connah, W. Cook, E. Brawn, F. N. Lance, T. Kenny, H. Attewell, P. M. Hoare, R. Jack and B. L. Smith (secretary). A letter from the technical department of the Brisbane broadcasting station, 4QG, congratulated the league on the progress it was making and asked for reports on daylight reception of 4QG. It was stated that some mechanical alterations had been made to the station and it was hoped the hum in transmission had been eliminated. It was resolved to advise the station that daylight reception of 4QG had considerably improved. Night reception is still "mushy" at times, but this is probably due to the geographical position of Lismore and Brisbane. It was also resolved to ask the Government radio inspector to inform the league whether or not the authorities had fixed any standard of selectivity to which stations must conform. Another suggestion adopted was to request Mr. G. Exton, owner of the Lismore station, 2XN, to close down at 9 p.m. during the final test match.
As previous, Exton agrees
   TEST BROADCAST. At the request of the Richmond River Listeners' League Mr. G. Exton has consented to close his broadcasting station at Lismore (2XN) at 9 o'clock on the nights the test match is being broadcast.
2XN broadcasts speech by Federated Chambers of Commerce
   FEDERATED CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE. The Northern Rivers and Tablelands of N.S.W. The Annual and Quarterly Meeting of this Federation will be held at Coraki on Saturday, 30th August, at 2.30 p.m. . . . At the meeting held in Lismore in May Mr. W. J. Cleary, Chief Railway Commissioner, was present, and delivered a fine address at the Business Men's Annual Dinner, held that evening under the auspices of the Lismore Chamber of Commerce, at which the delegates and visitors were entertained. We feel that visits to our meetings and social functions by men holding positions similar to Mr. Cleary tends to break-down any feelings of misunderstanding which may have existed in the past and gives each organisation a better appreciation of each other's aims and problems. Mr. Cleary's speech was broadcasted by the courtesy of Mr. G. W. Exton, Station 2XN, Lismore.
2XN well received in Tenterfield
   GOOD TRANSMISSION. Mr. G. W. Exton, proprietor of the Lismore broadcasting station 2XN, has received many congratulations on the transmission of the ceremonies at St. Carthage's Cathedral and at Woodlawn on Sunday last. He had the unusual experience of receiving a telephone call from Tenterfield while the station was on the air and hearing over the 'phone the reception in Tenterfield of the programme being sent out from Lismore.

##### 1930 09

Chamber of Commerce & local ministers urge council to seek subsidy from PMGD (despite B Class licence)
   COUNCIL BREVITIES. Business dealt with by the Lismore Municipal Council last night included:— . . . Letters from the Chamber of Com-merce, Rev. Dean Hennessy, Rev. A. J. Parker, and Rev. A. F. Crapp urged the council to apply for Government subsidy for Mr. G. W. Exton's B class broadcasting station, 2XN. On the motion of Aldermen Hosie and Eggins it was resolved to apply for subsidy on behalf of Mr. Exton, the subsidy to come from the sums collected from wireless licenses.

##### 1930 10

As previous
   WIRELESS SUBSIDY. At its last meeting the Lismore Council resolved to apply to the radio section of the P.M.G's. Department for subsidy for the Lismore station 2XN, owned and operated by Mr. G. W. Exton. The station serves Lismore and district in a way that no other station does, because its nearness to the receiving sets eliminates statics. It has been suggested that, if the department does not grant a subsidy, district license holders might agree to a small increase in their license fees, the increase to be passed on by the department to the Lismore station.
2XN off-air due to problems with electricity supply
   UNDER DIFFICULTIES. Lismore power house supplied current under difficulties last night owing to a partial blockage in the gas pipe feeding the largest engine. This could have been remedied by cutting off supply and cleaning the pipe, but it was considered better to carry on and make the adjustment when there was less demand for current. The trouble was considered temporary, but the partial "choke" of the engine caused a current fluctuation and this was the reason why the broadcasting station, 2XN, was not on the air last night because fluctuations in current strength are liable to damage valves.
Exton seeks further reductions in electricity price for 2XN
   COUNCIL BREVITIES. Business dealt with by Lismore Municipal Council last night included: . . . The electricity committee will consider G. W. Exton's request for current at "bedrock price" for his broadcasting station, 2XN.
Council rejects Exton's request for further reductions in electricity prices
   LISMORE COUNCIL. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. The Mayor (Ald. D. McA. Ross) presided at the meeting of the Lismore Municipal Council on Monday night. Aldermen F. L. Hacking, S. R. Arthur, J. McLeod, W. Frith, N. W. Sidney, S. J. Hosie, E. J. Eggins and R. Kellas were also present. The reports of several matters were adopted. . . . ELECTRICITY. The electricity, water, health and sewerage committee reported: G. W. Exton's request that council should supply him with electric current for broadcasting station at bedrock prices. The committee would point out that the council has already granted valuable concessions to Mr. Exton in regard to supply of electricity for broadcasting purposes, and the committee cannot see its way clear to make any further recommendation in the matter.

##### 1930 11

2XN broadcasts the annual diggers reunion
   LOCAL BROADCAST. The proceedings at the annual reunion of diggers at the Masonic Hall, Lismore, on Tuesday evening were broadcast through the medium of station 2XZ (sic, 2XN), arrangements being carried out by Mr. G. Exton and his son. Quite a number of local wireless enthusiasts listened in and had a good reception of the speeches, in the early part of the evening. The "Last Post" was sounded during the evening by Bugler Hudson.
NSW Head PMGD visits 2XN and favourable impressed
   NATIONAL ASSET. Times of Emergency. LISMORE BROADCASTING. "This would be a very valuable asset in times of national emergency. ... I hope the people of this district realise exactly what you have done." Thus Mr. J. W. Kitto, Deputy Director of Post and Telegraphs, when inspecting the Lismore broadcasting station, 2XN, last night under the guidance of Mr. G. W. Exton, proprietor of the station. Earlier in the night Mr. Kitto received a deputation on postal matters, and Mr. Exton then put forward his claim for subsidy, a claim which had been supported by the Chamber of Commerce and local churches. Mr. Kitto replied that the question did not come under his control, but was dealt with by the Postmaster-General. At the station Mr. Exton explained the plant and its system of operation, and stressed the fact that the power was much greater than used by other B class stations. He produced documentary proof in the shape of letters to establish his claim that the station had been well received by listeners in every State in the Commonwealth and in New Zealand. His system of modulation and sound filtering to give great clarity was also explained. AERIAL BEACON. Mr. Kitto was interested in the huge aerial beacon tower reaching 120 feet into the air and planned to house a light of 1,800,000 candle power, which would throw into the air a beam to guide aeroplanes for many miles. In cases of emergency the light from the beacon could be thrown on to the aerodrome and would guide 'planes to a safe landing. Mr. Exton has also been experimenting with television. He has the photo-electric cell and other plant for transmission and reception, and voiced his expectation that television would be commercialised within the next two years.
Exton included in a deputation to Kitto, NSW Head PMGD
   "CITIZENS' BUSINESS." POSTAL BAROMETER. "HIGH" FOR NORTH COAST. Mr. J. W. Kitto, Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, received a deputation in Lismore on Wednesday and emphasised his conception of the postal service as one that was owned by all citizens and was operated as a business for the benefit of all. He also said that the post offices throughout the Commonwealth were quite good barometers showing the state of commerce and was pleased to note that one place — the North Coast — was holding its own during a trying period. There were present Mr. Kitto, the Mayor of Lismore (Ald. D. McA. Ross), Messrs. A. T. Stratford (president of the North Coast Federated Chambers of Commerce), S. W. Hodge (president of the Lismore Chamber of Commerce), J. W. Nelson (town clerk), W. A. P. Orr (district postal inspector), C. A. Bender (district telephone officer), and G. W. Exton (proprietor of the Lismore broadcasting station 2XN). The Mayor said the people of Lismore were pleased to welcome, through him, one who controlled the destinies in this State of such an important service as was given by the post office. The Mayor understood that it was not Mr. Kitto's first visit to the district and felt that the visitor could not fail to observe the progress the town of Lismore was making. The Mayor introduced Messrs. Stratford and Hodge as men representing important public bodies and went on to state the Lismore people enjoyed an efficient postal service, thanks to the ability of the men who controlled the various departments and their unfailing courtesy and readiness to listen to requests made by the public. AIR MAIL. . . .

