OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Electronics/Voltage Dividers
### Ideal case

Consider the illustration below. Assume initially that no current is flowing in or out of the terminal marked Vout. In this case, the only path for current is from V$_{in}$ through R$_1$ and R$_2$ to GND. The equivalent resistance of this configuration is R$_1$+R$_2$ since these are resistors in series. From Ohm's law the current flowing through both resistors is
Also from Ohm's law, we know that the voltage drops across the resistors are I*R$_1$ and I*R$_2$ respectively. A quick check shows that the sum of the voltage drops across the resistors adds up to V$_{in}$. Now we can calculate the voltage at V$_{out}$ (still assuming that no current flows through the terminal V$_{out}$). In this case the voltage is just
where the 0V is the voltage at GND. If we substitute what we calculated for I, we obtain
This is the voltage divider equation for the ideal case where no current flows through the output. Another way of saying that no current flows through the output is that the output has infinite resistance. A quick mental check using $I=V/R$ shows that the voltage calculated divided by infinity equals zero

### Non-ideal case - finite resistance outputs

In the non-ideal case, we need to consider the resistance of the output. If we assume that the resistance of the output is R$_3$ (and it is connected only to GND), we need to modify our analysis as follows. Now we have two resistors in parallel from the V$_{out}$ junction to GND. The equivalent resistance of the parallel resistors then is
and the equivalent resistance of the entire circuit is
This yields a current of
Now we multiply this by $R_{eq}$ calculated above to obtain the output voltage:
Normally R$_2$ will be much smaller than R$_3$ so R$_{eq}$ will be approximately equal to R$_2$. Keep in mind that a resistance R$_3$ that is 100 times as large as R$_2$ results in a voltage sag of about 1% and that a resistance R$_3$ that is 10 times as large as R$_2$ results in an almost 10% voltage sag.

### Non-ideal case - complex impedance

Both voltage divider equations hold for complex impedances. Just substitute Z's for R's and do the complex arithmetic. The resulting equations are just the following:
# Electronics Bible/Inductor

Inductor is an electronics device made from a coil of many circular loops that can store energy as Magnetic field

## Inductance

Inductance represents inductor's capability to store energy as Magnetic field . Inductor has a symbol $L$ and measured in unit Henry $H$
    $L={\frac {B}{i}}$
Inductor can be made from a coil of many circular loops that has inductance
    $L=\mu i{\frac {Nl}{A}}$
From above
    $L={\frac {B}{i}}=\mu i{\frac {Nl}{A}}$
    $\mu ={\frac {B}{i^{2}}}{\frac {A}{Nl}}$

## Electricity response of inductor
### Inductor and DC electricity

Electric charge
    $B=LI$ . Ampere's law
Capacitance
    $I={\frac {B}{L}}$
Voltage
    $L={\frac {B}{I}}$

### Inductor and AC electricity

Voltage
    $v(t)=L{\frac {d}{dt}}i(t)$
Current
    $i(t)={\frac {1}{L}}\int v(t)dt$
Power
    $p(t)={\frac {1}{2}}Li^{2}(t)$
Impedance
    $Z={\frac {v(t)}{i(t)}}=R_{L}+X_{L}=R+\omega L\angle 90=R+j\omega L=R+sL$
Reactance
    $X_{L}=\omega L\angle 90=j\omega L=sL$
Phase angle
    $Tan\theta =\omega T$
Time constant
    $T={\frac {L}{R}}$
# English-Hanzi/Xi Jinping proposed to jointly build a new economic zone-the Silk Road Economic Belt

Xi Jinping visited Astana, Kazakhstan and Southeast Asia in September and October 2013 and proposed to jointly build a new economic zone-the Silk Road Economic Belt. Basically, the "economic belt" includes the countries of Central Asia, West Asia, the Middle East, and Europe on the original Silk Road.
习近平于2013年9月和10月访问了阿斯塔纳，哈萨克斯坦和东南亚，并提议共同建设一个新的经济区-丝绸之路经济带。 基本上，“经济带”包括原始丝绸之路上的中亚，西亚，中东和欧洲国家。
# English-Hanzi/Xiaolongbao

