OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Problems In High School Chemistry

This book will deal with all the topics covered in the high school syllabus, through numerical problems and other questions. Unlike a textbook which teaches students, we expect the content of this book to teach students to teach themselves.
The articles, problems and solutions discussed here will focus on the thought process rather than the steps involved. The second goal of this problem book is to make students realize that Chemistry is indeed simpler than Physics, Mathematics and Biology at the highschool level.
Presently, this book is randomly edited as per the questions put forward to the contributors. As we submit more and more content, we will start integrating the pieces into a picture. Volunteers are welcome to discuss the content policy, make contributions, and above all - giving touch ups to the already submitted content.

## Contents
### Inorganic Chemistry
#### Atoms, Elements, and Molecules

* Atoms
* Elements
* Types of Bonds
* Chemical Reactions
* Types of reactions
** Decomposition
** Combination

### Physical Chemistry
#### First Law Of Thermodynamics

* An Introduction
* Problems on the next level
* Problem 1
* Supplementary Problems on work
* Supplementary problems on work, variations
* Graphs of adiabatic and isothermal processes
* Problem 2
# Problems In High School Chemistry/Inchem/Atoms

How to break down an element
Have you ever wondered how to find how many electrons, protons, neutrons, and the atomic mass of an element? To find these things out about an element you need to know the basics of what the element is made of. An element is made from atoms, atoms are small building blocks that are in anything you breathe, feel or touch that’s matter. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons.
Now that you understand the basics of atoms You can now begin two determine the basics of an element. The first element that we will be breaking down is Ne which is NEON. A basic table to breakdown and element will look something like this. The first step in breaking down an element is to put the symbol of the element that you are given in the symbol column. Once you put the symbol down you can now put the elements name in the element column, in this case it would be NEON. Now comes the more challenging part, for all elements the number of electrons and protons will be the same. To find the number of electrons and protons you simply look at the number on the top left corner of the element on the periodic table. While the number is not always on the top left, it will likely be there.
In this case it is 20 - 10. The next step is to find the atomic mass. That can also be found on the element box either on the bottom or on the top right corner. The atomic mass for neon is 20. Now to find the neutrons, to find the number of neutrons that an element has, you must subtract the number of protons from the atomic mass. In this case it would be 20 which is the rounded value minus 10 which equals 10.
| Symbol | Element | # electrons | # protons | # neutrons | atomic mass |
| Ne | Neon | 10 | 10 | 10 | 20 |
Congratulations you have successfully broken down an element. Now let's try one that's a little bit harder. All the same steps apply no matter what the element is. The second element that we will be breaking down is Americium / Am.
| Symbol | Element | # electrons | # protons | # neutrons | atomic mass |
| Am | Americium | 95 | 95 | 148 | 243 |
# Soil Erosion by Water/Strategies

← previous

# Soil Conserving Strategies

According to the driving processes and mechanics of the detachment and transport of soil particles by rainsplash and runoff (cf. chapter 1), basic strategies for soil conservation must be based on:
* Covering the soil to protect it from raindrop impact,
* Increasing the infiltration capacity of the soil to reduce runoff,
* Improving the aggregate stability of the soil,
* Increasing surface roughness to reduce the velocity of runoff.
next →
# Soil Mechanics

No engineering structure can be built on the ground or within it without the influence of geology being experienced by the engineer. Yet geology must remain an ancillary subject to students of engineering and it is therefore essential that their training is supported by a concise, reliable and usable text on the subject of geology and its relationship to engineering. In this book all the fundamental aspects of geology are described and explained, but within the limits thought suitable for engineers.
The structure of the Earth and the operation of its internal processes are described, together with the geological processes that shape and fashion the Earth and produce its rocks and soils. The commonly occurring types of rock and soil, and many types of geological structure and geological maps, are described. Throughout this book care has been taken to focus on the relationship between geology and geomechanics. For this reason emphasis has been placed on the geological processes that bear directly upon the composition, structure and mechanics of soil and rocks, and on the movement of groundwater.

