OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction to Human Geography

| Human geographers use geographic information technology such as that pictured above in order to study important trends. | What is human geography? Human geography, a subfield of geography, is concerned with the interactions of humans and the environment. It seeks to explain the demographic trends, economic attributes, and political configuration of regions by considering both the physical and the cultural landscape. It is thus distinct from physical geography, which focuses exclusively on natural features. About this textbook This textbook aims to provide a simple, no-fear introduction to the discipline, presenting its evolution and explaining its major concepts while remaining free of jargon. It is aimed at the general reader and thus does not follow the AP® curriculum of the subject of the same name. The help of educators and students alike is requested. |
* Preface - Human Geography as a Discipline
* Important figures and theories in the field of human geography; development and evolution of human geography; techniques employed by geographers
* Chapter 1 - Methods and Challenges in Mapmaking
* Overview of the history of cartography; how to properly read maps; advantages and disadvantages of competing projections of the Earth; impact of technology
* Chapter 2 - Studying Human Populations
* Modern and historical demographic change in human societies; statistical models of development; epidemiology
* Chapter 3 - How People, Goods, and Ideas Spread
* Introduction to cultural diffusion; mechanisms and types of cultural diffusion; migration and its effects
* Chapter 4 - The Distribution of the Languages of the Earth
* Evolution of major languages; language families; language as a source of conflict and/or unity; language policy; pidgin and creole languages; impact of geography
* Chapter 5 - Major Belief Systems and Religions
* The geographic distribution of beliefs systems and their adherents; universalizing and ethnic religions; religious conflict
* Chapter 6 - How Is Our World Organized Spatially?
* The political structure of Earth; types of states; development of nation-states; regionalization and globalization; supranationalism and internationalism in the modern world
# Acing the SQE/QLTS Sample
## Answers and Explanations
### Question 1

FLK1/2: Legal Ethics
The correct answer is A. Tell the court about the recent case.
1. Duty to the Court Overrides Client Interest: Solicitors have a paramount duty to uphold the integrity of the legal system and not mislead the court. Under the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) Principles, solicitors must prioritize the "proper administration of justice" (Principle 1) and act with integrity (Principle 2), even if doing so may disadvantage their client.
2. Materiality of the Case: If the recent case is binding or highly relevant to the legal issues at hand, the solicitor cannot withhold it, as this would allow the court to proceed on an incomplete or incorrect understanding of the law. Failing to disclose such a precedent could compromise the fairness of the trial.
3. Client Instructions Are Secondary: While solicitors must act in the client’s best interests (Principle 4), this cannot override their duty to the court. The client cannot instruct the solicitor to withhold material legal authorities, and the solicitor must not collude in misleading the court (even by omission).
4. Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. (Present arguments without the case) would involve misleading the court.
C. (Cease to act) and **E** (Suggest alternative representation) are unnecessary unless a conflict arises that prevents compliance with professional obligations.
Thus, the solicitor must inform the court of the recent case to ensure the trial’s fairness and uphold their ethical obligations.
# Algorithm Implementation/Strings/Longest common substring

Common dynamic programming implementations for the Longest Common Substring algorithm runs in O(nm) time. All of these implementations also use O(nm) storage. The astute reader will notice that only the previous column of the grid storing the dynamic state is ever actually used in computing the next column. Thus, these algorithm can be altered to have only an O(n) storage requirement. By reassigning array references between two 1D arrays, this can be done without copying the state data from one array to another. I may return later and update this page accordingly; for now, this optimization is left as an exercise to the reader.
For large n, faster algorithms based on rolling hashes exist that run in O(n log n) time and require O(n log n) storage.
Suffix trees can be used to achieve a O(n+m) run time at the cost of extra storage and algorithmic complexity.

## Go
## C#
### Length of Longest Substring

Given two non-empty strings as parameters, this method will return the length of the longest substring common to both parameters. A variant, below, returns the actual string.

### Retrieve the Longest Substring

This example uses the out keyword to pass in a string reference which the method will set to a string containing the longest common substring.
The extra complexity in this method keeps the number of new String objects created to a minimum. This is important in C# because, since strings are immutable: every time a string field is assigned to, the old string sits in memory until the garbage collector runs. Therefore some effort was put into keeping the number of new strings low.
The algorithm might be simplified (left as an exercise to the reader) by tracking only the start position (in, say str1, or both str1 and str2) of the string, and leaving it to the caller to extract the string using this and the returned length. Such a variant may prove more useful, too, as the actual locations in the subject strings would be identified.

