OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chess Opening Theory/1. f3
## 1. f3? · Barnes Opening

The Barnes Opening is a rarely-played and passive first move that gives Black a slight advantage. In fact, it is arguably White's worst possible first move. It deprives the white king's knight of the f3 square. It opens the e1–h4 diagonal, exposing the white king. While it controls e4, White could have done that by playing 1. e4 right away.
This move is usually a way for White to taunt Black, especially if White's rating is much higher, by giving Black an immediate edge. Due to this, White often follows with 2.Kf2.
Black's best response to 1. f3? is 1... e5, controlling the center and preparing to take advantage of the weaknesses along the e1–h4 diagonal. Black has an advantage. This opening can also lead to the fool's mate after 2. g4?? Qh4#!.
If Black replies with the slightly inferior 1... d5, play could go into a Dutch Defence with colors reversed after 2. f4. Another possibility for White is to transpose into a Blackmar-Diemer Gambit: 1. f3 d5 2. e4 dxe4 3. Nc3 exf3 4. Nxf3 Nf6.

## Statistics

No stats as 1. f3 occurs rarely among serious chess players.

## All possible Black's moves

| Quick Navigation | Na6 a6 a5 | b6 b5 | Nc6 c6 c5 | d6 d5 | e6 e5 | Nf6 f6 f5 | g6 g5 | Nh6 h6 h5 |

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. f4
## 1. f4 · Bird's Opening

Bird’s Opening is an aggressive and less common opening, named after the chess player Henry Bird. This opening weakens the h4-to-e1 diagonal, and weakens White’s kingside, but helps control the centre and is good for players who don’t want to study openings. Black can respond with 1...d5 (Dutch variation) or 1...e5 (From’s Gambit); if White accepts the gambit, it creates more kingside weakness, and White must play carefully as a mate is easily seen with 2…d6 3. exd6 Bxd6 4. Nc3 Qh4+ 5. g3 Qxg3+ 6. hxg3 Bxg3#. Overall, this opening can be fun for club players and can usually lead to a tactical and aggressive game.

## Statistics
### Approximate chances

    White win 35%, Draw 25%, Black win 39%

### Estimated next move popularity

    d5 49%, Nf6 15%, e5 11%, c5 9%, g6 8%, d6 2%. Other moves less than 0.5%.

## Theory table

1. f4
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| | f4 d5 | Nf3 Nf6 | e3 g6 | Be2 Bg7 | = |
| | ... Nf6 | Nf3 g6 | e3 Bg7 | Be2 O-O | = |
| | ... e6 | g4?? Qh4# | N/A N/A | N/A N/A | 0-1 |
| From Gambit | ... e5 | fxe5 d6 | exd6 Bxd6 | Nf3 Nf6 | ∞ |
| Symmetric Variation | ... f5 | | | | | ∞ |
| | ... g6 | Nf3 d5 | e3 Bg7 | d4 Nh6 | = |

## All possible Black's moves

| Quick Navigation | Na6 a6 a5 | b6 b5 | Nc6 c6 c5 | d6 d5 | e6 e5 | Nf6 f6 f5 | g6 g5 | Nh6 h6 h5 |

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Barnes Opening
## 1... e5

The e5 move opens diagonals for both the Black queen and the kingside bishop and important stakes a claim to d4. Now White has to worry about Qh4 later on. White already has the worse position, with trouble developing and putting pressure on the center, especially d4, and with many kingside weaknesses. This is not a desirable position for white, which is why 1.f3 never occurs among serious chess players.
Of note here is the blunderous move 2. g4??, which allows 2...Qh4#, the fastest possible checkmate.
| 1 | 2 |
| f3 e5 | e4 Bc5 |
| ... ... | d4 exd4 |
| ... ... | g4?? Qh4# |
| ... ... | Kf2?! d5 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. f3/1...e5/2. g4
## Barnes Opening, Fool's mate
### 2. g4??

