OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Frank Randell Bradley
### Frank Randell Bradley

Frank Randell Bradley was an early wireless experimenter, holding callsign 3ZK Sandringham (later A3ZK, OA3ZK, VK3ZK) from as early as 1923, through to 1930. The Wireless Regulations were altered in 1924, requiring examinations in telegraphy skills and wireless reception and transmission theory. While his position within the Postmaster-General's Department would likely have permitted an exemption, he took the examination and was awarded Amateur Operator's Proficiency Certificate No 2, being the first in Victoria. He relocated to Sydney for his employment from 1931 and in accordance with the regulations of the day, was allocated callsign 2JB (VK2JB). He does not seem to have been prominent in amateur radio circles during the 1920s and 1930s, but this requires further research. Amateur radio operations were closed down in 1939 with the commencement of hostilities for the Second World War. At the conclusion of the war, after a period, amateur radio again commenced, however Bradley did not reapply for a licence.
Bradley was born in South Australia and was educated there at the School of Mines and the University of Adelaide. He excelled academically with strong results in all subjects. He commenced with the Postmaster-General's Department in the usual way as a telegraph messenger. He transferred to Melbourne about 1920 for promotion within the PMGD, concluding there in 1930 as Superintendent of Telegraphs. Another transfer to Sydney occurred in 1931 for a further promotion within the PMGD. In 1946 he transferred to Brisbane as Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Queensland, a position formerly held by James Joseph Malone.
A comprehensive biography of Frank Randell Bradley has not yet been prepared, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - Frank Randell Bradley - More than 270 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Frank Randell Bradley - Nothing uploaded as yet
* Bradley's 1934 article on the History of the Electric Telegraph in Australia - Essentially complete excepting formatting
* Work-in-progress of Wikipedia Article - Just started
In the National Library of Australia's Trove website, more than 300 articles have been tagged as "3ZK-2JB - Frank Randell Bradley" (search publictag:3ZK-2JB - Frank Randell Bradley)
A search in Trove on "F. R. Bradley" identifies more than one thousand articles, the majority of which refer to Frank Randell Bradley, those tagged to date are a quick review to identify the most important for this Wikibook
# Proteomics/Protein - Protein Interactions/Factors

Page Edited and Updated by: Dan Surdyk
E-mail: dfs6389@rit.edu
This Section:

## Factors Affecting Protein Protein Interactions

The analysis of protein protein interactions can be of two kinds :
* Qualitative
* Quantitative
In both the cases we have factors related to the interactions Factors affecting the qualitative analysis are discussed before. In this section we would mainly try to concentrate on the quantitative analysis.

## Factors Affecting the Quantitative protein protein interactions

With regards to binding factors we mean whether the interaction is one-to-one or one-to-many binding. The one-to-one binding interactions can be quantified very easily but the problems lies when one protein has more than one binding sites. For one-to-many binding sites, there can be again two possibilities. If all these many binding are not associated with each other or in other words independent of each other we can just treat each binding as one-to-one and then sum them up all together. But if all these interactions are dependent on each other then we have to deal with its allosteric affects.
So the factors affecting the binding properties are :
* Affinity
* Kinetics
* Thermodynamics Properties

### Affinity

* Ka (affinity constant) or Kd(dissociation Constant)
* Kd=1/Ka

### Kinetics

* k(ass) or k(on) association rate constant or on rate
* K(diss) or K(off) dissociation rate constant or off rate

### Thermodynamics properties

* Enthalpy Change
* Entropy Change
* Heat Capacity change
* Gibbs free energy change
* Role of Water

#### Role of Water

Since most of the protein protein interactions take place in acqueous phase we should also consider the affect of water in an interaction. Water makes the environment quite hydrophobic and considerably favourable for protein interactions as they are also hydrophobic molecules.Due to the abundance of water molecules, most of the bonds need to be broken to make the protein interactions favorable.Water can also act as a cementing material in the hydrophobic gaps between two proteins.