## COBOL

This algorithm uses no extra storage, but it runs in O(mnl) time. The 2 strings to compare should be placed in WS-TEXT1 and WS-TEXT2, and their lengths placed in WS-LEN1 and WS-LEN2, respectively. The output of this routine is MAX-LEN, the length of the largest common substring, WS-LOC1, the location within WS-TEXT1 where it starts, and WS-LOC2, the location within WS-TEXT2 where it starts.

## Java

- Java-Adaptation of C# code for retrieving the longest substring

## JavaScript

Variant to return the longest common substring and offset along with the length

## TypeScript

Brute force as per other algorithms on this page, but storage is O(2n) as opposed to other implementations which require O(mn) storage
# Section 7.1
## 7.1.1
## 7.1.2

Answer: The binary operation * in $\mathbb {R}$ is not commutative, counter example: With $2,3\in \mathbb {R}$: $2*3=2+2(3)=8$ and $3*2=3+2(2)=7$ Like $7\neq 8$, the definition of commutativity is not satisfied.
# KS3 Computing/Hardware/Connectivity

This is a page of notes and links, that could be turned into a set of resources later
The curriculum progression links are here: https://teachinglondoncomputing.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/computing_progression_pathways_with_computational_thinking_v2-3.pdf
This comes from the "Computing and Networks" strand of the above pdf
USAGE
* use of a web browser
* navigate and search
* use of a range of internet services
* how to effectively use search
* use secure services
(how to know if web traffic is secure, https) (lots of nice cryptography resources Prof Chris Bishop, Royal Institution xmas lectures, National Museum of Computing)
RESPONSIBLE/SAFE USE
* safe and respectful communication
* social interaction safety
* safe and responsible use
* identify acceptable and unacceptable behaviours
* knows how to report concerns
KNOWLEDGE
(might be able to use GNS3 simulator to build your own network)
(should also add DHCP and DNS)
* purpose of hardware of key components of network
* online protection and privacy
UNDERSTANDING
(internet is the connectivity, internet service are the applications that run using the internet)
(resources from james)
(video from james)
(probably a csunplugged for this, I did one at pi bakeoff with string and envelopes, perhaps we should just video this in a lead school that can get permissions?)
(looking at the HTTP protocol would help here)
(need to talk about netmask and routing here - see Raspberry Pi networking lesson plan here:) https://github.com/whaleygeek/pibakeoff/tree/master/docs
(how to find the MAC address of your device?) (difference between a MAC address and an IP address?)
Creating
(could create your own very simple markup with a python text web browser, just like LMC is a cut down computer, have a cut down web browser that you can read and understand all the code)
Other Stuff (not explicitly listed in progression pathways)
Possible resources to create
1. understanding of protocols
TEACHING NOTES The problem with a lot of resources is kids don't want to know how things work. If you can show by this extra understanding, that you can take advantage of this yourself... An analogy, if you understand a bit about how a car engine works, putting your foot on the pedal too much floods the engine. You don't want to become a mechanic, but a better understanding of the engine makes you a better driver) i.e. is it possible to explain some technology that you use, dig into how it works, then helicopter back up to using the package and show that the extra knowledge of how it works helps you to do more with the package)
# Introduction

Introduction

# Pass Mark
## SQE1

The pass rate for the FLK1 & FLK2 assessments are not predetermined; instead, they are determined after the assessment is conducted. The SRA Assessment Board establishes the pass mark using the Modified Angoff method, as per the SRA Marking and Standard Setting Policy. This approach involves a panel of qualified solicitors who are knowledgeable about Day One competence. They assess each question and estimate how many out of ten just-competent Day One solicitors would answer it correctly. By compiling and averaging these ratings for each question from each panel member, a cut score is derived. Subsequently, further statistical analysis is performed to account for candidates' actual performance and measurement errors, resulting in the final pass mark for the assessment.
It's important to note that the pass mark for the SQE may vary from one assessment sitting to another to maintain consistent assessment standards. To provide context, the SRA has furnished a table below, offering information based on past SQE1 sittings to give you an idea of the likely pass mark.
Starting from January 2024, the raw score out of 180 questions is converted to the scaled score. The pass score for SQE 1 is always 300 out of 500.
Pass mark and rate of FLK1 and FLK 2 :
| Date of SQE1 | FLK1 pass mark | FLK1 pass rate | FLK2 pass mark | FLK2 pass rate |
| November 2021 | 57% (103 correct answers) | 67% (out of 1084 candidates) | 56% (101 correct answers) | 54% (out of 1078 candidates) |
| July 2022 | 56% (101 correct answers) | 64% (out of 1899 candidates) | 55% (99 correct answers) | 55% (out of 1981 candidates) |
| January 2023 | 57% (103 correct answers) | 59% (out of 3103 candidates) | 56% (101 correct answers) | 56% (out of 3253 candidates) |
| July 2023 | 53% (95 correct answers) | 66% (out of 3647 candidates) | 52% (94 correct answers) | 58% (out of 3755 candidates) |
| January 2024 | 60% | 63%(out of 6204 candidates) | 60% | 61%(out of 6476 candidates) |
| July 2024 | 60% | 55%(out of 5332 candidates) | 60% | 50%(out of 5519 candidates) |