This move is a blunder (as can be seen by the ??), as it allows Black to immediately checkmate with 2...Qh4#. This is known as Fool's Mate. It is the fastest possible checkmate in a chess game.

## Popular Moves

2...Qh4# 34%. 2...d5 24%. 2...Nc6 15%. 2...Bc5 8%. All other moves ~15%.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. f3/1...e5/2. g4/2...Qh4
## Barnes Opening/Fool's Mate
### 2... Qh4#

White has played a very poor and weakening move and allowed Black the quickest possible checkmate (Fool's Mate) in the opening game of chess: Mate in two moves. The mate almost never occurs in practice but is commonly known among chess players, due to it being the fastest possible checkmate. However, Black was already better.
A variation of this mate occurs when White advances the f-pawn two squares: 1. f4 e6 2. g4?? Qh4#. White can also move their g-pawn before the f-pawn.
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# The Fried Fox Attack

The move 2.Kf2?! (ECO code A00) is called various things in various parts of the world. Most commonly known as the Fried Fox/Pork Chop Opening but also known throughout much of Europe as the Hammerschlag. In the United States some theory has been published to award-winning praise under the name Schmoe Attack.
On 29 September 2020, World Champion GM Magnus Carlsen (as of 28 April 2022) has played this opening against GM Wesley So in the Banter Series, and defeated him with it. The latter said the loss to be "humiliating".
In 2001 a "mystery GM" playing at the I.C.C. (Internet Chess Club) was beating all Grandmasters (GMs) and International Masters (IMs) with this opening for several months. GM Nigel Short lost several games to this mystery player using this opening, and he had a theory from chats he and this player had had after their games that this was in fact Bobby Fischer, trying to prove that you can win at the highest levels in chess even with random openings and in this way promoting Fischer Random Chess.
There is a competing rumor told by GM Larry Evans and others in the chess community that someone using a chess interface engine which plays the moves straight to the game instead of the cumbersome process of transferring moves from the chess engine to the online game was playing a trick on the online chess community. Fischer is not on record as having ever commented on the matter.
Positional Ideas: White wants to calmly trade off pieces to lessen the chances of a successful attack against his king. As pieces come off the board white's king will be in a good position to control the center and help in a king and pawn ending.
Psychological Ideas: The shock and awe factor of facing this opening may lead to overconfidence and reckless play from black, in this way the game may reach atypical positions with chances for creative and energetic play.
Opening Ideas: Controlling the center with f3 and often an early pawn advance to c3. An active king who if handled properly can assist in both attack and defense in the late opening and early middle-game.

## Fried Fox/Pork Chop Opening Mainline

2...d5 Taking firm control of the center and opening line for the development of black's pieces. In the game between the two masters Williams, Simon Kim (2421) vs. Simons, Martin (2264)11.08.1999 - Chessbase Mega Database 2010 play continued 3.e3 Nf6 4.d4!? Nc6 5.Bb5 Bd6! 6.Ne2 O-O 7.Re1?! e4 8.Ng3 h5!? 9.f4 Bg4 10.Be2 g6?! and white went on to win a wild game.
3.c3 is a trappy move which can assist in taking over the center with a timely pawn advance to d4, it also allows movement of the queen along the deadly d1-a4 diagonal. 3...Nf6 4.Na3!? leads to fun and unexplored positions.

## References

* ↑ http://www.uschess.stratlabs.com/news/press.releases/2001/uspr0141.html
* ↑ https://chess24.com/en/read/news/carlsen-plays-bongcloud-to-win-chess24-banter-series
# Bird's Opening
### 1...d5

