OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Lyrics of Henry VIII/QUid petis o fily, Pygott

[ff. 112$^v$-116$^r$]
QUid petis ofily mater dulassima baba. O pateri ofili michi plausus oscula da da.
The moder full manerly and mekly as a mayd lokyng on her lyttill son so laughyng in lap layde so pretyly so pertly so passyngly well apayd ful softly and full soberly vnto her swet son she said qid petys.
I mene this by mary or makers moder of myght full louely lookyng on or lord the lanterne of lyght thus sayng to or sauior this saw I In my syght this reson that I rede you now I rede it full ryght. Qid petes
musyng on her maners so ny mard was my mayne saue it plesyd me so passyngly that past was my payn. yet softly to her swete son'n me thought I hard sayn now gracius god and goode swete babe yet ons this game agyne. Qid petes
pygott

## Textual Commentary

The sole vernacular religious song in H, this lyric is a moralization of an episode in which the Virgin plays with the Son as a child. The alliteration in the verse suggests an earlier style than the other lyrics in H, and certainly a style prior to its setting here by Pygott. The first few lines are present in Skelton’s Phyllyp Sparowe: “Quid petis filio, mater dulcissima? Ba ba!” (l. 1091).
    1–4 Gloss: “What are you seeking, O Son? Sweetest mother, kiss, kiss. O Father, O Son. Give me kisses of liking” (from Stevens M&P 421); spoken by the Virgin.
    7 pertly Openly, without concealment, smartly, sharply (OED adv. 1, 3). apayd satisfied, contented, pleased (OED v 1).
    13 reson Statement, narrative, or speech (OED n.1 3.a).
    15 mard Marred. mayne Physical strength, force, or power (OED I.1.a).
    18 ons Once.
In “QUid petis o fily” both the Latin burden, the first stanza, and the English verses are through-set for four voices; the remaining text is underlaid. This piece contains notes relating to the music on f. 114$^v$ (bottom) and f. 115$^r$ (top), and is ascribed to “pygott” (f. 116$^r$).
“QUid petis o fily” is indexed in Robbins Index & Suppl. 3438.3 and Ringler MS TM1570. It is reprinted in Chappell Account 384, Flügel Anglia 252–53, Flügel Neuengl 121, Rickert 63–64, Stevens M&P 421, and Stevens MCH8 82–85.

## Textual Notes
### Texts Collated

H$^{1,2,3,4}$ (ff. 112$^v$–116$^r$, ll. 1–9 and 14–19 H$^3$, ll. 1–9 H$^4$), CPet (inside front cover, ll. 1–3)
    1 substitute o mater o fili pets CPet; ofily] ofili qid petes ofili H$^{2,4}$
    2 mater] me CPet
    3 O pater] quid petis H$^1$; ofili] ofili o pater ofili H$^{2,4}$
    4 da da.] dada da da. H$^4$
    5 The ~ mayd] omit H$^{1,3}$
    6 lokying ~ son] omit H$^{1,4}$; layde] layd so laughyng in lap laid H$^2$, ~ in ~ H$^3$
    7 apayd] apayd so passyngly well a payd^ H$^2$, a payd so pa passyngly well apayd. H$^4$, apayed so pretyly so pertly ~ apayd. H$^3$
    8 ful ~ soberly] omit H$^3$; said] said she H$^3$, saide vn to her son sa H$^2$
    9 petys.] petes^ ofily. H$^4$
    12 thus sayng to] sayng H$^2$
    14 petes] petes / Qid petys ofili / Qid petys ofily H$^1$, petes ofili. H$^2$
    17 sayn] her sayn H$^2$, her sayne H$^3$
    19 petes] petis ofili. / Qid petes ofili H$^2$
# Puzzles/Decision puzzles/Weighings Once More/Solution

