# Flora of New York/Gentianales

| ← Ericales | Flora of New York — Gentianales | Flora of New York — Gentianales | Flora of New York — Gentianales | Flora of New York — Gentianales | → Solanales |
| ← Ericales | Table of contents | Genus index | Protected species index | Invasive species index | → Solanales |

# Order Garryales

* The order Garryales...
* ↑ P.F. Stevens (2001-2015). "Garryales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, Sep. 2013.

## Family Eucommiaceae

* The Eucommiaceae (hard rubber tree family) contains a single living species.
* ↑ Eucommiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

### Eucommia

* Although a number of extinct Eucommia species were native to North America, the only living species, Eucommia ulmoides, is native to central China but has been planted worldwide. It is known for being a very cold-tolerant rubber-producing tree. It has been reported as naturalized in Indiana and Ohio, but not in New York State.
* ↑ BONAP county-level map for Eucommia ulmoides
Garryales — Eucommiaceae — Eucommia :
| Genus Eucommia | hard rubber tree | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Eucommia ulmoides1890. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. | Hardy rubber tree Hard rubber tree Chinese rubber tree Gutta-percha tree | Introduced, Not naturalized Deciduous, Tree | | NYFA: Xm | BONAP IUCN Red List: Images Wikispecies |

# Order Gentianales

* The order Gentianales...
* ↑ P.F. Stevens (2001-2015). "Gentianales." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, Sep. 2013.
| Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Subtribe | Genera | G | T |
| Gentianales | Rubiaceae | Cinchonoideae | Naucleeae | — | Cephalanthus (button bush) | 1 | 1 |
| Gentianales | Rubiaceae | Rubioideae | Morindeae | — | Mitchella (partridge berry) | 1 | 1 |
| Gentianales | Rubiaceae | Rubioideae | Spermacoceae | — | Diodia (buttonweed) Houstonia (bluet) Oldenlandia (clustered bluets) | 3 | 6 |
| Gentianales | Rubiaceae | Rubioideae | Rubieae | — | Rubia (madder) Sherardia (field-madder) Asperula (woodruff) Cruciata (bedstraw) Galium (bedstraw, wild-licorice, cleavers) | 5 | 29 |
| Gentianales | Loganiaceae | — | — | — | Spigelia (Indian pink, pinkroot) | 1 | 1 |
| Gentianales | Gentianaceae | — | Chironieae | — | Centaurium (centaury) Sabatia (rose gentian, pink) | 2 | 6 |
| Gentianales | Gentianaceae | — | Gentianeae | Gentianinae | Gentiana (gentian) | 1 | 5 |
| Gentianales | Gentianaceae | — | Gentianeae | Swertiinae | Bartonia (screwstem) Frasera (green-gentian) Gentianella (dwarf gentian) Gentianopsis (fringed-gentian) Halenia (spurred-gentian) | 5 | 7 |
| Gentianales | Apocynaceae | Rauvolfioideae | Vinceae | Vincinae | Vinca (periwinkle) | 1 | 2 |
| Gentianales | Apocynaceae | Rauvolfioideae | Amsonieae | — | Amsonia (bluestar) | 1 | 3 |
| Gentianales | Apocynaceae | Apocynoideae | Apocyneae | — | Apocynum (dogbane) | 1 | 3 |
| Gentianales | Apocynaceae | Periplocoideae | — | — | Periploca (silk vine) | 1 | 1 |
| Gentianales | Apocynaceae | Asclepiadoideae | Asclepiadeae | Asclepiadinae | Asclepias (milkweed) | 1 | 12 |
| Gentianales | Apocynaceae | Asclepiadoideae | Asclepiadeae | Cynanchinae | Cynanchum (honeyvine) | 1 | 1 |
| Gentianales | Apocynaceae | Asclepiadoideae | Asclepiadeae | Tylophorinae | Vincetoxicum (swallow-wort) | 1 | 3 |

## Family Rubiaceae

* The Rubiaceae (coffee or madder family).
* ↑ Rubiaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Rubiaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

### Subfamily Cinchonoideae
#### Tribe Naucleeae
##### Cephalanthus

* Cephalanthus occidentalis buttonbush
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Cinchonoideae — Naucleeae — Cephalanthus :
| Genus Cephalanthus | Buttonbush | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Cephalanthus occidentalis L.1753. Cephalanthus occidentalis  L. in… 1794. Cephalanthus oppositifolius  Moench in… 1828. Cephalanthus occidentalis  var. pubescens  Raf.  in… 1838. Cephalanthus acuminatus  Raf. in… 1849. Cephalanthus occidentalis  var. californicus  Benth.  in… 1889. Cephalanthus angustifolius  Dippel in… 1917. Cephalanthus berlandieri  Wernham in… 1917. Cephalanthus hansenii  Wernham in… 1982. Cephalanthus occidentalis  ssp. californicus  (Benth.) A.E.Murray  in… | Buttonbush ⓘ Common buttonbush ⓘ Eastern buttonbush ⓘ Button willow ⓘ Honey bells ⓘ Céphalanthe occidental ⓘ Céphalante occidental ⓘ Bois-bouton ⓘ Bois-noir ⓘ | Native, CoC: 7, Secure OBL Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade | | NYFA: 5 iNat | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |

### Subfamily Rubioideae
#### Tribe Morindeae
##### Mitchella

* Mitchella repens L. partridgeberryMitchella consists of just two species, one from eastern Asia and the other, Mitchella repens (partridgeberry), is native to eastern North America.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Morindeae — Mitchella :
| Genus Mitchella | Mitchella | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Mitchella repens L.1753. Mitchella repens L.1862. Perdicesca repens (L.) Prov. | Partridgeberry, Partridge-berry, Two-eyed berry, Twinberry, Squaw vinePain-de-perdrix | Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Part shade - shade | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |

#### Tribe Spermacoceae
##### Hexasepalum

* Hexasepalum teresThe only species of Hexasepalum Bartl. ex DC. (1830) known to be native to New York is rough buttonweed (Hexasepalum teres).
* ↑ Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr. (2014). "Hexasepalum teres (Rubiaceae), A New Combination." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 8(1): 17-18.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Hexasepalum :
| Genus Hexasepalum | Buttonweed | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Hexasepalum teres (Walter) J.H. Kirkbr.1788. Diodia teres Walter 1913. Diodella teres (Walter) Small 2014. Hexasepalum teres (Walter) J.H.Kirkbr. | Rough buttonweed Buttonweed Poorjoe | Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU-UPL Annual, Herb-forb | | 10 counties NYFA: 5 iNat | USDA-N0 WFO POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |

##### Diodia

* Diodia virginiana
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Diodia :
| Genus Diodia | Buttonweed | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Diodia virginiana L.    Diodia virginiana L. | Virginia buttonweed ⓘ | Introduced from  southern US, N. America native, Not naturalized | | Bronx (2017) NYFA: x | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |

##### Houstonia

* Houstonia caerulea bluetsThe genus Houstonia contains about 20 species, generally known as Bluets. All are North American natives. Three are considered to be native to New York State. The nativity of the two varieties of Houstonia purpurea is uncertain in New York, even though Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa is listed as "Endangered" and possibly extirpated (SH).
* ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa, last updated on: August 10, 2011.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Houstonia :
| Genus Houstonia | Bluet | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Houstonia caerulea L.1753. Houstonia caerulea L. 1833. Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook. 1834. Anotis coerulea (L.) G.Don 1856. Oldenlandia caerulea (L.) A.Gray 1907. Houstonia caerulea  var. faxonorum  Pease & A.H.Moore | Common bluets Quaker ladies Little bluet Azure bluet Bluets | Native, CoC: 1, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. | Long-leaved bluets Longleaf summer bluetHoustonie à longues feuilles | Native, CoC: 8, Secure 0 Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Houstonia canadensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.1818. Houstonia canadensis in… 1941. Hedyotis canadensis in… | Canada bluets Canadian summer bluet | Native, CoC: 7, Very vulnerable, S2, G4-5 Perennial, Herb-forb | Erie (1930) 4 iNat counties NYFA: U iNat | USDA-N0 Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Houstonia purpurea L. var. calycosa A.Gray1813. Hedyotis lanceolata Poir. 1830. Anotis lanceolata (Poir.) DC. 1884. Houstonia purpurea  var. calycosa   1901. Houstonia calycosa (A. Gray) C. Mohr 1901. Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton 1954. Hedyotis purpurea  var. calycosa  (A.Gray) Fosberg | Midwestern purple bluets, Purple bluet, Venus' pride | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, SH, G5-T5, NYNHP: H Perennial, Herb-forb | Essex, Tompkins, Washington (1892-1927) NYFA: Z1 | USDA-N0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Houstonia purpurea L. var. purpurea1753. Hedyotis purpurea L. | Large purple bluets Purple bluet | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, SH, G5-T5 Perennial, Herb-forb | Suffolk (1925), Washington NYFA: Z | Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program (2021). Online Conservation Guide for Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa. Acc. 2-Sep-2021: "This taxon has not been observed in New York since the 1940's." ||||||

##### Oldenlandia

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Spermacoceae — Oldenlandia :
| Genus Oldenlandia | Oldenlandia | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Oldenlandia uniflora L. | Clustered bluets, Clustered mille graines | Native, Endangered | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |

#### Tribe Rubieae
##### Galium

* There are about 24 species of Galium or bedstraw in New York State.
* ↑ Valerie L. Soza & Richard G. Olmstead (2010). "Evolution of breeding systems and fruits in New World Galium and relatives (Rubiaceae)" American Journal of Botany 97(10): 1630–1646, 2010
* ↑ Valerie L. Soza (2010). "Diversification of Galium within Tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): Evolution of Breeding Systems, Species Complexes, and Gene Duplication" International Association for Plant Taxonomy; Botanical Society of America
* ↑ Li-E Yang, Ying Meng, De-Li Peng, Ze-Long Nie, Hang Sun (2018). "Molecular phylogeny of Galium L. of the tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae) – Emphasis on Chinese species and recognition of a new genus Pseudogalium." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 126: pp. 221-232, ISSN 1055-7903.
* ↑ Friedrich Ehrendorfer, Michael H. J. Barfuss, Jean-Francois Manen, Gerald M. Schneeweiss (2018). "Phylogeny, character evolution and spatiotemporal diversification of the species-rich and world-wide distributed tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae)." PLOS ONE 14(1): e0211589.

