# Mirad Grammar/Nouns
## Noun Types

    Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 7 ways:
      * common vs. proper
      * concrete vs. abstract
      * countable vs. mass
      * gender-neutral vs. masculine/feminine
      * singular vs. plural
      * animate vs. inanimate
      * full form vs. acronym
          Common vs. Proper Nouns COMMONPROPER tam....houseEmer....Venus yagsim....benchFerom....France dyes....bookNotre Dame...Notre Dame tej....lifeTot....God
          Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns CONCRETEABSTRACT tab....bodyifon....love mil....wateroyman....coolness deuz....songdeuzen....singing
    Abstract nouns include gerunds, i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like deuzen....singing < deuzer....to sing or osexen....destruction < osexer....to destroy. Infinitives like deuzer....to sing are also considered abstract nouns.
          Countable vs. Mass Nouns COUNTABLEMASS pat....birdpattel....bird food patayebi....featherspatayebyan....plumage megi....rocksmil....water
    In native Mirad, all common nouns in their singular dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as Roma....Rome. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel i (pat....bird ⇒ pati....birds).
          Gender-neutral vs. Gendered GENDER-NEUTRALFEMININEMASCULINE tob....human beingtoyb....womantwob....man edeb....monarchedeyb....queenedweb....king ted....parentteyd....mothertwed....father
          Singular vs. Plural Nouns SINGULARPLURAL dom....citydomi....cities gon....partgoni....parts jub....dayjubi....days
          Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns INANIMATEANIMATE mam....skypot....animal tom....buildingaot....person job....timetobet....child
          Full form vs. Acronym FULL FORMACRONYM Anxwa Doobi....United NationsAD....UN Mir Nunuien Xob....World Trade OrganizationMNX....WTO
    The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar.

## Pluralization of Common Nouns

    A singular countable common noun always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the pluralizing marker -i. So, the plural of pur....car is puri....cars. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages (la belle fleur →les belles fleurs). The plural suffix -i is the only way nouns in Mirad are inflected. All other changes to nouns are derivational in nature, eg. genderization, augmentation, diminution, capitalization, etc.
    Pluralization of Nouns SINGULARPLURAL tam....housetami....houses toyb....womantoybi....women tej....lifeteji....lives ha via dom....the beautiful cityha via domi....the beautiful cities

## Modifying Nouns with the Definite Article

    In Mirad, there is only a single noun-modifying article, the invariable definite article ha (the). There is no indefinite article like English a / an. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article ha (which in reality is a definite deictic determiner, discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners). The definite article ha is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart:
    Use of the Definite Article MIRADENGLISHSPECIFICITY tama houseindefinite, no article ha tamthe housedefinite ha tamithe housesdefinite, plural tejlifegeneral, no article fitejawa teja life well-livedindefinite, no article ha tej (...ho at bayse)the life (... that I have)specific FeradFrenchlanguage name, already specific, no article IvanIvanperson's name, no article Ifliu yivan!Cherish freedomabstraction, no article Ha yivani ho yat ifie.The freedoms that we enjoy.abstraction specified Yata yivani...Our freedoms...abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article
    Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like love, life, freedom do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases the love that dare not speak its name or the life well-lived or the freedoms we possess. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew."

## Proper Nouns

    Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages is discussed in Countries of the World and Languages of the World. It can be said here, though, that country names end in -m; the inhabitants of those places end in -t or pl. -ti; and the languages they speak end in -d. Language names are capitalized, eg. At tixe Ferad. (I study French.). In fact, this is the case for all parts of speech derived from a proper name, eg. Usoma tel Feramxweye. American food is being Frenchified.. French speakers beware; this is not like in French. And German speakers beware, too! Not all nouns are capitalized; only ones that are proper, such as names of people, companies, languages, countries, etc.
    Names of people, cities, etc. are spelled in Mirad to best reflect the foreign pronunciation, but also to remain recognizable. For example:
      * Xikago....Chicago
      * Paris....Paris
      * Munxen....Munich/München
      * Beijing....Beijing
      * Nu York....New York
      * Nu Orlinz....New Orleans
      * Xampanya....Champagne
      * Méhiko Dom....Mexico City
      * Waxington....Washington
      * Seol....Seoul
      * Xeykspir....Shakespeare
    An inhabitant of a city is formed by adding -t or -at to the name, depending on whether it ends in a vowel or consonant, respectively, eg. Parisat....a Parisian or Waxingtonati....Washingtonians. Chicago's main newspaper is expressed in Mirad as ha aaga jubdindref bi Xikago. The English preposition in used before cities and states is translated by be in Mirad, eg. At tambese be Paris.....I live in Paris.

## Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement

    Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as ewa....two naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number.
    Noun Modifiers MiradEnglish ha ewa aga tamithe two big houses gla ifxea taximany pleasant memories hya fia tobevery good man ha yaga via mepithe long, beautiful roads gra vua sexentoo much ugly construction ata aja tejimy past lives

## Noun Linkage

    Nouns can be
      * linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or
      * juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or
      * compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or
      * hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen.
    Examples:
       Noun Linkage LINKAGE EXAMPLECONSTRUCTION Ivan ay Maria....Ivan and Marianouns linked associatively by the conjunction ay (and) ha tam ey ha par....the house or the carnouns linked associatively by the conjunction ey (or) hyati oy ha toybi....all but the womennouns linked associatively by the conjunction or (but) nyandras boy eta dyun....a list without your namenouns linked associatively by the preposition boy (without) tej bi nasuk....a life of povertynouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of) ha tam bi Maria ....Mary's house (the house of Marynouns linked possessively by the preposition bi (of) job bi aga ivan....a time of great joynouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of) dyes ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek....a book about the Second World Warnouns linked associatively by the preposition ayv (about) dropek jwabeni....war preparationsmodifier noun dropek (war) juxtaposed with the head noun jwabeni (preparations) dom yuzpur....a city busmodifier noun dom (city) juxtaposed with the head noun yuzpur (bus) tojojfon....a death wishmodifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun ojfon (wish) jogatanyaf....youth leaguemodifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun anyaf (league) maj-moj....a day-and-nighttwo or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated
    The X bi Y prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a named person, eg. ha tam bi Sam (Sam's house = the house of Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as his car is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition bi....of is used in partitive expressions like tilzyeb bi vafil....a glass of wine (but: vafil tilzeb....wine glass, where wine modifies the glass associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on Mirad Grammar/Prepositions or Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions.
    Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation.

## Noun Derivational Affixes

    Nouns can be divided into:
      * simple nouns such as pur....vehicle
      * compound nouns such as bixpur....train < bix....pull + pur....vehicle
      * hybrid nouns such as vaod....decision < va....yes + vo....no (hybridized to vao) + d....utterance
      * derived nouns such as fabyan....forest < fab....tree + -yan a suffix meaning collection
    Derived nouns can be formed by attaching nominal suffixes or prefixes to words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building.