From here, one possible reply is to treat the position as a Dutch Defence reversed. As in the Dutch, white can either fianchetto with 2. g3 (Leningrad Dutch) or go for the Stonewall with 2. e3, soon followed by d4 and c3.
Another possible motive is to go with a uniquely "Bird" strategy of dark-square control. The plan is to develop the King's knight to f3, to fianchetto the dark-square bishop with b3 and Bb2, and to focus in further pressure on the e5 square, sometimes with Qe1 and Qg3. Depending on the position, the white-squared bishop can go either on e2 or on b5 (with the idea to exchange it for the black knight on c6 and clear the way for the move Nf3-e5). The main problem with the arising positions is where to put the b1 knight. Sometimes c3 or d2 are good squares, but at other times, (especially if black pushes d5, c5, d4), it may be good to play a4 and put the knight on a3, with increased queenside control and flexible options.
A third strategy is simply to play for the break e4. The logical moves are d3, Nd2, and Qe1. Note that the king's bishop will go to e2 if black plays Bg4.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
    1.f4 d5
| | 2 |
| | Nf3 Nf6 | = |
| | e3 Nf6 | = |
| | b3 Bg4 | = |
| Williams Gambit | e4 dxe4 | -/+ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# English as an Additional Language/Simple past tense

The past tense signifies actions that were done in the past. Conjugating verbs to show the past tense is very easy in English, almost as easy as conjugating the present tense.

## Past Tense

Regular verbs take the ending '-d' or 'ed' in the affirmative. The negative and interrogative are formed using did (past of the auxiliary verb do) together with the infinitive of the verb. The verb work is conjugated as follows:
Affirmative :
| I worked | | |
| you worked | | |
| he worked | | |
| she worked | | |
| it worked | | |
| we worked | | |
| you worked | | |
| they worked | | |
| Negative |||
| I did not work | or | I didn't work |
| you did not work | or | you didn't work |
| he did not work | or | he didn't work |
| she did not work | or | she didn't work |
| it did not work | or | it didn't work |
| we did not work | or | we didn't work |
| you did not work | or | you didn't work |
| they did not work | or | they didn't work |
| Interrogative |||
| did I work | | |
| did you work | | |
| did he work | | |
| did she work | | |
| did it work | | |
| did we work | | |
| did you work | | |
| did they work | | |
| Negative Interrogative |||
| did I not work | or | didn't I work |
| did you not work | or | didn't you work |
| did he not work | or | didn't he work |
| did she not work | or | didn't she work |
| did it not work | or | didn't it work |
| did we not work | or | didn't we work |
| did you not work | or | didn't you work |
| did they not work | or | didn't they work |
Irregular verbs change their form in the past tense affirmative in a variety of ways. The past of go, for example, is went, of buy, bought, of keep, kept. As with the regular verbs, the negative and interrogative are formed using did together with the infinitive of the verb. The verb go is conjugated in the past tense as follows:
Affirmative :
| I went | | |
| you went | | |
| he went | | |
| she went | | |
| it went | | |
| we went | | |
| you went | | |
| they went | | |
| Negative |||
| I did not go | or | I didn't go |
| you did not go | or | you didn't go |
| he did not go | or | he didn't go |
| she did not go | or | she didn't go |
| it did not go | or | it didn't go |
| we did not go | or | we didn't go |
| you did not go | or | you didn't go |
| they did not go | or | they didn't go |
| Interrogative |||
| did I go | | |
| did you go | | |
| did he go | | |
| did she go | | |
| did it go | | |
| did we go | | |
| did you go | | |
| did they go | | |
| Negative Interrogative |||
| did I not go | or | didn't I go |
| did you not go | or | didn't you go |
| did he not go | or | didn't he go |
| did she not go | or | didn't she go |
| did it not go | or | didn't it go |
| did we not go | or | didn't we go |
| did you not go | or | didn't you go |
| did they not go | or | didn't they go |

## External links

* Wiktionary Appendix:Irregular Verbs.
* Verbbusters: Complete set of resources for the study of the irregular verbs.
# English as an Additional Language/Simple present tense

The present simple tense is usually regular. Yet, there are a few exceptions, particularly with verbs ending in 'y'. Compared to most other Indo-European languages, English regular verbs have simple conjugation, because the first and second person forms are the same.