##### 1930 12

Fascinating insight into the process of gaining the B Class licence for Exton
   DISTRICT COURT. WALTERS v. EXTON. In the District Court, before Judge Mocatta and a jury, Leonard Harold Walters, accountant, of Lismore, was the plaintiff in a claim for £205 13s for services rendered and out of pocket expenses against George Walter Exton, broadcast station proprietor, of Lismore. The case is part heard. Mr. L. J. Herron (instructed by Mr. A. M. Cottee) appeared for Walters and Mr. G. P. L. Hungerford (instructed by Mr. C. McKenzie, of McKenzie and Bondfield) appeared for Exton. The following jury was empanelled: George William Thomas Yabsley, Frederick Leadbeatter, William Edward Bryant, Albert Edward Priddice. PLAINTIFF'S EVIDENCE. Walters said that in June, 1928, he saw Exton at Lismore Post Office and suggested that Exton appoint him to organise and to use his ability to secure a B class license for the broadcasting station at Lismore which Exton owned. Walters' proposition was that he was to be remunerated for his services if successful, and if he failed, there was to be no charge. Exton told him there would be a difficulty in securing the B class license as there were over 100 applications and only three were to be granted. The Postmaster-General's Department had control of the licenses, and Exton said there would be difficulty as Grafton were endeavouring to get a license. Continuing, Walters said he collected certain statistics, and in August told Exton he was going to Sydney on private business. He alleged that Exton then said, "While you are there, call and put certain data about the Lismore broadcast station before Mr. Crawford, radio inspector for New South Wales." Walters agreed, and said that he had two long interviews with Mr. Crawford and showed him a skeleton programme including news collected from the area from Murwillumbah to Casino. Mr. Crawford said that he believed a license would be granted to Grafton and Albury, but he (Walters) felt satisfied that he had made a favourable impression for the Lismore broadcast station. Walters returned to Lismore and reported to Exton, who seemed pleased at what he (Walters) had done. Walters said he had a number of conversations with Col. F. J. Board (of the Lismore Chamber of Commerce) and was in fact a nuisance to him in his efforts to secure support for the broadcast station. His Honour: Who was bored? (Laughter). Walters, proceeding, said he telephoned Mr. Roland Green, M.H.R., who was living at Manly, and approached chambers of commerce, sporting bodies, and prominent people in various centres. He took Mr. Green to see the station on four occasions and arranged the visits of several other people. At the station on one occasion, members of the Lismore Chamber of Commerce were present. Mr. Roland Green, M.H.R., said it would be hard to get a license for Lismore as in all probability it would go to Grafton; and that the only thing to do was to keep agitating and to secure the support of public bodies. He (Walters) arranged for Mr. Exton to attend a meeting of the Lismore Chamber of Commerce, but Exton failed to attend. Other work done with the idea of popularising and boosting the station was among the radio dealers in various towns, to whom he suggested preference in tuning in the Lismore station. These duties took him into 1929. He told Exton that having got the members of Parliament and public bodies working, things looked good for the granting of the license. Walters said that when the license was granted he (Walters) would lose his position and suggested to Exton that there was a good thing in advertising. Exton agreed to give him 20 per cent. commission on advertisements collected for broadcasting. Exton instructed him to go to Murwillumbah to link up some auctioneers in the supplying of information about cattle and pig sales. In April Exton rang him up and told him the license had been granted and asked him to come down to see him. Subsequently, he asked Exton for £30 or £40 on account. Exton, he alleged, replied: "I am pretty short. I have an account for £1200 to meet for valves. I am overdrawn at the bank and the station is costing me £10 an hour to run." Walters agreed to let payment stand over.
As previous, conclusion of the saga, with Exton to pay £34 rather than the £205 claimed by Walters
   DISTRICT COURT. VERDICT FOR £34 11s. BROADCASTING TRANSACTIONS. The jury returned a verdict for £34 11s for Leonard Harold Walters, accountant, in a claim in the District Court at Lismore before Judge Mocatta yesterday against George Walter Exton, proprietor of the Lismore broad-casting station 2XN. A sum of £5 12s had been paid into court for commission on advertising, and the jury included this in their verdict with £5 17s for travelling expenses, and £23 2s for announcing and attending to programmes. The claim was for £205 3s. Mr. L. J. Herron (instructed by Mr. A. M. Cottee) appeared for Walters and Mr G. P. L. Hungerford (instructed by Mr. C. McKenzie, of McKenzie and Bondfield) appeared for Exton. Walters, continuing his evidence, said that when the station was licensed and commenced broadcasting, he collected news and advertisements, did the announcing and arranging of programmes. His services were terminated in June. Exton told the court that his license for the station was granted from January 20, 1930, before which he had a permit to broadcast, but could not make any charge. Exton alleged that he told Walters he had a license in January, 1930. At the end of January, 1929, Walters asked if he would allow him to collect advertisements. Exton replied that he could do nothing as he had no license for the station. In November, 1928, the matter of securing a license was discussed when Messrs. Roland Green, M.H.R., Winterton and Walters were at the station. He knew Walters had been the proprietor of a paper called the Dinkum Oil, Exton said Winterton sent a telegram to Mr. Green about the license on his (Exton's) behalf, and he (Exton) paid for the telegram. From February to November, 1929, he had not discussed anything of a business nature with Walters. In November, 1929, said Exton, Walters placed before him a lot of news and sales reports and stated that he could collect 50 advertisements. Walters again asked if he could be employed to collect the advertisements and Exton replied that he had no license but Walters could begin in May when the station would be ready to go on the air. At the beginning of May he gave Walters the position of advertisement collector at 20 per cent. commission. Walters said he would also collect race news. Other work and interviews claimed to have been done by Walters were not done at his (Exton's) request, and Walters never mentioned payment for other work. Exton said there was no truth in the statement that he (Exton) was hard up at the time when Walters said he asked for payment on account. The station was completely paid for and he (Exton) had a credit balance. Plaintiff's son was the registered announcer from January 20, 1930. For ten to fifteen minutes Walters occasionally announced sporting news and advertisements at night. This work was included in his engagement at 20 per cent. commission. Walters placed an account before him in June for £4 which Exton refused to pay. Walters then amended the account which Exton paid. Walters said, "You pay 6s 6d a night for race news." Exton replied that he (Walters) was on commission and dismissed him. Exton said that the travelling expenses claimed were part of Walters' contract on commission. He had paid £5 12s into court, and on offering it previously to Walters, demanded from him a receipt in full settlement. Walters said it was only on account. Max Hibberd, representative of the Brisbane Newspaper Coy. Ltd., and Walter Exton also gave evidence.

#### 1931
##### 1931 02

Local listener's experiencing blanketing by 2XN, radio inspector offers wavetrap as solution
   RADIO INTERFERENCE. The radio inspector from the P.M.G's Department (Mr. Burberry), who has spent the last few days in Lismore inquiring into radio interference, has now returned to Sydney. He also inspected the Lismore B. class station, 2XN, owned by Mr. G. Exton, and the Richmond River Listeners' League's experimental station, VK2GL. Some com-plaints have been made by local listeners unable to tune out 2XN, and Mr. Burberry supplied particulars to the league of an efficient wave trap which can be relied upon for this job. League members may obtain particulars of the device from the secretary, Mr. B. L. Smith, and the component parts can be purchased for about 6s. This wave trap was tested and proved satisfactory.
Exton announces that regular broadcasts by 2XN would cease due to financial constraints
   CLOSING DOWN. Mr. G. Exton, proprietor of the Lis-more broadcasting station 2XN, announced over the air on Saturday night last that that would be the last time the station would be operating regularly. He had gone to considerable expense to provide the North with a station, but the Government was not sympathetic, and the cost of operating made continued running prohibitive to a private person.