## Contents
### 1. The Earth: Surface, Structure, Age

* 1.1 Introduction
* 1.2 Surface
* 1.3 Structure
* 1.4 Age
* 1.5 Principals of Geology

### 2. Introduction to Soil Mechanics

* 2.1 Soil phases, relationships and inter relationships
* Soil classification
* Engineering properties
* Stress, Strain and Elastic Deformation
* Consolidation
* Compaction
* Shear strength of soils
* Bearing capacity of soils
* Groundwater
* Slope Stability

### 3. Soil Testing

* Field Testing
* Laboratory Testing

### 4. Foundations

* Types of Foundations
* Settlement of Foundations
* Design of Foundations
# Soil Erosion by Water/Sediment Continuity

← previous

# Sediment Continuity

Overall net erosion along a hillslope as function of downslope distance $x$ may be calculated by solving a
steady state sediment continuity equation (Nearing et al., 1989):
${\frac {dG}{dx}}=D_{f,r}+D_{f,i}$ (1.31)
whereby interrill erosion $D_{f,i}$is considered to be independent of $x$. Rill erosion $D_{f,r}$is positive for detachment (eqn 1.26, cf. section → Rill Erosion) and negative for deposition (eqn 1.28).
next →

## Bibliography

* ↑ Nearing, M., Foster, G., Lane, L., and Finkner, S. (1989). A process-based soil erosion model for usda-water erosion prediction project technology. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 32(5):1587–1593.
# Soil Mechanics/External links

You can find many useful documents on engineering geology, soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering design as 'engineer manuals' and 'technical manuals' on the US Army Corps of Engineers website:
# Real Analysis/Total Variation

| ←Continuity | Real Analysis Total Variation | Arc Length→ |
Let f be a continuous function on an interval [a,b]. A partition of f on the interval [a,b] is a sequence x$_k$ such that a=x$_0$< x$_1$ <...< x$_{k-1}$ < x$_k$ < ...x$_n$=b. The total variation t of a function on the interval [a,b] is the supremum
t= sup{$\sum _{k=1}^{n}|f(x_{k})-f(x_{k-1})|$ : x$_k$ is a partition of [a,b]}.
If this supremum exists, then the function is of bounded variation on [a,b]. If a real function is of bounded variation over its whole domain, then it is called a function of bounded variation.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/Conclusion (Cost)

In this chapter, various issues surrounding homeownership have been addressed. Questions that may come up at various stages of homeownership involving purchase, refinancing, maintaining, and sale of your home were covered.
The purchase of a home is your largest single investment. Homeownership is an "American Dream." But are you really prepared to buy a home? Purchasing a home is a serious matter. But even after purchase, many considerations have to be taken into account. When your house goes up in value (i.e., your equity is building up) or a mortgage rate goes down, you might want to consider refinancing. Does it pay? You might want to sell your house and move to better quarters. Ways to get the most for your house were discussed.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/Conclusion (Invest)

When you are investing in tangibles (as opposed to stocks and bonds), you are looking towards both reward and enjoyment. Real estate investing has been the most popular. Income producing properties such as multi-family units, retail and office buildings provide not only current income in the form of rental income but also tax savings and capital appreciation. Leverage plays a significant role in real estate investing, which magnifies risk and return. You should be careful about the pitfalls of high leveraged investing.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing

Strategic vision and action are necessary to enhance a company’s competitive superiority, achieve superior performance, and improve its value. Strategic Management introduces, explains, and analyzes the activities needed to develop, select, implement, and evaluate a firm’s competitive strategy. This course is designed to illustrate development, implementation, and reformulation of business strategy. Emphasis is placed on the need for awareness of, and accommodation to, changes in an organization's internal and external environments. Generic types of business strategies and techniques for analyzing strategies are also covered.
This book was initially imported from World Academy Online where it was under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 and the GNU Free Documentation License.