## Regular Verbs

Here is an example of the form of the present simple for regular verbs, using the verb "to like":
* I like football.
* You like football.
* He/She/It likes football.
* We like football.
* They like football.
As you can see from the example above, the infinitive only changes for the 3rd person singular, where an s is added to the end of the word.

## Irregular Verbs

English has a large number of irregular verbs, most significantly the verb "to be," which you are learning throughout this textbook. Other verbs conjugate in different ways, including:
* Verbs like can and should do not change in any present conjugation.
* Verbs like try add ies instead of s.
* The verb have use a completely different form in the 3rd person singular, in this case has.
# English as an Additional Language/Telling the Time

Talking about time is important to be able to speak English well but it can be confusing because of different sayings and formats for time in different countries.
For example, in the USA it is very rare for people to use the 24 hour clock (e.g. 18.30) when speaking or writing. The 24 hour clock is often used in the United Kingdom and Ireland but not often in spoken English.

## Asking for the time

* What's the time?
* What time is it?
* Do you have the time? / Have you got the time?

## Giving the time

* (12.00, 00.00) It's 12 o'clock / It's 12 / It's 12 (o'clock) in the morning / evening
* (12.05, 00.05) It's five past twelve / It's 12 'oh' 5 / It's five past twelve (in the morning/afternoon) / It's five after twelve
# English as an Additional Language/The English alphabet

English is written with the Latin alphabet. It consists of 26 letters:
Lower-case letters: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Upper-case letters: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Each letter has a lower-case and an upper-case (or capital) form. In some cases (e.g. the letters S, X, and O), the upper-case form is simply a larger version of the lower-case. However, some letters have differing forms in upper- and lower-case, such as A, Q, and T.
Lower-case letters evolved from modified forms of the upper-case letters, which were used in ancient times.

## Vowels and Consonants

There are 5 vowel letters in English: a, e, i, o, u ("y" also acts as a vowel, and are used for orthographic reasons). This does not correlate with the number of vowel sounds, of which there are about 14, depending on dialect.
There are 21 consonant letters: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.
In many cases, the spelling of an English word only gives a rough indication of its pronunciation. For this reason, the English spelling system is notorious for being one of the hardest to learn of all the alphabetic scripts.
click here (help·info) to listen to the pronunciation of the alphabet.
# English as an Additional Language/The "Th" Sound

The letters "TH" are used to represent the voiced and the voiceless dental fricatives (/ð/ and /θ/, respectively). These phonemes are two of, while common in the English language, but are among the rarest phonemes globally. That is, in most languages (probably yours, if you are not an English speaker) it does not exist, and speakers of those languages find it hard to pronounce them and often replace them with /s/ and /z/ or /t/ and /d/. Whilst pronouncing "TH" as one of these will not stop you from being understood by an English speaker, you may want to be able to do it properly, particularly when speaking to a non-native speaker of English, who may have more difficulty making the distinction between words such as think and sink, which sound identical when spoken by someone who can't make the "TH" sounds. This page is a step-by-step guide to pronouncing those sounds.

## How to pronounce /θ/

    1) Stick your tongue between your teeth (don't worry if it looks silly), leaving a small gap between your tongue and your top teeth
    2) Push the air out, keeping that gap between your tongue and your teeth tight
Practice it with this sentence: I think the therapist thanked me for thawing out his three throbbing thighs in a thief's thatched theatre.
    3) When you are confident doing the sound with your teeth sticking out, try moving your teeth back into your mouth a bit each time you try it, until you can say the sound with the tip of your tongue just behind your teeth (or just beneath them if you are struggling.

