OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dichotomous Key/Bacteria

Include the cyanobacteria (autotrophic) and eubacteria (heterotrophic).
* Acidobacteria (acidophilic, gram positive, high G+C, common in dirt)
* Actinobacteria (high G+C gram positive bacteria)
* Aquificae (hyperthermophilic chemolithoautotrophs, gram negative)
* Bacteroidetes (really diverse group with pathogens, commensals, and free-living bacteria; anaerobic, gram negative, rod shaped)
* Chlamydiae (obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells, gram negative)
* Chlorobi (anaerobic, photoautotrophic, gram negative green sulfur bacteria)
* Chloroflexi (greeen nonsulfur bacteria)
* Chrysiogenetes (chemolithoautotrophic bacterium)
* Cyanobacteria (oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and chloroplasts)
* Deferribacteres (aquatic, anaerobic bacteria)
* Deinococcus-Thermus (extremophiles, gram negative)
* Dictyoglomi (thermophilic chemoorganotrophs)
* Fibrobacteres (cellulose digesting, anaerobic rumen bacteria, two species)
* Firmicutes (low G+C gram positives)
* Fusobacteria (obligate anaerobic heterotrophs, many involved in human infections, gram negative, non-spore forming)
* Gemmatimonadetes (Gram negative bacteria lacking DAP in cellular envelopes)
* Nitrospira (gram negative; includes nitrite-oxicizers, thermophilic sulfate reducers, and acidophilic iron reducers)
* Planctomycetes (ovoid gram negative bacteria, reproduce by budding)
* Proteobacteria (purple bacteria and relatives, gram negative)
* Spirochaetes (spiral-shaped chemoheterotrophs, gram negative)
* Synergistetes (gram negative, rod/vibroid cell shape)
* Tenericutes (gram positive, no cell wall)
* Thermodesulfobacteria (thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria)
* Thermomicrobia (hyperthermophilic chemoheterotrophs)
* Thermotogae (hyperthermophilic, obligate anaerobic, fermentive heterotrophs)
* Verrucomicrobia (terrestrial, aquatic, some associated with eukaryotic hosts; gram negative)
# Dichotomous Key/Carnivora

* Parent key: Mammalia
* Subclasses
* Marsupialia - Monotremata - Placentalia
* Key: Carnivora
* Suborders
* Caniformia - Feliformia

## 1

* Habitat
** Aquatic - #2: Pinnipedia
** Land - #3: Fissipedia

## 2: Pinnipedia

* Tusks
** Present - Odobenidae
** Not present - #4

## 3: Fissipedia

* Auditory bulla
** Single-chambered or partially divided - #5: Caniformia
** Double-chambered - #6: Feliformia

## 4

* External ears
** Present - Otariidae, Sea lion
** Not present - Phocidae, Seal

## 5: Caniformia

* Presence of scent glands used defensively
** Present - Mephitidae
** Not present - #7

## 6: Feliformia

* Anal scent glands
** Present - Hyaenidae
** Not present - #8

## 7

Could be Mustelidae, Ursidae, Procyonidae, or Canidae.

## 8

Could be Felidae, Herpestidae, Viverridae, or Nandiniidae.
# Dichotomous Key/Arthropoda

Dichotomous Key: Arthropoda :
* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Arthropoda
Information related to Arthropoda :
* Wikipedia
* Wikispecies
* Wikicommons
Glossary for this page (all links are to Wikipedia articles) :
* Example 1: definition here
* Example 2: definition here

## Key to the Classes of Arthropoda

* 1: Two pairs of antennae
* 2: One pair of antennae or no antennae present.

## 1

incomplete
Branchiopoda Remipedia Cephalocarida Maxillopoda Ostracoda Malacostraca

## 2

* Insecta: Three pairs of legs present.
* 4: Four or more pairs of legs present.

## 4

* 5: Antennae present.
* 6: Antennae absent.