## Chapters
### Real Estate Financing

* The Loan Process
* Online Loan Application
* Lending Laws
* Truth-in-Lending Law (Regulation Z)
* Effect of Violations
* Sources of Funds
* Classification of Mortgages
* Why Qualify the Buyer?
* Lend a Hand With Paperwork
* Follow Up the Loan Process
* Latest Mortgage Options

### Fundamentals of Investing

* Getting Started as an Investor
* Understanding Return and Risk

### Housing: The Cost of Shelter

* Should You Buy a Home or Rent?
* What Price To Pay?
* How Much Can You Afford to Spend for Housing?
* Does It Pay To Refinance Your House?
* How To Shop for an Adjustable Rate Mortgage
* Should You Pay Off Your Mortgage Early?
* How Good Is Your Homeowner's Policy?
* How To Get Top Dollar for Your House
* Conclusion

### Investing in Real Estate

* Investing In Real Estate is an I.D.E.A.L. Situation
* What Are The Disadvantages With Real Estate?
* What Types of Real Estate Investments Are There?
* Factors to be Considered Regarding a Real Estate Investment
* What Are Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)?
* How Do You Determine Cash Flow for Real Estate?
* How Do You Value an Income Producing Property?
* Should You Use Leverage When Investing in Real Estate?
* Pitfalls of High Leveraged Real Estate Investing
* Conclusion
# Real Analysis/Uniform Convergence

| ←Pointwise Convergence | Real Analysis Uniform Convergence | Metric Spaces→ |
Definition: A sequence of real-valued functions $f_{n}{(x)}$ is uniformly convergent if there is a function f(x) such that for every $\epsilon >0$ there is an $N>0$ such that when $n>N$ for every x in the domain of the functions f, then $|f_{n}(x)-f(x)|<\epsilon$

### Theorem (Uniform Convergence Theorem))

Let $f_{n}$ be a series of continuous functions that uniformly converges to a function $f$. Then $f$ is continuous.

#### Proof

There exists an N such that for all n>N, $|f_{n}(x)-f(x)|<{\frac {\epsilon }{3}}$ for any x. Now let n>N, and consider the continuous function $f_{n}$. Since it is continuous, there exists a $\delta$ such that if $|x'-x|<\delta$, then $|f_{n}(x)-f_{n}(x')|<{\frac {\epsilon }{3}}$. Then $|f(x')-f(x)|\leq |f(x')-f_{n}(x')|+|f_{n}(x')-f_{n}(x)|+|f_{n}(x)-f(x)|<{\frac {\epsilon }{3}}+{\frac {\epsilon }{3}}+{\frac {\epsilon }{3}}=\epsilon$ so the function f(x) is continuous.
# Real Analysis/Topological Continuity

Several properties of continuity on sets of real numbers can be extended by examining continuity from a Topological standpoint. In topology, an alternate definition (i.e. other than the standard "epsilon-delta" real analysis definition) is usually used. This definition applies to any function between sets, not just to metric spaces.
    Definition Let $A\subseteq \mathbb {R}$. Also, let $f:A\to \mathbb {R}$. $f(x)$ is continuous at $x=c$ iff for every open subset $V$ of $f(A)$, $U\subseteq f^{-1}(V)$ is open in $A$.
It must be mentioned here that the term "Open Set" can be defined in much more general settings than the set of reals or even metric spaces; however, for use in Real Analysis, the definition of Open Set that you are already familiar with will definitely suffice.

### Theorem

For any continuous function f:A->B, U compact => f(U) compact.
# Quantum theory of observation/TitlePage

Quantum theory of observation
# Quechua/1/Lesson

Now it is not expected that you'll be able to pronounce Quechua correctly just from reading the last lesson, however as you complete the next lessons it is suggested that you keep going back to the first lesson as a reference. This will hopefully help you internalise the rules.