##### 1931 03

Listeners' League in favour of 2XN becoming a relay of A Class station
   DAY RECEPTION. Listeners' League. MEETING AT LISMORE. The Richmond River Listeners' League, met in the office of the secretary (Mr. B. L. Smith) at Lismore on Tuesday night, and decided to make a request through the Postmaster-General and the Radio Inspector, that at least one of the big A. class stations broadcast day sessions on the dual wave length (short wave and broadcast band). This will permit of' daylight reception throughout the year at very little expenditure by listeners, a short wave adapter being very simple and inexpensive to construct. The Lismore station VK2GL will be on the air on Sunday, March 15, and the officers for that day are Messrs. Laundry and Stevenson. RELAY FROM 2XN. Owing to the present financial difficulty of the Federal Government and the improbability of the construction of the proposed relay station to serve the North Coast, the league considered it would be advantageous to listeners in the Lismore district to have the Government take over the local station 2XN and for it to relay Sydney daylight programmes. The secretary was instructed to ascertain if the owner of the station (Mr. G. Exton), was agreeable to the project, and if so, then to make representations to the Authorities.
Lismore Chamber of Commerce supports 2XN as a relay of 2FC
   CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. . . . LISMORE BROADCAST STATION. A petition was handed by Mr. Parr to the president, asking the Mayor (Ald. D. McA. Ross) to call a public meeting to discuss whether it was in the best interests of the town and district for the Lismore broadcast station 2XN to be discontinued. The secretary was empowered to sign the petition on behalf of the chamber, which, said the president, had taken the initiative, in having the station licensed. No private citizen in the Commonwealth had spent the same amount of money in giving public service. The secretary suggested that application should be made for the station to relay 2FC (Sydney) programmes.
Public meeting to keep 2XN on air
   KEEPING LISMORE ON AIR. Whether the Lismore broadcast station, 2XN, is to go off the air permanently will be discussed at a public meeting, called by the Mayor (Ald. D. McA. Ross) in the Council Chambers at 7.30 o 'clock to-night. Erected by Mr. G. Exton, at considerable expense, it is claimed that the station has been an effective advertising medium for the district and a defence asset.
Public meeting held to consider options for 2XN to move forward
   STATION 2XN. RELAY SUGGESTED. LISMORE PUBLIC MEETING. To retain its B class license, according to a statement at a public meeting in the council chambers on Saturday night, the Lismore broadcast station 2XN must be on the air at regular intervals. Broadcasts have been discontinued of late, because of the high cost involved, £6 an hour, and the proprietor (Mr. G. Exton) told the meeting that a minimum of 10 advertisements, the station's only source of revenue, was necessary to cover running expenses. It was decided to approach the Postmaster-General's Department with a request that 2XN be made a relay station of 2FC, through 2NC. Petitions are to be circulated throughout the North Coast, and public bodies and individuals interested in retaining the Lismore station are also being asked to support the action of the meeting by writing direct to the department. The Mayor (Ald. D. McA. Ross) presided, and others present included: Ald. W. Frith and S. R. Arthur, Rev. A. J. Parker and A. F. Crapp, Pastor S. G. Tomkins, Messrs. C. A. Munro (secretary of the Lismore and North Coast and Tablelands Federated Chambers, of Commerce), C. McKenzie, G. Morrison, G. Parr, Laundry, R. Wotherspoon, H. Jarman, G. A. Jones, J. Currie, L. F. Sackett, R. Gordon, S. T. Selwood, R. A. Pinchin, N. Thomson, T. Baines, J. Gilligan, and G. Exton (proprietor of 2XN). "DISASTER" IF LOST. In outlining the object of the meeting, the Mayor described 2XN as one of the most perfect broadcasting stations in the Commonwealth. The station cost a tremendous amount of money to run, and it would be a disaster to the town and district if it were lost, he said. Mr. Exton explained that the station was erected to serve the whole district, and broadcasting had been done for 10 months, solely supported by advertisements and unsupported by Government subsidy. There was an agitation for 2XN to be a relay station from 2FC through 2NC. Listeners paid their license of 24s 6d and received only a few hours a night broadcasting. The relay would give them the same service as the city listeners enjoyed. The station was listed as a 50 watts station, with the power of a 7000 watts alternator, leading into a 5000 watts transformer, and a 6000 watts rectifier. In reply to the Mayor, Mr. Exton said he was prepared to put the church services on the air, if ten advertisements could be got, meaning £156 a year or £13 a month. STATIC TOO BAD. "I am one of the unfortunate citizens of Lismore who own a wireless set, and pay my license, but the set is practically useless," declared Mr. Parr. "You cannot listen in to Sydney or Brisbane, because the static is too bad. We have a station in our midst, with all the expense it has engendered to Mr. Exton, but we no longer enjoy the boons it conferred. It is only fair that Lismore and the district population of 100,000 should request that 2XN relay 2FC. We pay our licenses and should have the rights others enjoy. The relay would be a sound business proposition, because it would result in a great increase of licenses. The Government proposed to erect stations in country centres, and one on the North Coast. We have one already here." EXTRA LICENSE FEE. Mr. Thomson suggested that listeners might pay an extra 10s on their licenses, and for this amount to go to the local station. Mr. Morrison: Sets can be bought in Sydney for £10 for daylight and night reception. Here we have to spend about £80 to get the same results. Mr. Sackett thought that if the authorities decided to relay they would only do so by owning the plant. Mr. Exton: They valued the station — to take it over —at £9000, and the proposition was turned down. Mr. Baines said it should be brought before the authorities that Lismore listeners were only getting one-third of the use of sets compared with owners in other centres. The usefulness of the station in the event of an air disaster would mean the saving of lives. BENEFITS OF 2XN. "We have tasted of the benefits of 2XN, and we feel proud as townsmen to think we have one of Mr. Exton's ability in our midst. We feel proud of the advertisement the town has received from the station, which has been heard as far away as New Zealand and Tasmania. Mr. Exton has been very generous in his attitude towards the churches," said Rev. Parker. He moved that in view of the peculiar difficulties of wireless reception, on the Far North Coast, which deprived listeners from obtaining the full benefit of their licenses, the P.M.G. Department be requested to make 2XN a relay station, and that a petition be prepared. Mr. Parr seconded the resolution, which was carried. An amendment moved by Mr. Sackett and seconded by Mr. Currie, that the relay be daylight, was defeated. FREE POWER. Ald. Arthur suggested that Lismore Council grant Mr. Exton free power in view of the fact that he had been compelled to erect a beacon light on the tower for defence purposes. The Mayor replied that the request would be submitted to the electricity committee. The following, who were appointed a committee, then held a meeting: Rev. Parker, Messrs. Parr, Currie, Baines, and N. Thomson, with power to add, Mr. G. Exton acting in an advisory capacity. Rev. Parker was appointed chairman, and Mr. T. Baines secretary. It was announced that 2XN would be on the air tonight from 7 o'clock to 8 o'clock, and that the Rev. Parker would make an important announcement.
On-air call for support for 2XN
   RETAINING 2XN. APPEAL FOR SUPPORT. LAST NIGHT'S BROADCAST. From station 2XN, Lismore, last night Rev. A. J. Parker, B.A., made an appeal to listeners-in to co-operate with an agitation sponsored by a public meeting at Lismore on Saturday night to keep the Lismore broadcasting station on the air. Rev. A. J. Parker, in opening his address, which was well received, stated that it was due to the scientific knowledge, engineering skill, and civic enterprise of Mr. G. Exton, proprietor of the station, that 2XN, Lismore, first come on the air on May 1, 1930. BENEFITS REALISED. The listening-in public soon realised that the station was conferring a most valuable benefit upon Lismore, and adjacent towns and districts of the Far North Coast, Mr. Parker continued. The difficulties of clear reception of the A class stations in this portion of N.S.W., except on certain occasions, and then only by expensive sets, had been a serious drawback to those who desired to obtain the full benefits of listeners' licenses. These difficulties were probably due to peculiar physiographical features and mineralogical properties of the district. When 2XN came on the air, it became apparent that it could prove an adequate compensation to these disadvantages providing suitable programmes could be offered. Concerts, talks, sponsored programmes, public meetings of particular interest to the district were put over the air, and received with a minimum of interference. The result was that many who could not furnish themselves with powerful receiving sets began to take heart, as with a simple crystal set, the best that 2XN could offer was clearly heard. SERVICES BROADCAST. One of the outstanding boons thus obtained was the regular broadcasting of church services on Sunday nights. Messages of appreciation of these services were received from all parts of the district. Struggling farmers who were able to install only an inexpensive set were thus enabled to participate in the public worship of God, when distance, flooded creeks and bad roads would otherwise have precluded them from sharing in these benefits. Since recent circumstances have prevented these broadcasts many expressions of disappointment have been made in all quarters of the district. The district received through 2XN broadcasts an advertisement such as it had never previously had, said Mr. Parker. For example, one correspondent, writing from North Palmerston, N.Z., inquired where Lismore was. The answer to this was given during the church service which was broadcast on the following Sunday night, and a brief description of the district, its situation and industrial importance, was given to an interested audience. Mr. Geo. Exton, the proprietor of the station, has been extremely generous. The church services have been broadcast free, the churches only providing the cost of the lines. This is an expensive item, and it is quite apparent that Mr. Exton could afford to render this service, together with the broadcast of public gatherings of universal interest, only providing he could make the venture a commercial success. For this he depends upon advertising, but through the financial depression and other causes this has not been possible, and we are confronted with the prospect of losing the station altogether unless some means are devised to retain it. PUBLIC SYMPATHY. At a public meeting held on Saturday, March 28th, the following resolution was moved by Rev. A. J. Parker and seconded by Mr. Parr: "That in view of the peculiar difficulties of wireless reception, on the Far North Coast, which deprived listeners from obtaining the full benefit of their licenses, the P.M.G. Department be requested to make 2XN a relay station, and that a petition be prepared." A petition is now being prepared and will be forwarded in the course of a few days to ministers of all churches, shire councils, municipalities, chambers of commerce, and other public bodies respectfully asking for their co-operation by signing same. All those interested in the project of 2XN being used as a relay station from 2FC, Sydney, are invited to communicate by letter with Rev. A. J. Parker, B.A., "The Manse," Lismore. 2XN will be on the air Saturday, April 4, from 7 to 8 p.m.

