OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Latin/Lesson 7-Translation
## Using a Dictionary

To find a Latin word in the dictionary can be difficult. Foremost, Latin verbs are listed using the 'present indicative 1st person singular active' construct of the verb. To find the meaning of the verb 'amāre', one must find 'amō' listed in the dictionary. Thus, one must use their wits to determine what the stem and what is the ending of the verb. A bit of searching around in the dictionary may be required. There are a few verbs which are highly irregular and must be learnt such as 'ferō', I carry.
Nouns are usually much easier to find. They are always given in the nominative singular case. If you see a noun such as 'vōcem', and do not know what it is, don't fret. If you look for 'vōc' in the dictionary, you will not find what you are looking for. 'Em' is typically a third declension accusative ending, thus you should be aware that third declension nouns have radically changing stems. Those which have the consonant 'c' usually have the consonant 'x' replacing it in the nominative singular. Thus the nominative singular of vōcem, is vōx. Likewise, 'g' is also often used when shifting from nominative singular cases to other cases. For example, rēx becomes 'rēgem' in the accusative. There are plenty of other simple rules which one learns through experience.
Unconjugatable and indeclinable words are listed 'as is'.

## Exercise 1
### Vocabulary

Notes :
| confessio, -ōnis | confession | 3rd declension feminine |
| liber, libri | book | 2nd declension masculine |
| malus, -a, -um | bad | |
| de + abl. | from, down from, aside; about, concerning | |

### Passage

* Confessiōnum meārum librī tredecim et dē malīs et dē bonīs meīs deum laudant iūstum et bonum atque in eum excitant hūmānum intellectum et affectum. Interim quod ad mē attinet, hoc in mē egērunt cum scriberentur et agunt cum leguntur. Quid dē illīs aliī sentiant, ipsī viderint; multīs tamen frātribus eōs multum placuisse et placēre sciō.
* to be translated into English
# Subjunctive Passive Verbs
## Subjunctive Passive Perfect

Subjunctive passive verbs form from the 4th principle part as shown in the example below.
The verb's third principle part, e.g. in the word impedire(to obstruct): impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditus; gains the passive ending for the appropriate person.
This is an example of the Subjunctive Passive in the perfect tense. muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum -- to change
To make the verb into a perfect passive, take the fourth principle part, make it agree with the subject in gender, number, and case, and then add in the appropriate form of esse. In the perfect, we use the present form of esse, and specifically the subjunctive present(sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint.)
For example, Do you know what has been done to him? would be made into: scis quid eum factum sit?
* Note well that in the plural, the word "mutatus" becomes "mutati," thus taking on the plural nominative. Remember that the perfect passive verbs require the fourth participle to agree in gender and number!

### Exercises

In this section, it is only truly necessary to translate the italicized portion. The rest exists in order to make the subjunctive necessary.
the children were so bad that they have been scolded. (Children- Liberi; To scold- vitupero, vituperare, vituperavi)
He asked how I was tricked.(trick-ludo, ludere, lusi, lusus)
My parents drove to town so that now I have been born in a hospital.(born- cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus; Hospital- valetudinarium, valetudinarii-n.)

## Subjunctive Passive Pluperfect

The subjunctive passive pluperfect is very similar to the perfect, with the major difference being the way esse is conjugated. In specific, the word esse is simply given the active endings(m,s,t,mus,tis, nt)
mutavi + isse -->

### Singular

   * mutatus essem I had been changed.
   * mutatus esses You had been changed.
   * mutatus esset He had been changed.

### Plural*

   * mutati essemus We had been changed.
   * mutati essetis You had been changed.
   * mutati essent They had been changed.