## 5

incomplete
Chilopoda Diplopoda Pauropoda Symphyla

## 6

incomplete
Crustacea
* Branchiopoda
* Remipedia
* Cephalocarida
* Maxillopoda
* Ostracoda
* Malacostraca
Chelicerata
* Arachnida
* Merostomata
* Pycnogonida
# Dichotomous Key/Cephalopoda
## 1

* External shell
** Present - Nautiloidea
** Not present - 2

## 2: Coleoidea

* Modified (or lost) arm pair
** Arm pair IV - 3
** Arm pair II - 4
* Mollusca keys
* Classes
* Aplacophora | Bivalvia | Caudofoveata | Cephalopoda | Gastropoda | Monoplacophora | Polyplacophora | Scaphopoda

## 3: Decapodiformes

* Cornea
** Present - 6
** Not present - 5

## 4: Octopodiformes

* Photophores
** Present - Vampyroteuthis infernalis
** Not present - Octopoda

## 5

* Shell shape
** Horn-shaped - Spirula spirula
** Other or not present - 7

## 6: Sepioidea

* Cuttlebone
** Present - Sepiidae
** Not present - 8

## 7

* Gladius
** Present - Oegopsida
** Not present - 10

## 8: Sepiolida

* Depressions on funnel locking-apparatus
** One - Sepiolidae
** Two, or apparatus fused - Sepiadariidae

## 9

* Adhesive organ on dorsal surface of mantle
** Present - Idiosepiidae
** Not present - Myopsida

## 10

* Branchial canals in gills
** Present - 11
** Not present - 9

## 11: Bathyteuthoida

* Buccal connectives attaching to border of arms IV
** Dorsal border of arms IV - Bathyteuthidae
** Ventral border of arms IV - Chtenopterygidae
# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 3 :Designing for the Future/Design in context/Anthropometrics and ergonomics
## The relationship between anthropometrics and ergonomics
### Anthropometrics

These are measurements that are based around human measurements like shapes and sizes. Anthropometric data uses the largest amount of users in order to get the highest accuracy. When people design a product they base their product on 90% of the population and this is based off of this anthropometric data; these product miss out on the low and high end of the spectrum, from the 5th percentile to the 95th percentile, a total of gap of 90%.

#### Sources and Applications of anthropometric data

In Britain, these measurements are obtained by the British Standards Institute (BSI). They have measurements for men, women and children for clothing. Additionally there is extra anthropometrics for disabled people that take into account for wheel chairs. The anthropometrics for one country will be different than anthropometrics in others.
# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 3 :Designing for the Future/Design in context/Form and function

Through out all of the design movements, there has been contrasting views of whether form or function is better. Currently in this society, form seems to be taking priority in products, function is still important, but if it's not aesthetically pleasing then it's not going to sell very well.

## Comparison table of objects that contrast in priorities of function and form

| Form follow Function Depression Glass Juicer | Form Over FunctionPhilippe Starck Juicer |
| Form: This is made of glass, and not the worst looking thing ever, but it's not been especially designed to look nice. | Form: This has been especially designed to look nice. It's been designed to look futuristic. |
| Function: This is small so it can be stored in a small place This has a tray to catch all of the juice. This has one side funnelled out, this allows for the juice to be poured out. This has a handle where you can pick it up from an area that wont have juice on it. | Function: This is large, making it not idea to be stored in a small location. This does funnel the juice down to the bottom, but then you'll need something at the bottom to catch it. |
# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 3 :Designing for the Future/Industrial and commercial practice
## Contents

* Information and communication technology
* Digital special effects
* Biotechnology
# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 2 :Design and Technology in Practice

This is the exam section of the AS-level. The exam is 90 minutes long.
* 60% of AS course
* 30% of full GCE

## Contents

* Materials and components
* Industrial and commercial practice
* Quality
* Health and safety
# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 3 :Designing for the Future

This is the exam section of the A2-level. The exam is 2 hours long.
* 40% of A2 course
* 20% of full GCE