Xiaolongbao is a dianxin that is originated from China. It is a kind of steamed dumpling. Its filling is made of different ingredients, such as meat, seafood, and vegetables.
小笼包 是 源自 中国 的 点心。它 是 一种 蒸制 的 团子。它的 馅料 是 用 不同 的 成分 制成 的，如 肉类，海鲜 和 蔬菜。
# English-Hanzi/Yemen

Special:search/Yemen prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/Middle East prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/Asia prefix:English-Hanzi/
Yemen is a country in the west of Asia. Its population is 27.6 million. Its capital is Sana'a.
Yemen 是 一个 在 亚洲 西部 的 国家。它的 人口 是 2760万。它的 首都 是 Sana'a。
# English-Hanzi/Writing

Writing is the words that are written on something.
文字是写在某些东西上的词语。
# English-Hanzi/Xianggu is a kind of mushroom

Xianggu is a kind of mushroom originated from the east of Asia.
香菇是一种源自亚洲东部的蘑菇。
# English-Hanzi/Yoga

Special:search/yoga prefix:English-Hanzi/
Yoga is an exercise originated from India. It uses different postures to stretch joints and muscles, in order to boost blood circulation.
yoga 是 源自 India 的 运动。它 用 不同 的 姿势 来 拉伸 关节 和 肌肉，以 促进 血液 循环。
# English-Hanzi/Worldwide, about 50 million people suffer from dementia

Worldwide, about 50 million people suffer from dementia, and nearly 10 million new cases are reported each year.
在世界范围内，约有5000万人患有痴呆症，每年报告的新病例接近1000万。
# English-Hanzi/Worn joints can cause neck pain

Worn joints can cause neck pain. Just like other joints of the body, the neck joints will gradually wear out with age. Arthritis can cause the cushion between the spinal bones of the neck to worsen. Then, the body forms bone spurs, which affect joint movement and cause pain.
磨损的关节会导致颈部疼痛。就像身体的其他关节一样，颈部关节会随着年龄的增长而逐渐磨损。 关节炎会导致颈椎骨之间的缓冲变差。 然后，身体形成骨刺，影响关节运动并引起疼痛。
# English-Hanzi/Xiajiao

Special:search/xiajiao prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/dumpling prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/dianxin prefix:English-Hanzi/
Xiajiao (shrimp dumpling) is a kind of dumpling originated from China. Its main filling is shrimps.
虾饺 是 一种 起源于 中国 的 团子。它的 主要 馅料 是 虾。
# English-Hanzi/Year

A year is a period of 365 days, or 366 in a leap year, divided into 12 months. It includes January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December.
一年 有 365天，闰年 为 366天，分为 12个 月。它 包括 一月，二月，三月，四月，五月，六月，七月，八月，九月，十月，十一月，和 十二月。
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Procurement plan

Templates - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
This template can be used both for Programme plans and/or Project Plans
- knowledge area: Procurement
PROJECT / Programme PROCUREMENT PLAN
Project Name: Prepared by: Date (MM/DD/YYYY):

## Procurement Definition

Describe, in specific terms, what items will be procured and under what conditions:

## Contract Responsibility

Project Team members who are authorized to enter into contract agreements or purchase for the Team (insert rows as needed): Name: Phone: Responsibility:

## Vendor Selection

Describe what steps the project team will take to select a vendor (e.g. RFI, RFP)

## Decision Criteria

Define the circumstances under which a contract may be initiated:

### Contract Type

Document which types of contracts will be used and what actions need to be taken to initiate procurement.

### Contract Standards

Provide the standards for documentation that will need to be initiated and maintained for each contract.

## Vendor Management

Describe what steps the project team will take to ensure that the vendor provides all of the products and/or services (and only the products and/or services) that were agreed upon, and that appropriate levels of quality are maintained..
Project Procurement Plan / Signatures Project Name:
Project Manager: I have reviewed the information contained in this Project Procurement Plan and agree: Name Role Signature Date (MM/DD/YYYY)
The signatures above indicate an understanding of the purpose and content of this document by those signing it. By signing this document, they agree to this as the formal Procurement Plan.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Programme plan

