OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Foundations of Spanish
## About the Project

This book will be a collection of language learning resources. In the interest of having an order of presentation which is useful for independent learners, we will follow the order of presentation from Duolingo Spanish for English Speakers, because Duolingo is the leading free language learning practice site, with additional words clearly marked. (No infringement is intended and we are not attempting to replace Duolingo in any way; if anything we are promoting it for the drill part of language learning, while collecting compatible resources for other language skills like reading and writing.)
Our intended audience is independent language learners who are in high school, college, or university, or are adult learners; motivated junior high students should also be able to use this book. If there is interest in using this book as a class textbook we will look at setting up resources for teachers as well.

## Table of Contents

* Getting Started
* Basics Part 1
* Phrases
* Basics Part 2
* Food
* Animals
* Plurals
* Possession
* Clothing
* Questions
* Present Tense Verbs Part 1
* Colors
* Conjunctions
* Family
* Prepositions
* Time
* Household
* Sizes
* Occupations
* Adjectives Part 1
* Present Tense Verbs Part 2
* Determiners
* Adverbs
* Objects
* To Be
* Places
* People
* Object Pronouns
* Numbers
* Past Tense
* Present Tense Verbs Part 3
* Infinitive Verbs Part 1
* Phrasal Future Tense
* Countries
* Adjectives Part 2
* Pronouns
* Directions
* Education
* Abstract Objects Part 1
* Participle Verbs
* Feelings
* Present Perfect Tense
* Past Perfect Tense
* Nature
* Abstract Objects Part 2
* Infinitive Verbs Part 2
* Sports
* Medical
* Gerunds
* Business
* Communication
* Haber
* Spiritual
* Future Tense
* Arts
* Future Perfect Tense
* Politics
* Subjunctive Tense
* Science
* Modal Verbs
* Conditional Verbs
* Past Imperfect Tense
* Past Subjunctive Tense
* Abstract Objects Part 3
* Conditional Perfect Tense
* Next Steps
# English Grammar

This Wikibook is designed to teach standard English Grammar as taught in English-speaking countries. Although the English page has a separate section for grammar, it seems harder to follow if you are using it for self study or classroom use. If you plan on taking a course for grammar, this resource may help. The layout and structure is based upon the 1963 edition of Warriner's English Grammar and Composition, but does not use any resources or text derived from that resource. All text in this Wikibook is self-made or taken from another public domain resource. As this Wikibook is new, it is very easy to add any additional information about particular parts of a part of speech (i.e. helping verbs, subordinate clauses, etc...). Any additions to this Wikibook are greatly appreciated.

## Contents

* Chapter 1. Basic Parts of Speech
** Lesson 1. Nouns
** Lesson 2. Pronouns
** Lesson 3. Adjectives
** Lesson 4. Adverbs
** Lesson 5. Prepositions
** Lesson 6. Verbs
** Lesson 7. Interjections
** Lesson 8. Conjunctions
** Lesson 9. Determining Parts of Speech
** Chapter 1 Review
** Chapter 1 Test
* Chapter 2. Subject and Predicate
** Lesson 1. What is a Sentence
** Lesson 2. Subject and Predicate
** Lesson 3. Finding the Subject of a Sentence
** Lesson 4. The Sentence as a Complete Thought
** Lesson 5. The Predicate Nominative
** Lesson 6. The Predicate Adjective
** Lesson 7. Direct and Indirect Objects
** Chapter 2 Review
** Chapter 2 Test
* Chapter 3. Phrases and Clauses
** Lesson 1. Prepositional Phrases
** Lesson 2. Phrases Used as Adjectives
** Lesson 3. Phrases Used as Adverbs
** Lesson 4. Participles
** Lesson 5. Gerunds
** Lesson 6. Infinitives
** Lesson 7. Clauses
** Lesson 8. Complements and Modifiers
** Lesson 9. Sentence Structures
** Chapter 3 Review
** Chapter 3 Test
* Appendices
** Appendix A. Answers to the Exercises
** Appendix B. Additional Grammar Resources

## Related books

* English in Use — Articles about parts of speech, syntax etc., links to which are broken in this book.
* Rhetoric and Composition
# English as an Additional Language

    This Wikibook is mostly for English beginners or pre-intermediate students. We also have a book for B2 (Upper Intermediate) students called English for B2 Students