## Contents

* Industrial and commercial practice
* Systems and control
* Design in context
* Sustainability
# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 3 :Designing for the Future/Design in context
## Contents

* The effects of technological changes on society
* Influences of design history on developments of products
* Form and function
* Anthropometrics and ergonomics
# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 3 :Designing for the Future/Industrial and commercial practice/Biotechnology
## Genetically Modified (GM) Wood

Genetically modified trees are trees where the genes of the tree have been manipulated to yield high amount of wood pulp. This process involves inserting good characteristics from one plant, in the form of a gene, to another plant. This results in:
* Quicker growth of trees to keep up with the high demand.
* Better resistance to disease and insect attacks, allowing for a better quality final product.
* Reducing the strength of ligning fibres, allowing for the pulping process to be easier.
* Trees can be grown with a specific pigment or colour.

## Biodegradable polymers

Biodegradable polymers are plastics that are made from renewable raw materials meaning that they will decompose over time in a natural environment. What's breaking down the polymers? Mirco-organisms break down the molecular structure of the polymers, making it better for the environment. There are two types of biodegradable polymers, fully-biodegradable and semi-biodegradable. An example of a fully-biodegradable polymer is: Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), goes by the trade name Biopol. Examples of semi-biodegradable polymers are: Polycaprolactones (PCLs), Polylactide (PLA) and Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHBs). Note: you don't need to remember the names of those biodegradable polymers for the exam.

### Biopol

Biopol is a trade name of a British company for Polyhydroxybutyrate, a type of Polyhydroxyalkanoates.
Biopol is made from carbohydrates and sugar, these are then left to ferment over time. From that, there will be a useful polymer extracted; that is then sent to the factory to be shaped into a product shape like a bottle. After the product is at the end of its life, it's thrown to decompose in a compost heap; this compost is then used to fertilize the new carbohydrates to allow the cycle to repeat.
Decomposition will only occur when the polymer is exposed to the natural micro-organisms found within soil, sewage, rivers and other environments similar to that.The rate of degradation is dependent on how thick the material is and the amount of micro-organisms that are present. This material is useful as it will decompose in a landfill site, making it not take up space for a long period of time.

### Innocent eco-bottle

Innocent bottles are known for being environmentally friendly. Their bottles are made from polylactic acid (PLA) which are made from corn starch. Advantages of PLA over PET/HDPE:
* This is made from a renewable resource, rather than non-renewable resources like oil.
* No greenhouse gases are produced in the making of the bottle, a totally-carbon neutral process.
* PLA is biodegradable meaning that it will break down easily and relatively quickly.
Innocent encourages its customers to be eco-friendly towards the environment and as a good way to get people to buy their product and help the environment at the same time.

## References

* ↑ http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1007408811726#page-1
* ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lMaAQwyV-M
* ↑ http://www.icbp.com.my/images/lifecycle2.bmp
# East Asian Calligraphy/Basic stroke order

Generally speaking, the strokes in Chinese characters are written from top to bottom, left to right.

## Chinese Characters

There are several stroke order rules for Chinese characters: top to bottom, left to right, inside to outside. For example, the Chinese character for "hit", 打, the left part is written from top to bottom, then the right part is written from top to bottom. The order in which the characters are written can be expressed through drawing a tree diagram. An example of inside to outside stroke order is in the character for "round", 圓. The top two strokes of the box on the outside is written first (because of top to bottom order), then the inside is written top to bottom, and the bottom horizontal stroke is written last to enclose it.