### Exercises

In these exercises, only the italicized parts require translation. The rest exist to make the subjunctive necessary. Remember, the subjunctive is not used in any but complex sentences or other rare circumstances.
Ovid wrote so much in the Metamorphoses that his hand had been changed into stone.
# Latin/Lesson 6-Translation

Congratulations! You have completed the Introductory Latin course! To finish off, you can look at an exciting section from Caesar's Civil Wars Book II stanza 10–12.
Exercise 1
Skill: Translation from Latin source
Vocabulary, coming soon
Ubi ex ea turri, quae circum essent opera, tueri se posse confisi sunt, musculum pedes LX longum ex turrim murumque perducerent, facere instituerunt cuius musculi haec erat forma. Duae primum trabes in solo aeque longae distantes inter se pedes IIII collocantur, inque eis columellae pedum in altitudinem V defiguntur. Has inter se capreolis molli fastigio coniungunt, ubi tigna, quae musculi tegendi causa ponant, collocentur. Eo super tigna bipedalia iniciunt eaque laminis clabisque religant. Ad extremum musculi tectum trabesque extremas quadratas regulas IIII patentes digitos difigunt, quae lateres, qui super musculo struantur, contineant. Ita fastigato atque ordinatim structo, ut trabes erant in capreolis collocatae. lateribus lutoque musculus, ut ab igni, qui ex muro iaceretur, tutus esset, contegitus. Super lateres coria inducuuntur, ne canalibus aqua immissa lateres diluere posset. Coria autem, ne rursus igni ac laidibus corrumpantur, centonibus conteguntur. Hoc opus omne tectum vineis ad ipsam turrim perficiunt subitoque inoopinantibus hostibus machinatione navali, phalangis subiectis, ad turrim hostium admovent, ut aedificio iungatur.
Quo malo perterriti subito oppiindani saxa quam maxima possunt vectibus promovent praecipitataque muro in musculum devolvunt. Ictum firmitas materiae sustinet, et quicquid incidit fastigio musculi elabitur. Id ubi vident, mutant consilium: cupas taeda ac pice refertas incendunt easque de muro musculum devolvunt. Involutae labuntur, delapsae ab lateribus longuriis furcisque abopere removentur. Interim sub musculo milites vectibus infima saxa turris hostium, quibus fundamenta continebantur convellunt. Musculus ex turri latericia a nostris telis tormentisque defenditur; hostes ex muro ac turribus submoventur: non datur libera muro defendendi facultas. Compluribus iam lapidibus ex ea, quae suberat, turri subductis repentina ruina pars eius turrisconcidit, pars reliqua consequens procumbebat: cum hostes urbis direptione perterriti inermes cum infulis se porta foras universi proripiunt, ad legatos atque exercitum supplices manus tendunt.
# Latin/Lesson 8-Conditional Clauses
## Conditional Clauses

Conditional clauses in English and Latin have the general form:
if (condition clause) (result clause)
Or:
(result clause) if (condition clause)
For example:
* If I see anyone, I'll tell you.
* If he was sleeping, you should not have knocked.
* I cannot hear you if I'm sleeping.
* I would have been sad if I had not won.
There are 3 types of conditional clauses in Latin:
* Simple Fact (Present or Past)
* Contrary to Fact (Present or Past)
* Future (More or Less Vivid)

### Simple Fact Conditionals

Simple fact conditionals in Latin have the general form:
si (condition clause in the present indicative) (result clause in the present indicative)
Or:
si (condition clause in the imperfect/perfect indicative) (result clause in the imperfect/perfect indicative)

##### For example:

si diligenter laboras, bonus puer es
If you are working diligently, you are a good boy.
si dominum adiuvabas, bonus servus eras
If you were helping your master, you were a good slave.

### Contrary to Fact Conditionals

Contrary to fact conditionals are used if the condition clause is known to be false. For example:
If you weren't playing during class, you would be a good boy (but you were playing, so you aren't a good boy).
Contrary to fact conditionals have the general form:
si (condition clause in the imperfect subjunctive) (result clause in the imperfect subjunctive)
Or:
si (condition clause in the pluperfect subjunctive) (result clause in the pluperfect subjunctive)

##### For example:

si matrem adiuvaret, cena parata esset
If he were helping his mother, the dinner would be ready.
si patrem adiuvisset, pater matrem adiuvare potuisset
If he had helped his father, his father would have been able to help his mother.
Note how English uses would and would have for result clauses, while Latin uses the same tense as in the condition clauses.