## Contents

* Introduction
* Overview
* Chapter 0: Morphology and Spelling
** The English alphabet
** Pronunciation
** General rules of spelling and capitalization
** Inline pronunciation guide system
* Chapter 1: First Sentences
** Greetings and Expressions (June 22, 2007)
** Articles and Adjectives
** Numbers and Time
** Questions and Compounds
** Practice text 1
* Chapter 2
** Plural forms of nouns (August 18th, 2011)
** Personal pronouns
** Copular verb to be: present tense
** Practice text 2
* Chapter 3
** Simple present tense
** Progressives
** Negatives
** Possessives
** Practice text 3
* Chapter 4
** Simple past tense
** Pronunciation of past tense ending - Regular verbs (August 19th, 2011)
** Copular verb to be: past tense
** Introducing prepositions
** Direct Object Pronouns
** Practice text 4
* Some Useful Guides and Words
** School and Education
*** Homework
** Stores, Shopping and Money
** Telling the Time
** Buying a Train Ticket
** Proverbs and Sayings
** ELL Intervention Strategies
** The "Th" Sound
* Links

## ESL/EFL Lesson Plans

* Beginner
* Beginner-Intermediate
* Intermediate-Advanced
* Advanced

## Related books

* See Shelf:English language
# Ecclesiastical Latin

This book covers the subject of Ecclesiatical Latin, in the form in current use by the Catholic Church. As such, it is not a primer on Classical Latin. These two idioms of the Latin languages are mutually understandable but usage and subject matter often differ considereably between them.
Ecclesiastical Latin is also a living language that regularly adopts and develops new vocabulary, grammar rules, idioms and even letters to adapt itself to the requirements of communication. As a language, Latin is an orally spoken system of communication and is not in and of itself holy in the eyes of the Catholic Church. However, since the Church has a long history of expressing herself on very important matters in this language, as well as continuing a regimen of prayer life in the Liturgy of the Hours in this language, it is fitting that the Church retain and even promote Latin, as well as the other seven liturgical languages, even in this age of moving toward the vernacular.
Several writing conventions will be used in this book that do not agree with the current writing conventions used for Classical Latin. Ecclesiastical Latin does not use Macrons, but does however use the letter "j" where appropriate. V and U are always differentiated. Many words may be spelled slightly differently from time to time depending on how the word is pronounced. There is not the same idea of "correct" and "incorrect" spelling that exist in Classical Latin or in modern English. Rather, there is "acceptable" and "unacceptable" spelling.
In the book, we will focus on the study of the grammatical points needed and the vocabulary used in basic Latin prayers, passages from the Vulgate Bible, phrases from the Roman Liturgy, and excerpts from the writings of Church Doctors. We will also focus on understanding rather than translation.
From this foundation, we will also attempt to develop chapters that will instruct the student in how to memorize the various prayers and learn how to speak Latin for everyday life.

## Alphabet

* Overview
* Vowels
* Consonants
* Blends
* Extra Letters
* Pronunciation

## Lesson One

* First Step
* Basics of Nouns and Adjectives
* Sentence Pattern One
* The Verb "esse"
* The Nominative Case
* Vocabulary
* Practice
* Questions using -ne
* Say Hello

## Lesson Two

* Sentence pattern two
* Esse in the Imperfect tense
* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Pronouns
* Questions using Quis, Quid
* Questions using Qui, Quae, Quod

## Lesson Three

* Sentence pattern three
* Esse in the Future tense
* Genitive Case
* Dative Case
* Questions using Cujus and Cui

## Lesson Four

* Sentence pattern four
* Esse in the Perfect tense
* Prepositions in Ecclesiatical Latin
* The Accusative Case
* The Ablative Case
* Questions using Quem, Quid, Quod, Quo, Qua after preposition

## Lesson Five

* Sentence pattern three
* Imperative Verbs
* Accusative as direct object
* Basic conversation

## Grammatical Apendix

* Nouns
* Verbs
* List of Sentence Patterns
* Adjectives
# BLL German

| Deutschland Germany | Österreich Austria | die Schweiz Switzerland | Belgien Belgium | Liechtenstein Liechtenstein | Luxemburg Luxembourg |
German is a useful language to know for several reasons. There are many native German speakers, around 120 million people, most of whom live in central Europe and German culture has long contributed to the world heritage in a wide range of subjects such as music, philosophy, literature and science.
Though English is certainly the world's lingua franca, German influence does not only stem from its past. Over 60 million Americans, 2.7 million Canadians, 12 million Brazilians and several millions in Eastern Europe and the rest of the world have German ancestors and some of them still form German-speaking communities within their respective countries.
German grammar suffers, unfortunately, from the popular myth that the language is hard to learn, the grammar is complex and the pronunciation difficult. Seeing how you're reading these words you've not been inundated completely by these claims so heed this; while intricate, German grammar is fairly regular and, with practice, becomes second nature, and the intricacies allow for a great deal of nuance in expression. Pronunciation varies, of course, greatly with the wide geographical spread of its speakers; from Tirolian trilling of ones "r"-s to the softer flow of the northern lowlands, so take your pick.

### The levels

This course is divided into six levels following the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, ranging from A1 ("Breakthrough", the first level a beginner can achieve) to C2 ("Mastery", near-native fluency). Hence, the first level of this course will lead the student from zero to A1 proficiency, the second level of this course will lead him from A1 to A2, and so on. A brief description of what students should be able to do at each level of proficiency can be found at this Association of Language Testers in Europe and it shall serve as a guideline for the course.
A : Basic User
    A1 - Breakthrough (start here if you're an absolute beginner)
    A2 - Waystage
B : Independent User
    B1 - Threshold
    B2 - Vantage
C : Proficient User
    C1 - Effective Operational Proficiency
    C2 - Mastery

### Additional vocabulary lists that are referred to within the course

* Language names
* Professions
* Study subjects

### More information about this course:

* For students: How to study
* The idea behind it: Bite-sized Language Lessons
* Information for contributors
# A-level English

Below are links to the novels which are studied at AS level.

## AS Level English Literature
### The Modern Novel

* Wise Children
* Spies
* The Kite Runner

### Texts in Context - Drama

* Doctor Faustus
* The Country Wife
* The Glass Menagerie
* Light Shining in Buckinghamshire
* Tis Pity She's a Whore
* Making History
* The Rivals
* Arcadia

### Texts in Context - Poetry

* A Choice of Christina Rosetti's Verse
* The Whitsun Weddings
* Safe as Houses
* The Miller's Prologue and Tale
* The World's Wife
* Mean Time
* The Wife of Baths' Prologue
# Slovak
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Slovak alphabet (slovenská abeceda) & pronunciation
* Useful phrases
* Numbers
# Scottish Gaelic

Welcome to the Gaelic wikibook! The (Scottish) Gaelic language, which has been spoken in Scotland for several centuries, boasts a considerable body of literature, including poetry, plays, song and associated styles of music. The music of the bagpipes, the harp and the fiddle are closely associated with Gaelic as are many of the distinctive traditions of Scotland and Nova Scotia. The Gaelic language and its literature give a unique insight into the nature of a people, their history and culture. The Gaelic language is also sometimes referred to as "Scots Gaelic", but this usage is a little ambiguous and can lead to it being confused with Lowland Scots. In recent years, people have begun referring to it as "Scottish Gaelic", but this is an informal usage and not strictly correct.
In recent centuries the Gaelic language has been in general decline, both in terms of the number of people able to use the language proficiently and in the degree to which it is used. It is only recently that voluntary groups and government bodies have made serious attempts to arrest and reverse this decline (although An Comunn Gaidhealach has been working on behalf of Gaelic for over a century). The authors hope that this book can provide a useful insight for those who are interested in knowing more about Gaelic and assist those who wish to learn to speak, read or write Gaelic.
It can be difficult to learn Gaelic to fluency without making frequent contact with other Gaelic speakers and learners of Gaelic, and it is recommended that the learner seek out people who are able and willing to help them with their efforts to learn Gaelic - and to persevere with their efforts. Good connectivity with other Gaelic speakers and learners can be very helpful, provided they lead to opportunities to practice speaking (or writing) in Gaelic. Social occasions and cultural events (as well as workshops and courses, parent-and-toddler groups, Gaelic fora and local drop-in centres) can also be helpful, provided they can give and maintain an atmosphere of encouragement to those who wish opportunities to practice speaking Gaelic. In Scotland, many local authorities offer free evening classes in Gaelic through their Community Education programmes. Above all, however, there is no substitute for perseverance.