# Subject
## FLK1

* Business Law and Practice
* Dispute Resolution
* Contract Law
* Tort Law
* Legal System
* Public Law
* Legal Services

## FLK2

* Property Practice
* Wills and Administration of Estates
* Solicitors Accounts
* Land Law
* Equity and Trusts
* Criminal Law
* Criminal Procedure

## Both

* Professional Conduct

# Mock Test

* SQE1 sample questions 130Q
* QLTS Sample

# SQE2

There are 12 written assessments and four oral assessments.

## Written
### Case and matter analysis

In this chapter on case and matter analysis, you’re focusing on a core skill for the SQE2 assessment: the ability to analyze and apply legal knowledge to specific client scenarios. The SQE2 assessments are designed to evaluate how well candidates can apply their legal understanding to meet client objectives. This includes a thorough analysis of the facts, identifying the relevant legal issues, applying the law to these facts, and understanding the client’s goals. By mastering this skill, candidates can demonstrate a client-focused approach, essential for practicing law effectively.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. h4
## 1. h4?! · Desprez Opening

The Desprez Opening (or Kádas Opening) is a rare kingside flank opening. It does little for development, does not fight for control of the center, and weakens White's kingside. It frees the rook, but the rook normally does not go to h3. It could be said that White has made their position worse, as castling kingside is now less attractive. Due to the near-uselessness of this opening, it is rarely seen among serious chess players. However, it could be used to throw off the opponent.
No top masters have ever used this opening in professional play, although some, most notably Magnus Carlsen and Hikaru Nakamura, play it during blitz. Magnus Carlsen played it in the November 2023 "Titled Tuesday" online tournament, where he successfully defeated strong grandmasters, including Alireza Firouzja.

### Black's responses

Black has many decent replies.
* 1...d5, staking a claim to the centre and simultaneously making 2. Rh3?? impossible.
* 1... e5, also staking a claim in the center and freeing Black's queen and dark-squared bishop.
* 1... g6?! is rarely played, as it justifies the move 1. h4. White can play 2. h5 to attack Black's kingside.

## Statistics

No statistics as 1. h4 is rarely played.

## All possible Black's moves

| Quick Navigation | Na6 a6 a5 | b6 b5 | Nc6 c6 c5 | d6 d5 | e6 e5 | Nf6 f6 f5 | g6 g5 | Nh6 h6 h5 |

## References

* Eric Schiller (2002). Unorthodox Chess Openings (Second Edition ed.). Cardoza. ISBN 1-58042-072-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/ISO/LVS 18-92

LVS 18-92 is a modification of ISO 8859-13 which covers the Livonian language.

## Codepage layout

Differences from ISO/IEC 8859-1 have the code point under the character
* ↑ "LVS 18".
# Programmed Math/Subtraction

Prerequisites: Addition
Subtraction deals with the taking away of numbers, like number a from number b so that: a >= b while b > a. Such a case is with:
$36-5=31$.
a = 36 and b = 5.
So a — b = 36—５ = 31, a >= b is true.
a>=b, like $36-5=31$.
But b>a, for example : $36-55=-19$.
a = 36 and b = 55.
$a-b=36-55=-19$.
Subtraction is the inverse of addition, meaning that it is the opposite.
$31+5=36$, $36-5=31$
# Training Best Practices/Authors

* Julia Lanham, Training Specialist, Public Library of Charlotte & Mecklenburg County: Julia provides Staff Training for the 23 location public library system in Charlotte, North Carolina. This page was added at the Training 2007 Conference.
* Sherrie Van Tyle, Senior Training Manager, Charles Schwab: Based in San Francisco, Sherrie supports Operational Services by developing and delivering content.
# Bicycles/Buying a Bicycle