Pathetic drawing following
Weight to be measured is #.
We prove, that 4 is the minimum size of a weighing set to measure the numbers from 1 to 40.
where W$_l$ and W$_r$ are the sum of all weights on left resp. right side. x has a unique solution for every pair of W$_l$ and W$_r$.
Now, we construct a minimum solution:
Lemma: The weighing set S(n) = {1, 3, ..., 3$^n$} can measure all weights between 1 and |S(n)|.
Proof by induction: For S(0) the lemma trivially holds. Assume that the lemma holds for S(n). We will now prove that it holds for S(n+1). Because S(n) is a subset of S(n+1), we can surely measure all weighs between 1 and |S(n)| = (3$^{n+1}$)/2 without using the weight 3$^{n+1}$. By adding this weight on the left side, we can reach all solutions between 3$^{n+1}$ - (3$^{n+1}$)/2 = |S(n)| + 1 and 3$^{n+1}$ + (3$^{n+1}$)/2 = 3$^{n+2}$/2 = |S(n+1)|. QED.
Because of |S(3)| = 40, a solution to the problem is the weighing set {1,3,9,27}, which is minimal.
Questions:
* Prove that this is a unique solution.
* Can somebody think about an extension to a "fourth dimension" ?
Algorithm for finding how to weigh a particular integer weight from 1 to S(n):
1 - Let x be the weight you want to find weighing set for it.
2 - Subtract x from S(n) and convert the result to base 3. Then zero pad to make the size of resulting string equal to the size of weighting set.
3 - Subtract one from each bit. Since the string is in base three, the result after subtraction is -1, 0, or 1. Reverse the sign of each number.
4 - Each digit determine where to use its corresponding positional weight in reverse order (i.e. 81, 27, 9, 3, 1). Zero means the corresponding weight not on the scale, +1 means on the right, and -1 on the left resp.
As an example suppose we want to know how to place each of 5 weights (1, 3, 9, 27, 81) to weigh 51.
S(n) = 121
121 - 51 = 70
base$_3$(70) = 2121, zero pad => 02121, subtract one from each digit => -1, 1, 0, 1, 0, reverse the signs => 1, -1, 0, -1, 0 => (+1 x 81) + (-1 x 27) + (0 x 9) + (-1 x 3) + (0 x 1) = 51
These digits determines the placing of weights: 81 on right resp, 27 on left, 9 out, 3 on left, and 1 out
# Puzzles/Chess puzzles/Rook Tour Around Spawns

Solutions:
A rook is on the 7X7 chess board is surrounded by 9 spawns arranging in such a way. What is the move that rook should take in order to cover all the chessboard area that do not eating up the spawns
# Puzzles/Decision puzzles

* 12 Coins
* Weighings Once More
* Yet Another Weighing
* Monty Hall
# Puzzles/Decision puzzles/12 Coins/Solution

Puzzles |Decision puzzles|12 Coins|Solution
You need 3 weighings.
There are 12 possible places for the fake coin to be and it can either be heavy or light, leaving 24 possibilities. Each weighing can give 3 results. (One side heavier, other side heavier, or both sides equal.) 2 weighings can at most only differentiate between 9 possibilities, therefore 2 or less weighings is not sufficient.
Label the coins with the symbols αβγδABCD$£€¤. Start at state S00.

## Reasoning

Since one of the coin is fake, and it can be lighter or heavier, that gives 2 X 12 = 24 possible answers. Also notice that each weighing can have 3 possible outcomes (left lighter, right lighter, equal), and with 3 weighting there are 3$^3$ = 27 possible outcome. Because 27 > 24, it is possible (although not certainly) to have a solution.

### First weighing

Suppose we put x coins on both side of the weigh, we want to ensure that no matter what the outcome is, the remaining case still satisfy the condition of possible outcomes > possible answers, otherwise the plan fails. In case the result is equal, only the coins not on weigh can be faked, since we don't know yet whether it is lighter or heavier, that leaves 2(12-2x) possible answers. With 2 weighing lefts, there are 3$^2$ = 9 possible outcomes. Hence 2(12-2x)<9. When one side is lighter, it can be that one of the coins on the lighter side is lighter, or one of the coins on the heavier side is heavier, which leaves 2x possible answers. Hence we have 2x<9. Solving the equation, we get x=4.
# Puzzles/Decision puzzles/Monty Hall