## References (Open Access)

[http://www.biology.ucsd.edu/classes/bggn220.FA06/ProtProtinteractions.pdf Factors Affecting Protein-Protein Interaction
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Francis Michael Nolan
## Transcriptions and Notes

More than 50 key articles relevant to Francis Michael Nolan, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: Francis Michael Nolan - Transcriptions and Notes
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Francis Herbert Hellawell

Francis Herbert Hellawell was a well known early wireless experimenter in the period before WW1. He was a member of the brief lived Wireless Institute of Queensland, but does not appear to have continued his interest through the Queensland Wireless Institute post WW1. He was a contemporary of Edward Gustavus Campbell Barton and was a member of the Queensland Electrical Association with Barton in the 1890s. He was originally a testing officer with the Department of Posts and Telegraphs in Victoria from 1882 and accepted a similar position in the Queensland department. He retired in 1931 and passed suddenly in 1932 while visiting relations in Victoria. The Boundy family was known in Victoria through their association with the earliest discoveries of gold in Victoria in 1851. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - Francis Herbert Hellawell - More than 50 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Francis Herbert Hellawell - Nothing uploaded as yet
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Francis William Nolan
## Transcriptions and Notes

More than 50 key articles relevant to Francis William Nolan, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: Francis William Nolan - Transcriptions and Notes
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Florence Violet Granville/Research
## Florence Violet Granville - Research

Phrases searched comprehensively in Trove:
F. V. Wallace (thoroughly checked & tagged in Trove)
Florence Violet Wallace (thoroughly checked & tagged in Trove)
Violet Wallace (thoroughly checked & tagged in Trove)
F. V. McKenzie (thoroughly checked & tagged in Trove)
Florence Violet McKenzie (thoroughly checked & tagged in Trove)
Violet McKenzie
Women's Emergency Signalling Corps (almost 500 hits, perhaps 100 tagged for Mrs Mac)

## Timeline

Working from 103 Rawson-chambers, Rawson-place, as electrical contractor 1917-1918+
# Imperialism/Imperialism in Education
## Economics

Apart from the urging desire of territorial expansion, there was also an economic rivalry that existed between the Great Powers before World War I. In Britain, many discussed about the threat which German firms represented to the traditional British primacy in Europe. Amongst them, the author Ernest Edwin Williams published a book called ‘Made in Germany’ in 1986, in which he warned that England’s industrial supremacy was staggering to its fall, and according to him, this was largely due to the challenge which German competition represented to British business. In fact, after World War I, some historians had even suggested that Britain had seized the opportunity represented by the July crisis in 1914, only to precipitate a war against its chief economic rival in Europe, and thus to remove a threat to its own commercial primacy. While on the one hand, businessmen whose profits were directly threatened by German firms sounded like the most alarming, on the other hand, those who profited from dealings with Germany showed a lot of enthusiasm and eagerly pointed out the benefits of mutual trade. After all, the economic relation between these two nations was not a zero-sum game in which, for one to prosper, the other had to lose. As a matter of fact, Britain relied on Germany as much as it was threatened by it. German customers represented Britain’s second largest export market after the United States. But while businessmen were worried at the prospect of foreign competition, they were even more afraid about the general collapse in trade that the war would bring about. This was the case for the so-called ‘Merchants of death’, with arms manufacturers such as Schneider Creusot in France or Škoda in Austro-Hungary. These firms made considerable amounts of money through contracts with their governments to produce battleships, guns and other weapons of war. But they also prospered by selling armaments to foreign powers. Moreover, they were well-aware that whatever short-term profits would be made by war time, contracts would be more than offset by the loss of overseas markets due to the general disruption in trade caused by war. There was then, little enthusiasm amongst businessmen for war in 1914. Indeed, when for the first time since it had been established in 1801, the British government closed the London stock exchange on July the 31st 1914, there was panic among investors who were worried that they would be ruined by a general collapse of the world financial system. A delegation of investors even went to see David Lloyd Judge, the British treasury minister, imploring him to keep the United Kingdom out of any continental conflict. After the war, Loyd Judge wrote in his memoirs ‘There are those who pretend to believe that this was a war intrigued, organized and dictated by financiers who ascribed our actions in 1914 to the irritation produced by a growing jealousy of Germany's strength and prosperity. It is a foolish and ignorant libel to call this a financiers war’. In fact, money was a frightened and trembling thing. Money suffered the prospect of war.
# Improvisational Acting/Rules/Music
## The Main Rules

If you're just learning Improv, This below are some rules copied from 'the main rules of improvisation in theater', take a look and realize, this works for the creation of improvised music too. just rhetorically speaking. here are the main rules that you should be concerned about.