## How to pronounce /ð/

    1) Do the above two steps
    2) But when you are pushing the air out, make sure your vocal cords are vibrating. I.e., push the air out whilst humming
Practice it with this sentence: These and those are the only ones whose rhythm from Netherlands makes this brother fathom the weather, though these make rather smoother rhythm.
# French Defence: Tarrasch Variation / 3....Nf6

Here the only good way for White to defend their d4-Pawn is 6. c3. Note that 6.dxc5? blunders the pawn on e5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 5.Bd3 c5 |
| | 6 |
| Main line | 6. c3 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# French Defence: Tarrasch Variation / 3....Nf6

Here Black usually increases the pressure against White's center pawns by playing 6....Nc6; ...Qb6 may follow. In order to defend the d4 pawn, white may consider to put a knight in f3, which can be done in two ways : either Ngf3 or Ndf3 (letting the g1 knight play on e2 to strenghten d4). White may choose to play f4 before to defend e5 as well and prepare kingside action but this sharp move can also be a weakness for a white short castle.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 5.Bd3 c5 6.c3 |
| | 6 |
| Main line | 6...Nc6 | = |
| 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 5.Bd3 c5 6.c3 |
| | 6 |
| 1 | 6...Qb6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# French Defence: Advance Variation

This is the main line for White, sometimes called the Paulsen Attack. Of Black's several responses, the main line is 5...Qb6, adding pressure to White's d4 pawn and continuing development.
5...Bd7, the Euwe Variation, is a good alternative move that has some strong proponents.

# Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4. c3 Nc6 5. Nf3
| | 5 |
| Main Line | ... Qb6 | = |
| Euwe Variation | ... Bd7 | = |
| 3 | ... Qc7 | = |
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## References

* ↑ <http://www.chess.com/video/player/why-simon-loves-the-french-the-advance-variation>
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# French Defence: Advance Variation, Euwe Variation

With 5...Bd7, Black enters the Euwe Variation. This move is less committal than the main line 5...Qb6, as it allows Black to reserve the option of where to place their Queen. In some lines, Black may prefer an eventual ...Qc7, adding pressure to e5. This move also prepares Black's thematically weak light-square Bishop for a possible escape to b5 or a4.

# Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4. c3 Nc6 5. Nf3 Bd7
| | 6. |
| 1 | Be2 ... |
| 2 | a3 ... |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# French Defence: Advance Variation

Black's plan is straightforward: They want to eliminate White's pawns on d4/e5 - and after doing so, Black will find it easier to develop the pieces of their kingside to good squares.
White's most common continuation is 4. c3, in order to support their d4-Pawn. If Black follows with 4...cxd4, White can simply replace their d-Pawn with 5. cxd4, and Black's position will be just as cramped as it was before.
There are some rarely played alternative variations for White: Both 4. Nf3 and 4. Qg4 have the idea of (temporarily) sacrificing the d4-pawn in order to get some initiative on the kingside as a compensation. White can also play 4. dxc5, though this helps Black's intention of eliminating White's pawn center.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5
| | 4 |
| Main Line | c3 Nc6 | = |
| 1 | Nf3 ... | = |
| 2 | Qg4 ... | = |
| 3 | dxc5 ... | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# French Defence: Advance Variation

Here White usually decides to overprotect their center-pawns by playing 5.Nf3. In a few games, and for the same purpose, White players have also tried 5.Be3 and 5.f4.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4.c3 Nc6
| | 5 | 6 |
| Main Line | Nf3 Qb6 | Be2 cxd4 | = |
| 1 | Be3 Qb6 | ... ... | = |
| 2 | f4 Nh6 | ... ... | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# French Defence: Advance Variation

Here Black has built up quite some pressure on White's d4-pawn, luckily there are still enough defenders. White has several options. They can:
* Prepare a gambit by playing 6.Bd3.
* Develop their pieces, but without the intention of sacrificing a pawn (6.Be2)
* Prepare an expansion on the queenside (6.a3).

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4.c3 Nc6 5.Nf3 Qb6
| | 6 |
| 1 | Bd3 cxd4 | = |
| 2 | Be2 cxd4 | = |
| 3 | a3 Bd7 | = |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.