Puzzles | Decision puzzles | Monty Hall
Let us assume that you are participating on the show "Let´s make a deal". Monty Hall offers you a choice of three doors. Monty tells you, and you know, that you can trust Monty, that there is one big prize (such as a sports car) behind one of the doors and goats behind the others. He tells you that after you choose a door, he will open a different door than you chose, which contains a goat.
After you have chosen one door, he opens one of the two other doors, which as promised, contains a goat. Now he gives you the chance to switch or stay at your initial choice. You will then get what is behind that door.
You cannot hear the goats from behind the doors, or in any way know which door has the prize.
Does it matter whether you switch or stay?
solution
# Puzzles/Decision puzzles/Weighings Once More

Puzzles | Decision puzzles | Weighings once more
You want to use a balance to weigh items that have an integral weight between 1 ounce and 40 ounces (integral means that no fractions such as 1.5 ounces are allowed).
What is the fewest number of weights you need?
solution
# Puzzles/Decision puzzles/Yet Another Weighing

Puzzles | Decision puzzles | Yet another Weighing
You have a balance and the following items of which you know the weights: a stapler weighing 80g, a pen weighing 40g, an eraser weighing 20g, a ruler weighing 10g, and a small coin weighing 5g.
How many different weights can you measure with these items?
solution
# Puzzles/Chess puzzles/Wheat and chessboard problem
## History

According to myth from India, chess was invented by Grand Vizier Sissa Ben Dahir and then given to King Shirham of India. The king was so pleased with the latest entertainment that he offered his subject a great reward in gold; but the vizier said that he would be happy merely to have some wheat:
One grain for the first square of the chessboard, two grains for the second square, four for the third, eight for the fourth, and so on, doubling each time. The king thought this a very modest request, granted it, and asked for a bag of wheat to be brought in. However the bag was emptied by the 20th square. The king asked for another bag, but then realized that this entire bag was needed for the next square. In 20 more squares, as many bags would have been exhausted as there were grains in the first bag! The number of grains on the 64th square would have been 2$^{63}$, and the total for the whole board

## Solution

In short, it is impossible to fulfill the vizier's request as our current world productions (for wheat) unable to fulfill the demand
# Puzzles/Decision puzzles/12 Coins

Puzzles | Decision puzzles | 12 coins
You are handed 12 metal coins which look alike. However, one of them is fake and weighs either more or less than each of the other 11 coins (which all have identical weight). To measure or compare weights you have only a pan balance that tips down to the side with the greater weight or stays in balance if both pans hold equal weights.
With how many weightings can you find the fake coin and also determine if its weight is more or less than the weight of the other coins? How do you do it?
solution
# Ukrainian Dancing/About Ukrainian Dancing

Ukrainian dance is believed to have originated out of the religious and cultural beliefs, and social customs, of the early Slavic peoples who lived in what is now Ukraine. In the Twentieth Century, it evolved from a form of social dance into a staged form. A more detailed account of the development of Ukrainian dance can be found on Wikipedia, or in the books listed in Other Resources.

## Sections

* Standard Dance Terminology
    This section identifies and defines dance terminology that will be used in describing dance steps.
* Ukrainian Dance Music
    This section discusses the music used in performing Ukrainian dance.
# Ukrainian/Simple Sentences

| English | Ukrainian | Pronunciation | Sentence breakdown and notes |
| I am Ukrainian. | Я украї́нець. | Ya ukrayinets'. | Spoken by a male |
| I am Ukrainian. | Я украї́нка. | Ya ukrayinka. | Spoken by a female |
| This cat is black. | Цей кіт чо́рний. | Tsey kit chornɪy. | Verb to be in the present tense is omitted. |
| You are American. | Ти америка́нка. | Tɪ amerykanka. | Spoken to a female. |
| You are American. | Ти америка́нець. | Tɪ amerykanets'. | Spoken to a male. |
| I love you! | Я тебе́ коха́ю! | Ya tebe kohayu! | Used only about romantic love. |
| I love you! | Я тебе́ люблю́! | Ya tebe lyublyu! | Can be said to parents, children, etc. |
| I want to eat. | Я хо́чу ї́сти. | Ya hochu yisty. | I am hungry. |
| What's your name? | Як тебе́ зва́ти? | Yak tebe zvaty? | |
| How old are you? | Скі́льки тобі́ ро́ків? | Skil'kɪ tobi rokiv? | |
| Where do you live? | Де ти живе́ш? | De tɪ zhivesh? | No axillary verbs in Ukrainian questions. |
| What do you like? | Що тобі́ подо́бається? | Shcho tobi podobayet'sya? | |
| How do you live? | Як ти живе́ш? | Yak tɪ zhivesh? | |
| Do you like me? | Чи я тобі́ подо́баюсь? | Chy ya tobi podobayus'? | |
| How do you understand it? | Як ти це розумі́єш? | Yak tɪ tse rozumiyesh? | |
# Ukrainian/Ukrainian Culture/Naming
## Ukrainian Personal Names