##### 1931 04

Listeners' League withdraws a proposal opposing 2XN becoming a national relay
   COMMERCE CHAMBER. MEETING AT LISMORE. . . . LISTENERS' OPPOSITION. The president said the Richmond River Listeners' League had opposed the proposal, and were against a relay station close to town, also the tele-phone line from Sydney would be occupied probably during the busiest time of the afternoon. The motion was withdrawn, and it was decided to invite Messrs. B. L. Smith (president of the Listeners' League) and G. W. Exton (proprietor of station 2XN) to the next meeting.
Exton receives positive response to his daylight tests
   STATION 2XN'S TESTS. A sheaf of replies, most of them congratulatory, have been received by Mr. G. W. Exton (proprietor of the Lismore station 2XN) regarding recent daylight tests. From Grafton came the letter from Messrs. Mackenna and Smith, stating that the B test was over 4QG strength, and this will in future be used. Three tests were made. J. Hemsworth, of Taree, notified that he had "picked up" 2XN on a one-valve receiver and operating three pairs of headphones. "There was no fading and 2XN came through louder than Albury," the letter stated.

##### 1931 05

Exton appointed a vice-president of the Lismore Aero Club
   LISMORE AERO CLUB. SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. SUCCESSFUL YEAR. The second annual meeting of the Lismore Aero Club was held in the Council Chambers last night. Dr. J. M. Banks (president) occupied the chair, others present being Messrs. V. C. Wilson, B. McKenzie, J. Morrison, Keith Virtue, R. Virtue, A. C. Morton, Geo. Robinson, Wally Shiers, W. Lynn, A. V. E. Overall, J. Kille, S. Armstrong, S. Thomson, A. Martin, W. McLiesh, W. F. McDermott, C. Robinson, N. Wilson and the secretary (T. D. Sullivan). In opening the second annual meeting the president gave a brief resume of the club's activities during the year. Much progress had been made, considerable interest being taken in flying by a number of enthusiasts, and it was very gratifying to note that no accidents had taken place. The club had held a very successful pageant, and the thanks of all were due to the generosity of Mr. Geo. Robinson in placing his aerodrome at the club's disposal. Flying in general had been closely followed up, and welcomes had been extended oversea fliers and visitors. The club were on the eve of having their own 'plane, when it was hoped greater interest would be taken in aero matters. The municipal aerodrome had received all the attention the council were able to give with the finance at their disposal, but the municipal 'drome had not yet been registered by the Aviation Department and was not suitable for safe training. . . . ELECTION OF OFFICERS. Patrons, Messrs. W. T. Missingham, M.L.A., R. F. H. Green, M.H.R., D. McA. Ross, Robt. Virtue. President, Mr. George Robinson. Vice-presidents, Messrs. W. F. McDermott, Dr. Banks, A. V. E. Overall, W. A. McLiesh, Geo. Exton, A. Martin, L. Quinn, D. Mason, J. B. Carlton, Col. F. J. Board, F. Stirgess, Robt. Gordon, A. E. Brand, Dr. Roberts. Committee, Messrs. Keith Virtue, J. F. Morrison, W. D. Lynn, A. Martin, W. F. McDermott, Geo. Robinson, A. V. E. Overall, Dr. Banks, V. C. Wilson, A. C. Morton, R. B. McKenzie, W. A. McLiesh. Secretary, Mr. T. D. Sullivan (re-elected). Treasurer, Mr. J. Kille (re-elected). Auditor, Mr. E. D. Armstrong (re-elected). . . .
Lismore Chamber of Commerce still unable to reach a position in respect of station 2XN
   STATION 2XN. Chamber of Commerce. LAST NIGHT'S MEETING. Lismore Chamber of Commerce last night further considered the request from Mr. T. A. Baines, secretary of the public meeting held to consider the future activities of Station 2XN. The chamber previously discussed the question and its decision was deferred. Messrs. S. J. Hosie and B. L. Smith representing the Richmond Listeners' League and G. Exton, proprietor of the broadcasting station, attended the meeting. Mr. K. Granger occupied the chair in the absence of the president, and there were also present Messrs. J. Baird, G. Exton, N. Laundry, G. B. Sharpe, E. D. Armstrong, B. L. Smith, F. Mattress, J. N. Williams, S. J. Hosie, W. McDermott, and the secretary (C. A. Munro). Mr. Exton said that the people of this district were paying annually 24s in wireless license fees and received only a few hours' good reception from Sydney each day. The idea of the proposal was to relay news items from Sydney at certain times. The statement had been made that it was not possible to use the land line. This, he considered was incorrect. Mr. Exton said he had received a letter from the Deputy Postmaster-General advising him of the charges for the use of the land lines were as follow:— 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., 4s 6d each three minutes; 6 p.m. to 9 p.m., 3s 5d per each three minutes; 7 a.m. to 9 a.m., 3s 5d per each three minutes; and from 9 p.m. to 7 a.m., 2s 3d per each three minutes. He proposed to be on the air from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m., 1 p.m. to 2.30 p.m., and from 6.30 p.m. to 8.30 p.m. for the relay of news items. The actual cost would be about £4 10s an hour. ABOUT £120 A WEEK. The president: The approximate cost per week in that case would be about £120. Who is going to be asked to pay the amount? Is the Postmaster-General's Department going to be asked to pay it? With the 2000 listeners' licenses, a revenue of about £2500 a year would be derived from the area proposed to be served, whereas it is going to take an expenditure of £6500 to make a service available. Mr. Hosie: Is it proposed by Mr. Exton to retain control of the station and will the relay be done by him? Mr. Exton: Yes. Mr. Armstrong asked for information regarding the £120 a week. Was the money derived from licenses pooled in the same way? Mr. Smith outlined the listeners' side of the question and remarked that the Richmond League had a membership of 218 and this made it a fairly representative body. The league was not opposed to Mr. Exton's proposal, and stressed the point that had any objection been raised when the venture was in its infancy, it was likely that a B class license would not have been granted. Mr. Exton had spent a large amount of money on his project and in fairness to him the listeners had done nothing which would hinder his progress. HIGH-POWERED STATION. Continuing, Mr. Smith said that the league was not opposed to Mr. Exton holding a B class license, but was opposed to the establishment of a high powered B class relay station. The relay output would practically exclude set owners from receiving any other Sydney station while 2XN was on the air. When, the league discovered this they made inquiries as to what would be the result. The Government had mapped out a scheme of relay stations which it was hoped would serve the whole of New South Wales. There was only one way that a Sydney station could be relayed through station 2XN, and that would be by trunk line telephone. The only alternative to using the existing line would be to construct a separate line and this would cost in all £130,000 to give full service. Continuing, Mr. Smith said that a commission some time ago reported on the suitability of relay station which would give a 95 per cent. efficiency to all set owners throughout the year. The Listeners' League when it decided not to co-operate did not feel disposed to break into this scheme, nor did they think it reasonable to support a request asking the Government to spend £130,000 on a separate trunk line. The president said that chamber must protect itself by not asking for anything which was considered unreasonable. He considered that as the meeting was not a representative one, a true opinion of the Chamber of Commerce could not be given. After further discussion, during which the source of the revenue required to run the station was discussed and an assurance from Mr. Exton that the station would be used for the relaying of news and sporting items during or about the hours mentioned by him, the chamber decided not to support the petition in its present wording, but agreed to give its co-operation with amendments.

##### 1931 06

Sir Benjamin Fuller (part owner of Sydney/Melbourne A Class stations) offers token support for 2XN
   CIVIC WELCOME. Sir Benjamin Fuller. NEW LISMORE THEATRE. Responding to a civic welcome given them by the Mayor (Ald. D. McA. Ross) in the Lismore Municipal Council Chambers yesterday morning, Sir Benjamin Fuller (managing director) and Mr. C. Bohringer (architect), of Fullers' Theatres Ltd., said it was the policy of the firm to use local workmanship in the erection and furnishing of new theatres, and this would be done at Lismore, where a theatre equal to anything in the metropolis would be built. There was a representative attendance of public bodies and businessmen. The Mayor said Sir Benjamin Fuller had played an important part in various phases of life, and was more particularly interested in theatres. A man of Sir Benjamin's business acumen could not fail to see the potentialities waiting to be developed in Lismore and district. All welcomed him and the wonderful scheme he was about to put into operation. It was intended to build a theatre equal to anything in the capital cities, and not only would it be the means of bringing artists from the metropolis to Lismore, but Lismore was to be the intermediary capital between Sydney and Brisbane. In a short time, the scheme, which was definite, would be put into practical effect, and everyone would realise that the building costing an enormous sum, would beautify the town. The people hoped to see Sir Benjamin Fuller in Lismore more frequently and the more frequent his visits the better, they would like him; and the more Sir Benjamin saw of the district, the better he would appreciate its beauty and grandeur. . . . After the function Sir Benjamin Fuller visited Mr. Exton's wireless station 2XN. Sir Benjamin was very much impressed with the station, and said he would do all he could to further the enterprise.
2XN off-air for a week due to repairs
   GENERAL NEWS. STATION 2XN. The Lismore broadcast station, 2XN, according to the proprietor (Mr. G. W. Exton) will not be "on the air" until the end of next week, when repairs are expected to be complete.