### Future Conditionals

Future conditionals are, of course, used to express conditions in the future. For example:
If you help me, I will be done faster.
Future conditionals take the following general form:
si (condition clause in the future or future perfect) (result clause in the future)
Or:
si (condition clause in the present subjunctive) (result clause in the present subjunctive)

##### For example:

si fortiter pugnaveritis, urbs non delebitur
If you fight bravely, the city will not be destroyed.
Note how English uses the present tense for the condition clause, while Latin uses the future or future perfect.
si diligenter laboretis, vobis meridie domum dimittam
If you were to work diligently, I would dismiss you at noon.
This type of clause, known as the future less vivid (as opposed to the future more vivid which uses the future and future perfect), is used to express more improbable conditions in the future.
# Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Statistical Methods/Sub-Categories Discriminant Analysis

Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones Next chapter: Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control
First Category: NMR Go to: Principal Component Analysis
# Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Tissues

Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones Next chapter: Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control
Go to Statistical Methods Go back to Fluids
* Liver
* Gut
* Muscle
# Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Tissues/Gut

Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones Next chapter: Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control
Next Category: Statistical Methods Go to: Muscle Go back to: Liver
# Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Tissues/Liver

Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones Next chapter: Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control
Next Category: Statistical Methods Go to: Gut
# Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Tissues/Muscle

Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones Next chapter: Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control
Next Category: Statistical Methods Go to first page: Liver Go back to: Gut
# Metabolomics/Applications

Back to Previous Chapter: Databases Next chapter: Contributors

# Applications
### Introduction to Applications

The field of metabolomics has been growing in recent years. The expanding field has encompassed and helped in disease research, pharmaceuticals and nutrition. Metabolomics could potentially become a standard dianostic tool to maintain health, diagnose ailments as well as provide us an accurate model of biochemical processes within organisms.
# Metabolomics/Applications/Nutrition

Back to Previous Chapter: Databases Next chapter: Contributors
Go to first page: Disease Research Go back to: Health and Pharmaceuticals

# Metabolomics and Nutrition

Here is a link to an excellent review article that provides a very solid basis for this section of the wikibook. This is a free full-text article from the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Metabolomics in human nutrition: opportunities and challenges Michael J Gibney, Marianne Walsh, Lorraine Brennan, Helen M Roche, Bruce German and Ben van Ommen American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 82, pp. 497-503, September 2005
* Nutrigenomics
* Personal Metabolomics
* Lifestyle
* Large Bowel Metabolites
* Non-Nutrient Chemicals
* Animal Models
* Animal Metabolomes
* Plant Metabolomes
# Neurology and Neurosurgery/Anosognosia

Impaired awareness of illness (anosognosia) is a major problem because it is the single largest reason why individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder do not take their medications. It is caused by damage to specific parts of the brain, especially the right hemisphere. It affects approximately 50 percent of individuals with schizophrenia and 40 percent of individuals with bipolar disorder. When taking medications, awareness of illness improves in some patients. Impaired awareness of illness is a strange thing. It is difficult to understand how a person who is sick would not know it. Impaired awareness of illness is very difficult for other people to comprehend. To other people, a person’s psychiatric symptoms seem so obvious that it’s hard to believe the person is not aware he/she is ill. Oliver Sacks, in his book The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, noted this problem:
It is not only difficult, it is impossible for patients with certain right-hemisphere syndromes to know their own problems …And it is singularly difficult, for even the most sensitive observer, to picture the inner state, the ‘situation’ of such patients, for this is almost unimaginably remote from anything he himself has ever known.
# Neurology and Neurosurgery/Brain Death

A permanent, irreversible and complete loss of the brain function which my included cessation of involuntary activity necessary to sustain life. It differs from persistent vegetative state, in which a person is alive and same automatic functions remain
# Neurology and Neurosurgery/Alexia

Alexia is defined as the inability of individual to read. The centre in the cerebral cortex which is responsible for the reading is located in the temporo-parietal region. (kumar&clark's clinical medince 8th edition)
# Neurology and Neurosurgery/Amnesia