Most common Ukrainian first name are normally Christian (Roman or Greek), such as masculine: Petro (Peter), Pavlo (Paul), Andriy (Andrew), Yuriy (George), Stepan (Steven), Ivan / Ivas / Ivasyk / Yoan (all John), Serhiy (Sergius), Mykola (Nicholas), Semen / Symon (both Simon), Mykhaylo (Michael), Pylyp (Philip), Vasyl (Basil), Roman (Romanus), Taras (Tarasus), Volodymyr / Volodya (Waldemar), Yosyp (Joseph), Yakiv (Jacob), Dmytro / Dmytryk (Demetrius), Maxym (Maximilia), Omelyan / Milko (Emil), Oleksandr / Sashko/ Oleksa / Oleksiy / Oles (all Alexandre), Marko (Mark), Homa / Toma (both Thomas), Hryhoriy / Hryts (Gregory), Yevhen / Genko / Genyk (all Eugene), Opanas / Panas (Panasus), Vitaliy / Vitalik (Vitalius), Victor, Leonid (Leonidus), Panteleymon etc or feminine: Olena (Helen), Mariya / Maryna / Mariyka / Marichka (all Mary), Marta (Martha), Viktoriya (Victoria), Iryna / Ira (Irene), Valentyna / Valia (Valentina), Oksana, Tetyana, Natalia / Natalka (Nataly), Hanna /Anna / Hanusia (all Ann), Oleksandra / Lesia (Alexandra), Anastasiya / Nastya (Anastasia). Some first names are of local Slavic root (many of these normally end with - slav, as Ukrainian slava stands for glory): Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, Vyacheslav, Myroslav, Lyubomyr (Ukrainian for peace lover), or Bohdan (Ukrainian for God-given). Wide-spread popular feminine first names are Vira (Faith), Nadiya / Nadia (Hope), Lyubov / Lyuba (Love), Svitlana (Light giving / Shining), Halyna / Halia (Galene), Bohdanna / Danna / Danya (God-given), Kateryna / Katia (Catherine) or rare Biblical name Priska (Prisca) (grandmother to Timothy, St. Paul`s follower). A few Ukrainian names are of Scandinavian Germanic origin and they are the most popular: Ihor / Ihorko (Ingvar), Oleh / Olko (Helgi), Olha / Olia (Helga), more rare is Askold.

## Ukrainian Last Names

Most ethnic Ukrainian last names end with -enko, -chko, -ko, -chuk, -skyi (skyj), -vych, -shchuk, -shyn, or -iv, or are formed after common nicknames (Perebyinis, Kuybida, Chornovil, Bayda, Duda etc.) names or nouns (Byk - bull, Zayets - hare, Kaban - wild boar, Dzhmil - bumblebee etc.). Formation of last names after nicknames and nouns is uncommon in Russian (-ov is the most typical ending for Russian last names and atypical for Ukrainian ones, though - iv occurs in Ukrainian). Ending -skyi (ski) might indicate Polish origins of many Ukrainians (as -ski endings are most typical in Polish) though not necessarily.
# Ukrainian/Religion