### Noun Suffixes

    Noun Derivational Suffixes SUFFIXMEANINGBASE ONTO WHICH SUFFIX IS ADDEDEXAMPLES -agbignountam....house → tamag....mansion tyal....meal → tyalag....banquet tilar....spoon → tilarag....ladle -anabstact quality -ness -hood, -ityadjective stemvia....beautiful → vian....beauty yeva....fair → yevan....fairness, equity toba....human → toban....humanity, humanness, manhood -aygbig and cutenountam....house → tamayg....cozy mansion kapet....dog → kapetayg....wolfie -ambok-itis, inflammationnounbuixtaib....tendon → buixtaibambok....tendonitis -dlanguage speech utteranceadjective and other stemsEnigem....English → Eniged....English (language) Mira....of the world → Mirad....Mirad (world speech) ekpet....horse →ekped....neigh, whinny -drun-gramnoun stemstiib....heart → tiibdrun....cardiogram -dra/i/ur-graphnoun stemsam....heat → amdrar....thermograph -dren-graphymostly noun stemsyib....far → yibdren....telegraphy -efneed ofvarious stemstel....food→telef....hunger iga....fast→igef....emergency til....drink→ tilef....thirst -enpresent gerund -ing -tion -mentverb stemifi-....enjoy →ifien....enjoyment deuz-....sing→deuzen....singing ax-....act → axlen....acting -eynpresent gerund -tion -mentverb stemx-....do →xeyn....deed s-....to be→seyn....essence jaup-....preceed → jaupeyn....precedent -essmaller counterpart thingnountef....hat→ tefes cap saun....kind→ saunes....sample dreuz....poem → deuzes....stanza mek....dust, powder→mekes....speck, grain -etsmaller counterpart personnountwob....man → twobet....boy toyb....woman→ toybet....girl -iflove of -philianountel....food → telif....gourmandise doab....homeland → doabif....patriotism dyes....book → dyesif....bibliophilia, love of books -igquicknoun and verb stemman....light → manig....flash pyex....stroke→pyexig....swat yopap-....dive, fly down → yopapig....swoop -imroom, chambervarious stemsfyadil-....to pray →faydilim....chapel magel-....to cook → magelim....kitchen tof-....to dress → tofim....dressing room -indoctrine, dogma, -ismvarious stemstot....god → totin....religion, theism otofa....nude→otofin....nudism yufr-....terror → yufrin....terrorism -kyaoxar-statnoun stemsam....heat → amkyaoxar....thermostat -nabstract nounvarious stemsze....in the middle of → zen....center za....in front of →zan....face byi....since, starting with → byin....source go....less→ gon....part -amhouse buildingvarious stemsnun-....merchandise → nunam....store til drink → tilam....bar, tavern fyadil-....to pray → fyadilam....church -(e)mplacevarious stemsduho-? what-?→ duhom?....where? yex....work → yexem....worksite ab....on, above → abem....top, surface kua....lateral→kum....side -umcompartment boothvarious stemsteuzibar....telephone → teuzibarum....telephone booth -yemenclosure, boxvarious stemsekpet....horse →ekpetyem....corral b-....put → byem....position -udoffspring, baby ofnounekpet....horse→ekpetud....foal -wudson ofnounekpet....horse→ekpetwud....colt -uyddaughter ofnounekpet....horse→ekpetuyd....filly -oglittlenountab body→ tabog....corpuscle ekpet....horse → ekpetog....pony tyal....meal → tyalog....snack golbun....cut → golbunog....cutlet -oyglittle and cutenountam....house → tamoyg....cottage gafapayt....chicken →gafapaytoyg....chickadee mimpar....boat → mirparoyg....dingy -nagar-ometernounam....heat → amnagar....thermometer -ar, -ir, -urtool, machine, engineusu. verb stemp-....to go→ pur....car dr-....to write → drar....pencil gobl-....to cut → goblar....knife yaobl-....to lift up and down → yaoblur....elevator, lift yaoblir....lift, crane dop....military → dopar....gun dopur....machine gun dopir....artillery, cannon -sthing, object, the X oneadjectiveaa first → aas....first one, first thing otwa....unknown → otwas....mystery, an unknown tejea....living → tejeas....living thing -(s)onabstract thing issuevarious stemsif-....to love→ifon....love ov against→ ovon....obstacle aza strong → azon....force yika....difficult → yikson....problem -(s)unobject thing result of an actionvarious stemsvyua....dirty → vyun....spot tamb-....settle →tambiun....settlement gofr- shred → gofrun....scrap, shred hyo....not a single→ hyosun....not a single thing -tpersonadjectiveea second → eat....second one, second person fya-....holy → fyat....holy one, saint ujna....last→ujat....last one, last person Usoma....American →Usomat....an American -tajbus-ogen, producernounom....cold, cry- → omtajbus....cryogen -tunscience of, -ologynountot....god → tottun....theology tob....man → tobtun....anthropology vob....plant →vobtun....botany -tuynpseudo-sciencenounmar....star → martuyn....astrology -tuintheorynounvyelan....relativity→ vyelantuin....theory of relativity -tyenskill, craftnounsur....engine → surtyen....engineering -(t)indoctrine, -ismnounzaypas-....progress → zaypasin....progressivism -tut, tuyt (f.)scientist -ologist -istnountot....god → tottut....theologist tob....man → tobtuyt....woman anthropologist vob....plant→ vobtut....botanist -ufhate of, -phobianounmil....water → miluf....hydrophobia totin....religion → totinuf....hatred of religion toyb....woman → toybuf....misogyny -ut, uyt (f.)agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -istverb stembek-....treat → bekuyt....female nurse pop-....travel→poput....traveler ak-....win → akut....winner --yafability to, power -abilityverb stemteat-....to see → teatyaf....ability to see tex-....to think → texyaf....cognition test-....to understand → testyaf....comprehension nos-....to spend → nosyaf....spending power t-....to know → tyaf....cognizance -yafwanpossibility, -abilityverb stemteat-....to see → teatyafwan....visibility -yofinability to, disabilityverb stemteat-....to see → teatyof....blindness teet-....to hear → teetyof....deafness pas-....to move→pasyof....paralysis tuj-....to sleep → tujyof....insomnia -yofwanimpossibilityverb stemteat-....to see → teatyofwan....invisibility -yagbig and ugly, longnountetwid....uncle→ tetwidyag....dirty old uncle toyb....woman → toybyag....hag -yancollection, grouping -arynountob....man → tobyan....mankind mar....star → maryan....constellation fab....tree → fabyan....forest dyes....book→ dyesyan....library -yenmanner, kindnoundal....talk →dalyen....parlance sex-....build →sexyen....structure -yefduty, obligationverb stemdud-....to answer → dudyef....responsibility byok-....to ache → byokyef....punishment -yikdifficulty toverb stemteeter....to hear → teetyik....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe → tiexyik....difficulty breathing, asthma -yoglittle and uglynountam....house →tamyog....shack anpiat....duck → anpiatyog....ugly duckling kod....secret → kodyog....little dirty secret -yuffear of, -phobianounserpyet....snake→ serpyetyuf....fear of snakes mil....water → milyuf....hyrophobia -yukease ofverb stempes- to wait → pesyuk....patience kovyox- to fool → kovyoxyuk....gullibility, foolhardiness