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California listener hears 2XN
   Lismore Heard in U.S.A. Between 1.20 and 2 a.m. on March 30, a radio listener in Berkeley, California, U.S.A. stopped turning dials of his set to log a new station. The man was J. D. Clark and the station was 2XN, Lismore, N.S.W. which was on the air between 7 and 8 p.m (Pacific standard time). Writing to Mr. G. W. Exton (proprietor of 2XN), Mr. Clark says that orchestral music and vocal solos were being broadcast, the quality of the signal being good, and fading not nearly so bad as 2FC or 2BL.
New Hampshire listener hears 2XN
   2XN HEARD IN U.S.A. LISMORE — NEW HAMPSHIRE. Mr. G. W. Exton, of Lismore, received a letter yesterday from Robert R. Rawstron, of Claremont (New Hampshire, U.S.A.) stating that on April 19 last, he (Mr. Rawstron) picked up Station 2XN on his wireless set and for half an hour beginning at 6 p.m., heard fragments of a broadcast programme, particularly mentioning "Uncle Roy and his Yo-Yo." Mr. Rawstron adds that at the time his aerial was blown down by a blizzard and was buried under two feet of snow. Station 2XN, Lismore, is the 834th station he has picked up, the 22nd of what he terms "Anzac," and upon Mr. Exton's verification, for which Mr. Rawstron in his letter enclosed a five cent piece, it will be the 750th he has verified. True to American tradition, Mr. Rawstron also enclosed half a dozen attractively printed publicity stamps advertising his home State of New Hampshire.

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##### 1936 02

Exton's licence for 2XN transferred to Richmond River Broadcasters, Ltd., new transmitter to be established and callsign changed to 2LM
   MODERN PLANT. Power 500 Watts. NEW B CLASS RADIO STATION. Perfect reception at all hours of the day for over 100,000 people who live within a radius of 60 miles of Lismore will be provided by the new radio station to be constructed by Richmond River Broadcasters, Ltd., a recently formed Lismore district company, which has arranged for the transfer of the licence of station 2XN, Lismore. The existing station will be conducted by Mr. G. W. Exton until the new station is on the air, probably about the end of June. The new station will be built on a site on a farm owned by Mr. T. Borton, about 4½ miles from Lismore on the road to Ballina. The site is a commanding one and has been chosen because it is regarded as the best for the purpose in the vicinity of Lismore. The new station will have a strength of 500 watts. The Postmaster-General's Department insists that a station of such power must be at least four miles from the centre of the town — well removed from the Lismore post office. NEW STUDIO. The studio for the new station will be located in a new building to be erected adjoining the "Northern Star" premises on the site occupied until recently by Mr. W. Kellett's livery stables. It will be connected with the transmitting station by two direct land lines in which special copper wire will be employed. Tenders for the station building and the plant, which will be the most modern it is possible to buy, have been called and the company hopes to have the new station in operation by the end of June. The site was chosen by Mr. H. A. Kauper, of Melbourne, consulting radio engineer, and plans for the station and residence were prepared by Messrs. F. J. Board and Son, who also are the architects for the building in which the studio will be housed. The new station will provide a first-class service for listeners in one of the most thickly populated rural areas in Australia.