Deciding what model of bicycle to purchase can be easy for experienced users but slightly difficult for newcomers. Basically. you need to understand what you want to get out of your bike. Mountain bikes (MTBs) are good for what's in the name—mountains, along with climbing or going uphill—because their gear ratios make pedaling easier.
If you tend to stay urban, you may want to opt for a road bike, which are made for simple rides: good for speed but tend to put more pressure on your legs. Road bikes are designed to help cyclists get the most out of the road through the frame shape of the bike, the width of the tires, and the components' weight.
In Europe, bike shops are very common due to the prevalence of cycling; however, in the United States, bike shops are less commonly found. In America, while it is common to see children riding bikes, you will hardly find adults biking, because they are more prone to using motorized vehicles. Large retail stores, such as Wal-Mart, commonly have a selection of bikes, but they are often poorly engineered and therefore cheap. If you want a durable bike you would need to go to a bike shop and get a bike from a reputable company.
# Kannada/Numbers
## Kannada numbers

| English | English | Transliteration in Kannada | Transliteration in Kannada | Transliteration in Kannada |
| | (Short scale Western) symbol | sankhye (galu) | | Numbers in Kannada |
| Zero | 0 | sonne | ಸೊನ್ನೆ | ೦ |
| One | 1 | ondu | ಒಂದು | ೧ |
| Two | 2 | yeradu | ಎರಡು | ೨ |
| Three | 3 | mooru | ಮೂರು | ೩ |
| Four | 4 | naalku | ನಾಲ್ಕು | ೪ |
| Five | 5 | aidu | ಐದು | ೫ |
| Six | 6 | aaru | ಆರು | ೬ |
| Seven | 7 | aelu | ಏಳು | ೭ |
| Eight | 8 | entu | ಎಂಟು | ೮ |
| Nine | 9 | ombatthu | ಒಂಬತ್ತು | ೯ |
| Ten | 10 | hatthu | ಹತ್ತು | ೧೦ |
| Eleven | 11 | hannondu | ಹನ್ನೊಂದು | ೧೧ |
| Twelve | 12 | hanneradu | ಹನ್ನೆರಡು | ೧೨ |
| Thirteen | 13 | hadimooru | ಹದಿಮೂರು | ೧೩ |
| Fourteen | 14 | hadinalku | ಹದಿನಾಲ್ಕು | ೧೪ |
| Fifteen | 15 | hadinaidu | ಹದಿನೈದು | ೧೫ |
| Sixteen | 16 | hadinaaru | ಹದಿನಾರು | ೧೬ |
| Seventeen | 17 | hadinelu | ಹದಿನೇಳು | ೧೭ |
| Eighteen | 18 | hadinentu | ಹದಿನೆಂಟು | ೧೮ |
| Nineteen | 19 | hathombattu | ಹತ್ತೊಂಬತ್ತು | ೧೯ |
| Twenty | 20 | ippatthu | ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತು | ೨೦ |
| Twenty-One | 21 | ippattondu | ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತೊಂದು | ೨೧ |
| Thirty | 30 | moovatthu | ಮೂವತ್ತು | ೩೦ |
| Forty | 40 | nalavatthu | ನಲವತ್ತು | ೪೦ |
| Fifty | 50 | aivatthu | ಐವತ್ತು | ೫೦ |
| Sixty | 60 | aravatthu | ಅರವತ್ತು | ೬೦ |
| Seventy | 70 | yepatthu | ಎಪ್ಪತ್ತು | ೭೦ |
| Eighty | 80 | embatthu | ಎಂಬತ್ತು | ೮೦ |
| Ninety | 90 | thombatthu | ತೊಂಬತ್ತು | ೯೦ |
| Hundred | 100 | nooru | ನೂರು | ೧೦೦ |
| Thousand | 1000 | saavira | ಸಾವಿರ | ೧,೦೦೦ |
| Ten Thousand | 10000 | hatthu saavira | ಹತ್ತುಸಾವಿರ | ೧೦,೦೦೦ |
| Lakh | 100000 | laksha | ಲಕ್ಷ | ೧,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| Ten Lakh | 1000000 | hattulaksha | ಹತ್ತುಲಕ್ಷ | ೧೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| Crore | 10000000 | koti | ಕೋಟಿ | ೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| Ten Crore | 100000000 | dhashkoti | ಹತ್ತುಕೋಟಿ | ೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| One Billion | 1000000000 | abja(shatkoti,mahaburdh) | ಅಬ್ಜ(ಶತಕೋಟಿ,ಮಹರ್ಬುಧ) | ೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| Ten Billion | 10000000000 | kharwa | ಖರ್ವ | ೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| One hundred billion | 100000000000 | nikharwa(Akshit) | ನಿಖರ್ವ(ಅಕ್ಷಿತ) | ೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| One trillion | 1000000000000 | Mahapadma | ಮಹಾಪದ್ಮ | ೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| Ten trillion | 10000000000000 | shankhu | ಶ೦ಖು | ೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| One hundred trillion | 100000000000000 | Jaladhi | ಜಲಧಿ | ೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| One quadrillion | 1000000000000000 | anthia | ಅ೦ತ್ಯ | ೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| Ten quadrillion | 10000000000000000 | madhya | ಮಧ್ಯ | ೧೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| One hundred quadrillion | 100000000000000000 | Padhe(mahā-śaṅku) | ಪ್ರಧೆ(ಮಹಾ ಶ೦ಖು) | ೧,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦,೦೦೦ |
| Ten sextillion | 10$^{22}$ | vṛnda | ವ್ರ್ನದಾ | ೧೦$^{22}$ |
| One octillion | 10$^{27}$ | mahā vṛnda | ಮಹಾವ್ರ್ನದಾ | ೧೦$^{27}$ |
| Ten sexdecillion | 10$^{52}$ | Samudra | ಸಮುದ್ರಾ | ೧೦$^{52}$ |
| One octillion | 10$^{57}$ | ogha | ಒಘಾ | ೧೦$^{57}$ |
| One hundred novemdecillion | 10$^{62}$ | ogha | ಮಹಾಒಘಾ | ೧೦$^{62}$ |
# Devanagari/Numbers