## Chapters

* Introduction
* Pronunciation
* Phrases
* Simple Sentences
* Grammar
* Sustainability of the Gaelic Language

## Resources

* http://www.learngaelic.scot - A website for learners of Gaelic
* http://www.bbc.co.uk/alba - Gaelic radio and television
* http://www.gaelic4parents.com - A website with some audio visual resources for parents wishing to learn the kind of Gaelic suitable for everyday family life
# Prussian

The Old Prussian language was once spoken by the Old Prussians, the Baltic peoples of the Prussian region around modern regions of Kaliningrad and Lithuania until the language went extinct in the early 18th century. However, it is currently being revived and reformed by a few linguists and philologists. Only several dozen people use the language in Lithuania, Kaliningrad, and Poland, including a few children who are natively bilingual.

## Lessons

* Pronunciation
* Lesson 1 - Greetings
* Nominative Nouns
* Accusative Nouns
* Dative Nouns
* Genitive Nouns

## Vocabulary

* Clothes
* Food & Drinks

## Index

* Prussian - English Vocabulary List
* Nouns Chart
* Personal Pronouns Chart
* Possessive Pronouns Chart
* Adjective Chart
# Neapolitan

Neapolitan (napulitano in Neapolitan and napoletano in Italian) is the Romance language spoken in the city of Naples, Italy and in all or parts of the surrounding regions of Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Lazio, le Marche, Molise, and Puglia.
Neapolitan can be a challenging language at times as it is non-standardized. That is, there is no absolute authority that is the go-to source for spelling and usage. That said, there are many generally accepted norms used throughout Neapolitan's large literature. We will focus on those here while pointing out variants where it is important or interesting.

## Grammar

* pronunciation
* alphabet
* nouns
* articles
* prepositions
* adjectives
* pronouns
* verbs
* adverbs
* conjunctions
* interrogatives
* syntax

## Usage

* greetings
* 501 Neapolitan verbs
* numbers
* calendar
* colors
* weather
* food
* parts of the body
* rooms of the house
* expressions and figures of speech

## Resources

* bibliography
* sites
* For further information on the language itself, see the Neapolitan language Wikipedia page.
* Visit the Neapolitan Wikipedia!
# Pizzonese

NOTE: Much of the formatting and text structures have been borrowed from the Neapolitan Wikibook. Sections may be more or less similar to their counterparts.
Welcome to the Wikibook of the Pizzonese dialect. Pizzonese is a Western Abruzzese variant of Neapolitan with origins in N. Molise. It was widely spoken in the renowned village of Pizzone, but is now spoken by a few several hundred Pizzonesi emigrants (which is a lot by demographic standards). Pizzone itself is the Molisean place with the highest number (or proportion) of colonizers and emigrants across the world. Pizzonese is related to many other Western Abruzzese dialects across northern Isernia and the southeastern fringes of Ciociara, Settefratese being a good example.

## Table of Contents
### Grammar

Alphabet and pronunciation
Nouns and articles
Adjectives
Pronouns
Conjugation of esse’, to be
Conjugation of havè, to have
Interrogatives
Adverbs • Prepositions • Conjunctions

#### Old section

Alphabet and Pronunciation Nouns Articles Prepositions Adjectives Pronouns Verbs Adverbs Conjunctions Interrogatives

### Vocabulary

Greetings Common verbs Numbers Calendar Colors Weather Food Parts of the body Rooms of the house Expressions

### Resources

Bibliography Sites
# Insubric

The Insubric language is the language spoken about in former Duchy of Milan, so the Western Lombardy, at the western side of Adda river; for this causes, it's also called Milanese language, w:Western Lombard language or Cisabduano language. It's considered as a Romance Gallo-Italian language. The Insubric literature was born in XIII century with Bonvesin de la Riva but it reach the age of major development between XVIII and XIX centuries with, for example, Carlo Maria Maggi (theatre) and Carlo Porta (poetry) and in the first XX century; the Insubric literature continues till now with great authors. The knowledge of Insubric language have decreased during the XX century because of wider development of Italian language as everyday tongue, for public education in Italian and for massive immigration from other regions; although, the Insubric continues being understood by about a third of the people of the region, in particular in small communes. This Course of Insubric could be entitled Course of Milanese dialects: in fact, we will refer to Milanese dialect written in classic orthography, which is the standard literary variant of Insubric language.