##### 1936 09

Opening of 2LM Lismore acknowledges Exton's pioneering efforts
   "2LM REPRESENTS DISTRICT ADVANCEMENT." New Station Opened. MINISTERIAL PRAISE FOR NORTH COAST. Further Developments Forecast. DESIGNED to provide one of the most thickly populated portions of the Commonwealth with a more diversified service than it has hitherto received, Richmond River Broadcasters Limited's new transmitting station, 2LM, was officially opened last night. The ceremony was performed by the Minister for Works and Local Government (Mr. Spooner), who declared that the new station represented another progressive move in a district, the remarkable advancement of which had been watched with amazement by practically every other area in Australia. The Minister was assisted by the chairman of directors of the company (Mr. C. M. Robertson), Mr. W. Frith, M.L.A., Mr. James Malone (Chief Federal Wireless Inspector), Ald. E. J. Eggins (Mayor of Lismore), Ald. L. E. Jabour (Mayor of Casino), and Mr. V. F. Williams (general manager of the Chandler broadcasting group and chairman of directors of Station 4BH, Brisbane). Although reception conditions were bad, owing to the severe wind static, many reports were received from all parts of the district concerning the clarity and volume of the station. Although the opening ceremony commenced at 7.30, the station was on the air half an hour earlier. A fanfare announced its introduction to listeners, after which the chairman of the company (Mr. C. M. Robertson) introduced the manager (Mr. Eric Harrison), whose services had been obtained, he said, because it was felt that only the manager of a large metropolitan station should be placed in charge of a station such as it was intended to make 2LM. In addition to spending over a year as manager of 4BH, Brisbane, Mr. Harrison had been associated with 2UE, Sydney, and 3AW, Melbourne, and prior to coming to Australia about 10 years ago had had considerable experience in the entertainment business. During his travels he had visited South Africa, India, the Far East, the United States, New Zealand, England, and the Continent. Mr. Harrison was anxious, continued Mr. Robertson, to discover local talent, so that he could put "flesh and blood" shows on the air. He had found, during his experience with other wireless stations, that there was a strong demand for such features. Mr. Harrison was already aware of the wealth of musical and dramatic talent available in Lismore and district and would be pleased to interview prospective radio artists at any time. He had also a large repertoire of musical and dramatic presentations, which he intended to produce with an entirely
   (Start Photo Caption) 2LM "PUT ON THE AIR" The Minister for Works and Local Government (Mr. Spooner) officially put Lismore's new radio station, 2LM, on the air last night. The ceremony was attended by a large crowd of local and district people. In the group are (left to right): The Minister (Mr. Spooner), Mr. W. Frith, M.L.A., Mr. E. Harrison (manager), Ald. L. E. Jabour (Mayor of Casino), Dr. A, J. Opie (director), and Mr. C. M. Robertson (Chairman of Directors, Richmond Broadcasters Ltd.). (End Photo Caption)
   local cast, and producers of amateur theatrical societies were assured that his 20 years' experience in the theatrical business would always be avail-able to them, if needed. Mr. Harrison, in a brief response, said that although he had only been in the district a short time, he was impressed by its fertility and progressiveness. He gave an assurance that 2LM would supply an increasingly valuable service and play an important part in the future development of the North Coast.
   Growth of Radio. When the official ceremony commenced, Mr. Robertson gave an interesting resume of the growth of the radio industry, particularly in the Richmond River district, during recent years. "It is almost superfluous for me to state," said Mr. Robertson, "how much I appreciate my position here tonight as the official mouth piece of Richmond River Broadcasters — a company that is entirely a district one — in being privileged to take part in a ceremony that ushers in a new service and one that is urgently required. I say urgently required because I think that it is generally admitted that the district has not been able to get reception and entertainment over the air comparable with that which listeners resident in capital cities enjoy. "It is interesting to note that until the nineteen-twenties broadcasting was unknown, except as an experiment, and is now so thoroughly a part of national life that there are more than 850,000 licence holders in Australia and each of these licence holders expect first-class entertainment. It will be the aim of 2LM to provide that entertainment. Every effort has been made and no expense has been spared to make 2LM one of the best equipped "B" class stations in Australia.
   Listeners. "No matter to what extent radio may improve on the technical side," he continued, "the chief element in broadcasting is the listener. This fact is thoroughly appreciated by the management of 2LM, which will at all times seek to provide listeners with their principal requirement — entertainment. You are all aware that the function of a "B" class station is to supply entertainment and to place before you the commodities that an advertiser has to sell, and from both these points 2LM is so equipped as to give the best possible service. "Starting with the best equipment procurable, housed in buildings specially built for the purpose, 2LM is launched under favourable conditions, but nothing can stagnate, everything must go forward or slip back and it will be the policy of this station, with your co-operation, to go forward, to secure and to retain a reputation as one of the most pleasing stations to listen to.
   In Summer. "For months at a time this thickly settled district with a population of 100,000 people — the most densely populated rural area in Australia — will be almost entirely dependent on this station for a satisfactory programme. It will be the constant aim of 2LM to see that listeners' wishes are met, that they get entertainment to suit all classes. "My part in tonight's ceremony," said Mr. Robertson, "a ceremony that will certainly in the future become part of our local history, would not be complete without reference to some of the men and firms who have played an important part in equipping and housing of 2LM. The whole of the plant has been purchased from and installed by Amalgamated Wireless of Australia, a firm with a name in radio that is synonymous with reliability and honest trading and a firm whose name and reputation is a sufficient guarantee for the plant. "The building in which the studio is housed and from which I am speaking, was designed by Messrs. F. J. Board and Son, Lismore, architects, and erected by Mr. W. Braid. It is the first concrete and steel building on the Far North Coast and is a credit to the designers and its contractors. "My voice from this studio first travels along four miles of land line laid by the Post Master General's Department, whose officers have been most courteous and helpful and done everything possible to assist, to the transmitting station on the Ballina Road, four miles out of Lismore. "The buildings housing the station and engineer's residence were built by Mr. P. M. Fitzgerald (Lismore), also to the designs of Messrs. F. J. Board and Son. The 150 foot steel towers carrying the aerial for the station were erected by Sidney Williams (Sydney).
   Visitors. "It is my pleasure to welcome and thank for their attendance the mayors and town clerks, the shire presidents and shire clerks of our surrounding municipalities and shires, and the Chief Wireless Inspector of Australia (Mr. J. Malone). I trust their part in tonight's ceremony will be enjoyable, and finally to express our delight that the Minister for Works and Local Government (Mr. E. S. Spooner) has found time from the many calls which the local government conference must make on him to officially declare the station open."
   Lismore's Progress. The Mayor of Lismore (Ald. E. J. Eggins) said that the opening of the station marked another important step in the progress of Lismore and district. He extended a welcome to the many local government and other visitors to the town this week, and said that the opening of 2LM would impress them as another illustration of the progressiveness of the town in which, the citizens trusted, they would make a happy sojourn. No other town in the Commonwealth had excelled Lismore in recent years and the new radio station was merely a reflection of the stability of the town and district. He congratulated the directors of the company on this concrete example of their confidence in the future of the Richmond River district, and also paid a tribute to Mr. George Exton, who, by establishing Station 2XN in Lismore some years ago, had pioneered the industry on the North Coast. He was sure that as the years passed Mr. Exton would be increasingly proud of the part he had played in this regard. Mr. W. Frith, M.L.A., extending his congratulations to the new company for their initiative and enterprise in erecting the station, which, he was sure, functioning, as it would, under capable management, would provide an educational and well-regulated service to the listener. In addition, it would afford an opportunity to business houses and commercial interests to avail themselves of the advantages that radio offered for the advancement and promotion of their activities. Wireless was now acknowledged to be an almost indispensable necessity, especially to people in the country districts. The first public announcement of the possibility of space telegraphy was made at a conference in England in 1896, said Mr. Frith. Since then rapid progress and improvement had been made. In Australia, it was anticipated, as a result of the advances made in the past 10 years, that by June next over 1,000,000 licensed receiving sets would be in operation throughout the Commonwealth. There were now 850,000 listeners' licences in force, compared with 213,000 less than 10 years ago. Licences fees alone provided an annual contribution of approximately £860,000 to the Commonwealth income. Out of this provision had to be made for the Commission's programmes, the building of new stations and the maintenance of existing stations.
   "Great Rural City" "Lismore, on account of its geographical position — being situated at the head of navigation in the centre of an immense fertile area, capable of much further development in primary production and, especially in allied secondary activities — is destined within reasonable time to become the greatest rural city in Australia," added Mr. Frith. "It is, therefore, an ideal situation for the extension of broadcasting. We are proud of the fact that our towns and districts on the North Coast are served by efficient steamer, train and aerial services for the transport of passengers and produce. Considerable progress has been made in the provision of educational facilities and in many other directions advancement is being made with public utilities, such as hospitals, etc. "The opening of this station tonight is another step forward that will be welcomed by the people of the North Coast. It will serve as a lasting advertisement and will, I am sure, add a valuable contribution in making the district more attractive and the lives of the people more happy."
   Official Opening. Performing the official opening, Mr. Spooner said that the Australian broadcasting system was controlled by the Postmaster-General, who issued all licences, both for listeners and transmitters. The system was considered to be probably the ideal system of the world, for it incorporated the Government-owned national service (such as existed in Great Britain) and the commercial broadcasting stations, similar to those licensed in the United States. The good points of the English and American systems were embraced by the Australian system, which was operated under very prudent control. Instancing the growth of radio in the past 10 years, the Minister said that in July, 1924, there were 1206 licences in the whole of Australia, of which 906 were in New South Wales. At the end of last June there were 825,136 licences in the Commonwealth and 316,340 in New South Wales. There were now 74 commercial stations in Australia and, with the opening of each new station, rapid progress was being made with programme presentation, listener response, advertising support and increased technical efficiency. Actually, broadcasting was one of the greatest gifts to mankind and he firmly believed that of the many advances of science in the past 25 years, it was one of the major and most important contributions for the good of the people and the peace of the world. Referring to the detailed description of the new station published in the "Northern Star," Mr. Spooner said he wanted to congratulate the people of the district upon their newspaper, which was an up-to-date production. I used to visit Lismore regularly some years ago and I notice many improvements today," continued Mr. Spooner. "One of them is the standard of journalism that is presented to you by the 'Northern Star.' " He complimented the "Northern Star" on its news coverage, its presentation of news and ethical standard, and concluded this portion of his remarks by stating that he had not met anyone from the paper, and his comments were certainly not "inspired." Lismore was rapidly becoming a very large town. He remembered the trade vitality of the district and the money that circulated in the town, and he knew that the Richmond flats were among the most fertile in the State. He had been told that land was worth up to £400 per unimproved foot in Molesworth street. That meant that business people must be able to get a large turnover to make property earn interest in such an outlay.
   "Great Future" "You have a great future in Lismore," said the Minister. "You are close to the harbour of Ballina, which has big possibilities for the future. It may be that the inward and outward trade today cannot utilise it to the full, but it also may be that in time to come it will be a very busy harbour indeed." He went on to refer to the scenic beauties of the district and to the high standard of public buildings, business houses and private homes in Lismore, and to the progressiveness displayed by Lismore Municipal Council and the municipalities and shires within a radius of 100 miles of the town. Big developments would take place in the near future, he said, including sewerage, drainage and water supply improvements in Lismore, costing £42,000, road work in the Kyogle district (£60,000), water supply at Mullumbimby (£21,000), baths and water supply at Murwillumbah (£28,000), water supply at Casino (£33,000), roads in Tomki Shire (£5000), roads and bridges in Woodburn Shire (£11,233), roads in Byron Shire (£4500), and roads in Terania Shire £50,000).
   Civic Spirit. Referring to the necessity of preserving the civic spirit so manifest in the town and district, Mr. Spooner referred to the conference he had attended that day relative to the establishment of an electricity county council on the North Coast. Although there was not yet complete unanimity amongst all interested in the scheme, he believed that eventually there would be. "The Government is not going to push matters," he added. It is going to lead and help you towards the right decision, so that when the scheme is complete it will be worthy of the district it is to supply." Development of the scheme might be a big thing in the future, not only in regard to electricity, but in other ways. He believed that ultimately similar bodies would control roads, water and sewerage and all other services and, in addition, who knew what part they might play in the actual government of the country. "In days like these, when we are all looking to the future, one wonders whether it may not be that the county council system will provide a system of government such as we see in other parts of the world. I offer that to you as an encouragement to go on with the system." "I hope that prosperity continues on the North Coast, that production will increase and that the district will gain in wealth and popularity among people in all parts of the world," he concluded.
   Radio Development. The Chief Wireless Inspector (Mr. James Malone), speaking on behalf of the Postmaster-General, said that the opening of the station marked the second step recently in the progress of broadcasting in the district. That progress had, for various reasons, been unavoidably retarded and the department had felt for some time that Richmond River listeners were entitled to a better service. The new regional station, 2NR had brought the programmes of the A.B.C. nearer to the district, but the national programmes only were not what the department expected listeners to receive. It was expected, and the department was gradually so arranging, that listeners in all but the most distant settlements would have a reasonable choice of programmes from different stations. Consequently, in addition to the national stations, further alternative of commercial stations, with their somewhat different service was provided. "Commercial stations such as 2LM are designed to give a service of a more local character than the national stations, which cover wider regions," said Mr. Malone. "The aim of the department is to encourage the establishment of commercial stations where they are warranted, so that the opportunity may be provided for local talent and publicity. In a district so well known for its musical and dramatic talent as the Richmond River, a local broadcasting station provides a suitable cultural outlet and a means of encouraging local talent. It is also a medium for useful publicity announcements." Referring to the difference in the programmes of 2NR and 2LM, Mr. Malone said that there were no advertising announcements on the former station, but there would be on 2LM. The reason was that the national stations were financed by licence fees, whereas the commercial stations obtained their revenue by the broadcasting of advertisements those associated with its forma tion would be fully capable and desirous of providing a service that would meet the department's requirements and listeners' approval.
   Attractive. Richmond River Broadcasters Ltd., recognising that advertising must be reduced to a minimum, would concentrate on providing programmes which would be attractive to listeners. A broadcasting station, if it was to survive, must be primarily concerned with entertainment and the department, being the custodian of the listeners' interest, expected that such a service be provided by any company to which it gave the privilege and trusteeship of operating a broadcasting service. In selecting and authorising the present company to conduct 2LM, the department felt that Exton, whom he said was Lismore's radio pioneer. A man of inventive mind and keen desire to help the interests of the district, he was a pioneer, but the way of the pioneer was never easy and Mr. Exton had experienced his difficulties and disappointments. "I am sure that his service will not be forgotten by listeners, who will now enjoy the larger service which he helped to introduce," said Mr. Malone, who added that he had been associated with radio for a long time and it had been his privilege to speak into many microphones, to take an important part in the establishment of all the broadcasting stations in Australia, and to assist in guiding the progress of this truly amazing development of science. "Now I am privileged to be associated with the opening of a station in my native town. I need scarcely say, therefore, that it is with the greatest sincerity that I wish 2LM, its director's and staff, good luck and listeners of the Richmond River district many happy hours of radio entertainment," he concluded.
   Displayed Vision. The Mayor of Casino (Ald. L. E. Jabour) said that the enterprise and vision displayed by the venture indicated that those responsible for the erection and completion of the station were in step with the pro gress that was everywhere in evi dence. The ceremony brought to the country one more amenity and one more service which, in the /iot distant past, might have been held to be the prerogative of metropoli tan areas only. It was indicative of the advance that the rural areas of the State were making. "In thousands of homes today wireless is bringing news and enter tainment and is rendering a service which makes even the romantic ideals of Jules Verne pale into insigni ficance," said Aid. Jabour, who con cluded by conveying the best wishes of the citizens of Casino to the directors of the new company. Mr. V. P. Mitchell, general manager of the Chandler Broadcasting group and chairman of directors of Sta tion 4BH, Brisbane, said that he had been impressed. while motoring through the district, by its richness and fertility. He had ascertained that there were 96,000 people in the district. There were 21 B class stations in New South Wales in 20 districts, and of these districts only four — Katoomba, Moss Vale, Wollongong, and Newcastle — were larger than Lismore, while even these were comparatively close to the metropolitan area. Mr. Mitchell also expressed good wishes to Mr. Harrison from the directors and staff of 4BH.
   Member's Good Wishes. "I sincerely regret it is impossible for me to be present at the opening of this station as my Parliamentary duties necessitate my remaining in Canberra," writes Mr. R. P. H. Green, M.H.R. "As no doubt many of you are aware, consideration of the budget is now engaging the attention of Parliament. As this is for most of you probably the most important legislation of this season, it is essential that we, who are entrusted with framing laws for the whole of the Commonwealth, should give our full time and attention to it. "You will be interested to know that this is the 74th commercial station, to be opened in Australia. Most people do not realise that before the opening of this station there were 1643 licensed broadcasting stations in the Commonwealth, of which 15 are national stations, 1555 experimental stations, and 73 commercial stations. This one opened tonight makes the 74th commercial station. No part of the revenue from listeners' licences is paid to commercial or experimental stations by the Government, which, however, in the last financial year, paid to the 15 national stations nearly £862,000, or more than £57,000 for each station. "I am convinced that the existing 73 stations have fulfilled a definite want in the community and I am certain that this station also will play its part in meeting the needs of the people in this portion of New South Wales. Unfortunately in the past this district has not been well served in the way of radio reception, but I am confident that with the establishment of this station, a commercial and entertainment want will be met, and that 2LM will be an acquisition, not only to Lismore itself, but to the whole of this famous North Coast district. I feel sure that it will take its place worthily among the broadcasting stations in Australia, and I wish it every success." During the opening ceremony a number of visitors were entertained in the studio by the directors of the company. Those present included Mr. E. S. Spooner, Mr. J. Malone (Commonwealth Director of Wireless), Mr. C. M. Robertson, Ald. E. J. Eggins (Mayor of (Lismore), Dr. F. O. Stokes (deputy Mayor, Taree), Ald. P. Chapman (Taree), Mr. W. Rolfe (Katoomba), Mr. J. Anderson (4BC, Brisbane), Mr. J. M. McLean, Mr. H. E. Stratton, Mr. F. J. Board, Mr. D. G. Board. Mr. F. McDermott, Mr. N. E. Fiford, Mr. H. G. Murray, Mr. A. E. Brand, Mrs. S. J. Hosie, Mr. P. G. Jackson, Mr. J. W. Nelson, Mr. W. Frith, M.L.A., Mr. W. T. Care, Mr. P. Wicks, junr., Mr. F. A. Paterson, Mr. A. Walmsley, Mr. T. W. Green, Mr. L. A. Pearson, Mr. R. C. Gibson, Mr. A. Blakely (Commonwealth Arbitration Inspector), Mrs. S. N. Self, Mrs. A. E. Brand, Mrs. J. C. McIntosh, junr., Mrs. T. W. Hayley, Mrs. A. D. McLean (widow of the former Chairman of Directors of the North ern Star), Mr. R. Gordon, Ald. L. E. Jabour (Mayor of Casino), Mr. P. G. Best, Ald. E. E. Hogan (Ballina), Mr. A. Fripp (Ballina), Dr. A. J. Opie, Mr. J. R. Lee (Drummoyne), Ald. A. Griffith (Waratah), Ald. T. Houston (Stockton), Ald. J. H. Baker (deputy Mayor Adamstown), Ald. W. Arnold (Mullumbimby), Mr. J. W. Every-Burns (Casino), Mr. V. F. Mitchell (General Manager Chandler Broadcasting Group), and others. Prior to the conclusion of the opening ceremony Mr. Robertson expressed the company's thanks to the Minister, the various speakers and to all others who had assisted in making the function a success.

##### 1936 11

Richmond River Broadcasters, Ltd. registered to acquire 2XN
   COMPANY REGISTRATIONS. Registration in New South Wales has been effected by the following companies:— Richmond River Broadcasters Ltd.— Nominal capital. £15,000. To acquire from George W. Exton the licence of the broadcasting station known as 2XN and to carry on the business of a broadcasting station, &c. First directors: A. E. Brand, J. C. Mcintosh, jun., J. M. McLean, A. J. Opie and C. M, Robertson. Registered office, 9-11 Molesworth-street, Lismore. . . .

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Obituary for Exton's wife
   OBITUARY. MRS. G. W. EXTON. Mrs. Ruby Lillian Exton, wife of Mr. George W. Exton, of 247 Molesworth Street, Lismore, who died suddenly in Lismore on Thursday night, was yesterday buried in the Lismore Presbyterian cemetery. The deceased's husband is actively associated with the Scottish Royal Arch Chapter and Cryptic Council in Lismore, and members of those lodges attended the funeral. The following assisted with the carrying of the casket, Messrs. J. Feros, W. B. Hepburn, L. Leaver, L. McLean and F. Butson. Others who assisted were Mr. S. M. Garrard and Mr. Roy Exton. The church service was in St. Paul's Presbyterian Church, the Rev. J. R. Sweet conducting both the church and graveside services. Will Riley & Son conducted the funeral arrangements.