Loss of memory unlike that of dementia (a decrease in memory), and is associated with various neurological disorders.
# Neurology and Neurosurgery/Drugs

A drug is any chemical substance that when consumed causes a change in an organism's physiology, including its psychology, if applicable.[1][2][vague] Drugs are typically distinguished from food and other substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue.
# Neurology and Neurosurgery/Apraxia

General Apraxia
Apraxia is the partial or complete loss of one's ability to perform deliberate movements. This results from cortical lesions where there is no paralysis or loss of sensory functioning.
Akinetic Apraxia
Apraxia characterized by the inability to perform spontaneous movements.
Amnesic Apraxia
Also known as amnestic apraxia, is apraxia which is characterised by an inability to carry out sequence(s) of movement upon request. Generally, the cause for this is deteriorated memory.
Buccofacial Apraxia
Apraxia characterised by an inability to carry out voluntary movements involving the face, mouth and tongue.
Constructional Apraxia
Apraxia characterised by a deficit in the ability to draw or assemble objects. This form of apraxia is caused by lesions in the right hemisphere, usually on the right parietal lobe.
Ideational Apraxia
Apraxia characterised by the improper use of objects caused by an inability to identify them correctly or to conceptualize their appropriate functions.
Ideokinetic Apraxia
Apraxia which is characterised by an inability to carry out a series of ordered movements. The patient is usually able to carry out individual orders, but is confused by a sequence of orders.
Ideomotor Apraxia
Apraxia characterised by the inability to execute a single, complex movement properly. The patient performs inappropriate movements in the course of action.
Left Parietal Apraxia
This is apraxia caused by damage to the posterior lobe of the left hemisphere.'
Motor Apraxia
Apraxia involving the inability to carry out planned acts.
Ocular Apraxia
Apraxia characterised by an inability to maintain fixation. With Ocular Apraxia, the patient's eyes wander back and forth between objects.
References Reber, A.S; Reber, E. "The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology", 3rd Edition. 2001.
# Neurology and Neurosurgery/Coma

A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions.The person may experience respiratory and circulatory problems due to the body's inability to maintain normal bodily functions. People in a coma often require extensive medical care to maintain their health and prevent complications such as pneumonia or blood clots.Coma patients exhibit a complete absence of wakefulness and are unable to consciously feel, speak or move.Comas can be derived by natural causes, or can be medically induced.
# Neurology and Neurosurgery/Aphasia

Aphasia is difficulty in expressing one's self, which may be accompanied by speech difficulties. Aphasia is seen in association with various neurological disorders.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FrameRate

Usage:
Frame rate, in Hz, as most recently measured for this screen (typically when you first opened it).
MacOS: FrameRate counts frames over some measured period and calculates the rate. Setting hz doesn't affect the screen, only the returned value. Setting hz to NaN or forces SCREEN to remeasure it now, eg after you use a Control Panel to change the screen resolution. The cached value is flushed when you close the last window on this screen.
Windows: The returned value is the nominal frame rate, not the measured rate. The returned value is always current. FrameRate will accept an argument, for compatibility with the MacOS implementation, but it ignores the value passed.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetWindowByTitle

Usage:
Get window pointer for window with specified title.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FrameOval

Usage:
Draw the outline of an oval. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces black with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire window. Default pen size is 1,1.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetImage255

Usage:
Slowly copy an image from a window, returning a MATLAB uint8 array. If the window's pixelSize>8 then the returned imageArray has three layers, an RGB image. rect is in window coordinates, and its default is the whole window.
As of April, 1998, imageArray is now uint8 instead of double to save space (a factor of 8). However, MATLAB will issue an error if you try to do math on a uint8 array, so you may need to use DOUBLE to convert it, e.g. imageArray/255 will produce an error, but double(imageArray)/255 is ok. Also see PutImage and CopyWindow.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetClut

Usage:
Get the color lookup table (CLUT) of a video screen. The returned clut is a 3-column matrix with one row per RGB entry in the hardware CLUT. The clut values will be in the range 0 to 255 for an 8-bit CLUT.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetImage

Usage:
Slowly copy an image from a window, returning a MATLAB uint8 array. If the window's pixelSize>8 then the returned imageArray has three layers, an RGB image. rect is in window coordinates, and its default is the whole window.
As of April, 1998, imageArray is now uint8 instead of double to save space (a factor of 8). However, MATLAB will issue an error if you try to do math on a uint8 array, so you may need to use DOUBLE to convert it, e.g. imageArray/255 will produce an error, but double(imageArray)/255 is ok. Also see PutImage and CopyWindow.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/FrameRect

Usage:
Draw the outline of a rectangle. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces black with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire window. Default pen size is 1,1. penMode specifies the drawing mode: The Win32 GDI interface does not have support for Copy operations in Or and xOr modes. So these pen modes here reprensent the line styles of the pen: 'patCopy' (solid pen, default), 'patOr' (dashed), 'patXor' (dashdot), 'patBic' (dotted), 'notPatCopy' (invisible), 'notPatOr' (dashed), 'notPatXor' (dashdotdot), 'notPatBic' (inside frame).
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetFrontWindow

Usage:
Get window pointer for frontmost window.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/GetMATLABWindow

Usage:
Get window pointer for n-th in MATLAB's Window menu.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Gamma

Usage:
Get/set the gamma table. The gamma table will usually be 256x1 or 256x3. Most users won't need this function.
# Network Plus Certification/Tools

| « | Network Plus Certification Domain 5: Network Tools | » |
| Domain 4: Network Management | Network Plus Certification Domain 5: Network Tools | Domain 6: Network Security |
The Network Tools Domain consists of 12% of the CompTIA Network+ exam.
* Objective 5.1: Command Line Tools
* Objective 5.2: Software Tools
* Objective 5.3: Hardware Tools
# Network Plus Certification/Technologies/Wireless

| « | Network Technologies Objective 1.7: Wireless |
| Objective 1.6: Routing Properties | Network Technologies Objective 1.7: Wireless |
Objective 1.7: Compare the characteristics of wireless communication standards

## IEEE 802.11

| | 802.11a | 802.11b | 802.11g | 802.11n | 802.11ac | 802.11ad |
| Speed | 54 Mbit/s | 11 Mbit/s | 54 Mbit/s | 600 Mbit/s | 6.93 Gbps | 7Gbps |
| Distance | 35 meters | 38 meters | 100 meters | 300 meters | | |
| Channels | 24 | 11 | 11 | 24 | | |
| Frequency | 5 GHz | 2.4 GHz | 2.4 GHz | 2.4/5 GHz | 5 GHz | 60 GHz |

## Authentication and encryption
### WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2) is a class of systems to secure wireless (Wi-Fi) computer networks. It was created in response to several serious weaknesses researchers had found in the previous system, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). WPA implements the majority of the IEEE 802.11i standard, and was intended as an intermediate measure to take the place of WEP while 802.11i was prepared. WPA is designed to work with all wireless network interface cards, but not necessarily with first generation wireless access points. WPA2 implements the full standard, but will not work with some older network cards. Both provide good security, with two significant issues: 1) Either WPA or WPA2 must be enabled and chosen in preference to WEP. WEP is usually presented as the first security choice in most installation instructions. 2) In the "Personal" mode, the most likely choice for homes and small offices, a passphrase is required that, for full security, must be longer than the typical 6 to 8 character passwords users are taught to employ.

### WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)

Wired Equivalent Privacy or Wireless Encryption Protocol (WEP) is a scheme to secure IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. It is part of the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard. Because wireless networks broadcast messages using radio, they are susceptible to eavesdropping. WEP was intended to provide confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired network. Several serious weaknesses were identified by cryptanalysts; a WEP connection can be cracked with readily available software in one minute or less. WEP was superseded by Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) in 2003, followed by the full IEEE 802.11i standard (also known as WPA2) in 2004. Despite its weaknesses, WEP provides a level of security that may deter casual snooping.

### RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service)

Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) is an AAA (authentication, authorization and accounting) protocol for applications such as network access or IP mobility. It is intended to work in both local and roaming situations. See Objective 6.4: User Authentication for more information.