### Exceptions

There are many stroke order exceptions in Chinese orthography. For example in the character "上", meaning "up", the middle horizontal line is written first, then the vertical stroke, then the bottom stroke. This is an exception to the left to right stroke order rule.
# East Asian Calligraphy/The dot

The dot stroke is the simplest stroke in East Asian writing systems. Despite its name, it is not just a dot — it has length (sometimes quite long), and direction. In fact, it is the shape of this stroke, and not its length, that makes it a dot stroke.
Examples of the dot stroke:
| Chinese characters | the first and fourth strokes of 六 the first, third, and fourth strokes of 心 the first and second strokes of the water radical: 江、河、法 the first and second strokes of the heart radical: 忙、性、快 the first stroke of the walking radical: 送、道、遇 and so on |
| Japanese kana $^1$ | Katakana: シ、ス、ソ、タ、ツ、ト、ヌ、ネ、ハ、ホ、マ、ミ、ム、メ、ン |
| Korean jamo $^2$ | ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅉ |
$^1$ It's harder to determine what a stroke is in hiragana, since hiragana is inherently cursive. Dot-like shapes can be found in い、う、え、お、か、く、な、ふ、へ、む、や、ら. $^2$ Korean jamo tend to be freer in stroke specification, sometimes ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅉ can end on a vertical stroke or a right falling stroke as well.
If dot strokes can come in so many shapes or sizes, then what makes a "dot"?
In general, a dot stroke is defined by the following properties:
* They go downward.
** Most dot strokes go diagonally downwards and rightwards. A few go leftwards, or straight down.
* They start soft and end hard.
** Dot strokes don't trail off. The instant before you lift your pencil / pen off the paper should be one where you're applying force onto the paper.
* They tend to curve down.
** This is mostly a consequence of the second point above. As you apply more and more force you tend to draw your hand closer to your body, hence curving the stroke downwards.
** However, please don't overdo this. This feature should be a natural result of point 2 above. If you find yourself curving the stroke deliberately, then you're probably overdoing it. If it doesn't curve, then leave it. Not all dot strokes need to curve.
Let's take a look at three examples, the Chinese character for "heart", the Japanese katakana mi, and the Korean syllable for si:
The first, third and fourth strokes of "heart", all of the strokes of "mi", and the second stroke of "si" all show the properties of dot strokes.
# East Asian Calligraphy/The horizontal stroke

The horizontal stroke is a very common stroke, going horizontally from left to right. It is found in some form in nearly every Korean letter, especially the vowels.
Examples of the horizontal stroke:
| Chinese characters | all the strokes of: 一 二 三 the second and third strokes of 上 the first stroke of the tree radical: 木、村、枚 the last two strokes of the sun radical: 日、早、昔 the last three strokes of the eye radical: 目、省、眠 and so on |
| Japanese kana $^1$ | Katakana: エ、オ、キ、ケ、コ、サ、チ、テ、ナ、ニ、ホ、モ、ユ、ヨ、ラ、ロ、ヲ |
| Korean jamo | ㄷ, ㅌ, ㄸ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅃ, ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅎ, ㅏ, ㅐ, ㅑ, ㅒ, ㅓ, ㅔ, ㅕ, ㅖ, ㅗ, ㅘ, ㅙ, ㅚ, ㅛ, ㅜ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅟ, ㅠ, ㅡ, ㅢ |
$^1$ It's harder to determine what a stroke is in hiragana, since hiragana is inherently cursive. Stroke-like shapes can be found in あ、お、き、け、さ、す、せ、た、ち、な、は、ほ、ま、む、も、よ、を.
In general, a horizontal stroke is defined by the following properties:
* They slant upwards.
** Theoretically, all horizontal strokes should slant upwards at a very slight angle.
* They start hard and end hard.
** Horizontal strokes don't trail off. The instant before you lift your pencil / pen off the paper should be one where you're applying force onto the paper.
** However, there is a tendency where horizontal strokes do trail off, if they are on the left half of a character, is not joined by another stroke on the right end, and is the last stroke in that side of the character. This arises naturally, because the pen / pencil / brush goes on immediately to write the right side of the character without stopping. Also as a result of this, the stroke tends to point diagonally upwards, and straight.
* They may curve down at the end.
** Like the dot stroke, this is mostly a consequence of the second point above. As you apply more and more force you tend to draw your hand closer to your body, hence curving the stroke downwards.
** However, please don't overdo this. This feature should be a natural result of point 2 above. If you find yourself curving the stroke deliberately, then you're definitely overdoing it. If it doesn't curve, then leave it. Horizontal strokes don't need to curve — this applies here even more than it does with the dot stroke.
Let's take a look at three examples, the Chinese character for "three", the Japanese katakana ni, and the Korean syllable for pa:
File:CJK 1-02-01.PNG
All of the strokes of "three", all of the strokes of "mi", and first, fourth, and last strokes for "pi" all show the properties of horizontal strokes.
To show a situation where the horizontal doesn't trail off, here are two Chinese characters, for "bean" and "head", respectively.
File:CJK 1-02-02.PNG
Note that the character "bean" is found on the left side of the character for "head". The last stroke of "bean", a horizontal stroke, is made to trail off and point up.
# Easy Guide to the Internet
## Table of Contents