## Yes, and...

Often considered the main rule of Improv, all it says is that you are not allowed to accuse anything that anybody else said is false. Instead, add on to it.. For example, here is an example of a scene where "Yes, and..." is not used:
SUGGESTION: tournament
1: Alright, are you ready to tee off? 2: What are you talking about? We're not on a golf course, we're at a basketball court! The scene is instantly killed, because there's nowhere for player 1 to go with the scene. Here's an example of "Yes, and..." used correctly:
1: Alright, are you ready to tee off? 2: Yeah, but I'm pretty nervous. It's the last hole, and I'm ahead by 2 strokes. Player 2 has now added on to the scene, and developed a problem and a place for the scene to go.

## Don't Try To Be Funny

Very important, especially for beginning improvisers. Don't try to be funny. Humor will come naturally out of the scene without any effort. Just try to act out the scene, and the game or elements will add humor. For example, which of these is funnier:
SUGGESTION: cheerleader and car
1: Aw man, my car ran out of gas, and I'm all out of money. 2: I'll give you a dollar if you make me laugh. 1: Poop. Both players 1 and 2 tried to be "funny", and ended up making a stupid scene. Instead, look at the following scene, where people just act the scene out naturally.
1: Aw man, my car ran out of gas, and I'm all out of money. I guess I'll have to dance for money at this bar. 2: What are you doing? 1: Alright? Ready? Okay! {does cheerleading routine} 2: What is going on? 1: Alright! Anybody? Tips? Anybody? The scene is funny because it's a situation that we don't normally see, and not because everybody was trying to be funny.

## Playing Off Lines

Don't go into a scene with a set agenda. Instead, listen to what other people say, and base your next line off of that. Here's an example where people have gone into the scene with set agendas:
SUGGESTION: spies
1: Alright, the Queen's given us her directions. Let's go. 2: Let's go get the diamond! 1: Uh oh, we need to go through a pit of snakes! It is almost like two scenes are going on at the same time, with neither person listening to each other. Here's an example of "Playing Off Lines" used correctly:
1: Alright, the Queen's given us her directions. Let's go. 2: I just need to know why the Queen needs this diamond. 1: I don't think that it's important, it's just that she wants to mount it on her ring. Now that the two actors are listening to each other, the scene takes shape, and humor.
# Immunology/Vaccines

The adaptive immune system is slow to recognize new diseases, but can react faster to diseases the immune system has previously recognized. Vaccines are a means of attaining immunity to disease by training the adaptive immune system of the body so the immune system is prepared when a real example of the disease is encountered.
Typically vaccines are made of either a version of the disease which has been rendered impotent, or some component of a pathogen which the immune system recognizes. This is done to eliminate or reduce the danger caused by the disease.
Back to Immunology || Previous Chapter: Cancer || Next Chapter: Experimental Methods in Immunology
# Immunology/Transplants

There are three types of transplantation: autotransplantation (transplantation of self-tissue), allotransplantation (transplantation of non-self tissue from another non-identical individual of the same species), and xenotransplantation (transplantation of tissue from another species). With the exception of autotransplantation, all types of tissue transplants have a risk of undesired immune responses that result in the rejection of the transplanted tissue or disease. Both of these complications that can arise are a result of genetic incompatibility that is recognized by immune cells. Success of transplantation is dependent upon the similarity (histocompatibility) of the antigens of the donated tissue with that of self-antigens. Similarity at certain genetic sites (loci) are more important (major histocompatibility complex - MHC) than others (minor histocompatibility antigen MiHA) due to their broad expression on various types of tissue and their frequent interaction with immune cells.
Back to Immunology || Previous Chapter: Autoimmunity || Next Chapter: Cancer
# Improving Our Communication
## 01.03.06

Two persons are getting information from a source.
Everybody associates something different with single words. They would not understand each other, because they have different definitions of the words.
Their communication may look like this:
Both persons share their associations around the single words.
Their communication may look like this:
In detail everybody has some associations with single words.
You could share these associations, which doubles everyone's knowledge around this single word.
How to do this? Here is a suggestion:
* You take a single <word>
* Everybody is writing a sentence. Always starting with <word>
* You get to know each other's associations with this specific <word>
You should get something like this:
and so on.
Like the idea behind wikipedia. Sharing information. But sharing them around single words.
Basic idea behind:
* language carries information
* the single word is the first module
* the single word is understood very different, because humans are different.

## 02.03.06

Person A has losely connected some words.
Person B too:
Now they start sharing their associations around these single words and they are both profiting from it. Their network of associations has grown and is now stronger than before.

## 09.03.06

A way to solve the problem of different associations and sharing them may be this wiki:
    http://wikinition.common-culture.net/index.php/Hauptseite

## 12.03.06

An example how to set up linked words in a very easy way on a Windows XP machine with Open Office.
Picture 1: I want to connect the words: "Germany" and "France"
Picture 2: Click on "Germany". What information do I have in connection to this word?
Picture 3: Click on "France". France is related to Germany.
What about putting them both in a folder called "Europe"? Let's connect both together and write everything down to "Europe".
# Improvisational Acting

Improvisational Acting is acting spontaneously without a script, either for fun or out of necessity. It is often used for comic effect in theater. It can also be used to cover for missing/forgotten lines or just to add more creativity (if the director and the situation permit). It is a good way to extend and deepen the interpretation of a character and is generally useful for any acting situation, even for stand-up comics as a way to engage the public.

## Beginning Improv

* The Rules of Improv
* Improv Games for Beginners
* The Rules of Improv with music
# Immunology/The Complement System

Complement serves to opsonize antigens, lyse pathogens, and mediate inflammation. There are three pathways by which complement can act: classical, alternative, and MB Lectin.
Back to Immunology || Previous Chapter: Cytokines || Next Chapter: Inflammation
# Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Cancer prevention

* Between 30-50% of all cancer cases are preventable
* Prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer
* National policies and programmes should be implemented to raise awareness, to reduce exposure to cancer risk factors and to ensure that people are provided with the information and support they need to adopt healthy lifestyles
# Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Most commons

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
    See also: Epidemiology in USA and Worldwide epidemiology

## By demographic

* Men age 15-35: most common is testicular

## Gynecologic

* Most common gynecologic malignancy: 1) endometrial (46%), 2) ovarian, 3) cervical (16%)
    Endometrial makes up only 6.3% of malignancies in women.
* Deaths: Endometrial, 6500/yr (24%)
* In 1930s, cervical was the most common cause of cancer death in women.

## Gastrointestinal

* 6% - Esophagus - 14,550 cases, 13,770 deaths (in 2006)
* ?% - Gastric - 21,700 cases, 12,800 deaths (in 2001).
* 1 - 4% - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
* 0.1 - 3% - GIST

## Pediatric cancers

12,000 cases/yr
* 6th most common (under age 15) - osteosarcoma - 400/yr
* Bone tumors: 1st - osteosarcoma, 2nd - Ewing's
* Most common extracranial solid malignancy - Neuroblastoma
* Most common malignancy of infants - Neuroblastoma
* 4% (of pediatric malignancies) - Rhabdomyosarcoma
# Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Taiwan Cancer Registry/Taiwan Cancer Registry (Female)

Cancer Incidence (2016) by Taiwan Cancer Registry for Female Cancer:
* Breast cancer
* Colon cancer
* Lung cancer
* Thyroid cancer
* Liver cancer
* Endometrial cancer
* Ovarian cancer
* Cervical cancer
* Skin cancer
* Gastric cancer
# Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Cancer Epidemiology and Survival

## Cancer Epidemiology

* USA
* Worldwide
* China
* Taiwan
* Cancer epidemiology
* By cancer site
* List of most commons
* Survival data
* Cancer screening
* Cancer prevention

## Known/Probable Human Carcinogens

IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF CARCINOGENIC HAZARDS TO HUMANS
* /Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans (120 agents)
* /Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans (88 agents)
* /Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (313 agents)
* /Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (499 agents)

## Radiotherapy Epidemiology

* Sweden; 2003 PMID 14596502 -- "A prospective survey of radiotherapy practice 2001 in Sweden." (Moller TR, Acta Oncol. 2003;42(5-6):387-410.)