###### Galium sect. Platygalium

* Galium borealeSection Platygalium species generally have 3-veined leaves in whorls of 4, though the lateral veins are obscure in Galium pilosum.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Platygalium :
| Genus Galium sect. Platygalium | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Galium boreale L.1753. Galium boreale L.1800. Galium hyssopifolium Hoffm.1818. Galium septentrionale Roem.& Schult.1819. Galium strictum Torr.1830. Galium borealevar. hyssopifolium1830. Galium borealevar. intermedium | Northern bedstraw, Boreal bedstraw, CrosswortGaillet boréal | Native, CoC: 6, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Galium lanceolatum (Torr.) Torr.1819. Galium circaezansvar. lanceolatum1824. Galium lanceolatum (Torr.) Torr. | Lanceleaf wild licorice, Lanceleaf licorice bedstraw, Torrey's wild licorice, Spear wild licoriceGaillet lancéolé | Native, CoC: 7, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium circaezans Michx. var. circaezans    Galium bermudense    Galium circaeoides    Galium rotundifoliumvar. circaezans | Licorice bedstraw, Wild licorice | Native, CoC: 7, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA- Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: IWF |
| Galium circaezans Michx. var. hypomalacum | Licorice bedstraw, Forest bedstraw, Wild licorice | Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable | NYFA: 3 | USDA- Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium pilosum Aiton ssp. pilosum | Hairy bedstraw | Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium pilosum Aitonssp. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & A.Gray1788. Galium purpureum Walter 1791. Galium walteri J.F.Gmel. 1803. Galium puncticulosum Michx. 1805. Galium punctatum Pers. 1841. Galium pilosum  var. puncticulosum  Torr.& A.Gray | Hairy bedstraw | Native, No records | NYFA: D | USDA-N0 Go Botany Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium kamtschaticum Steller ex Schult. & Schult.f | Boreal bedstraw | Native, CoC: 10?, Endangered | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium concinnum Torrey & A.Gray | Shining bedstraw | Native, CoC: 10?, Endangered, NYNHP: 1 | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN Go Botany-0 NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Galium concinnum. Endangered, S1/G5. ||||||

###### Galium sect. Aparinoides

* Galium palustre
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Aparinoides :
| Genus Galium sect. Aparinoides | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Galium palustre L.1753. Galium palustre L. 1782. Galium diffusum Gilib. 1782. Galium incarnatum Gilib. 1796. Galium montanum With. 1818. Galium glomeratum Vill. ex Roem. & Schult. 1851. Galium fontinale K.Koch 1880. Rubia palustris (L.) Baill. 1898. Galium rumelicum Formánek 1928. Galium masferreri Sennen | Common marsh bedstraw, Marsh bedstraw | Native, CoC: 3, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium tinctorium L.1753. Galium tinctorium L. 1803. Galium claytonii Michx. 1841. Galium trifidum  var. tinctorium  (L.) Torr. & A.Gray 1897. Galium tinctorium  var. floridanum  Wiegand 1939. Galium trifidum  ssp. tinctorium  (L.) H.Hara | Stiff marsh bedstraw, Stiff three-petal bedstraw | Native, CoC: 5, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium asprellum Michx.1803. Galium asprellum Michx. 1814. Galium micranthum Pursh | Rough bedstraw, Kidney-vine, Pointed cleavers | Native, CoC: 6, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium trifidum L. ssp. trifidum1753. Galium trifidum L. 1877. Galium brandegeei A.Gray 1880. Rubia linnaeana Baill. 1921. Galium trifidum  ssp. distentum  Printz 1949. Galium trifidum  ssp. typicum  R.T.Clausen 1958. Galium baicalense Pobed. 1958. Galium ruprechtii Pobed. | Three-petal bedstraw | Native, CoC: 7, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium obtusum Bigelow ssp. obtusum1824. Galium obtusum Bigelow 1824. Galium trifidum  var. latifolium  Torr. 1952. Galium obtusum  var. ramosum  Gleason | Bluntleaf bedstraw, Blunt-leaved bedstraw | Native, CoC: 7, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium labradoricum (Wiegand) Wiegand1897. Galium tinctorium  var. labradoricum  Wiegand 1904. Galium labradoricum (Wiegand) Wiegand | Bog bedstraw, Northern bog bedstraw | Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium brevipes Fernald & Wiegand1910. Galium brevipes Fernald & Wiegand 1982. Galium trifidum  ssp. brevipes  (Fernald & Wiegand) Á.Löve & D.Löve | Limestone swamp bedstraw | Native, CoC: 10?, Likely extirpated | NYFA: Z iNat GBIF | USDA-NN COL WFO POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |

###### Galium sect. Aparine

* Galium aparineGalium aparine (cleavers or stickywilly) was previously included in sect. Kolgyda but has been segregated along with similar Galium spurium into sect. Aparine, which appears to be a sister to the clade formed by sects. Kolgyda and Hylaea.
* Note that BONAP lists most Galium species, including Galium aparine as noxious weeds in New York, Pennsylvania and New England. This is likely based on prohibited-seed lists that don't distinguish between Galium species.
* The native status of Galium aparine is inconsistent. It is generally treated as native but noxious weed in North America.
* ↑ Gucker, Corey L. (2005). Galium aparine. in Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Aparine :
| Genus Galium sect. Aparine | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Galium aparine L.1753. Galium aparine L. 1794. Aparine hispida Moench 1880. Rubia aparine (L.) Baill. | Cleavers ⓘ Catchweed bedstraw ⓘ Stickywilly ⓘ Scratch bedstraw Bedstraw ⓘ Goose-grass ⓘ Gaillet gratteron ⓘ | Native, CoC: 0, Secure, G5 FACU Annual, Vine, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 5 iNat GBIF | USDA-NX? COL WFO Kew WCSP POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN NatureServe BONAP CABI Images Wikispecies |

###### Galium sect. Kolgyda

* Galium tricornutum
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Kolgyda :
| Genus Galium sect. Kolgyda | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Galium tricornutum DandyGalium tricorne Stokes p.p. | Rough-fruited corn bedstraw, Roughfruit corn bedstraw | Introduced, Not naturalized | | NYFA: X NYFA: Oneida (1888) No NY observations | USDA-XX NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |

###### Galium sect. Hylaea

* Galium triflorumNote that BONAP lists most Galium species, including Galium triflorum as noxious weeds in New York, Pennsylvania and New England. This is likely based on prohibited-seed lists that don't distinguish between Galium species.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Hylaea :
| Genus Galium sect. Hylaea | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Galium triflorum Michx.1803. Galium triflorum Michx. 1803. Galium jalapense Schltdl. 1935. Galium triflorum  var. asprelliforme  Fernald | Sweet-scented bedstraw Three-flowered bedstraw Fragrant bedstrawGaillet à trois fleurs Gaillet odorant | Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-vine | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.1753. Asperula odorata L. 1771. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 1829. Asterophyllum asperula K.F.Schimp. & Spenn. 1829. Asterophyllum sylvaticum K.F.Schimp. & Spenn. 1868. Chlorostemma odoratum (L.) Fourr. 1888. Asperula eugeniae K.Richt. | Sweet woodruff ⓘ Sweet-scented bedstraw ⓘ Sweet bedstraw ⓘ Woodruff ⓘ | Introduced from  temperate Asia,  Europe, Somewhat invasive,  NYIS: 48%,  iMapInvasives,  USGS: L48 established, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: X GBIF | USDA-XX POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Galium odoratum: Low (48). ||||||

###### Galium sect. Leiogalium

* Galium albumAlthough most sources show the hedge bedstraw species Galium mollugo as being widepread in the Northeast and the similar Galium album being less common, if not rare, the New York Flora Atlas now excludes Galium mollugo from New York State and shows Galium album as common, having moved its Galium mollugo records to Galium album. Other sources, such as VASCAN show G. album as a synonym of G. molluglo. See D. Mersereau and A. DiTommaso (2001).
* ↑ Galium album at Go Botany
* ↑ Galium mollugo at VASCAN
* ↑ D. Mersereau and A. DiTommaso (2001). "The biology of Canadian weeds. 121. Galium mollugo L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Leiogalium :
| Genus Galium sect. Leiogalium | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Galium mollugo L.1753. Galium mollugo  L. 1762. Galium erectum  Huds. in… 1764. Galium album  Garsault 1796. Galium flaccidum  Salisb. (Ambiguous) 1822. Galium vulgare  Gray 1880. Rubia mollugo  (L.) Baill. 1880. Galion molluginum  St.-Lag. | False baby's breath ⓘ Smooth bedstraw ⓘ | Introduced, Potentially invasive,  Invasive.org: 9,  USGS: L48 invasive, NYFA excluded | NYFA-Excluded NYFA: Excluded iNat GBIF 50+ counties | USDA-XX COL POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Galium album Mill.1768. Galium album Mill. 1771. Galium sylvestre Scop. 1778. Galium erectum Huds. (i) 1833. Galium sylvestre  ssp. mollugo  Gaudin 1864. Galium mollugo  var. erectum  Asch. 1865. Galium mollugo  ssp. erectum  Syme 1887. Galium elatum  ssp. erectum  Berher 1921. Galium mixtum Stranski 1926. Galium mollugo  var. erectum  (Huds.) Domin 2000. Galium mollugo  ssp. album  (Mill.) Tzvelev in… | Hedge bedstraw ⓘ White bedstraw ⓘ False baby's breath ⓘ Whorled bedstraw ⓘ Wild madder Gaillet mollugine, Caille-lait blanc | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, Potentially invasive,  USGS: L48 established, Naturalized | NYFA: X NYFA: 49 counties GBIF 15 counties | USDA-XX COL Kew WCSP POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Galium sylvaticum L.1762. Galium sylvaticum L. | Scotch-mist, Wood bedstraw, Baby's breathGaillet des bois, Gaillet des forêts | Introduced | NYFA: X NYFA: 4 counties ? counties | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Galium aristatum L.1762. Galium aristatum L. | Awned bedstraw | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, N.Y. excluded | NYFA-Excluded | USDA- Go Botany-0 ITIS BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies |

###### Galium sect. Galium

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Galium sect. Galium :
| Genus Galium sect. Galium | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Galium verum L. ssp. verum1753. Galium verum L.1879. Galium verumvar. verum1885. Galium verumssp. verum | Lady's bedstraw, Yellow bedstraw, Yellow Spring bedstraw | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, Potentially invasive,  iMapInvasives | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Galium verum L. ssp. wirtgenii (F.W. Schultz) Oborný1854. Galium wirtgenii F.W.Schultz1879. Galium verumvar. wirtgenii1885. Galium verumssp. wirtgenii | Wirtgen's bedstraw | Introduced | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Galium × pomeranicum Retz.  Galium mollugo ×   Galium verum1795. Galium × pomeranicum Retz.1804. Galium × ochroleucumWolf ex Schweigg.1850. Galium × ambiguum Gren. & Godr.1903. Galium × ochroleucumvar. ambiguum | Pale yellow bedstraw | Introduced, N. America native | NYFA: X | USDA-XN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

###### Galium sect. Asperula

* Galium arvenseGalium arvense (blue woodruff) is still often listed in the genus Asperula.
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Asperula :
| Genus Galium sect. Asperula | Woodruff | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | n NPT |
| Galium arvense (L.) F. Herm.1753. Asperula arvensis L. 1844. Asperula setosa Jaub. & Spach 1904. Galium sherardiiflorum (L.) E.H.L.Krause 1844. Asperula arvensis  var. setosa  (Jaub. & Spach) J.Thiébaut 1956. Galium arvense (L.) F. Herm. | Blue woodruff | Introduced | | NYFA: X | USDA-XW ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |

###### Galium sect. Cruciata

* Cruciata pedemontana
Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Cruciata :
| Genus Galium sect. Cruciata | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | n NPT |
| Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend.1789. Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All.1788. Vaillantia pedemontana Bellardi1961. Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend. | Piedmont bedstraw, Yellow bedstraw, Piedmont Crosswort | Introduced | | Tompkins (1989) NYFA: X | USDA- Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Cruciata laevipes Opiz1771. Galium cruciata (L.) Scop.1852. Cruciata laevipes Opiz1958. Cruciata chersonensis Ehrend. | Smooth bedstraw | Introduced | | Ontario (1918) NYFA: X | USDA-X0 Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