## Conversation

Following is a possible basic conversation in Quechua:
    Antuku: Yaw! Wawqiy! Mayman richkanki?
    Joe: Wasiyman richkani. Qanri?
    Antuku: Qhatuman richkani. Tupananchiskama!
    Joe: Ratukama.
Translation:
    Antuku: Hey! Brother! Where are (you) going?
    Joe: (I) am going to my house. And you?
    Antuku: (I) am going to the market. 'Till we meet again!
    Joe: See you later.

## Grammar

As you can see in the conversation, the verb form "richkanki" is for second-person singular and "richkani" for first-person.
Here we will give an overview of all persons (yachachiy = to teach)
| | Singular | Plural |
| First | yachachini | yachachinchis (inclusive) yachachiniku (exclusive) |
| Second | yachachinki | yachachinkichis |
| Third | yachachin | yachachinku |
These are the personal pronouns.
| | Singular | Plural |
| First | Ñuqa | Ñuqanchik (inclusive) Ñuqayku (exclusive) |
| Second | Qam | Qamkuna |
| Third | Pay | Paykuna |
# Quechua/2/Lesson/Verbs
## A

* Amachar : To protect
* Aqllar : To choose
* Asir : To laugh
* Atipar : To win
* Aypur : To server

## C

* Camachir : To command

## K

* Kuchur : To cut

## M

* Mikhur : To eat
* Much'ar : To kiss

## Ñ

* Ñithir : To pressure

## P

* Piñar : To anger
* Pukllar : To play
* Purir : To walk

## Q

* Qaparir : To shout
* Q'aparir : To smell
* Qapir : To handle
* Qatir : To chase
* Qawar : To see
* Qillqar : To write
* Qipir : To carry
* Qunqar : To forget
* Quñur : To duck

## R

* Rimar : To speak
* Rikchar : To wake up

## T

* Tapur : To question
* Tikrachir : To change
* Tusur : To dance

## U

* Uyarir : To listen
# Quechua/2/Lesson

* Cases
* Pronouns
* Verb's conjugation
* Adjectives
* Questions
# Sport Innovation/The Track Check

We might have become to an era where athletes will depend on tracking results collected along the season, game and trainings as a way to evaluate their real performance. In a similar way, the same technology can be applied to any sport.
Through detection and/or tracking of the moving objects (players, ball), several high level analysis can be done, e.g. highlight extraction, event detection and tactic analysis
And, the data could be represented in maps, between games for the same player – all kinds of variables and possibilities would be identified and analysed
The tracking itself is an on-field technology, however the evaluation process is classified an off-field tool helping coaches and managerS; revolutionising the manner of athlete’s been exposed and trade.

## Tracking Helping Coaches

This expertise could be used in a practical way with creation of an athlete’s portfolio, gathering all possible variable information during their career development process such as speed, power, strength, agility, endurance, technical ability, creativity, mental conditioning and diet; making easier to coaches analysing players performance and choosing the best team line-up.
This could be one more evaluation process for coaches helping creating teams matching results and necessities, making players complementary to each other.

## Tracking Helping Managers

The concept of trading athletes is changed in the sport market, more money is being invested and trading soccer players is the business for a vast number of agents and managers. Technology is being used in a reasonable manner, however still in its low potential; career’s highlight movies for example have been used to assist negotiators selling their “product”.
In recent years, free agency has taken hold across the soccer world. And while players’ contracts are still held by teams, as international rules stipulate, investors are getting involved, this situation is changing mediation concepts creating the need for a more accurate system of showcasing athlete’s performance evidence.
The GPS tracking information can help managers keeping athlete’s analysis up to date, as well as monitoring injured players recoveries i.e. comparing results before and after injures.
This technology would create a more accurate career’s report for players, though managers and clubs would also benefit from it.