The programme plan is the deliverable that terminates the Design phase and opens the of implementation phase of programme cycle management)
A program plan may have a different format according if it is meant for the project partners as external stakeholders. When the plan is meant mainly for an audience of internal stakeholders the operations plan may contain more details for specifying all the tasks required for managing the activities and delivering the expected products/services. However in many cases external stakeholders like donors and other partners will be interested to see such details and monitor the implementation of activities because they have to justify to others the resources they have invested in the project/programme.
It is a good practice to divide the plan into two main portions:
* The description of the organization (or consortium) that is responsible for the Program
* The description of the Objectives and the Methodology of the Program

## The description of the organization (or consortium) that is responsible for the Program

* Programme Context
** Background
** Current Status
** Future Plans
* Programme Activity Sectors
** Sector of activity: Characteristics
** Sector of activity Trends
** Programme Activity Sectors

## The description of the Objectives and the Methodology of the Program

* Programme Expected Outcomes and Impact
* Programme Fund Raising and Marketing
* Programme Operations plan
* Programme Management plan
* Human Resources management
* Programme Partnership Management
* Programme Quality Plan

## Other tools

Guidelines to Project Managers on Effective Writing
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The Development Organization

The Development Organization
In this section of the handbook, titled "Development Cooperation in Action: steps and tools" (in the right hand column of the Table of Contents), we share indications and tools that are useful for persons and organizations that work in development cooperation actions. (more about the difference in the contents in ⇒ handbook content).
No one co-operates alone, and the quality of the job done is determined by the professionalism and sincerity of organizations that implement the job.
Conventionally, organizations are classified according to different organizational types and organizational structures; however what really makes a substantial difference is the strength of the organizational identity, the vitality of the organizational mission and the cohesiveness of the organizational teams.
We find a parallelism between the cooperation done by individual colleagues within an organization and the cooperation among partner organizations associated in a consortium established for managing a development program or project. Establishing a cooperation programme among different organizations is like creating a temporary meta-organization, where each organization becomes an associate partner of the other, until program objectives are achieved. Organizations with a healthy internal communication and cooperation climate are those better capable of managing programme partnerships. On the other hand, working in cooperation actions improves the capacity among development actors to cooperate with colleagues within their organizations.
In this chapter of the handbook, we share the experiences of organizational life collected by the organizations that are associated with the Vrinda Project and some indications on how to manage the organizational relationship in order to empower workers and partners and enable them to be reciprocally supportive.
Here, we explain the reasons for the methodological assumption of this handbook, i.e. the best managerial style for a development aid organization is that of designing and managing itself and its culture so as to become a projectized organization, a learning organization and an employee empowering organization. The combination of these three factors nurtures the communication climate such as to work strategically, collaboratively and cost-effectively, while being innovative and accountable.

## Subsections of this chapter

* Organizational Types
* Organizational Structure
* Organizational Culture
* The projectized organization
* The learning organization
* The employee empowering organization
* The Organization’s mission
* The Organization’s vision

## See also

Issue 3 ⇒ NGOs as development actors: their role, their limits; their challenges
Local Authorities and Civil Society
Organization Development (in Training and Knowledge Management)
On Wikipedia ⇒ NGOs
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Applicant employee evaluation form

APPLICANT INFORMATION
Candidate Position Applied for Department Interviewer
HIRING RECOMMENDATION
☐ Hire ☐ Not Hire
CANDIDATE EVALUATION
☐ Poor
☐ Fair
☐ Satisfactory
☐ Good
☐ Excellent
Knowledge of Specific Job Skills
☐ Poor
☐ Fair
☐ Satisfactory
☐ Good
☐ Excellent
Related Job Experience
☐ Poor
☐ Fair
☐ Satisfactory
☐ Good
☐ Excellent
Related Education or Training
☐ Poor
☐ Fair
☐ Satisfactory
☐ Good
☐ Excellent
Initiative
☐ Poor
☐ Fair
☐ Satisfactory
☐ Good
☐ Excellent
Communication/Listening Skills
☐ Poor
☐ Fair
☐ Satisfactory
☐ Good
☐ Excellent
Attitude
☐ Poor
☐ Fair
☐ Satisfactory
☐ Good
☐ Excellent
Interest in Company/Position
☐ Poor
☐ Fair
☐ Satisfactory
☐ Good
☐ Excellent
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Decision on allocating organizational resources for developing a project plan