##### Sherardia

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Sherardia :
| Genus Sherardia | Field madder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Sherardia arvensis L. | Blue field madder, Blue fieldmadder, Cultivated field madder | Introduced | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Images Wikispecies |

##### Rubia

Gentianales — Rubiaceae — Rubioideae — Rubieae — Rubia :
| Genus Rubia | Rubia | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Rubia tinctorum L.Rubia tinctoria L. orth. var. | Dyer's madder, Indian madder, Madder | Introduced, Impersistent | | NYFA: Xm NYFA: Washington (1892, 1934) No NY observations | USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies |

## Family Loganiaceae

The Loganiaceae is a mostly-tropical family with no members that are native to or reported to have naturalized in New York.

### Spigelia

* Spigelia marilandica (L.) L. Indian pinkSpigelia marilandica, a native of the southeastern U.S., has been propagated in New York and sold in the "native" plant trade. According to the Agriculture Research Service, it is only considered native as far north as southern Indiana and Maryland.
Gentianales — Loganiaceae — Spigelia :
| Genus Spigelia | Pinkroot | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.1753. Lonicera marilandica L.1767. Spigelia marilandica (L.) L. | Indian pink, Woodland pinkroot | N. America native  southern US, No specimens, Cultivated Perennial, Forb-herb | | NYFA: 0 | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |

## Family Gentianaceae

The Gentianaceae (gentian family).

### Tribe Chironieae
#### Centaurium

* Centaurium erythraea common centaury
* ↑ Gentianaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Gentianaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).
Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Chironieae — Centaurium :
| Genus Centaurium | Centaury | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Centaurium erythraea Rafn ssp. erythraea1794. Centaurium minus Moench in Methodus:449 1800. Centaurium vulgare Rafn in Danm. Holst. Fl. 2:73 1800. Centaurium erythraea Rafn in Danm. Holst. Fl. 2:75 1805. Erythraea centaurium (L.) Pers. in Syn. Pl. 1:283 1893. Centaurium umbellatum Gilib. ex Beck in Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(2):935 nom. superfl. | Common centaury, European centaury | Introduced FAC | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Hayek ex Hand.-Mazz., Stadlm., Janch. & Faltisssp. pulchellum1783. Gentiana pulchella Sw. in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 4:84 1798. Chironia pulchella (Sw.) Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 1: 1067 1811. Erythraea pulchella Fr. in Novit. Fl. Svec.:30 1819. Erythraea pulchella (Sw.) Hornem. in G.C.Oeder & auct. suc. (eds.), , nom. illeg. 1906. Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Hayek ex Hand.-Mazz., Stadlm., Janch. & Faltis | Branched centaury, Branching centaury-plant, Lesser centaury | Introduced FAC | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies |

#### Sabatia

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Chironieae — Sabatia :
| Genus Sabatia | Rose-gentian | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Sabatia stellaris Pursh    S. maculata (Benth.) Benth. & Hook.f.     S. palmeri A.Gray     S. purpusii Brandegee     S. simulata Britton | Sea pink, Marsh pink, Rose of Plymouth, Saltmarsh rosegentian | Native, Threatened, NYNHP: 2 | NYFA: 2 | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |
| Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh1753. Chironia angularis L.1814. Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh | Square-stemmed rose pink, Rose pink, Bitterbloom | Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1 | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN Images Wikispecies |
| Sabatia campanulata (L.) Torr.    Sabatia gracilis (Michx.) Salisb. | Slender marsh pink, Slender rose gentian | Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1 | NYFA: 1 | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |
| Sabatia dodecandra (L.) BSP.var. dodecandra    Chironia dodecandra L.    Sabatia chloroides (Michx.) Pursh | Large marsh pink, Marsh rose gentian | Native, Extirpated | NYFA: Z | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Sabatia stellaris. Threatened, S2/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Sabatia angularis. Endangered, S1/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Sabatia campanulata. Endangered, S1/G5. ||||||

### Tribe Gentianeae
#### Subtribe Gentianinae
##### Gentiana

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Gentiana :
| Genus Gentiana | Gentian | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. | Fringe-topped bottle gentian | Native, Likely secure | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Gentiana clausa Raf. | Bottle gentian, Closed gentian | Native, Likely secure | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Gentiana linearis Froel. | Narrow-leaved gentian | Native, Vulnerable | NYFA: 3-4 | USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Gentiana saponaria L. | Soapwort gentian, Soap gentian, Harvestbells | Native, Endangered | NYFA: 1 | USDA-N0 Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Gentiana puberulenta Pringle | Downy gentian | Native, Likely extirpated | NYFA: Z | USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies |

#### Subtribe Swertiinae
##### Bartonia

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Bartonia :
| Genus Bartonia | Screwstem | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Bartonia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.1753. Sagina virginica L.1801. Bartonia tenella Willd.1888. Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP1895. Bartonia moseri B.L.Rob. | Yellow screwstem, Virginia screwstem, Yellow bartoniaBartonie de Virginie | Native, Likely secure | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Bartonia paniculatassp. paniculata | Twining screwstem | Native, Endangered | | NYFA: 1 | Images Wikispecies |

##### Frasera

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Frasera :
| Genus Frasera | Green-gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Frasera caroliniensis    Frasera officinalis     Frasera verticillata     Frasera walteri     Swertia caroliniensis | Columbo American columbo Green gentian Yellow gentian Carolina gentian | Native, Threatened | | NYFA: 2 | USDA-NN Images Wikispecies |

