OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1946 02
## P.01 - Front Cover

The Australasian Radio World
Registered at the G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission by post as a periodical.
Price, 1/-
Vol. 10 - No. 9; Feb., 1946

## P.03 - Contents Banner

THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
Devoted entirely to Technical Radio
and incorporating
ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX NEWS
VOL. 10. - FEBRUARY, 1946 - No. 9.

## P.03 - Publication Notes

Editor, Publisher, Proprietor — A. G. HULL, 336 Waverley Rd., East Malvern, Vic.
Short-wave Editor — L. J. KEAST, 23 Honiton Rd. West, Carlingford, N.S.W.
Ham Notes By — D. B. KNOCK (VK2NO), 43 Yanko Av., Waverley, N.S.W.
Advertising Representative — W. J. LEWIS, 20 Queen St., Melbourne, 'Phone MU5154
Subscription Rates: 6 issues - 5/3; 12 issues - 10/6; 24 issues - £1; Post free to any address in the world.
Address for all correspondence: Australasian Radio World, 336 Waverley Rd., East Malvern, SE5 Victoria
Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," Elizabeth St., Sydney (Footnote P.36)

## P.03 - Contents

CONSTRUCTIONAL —
Circuits — The Sober way . . . . 7
Improving DX Performance . . . . 13
TECHNICAL —
New "Ham" Technique . . . . 5
"Wireless Set Number Ten" . . . . 14
Signal Tracer in Miniature . . . . 15
How Radio Signals are Broadcast . . . . 17
The Growth of the Radar Chain . . . . 23
Ham Notes — Calling CQ . . . . 27
SHORTWAVE REVIEW —
Notes From My Diary . . . . 31
New Stations . . . . 32
THE SERVICE PAGES —
Answers . . . . 34

## P.03 - Editorial

EDITORIAL
It is high time the authorities took a more realistic view of the relationship between radio and foreign spies. Twenty years ago it was reasonable enough to expect to find that every enemy spy, in books of course, had a radio transmitter with which to pass on the secret codes. But in these enlightened days it is quite ridiculous to find that a special form has to be filled in before a type 807 valve can be purchased, apparently to prevent it being put to nefarious uses by enemy agents! Any person with the remotest knowledge of radio transmitting should be able to appreciate that any old 6L6 will do exactly the same job as the 807 for the brief space of time which a spy would need to send his messages. The 807 would have a life of so many thousand hours, whilst the 6L6 would be so overloaded that its life might be curtailed to a few hundred hours, but would that worry the spy? Any spy worthy of the name could make up a most effective transmitter from receiver parts, so why the fancy forms for the poor 807, for condensers of high voltage rating and so on? Then again in the matter of penalties. If an over-enthusiastic lad can't wait to turn 18 in order to get his ham licence and goes on the air as a pirate, he commits a crime far worse than burglary or arson. Apparently it is still another echo of the bad old days when spies used radio transmitters! How many decades will it be before Those-in-Charge recognise radio transmitting as a reasonable hobby for intelligent people? A. G. HULL.
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1946 03
## P.01 - Front Cover

The Australasian Radio World
Registered at the G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission by post as a periodical.
Price, 1/-
Vol. 10 - No. 10; Mar., 1946

## P.03 - Contents Banner

THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
Devoted entirely to Technical Radio
and incorporating
ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX NEWS
VOL. 10 - MARCH, 1946 - No. 10

## P.03 - Publication Notes

Editor, Publisher, Proprietor — A. G. HULL, 336 Waverley Rd., East Malvern, Vic.
Short-wave Editor — L. J. KEAST, 23 Honiton Rd. West, Carlingford, N.S.W.
Ham Notes By — D. B. KNOCK (VK2NO), 43 Yanko Av., Waverley, N.S.W.
Advertising Representative — W. J. LEWIS, 20 Queen St., Melbourne, 'Phone MU5154
Subscription Rates: 6 issues - 5/3; 12 issues - 10/6; 24 issues - £1; Post free to any address in the world.
Address for all correspondence: Australasian Radio World, 336 Waverley Rd., East Malvern, SE5 Victoria
Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," Elizabeth St., Sydney (Footnote P.36)

## P.03 - Contents

CONSTRUCTIONAL —
The "VK2NO — V6" . . . . 5
TECHNICAL —
Using the "1852" . . . . 13
1852 Characteristics . . . . 14
Using Available Gangs . . . . 19
New Permag Speakers . . . . 23
Radio Trade Notes . . . . 25
Ham Notes — Calling CQ . . . . 27
SHORTWAVE REVIEW —
Notes From My Diary . . . . 31
New Stations . . . . 32
THE SERVICE PAGES —
Answers . . . . 34