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## References

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* ↑ "Marriage at Bexhill.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 26: p. 5. 21 September 1901. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article72079224. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "Advertising". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 28: p. 1. 9 July 1904. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71844475. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "Advertising". The Sydney Morning Herald (New South Wales, Australia) (21,258): p. 9. 24 April 1906. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14767440. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "The Results of Private Study.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 30: p. 5. 23 June 1906. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71851504. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "MASONTC INSTALLATION OF W.M. AND INVESTITURE OF OFFICERS.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 33: p. 2. 9 July 1908. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article72168632. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
* ↑ "SOCIETY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY.". Australian Town And Country Journal (New South Wales, Australia) LXXX, (2094): p. 51. 23 March 1910. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264081656. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "Family Notices". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 34: p. 10. 16 April 1910. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article72242532. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
* ↑ "Family Notices". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 36: p. 5. 8 November 1911. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article72438507. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
* ↑ "Advertising". The Sydney Morning Herald (New South Wales, Australia) (23,253): p. 15. 22 July 1912. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15355894. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "PERSONAL,". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 37: p. 8. 18 March 1913. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article72403510. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
* ↑ "PERSONAL.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 41: p. 4. 9 June 1916. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92794567. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
* ↑ "GRAGEFUL RECOGNITION.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 43: p. 4. 5 August 1918. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92939934. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE COUNCIL.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 43: p. 4. 7 August 1918. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92940239. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
* ↑ "NEW METHOD OF WINDING DYNAMOS.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 43: p. 4. 22 March 1919. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92982526. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "Advertising". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 44: p. 1. 15 October 1919. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93010567. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE DISTRICT SCHOOL.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 45: p. 4. 7 December 1920. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93074013. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE HOSPITAL.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 45: p. 6. 8 February 1921. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93114600. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
* ↑ "GRAFTON HOSPITAL.". The Grafton Argus And Clarence River General Advertiser (New South Wales, Australia): p. 2. 16 February 1921. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article235725393. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "THE MAGIC SPARK". Evening News (New South Wales, Australia) (17118): p. 7. 29 April 1922. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article118868128. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
* ↑ "THE MAGIC SPARK". Evening News (New South Wales, Australia) (17130): p. 7. 13 May 1922. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article118864681. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
* ↑ "MOVIES BY WIRELESS". The Sun (New South Wales, Australia) (3642): p. 7. 4 July 1922. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221508611. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS TELEPHONY.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 47: p. 6. 5 July 1922. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93385464. Retrieved 12 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS IN LISMORE.". Tweed Daily (New South Wales, Australia) IX, (158): p. 2. 7 July 1922. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article193486273. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
* ↑ "SCHOOL SPORT". The Sun (New South Wales, Australia) (3648): p. 9. 11 July 1922. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221508557. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS WONDERS.". Daily Examiner (New South Wales, Australia) 13, (2104): p. 7. 5 August 1922. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article194711145. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
* ↑ "RADIO IN LISMORE.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 4. 14 December 1923. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93511776. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE COUNCIL.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 6. 9 January 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93515445. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
* ↑ "RADIO WIRELESS CONCERT IN LISMORE". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 5. 16 January 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93516626. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
* ↑ "RADIO TOPICS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 14. 26 January 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93518118. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
* ↑ "RADIO". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 4. 7 February 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93519791. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE RADIO". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 7. 4 March 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93523565. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS CONCERT". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 4. 8 March 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93524172. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "RURAL SCHOOL'S RADIO". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 4. 12 March 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93524726. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS FROM MEXICO". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 4. 31 March 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93433592. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "RADIO". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 4. 16 April 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93435980. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "NEAR AND FAR". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 4. 21 April 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93436534. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "NEAR AND FAR". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 4. 1 May 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93438015. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE'S PROGRESS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 48: p. 4. 14 May 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93439863. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS FOR WOLLONGBAR". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 49: p. 4. 14 August 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93452954. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
* ↑ "RURAL SCHOOL RADIO CLASS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 49: p. 4. 20 August 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93453718. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
* ↑ "WOLLONGBAR". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 49: p. 4. 26 August 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93454513. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE RADIO CLUB". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 49: p. 6. 26 February 1925. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93477456. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
* ↑ "AUSTRALIAN EXPERI­MENTER". The Daily News (Western Australia) XLIV, (15,603): p. 6 (THIRD EDITION). 27 April 1925. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84259578. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
* ↑ "RADIO". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 50: p. 4. 15 August 1925. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93531541. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
* ↑ "NEW SOUTH WALES". Daily Telegraph (Tasmania, Australia) XLV, (194): p. 6. 15 August 1925. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article153663450. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
* ↑ "NEAR AND FAR". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 52: p. 4. 24 May 1927. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93598670. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
* ↑ "OBITUARY". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 52: p. 4. 25 October 1927. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93647307. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "Advertising". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 52: p. 1. 27 October 1927. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93647606. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "L1SMORE PROJECT". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 4. 29 May 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93676837. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE BROADCASTING". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 9. 7 July 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93682574. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "NEW BUILDINGS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 7. 11 July 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93683213. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "RADIO EXHIBITION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 7. 13 July 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93683441. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE COUNCIL". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 11. 26 July 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93685487. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "NOTICE UNDER REAL PROPERTY ACT.". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales (New South Wales, Australia) (97): p. 3539. 27 July 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219951765. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISTENERS' LEAGUE". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 6. 2 August 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93686578. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS PROJECT". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 4. 3 August 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93686697. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
* ↑ "I BUILDINGS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 6. 10 August 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93687771. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE COUNCIL". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 14. 11 August 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93688038. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 9. 14 August 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93688513. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIDE INTERESTS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 8. 22 August 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93689687. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS STATION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 4. 4 September 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94044725. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "BROADCASTING STATION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 8. 12 September 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94046190. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "MR. G. W. EXTOITS WIRELESS STATION, LISNIORE.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 9. 18 October 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94051661. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "NOTICE UNDER REAL PROPERTY ACT.". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales (New South Wales, Australia) (149): p. 4713. 2 November 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article223027072. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE EXHIBITION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 2. 18 December 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94060470. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS STATION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 6. 28 December 1928. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94061727. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "RADIO EXHIBITION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 6. 5 February 1929. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94166971. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "Chamber of Commerce". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 10. 17 April 1929. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94069110. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ ""B" CLASS STATION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 53: p. 6. 16 May 1929. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94073277. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE WIRELESS STATION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 54: p. 8. 28 September 1929. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94093683. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "STATION 2CZ". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 54: p. 8. 3 May 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94132834. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "STATION 2CZ". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 54: p. 4. 5 May 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94133052. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "LOCAL STATION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 54: p. 6. 8 May 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94133587. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "STATION 2CZ". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 54: p. 4. 12 May 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94134051. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE BROADCAST STATION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 8. 21 May 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94135282. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "GENERAL NEWS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 8. 24 May 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94135790. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE 2XN BROADCASTING STATION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 2. 27 May 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94135931. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
* ↑ "BROADCASTING STATION 2XN". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 27 May 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94135987. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE BROADCASTING". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 31 May 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94136582. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "NEW BUILDINGS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 24 June 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94139725. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "TOWER AERIAL". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 5 July 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94141153. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE 'S "LIGHTHOUSE"". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 6. 7 July 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94141331. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "BY METRE.". The Catholic Press (New South Wales, Australia) (1799): p. 5. 10 July 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article106248919. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "GENERAL NEWS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 15 July 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94142393. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
* ↑ "UNUSUAL BROADCAST". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 8. 19 July 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94142958. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE COUNCIL". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 3. 23 July 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94143487. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "NEWS OF THE CHURCHES". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 13. 26 July 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94144075. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "COUNCIL BREVITIES". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 8. 6 August 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94145437. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE COUNCIL". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 10. 7 August 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94145727. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISTENERS' LEAGUE". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 8. 9 August 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94145891. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
* ↑ "TEST BROADCAST". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 14 August 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94146742. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
* ↑ "FEDERATED CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 5. 21 August 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94147812. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "GOOD TRANSMISSION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 26 August 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94148482. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
* ↑ "COUNCIL BREVITIES". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 30 September 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94153740. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "WIRELESS SUBSIDY". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 2 October 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94154073. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "UNDER DIFFICULTIES". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 2 October 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94154141. Retrieved 25 February 2025.
* ↑ "COUNCIL BREVITIES". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 14 October 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94155668. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE COUNCIL". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 15. 29 October 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94157852. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "LOCAL BROADCAST". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 6. 13 November 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94160234. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ "NATIONAL ASSET". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 6. 20 November 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94161284. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
* ↑ ""CITIZENS' BUSINESS"". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 8. 21 November 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94161372. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "DISTRICT COURT". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 3. 11 December 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94181260. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "DISTRICT COURT". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 5. 12 December 1930. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94181469. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "RADIO INTERFERENCE". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 6. 5 February 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94120103. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
* ↑ "Advertising". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 6. 17 February 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94121468. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "DAY RECEPTION". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 5 March 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94170507. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
* ↑ "FOR FLOOD REFUGE". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 6. 25 March 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94173344. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
* ↑ "KEEPING LISMORE ON AIR". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 6. 28 March 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94173934. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
* ↑ "STATION 2XN". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 4. 30 March 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94174123. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "RETAINING 2XN". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 9. 31 March 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94174334. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "PARK PROPOSAL". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 12. 22 April 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94177411. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "STATION 2XN'S TESTS". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 6. 22 April 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94177490. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "LISMORE AERO CLUB". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 5. 13 May 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94241498. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "STATION 2XN". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 55: p. 2. 20 May 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94242457. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "CIVIC WELCOME". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 56: p. 6. 26 June 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94247879. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "GENERAL NEWS STATION 2XN". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 56: p. 6. 26 June 1931. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94247899. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
* ↑ "Lismore Heard in U.S.A.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 56: p. 10. 10 May 1932. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94283008. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
* ↑ "2XN HEARD IN U.S.A.". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 57: p. 3. 24 May 1933. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94216941. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
* ↑ "MODERN PLANT". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 60: p. 6. 13 February 1936. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94507670. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
* ↑ ""2LM REPRESENTS DISTRICT ADVANCEMENT"". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia) 61: p. 6. 22 September 1936. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94662613. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
* ↑ "COMPANY REGISTRATIONS". The Sun (New South Wales, Australia) (8386): p. 10 (COUNTRY EDITION). 18 November 1936. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230903346. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
* ↑ "OBITUARY". Northern Star (New South Wales, Australia): p. 4. 28 June 1952. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96517612. Retrieved 26 February 2025.