# Canadian Refugee Procedure/44-53 - Loss of Status and Removal
## IRPA Sections 44-53

Sections 44-53 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act read:

## IRPA Section 48: Enforcement of Removal Orders
### 48(2): The removal order must be enforced as soon as possible

Discretionary relief for those facing deportation is also available through requests for deferrals of removal. The power is based on subsection 48(2) of the IRPA, which states that "[i]f a removal order is enforceable, the foreign national against whom it was made must leave Canada immediately and the order must be enforced as soon as possible". The idea is that enforcement of the removal order is not "possible" if it would mean refoulement. Upon request, a removals officer must consider whether the individual has offered «new» evidence not previously assessed before the IRB or in a PRRA application that they would be exposed to "a risk of death, extreme sanction or inhumane treatment" if deported.
Despite the fact that the IRPA specifies that enforceable removal orders "must be enforced as soon as possible", the reality of such enforcement has long lagged behind this legislative goal; for example, in 2013 and 2014 combined, 14 per cent (2,674) of those who claimed asylum after 15 December 2012 were deported - highlighting a gap between the claim acceptance rate and those deported. Specifically, just over half of the people ordered removed after failed refugee claims in 2013 were deported within one year, and the government's target of 80 per cent was not reached. This is common to asylum systems around the world, for example in Britain, nearly seven in ten of those refused in 2015 were still in Britain in 2022, according to the Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford. As of 2024, the Canada Border Services Agency had deported 14,000 inadmissible people between January and October of that year and there were nearly 30,000 people with outstanding deportation orders in Canada - mainly those who failed to appear for deportation proceedings and those facing active immigration warrants.

## IRPA Section 53: Regulations
### The regulations may provide for matters relating to this Division

Section 53 of the IRPA provides that the regulations may provide for any matter relating to the application of this Division. See: Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR ss. 235-243 - Enforcement of Removal Orders.

## References

* ↑ Colin Grey, Canada’s contemporary asylum system, in Ervis Martani and Denise Helly, Asylum and resettlement in Canada, Genova University Press, <https://gup.unige.it/sites/gup.unige.it/files/pagine/Asylum_and_resettlement_in_Canada_ebook.pdf>, page 95.
* ↑ Stephanie J. Silverman, Immigration Detention in Canada: Concepts and Controversies, Forced Migration in/to Canada: From Colonization to Refugee Resettlement, Edited by Christina R. Clark-Kazak, ISBN 9780228022176, page 302.
* ↑ "Britain’s Labour government is keen on deporting illegal migrants". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/britain/2024/12/16/britains-labour-government-is-keen-on-deporting-illegal-migrants.
* ↑ Passifiume, Bryan (Jan 03, 2025). "CBSA increasing costs to deportees for removal from Canada". Toronto Sun. https://torontosun.com/news/national/cbsa-increasing-costs-to-deportees-for-removal-from-canada.