## P.03 - Editorial

EDITORIAL
Whether the war is over or not seems to be a matter of legislation, but so far as "Radio World" is concerned we are a long way from being back to where we started. Owing to a chain of unavoidable circumstances we find that the only roof under which the "Radio World" typewriter can find shelter is located in Melbourne, whilst the printing press is still in Sydney. To obtain office or personal accommodation in Sydney seems to be well beyond the limit of possibility at the moment and so we are making the best of things as cheerfully as possible. As is often the case, when you have high expectations you may feel disappointment more acutely. Conversely, when you are not over-expecting you can be happily surprised. So it happens in this case. We conjured up many visions of the problems which would arise with such an arrangement, but now that we are settling down to it there appears much to be happy about. The Melbourne radio trade is giving splendid co-operation and as a result our readers can look forward to many new components designed especially to suit their requirements and embodying new lines of thought. The Sydney trade has its own particular problems, but is also concentrating on new products to suit the changing times. We are in a handy position to co-operate with both sources of supply and so we should be able to give our readers far more interesting articles than if we were only associating with the Sydney trade. A. G. HULL.
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Issues/1945 11
## P.03 - Contents Banner

THE AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD
Devoted entirely to Technical Radio
and incorporating
ALL-WAVE ALL-WORLD DX NEWS
VOL. 10. - NOVEMBER, 1945 - No. 6.

## P.03 - Publication Notes

PROPRIETOR — A. G. HULL
Manager - DUDLEY L. WALTER
Secretary - Miss E. M. VINCENT
Short-wave Editor — L. J. KEAST
For all Correspondence: City Office — 243 Elizabeth St., Sydney, Phone: MA2325
Office Hours — Weekdays: 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Saturdays: 10 a.m.-12 noon
Editorial Office — 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney
Victorian Advertising Representative — W. J. LEWIS, 20 Queen St., Melbourne, C1 'Phone MU5154
Subscription Rates: 6 issues - 5/3; 12 issues - 10/6; 24 issues - £1; Post free to any address.
Service Departments — Back Numbers, 1 /- ea. post free; Reply-by-mail Queries, 1/- each
Printed by Bridge Printery Pty. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," Elizabeth St., Sydney (Footnote P.36)

## P.03 - Contents

CONTENTS
CONSTRUCTIONAL —
Stereophonic Amplifier . . . . 7
An Electric Filter . . . . 11
"Aegis" Little Companion Mantel Model . . . . 15
TECHNICAL —
Victorian Amplifier Contest . . . . 5
Television on Rental Basis . . . . 26
Ham Notes — Calling CQ! . . . . 27
SHORTWAVE REVIEW —
Notes From My Diary . . . . 30
New Stations . . . . 32
THE SERVICE PAGES —
Answers . . . . 34

## P.03 - Editorial

EDITORIAL.
During the war years no new radio receivers were manufactured for civilian use, yet sets were operated day after day for many hours. It was expected that when the war ended and civilian sets came on the market again there would be a rush to buy them. It is, therefore, with considerable dismay that some traders who have advertised sets in recent weeks have found that enquiries are not up to expectations. Whereas a few months ago it was possible to sell a secondhand radio set for almost any price, the position today is quite different. With a view to finding a satisfactory answer to the problem we have recently conducted a sort of "Gallup Poll" on a small scale, and it is evident that people are not necessarily going to rush first sets to come on the market. We heard from plenty who are saving up for a new home, and may buy a set after they get the home. In other cases it is a new car they are saving up for. One naive person told us that he was going to wait until American sets were available in Australia! But the worst feature of the replies was the number who said they were going to wait for television, frequency modulation and the other "wonderful improvements" to be expected after so much war-time research. Which goes to show a regrettable lack of technical knowledge on the part of those who make the wild statements, as well as those who believe them. It seems the trade may have cause to regret that it has done so little to encourage a public appreciation of technical radio topics. — A. G. HULL.
# Introduction to Digital Forensics/Seizing digital media

Seizing digital media is subject to local laws, if you are not a member of law enforcement (and even if you are!) there are limitations on what you are allowed to seize and how to go about it.
* Whilst this book will give you a brief overview of seizure it cannot be construed as strict legal advice. Make sure you do your own legwork on local law/custom
# Introduction to Digital Forensics/Reporting

Reporting is a key final phase to any investigation. A skilled investigator aims to balance the technical facts against their own analysis, whilst presenting it in layman terms. Writing a good report is often a skill hard won by forensic analysts because communicating complicated ideas in simple language is not always easy.