## Contents

    Authors
* Dialects
* Orthography
** Classical Milanese
** Others
* Morphology
** Declination
** Altered nouns
** I conjugation
** II conjugation
** III conjugation
** IV conjugation
** Particular conjugations
** Adjective and its degrees
** Pronouns
** Determinative adjectives
** Articles
** Prepositions
* Syntax
** Verbal idiomatic expression
** Proposition
* Lexicon
* Readings
* Conversation
# Pragmalinguistic Peculiarities of English Slogan in Fashion Domain
## Table of Contents

* Preface
* Chapter 1. Pragmatics of advertising discourse
* Chapter 2. Definition and classification of advertising text
* Chapter 3. Genre peculiarities of advertising text
* Chapter 4. Structure of advertising text
* Chapter 5. Linguostylistic peculiarities of advertising text
* Chapter 6. Analysis of pragmalinguistic peculiarities of English slogan in fashion domain
* Appendix
# Greenlandic

Welcome to the Greenlandic Wikibooks course. Please help contribute as much as possible. Every little bit helps!

## Contents

* Introduction
* The Greenlandic alphabet
* Introducing yourself
* Basic grammar
* Vocabulary

## See also

* The Wikipedia article about the Greenlandic Language
* The Greenlandic language edition of Wikibooks.
* The Greenlandic language edition of Wikipedia.
# Gothic

Hails!
* Introduction
* Gothic on your Computer
* Gothic Alphabet
* Accentuation
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Cases of the Noun
* Pronouns
* Conjugation of the weak Verb
* Word Declension
* Exercises
* Reading texts
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Numbers
* Exercises
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Word Order
* Strong verbs
* Comparatives
* Conjunctions
* Neologisms
* Exercises
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Gothic-to-English Translation Exercises
* English-to-Gothic Translation Exercises
* Neologism Exercises
* Further Resources
* Gothic Glossary
* Answers to Exercises
This book was written to teach the Gothic language. The reader of this book is not required under any circumstance to know grammatical terms in order to learn this language through this book. However, it is helpful to know grammatical terms so that you can advance more quickly through the book. Some grammatical terms will be foreign to those who are proficient in English grammar, and those terms will be explained as the book progresses. Even if a person who wants to learn Gothic does not know any grammatical terms whatsoever, they should still be able to do so using this book. However, it does help. It also helps if you know another Germanic Language, and also some of the shifting laws that are encountered in this group such as Grimm's Law and (in particular) Verner's Law.
The Gothic Language is itself an old one, and a mysterious one at that. The language has never been entirely reconstructed. We can only theorise about certain parts of the language which are not present in the Codex Argenteus and the few other surviving Gothic texts. Keep this in mind.
When learning a language, it is best to think of it in relation to your own. Do not think of the grammar first. If there is a strange letter, think of it as if you were learning your alphabet for the first time - associate each letter with a sound. If you are learning vocabulary, do not think of the words as Gothic words, but ones that are English used in Gothic. Think of the grammar of the language last, but make sure to pay attention to it. This will make the language much easier to learn for you, because you are not stressed to think that you are learning a completely different language, but merely learning new vocabulary and a new way of saying things.

### Old content to Merge

* Gothic/Verbs
* Gothic/Nouns
* Gothic/Articles
* Gothic/Pronouns
* Gothic/Old
# Galician
## Table of Contents

Introduction

### Lesson 1

* Alphabet
* Numbers and Dates
* Articles
* Ser
* Estar
* Colours
* Family
* Exercises
* Reintegrationist Lesson

### Lesson 2

* Introducing yourself
* Asking questions
* Plural
* Ter
* Haber
* School
* Jobs
* Exercises
* Reintegrationist Lesson

### Appendices

* Appendix A: Common Phrases
# Faroese

* Chapter Two - Basic phrases
* Chapter Three - Numbers
* Chapter Four - Getting to know someone
* Chapter Five - Going on a trip
* Chapter Six - Date and time
* Chapter Seven - Transportation
* Chapter Eight - Lodging
* Chapter Ten - Corresponding via email
* Grammar