* What's All the Fuss?
* Getting Connected
* Sending an E-mail
* Search Engines
* Shopping
* Downloading Music and Video
* Information Websites
* Wiki Websites
* Making Your Own Website
* Other Computer Jargon
# East Asian Calligraphy
## Introduction

In this textbook, brought to you cooperatively by the Korean, Japanese, and Chinese language textbooks, we hope to illustrate some principles of East Asian writing systems that apply to all three languages above.
Whether we are talking about Chinese characters, Japanese kana, or Korean jamo, East Asian writing systems share many similarities, including their stroke forms, basic shapes, and character structure.
Nevertheless, there are also some differences. Not all of the lessons in this textbook apply to all of the languages. Depending on the language that you are learning, you will (fortunately) be able to skip over some lessons and sections.
In the following table of contents, each link is preceded by one or more letters. The letters indicate which writing system each unit applies to. The letters are: Chinese characters, including Chinese hanzi, Japanese kanji, and Korean hanja Japanese kana, especially hiragana Korean hangul
If a lesson isn't required for the language that you're learning, feel free to skip it.
Note that this course is strictly focused on writing nicely and legibly, and is meant as a supplement to the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Wikibooks. It does not teach you the actual characters / kana / hangul themselves.

## Table of Contents

| C | J | K | | | Cover |
| C | J | K | | | Introduction 介绍 介紹 紹介 소개 |
| C | J | K | | | History 历史 歷史 歴史 역사 |
| C | J | K | Unit 1 | — | Basic strokes |
| C | J | K | Lesson 1 | — | The dot |
| C | J | K | Lesson 2 | — | The horizontal stroke |
| C | J | K | Lesson 3 | — | The vertical stroke |
| C | J | K | Lesson 4 | — | The left falling stroke |
| C | J | | Lesson 5 | — | The right falling stroke |
| C | J | K | Lesson 6 | — | The right rising stroke |
| C | J | | Lesson 7 | — | Hook strokes |
| C | J | K | Lesson 8 | — | Sharp bends |
| C | J | K | Lesson 9 | — | Smooth bends |
| | | K | Lesson 10 | — | The circle |
| | J | | Lesson 11 | — | Cursive strokes |
| C | J | K | Unit 2 | — | Basic shapes |
| C | J | K | Lesson 1 | — | Basic stroke order |
| | | K | Lesson 2 | — | List of shapes found in Korean jamo |
| | J | | Lesson 3 | — | List of shapes found in Japanese hiragana |
| | J | | Lesson 4 | — | List of shapes found in Japanese katakana |
| C | | | Lesson 5 | — | List of shapes found in Chinese radicals |
| C | J | K | Unit 3 | — | Putting everything together |
| C | J | K | Lesson 1 | — | Fitting into a square |
| C | J | K | Lesson 2 | — | Balance and style |
| C | J | K | Lesson 3 | — | Ways to practice |
| C | J | K | Lesson 4 | — | Going cursive |
# East Asian Calligraphy/Cover
## East Asian Orthography
### Chinese ~ Japanese ~ Korean

| People's Republic of China | Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | Republic of China | Japan |
| 中华人民共和国 | 香港特別行政區 | 中華民國 | 日本国 |
| Democratic People's Republic of Korea | Republic of Korea | Macau Special Administrative Region | Republic of Singapore |
| 조선민주주의인민공화국 (朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) | 대한민국 (大韓民國) | 澳門特別行政區 | 新加坡 |
East Asian Calligraphy
# AI Art Generation Handbook/Extension