## Report content

How your report findings depends a lot of who will be reading it. For the most part it is easiest to assume the person reading any report has no technical knowledge at all, and pitch it to them.
A common forensic report might include:
* Summary of findings
* Description of the analysis undertaken
* Explanation of terms such as "unallocated space" and "peer 2 peer" (an extended glossary)

## Producing evidence

Alongside any report it is often required to produce the original evidence. Within a legal setting there is a pre-requisite called the "Best Evidence" rule, which asks for the original copies of evidence. Obviously, with digital evidence this raises the question of "what is the original copy". Viewing the original disk risks modifying the evidence (as discussed in previous chapters) and often deleted evidence cannot be presented in original form.
For practical purposes courts generally accept a CD/DVD (i.e. write-once media) containing copies of the evidence.
# Introduction to Digital Forensics/Introduction

Computers and other digital devices are becoming ubiquitous in our modern society. It was inevitable that they would begin to feature as heavily in crime and law. Since the late 1970s the amount of crime involving computers has been growing very quickly, creating a need for constantly developing forensic tools and practices.
From its inception in the 1980s the digital forensics field has grown in popularity and support. Digital evidence is being recognised much more easily in courts and companies are understanding the need for proper forensic processes when investigating employee malpractice. Initially the field grew out of the work and needs of practitioners rather than from academics and scientists; this lead to early digital investigations, tools and practices being ad-hoc and uncertain. Since the early 21st century proper practices and guidelines have helped to formalise the field.
Digital forensics is, at root, a forensic science encompassing the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices. This book aims to detail the practical, theoretical and legal aspect of a digital forensic investigations. The main focus of the material will be on computer devices, touching on differences with mobile device forensics (a relatively new sub field). In addition the book will discuss legal aspects of working in digital forensics, and give advice for managers in charge of an investigation in their workplace. Finally we will look at the concept of "anti-forensics" and counter measures.
# Introduction to Digital Forensics/Mobile devices

In the modern era mobile devices are becoming ubiquitous, even to the less technologically adept. The popularity of Apple's iPhone has secured smart phones as "the future" and other digital devices (PDA's, hand held games consoles, Sat Nav) are expanding in functionality.
A large number of these devices use custom operating systems and software that is not compatible with "normal" computer forensics software. On top of that they employ any number of proprietary physical connector, data storage and encryption standards. The result is that computer forensics tools and methodology is simply not effective against such devices.
This has led to the development of the field of mobile device forensics.
# Introduction to Digital Forensics/Requirements

Most of this book contains theoretical information; however each section generally ends with practical examples for you to try (either in the form of suggested activities or simple quizzes). For these practical aspects some hardware and software is required. In addition a working knowledge of computers is required to understand the terminology and theory.

## Hardware requirements

As well as a reasonably powerful computer running Windows you may also need:

### A second computer

    For network acquisition examples, in addition many of the tools run under Linux, so a secondary Linux machine may be of use

### A spare hard drive

    For acquisition examples. This could be an internal or external drive, or even a USB pen drive. Bear in mind that a large hard drive with lots of data can take a substantial amount of time to copy.

## Software requirements

Digital forensics software tends to be enterprise level, and excessively expensive for personal use. However, this book makes use of various free tools as well as demo versions of commercial software.
For computer forensics one of the major commercial tools is "Forensic Toolkit", from Access Data. Although currently on version 3.X an older demonstration copy (V 1.8.X) is available from their website. This will work for a short amount of time, sufficient for the examples in this book. You can find other suggestions for tools on the Forensic tools page. Various other free tools are available and will be used (or suggested) in the practical sections of the book.
In addition you may need a word editor; such as Microsoft Word or Open Office (alternately you could use the online Google Docs).

### Software downloads

| Tool name | Description | License/Type | URL |
| FTK | General purpose forensics | Demo (1.8.X) | http://accessdata.com/support/adownloads#ForensicProducts |
| CaseNotes | Case management/logging | Free | https://www.qccglobal.com/cyber-forensics/ |
| VMWare | Disk virtualisation | Trial | http://www.vmware.com/go/try-workstation |

## Previous knowledge

Most of the topic-specific technical terms in this book are clearly defined where used, so prior knowledge of forensic terminology is unnecessary (there is also a glossary with relevant terms defined). As is a knowledge of the basic ideas behind forensic science.
However, the book assumes a working knowledge of computers and how they operate. The following material might be useful reference:
* Computers for Beginners
* The chapter Computer Components, The Stored Program Concept and the Internet from A-level Computing.
* The Computer Revolution (a fairly unstructured book, but with more information on specific components)
# Introduction to Digital Forensics/So you want to be a forensic analyst

