# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Mammals

Mammals :
| Nature General Conference See also Mammals - Advanced | Skill Level 1 |
| Nature General Conference See also Mammals - Advanced | Year of Introduction: 1937 |

## 1. What Bible verse gives the day mammals were created?

Genesis 1:24,25, 31
* Genesis 1:24-31
* $^{24}$And God said, "Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: livestock, creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals, each according to its kind." And it was so.
* $^{25}$God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the livestock according to their kinds, and all the creatures that move along the ground according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good.
* $^{26}$Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground."
* $^{27}$So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.
* $^{28}$God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground."
* $^{29}$Then God said, "I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.
* $^{30}$And to all the beasts of the earth and all the birds of the air and all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has the breath of life in it—I give every green plant for food." And it was so.
* $^{31}$God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.

## 2. List four characteristics of a mammal.

       1. Endothermic (Warm-blooded)
       2. Hair or Fur
       3. Mammary (milk producing) glands
       4. Sebaceous (fat-secreting) glands
       5. Heterodont Dentition (Different shapes of teeth in their mouths)

## 3. Give one or more identifying characteristics of each of the following orders of mammals, and name one or more species of mammals found in each order
### a. Marsupialia

Marsupials have a pouch that protects the young as they are developing. The infant is born at very early stage of development and crawls out of the womb and across the mothers belly to the pouch where the baby finds a nipple that it attaches to as it continues to grow.
| Macropus giganteus (Eastern Grey Kangaroo) | Phascolarctos cinereus (Koala) Didelphis virginiana (Virginia Opossum) | Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian Devil) Dasyurus maculatus (Tiger Quoll) |
b. Insecivora
This literally means insect eater eater and that is the main connecting feature of the animals in this order. Many of the animals that were once a part of this order have been moved to other orders based on DNA analysis. The order Insectivora has been replaced by the orders Erinaceomorpha and Soricomorphaaa.
| Erinaceus europaeus (European Hedgehog) | Blarina carolinensis (Southern Short-tailed Shrew) |

### c. Chiroptera

    The order of flying mammals commonly called "bats".
Bats are mammals. Though sometimes called "flying rodents", "flying mice," or even mistaken for invertebrate bugs and birds, bats are neither rodents nor arthropods. There are two suborders of bats:
* Megabat Megachiroptera (megabats)
* Microbat Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats)
Despite the name, not all megabats are larger than microbats. The major distinction between the two suborders is based on other factors:
* Microbats use Animal echolocation, whereas megabats do not (except for Rousettus and relatives, which do).
* Microbats lack the claw at the second toe of the forelimb.
* The ears of microbats do not form a closed ring, but the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.
* Microbats lack underfur; they have only guard hairs or are naked.
Megabats eat fruit, nectar or pollen while microbats eat insects, blood (small quantities of blood of animals), small mammals, and fish, relying on animal echolocation for navigation and finding prey.
| Corynorhinus townsendii (Townsends's Big-eared Bat) Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Common Pipistrelle) | Acerodon jubatus (Giant golden-crowned flying fox) | Vespertilio murinus (Parti-coloured bat) |

### d. Carnivora

Carnivora are meat eaters, and have canine teeth that are especially adapted for this behavior. They tend to have good eye sight, a good sense of smell and a well developed brain, all working together to improve their hunting ability.
The order carnivora is not the only order that has carnivores or hunters. Many other orders have creatures that hunt their prey. For example marsupialia contains the Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian Devil) and the now extinct Thylacinus cynocephalus (Tasmanian wolf). Insectivora species hunt, but they primarily hunt and eat insects or worms. Bats hunt insects, and the Vampire bat stalks many mammals to drink blood as they sleep.
It should also be said that there are a number of species included in the order carnivora that are not carnivores. Ailuruss (Pandas) are a good example as they primarily eat bamboo, using their canines to rip the hard bamboo apart. Many or the ursas (bears) will have a diet higher in berries than meat.
The skull of carnivora often has a ridge that runs along the top from front to back. This ridge is where the powerful muscles that work the jaw is attached to provide the maximum force. The Panthera leo (lion) has a jaw force of 1768N, Pathera tigris (Tiger) 1525N, Ursus Arctos (Brown Bear) 751N, and the Canis lupus (gray wolf) 593N. Because the canine teeth are so sharp in carnivora, these forces can result in enough pressure to break bones.
| Cryptoprocta ferox (Fossa) Panthera tigris (Tiger) Helogale parvula (Dwarf Mongoose) Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Pacific Walrus) | Crocuta crocuta (Spotted Hyena) Canis lupus (Gray Wolf) Zalophus californianus (California Sea Lion) | Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda) Procyon lotor (Racoon) Ursus horribilis (Grizzly Bear) |

### e. Pinnipedia

An order of carnivorous aquatic mammals that comprises the seals, sea lions, and walrus. They are distinguished by their flipper-like limbs.

