OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy

Experimental petrology and metallurgy aims to determine the physical and chemical behaviour of condensed substances by experimental means. These experiments may involve a single phase or many phases, in one or more states, and may (or may not) involve high temperatures and pressures.
This book aims to describe the history of experimental petrology and metallurgy, the apparatus involved, preparation and analytical techniques, and specific information related to performing experiments at various facilities worldwide. Anyone is welcome to contribute their knowledge.

### Contributor guidelines

* As far as possible, information should be supported by evidence (citations if possible) and preferably physical reasoning behind the information given. Failing that, please be explicit about the extent to which the information is hearsay or myth. For example, the relative benefits of using saliva over distilled water as an aid to equilibrium probably falls under the category of (somewhat disgusting) myth.

## History

* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/History

## Concepts

* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Concepts/Controlling conditions
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Concepts/Calibration
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Concepts/Physical Properties

## Apparatus

* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Apparatus/Atmospheric Furnace
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Apparatus/Gas-mixing Furnace
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Apparatus/1 Bar Vertical Furnaces
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Apparatus/Cold Seal Apparatus
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Apparatus/Piston Cylinders
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Apparatus/Multi Anvil Presses
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Apparatus/Diamond Anvil Cells

## Starting Materials

* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Starting materials

## Analytical techniques

* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Analytical Techniques/In-situ Techniques
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Analytical Techniques/Ex-situ Techniques

## Experimental facilities

* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Experimental Facilities/Advanced Photon Source
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Experimental Facilities/DESY
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Experimental Facilities/ESRF
* Experimental Petrology and Metallurgy/Experimental Facilities/Diamond Light Source
# CIW Certification/Study Guides/JavaScript Fundamentals Exam

SKILLS MEASURED
Candidates taking the JavaScript Fundamentals exam should know how to use the features of the JavaScript language and design client-side, platform-independent solutions. Candidates should know how to write JavaScript programs, script for the JavaScript object model, control program flow, validate forms, animate images, target frames, and create cookies. Skills measured in the 1D0-435 exam include but are not limited to the following:
# CIW Certification/Study Guides/Perl Fundamentals Exam

SKILLS MEASURED
Candidates taking the CIW Perl Fundamentals exam should be familiar with the Perl syntax, the basics of using regular expression, how to use Perl data types, and how to access and manipulate files. They should also be familiar with database connectivity and debugging techniques. Skills measured in the 1D0-437 exam include but are not limited to the following:
# CIW Certification/Study Guides/Site Designer Exam
## Site Designer Exam

SKILLS MEASURED
CIW Site Designer skills objectives are not product-specific or system-specific. The skills objectives are a combination of basic technical and non-technical skills and knowledge required for those interested in Web site development and design. The CIW v5 Site Designer exam 1D0-520 tests the following common core of Internet skills:

### Site Development Essentials

* Identify and manage elements of the Web site development process.
* Meet customer expectations with Web site project and design.
* Identify ethical and legal issues relevant to Web development and design.

### Web Design Elements

* Use web design principles to evaluate and develop a site's aesthetic qualities and its ability to enhance viewer experience.
* Use web design principles to enable navigation, usability and accessibility.

### Basic Web Technologies

* Use basic HTML and XHTML (X/HTML) to develop a series of Web pages.
* Use X/HTML and extended technologies to enhance Web page structure, format and usability.
* Create image files, and use images in X/HTML pages and site design.
* Create Web sites using GUI site development applications.
* Publish and maintain a production Web site.

### Advanced Web Technologies

* Use multimedia and plug-in technologies to enhance a Web site.
* Use client-side and server-side programming to enhance Web site functionality.
* Connect Web pages to a database
# CIW Certification/Study Guides/Internetworking Professional Exam
## Internetworking Professional Exam

SKILLS MEASURED
A CIW Internetworking Professional defines network architecture, identifies infrastructure components, and monitors and analyzes network performance. This individual is responsible for the design and management of enterprise TCP/IP networks. Skills measured in the 1D0-460 exam include but are not limited to:
# CIW Certification/Study Guides/Security Professional Exam

SKILLS MEASURED
A CIW Security Professional implements security policy, identifies security threats, and develops countermeasures using firewall systems and attack-recognition technologies. This individual is responsible for managing the deployment of e-business transaction and payment security solutions. Skills measured in the 1D0-470 exam include but are not limited to:
# CIW Certification/Study Guides/Server Administrator Exam
## Server Administrator Exam

SKILLS MEASURED
Server Administrator skills are not product- or system-specific. They are a combination of minimal technical and non-technical skills and knowledge required for those interested in developing specific Internet skills as a Web Server Administrator. Skills measured in the 1D0-450 exam include but are not limited to:
# CLEP College Algebra

The College Algebra examination covers material that is usually taught in a one-semester college course in algebra. The test places little emphasis on arithmetic calculations, and it does not contain any questions that require the use of a calculator. The examination contains approximately 60 questions to be answered in 90 minutes.

## Table of Contents

* About the Test
* Preparation and Tips

### Operations

Basic algebra makes up 25% of the test. We highly recommend perusing these pages for a few reasons. One has to do with the importance given to this section (25% of the test is certainly not an insignificant amount). Another has to do with problems that may be unfamiliar to students. Lastly, the intuition and proofs behind these algebraic operations may be lost on students. In the spirit of higher education, it may be necessary to begin thinking critically about the machinations of these systems.
* Algebraic Operations
   * Intro to Algebraic Proofs
* Exponents
* Polynomials
* Logarithms

### Functions and Their Properties

Functions make up 30% of the test.
* Definition and interpretation
* Representation/modeling (graphical, numerical, symbolic, and verbal representations of functions)
* Domain and Range
* Algebra of functions
* Graphs and their properties (including intercepts, symmetry, and transformations)
* Inverse functions
* Types of functions

### Equations and Inequalities

Equations and inequalities make up 25% of the test.
* Linear equations and inequalities
* Quadratic equations and inequalities
* Absolute value equations and inequalities
* Systems of equations and inequalities
* Exponential and logarithmic equations

### Number Systems and Operations

Number systems make up 20% of the test.
* Real Numbers
* Complex Numbers
* Sequences and Series
* Binomial Theorem
* Determinants

## External links

* Official description of the exam
# Field Guide/Mammals/Northern Myotis

* 1 2 Bat Conservation of Wisconsin, retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Northern Myotis, retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 Northern Myotis - Myotis septentrionalis, retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Arroyo-Cabrales, J; Alvarez Castaneda, S. T. (2008), The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Kansas Mammal Atlas: Northern Myotis, (1999), retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)
# Field Guide/Mammals/Northern Raccoon

* 1 2 3 4 Joerg-Henner, Lotze; Anderson, Sydney (1979), Procyon Lotor, The American Society of Mammalogists, pp. 1–8
* 1 2 Cuaron, Timm; Helgen, Reid (2008), Procyon Lotor, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, p. 1
* ↑ Beasly, James; Atwood, Todd (2012), A Comparison of methods for estimating raccoon abundance: Implications for disease vaccines programs, Journal of Wildlife Management, pp. 1290–1297
* 1 2 Rettit, Michael (2010), Raccoon intelligence at the borderlands of Science, The American Psychological Association, pp. 26–29
# Field Guide/Mammals/Northern Water Shrew

* ↑ Beneski, John; Stinson, Derek (1987), "Sorex palustris", Mammalian Species, pp. 1–6, retrieved October 12, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Carmen, M. (2001), "Sorex Palustris", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 9, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Northern Bog Lemming

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Northern Bog Lemming — Synaptomys borealis, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 Nordquist, Gerda, Northern Bog Lemming, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Linzey, A.V.; NatureServe (Reichel, J.D. & Hammerson, G.)year=2008, "Synaptomys borealis", IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. Version 2012.1, retrieved October 11, 2012{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* 1 2 3 Nicholas, Danielle (2001), "Synaptomys borealis", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 11, 2012
* ↑ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Saunders, D.A. (1988), "Adirondack Mammals", IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, p. 216, retrieved October 11, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Northern Flying Squirrel

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wells-Gosling, Heaney, N., L.R. (1984), Glaucomys sabrinus, pp. 1–8
* 1 2 3 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Glaucomys sabrinus
* ↑ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2012), Glaucomys sabrinus
* ↑ Riebe, j. (2004), Glaucomys sabrinus
* 1 2 Malamuth, Mulheisen, E., M. (1999), {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
# Field Guide/Mammals/Plains Pocket Gopher

* 1 2 3 4 Schmidly, David (1994), [Retrieved from http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/geomburs.htm "Plains Pocket Gopher"], The Mammals of Texas-Online Edition, retrieved October 3, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
* 1 2 3 Linzey, A.V. (2008), [Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42588/0 "Geomys bursarius"], IUCN Red list of Threatened Species, retrieved October 2, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
* ↑ Behrend, A; Tester, J (1988), "Feeding ecology of the Plains Pocket Gopher in East Central Minnesota" (PDF), University of Minnesota, retrieved October 3, 2012
* ↑ Miller, Richard (1964), "Ecology and Distrubition of Pocket Gophers(Geomyidae)in Colorado", Ecological Society of America, retrieved October 4, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Northern Grasshopper Mouse

* 1 2 3 McCarty, Richard (1978), "Onychomys Leucogaster" (PDF), Mammalian Species, vol. 87, p. ) For any online accessible source:, retrieved (October 4, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Onychomys Leucogaster", NatureServe, (2003), retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)
* 1 2 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Lemmings, Mice Rats and Voles, retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 The Worsley School ((2001)), Carnivorous Mice, retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)
# Field Guide/Mammals/Northern Short-tailed Shrew
## References

* 1 2 3 George, S.B.; Choate, J.R. (1986), B.J.Verts; K.J.J.Jones; T.E.Lawlor (eds.), "Blarina brevicauda", Mammalian Species, Los Angeles, CA, vol. 261, pp. 1–9 {{citation}}: |first3= missing |last3= (help); Text "last3-Genoways" ignored (help)
* ↑ Whitaker, J.O. (1980), A.A.Knopf (ed.), "Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda)", Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals, New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc., pp. 48, 279, 291–293
* ↑ NatureServe (2012), "Northern Short-tailed Shrew", NatureServe Explorer: An Online Encyclopedia of Life. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
# Field Guide/Mammals/Northern Pocket Gopher
## References

* 1 2 Linzey, A.V. (2008), Thomomys talpoides, retrieved (October 4, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 McMahon, J.A. (1999), Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, retrieved (October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 Streubel, D. (2000), Thomomys talpoides, retrieved (October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Link, R (n.d.), Living with wildlife in the pacific northwest, retrieved (October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
# Field Guide/Mammals/Norway Rat

* 1 2 3 Ruedas, L. (2008), Rattus norvegicus, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus), retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Rat Management Guidelines--UC IPM, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Norway Rat, Victor, retrieved September 24, 2012 {{citation}}: Text "Norway Rat Facts" ignored (help)
* ↑ Wild Norway Rat Behavior, retrieved September 24, 2012
# Cambodian Language

* Welcome to the Khmer Language wikibook!

## Table Of Contents
### Lessons

* Writing System
* Grammar
* Conversation
* Vocabulary
* Reading
# California Public Policy and Citizen Participation/Prop99

Proposition 99 is an initiative statute which appeared on the November 8th, 1988 California general election ballot, as the Tobacco Tax and Health Protection Act. It was passed by a majority vote of the electorate. Its primary effect is to impose a 25-cent per pack state excise tax on the sale of tobacco cigarettes within California, with approximately equivalent excise taxes similarly imposed on the retail sale of other commercial tobacco products, such as cigars and chewing tobacco. Additional restrictions placed on the sale of tobacco include a ban on cigarette vending machines in public areas accessible by juveniles, and a ban on the individual sale of single cigarettes. Revenue generated by the act was earmarked for various environmental and health care programs, and anti-tobacco advertisements.
Proponents of the act believe it is a useful public health measure which discourages tobacco use by Californians. Critics of the act contend that it is a regressive tax which punishes the disproportionately working class smokers, rather than the multi-billion dollar tobacco industry, and that the anti-smoking education program constitutes political propaganda.

## References

* ↑ http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/Tobacco/Documents/CTCPProp99Initiative.pdf California Department of Public Health. "Tobacco Tax and Health Protection Act of 1988" (1988).
# California Public Policy and Citizen Participation/glossary
### B
#### Brown Act

    is a law that requires open government, public notice of meetings, and public comment at all public meetings at the county, district, and city level.

### E
#### Emergency shelter

    Any place where people or animals can take refuge during a crisis.

### P
#### Primordial Wikipedia Article

    (PWA) is an article on wikipedia which was copied, generally via the transwiki process. When dealing with highly technical matters such as science and law, wikipedia articles are not regarded as the best or most reliable source of information. Thus, the policy established on this wikibook is to indicate where information is based upon the PWA when it has not been independently verified.

### T
#### Transwiki

    Transwiki refers to copying pages from one wiki to another using the standardized method described below. For the sake of simplicity, the originating and target wikis are respectively called 'original' and 'remote'. The word transwiki was coined in late 2003 by Ray Saintonge (see [Wikipedia-l] Transwiki) and officially introduced to the MediaWiki codebase by Brion Vibber in mid-2005 as part of the Special:Import function (see change). The term is intended to avoid ambiguity with English words like transfer. SOURCE: http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki
# Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Sexual Offences
## Sexual Assault-based Offences

It is not always necessary that the Crown call a toxicologist or any other type of forensic expert to prove that the complainant was drugged using a date-rape drug.
For sexual offences (s. 151, 152, 153, 153.1, 155, 159, 160, 170, 171, 172, 173, 212, 271, 272 or 273), section 274 prohibits the need for any corroboration of evidence. However, it remains a useful practice to consider further corroboration where applicable.
* ↑ R. v. Fleming 2007 ONCA 808
* ↑ F.H. v. McDougall, 2008 SCC 53, [2008] 3 S.C.R. 41 at para. 80
# Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Sexual Assault
## Legislation

   Sexual assault 271. Everyone who commits a sexual assault is guilty of
       (a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years and, if the complainant is under the age of 16 years, to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year; or
       (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 18 months and, if the complainant is under the age of 16 years, to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of 90 days.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 271; R.S., 1985, c. 19 (3rd Supp.), s. 10; 1994, c. 44, s. 19; 2012, c. 1, s. 25.
   – CCC

## Proof of Offence

* identity of accused
* date and time of incident
* jurisdiction (incl. region and province)
* the accused assaulted the victim (e.g. non-consentual touching)
* the sexual nature of the contact;
* the absence of consent;
* the age of the complainant;
* the age of the accused;
* the relationship between the complainant and accused;
* medical evidence (if any)

## Interpretation

    See also Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Sexual Offences
A sexual assault is an assault (as defined in s. 265) in which the complainant's sexual integrity in violated.
It is an assault whose essence requires touching at the least.
The accused does not need to have a sexual purpose in the assault. Disciplining or humiliating a person in a sexual manner is a sexual assault.
* ↑ R. v. Chase [1987] 2 SCR 293, 1987 CanLII 23
* ↑ R. v. Ewanchuk, 1999 CanLII 711, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 330, 169 D.L.R. (4th) 193
* ↑ R. v. V. (K.B.), [1993] 2 SCR 857 1993 CanLII 109 R. v. Nicolaou, 2008 BCCA 300

### Intent

The mens rea of sexual assault is "intention to touch and knowing of, or being reckless of or wilfully blind to, a lack of consent on the part of the person touched."

### Consent

See Canadian Criminal Law/Consent (sexual offences)

## Defences

* Consent or mistaken consent

## Typical Motions or Orders
### Witness motions

* Exclusion of public from court (486)
* Prohibition of self-represented accused from Cross-examining a witness under the age of 18 years (486.3)
* Sexual Offence Publication Ban (486.4)
* Publication Ban of in relation to victims, witnesses or justice system participants (486.5)
* Witness Screen (486.2)
* Testimony by Video (714.1)

## History

On August 9, 2012, s. 271 was amended to add a mandatory minimum of 90 days on summary conviction and 1 year on indictable election where the complainant is under the age of 16.
* ↑ R v Ewanchuk, 1999 CanLII 711 at para. 42
# Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Sexual Assault with a Weapon
## Legislation

   Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm 272. (1) Every person commits an offence who, in committing a sexual assault,
       (a) carries, uses or threatens to use a weapon or an imitation of a weapon;
       (b) threatens to cause bodily harm to a person other than the complainant;
       (c) causes bodily harm to the complainant; or
       (d) is a party to the offence with any other person.
   ... R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 272; 1995, c. 39, s. 145; 2008, c. 6, s. 28; 2009, c. 22, s. 10; 2012, c. 1, s. 26.
   – CCC

## Proof of the Offence

In addition to the essential elements of identity, time and jurisdiction, the prosecution should also prove:
* the accused sexually assaulted the victim
* the assault was committed by the use of a weapon or threaten to use a weapon

## Interpretation

    See also Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Sexual Offences
It is not an essential element of the offence that the assailant cause bodily harm to the complainant.
* ↑ R. v. Papalia, 2012 BCSC 245 at 84

## Defences

* Consent

## Typical Motions or Orders
### Witness motions

* Exclusion of public from court (486)
* Prohibition of self-represented accused from Cross-examining a witness under the age of 18 years (486.3)
* Sexual Offence Publication Ban (486.4)
* Publication Ban of in relation to victims, witnesses or justice system participants (486.5)
* Witness Screen (486.2)
* Testimony by Video (714.1)
# Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Sexual Interference
## Legislation

   Sexual interference 151. Every person who, for a sexual purpose, touches, directly or indirectly, with a part of the body or with an object, any part of the body of a person under the age of 16 years
       (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year; or
       (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 18 months and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of 90 days.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 151; R.S., 1985, c. 19 (3rd Supp.), s. 1; 2005, c. 32, s. 3; 2008, c. 6, s. 54; 2012, c. 1, s. 11.
   – CCC

## Proof of Offence

The Crown should prove:
* identity of accused
* date and time of incident
* jurisdiction (incl. region and province)
* that victim was under the age of sixteen at the time of the events alleged
* that the accused touched the victim,
* that that touching was for a sexual purpose
* the accused knew the victim was under 16 or the accused did not take reasonable steps to ascertain the age of the victim
Essential elements are in bold.
* ↑ R. v. Quinones, 2012 BCCA 94

## Interpretation

"[A]n accused who intends sexual interaction of any kind with a child and with that intent makes contact with the body of a child “touches” the child and is guilty of an offence. The section addresses not the instigator of the sexual conduct but rather the adult who for his or her own sexual purposes makes contact, whether as a primary actor or not, with the body of a child."
* ↑ R. v. Sears, (1990), 58 C.C.C. (3d) 62

## Defences

* Consent

## Pre-Trial and Trial Motions
### Witness motions

* Exclusion of public from court (486)
* Prohibition of self-represented accused from Cross-examining a witness under the age of 18 years (486.3)
* Sexual Offence Publication Ban (486.4)
* Publication Ban of in relation to victims, witnesses or justice system participants (486.5)
* Witness Screen (486.2)
* Testimony by Video (714.1)

## History

On August 9, 2012, the section was amended to increase the penalties from 45 days for indictable and 14 days for summary to one year and 90 days respectively.