## Global Oncology

* JCO Global Oncology - ASCO Journals
* Global Oncology | Global Health | JAMA | JAMA Network
# Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Cancer screening

* Cancer screening aims to detect cancer before symptoms appear
* This may involve blood tests, urine tests, DNA tests, other tests, or medical imaging
* The benefits of screening in terms of cancer prevention, early detection and subsequent treatment must be weighed against any harms
# Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Taiwan Cancer Registry
## Cancer Epidemiology

* Taiwan Cancer Registry Website
* Chiang et al. (2016) Incidence and survival of adult cancer patients in Taiwan, 2002–2012. J Formos Med Assoc. 2016 Dec;115(12):1076-1088. (PMID 26786251)
* A total of 105,832 people diagnosed with various types of cancer in 2016 in Taiwan
* Estimated a new cancer case every four minutes and 58 seconds
* Median age for cancer diagnosis about 63 years of age
* Cancer Incidence (2016) in Taiwan:
(1) Colon cancer
(2) Lung cancer
(3) Female breast cancer
(4) Liver cancer
(5) Oral cavity cancer (including oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, etc.)
(6) Prostate cancer
(7) Thyroid cancer
(8) Stomach cancer
(9) Skin cancer
(10) Esophageal cancer
* Male Cancer Incidence (2016) in Taiwan:
(1) Colon cancer
(2) Liver cancer
(3) Lung cancer
(4) Oral cavity cancer (including oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, etc.)
(5) Prostate cancer
(6) Esophageal cancer
(7) Gastric cancer
(8) Skin cancer
(9) Bladder cancer
(10) Leukemia
* Female Cancer Incidence (2016) in Taiwan:
(1) Breast cancer
(2) Colon cancer
(3) Lung cancer
(4) Thyroid cancer
(5) Liver cancer
(6) Endometrial cancer
(7) Ovarian cancer
(8) Cervical cancer
(9) Skin cancer
(10) Gastric cancer
* Childhood Cancer Incidence (PMID 25599927) in Taiwan:
(1) Leukemia
(2) Brain tumor
(3) Lymphoma
(4) Neuroblastoma
(5) Germ cell tumor
(6) Osteosarcoma
(7) Soft tissue sarcoma
(8) Wilms' tumor
(9) Hepatic tumor
(10) Retinoblatoma
* The 10 leading causes of cancer death in 2016 in Taiwan

## Radiation Oncology

* /Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
** Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (Ther Radiol Oncol; TRO; 2616-2768), launched in September 2017 and originated in 1994 and known in the field as the Blue Journal, publishes papers describing original research, case reports and clinical investigations related to radiation oncology
** This includes clinical radiotherapy, radiobiology, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, tumor biology, experimental therapeutics and clinical oncology. It also covers fields of medical physics, radiology, nursing care, education, technology, health information and health policy as it relates to radiology and oncology
* /Taiwan Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
* /Taiwan Society of Neutron Capture Therapy
* /Chinese Society of Medical Physics
# Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Taiwan Cancer Registry/Childhood Cancer (Taiwan)

* Leukemia
* Brain tumor
* Lymphoma
* Neuroblastoma
* Germ cell tumor
* Osteosarcoma
* Soft tissue sarcoma
* Wilms' tumor
* Hepatic tumor
* Retinoblatoma
# Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/Cancer Incidence in Taiwan

Cancer Incidence (2016) by Taiwan Cancer Registry:
* Colon cancer
* Lung cancer
* Female breast cancer
* Liver cancer
* Oral cavity cancer (including oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, etc.)
* Prostate cancer
* Thyroid cancer
* Stomach cancer
* Skin cancer
* Esophageal cancer