OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lion Defence

This is a rare defence from the many that Black can choose, this is often seen as an opportunity for black to get white out of theory, however, A transposition to the Phildor Defense is very likely (Ex: 1. e4 d6 2. d4 Nf6 3. Nc3 Nbd7 4. Nf3 e5) is the same position as (Ex: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 Nf6 4. Nc3 Nbd7), even though this defence is rare and not seen often in the top levels, in an over the board game, Stockfish 16 evaluates the Lion Defence as a +0.5, the top engine move being pawn to f4.

# Possible Moves

4. f4 - Anti-Phildor
The name of the variation says it all, this move prevents a transposition to the Phildor Defence, black's most common move and top Stockfish 16 line is e5 (Lion's Cave), white can play Nf3, the main line, or fxe5, a common line for beginner to intermidiate levels, since after dxe5, dxe5 and Nxe5, white can trade queens, but according to Stockfish, even without the ability to castle, the position is drawish (0.0).
# The Computer Revolution/Intranet
## intranet

An intranet is a private computer network that can be accessed only by authorized persons, usually members or employees of the organizations that own it. Most common in the business world, where companies will set up an intranet for employees.
It can provide such information as: company goals and mission statements, contacts, employment opportunities and training. internal procedures, telephone contact lists, standard documents budgets, guidance rules and regulations, salaries, performance and analysis.
In many Intranets, an Instant message system is provided for employees to share information instantly without having to leave their desks. The purpose of this is to promote production by the instant sharing of ideas and information between employees in some case around the worked from each other.
Examples of Intranets are:
1. Ford Motor Company 2. Universal Studios Canada Ltd. 3. Co-operators Insurance 4. Credit Union Central of Ontario
There are many different types of Intranet software available in the market place such as Vialect, Novo Solutions, SQbox Solutions.
Klobs340
by kris lobsinger
# Laptop Computer Models

This book is a guide to all known laptop computer models together with the specifications for each model.

## What is a laptop?

A laptop is a type of portable computer that integrates most of its components including the display screen and keyboard into a single unit of a size suitable for balancing on the lap of the operator or on the side of an armchair. The display screen of a laptop is usually mounted on a hinge and can be folded face down flat over the keyboard for protection and ease of transport.
Most laptop computers can be powered from a battery pack that fits inside the unit. This enables laptop computers to be used away from mains power for several hours.
Laptop computers come with different configurations: the speed of their processor and the size of their memory determines the effectiveness in their operation.
Laptops can be upgraded to suite the purpose on an operation (an architect can upgrade his laptop's processor and memory so as to perform his drawings on his laptop effectively). Laptop hard drives can also be upgraded to higher volume to give more space for storage.
Laptop computers come with different names and models from different manufacturers.

## Laptop models sorted by manufacturer

    Acer
    Addictpc
    Advent
    Alienware
    Apple
    Asus
    Belinia
    Casper
    Clevo
    Compaq
    Dell
    Elonex
    Eurocom
    Fujitsu
    Gateway
    Hewlett Packard
    Intel
    International Business Machines
    Lenovo
    Linux Certified
    MALIBAL
    Mitsubishi
    MSI
    NEC
    Novatech
    One Laptop Per Child
    Packard Bell
    Palmax
    Panasonic
    Pioneer
    Philips
    Rock
    Sager
    Samsung
    Sharp
    Siemens
    Sony
    Tatung
    Toshiba
    Zyrex
# World War II/The Liberation of France and Western Europe

After the success of D-Day, the allies had taken control of the beaches in Normandy. However, the constant war of attrition that would be fought by the allies required a vast buildup of resources prior to making steady movements forwards, using the vast weight of allied firepower to annihilate any attempt to counter-attack by the Germans.