##### Gentianella

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Gentianella :
| Genus Gentianella | Dwarf-gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Smallssp. quinquefolia | Agueweed, Gall-of-the-earth, Stiff gentian | Native, Likely secure | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies |

##### Gentianopsis

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Gentianopsis :
| Genus Gentianopsis | Fringed-gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma | Greater fringed gentian | Native, Likely secure | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Gentianopsis virgata (Raf.) Holub | Lesser fringed gentian | Native, Endangered | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies |

##### Halenia

Gentianales — Gentianaceae — Gentianeae — Swertiinae — Halenia :
| Genus Halenia | Spurred-gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. | Spurred gentian | Native, Endangered | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN Images Wikispecies |

## Family Apocynaceae

* The Apocynaceae (dogbane or periwinkle family).
* ↑ Apocynaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Apocynaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).
* ↑ Endress, M.E., Liede-Schumann, S. & Meve, U. 2014. An updated classification for Apocynaceae. Phytotaxa 159 (3) © 2014 Magnolia Press. Full text PDF from ResearchGate

### Subfamily Rauvolfioideae
#### Tribe Vinceae

* A very common New York ground cover, both cultivated and naturalized is Vinca minor, known commonly as periwinkle or myrtle. It is often found in wooded areas were old homesteads once stood and along ditches and stream banks where floodwaters have carried the rhizomes downstream from their previous location.

##### Vinca

* Vinca minorOf the two periwinkles, Vinca minor is very common outside of cultivation and is considered to be moderately invasive. Vinca major is not known to naturalize in New York State.
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Rauvolfioideae — Vinceae — Vinca :
| Genus Vinca | Periwinkle | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Vinca minor L.1753. Vinca minor L. | Lesser periwinkle, Common periwinkle, Myrtle, Running-myrtlePetite pervenche, Pervenche mineure | Introduced from  Eurasia, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 57%, CP-3 | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Vinca major L.1753. Vinca major L. | Greater periwinkle, Bigleaf periwinkle, Large-leaved periwinkleGrande pervenche | Introduced from  Eurasia, Not naturalized | NYFA: X | USDA- Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Vinca minor: Moderate (57). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ||||||

#### Tribe Amsonieae
##### Amsonia

* Amsonia tabernaemontanaAmsonia or bluestar species are native to southern North America and are sold in the "native" wildflower trade but are not native to New York. It's uncertain whether they have truly naturalized the state.
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Rauvolfioideae — Vinceae — Amsonia :
| Genus Amsonia | Bluestar | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter1762. Tabernaemontana amsonia L. 1788. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter 1814. Amsonia salicifolia Pursh 1838. Ansonia salicifolia (Pursh) Raf. 1894. Amsonia amsonia (L.) Britton 1928. A. tabernaemontana  var. salicifolia  (Pursh) Woodson | Common bluestar ⓘ Eastern bluestar Texas-star Willowleaf Bluestar | Introduced from  southern US, N. America native | | NYFA: X | USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Amsonia illustris Woodson | Shining bluestar, Ozark bluestar | Introduced, N. America native | | NYFA: X | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |

### Subfamily Apocynoideae
#### Tribe Apocyneae
##### Apocynum

* Apocynum cannabinum hemp dogbaneApocynum, or dogbane, is generally considered to be a weedy native genus.
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Apocynoideae — Apocyneae — Apocynum :
| Genus Apocynum | Dogbane | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Apocynum cannabinum L.1753. Apocynum cannabinum L.1770. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq.1789. Apocynum hypericifolium Aiton1902. Apocynum suksdorfii Greene1912. Apocynum ithacense Greene | Hemp dogbane, Clasping-leaved dogbane, Indian hemp, American-hempApocyn chanvrin, Apocyn à feuilles   de millepertuis | Native, CoC: 2, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Apocynum androsaemifolium1753. Apocynum androsaemifolium L.1894. Apocynum pumilum (A.Gray) Greene1901. Apocynum ambigens Greene1906. Apocynum scopulorum Greene | Spreading dogbane, Bitter-root, Common dogbane, Creeping dogbaneApocyn à feuilles   d'androsème, Herbe à la puce | Native, CoC: 2, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Apocynum × floribundum Greene (pro sp.)  Apocynum androsaemifolium ×   Apocynum cannabinum1893. Apocynum × floribundum Greene1897. Apocynum × medium Greene1901. Apocynum × milleri Britton1930. Apocynum × jonesii Woodson | Intermediate dogbane, Jones' dogbane, Hybrid of  hemp dogbane &  spreading dogbaneApocyn moyen | Native, CoC: x, Secure | NYFA: 4 | USDA-N VASCAN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

### Subfamily Periplocoideae
#### Periploca

* Periploca graecaSilkvine (Periploca graeca) is native to eastern Europe and is listed as invasive in Northeastern Spain. It is capable of rooting vegetatively from small pieces of stem.
* Vouchered plant specimens have been collected from Erie and Monroe counties, but it is not thought to have naturalized there. It has also been reported along roadsides in Suffolk County, NY, and Fairfield County, CT, but it is uncertain whether those plants were cultivated or naturalized.
* ↑ J. A. Conesa, D. Mercadal, J. Pedrol, J. Recasens (2009). "Invasive behavior of Periploca graeca in alluvial forests of Segre river (Catalonia, NE Spain)." CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International).
* ↑ Weldy, Troy, David Werier, and Andrew Nelson. 2016 New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Periploca graeca, New York Metropolitan Flora Project. 07/19/2012
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Periplocoideae — Periploca :
| Periploca Tourn. ex. L. | Silk-vine | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Periploca graeca L.1753. Periploca graeca L.1820. Periploca graeca Schult. | Silkvine, Silk vine, Grecian silkvineBourreau des arbres | Introduced from  Eurasia, Potentially invasive Perennial, Woody vine | | NYFA: X | USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies |

### Subfamily Asclepiadoideae

* The New York Flora Atlas includes Asclepias, Cynanchum, and Periploca in Asclepiadaceae. It includes the three Vincetoxicum species as Cynanchum.
* ↑ Asclepiadaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

#### Tribe Asclepiadeae
##### Subtribe Asclepiadinae
###### Asclepias

* The milkweed genus Asclepias is here separated into two clades according to Fishbein, et. al. (2011). Each of these clades contains milkweeds that support monarch butterfly developmemt. In New York, these are:
* common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
* swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
* butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa)
* whorled milkweed (Asclepias verticillata)
* poke milkweed (Asclepias exaltata)
* Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) also supports monarchs west of the Mississippi, where it is native, but the benefit of planting it in New York for this purpose could be questioned.
* ↑ Mark Fishbein, et. al. (2011) "Phylogenetic Relationships of Asclepias (Apocynaceae) Inferred from Non-Coding Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 36(4):1008-1023. 2011.

###### Asclepias clade incarnata/verticillata

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Asclepiadinae — Asclepias :
| Genus Asclepias | Milkweed | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Asclepias incarnata L. ssp. incarnata1753. Asclepias incarnata L. in Sp. Pl.:215 1796. Asclepias verecunda Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton:150 1831. Asclepias amoena Brongn. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 24:275, nom. illeg. 1838. Asclepias albiflora Raf. in New Fl. 4:62 1844. Acerates incarnata (L.) Decne. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 8:523 1844. Asclepias maritima Raf. ex Decne. in A.P.de Candolle, not validly publ. | Western swamp milkweed, Swamp milkweed, Rose milkweedAsclépiade incarnate, Asclépiade rouge | Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias incarnata L.ssp. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Woodson1798. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. ex Willd.1840. Asclepias maritima Raf. non Jacq.1921. A. incarnatavar. neoscotica1954. A. incarnatavar. pulchra | Eastern swamp milkweed, Swamp milkweed | Native, CoC: 4, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 3? | USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias verticillata L.1753. Asclepias verticillata L. | Whorled milkweed, Eastern whorled milkweed, Horsetail milkweed | Native, CoC: 9, Threatened, NYNHP: S2 FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 3 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias curassavica L.1753. Asclepias curassavica L. | Madagascar cottonbush Tropical milkweed Bloodflower | Introduced from  Neotropics, Highly invasive,  Invasive.org: ,  GRIIS-US: Invasive, Not listed NYFA | NYFA: ? counties GBIF ? counties | Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Rare Plant Status Lists, March 2019, Compiled by Stephen M. Young, New York Natural Heritage Program. ||||||

###### Asclepias clade syriaca/speciosa

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Asclepiadinae — Asclepias :
| Genus Asclepias | Milkweed | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Asclepias syriaca L.1762. Asclepias syriaca L.1840. A. serica Raf.1844. A. cornuti Decne.1904. A. kansana Vail1935. A. syriacavar. kansana | Common milkweed, Kansas milkweed, Silkweed, Virginia silkAsclépiade commune, Cochons de lait, Herbe à coton | Native, CoC: 0, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.1767. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq.1818. A. vanilla Raf.1840. A. quadrifoliavar. oppositifolia | Fourleaf milkweed, Four-leaved milkweed, Whorled milkweedAsclépiade à quatre feuilles | Native, CoC: 7, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias tuberosa L.1753. Asclepias tuberosa L.1753. Asclepias decumbens L. | Butterfly-weed, Butterfly milkweed, Orange milkweed, Pleurisy rootAsclépiade tubéreuse, Asclépiade de l'intérieur | Native, CoC: 2, Likely secure | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm.1797. A. amplexicaulis Sm.1803. A. obtusifolia Michx.1832. A. rotundifolia Raf.1930. A. gladewitzii Farw. | Clasping milkweed, Blunt-leaved milkweed | Native, CoC: 2, Likely secure | NYFA: 4 | USDA-N Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias exaltata L.1756. Asclepias exaltata L.1762. A. syriacavar. exaltata1788. A. polystachya Walter1814. A. phytolaccoidesG.F. Lyon ex Pursh1904. A. bicknellii Vail | Poke milkweed, Tall milkweedAsclépiade très grande, Grande asclépiade | Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias purpurascens L.1753. Asclepias purpurascens L.1753. A. amoena L.1794. A. compressa Moench1832. A. dasypus Raf.1840. A. gonalis Raf. | Purple milkweed, Eastern purple milkweedAsclépiade pourprée | Native, CoC: 2, Threatened, USFS-CA, NYNHP: 2 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 2-3 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias viridiflora Raf.1808. Asclepias viridiflora Raf.1819. As. lanceolata E.Ives (i)1824. As. viridifloravar. lanceolata1829. Acerates viridiflora(Raf.) Pursh ex Eaton1841. Acerates lanceolata Steud.1946. As. viridifloravar. linearis | Green milkweed, Green comet milkweed, Short green milkweed, Green-flowered milkweedAsclépiade à fleurs vertes | Native, CoC: 10, Threatened, NYNHP: 2 | NYFA: 2 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias variegata | White milkweed, Redring milkweed | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1 | NYFA: 1 | USDA-N Go Botany BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias rubra L.1753. Asclepias rubra L.1788. A. cordata Walter (i)1803. A. laurifolia Michx.1814. A. acuminata Pursh1818. A. periplocaefolia Nutt.1903. A. rubravar. laurifolia | Red milkweed, Tall pink bog milkweed | Native, CoC: 10, No recent reports OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade | NYFA: Z | USDA-N Go Botany-0 VASCAN-0 ITIS BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias × intermedia Vail  Asclepias amplexicaulis ×   Asclepias syriaca1904. Asclepias intermedia Vail | Intermediate milkweed, Hybrid of  clasping milkweed &  common milkweed | Native, Unranked | NYFA: ? | USDA-NN BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Asclepias speciosa Torr.1827. Asclepias speciosa Torr.1837. Asclepias douglasii Hook.1931. Asclepias giffordii Eastw. | Showy milkweed, Greek milkweedBelle asclépiade | Introduced from  w. North America, N. America native, No reports | NYFA: P | USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| A. speciosa × syriaca  Asclepias speciosa ×   Asclepias syriaca | Hybrid  Showy milkweed &  Common milkweed | Native, Introduced, No reports | | BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Asclepias purpurascens. Threatened, S2S3/G5?. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Asclepias viridiflora. Threatened, S2/Gx. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Asclepias variegata. Endangered, S1/G5. ↑ David Werier (2014) "New York Vascular Plant Desiderata List" ver. 15 May 2014 ||||||