In terms of religious affiliation, ethnic Ukrainians are exclusively Christian, professing an ancient and traditional form of Christianity: the Eastern Greek (or Byzantine) rite. Many Ukrainians belong to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church; others, primarily in western Ukraine, to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Ukrainians were baptized en masse c. 988 by the Grand Duke of Kyiv, Volodymyr, thereby adopting Greek Rite Christianity from Constantinople. The first bishops and metropolitans (seated in Kyiv and Halych) in Ukraine were Greeks, later natives. Prior to 1700, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was subject to the Ecumenical Patriarch in Constantinople. Around three hundred years ago, it was transferred to the Moscow Patriarch. After independence in 1991, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church separated from the Moscow Patriarch and Filaret (born Denysenko), who had been metropolitan of Kyiv for 40 years, was elected the independent Ukrainian Patriarch.
The largest group of Ukrainians belong to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church (numbering over 5 million believers) is headed by Sviatoslav Shevchuk, and is in full communion with the Holy See. Evangelical Protestantism is also known in Ukraine - some Ukrainians have become either Pentecostals or Baptists. Islam is foreign to Ukraine, some Muslims can be found among non-Ukrainian groups such as Crimean Tatars on the Crimean peninsula (currently under Russian rule) and Asian immigrants.
# Parallel texts in Ukrainian and English
## << GRAMMAR | INDEX| ALPHABET >>

| Ukrainian | English | Notes |
| доброго дня! | Good day! | lit.: good day! |
| доброго вечора! | Good Evening! | lit.: good evening! |
| привіт | hi | |
| да, так | yes | |
| ні | no | |
| Бог | God | |
| спасибі | Thank you | lit.: спаси Бог - God save! |
| будь-ласка! | Thank you! ; You're welcome! | lit.: let-be-grace! |
| до побачення! | Nice to meet you! | lit.: to see-again! |
| люди | people | |
| Київ, Україна | Kyiv, Ukraine | |
| Київ - столиця України. | Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine. | lit.: Kyiv - capital of-Ukraine. |
| чудо | beauty | |
| чудові люди | beautiful people | |
| воля | freedom, will | |
| вільні люди | free people | |
| козаки - вільні люди. | Cossacks are free people. | lit.: Cossacks - free people. |
| Слава Богу, що ми козаки! | Thank God (that) we are cossacks! | lit.: Glory to God, that we - cossacks! |
| Як ваше ім'я? | What is your name? | lit.: How your name? |
| Моє ім'я Іван. | My name is Ivan. | lit.: My name John. |
# Ukrainian/Introduction

Welcome to the Ukrainian language learning Wikibook!

## Development

Ukrainian is one of the Slavic languages. This means that it resembles in syntax and vocabulary languages such as Polish, Russian, and Belorussian. It belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. There are a number of theories concerning its origin, but linguists tend to agree that Ukrainian evolved from a proto-Slavic tongue spoken around the 8th century AD.
The literary form of Ukrainian developed in the 18th and 19th centuries through the writings of Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky, and their contemporaries. Shevchenko's popularity in Ukraine can be compared to that of Shakespeare in England or Dante in Italy. The same can be said of the Galician poet Ivan Franko, after whom universities, theaters, cities and provinces (Ivano-Frankivsk) thousands of streets, and several villages (Frankove, Ivana Franka, etc.) are named. Thus, the artists' work influenced the development of the region's language.
In more recent history, Ukraine has been ruled by Austria-Hungary and Russia. Fearing uprisings, these empires discouraged the use of the Ukrainian language. However, in the early 1920s Ukraine became the independent Ukrainian SSR and the language has since grown in usage. Today, it has approximately 42 million speakers.

## Information for Learners

Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian абетка (abetka, one of the words for alphabet). It shares many characters and pronunciation rules with other Slavic languages, though a comprehensive list of the commonalities is outside the scope of this Wikibook.
Ukrainian pronunciation is clear and articulated. In terms of pronunciation clarity it resembles Russian. However, Ukrainian makes more frequent use of I vowels where Russian might use O/E vowels (for example, Peter´s: Russian - PetrOV, Ukrainian PetrIV).
# Ukrainian Dancing

Ukrainian dance is an art form practiced and performed both in Ukraine and throughout the Ukrainian diaspora. In spite of its widespread popularity, there are few English-language resources available to guide dancers and assist instructors. The few that do exist, while good, lack photographs of dance steps being performed and other features that would help explain how a step is to be performed. Added to this, English-speaking Ukrainian dancers lack a common dance vocabulary. A single step may be referred to by more than one Ukrainian term (with various anglicized spellings), and by various English-language names.
The aim of this book is to provide a resource for Ukrainian dancers and instructors. It will complement and expand on the work of other authors by including both textual descriptions of steps and photographs illustrating how a step should be performed.
Descriptions of dance steps will use the following template: Template:Steps.

## Table of Contents

* About Ukrainian Dancing
* Central Ukraine (Also called Poltava region or Kozak)
* Hutzulshchyna
* Bukovyna
* Zakarpattia (Also called Transcarpathia)
* Volyn
* Polissia
* Lemkivshchyna
* Podillia
* Boikivshchyna
* Age Appropriate Steps
    Other Resources
    Index
# Radiation Oncology/Liver/Overview

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials

## Liver anatomy

The liver is divided anatomically into the left and right lobes, but surgically is divided into the left and right liver which does not correlate with the anatomic lobes. The left and right liver contain four segments each.
* The left part of the liver contains segments I to IV:
** caudate lobe (I)
** lateral segment (II and III)
** medial segment (IV). Division between lateral and medial segment is a line between the gallbladder and IVC, which is the same as dividing at the falciform ligament.
* The right part of the liver consists of segments V to VIII:
** anterior segment (V and VIII)
** posterior segment (VI and VII). The division between the anterior and posterior segments is the right hepatic vein. The division between the anterior segment from the left part of the liver is the middle hepatic vein.

## Child-Pugh Scoring

The score employs five clinical measures of liver disease. Each measure is scored 1-3, with 3 indicating most severe derangement.
| Measure | 1 point | 2 points | 3 points |
| Bilirubin (total) | <2 | 2-3 | >3 |
| Serum albumin | >3.5 | 2.8-3.5 | <2.8 |
| INR | <1.7 | 1.71-2.20 | > 2.20 |
| Ascites | None | Suppressed with medication | Refractory |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | None | Grade I-II (or suppressed with medication) | Grade III-IV (or refractory) |
Chronic liver disease is classified into Child-Pugh class A to C, employing the added score from above.
| Points | Class | 1-year OS | 2-year OS |
| 5-6 | A | 100% | 85% |
| 7-9 | B | 81% | 57% |
| 10-15 | C | 45% | 35% |

## Liver RT Tolerance

Whole liver radiation tolerance is ~30 Gy, which is not sufficient for "cure" but is sufficient for palliation of painful disease. Partial liver tolerance depends on the volume irradiated. Partial liver dose escalation to 70+ Gy has been reported, and there does appear to be some dose-response relationship. Similarly, efforts are underway to explore the role of stereotactic radiosurgery, with single doses as high as 26 Gy reported.
    Please See: the Liver section under the Normal tissue tolerance page

## Reviews

* PMID 16250051, 2005 — "Management of hepatocellular carcinoma." Bruix J et al. Hepatology. 2005 Nov;42(5):1208-36.
# Radiation Oncology/Mediastinal mass

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Differential Diagnosis of a Mediastinal Mass
# Radiation Oncology/Medical Statistics

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
* Random Variables
* Distribution
* Fisher's Exact Text (2x2)
* Chi-squared Test (Χ$^2$)
Information adapted in part from Using and Understanding Medical Statistics, Matthews DE and Farewell VT, Karger 2007
# Radiation Oncology/Lung/NSCLC/Oldpage

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Add: CALGB 8433 - (Dillman) rt alone and sequential chemo + RT RTOG 8808 - RT alone, sequential chemo/RT, hyperfrac RT RTOG 8311 - hyperfractionation 60-79.2 Gy, phase I/II Arriagada IJROBP 1991, 20:1183 ECOG 4593 - hyperfract

## Resectable and unresectable

* Ongoing trials:
** RTOG L-0117 - 3D-CRT with chemotherapy for Stage III