## The Battle for Normandy

The German planning had largely relied on preventing the allies controlling the beaches, however the failure to push the invaders back into the sea meant the inland defences had to be used as a fallback. The terrain in Normandy was the kind that heavily favoured the defender. Dense hedgerows meant wide advances were difficult, and advancing of the narrow roads left troops vulnerable to ambush. Small villages were interspersed within the countryside, and even before D-Day these were recognised as strongpoints that had immense tactical value, providing command locations and points from which to fire.
# Discrete Mathematics/Arithmetic Functions

An arithmetic function is a function from the set of positive integers to the set of complex numbers. Examples of important arithmetic functions include:

# Euler totient function

The Euler totient function, $\phi (n)$ defined to be the number of positive integers less than and relatively prime to n
    $\varphi (n)=n\prod _{p\mid n}\left(1-{\frac {1}{p}}\right),$

# Mobius function

The Mobius function, $\mu (n)={\begin{cases}1,&{\mbox{if }}n\;{\mbox{is square free with an even number of prime factors}}\\-1,&{\mbox{if }}n\;{\mbox{is square free with an odd number of prime factors}}\\0&{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}$
$e(n)={\begin{cases}1,&{\mbox{if }}n=1\\0,&{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}$

# Von Mangoldt function

The Von Mangoldt function, $\Lambda (n)={\begin{cases}\ln p,&{\mbox{if }}n=p^{k}{\mbox{ for some prime}}p{\mbox{and}}k\geq 1\\0,&{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}$
$\sigma _{k}(n)=\sum _{d|n}d^{k}$
and
$\theta _{k}(n)=n^{k}$
Many of these functions are multiplicative that is they satisfy a(m)a(n)=a(mn) when m and n are relatively prime. A function that satisfies a(m)a(n)=a(mn) even when m & n are not relatively prime is called completely multiplicative. To define a multiplicative function, a(n), it suffices to only give its values when n is the power of a prime; For a completely multiplicative function, giving its values when n is prime uniquely defines the function.
Given 2 arithmetic functions their Dirichlet convolution is defined by
$(a*b)(n)=\sum _{d|n}a(d)b({\frac {n}{d}})$
where the sum is taken over the divisors, d, of n. It is easy to show that
$(a*e)(n)=a(n)$,
that is the function e(n) is the identity under Dirichlet convolution. Another basic fact is that Dirichlet convolution is commutative and associative.
It is also straightforward to show that multiplicative functions form a group under Dirichlet convolution, or in other words, the following properties hold in addition to the fact that e(n) is the identity, and its associativity:
* for any multiplicative function a there is a multiplicative function b such that (a * b) = e
and
* the Dirichlet convolution of 2 multiplicative functions is also multiplicative.
The most important fact about the Von Mangoldt function is that
$\sum _{d|n}\Lambda (n)=\ln n$.
The Mobius function's significance comes from the fact that
$\sum _{d|n}\mu (n)=e(n)$,
and thus if $f(n)=\sum _{d|n}g(d)$ then $g(n)=\sum _{d|n}f(d)\mu ({\frac {n}{d}})$.

# References

* ↑ wikipedia: Euler's totient function
# Introduction to Programming Languages/Definitions and Scope Type

Let's imagine a world in which each person has a unique and different name. At first, we could think that this world would be simpler because the sentence "Paul invited Sophia to go to the party" is not ambiguous. Paul and Sophia uniquely identify two different people because there is only one Paul and only one Sophia in this world. Thinking in the other side of the same coin, it would be necessary to establish a way of defining a distinct name for every child that born in the world. The advantages related to the uniqueness of names would be less interesting when compared to the complexity of the distinct name definition procedure.
Let's now think how we distinct people in our actual world. One way to perform this is by considering the context. Usually, the context present (implicit or explicit) in the discourse is sufficient to disambiguate the names. An example can be stated as follows: "My brother Paul invited his girlfriend Sophia to go to the party". Considering that we know the speaker and his family, we can know who is Paul and who is Sophia. Another way to disambiguate names is by adding information to they. The above statement could be rephrased as: "Paul McCartney invited Sophia Loren to go to the Oscar party". It is possible to have more than one person with the name Paul McCartney and more than one with the name Sophia Loren in the world. But the context presented above restricts the possibilities and we suggest that the man is the singer Paul McCartney and the woman is the actress Sophia Loren.
Reasons similar to the presented above make the programming languages do not insist on unique and distinct name for variables. The definition of a variable is anything that establishes an association between a name and a meaning. The following C illustrates the definition of two variables: Low and Point.
For allowing different variables to have the same name, it is necessary to define a way of ensuring the control of the scope of definitions. This control permits the programmer to make some definitions widely visible in the program and others do not. The scope of a definition is the region of the program where that definition is valid. Programming languages specify many ways of defining a scope, such as Scoping with Blocks and Scoping with Namespaces. These two types of scoping definitions will be explained in the next section.
← Template Oriented Programming · Scoping_with_Blocks →
# GeoGuessr tips and tricks

Geoguessr is a Geography type game where you have to guess A certain location based on description, like; Architecture, roads, road lines, road signs, terrains and much more. In this manual i will be teaching you on how to guess certain locations precisely around the world.
Lets start on the continents of Europe

## Europe

Lets start in the country of France.
Bollards:
* The most genuine helpful material to find yourself in France are the "roadside delineator post," or simply named bollard, they are labeled as white and red colors. some bollards can illustrate red (10%), grey (10%), And white (80%) from top to bottom.
Road Signs:
# In-Depth General Biology
## Contents
###### In-Depth General Biology: A Foreword

1. Biology: The Science of Life

###### UNIT 1. The Chemical Basis of Life

* The Inorganic Chemistry of Life
* Physics of Life
* Water and Living Things
* Carbon and Organic Chemistry
* Carbohydrates
* Lipids
* Proteins
* Nucleic Acids

###### UNIT 2. The Cell: Building Block of Life

* Cell Theory and Origin of Life on Earth
* Structure of Eukaryotic Cells
* Cell Membrane
* Cell Communication
* Metabolism: An Introduction
* Heterotrophic Metabolism
* Photosynthesis and Autotrophic Metabolism
* Life of Cell

###### UNIT 3. Genetics: Genes and Information Flow

* Meiosis and Sex
* Mendelian Genetics
* Chromosome Theory of Inheritance and Genetic Mapping
* DNA Structure and Replication
* Gene Expression
* Gene Regulation
* Epigenetics
* Genomics
* Biotechnology and Bioengineering

###### UNIT 4. Evolution: Change, Space and Time

* An Introduction to Evolution
* Population Genetics and Microevolution
* Phenotypic and Gene Evolution
* Evo-Devo
* Species and Their Origins
* Macroevolution
* Paleontology: Life through Time
* History of Life on Earth
* Human Evolution
* Systematics

###### UNIT 5. Diversity of Life on Earth

* Viral Agents: The Frontier of Life
* Prokaryotes I: Form, Function and Archaea
* Prokaryotes II: Bacteria
* Protists I: Biology, Ecology and Amoebozoans
* Protists II: Excavates and Archaeplastids
* Protists III: SAR, Cryptists and Haptists
* Land Plants I: How Plants Conquered Earth
* Land Plants II: Seeds and Flowers
* Fungi
* Introduction to Metazoans
* Basal Animals
* Spiralian Animals
* Ecdysozoan Animals
* Deuterostomes

###### UNIT 6. How Living Things Work I: Plants

* General Plant Anatomy
* Roots, Soil and Nutrition
* Leaves and Transpiration
* Stems and Transport
* Flowering Plants Reproduction
* Plant Development and Growing
* Plant Irritability

###### UNIT 7. How Living Things Work II: Animals

* General Animal Anatomy and Physiology
* Covering and Tegument
* Movement and Support
* Nervous System I: Glial Cells and Synapsis
* Nervous System II: Structure and Regulation
* Nervous System III: Sensory Systems
* Blood Circulation
* Gas Interchange
* Digestion and Nutrition
* Defense
* Hormonal Regulation
* Osmorregulation and Excretion
* Animal Reproduction
* Animal Development

###### UNIT 8. Ecology: Environment and Life

* Introduction to Ecology
* Populations
* Communities
* Ecosystems and Energy Flow
* Biogeography
* Earth's Biosphere I: Pinciples and Terrestrial Biomes
* Earth's Biosfere II: Aquatic Biomes
* Conservation Biology

###### Appendix

* A1. Periodic Table of Chemical Elements
* A2. Microscopes
* A3. Geologic Time Scale
* A4. Cells
* A5. Measures Used in Biology
* A6. Statistics Primer
* A7. Suffixes, Preffixes and Etimologies Commonly Used in Biology
* A8. Classification of Living Things and Tree of Life
* A9. Landmark Biologists
# Marathi/Numbers

| English | Number | Marathi | Pronunciation |
| 1 | १ | एक | Ek |
| 2 | २ | दोन | Don |
| 3 | ३ | तीन | Tīn |
| 4 | ४ | चार | Chār |
| 5 | ५ | पाच | Pāch |
| 6 | ६ | सहा | Sahā |
| 7 | ७ | सात | Sāt |
| 8 | ८ | आठ | Āth |
| 9 | ९ | नऊ | Naū |
| 10 | १० | दहा | Dahā |
| 11 | ११ | अकरा | Akarā |
| 12 | १२ | बारा | Bārā |
| 13 | १३ | तेरा | Tērā |
| 14 | १४ | चौदा | Chaudā |
| 15 | १५ | पंधरा | Pandharā |
| 16 | १६ | सोळा | Sōḷā |
| 17 | १७ | सतरा | Satarā |
| 18 | १८ | अठरा | Aṭharā |
| 19 | १९ | एकोणीस | Ekōṇīsa |
| 20 | २० | वीस | Vīs |
| 21 | २१ | एकवीस | Ekavīs |
| 22 | २२ | बावीस | |
| 23 | २३ | तेवीस | |
| 24 | २४ | चोवीस | |
| 25 | २५ | पंचवीस | |
| 26 | २६ | सव्वीस | |
| 27 | २७ | सत्तावीस | |
| 28 | २८ | अट्ठावीस | |
| 29 | २९ | एकोणतीस | |
| 30 | ३० | तीस | |
| 40 | ४० | चाळीस | |
| 50 | ५० | पन्नास | |
| 60 | ६० | साठ | |
| 70 | ७० | सत्तर | |
| 80 | ८० | ऐंशी | |
| 90 | ९० | नव्वद | |
| 100 | १०० | शंभर | Shambhar |
| 200 | २०० | दोनशे | |
| 300 | ३०० | तीनशे | |
| 400 | ४०० | चारशे | |
| 500 | ५०० | पाचशे | |
| 1000 | १,००० | हजार | Hazār |
| 10000 | १०,००० | दहा हजार | Dahā Hazār |
# Cryptography/Open Algorithms

Creating a good cryptographic algorithm that will stand against all that the best cryptanalysis can throw at it, is hard. Very hard. So, this is why most people design algorithms by first designing the basic system, then refining it, and finally letting it loose for all to see.
Why, do this? Surely, if you let everyone see your code that turns a plain bit of text into garbled rubbish, then they will be able to reverse it! This assumption is unfortunately wrong. Now the algorithms that have been/ are being made are so strong, that just reversing the algorithm is not effective when trying to crack it. And when you let people look at your algorithm, they may spot a security flaw that nobody else could see. We talk more about this counter-intuitive idea in another chapter, Cryptography/Basic Design Principles/.
AES, one of the newest and strongest (2010) algorithms in the world, was created by a team of two people, and was put forward into a sort of competition, where only the best algorithm would be examined and put forward to be selected for the title of the Advanced Encryption Standard. There were about 35 entrants, and although all of them appeared strong at first, it soon became clear that some of these apparently strong algorithms were in fact, very weak!
AES is a good example of open algorithms.
# Medical Machines
## Table of Contents

* Autoclaves
* Centrifuges
* Crash Carts
* Microscopes
* Microtomes
* Oxygen Concentrators
* Pneumatic Tourniquets
* Suction Machines and Aspirators
* Contributors
Wikibook completion:
# Budget Watch Collecting/Plastic crystal polishing

If a watch has a scratched up plastic crystal, chances are very good that it can be cleaned up easily.

## Materials

* Wet sandpaper in 600 and 400 grit, 320 optional for really bad crystals like this one. Grits are approximate, different brands might not have exactly the same ratings.
* Padded mouse pad, optionally a soft cloth if the mouse pad doesn't have an appropriate soft cloth texture.
* Brasso or Wright's Silver polish
* Water
Water is to keep the sandpaper from clogging with plastic residue. You may want to skip the water if using more sandpaper is less objectionable than getting the watch wet.

## Procedure

Wet the coarsest sandpaper you'll be using and place it over the mouse pad. Check the height of the crystal, the angle you'll need to sand, and make sure you won't sand the bezel--If that's a danger, tape it up or remove the crystal. Sand in one direction, across the direction of the worst scratches by moving the crystal back and forth over the paper.
You may decide to leave some traces of very severe scratches, or scratches around the edges if removing them might make the crystal too thin.
Continue with successively finer grades of sandpaper until you get to 600. With each new grade, sand across the direction of the old one, and stop when the old scratches are no longer visible. You'll need to dry the crystal to check progress.
The first time you use it, put a small amount of polish on your damp cloth or mouse pad. If you re-use the same cloth or pad without cleaning it, you may not need fresh polish every time, just re-wet. If using a cloth, place it over the pad. Polish in a circular motion, again concentrating on the edges until the crystal is clear. Again, you'll need to dry it to check progress.
(Note that this case was floating around in my parts, and there is still a visible scratch at 7--That's on the inside. unusual to find an inside scratch on a complete watch, and they are a bear to remove. Not gonna bother here, since it's not going to be used.
An alternate method of sanding crystals is to use sanding sticks of decreasing coarseness followed with a polishing compound. These sticks may be purchased in hobby shops and have the advantage of being flexible. This allows them to conform to the shape of the crystal when polishing. The method used is to place the crystal on a suitable surface (I use a mousepad) face up and sand holding the sanding stick in the thumb and first two fingers of the hand. Using this method there is no danger to the bezel since the crystal has been removed. My results have been quite favorable.
Another method I had good results with is, for the final polish I use 1200 wet and dry sandpaper and wet it with some penetrating oil, to prevent clogging. When done with that, I turned the paper over and use the back side with some liquid metal polish like Brasso or Silvo. The results are really very good.
# Use the Source

Welcome! You have come upon the beginning of a lighter-side look at Open Source, open source, Free Software, free software, Unix, Unix-likes and the whole mess known today as the Internet.
This book touches on the concepts of hacking, cracking, scripting and programming; illustrating the differences between them all and why there is a gap between the people doing these things and the masses unaware of the differences between them. Other topics will include the reasons for using different licenses for programs and what some of the more common ones mean to users and programmers.

## Contents

* What do you mean Open Source isn't Free Software? - Explaining the differences in the terms used for the various types of open source software.
* I have to give you what? - Talking about the rights given in licenses and those that are not.
* Theft or Copying? - Talking about "stealing" source, how it is actually copying with no loss of property involved.
* In the Beginning... - Explaining where the various open source movements began and the start of the Internet, do not go into detail the groups, just their basics - further detail will be in their specific chapters.
* Unix - The beginnings of Unix, it's relation to Multics and it's involvement with BSD. Mention Bell's K&R and the beginning of C.
* BSD - Talk about the BSDs, their founders and their strengths and weaknesses, go into more detail than In the Beginning....
* Let's get ready to RUMBLE! - The lawsuit involving BSDi, USL and the University of California; discuss the result of the suit as well as how it affected the BSD and Linux movements.
* BSD's Not Unix - The Unix trademark, Unix-likes, System V.
* Gnu's Not Unix - Talk about Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation and about the various licenses they have made and how they view other licenses.
* Linux - Talk about Linus Torvalds and the kernel he made, describe the relation to Minix and Unix.
* Gnu's Not Linux! - Talk about the mincing of words between the Linux and GNU camps.
* Gnu/Linux - The partial result of the GNU and Linux camps spat.
* OpenSolaris - Discuss OpenSolaris, what it means to other open source projects.
* Divide and Conquer - Talk about community friction, the concept of allies and enemies within the open source world.
* Cancer - Talk about the stance given by Microsoft regarding the General Public License, Linux and GNU.
* Counter-Culture - Talk about the rising of an anti-Microsoft movement, its relation to the open source groups and its effects on their usage and development.
* l33t |-|4X0rz!?! - Hacking, cracking, script kiddies and the like.
* Glossary - Definitions of words, technical and cultural terms, acronyms and notes.
* Licenses - A much more detailed look at licenses, will not be for the faint of heart
* Additional Information - A list of informational sources, the bibliography, thanks and contributors.

## Related wikish!t

* Open Source
# W!kibooks

[[Category:Suspected sockpuppets of {{{1}}}|W!kibooks]]
# Locksmithing

This how-to guide describes the techniques of lock picking.
Lock picking is an essential skill for a locksmith. It can also be an interesting skill to learn and can be useful to the householder. Lock picking is the ideal way of opening a lock without the correct key, while not damaging the lock, allowing it to be rekeyed for later use. This is especially important with antique locks that would be impossible to replace if destructive entry methods were used.
Usually it is possible to bypass a lock without picking it. Most common locks can be quickly and easily opened using a drill, bolt cutters, or a hydraulic jack. The hasp, door, or fixture they are attached to can be cut or broken. But lock picking is more rewarding than brute force.

## Content

* Techniques
* Type of locks
* Key Impressioning
* Tools
* Legal Status
* Further Reading