Forensic analysis of computers is a discipline growing in popularity amongst both the forensic science and computer security fields. Several university courses now teach the basics and professional qualifications are on offer from the forensic software developers. Although the cost of entry into the field can sometimes be prohibitive the market for forensic analysts is still strong, and as time goes by the free software available to hobbyists is becoming more advanced.
Becoming an analyst probably, still, does not require a formal degree in the field. Most of the skills can be learned through training and simple experience. Being an analyst requires two main skillsets:

## Attention to detail

    Often investigations culminate in legal proceedings, either of the civil or criminal nature. To satisfy the, reasonably strict, rules of courts around the world digital evidence needs to be audited and carefully tracked. As detailed later in the book, digital media is easily altered and courts are still resisting evidence without a full audit log.

## Inquisitiveness

    Unlike other areas of forensic science, digital investigations tend to be much more free form. They often require investigators to have a deep grounding in both the technical aspects of computers and the psychology of the computer criminal. Much of the latter is learned over time and practice.

## Why read this book?

This book won't leave you a qualified forensic analyst though, hopefully, it will be a start in the right direction. Any reader, aspiring analyst or not, should find the book of interest. It can be a surprise how much information is stored, tracked and retained by your digital devices, and the sorts of activity that can be reconstructed from it.
Many of the techniques in this book translate directly to data recovery - so if you have deleted a file and need it back there may be some useful advice for you.
This book is for you if:
* You fancy being a forensic analyst and want a lightweight introduction to the topic
* You have a background in forensics, data recovery or computer security and want to expand your knowledge
* You're a manager facing the daunting task of commissioning a digital investigation in your workplace (there is even a chapter just for you!)
* You are an enthusiastic amateur with an interest in digital forensics
In short; if you have an interest and an inquisitive mind, this is a book for you.
# Introduction to Digital Forensics/Terminology

Before we get too stuck into the nuts and bolts of digital forensic investigation lets take a moment to talk about the sort of terminology you are going to see throughout this book. As with any subject, digital forensics has its own arcane terms - and often redefines existing words to other meanings.
You can find a more complete Glossary in the appendices.

## Head in the game

The first thing to do before diving any further into the book is to get acquainted with the idea of technical terminology - digital forensic analysts will use a lot of the standard computer technology terms/slang. Being familiar with acronyms like RAM and OS is important, as is familiarity with things like "bits" and "bytes".
This book will try to expand general technology acronyms or slang the first few times they are used. But within the field you will come across them often.

## The basics

So what critical "words" do you need to know?

### Exhibit

    Generally used to mean the digital device being examined - say a computer, or phone. Although it is often used to mean a report, or disk containing evidence samples, produced as the result of an investigation. This latter is common in criminal law settings.

### Imaging/Acquisition

    Simply refers to making an exact copy of an exhibit - the terms are used interchangeably, and will be explained in depth in a later chapter.
# Introduction to Digital Forensics/The forensic process

A digital forensic investigation usually consists of three main stages, and one preliminary stage (which is beyond the scope of this book). As you will see these stages have different requirements and technical skills - from attention to detail, through to technical skills and a good writing ability.

## Evidence seizure

The seizure of evidence is considered largely outside the scope of this book; because it could be an entire book on its own. For the most part a forensic examiner will not be involved in seizures except in a technical capacity (i.e performing an on-site acquisition), however you do need to question where the evidence has come from.
Seizure of evidence can take many forms. From law enforcement using a court warrant through to a company "seizing" an employee's laptop. When conducting a forensic examination you are responsible for your actions, and if the material you are examining was illegally seized there could be serious consequences (even rising to the level of yourself being accused of computer crime!).
You must always be happy with the source of evidence, and that you are authorised to continue with an examination.

### Criminal Cases

Where evidence has been seized by law enforcement it almost certainly has been done within procedure. If so, there are unlikely to be any problems for the examiner, because it is reasonable to assume that the police have done their job correctly.

### Civil/Private Cases

For private work this consideration is much more important. If a company, for example, owns the digital device being examined then it is usually acceptable to examine. But if the device is the employees own this requires permission, or a court order. Whenever you are examining a piece of evidence question whether it belongs to the company, and if it does not ensure that the correct permission has been obtained.

## The forensic process
### Acquisition

    The process of collecting/documenting digital media exhibits, then the creation of a bit copy.

### Analysis

    The actual (free form) process of investigation, which can take many forms

### Reporting

    Production of an evidence package along with analysis/description in layman's terms