## References

* ^ Liang, D., Liu, Y., Huang , Q., & Gao, W. (2005). A Scheme for Ball Detection and Tracking in Broadcast Soccer Video. In Y. Ho, & H. Kim, ADVANCES IN MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION PROCESSING - PCM 2005, PT 1 (pp. 864-875). Berlin, Germany: SPRINGER-VERLAG.
* ^ SMART Soccer Fields for the World Cup. (2010, July 6). Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://www.vector1media.com/vectorone/?p=5864
* ^ Downie, A. (2008, July 19). Trading in Soccer Talent. Retrieved December 09, 2011 from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/19/business/19soccer.html
Continue to Technology on- and off-field at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
# Royal Canadian Air Cadets Guide
## Table of contents

* Introduction
* Activities
* Training
* Flying Programs
# Royal Canadian Air Cadets Guide/Introduction
## Introduction

Air Cadets is a youth-oriented program which helps to:
* Teach aviation and firearm safety skills
* Promote physical fitness and good citizenship
* Develop self-discipline and good living habits
* Develop instructional and leadership skills
* Promote participation in activities that support the local community
* Promote awareness of Canada's role in the development of aviation and the aerospace industry
* Stimulate an interest in the Canadian Armed Forces
* Produce leaders to support the air cadet training system
* Promote the Royal Canadian Air Cadets within the community

### Requirements for joining

Requirements for joining may vary between different squadrons. The requirements for membership typically are as follows:
* Between 12 and 18 years of age
* Canadian citizen or landed immigrant
* Be of good moral character
* May not belong to another cadet organization
* Complete documentation:
** CF1158 Application for Membership (signed by Parents or Legal Guardians)
** Parental Consent card
** Photocopy of Proof of Age
** Photocopy of Provincial Health Insurance Card
# Royalese

Welcome to the Royalese course. You will learn the basics of the Royalese language, a constructed language created by Andrew Pereira(Redwars22) that mixes Slavic and Romance languages. This language is a category one language and unlike modern Slavic languages, Royalese has a more analytic structure and dropped the cases and verb conjugations almost completely. I hope you enjoy this textbook. Good learning!

## Unities

* Basic 1
* Basic 2
* Phrases
* Basic Verbs
* Greetings
* Animals
* Food
* Weather
* Imperative
MORE SOON!
# Royal Australasian College of Physicians Examinations/Resources/Clinical Exam/Short Cases/Neurology/The Lower Limb Examination

Work in progress!
This card is a suggested method for the neurological examination of the lower limb.
Example Stem: "This patient has noticed difficulty walking. Please examine him."

## Initial Inspection

* Wash your hands
* Introduce yourself to the patient and shake their hand
* Ask the patient to undress to their underwear
* With the patient standing upright in front of the examination couch, perform a general inspection
** Look for wasting or asymmetry
** Look for unsteadiness of their posture at rest
* Ask them if they usually require a walking aid
* Get them to walk a few steps away from you, assessing their gait
* Ask them to turn and walk back towards you
* Test their Rhomberg's sign by asking them to stand with their feet together, then close their eyes
** Make sure they are standing away from the couch / wall so they cannot lean against it
** Be seen to be ready to catch them if they are Rhomberg's positive
* If their gait was normal and there was no obvious weakness, test proximal strength by asking them to squat, then rise from squatting
** If this is normal, then ask them to repeat, looking for fatiguability suggesting myaesthenia
*** If the patient is able to do this, the abnormality is probably not in the motor system
* While they are standing, examine their lower back for scars or tender areas
* Ask them to lie supine on the couch
* At rest, examine proximally for fasiculations in the thigh muscles

### Assess Tone

* Ask the patient to try and relax completely. Explain you will move their leg, but you do not want them to help at all
* Dorsiflex and plantarflex one ankle a few times to assess their relaxation. Once happy they are relaxed, forcefully dorsiflex (not too hard!) to look for clonus