This chapter is more to Auto1111 or any of it's fork (like SD.Next)
Extension is seen as the specialized functions that provide more functions to the base of AI Art generation provided by the base software .
To start with click on main tab's "Extension" , you may see both "Installed' and "Available From"
There are two things :
(1) To install new extension:
Select "Available Form" tab, ensure the extension index URL is same as this one:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui-extensions/master/index.json
Click "Load From:" big orange button on the left.
At Search bar , type the extension that you wanted to install
Here are the list of recommended Extensions that you may want to install
List of recommended extensions
(2) To update the already installed extension :
Select "Installed" tab it shows what you have already been installed in your AI Generative software meanwhile "Available From" is list of "approved" extensions by Auto1111 (and the contributors).
Click "Check for updates" and wait for a moment for it to finish to download the necessary updates
Click "Apply and re-start UI" orange button
If necessary, close the terminal and webpages and restart the whole process again.
# AI Art Generation Handbook/FLUX/ComfyUI
## Comfy UI

Click here to see how to install ComfyUI first.
Depending on your GPU's VRAM capacity, it can be recommended to use
FLUX.1-schnell (recommended if your GPU's VRAM requirement is less than 12 GB VRam / want faster image generation)
FLUX.1-dev (recommended if your GPU's VRAM requirement is more than 12 GB VRam)
Then, download the following files as followed and paste it into the related folders :
| File Name / Link | Installed Folders Location |
| FLUX.1-dev flux1-dev.safetensors https://huggingface.co/black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-dev/blob/main/flux1-dev.safetensors OR FLUX.1-schnell flux1-schnell.safetensors https://huggingface.co/black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-schnell/blob/main/flux1-schnell.safetensors | ...\ComfyUI_windows_portable\ComfyUI\models\unet |
| FLUX.1-dev diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors https://huggingface.co/black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-dev/blob/main/vae/diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors OR FLUX.1-schnell diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors https://huggingface.co/black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-schnell/blob/main/vae/diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors | ..\ComfyUI_windows_portable\ComfyUI\models\vae |
| clip_l.safetensors t5xxl_fp16.safetensors t5xxl_fp8_e4m3fn.safetensors https://huggingface.co/comfyanonymous/flux_text_encoders/tree/main | ..\ComfyUI_windows_portable\ComfyUI\models\clip |
And then, you can download the workflow files json for FLUX here
# AI Art Generation Handbook/Differing Resolution for SDXL

This page is to showcase how does the differing resolutions can bring different results to Stable Diffusion,
Take note that all of the images uses the same settings with only differs is the resolution of image generated.
Note 1: All images are resized to same square sizes, you can double click on each image to see it is differing sizes for each images
Prompt : Photo of a beautiful girl dancing
Sampling Method : DPM++ 2M Karras
Sampling Steps : 30
Seeds : 1305844618
| Resolution (px * px) | 512*512 | 640*640 | 768*768 | 896*896 | 1024*1024 |
| Image generated by Stable Diffusion | | | | | |
Prompt : Sportscar Aston Martin Speedster racing on racetrack in countryside
Sampling Method : DPM++ 2M Karras
Sampling Steps : 30
Seeds : 2725987692
| Resolution (px * px) | 512*512 | 640*640 | 768*768 | 896*896 | 1024*1024 |
| Image generated by Stable Diffusion | | | | | |