### Differences between -en, -eyn, and -un

    The noun suffixes -en, -eyn, and -un create nominalized forms from verb stem, but are a bit confusing. The suffix -en is equivalent to the English -ing and forms a gerundive. The suffix -eyn is a slight variation and refers to a single action or state. The ending -un forms a word meaning the result of an action and is often a thing. Sometimes -eyn is used instead of -un where the latter has a special meaning. Here are some examples:
      * xer....to do
         * xen....doing
         * xeyn....deed
         * xun....fact
      * yugxer....to slow up
         * yugxen....deceleration
         * yugxun....bottleneck
      * der....to say
         * den....saying
         * deyn....utterance, a saying
         * dun....word
      * ujer....to end
         * ujen....ending eg. I like ending on a happy note.
         * ujeyn....an ending, finale eg. This play's finale was emotional.
         * ujun....end, tail end eg. The road came to a sudden end.

### Examples of the Suffix -yen

    This suffix is a stub of byen....way, manner.
       Wording Ending in -yen Base WordDerivation ajtyod....past peopleajtyodyen....tradition d-....to saydyen....expression akpas....winning moveakpasyen....tactic dre(r)....to writedreyen....writing system amal....atmosphereamalyen....weather an-....singleanyen....quirk, idio- axl-....to actaxlyen....behavior aot....personaotyen....character, personality ty-....to know howtyen....skill, craft x-....to doxyen....profession ze-....middlezeyen....means bas-....gesturebasyen....body language tex....thoughttexyen....opinion es-....to existesyen....state kya-....changekyayen....version p-....to gopyen....pace, gait yex-....to workyexyen....line of work tayot-....to feeltayotyen....texture

### Noun Prefixes

    Prefixes can also be attached to nouns to create derivatives. Here are some common productive ones:
    Noun Prefixes PrefixMeaningBase NounDerivations aa-first, arch-deb....leader dezun....performance tat....angelaadeb....premier azdezun....premiere aatat....archangel ab-superior, sur-, ondonab....rank dout....gentleman dyun....nameabdonab....superior rank abdout....aristocrat abdyun....title, surname an-one, uni-, mono-zyukpar....wheeled vehicle dungon....syllableanzyukpar....unicycle andungon....monosyllable ao-verticalnab....rankaonab....column aoyeb-in-and-outbelen....carryingaoyebelen....import-exports aov-for-and-againstdalson....subjectaovdalson...controversy ayb-over-, super-dras....script ilp....flow mas....nameaybdrun....superscript aybilp....overflow aybmas....ceiling ayn-holo-dras....script meg....stone sag....numberayndras....hologram aynmeg....hololith aynsag....integer aj-past, pre-, fore-din....story gex....equityajdin....history ajgex....revenge az-stronghihid....laugh ojvad....promise tos....feelingazhihid....guffaw azojvad....covenant aztos....passion do-publicdel....statement did....question vyab....ruledodel....announcement dodid....inquiry dovyab....law eb-inter-, dia-dal....statement ifek....gram kyax....changeebdal....dialog ebifek....interlude ebkyax....interchange eyn-semi-, hemi-, half-il....liquideynil....semi-liquid en-bi-, di-, two-zyukpar....wheeled vehicleenzyukpar....bicycle eg-normalbyen....manneregbyen....norm ej-step-, currenttwid....brother din....storyejtwid....step-brother ejdin....current news item ev-a-, neutraltotin....deismevtotin....atheism fi-eu-, bene-dyen....expression tos....feeling fon....willfidyen....euphemism fitos....euphoria fifon....benevolence fyi-helpfuldal....talkfyidal....advice fu-caco-, mal-, ill-, dys-seux....sound fon....will tos....feelingfuseux....cacophony fufon....ill-will, malevolence futos....dysphoria fyu-wastemil....water pelt...insect mul....stufffyumil....waste water fyupelt....pest fyumul....garbage fya-holydin....story buun....gift byekut....healerfyadin....gospel fyabuun....oblation, offering fyabyekut....shaman, witchdoctor fye-fantasy, mytho-din....story diyn....tale mir....worldfyedin....myth, fantasy fyediyn....fairy-tale, fable fyemir....fantasia, fantasy-world fyo-eviltat....angelfyotat....demon gab-plusnix....earninggabnix....interest gaw-re-aklen....conquestgawaklen....reconquest ge-equi-, iso-, even-eksag....score kyin....weightgeeksag....tie gekyin....equilibrium gel-homo-, like-, simul-dredun....speling san....formgeldredun....homograph gelsan....isomorph, clone gla-multi-, plur-, poly-gon....partglagon....plurality gra-too, hyper-bik....cautiongrabik....hypercaution gwa-macro-, super-mor....universegwamor....macrocosm gwo-micro-, mini-drenod....dot nog....degreegwodrenod....microdot gwonog....minimum hyi-homo-, sametoobif....gender preferencehyitoobif....homosexualtiy hyu-hetero-, different, other-, allo-, xeno-toobif....gender preference mer....planet san....shapehyutoobif....heterosexuality hyumer....alien planet hyusan....allomorph hya-omni-, pan-, all-doobin....nationalismhyadoobin....pan-nationalism hye-any, whateversaun....kindhyesaun....any kind hyo(s)-nothingten....knowledgehyosten....ignorance hyuit-mutualfizuen....respecthyuitfizuen....mutual respect ig-fastdidyan....questionnaireigdidyan....pop quiz ij-initial, headdun....word miap....streamijdun....prologue ijmiap....headstream ik-fullnuxen....paymentiknuxen....liquidation il-liquidok....lossilok....leak imwetmel....soilimmel....loam, wetland in-tri-, threegoblun....cutingoblun....trisection iv-happydin....storyivdin....comedy iz-straight, orth-, rect-, directfin....quality mep....pathizfin....rectitude izmep....beeline, vector ja-before, pre-bik....cautionjabik....precaution je-continuousdodal....speechjedodal....harangue jo-after, post-dren....writingjodren....postscript jwa-proto-, eo-, earlyajdin....history ejob....modern erajwaajdin....protohistory jwaejob....eocene jwe-promptpuen....arrivaljwepuen....on-time arrival jwo-latter, latemoj....nightjwomoj....late night ku-side, aside, lateralbux....push deyn....sayingkubux....rebuff kudeyn....remark ki-diagonal, slantnad....line texyen....opinionkinad....diagonal, slant kitexyen....bias ko-hide, covertd....utterance exut....operative flen....desire jadrun....plankod....secret koexut....spy koflen....envy kojadrun....plot kya-change, para-, re-'bax....movement dyan....phrase din....story naz....value napxen....orderingkyabax....shift kyadyan....paraphrase kyadin....version kyanaz....variable kyanapxen....reordering, shuffling kye-haphazardden....saying fyun....harm kaxun....findkyeden....guesswork kyefyun....danger kyekaxun....discovery kyo-fixedbyen....manner deyn....saying doneg....social classkyobyen....habit kyodeyn....cliché kyodoneg....caste kyi-heavyazon....force tes....meaning bal....pressurekyiazon....gravity kyites....importance kyibal....strain kyu-lightazon....force mamilkyuazon....ballast kyumamil....drizzle lo-dis-, de-, un-bexun....possession bokulxen....toxification box...quietlobexun....dispossession, divestment lobokulxen....detoxification lobox....disquiet mak-electro-, e-ebdras....letter nagar....metermakebdras....email maknagar....electrometer o-not, un-bik....careobik....neglect ob-off-goflun....rip fub....branchobgoflun....stub obfub....offshoot oge-unequal, aniso-izonan...orientationogeizonan....anisotropy ogel-hetero-, differenttoobifan....sexual preferenceogeltoobifan....heterosexuality oyb-under-, sub-, infra-mos....floor neg....leveloybmos....basement oybneg....sublevel of-unauthorizedbirun....grab dresini....drawings gelxun....copyofbirun....loot ofdresini....grafitti ofgelxun....plagiarism og-smallsoni....mattersogsoni....trivia oj-future, fore-buen....giving deyn....utteranceojbuen....lending ojdeyn....forecast ok-lossbuun....gift tos....feelingokbuun....sacrifice oktos....heartache ov-against, counter-, contra-adabinut....imperialist apyex....attackovadabinut....anti-imperialist 'ovapyex....counterattack oz-weakduun....suggestionozduun....hint ug-slowdal....speech ilok....leak teax....lookugdal....drawl ugilok....seepage ugteax....gaze ui-'horizontalnab....rankuinab....row un-quadri-, tetra-, four-drezun....poem yan....collectionundrezun....quatrain unyan....tetrad uj-endak....win dun....word jud....dateujak....success ujdun....epilogue ujjud....deadline ukemptydal....talk mel....soil nod....pointukdal....blather ukmel....desert uknod....puncture ut-self-, sui-, aut(o)-tojben....killing dab....governmentuttojben....suicide utdab....autarchy uv-saddeuzun'....song dolen....silence kyeuj....fateuvdeuzun....dirge uvdolen....sulking uvkyeuj....tragedy uf-hatedal....speech tos....feelingufdal....rant uftos....anger uz-crooked, curved, arcaybmas....roof dopar....weapon kunad....edgeuzaybmas....vault, arch uzdopar....bow, arch uzkunad....rim va-yesbien....taking diun....request dud....answervabien....acceptance vadiun....claim vadud....assent ve-maybetexen....thinking yovdeyn....inculpationvetexen....supposition veyovdeyn....indictment vo-notexen'....thinking fon....willvotexen....doubting vofon....disinclination vya-truedeyn....utterance dud....answer nad....linevyadeyn....avowal vyadud....solution vyanad....guideline vye-relativedren....writingvyedren....correspondence vyo-wrong, mis-bek....treatment dat....friendvyobek....mistreatment vyodat....false friend yan-together, con-dal....talkyandal....conversation yon-apartbyex....strikeyonbyex....breach yov-shamebixen....pulling byok....pain if....pleasureyovbixen....seduction yovbyok....punishment yovif....schadenfreude yab-up, super-, high-, hyper-dom'....city dot....societyyabdom....uptown yabdot....high society yabnan-hypso-, acro-, heightdren....recordingyabnandren....hypsography yaob-up-and-downyuijar....valve pusen....jumpingyaobyuijar....piston yaopusen....bouncing yaz-swollen, protruding, convexdal....talk buk....wound tiub....bellyyazdal....bombast yazbuk....boil, blister yaztiub....potbelly yez-flush, along, para-baktut....medic mel....terrainyezbaktut....paramedic yezmel....meadow yiz-beyond, meta-, ultra-, hyper-doobin....nationalism dreniv....textyizdoobin....ultra-nationalism yizdreniv....hypertext yoz-sunken, concavenad....lineyoznad....groove, gutter yaoz-saw-toothed, convex-concavenad....line goblar....knifeyaoznad....tilde yaozgoblar....saw yuz-around, circ-, circum-, peri-pipen....navigation teaxar....scope tyop....walkyuzpipen....circumnavigation yuzteaxar....periscope yuztyop....stroll yeb-in-, intro-, inner-dungab....affix dem....yardyebdungab....infix yebdem...courtyard oyeb-out-, extro-, outer-dom....city dovyaban....legalityoyebdom....outskirts oyebdovyaban....extralegality yib-tele-, fardrir....typewriter teaxar....viewer, scopeyibdrir....teletype yibteaxar....telescope yibajancient, archaeo-, paleo-deyn....utterance tun....scienceyibajdeyn....archaism yibajtun....archaeology yub-near, para-gexen....equaling kex....searchyubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination yubaj-recent, ceno- yob-down, sub-, supra-doneg....class gol....divisionyobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision za-front, fore-, pre-, northdungab....affix dyun....name mer....planetzadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north ze-middle, mid-dom....city jub....dayzedom....downtown zejub....midday zo-behind, backbex....hold bix....pullzobex....delay zobix....drag zay-forward, pro-bix....pull bux....pushzaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion zey-across, trans-, meta-dras....script ilp....flowzeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent zoy-re-, retro-, backaxlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flashzoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback zya-widedodal....speech drurun....printoutzyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster zye-through, per-, trans-, dia-belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something putzyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor zyi-flat, plat-dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floorzyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform zyo-narrowbex....hold bix....pull gun....anglezyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle zyu-round, roto-, cyclo-abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....buildingzyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower

## Gender

    Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically significant syllable with the letter w. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically significant syllable with y. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix -ut, that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending -ut is changed to -uyt for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a w to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker w (see the chapter on Mirad Grammar/Verbs. The chart below shows how this works:
       Making Nouns Gender-specific NEUTRALMALE/MALE-ORIENTEDFEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED tob....human being, persontwob....mantoyb....woman tobet....childtwobet....boytoybet....girl tad....spousetwad....husbandtayd....wife ejtad....step spouseejtwad....step-husbandejtayd....step-wife ajtad....ex-spouseajtwad....ex-husbandajtayd....ex-wife ted....parenttwed....fatherteyd....mother datif....sweetheartdwatif....boyfrienddaytif....girlfriend supet....pigsupwet....boarsupeyt....sow edeb....monarchedweb....kingedeyb....queen gafapat....fowlgafapwat....roostergafapayt....hen tiuv....underweartwiuv....briefstiuyv....panties anbopet....antelopeanbopwet....deeranbopeyt....doe deuzut....singerdeuzut....singerdeuzuyt....songstress tud....childtwud....sontuyd....daughter
    For gender specification in pronouns, see Mirad Grammar/Pronouns, below).
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