### f. Rodentia

Rodents have two incisors in the upper as well as in the lower jaw which grow continuously and must be kept worn down by gnawing; this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, to gnaw, and dens, dentis, tooth. These teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. The teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentine on the inside, so they self-sharpen during gnawing. Rodents lack canines, and have a space between their incisors and premolars. Nearly all rodents feed on plants, seeds in particular, but there are a few exceptions which eat insects or even fish.
| Aplodontia rufa (Mountain Beaver) Sciurus carolinensis (Eastern Gray Squirrel) Castor canadensis (American Beaver) Heterocephalus glaber (Naked Mole Rat) | Kangaroo rats Pocket Gopher Rattus rattus (Black rat) Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (capybara) | Gundi Old World Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum (North American Porcupine) Capromys pilorides (Hutia) |

### g. Lagomorpha

Lagomorphs differ from rodents in that:
* they have four incisors in the upper jaw (not two as in rodents);
* they will only eat vegetation (unlike rodents, who will eat meat and vegetation)
* they will redigest first-time droppings to obtain the most from their plant diet.
They resemble rodents, however, in that their teeth grow throughout their life, thus necessitating constant chewing to keep them from growing too long.
| Ochotona princeps (American Pika) Oryctolagus cuniculus (European Rabbit) | Brachylagus idahoensis (Pygmy Rabbit) Sylvilagus audubonii (Desert Cottontail) | Lepus europaeus (European Hare) Sylvilagus floridanus (Eastern Cottontail) |

### h. Artiodactyla

The Artiodactyla are mammals with hooves and which bear most of their weight on an even number of toes. They are sometimes called the even-toed ungulates (ungulates are hooved animals).
| Potamochoerus porcus (Red River Hog) Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian Camel) Giraffa camelopardalis (Giraffe) Hippotragus niger (Sable Antelope) Ovis aries (Domestic sheep) | Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus) Moschus moschiferus (Siberian musk deer) Okapia johnstoni (Okapi) Budorcas taxicolor (Takin) | Tayassu tajacu (Collared Peccary) Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) Antilocapra americana (Pronghorn) Bison bison (Bison) Antilope cervicapra (Blackbuck) Ovibos moschatus (Muskox) |

### i. Sirenia

These slow moving herbivores are named after the Sirens of the Homerian legend of Odysseus.
| Trichechus manatus (West Indian Manatee) | Dugong dugon (Dugongs) |

### j. Cetacea

This group includes whales, porpoises and dolphins. The word cetus means large sea animal, and is the name of a constellation also known as the whale. These mammals are truly aquatic, and many are quite massive, incapable of walking on land.
See questions 6 and 7 below.
| Eubalaena japonica (Pacific Northern Right whales) | Megaptera novaeangliae (Humpback Whale) |

## 4. List four beneficial mammals and tell how they are beneficial.

       .Bats eat flying insects
       .Dogs provide assistance to the blind and comfort to the sick.
       .Meerkats eat scorpions and snakes.
       .Cats keep down the rodent population
       .Hyena is a scavenger and also helps keep the environment clean and free of disease
       .Bears carry the nutrients of the salmon they eat into the forest. This actually completes the mineral cycle. Minerals start in the forest and are carried by the rains into the streams, then rivers, and finally into the ocean. The salmon take the minerals from the ocean environment and carry them back to the streams and rivers where they are eaten by the bears. The bears carry these minerals back to the forest when they defecate or die. If this cycle was not complete the forest would eventually not have enough of the nutrients needed to be healthy.
       .When wolves were put back into the ecosystem of Yellowstone, we learned how important one animal is in helping form a healthy ecosystem. Without wolves, the elk could eat and drink without fear, and they had eaten most of the willow along the river. There were very few beaver left. When the wolves came back into the environment, the elk were afraid of certain areas where a wolf might hide and this allowed the willows to grow back. Now there is a growing beaver population.
       Any others that the Pathfinder can think of. Accept all reasonable answers.