##### Subtribe Cynanchinae

* Many sources, including the New York Flora Atlas still include the Vincetoxicum species in Cynanchum.

###### Cynanchum

Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Cynanchinae — Cynanchum :
| Genus Cynanchum L. | Swallow-wort | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers.1803. Gonolobus laevis Michx.1805. Cynanchum laeve Pers.1818. Enslenia albida Nutt.1894. Ampelamus albidus Britton2001. Ampelamus laevis Krings | Honeyvine, Smooth swallowwort, Climbing milkweedDompte-venin glabre | Introduced, US South native | | NYFA: X | USDA-NX VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |

##### Subtribe Tylophorinae
###### Vincetoxicum

* Vincetoxicum includes the two very highly invasive alien vines black swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum nigrum) and pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum), also known as dog-strangling vines, which are both well-established in parts of New York State. Aside from their general invasiveness and the subsequent loss of habitat for native plants, these milkweed relatives have been implicated in luring monarch butterflies away from native milkweed as a place to lay eggs. Because only milkweed can supprort monarch larvae, those that hatch from eggs laid on the swallow-wort cannot survive.
* As with some other invasive plants, when swallow-wort is first introduced in an area, its rate of spread is fairly slow, so the rate of future spread and the difficulty of controlling it is often underestimated. A phenomenon called the Allee effect is responsible for increasing the growth rate of individual swallow-wort plants as their population increases and the population of competing plants declines, up to a limit of course. The root cause of this effect is not certain, but a likely contributor is allelopathy on the part of the invasive swallow-worts, which both produce the phytotoxin -(-) antofine.
* ↑ Naomi Cappuccino (2004). "Allee effect in an invisive alien plant, pale swallow-wort Vincetoxicum rossicum (Asclepiadaceae)." OIKOS 106: 3-8, 2004.
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Tylophorinae — Vincetoxicum :
| Genus Vincetoxicum | Swallow-wort | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench1753. Asclepias nigra L. 1802. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench 1805. Cynanchum nigrum Pers. nom. illeg. 1991. Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi | Black swallow-wort, Black dog-strangling vine, Climbing poison, Louise's swallow-wortDompte-venin noir, Cynaque noir, Cynanche noire | Introduced from  southern Europe, Very highly invasive,  NYIS: 90%, Prohibited, CP-2 Perennial, Forb-herb, vine | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar.1929. Cynanchum rossicum Kleopow1950. Vincetoxicum rossicum Barbar.1952. Antitoxicum rossicum Pobed.auct. Cynanchum medium non R.Br.auct. Vincetoxicum medium non Dcne. | Pale swallow-wort, European swallow-wort, Dog-strangling vine (DSV)Dompte-venin de Russie | Introduced from  eastern Europe, Very highly invasive,  NYIS: 88%, Prohibited, CP-3 Perennial, Forb-herb, vine | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.1753. Asclepias vincetoxicum L.1790. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.1794. Vincetoxicum officinale Moench1805. Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers.1883. Vincetoxicum vincetoxicum H.Karst.1961. Alexitoxicon vincetoxicum H.P.Fuchs | White swallow-wort, Pale swallow-wort, White dog-strangling vine, Poison-rope swallowwortDompte-venin officinal | Introduced, Questionable Perennial, Forb-herb, vine | NYFA: X | USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cynanchum louiseae: Very high (90). 1 2 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cynanchum rossicum: Very high (88). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Vincetoxicum hirundinaria is not thought to be widely naturalized in North America. New York specimens may be a whiter shade of Vincetoxicum rossicum ||||||

##### Subtribe Oxypetalinae
###### Araujia

* Araujia sericiferaSouth American bladderflower (Araujia) species have not been reported in New York. White bladderflower (Araujia sericifera) is widely naturalized and of concern in regions with Mediterranean-type climates. It is listed as highly invasive, tier 1b in New York State.
* ↑ Plants of the World Online (2022) Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
* ↑ York State Invasive Species Tiers (2022) New York Natural Heritage Program
Gentianales — Apocynaceae — Asclepiadoideae — Asclepiadeae — Oxypetalinae — Araujia :
| Genus Araujia | Bladderflower | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NPT |
| Araujia sericifera Brot.1817. Araujia sericifera Brot. 1829. Apocynum volubine Vell. 1885. Araujia hortorum E.Fourn. | White bladderflower ⓘ Cape-dandelion ⓘ | Introduced from  South America, Potentially invasive, Not listed in NY | | NYFA: Not listed iNat GBIF 0 counties | POWO Images Wikispecies |