Templates - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Template: Decision on Allocating Organizational resources for developing a project plan
Project Name:____________________ __________ Date:_______________
Agency: ___________________________________
Business Unit/Program Area:______________________
Who is proposing the project within the Organization:___________________
Who is giving the “green light” within the Organization to proceed further with the project planning:___________________
Who will eventually prepare the detailed project plan:_________________
Who will eventually approve project plan (within the Organization):_________________
Who else (outside the Organization) need to approve the Project Plan:_________________
We have seen the Project Business Case Document (the output of the project origination phase) and we have approved it.
We have decided to allocate the following human resources:
* _______
* _______
* _______
To work for a total of …. person/days for developing the project details.
This implies the preparation of the following documents:
* The project project scope document (that will complete the project initiation phase )
* The detailed Project Plan Document (with annexes) that will the planning phase
Project Initiation start date: _______
Project planning end target date: _______
Manager Responsible: _______
Other comments: _______
signed _______
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Template for describing a Good Practice

Template for describing a Good Practice
The structure of a practice includes needs, methods, actors, means and goals, articulated into specific efforts that are aimed at addressing specific needs and achieving expected goals.
“Good practice” is used to describe the process of developing and following a standard way of doing things that different departments/organizations can use and/or apply.
Executive Summary - A Snapshot
    1. Context
    2. Problems Addressed
    3. Successes Achieved (how problems were solved)
    4. Activities Implemented (how success was achieved)
    5. Steps and Phases in implementation (how activities were carried out)
    6. Intermediate Results and other Milestones of implementation steps
    7. Key Performance Indicators
    8. Risks and Limitations
    9. Scope for Replication
    10. Tools for dissemination and streamlining
The description of a good practice is therefore accurate if:
* it reveals how it has consistently shown results superior to those achieved with other means;
* its methodology is sufficiently accurate and appropriate so that others can replicate it;
* it reveals how it can evolve to become better as improvements are discovered.
# English as an Additional Language/Articles and Adjectives

Next up we will learn two very important things: articles and adjectives. Both articles and adjectives typically occur before the noun they modify, with articles occurring before adjectives.

## Articles

Like other languages, English has a definite and an indefinite article. Unlike most Romance languages, English has no gender of nouns and so the articles don't change at all.
* Definite article (used when the noun or nouns are already known):
** The
* Indefinite article (used when the noun or nouns is not already known):
** For singular nouns: a
** For singular nouns beginning in a vowel or a silent "h:" an Note that often "a" is used in front of vowels for some words; you will have to learn the exceptions individually.
** For plural nouns, the closest thing to an article would be some.

## Adjectives

Remember that an adjective describes a noun. In English, adjectives are always placed before the noun, for example:
* The red apple.
* A soft sheep.
* An angry dragon.
* The silly boys.
* Some hard rocks.
Also, English adjectives do NOT agree with number or gender:
* The red apples, NOT The reds apples
* Some tall women, NOT Some talles women
The exception, however is the adjective "blond", which agrees with gender in writing:
* The blond boy, but;
* The blonde girl.
This is not strictly observed, however. Either "blond" or "blonde" is acceptable, and you are unlikely to be noticed using the feminine form for a male noun or vice versa.
# English as an Additional Language/Copular verb to be: present tense

'To be' is perhaps the most important verb in the English language. It is known as a 'copular verb'. 'Be' is irregular, so its present tense conjugation must be memorized.

## The Present Tense

Here is the present tense conjugation, with their IPA equivalents.
* I am. /æːm/
* You are. /ɑr/
* He is. /ɪz/
* She is. /ɪz/
* It is. /ɪz/
* We are. /ɑr/
* They are. /ɑr/
The forms of to be contract to the pronoun, shown here:
* I'm
* You're
* He's
* She's
* It's
* We're
* They're
These contracted forms are used regularly in speech by native speakers.
Here are some examples.
* I am 36 years old.
* They are hungry.
# English Tort Law/Negligence

* Negligence (Lat. negligentia, from neglegere, to neglect, literally "not to pick up something") is a legal concept in the common law legal systems mostly applied in tort cases to achieve monetary compensation (damages) for physical and mental injuries (not accidents).
* Negligence is a type of tort or delict (also known as a civil wrong). Although they appear similar, it is not the same as "carelessness", because someone might be exercising as much care as they are capable of, yet still fall below the level of competence expected of them. They could also be aware of the issues, yet choose to put the issue aside because they underestimated the importance.
* It is the opposite of "diligence". It can be generally defined as conduct that is culpable because it falls short of what a reasonable person would do to protect another individual from foreseeable risks of harm. In the words of a notable 19th-century judge:
* those who go personally or bring property where they know that they or it may come into collision with the persons or property of others have by law a duty cast upon them to use reasonable care and skill to avoid such a collision.
* —Blackburn J, Rylands v Fletcher [1866] LR 1 Ex 265
* Through civil litigation, if an injured person proves that another person acted negligently to cause his injury, he can recover damages to compensate for his harm. Proving a case for negligence can potentially entitle the injured plaintiff to compensation for harm to their body, property, mental well-being, financial status, or intimate relationships.
* However, because negligence cases are very fact-specific, this general definition does not fully explain the concept of when the law will require one person to compensate another for losses caused by accidental injury. Further, the law of negligence at common law is only one aspect of the law of liability. Although resulting damages must be proven in order to recover compensation in a negligence action, the nature and extent of those damages are not the primary focus of negligence cases.
* ◀ Introduction ▮ Duty and breach ▶
# English as an Additional Language/Greetings and Expressions

Before we get into grammar it is useful to learn some common greetings and expressions in English. Here are some common phrases and their translations in Spanish, French, German, Polish respectively.
| English | Spanish | French | German | Polish | Arabic | Chinese | Japanese | Italian | Burmese |
| | (Español/Castellano) | | | |
| Hello | Hola | Bonjour | Hallo | Dzień dobry | مرحبا | 喂 | 今日は | Salve | မင်္ဂလာပါ |
| How are you? | ¿Cómo Estás? | Comment vas-tu? | Wie geht's? | Jak się masz? | كيف حالك؟ | 你好吗？ | 元気ですか？ | Come stai? |
| I am good/bad | Estoy bien/mal | Je vais bien/mal | Es geht mir gut/schlecht | Czuję się dobrze/źle | انا بخير \مستاء | 我很好/不好 | 元気です/元気じゃないです | Sto bene/male |
| Goodbye | Adiós | Au revoir | Auf Wiedersehen | Do widzenia | مع السلامه | 再见 | さようなら | Addio |
| Thank You | Gracias | Merci | Danke | Dziękuję | شكرا | 谢谢 | ありがとうございます | Grazie |
| You're welcome | De nada | De rien | Gern geschehen | Proszę | على الرحب و السعه | 不客气 | どういたしまして | Prego |
| What's your name? | ¿Cómo te llamas? | Quel est votre nom ? | Wie heißt du? | Jak masz na imię? | ما اسمك؟ | 你叫什么? | お名前は何ですか？ | Come ti chiami? |
| My name is... | Me llamo... | Je m'appelle... | Ich heiße... | Mam na imię... | اسمي ... | 我的名字是... | 私の名前は。。。です | Mi chiamo... |
# English Tort Law/Occupiers liability

* Occupiers' liability is a doctrine, which was part of the common law, associated with the duty owed to one party whilst they are on land belonging to a second party (or occupier). The occupier is sometimes the land owner but can also be a tenant, an employee or agent. Although it suggests physical occupation, "occupier" really means someone who controls the land. Occupiers' liability is a specific type of negligence involving damage caused by the breach of a duty of care.
* Liability also includes the concept of remoteness and can arise for omissions by the occupier in relation to the reasonable safety of visitors. In England and Wakes, the common law concept has been largely replaced by two significant statutes that concern occupiers liability:
* Occupiers Liability Act 1957, focussed on 'lawful visitors'
* Occupiers Liability Act 1984, covering people other than 'lawful visitors'.
* Different levels of protection are expected under the two pieces of legislation with a higher level of protection afforded to lawful visitors. Both the Occupiers Liability Acts of 1957 and 1984 impose an obligation on occupiers rather than land owners. The question of whether a particular person is an occupier is a question of fact and depends on the degree of control exercised. The test applied is one of 'occupational control' and there may be more than one occupier of the same premises:
* ◀ Employers liability ▮ 1957 Act ▶