## 5. List four things mammals do that are harmful.

       Skunks can make a neighborhood smell pretty bad
       Tigers, lions, bears, wolves and many other carnivorous mammals have killed and sometimes eaten people. They also prey on livestock.
       Groundhogs, prairie dogs, gophers, moles and many other burrowing animals can create tripping hazards for humans, horses and other mammals
       Mice can eat a large amount of grain and reproduce so rapidly that large quantities of food can disappear quite quickly.
       Rats can carry disease such as bubonic plague and leptospirosis
       Deer can carry a disease known as chronic wasting disease
       Beavers can back up streams and flood areas as well as cut down trees that are part of an orchard or yard
       Many mammals can carry rabies or distemper and pass these diseases to humans or pets
       Coyotes in urban settings can eat pets or spread garbage
       Deer, moose and other large mammals are involved in thousands of car accidents every year. Sometimes these accidents include human fatalities.

## 6. List four mammals that are completely aquatic and designate their natural range.

    Salt Water Mammals
       1. Whales
          a. Balaenoptera musculus (Blue Whale) lives near the surface of the ocean and can be found in every ocean of the world.
          b. Delphinapterus leucas (Beluga Whale) lives in Arctic and Sub-Arctic waters. Some will migrate to warmer waters in the summer and even swim up northern rivers into brackish (partly-salty) waters to hunt.
          c. Balaena mysticetu (Bowhead Whale) lives solely in the Arctic near the surface of the ocean.
          d. Megaptera novaeangliae (Humpback Whale) lives in all the oceans in the world except the polar seas. They live mostly in shallow water.
       2. Dolphins
          a. Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphins) live in warm and temperate seas and oceans all over the world.
          b. Orcinus orca (Orcas or Killer Whales) live in all the oceans and many of the seas in the world. (Even though this aquatic mammal has the name of "whale" it is in the dolphin (Delphinidae) family)
          c. Stenella longirostris (Spinner Dolphin):
             1.Eastern Spinner Dolphin (S. l. orientalis), found in the tropical eastern Pacific.
             2.Central American or Costa Rican Spinner Dolphin (S. l. centroamericana), also found in the tropical eastern Pacific.
             3.Gray's or Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin (S. l. longirostris), found in the central Pacific around Hawaii but represents a mixed bag of broadly similar subtypes found throughout the world.
             4.Dwarf Spinner Dolphin (S. l. roseiventris), first found in the Gulf of Thailand.
          d. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Pacific White Sided Dolphin) lives in the Pacific Ocean
       3. Porpoise
          a. Neophocaena phocaenoides (Finless Porpoise) lives in the shallow coastal waters of Asia especially around India, China, Indonesia and Japan. A unique fresh water population is found in the Yangtze River. At the western end, their range includes the length of the western coast of India and continues up into the Persian Gulf.
          b. Phocoena phocaena (Harbour Porpoise) is widespread in cooler coastal waters in the Northern Hemisphere, largely in areas with a mean temperature of about 15°C. In the Atlantic, Harbour Porpoises may be present in a concave band of water running from the coast of western Africa round to the eastern seaboard of the United States, including the coasts of Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland.
          c. Phocoena sinus (Vaquita) is a very endangered species that lives only in the Sea of Cortez, the northern part of the Gulf of California.
          d. Phocoenoides dalli (Dall's Porpoise) ranges across the north Pacific Ocean from southern California to southern Japan (including the Sea of Japan in the south up to the Bering Sea in the north).
    Fresh Water Mammals
       1. Inia geoffrensis (Amazon or Pink Dolphin) lives in the Amazon River and Orinoco River systems.
       2. Platanista gangetica (Ganges and Indus River Dolphin or Indian River Dolphin) lives in the Ganges River in India and in the Indus River in Pakistan.

## 7. Name the largest mammal in the world and tell where it lives, how it feeds, and what it eats.

The Balaenoptera musculus (Blue Whale) is the largest animal on the planet. Specimens have been recorded over 30 meters in length and are estimated to weigh more than 90 tonnes. These whales have been seen in every ocean of the world and feed by filtering the water through the balleen plates in their mouth. Adult whales can eat up to 4 tones krill (euphausiids) and copepods each day and the calves can drink up to 400 liters/day.
These amazing creatures were hunted by man to the brink of extinction. Over 378,000 were killed to provide oil and whale meat. The population of B. musculus (Blue Whales) is now only about 1% of the total 100 years ago.

## 8. List eight species of wild mammals that are in your region. Spend at least 5 hours searching for wild mammals in their natural habitat.

http://www.enature.com/home/ is a good place to find wild animals in your area. You can search by zip code for mammals, and also any other animals and plants, so it's a useful resource for any Nature honor.

## 9. Write or tell a story about "Wild Mammals I Have Observed".

A good opportunity for a story would obviously be the 5 hour search in the last requirement, if you can't think of another story about wild mammals that you have observed.

## References

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactyla