OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gmail/Contacts

Overview — Introduction — Facts — Basics — Advanced — Last tips — Other
One great benefit of Gmail is that when you receive an e-mail from someone who isn't already in your contacts list, Gmail automatically saves the e-mail address and the display name. You can add more information such as this person's real name, phone number, etc. by clicking the contacts hyperlink on the left panel of the Gmail webpage once logged in. If you don't want to keep any automatic contact entries, you select the addresses you don't want and delete them.
The huge benefit of the autosave is that when you are sending a new e-mail and start to type an address, Gmail gives you a dropdown menu to select names from. For example: If I was sending an e-mail to testuser@gmail.com and my contacts had test@gmail.com, test123@gmail.com and testing@gmail.com I could just click the appropriate one after typing just "Te."
Import and Export of Contacts As Gmail has continued to grow and expand features one of the more profound areas has been in managing the export and import of contacts.
This feature is extremely useful in assisting users in a move from or to an Outlook or Outlook Express mail client.
To Export Contacts 1) Go into your contact list and notice on the top right hand portion of the contacts area the text link "Export". 2) After clicking this option a small window will open asking what type of format you would like to export your contacts to. 3) Once this decision has been made with the provided radio buttons click the "Export Contacts" button. 4) At this point you can save the file and close the small window.
To Import Contacts 1) Go into your contacts list and notice on the top right hand portion of the contacts area the text link "Import". 2) You will need to have a .csv (Comma Separated Value) file. This is typically the format that Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express export address books to. Keep in mind that additional formatting may be required for Gmail to accept the file. 3) Once this has been done you will see a failed message or see that all of your contacts are listed in this area.
# Understanding Scientific Terms/About
## Why I wrote this book

As a biologist, I have found that an understanding of the Greek and Latin word roots is invaluable. It makes scientific names much less mysterious, and aids in the understanding of Scientific subjects. I find, however, that it is harder and harder to find books on these subjects, and students are not encouraged to learn the classical languages.
For this reason, I decided to make a simple book of roots and exercises to aid the students in my introductory Biology classes. I encourage anyone who has a good knowledge of classical languages to correct me if I go astray, because I learned my roots largely by context and the dictionary, although I did take a class in this subject. (The text is referenced on the contents page.)
I hope that this will make Science less scary for students.
Jan 15, 2008
Rosalyn Hunter, M.S.
# Understanding Scientific Terms/Roots-Prefixes-Suffixes
## Lesson 1 - Roots, prefixes, and suffixes
### How technical words are made

The main part of a word is the word root. This may be a Greek or Latin word or combining form that has a meaning.
Roots can be combined with other roots to make more complex words such as the word electrocardiogram. Many word roots actually begin and/or end with consonants. In order to make the word sound better a vowel is placed between the two words to make them easier to say.
    Tel : Is a word root that means far.
    gram : Is something that is written. A letter. A recording.
putting them together makes
    tel/gram
but we add a vowel between the two ( In this case the letter e) to make the word telegram.
    tel/e/gram - A written record sent from afar.
In fact many words have a preferred letter that is used as a combining form.
When this is so, the letter is placed beside the root after a slash (/) to tell you how to combine it.
Try the following exercise:
TERMS TO KNOW
    tel/e : Greek, meaning far or far off.
    -phone : Greek, meaning sound or voice. (also phon/o)
* What is the correct way to write the word meaning a sound heard from far off?
* What means a record of a sound?
* telephone
* phonogram

#### prefixes and suffixes

Prefixes and suffixes may also be added to a words to modify its meaning. In fact the term prefix is made this way.
    fix : Is a word root from Latin fixus which means to fasten.
    pre : Is a prefix from the Latin Prae before or front.
Therefore prefix means to fasten to the front of a word.
Suffixes follow a word.
    o/logy is a suffix that means The study of.
    Bio is a word root that means Life.
* What does Biology mean?
* What is Phonology?
* The study of Life.
* The study of Sound (or Speech).
# GCSE Science/The Periodic Table

| Group | 1 | 2 | | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| Period | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 1 H | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 He |
| 2 | 3 Li | 4 Be | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 B | 6 C | 7 N | 8 O | 9 F | 10 Ne |
| 3 | 11 Na | 12 Mg | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 Al | 14 Si | 15 P | 16 S | 17 Cl | 18 Ar |
| 4 | 19 K | 20 Ca | | 21 Sc | 22 Ti | 23 V | 24 Cr | 25 Mn | 26 Fe | 27 Co | 28 Ni | 29 Cu | 30 Zn | 31 Ga | 32 Ge | 33 As | 34 Se | 35 Br | 36 Kr |
| 5 | 37 Rb | 38 Sr | | 39 Y | 40 Zr | 41 Nb | 42 Mo | 43 Tc | 44 Ru | 45 Rh | 46 Pd | 47 Ag | 48 Cd | 49 In | 50 Sn | 51 Sb | 52 Te | 53 I | 54 Xe |
| 6 | 55 Cs | 56 Ba | * | 71 Lu | 72 Hf | 73 Ta | 74 W | 75 Re | 76 Os | 77 Ir | 78 Pt | 79 Au | 80 Hg | 81 Tl | 82 Pb | 83 Bi | 84 Po | 85 At | 86 Rn |
| 7 | 87 Fr | 88 Ra | * * | 103 Lr | 104 Rf | 105 Db | 106 Sg | 107 Bh | 108 Hs | 109 Mt | 110 Ds | 111 Uuu | 112 Uub | 113 Uut | 114 Uuq | 115 Uup | 116 Uuh | 117 Uus | 118 Uuo |
| * Lanthanides | * Lanthanides | * Lanthanides | * Lanthanides | 57 La | 58 Ce | 59 Pr | 60 Nd | 61 Pm | 62 Sm | 63 Eu | 64 Gd | 65 Tb | 66 Dy | 67 Ho | 68 Er | 69 Tm | 70 Yb |
| ** Actinides | ** Actinides | ** Actinides | ** Actinides | 89 Ac | 90 Th | 91 Pa | 92 U | 93 Np | 94 Pu | 95 Am | 96 Cm | 97 Bk | 98 Cf | 99 Es | 100 Fm | 101 Md | 102 No |
Chemical Series of the Periodic Table :
| Alkali metals | Alkaline earths | Lanthanide | Actinide | Transition metals |
| Poor metals | Metalloids | Nonmetals | Halogens | Noble gases |
# Emergency Medicine/Arterial
## Acute Arterial Occlusion

It happens when an embolus, most often from cardiac source, impacts in the arterial tree or when there is a local thrombosis, usually at the site of a atherosclerotic plaque or in patients with coagulation disturbance.

## Signs and Symptoms

The main symptom is pain on the affected limb, it usually has a sudden onset, but may become worse with time. In patients with previously stenosis the first symptom may be only a worse or new onset of claudication.
The affected limb is also cold, pulseless e pallor. Peripheral nerves injury is usually an early manifestation, starting with numbness evolving to completely motor and sensitive deficit.
Patients who are seen very soon may complain of pain localized where the occlusion occurred, it may helps in the therapeutic approach.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis is usually made in clinical basis only. Image exams help to localize the site of obstruction, the extent of thrombosis and the source of embolus.
The main differential diagnosis are severe deep venous thrombosis (Phlegmasia) and compartimental syndrome.

## Classification

Acute arterial occlusion is classified in clinical basis only.
Class I: Minor symptoms, limb is warm and no neurologic damage has occurred. Class II: Classic symptoms of acute limb ischemia, some neurologic damage, the limb must be viable. Class III: Complete neurologic damage, extensive skin necrosis. The limb is not viable.

## Treatment

Except in cases where aortic dissection is a possibility, the initial treatment is anticoagulation. It helps to prevent clot propagation and lets internal fibrinolytic system acts.
Class I: No urgent treatment is necessary, the patient may be treated as a cladicant.
Class II: Urgent revascularization is necessary.
Class III: Amputation is the only treatment to be considered.
# Final Fantasy VII/History and Contributors
## History

The project to build the Wikibook to Final Fantasy VII started on August 18, 2005.
The first CD's walkthrough was mostly complete on December 8, 2005, and the second CD's walkthrough was mostly finished on December 29, 2005. Third CD's stuff was mostly finished on February 16, 2006.
Restored to Wikibooks 15 years later, on June 16th, 2021.

## Contributors

The following people have contributed things to the guide to any substantial amount:
* Urpo Lankinen, aka wwwwolf: Originator, overall organizing, most of the meat of the walkthrough sections, and generally a lot of small tweaks.
* Joey Roe, some story/character background/item/appendix sections, Battle Square, Training
* BigCow, filled in some of the enemy skills, I'm playing through the game for the second time on the PC and will try to work on the walkthrough and other sections as they come up. Filled in the "events during the game" section as well, trying to explain the plot in a comprehensible manner.
* Kestrel (68.2.151.59) original text of the Ancient Forest.
* Aassem, (contributions) (68.150.88.124 for now, contributions) contributed the Motorcycle chase minigame original text, did some work on Wall Market walkthrough (notably the items and chices), and did some Wutai area, Northern Cave area training info on my IP (forgot to log in, darn)
And also a lot of other smaller contributors and other anonymous tweakers, but I think that's all of the people who have so far added much anything. A few anonymous tweakers might get recognition here, though: User:216.170.63.150 for doing Shin-Ra HQ warehouse floor and User:70.118.33.42 for Wutai Pagoda quest. However, if you plan to do any serious contributions to this guide, I really recommend to get an user account. It's easy.
# Online OsiriX Documentation

OsiriX is an open source program written by Antoine Rosset, M.D., which turns an Apple Macintosh into a DICOM PACS workstation for medical imaging and image processing.
OsiriX is distributed under the GNU General Public License and its source code is available to anyone.
Note: This documentation is pertinent to OsiriX version 2.7.5, but this documentation is rather dated and does not pertain to the latest version (3.8.1) of OsiriX. For the latest version see http://sourceforge.net/projects/osirix/ and http://www.osirix-viewer.com/
* About OsiriX
* OsiriX Specifications
* OsiriX System Requirements
* Downloading and Installing OsiriX
* FAQ

## OsiriX HOW TOs

* Importing DICOM images into OsiriX and Viewing DICOM headers
* Customizing OsiriX windows
* Opening multiple series simultaneously
* Viewing multiple series simultaneously
* Managing your local OsiriX database
* Making fusion images
* Opening non-DICOM images and movies
* Exporting DICOM images
* Using the 4-D viewer
* Multi-planar reconstruction (MPR)
* 3-D reconstructions
* Volume Rendering Settings
* Using OsiriX as a PACS workstation
* Using 2-D thick slabs
* Navigational shortcuts
* Making OsiriX run faster
* Using OsiriX Plugins
* Forwarding a Crash Report to the Developers
* Opening Mac-Unfriendly CDs with OsiriX
* Extract a 3D volume from a series
* Working with Curved-MPR
* How to Increase Thick Slab
* How to Generate DSA Images
* DICOM Print

## OsiriX Menu Reference

* OsiriX
* File
* Edit
* Format
* 2D Viewer
* 3D Viewer
* ROI
* Plugins
* Window
* Help

## OsiriX Developer Information

* OsiriX Developer Overview
* OsiriX Anonymous and Developer SVN access
* Building OsiriX

## Setting an Osirix Based workflow

I would like to assemble information and opinions for integrating Osirix into the IMAGING Department of a Hospital. I set up a group at yahoo to start compiling info and ideas. Please tell me if this is the correct place to put this information. So I WIll write here several of my questions/conclusions, and I will integrate into the wiki so that similar projects can view and improve recommendations.
Yahoo OsiriX group
Proposed setup -First workstation, a Mac Pro 8 core, 16 GB ram(*A), 2x500 GB Hard Drive (*B) Graphics to drive 2 monitors(*C). 2 Optical drives.
-Second workstation, a Mac pro X? core, 8 GB ram(*A), 2x500 GB, Graphics 2, Monitors 2x30" 4Mp Color.
-A dedicated 1Gb Ethernet switch for Imaging dept, 2 ports each mac por (in tandem) connected to all other Imaging equipment apart from the rest of the hospital, and a router to hospital network.
-A filmless printing solution for non diagnostic printing of images and reports. (*C)
Questions?
* CPU
* Storage
* Displays
* Network (HW)
* Printing
* Burning CD or DVDs
* Alternative solutions
* Additional tools
* Help with IT, costs

## External links

* OsiriX Homepage
# Biostatistics with R/The Ordered Array
## The Frequency Distribution

Example 2.2.1 detailed the procedure to sort an array. This array is a series of ages in subjects received two kinds of smoking cessation program. Suppose you already import the data set using the following command:
It is better to use a descriptive name (SmokeCProg for Smoking Cessation Program) rather than commonly used place holder name such as x,y. We can obtain a sorted array of ages using the following command:
The frequency distribution of Ages as shown in table 2.3.1 can be obtained using:
cut command break up AGE variables based on the break points (0,39,49,59,69,79,89) provided. In table 2.3.2, the frequency table of age was provided. As suggested by Venables et al. in the book "An Introduction to R", statistical analysis is normally done as a series of steps, with intermediate results being stored in objects. Compared to other statistical packages, R will only give minimal output. We will demonstrate this important characteristic in this example. In previous example, we calculated the frequency distribution of Ages using table and cut command. We can store the results in form of an object called "AgeFreqTable" using:
You will get no output. Until you call the object "AgeFreqTable"
In order to obtain the cumulative frequency, we can process the object "AgeFreqTable" using cumsum command
Before we jump to the calculation of relative frequency, we can obtain the total number of observations in a variable using length function
We can calculate the relative frequency by dividing each items in the object "AgeFreqTable" by the total number of observations using
Similarly, the cummulative relative frequency can be calculated using
If you would like to round the results of relative frequency to 4 digits, you can use the round function
Alternatively, you can store the results of relative frequency in a new object and then process that object with round function
Exercise: Try to round the results of cummulative relative frequency to 4 digits using R command To plot a histogram, you can use the hist function, e.g.
You can customize the histogram by adding some arguments (i.e. options), you may type ?hist to learn more about the argument of hist function. For example, if you want to plot a histogram with only five bars (similar to Figure 2.3.2)
You can add more arguments to hist functions, e.g.
Remember, always consult the document (e.g. ?hist or help.search("histogram") ) when you have question. In 95% of the time, you can find the answer in help document. For example, you don't know how to plot a stem-and-leaf graph to display your data. You don't even know the name of the function. You can use help.search to search for the keyword "stem", i.e.
A function called stem should be in the results. We then try to use this function to visual our data
Not similar to MINITAB, the steam unit is adjusted by the scale argument. The plot above using a default scale of 1 which is equivalent to steam unit =5. To change the steam unit to 10, the value of scale argument should be change to 0.5
# ETF Mapping/Entity Definition File
## Entity Definition File

This is the ETF entity definition file for GTKRadiant. It overrides et_entities.def in etmain\scripts and can also be used here as a reference. This version includes a small bugfix on target_accumulator.
# Ruby on Rails/ActiveRecord/Attributes
## Attributes

ActiveRecord attributes are automatically determined from the underlying database schema.

### Basic Usage

All of the columns in a table are accessible through methods on the ActiveRecord model. For example:
Consider the following migration:
Because Rails has created a primary key for us and called it "id" we can already search for it inside the database. We can interact with the database via the build-in console:
gives us a console that let us communicate with Rails.
Before we can select data from our database it is time to insert some products
if everything went right, Rails will show you a =>true inside the console... Let's add some more products
Now we have 3 products in our database, going from 1 to 3...
So let's select the first entry
and Rails tells you what it found for this id (remember: find only works when there is a Rails generated id as primary key)
so we are able to tell Rails to look for our entry with a specific id. But what happens when we have thousands of entries in our database? We can't remember every id of a Product, so Rails offers a very nifty solution:
and Rails gives as the output we wanted. This not only works for the name, but for all columns in the database. We could also use .find_by_price or .find_by_amount
Or you can search for multiple products with their id:
>>Product.find(1,3)
=> #<Product: id=1, name="my book" ..... ><Product: id=3, name="my cd" ..... >
You can also search for all products
or
for the first or the last product in your table
or
If you want more control over your data, you can use many build-in options or use custom SQL. Let's try to find our data in descending order (3,2,1)
or alternatively
will give you all your products, starting with the last inserted id - in our case: 3
When we query our database we get lots of infos we are not really interested in such as the "created_at" and "updated_at" column. We only want to take a look at our id and the name so we may use
or
This method will only display the name and the id of our products making it way more readable.
When searching for data, keep in mind that you can combine all these methods to your liking. To see more possibilities check out the RoR guide or the API.

### Overriding Attributes

You can override any of the accessor methods in your ActiveRecord model classes in order to add logic. For example:
You can access any attribute via self[attribute_name] (to get) or self[attribute_name]= (to set).
# Theoretical Mechanics/Vector Algebra
## Scalars and vectors
### Scalars

Scalars are simple values. They describe something like height, length, mass, number of chairs with a real number. e.g. 10 chairs, 5 kg, 2m: 10, 5 and 2 are scalars.

### Vectors

Vectors have a magnitude and a direction. e.g. the velocity of a ball has both a speed and a direction in which it is moving.

### Basis Vectors

All cartesian coordinate systems have a number of basis vectors equal to their dimension; for most applications in Theoretical Mechanics the vector space is E$_3$, whose basis vectors are e$_x$, e$_y$, e$_z$.
You may also see ${\hat {\imath }}$ for e$_x$, ${\hat {j}}$ for e$_y$, and ${\hat {k}}$ for e$_z$.
Every vector is then a linear combination of these basis vectors. Often, vectors are written as tuples, so that the vector ae$_x$ + be$_y$ + ce$_z$ is equivalent to the tuple (a, b, c).
The unity vector of any vector can be found by dividing all of its components by the length: V = 3e$_x$ + 4e$_y$
length: |V| = sqrt (3² + 4²) = sqrt (9 + 16) = sqrt 25 = 5
Unity vector e$_v$ = (3/5)e$_x$ + (4/5)e$_y$
3/5 equals to the cosinus of the angle of this vector with the X-axis, 4/5 is the cosinus of the angle of this vector with the Y-axis: argcos(3/5) = about 53° argcos(4/5) = about 37° Notice that both angles add up to 90°. This means this vector lays in the XY-plane. If it adds up to a larger number, it lays inside a 3D volume, not a plane.

#### Equality

Two vectors are equal if and only if both their magnitude and their direction are the same. 4e$_x$ ≠ 5e$_x$
4e$_x$ ≠ 4e$_y$
4e$_x$ + 8e$_y$ - 1e$_z$ ≠ 4e$_x$ + 8e$_y$ + 3e$_z$
4e$_x$ = 4e$_x$
10e$_y$ = 10e$_y$
4e$_x$ + 8e$_y$ - 1e$_z$ = 4e$_x$ + 8e$_y$ - 1e$_z$

#### Vector multiplied with scalar

Multiply the magnitude of the vector with the scalar. 4e$_x$ + 3e$_y$ * 2 = 8e$_x$ + 6e$_y$ 3e$_a$ * 5 = 15e$_a$

#### Angle between 2 vectors

This is the smallest angle between both vectors.

#### Adding Two Vectors

Two vectors are added component by component, like this:
(a$_1$e$_x$ + a$_2$e$_y$ + a$_3$e$_z$) + (b$_1$e$_x$ + b$_2$e$_y$ + b$_3$e$_z$) = (a$_1$ + b$_1$)e$_x$ + (a$_2$ + b$_2$)e$_y$ + (a$_3$ + b$_3$)e$_z$
So, for example:
(2e$_x$ + 1e$_y$ + 3e$_z$) + (e$_x$ + 1e$_y$ + e$_z$) = (3e$_x$ + 2e$_y$ + 4e$_z$)

#### Subtracting Two Vectors

Subtracting a vector A from a vector B is no different than adding A and -1 * B together.

#### Dot product

a*b*cos θ With: a, b magnitude of the vectors; θ angle between the vectors.
A.B = a$_x$ * b$_x$ + a$_y$ * b$_y$ + a$_z$ * b$_z$
with A,B 2 vectors; a$_x$ X-component of vector A, ...
Properties of the dot product: Is a scalar. When equal to zero: The angle between the vectors is 90°. or one of the vectors is zero. Maximum: angle between the vectors is 0°

#### Cross product

U = A x B
U = a * b * sin θ
U = (A$_y$ * b$_z$ - a$_z$ * b$_y$) e$_x$
+ (A$_z$ * b$_x$ - a$_x$ * b$_z$) e$_y$
+ (A$_x$ * b$_y$ - a$_y$ * b$_x$) e$_z$
Properties of the cross product: Is a vector orthogonal to both A and B
# Basic Book Design/Margins
## Keep Out Of Trouble Rules

* For bound books 6"x 9" or smaller, use 0.5" margins on the top, outside and bottom of books, and a 0.75" inside margin.
* For 8.5"x11" documents (bound or unbound), use 1-inch margins.
* Adjust margins, font size, and columns to produce 65-70 characters per line (including spaces).

## Definitions
### Mirror margins

Printers usually require minimum one-half-inch margins. Narrower margins risk smearing wet ink as the printing press’s rollers move the paper.
Increasing margins (e.g., to one inch) makes your book longer and costlier to print. However, I recommend increasing the inside margin (the margin closest to the binding). This makes the book easier to read. Pages tend to curl near the binding. Less light gets into the center of a book. Increase your inner margin to three-quarter-inch.
The Chicago Manual of Style (18.17) advocates printing 65 to 70 characters on each line (including spaces). In Microsoft Word, select a line and use Tools…Word Count to count the number of characters. E.g., in the last paragraph, the full lines varied from 63 to 69 characters.
If your lines have substantially more than 70 characters, consider using two columns.
Make your three outer margins equal. This makes the text look square on the page. E.g., set your margins at three-quarter-inch for the inside, one-half-inch for the outside, one-half-inch for the top margin, and one-half-inch for the bottom margin.
Professional book designers will object that books traditionally have a narrower top margin and a wider bottom margin. This looks good if you have a running header but no running footer. I prefer equal margins, to maximize use of the page and reduce page count. As noted above with font choice, using equal margins is a rule to keep novices out of trouble. If you understand traditional book design don't follow this rule.
Use mirror margins with unequal inner and outer margins, if your document will be bound (e.g., a book).