Below is the table of numbers as written in devanagari.
| Devanagari | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ | १० |
| Cardinal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Roman | | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | X |
Numbers greater than 9 can be formed with the help of these first ten. For example—
* 1 is written as १
* 2 is written as २
* 3 is written as ३
So 123 can be written as १२३.

## Exercise

Exercise 1:Write the following in Cardinal Numbers.
* ४५
* १९०
* ४७८
* २५५
* ३६७१
Exercise 2: Write the following in Devanagari Numbers.
* 10
* 48
* 729
* 297
* 6530

## Solutions

Exercise 1:Write the following in Cardinal Numbers.
* 45
* 190
* 478
* 255
* 3671
Exercise 2: Write the following in Devanagari Numbers.
* १०
* ४८
* ७२९
* २९७
* ६५३०
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Bc5
## Ruy López Opening: Morphy Defense, Neo-Arkhangelsk Variation:

Black develops his bishop before playing 5...b5 which prevents white from playing 6.Bb4 6...Bc5 7. a4 but allows 6.c3 6...b5 7.Bc2 or 6.Bxc6. White could also continue to play 6. d3 The Anderssen Variation.(Jtt)
# Coaching Youth Middle Distance Runners

This work is a supplementary text for coaches who train athletes aged between 6 and 18 years old to participate in running events between 800 and 5,000 m. It is intended to function as a review of available research in the field and as a set of guidelines on how to apply that research. Topics discussed include nutritional concerns, psychological considerations, effective training methods, and competition strategies. Special attention is given to potential differences between genders. An appendix includes selections for further reading.
* Introduction
* Training
* Nutrition
* Competition
* Psychology
* Further Reading
# Tarot
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Major Arcana
* Minor Arcana
* Tarot card games
# Tarot/Introduction

POSSIBLE COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT :
* A Wikibookian believes this work uses copyrighted material without the express permission of the copyright holder(s). You can help by requesting permission from the copyright holders to use their work under our licensing terms. If they grant you permission, please leave a message on the discussion page explaining this. After 7 days, if no permission to use the copyrighted work is obtained, this work may be deleted according to policy. A Wikibookian believes this work infringes on the copyright of:
* w:Tarot; needs history import or deletion
* Please also warn the primary contributors with:
* {{subst:nothanks|Tarot/Introduction|~~~~}}
Tarot cards are a deck of 78 cards often used for divination and self-reflection. The tarot deck is divided into two parts: the Major Arcana (22 cards) and the Minor Arcana (56 cards). The Minor Arcana is further divided into four suits: wands, cups, swords, and pentacles. Each suit includes ten numbered cards and four court cards: the page, knight, queen, and king.
# Tarot/Minor Arcana

POSSIBLE COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT :
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* w:Minor_Arcana; needs history import or deletion
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* {{subst:nothanks|Tarot/Minor Arcana|~~~~}}
The Minor Arcana is a subset of 56 cards within a traditional 78-card tarot deck, complementing the 22 cards of the Major Arcana. While the Major Arcana addresses significant life events and overarching themes, the Minor Arcana delves into the nuances of daily life, shedding light on our emotions, actions, relationships, and challenges.
# Sinhala/1.5

* Mother: අම්මා (amma)
* Father: තාත්තා (thaththa)
* Brother: සහෝදරයා (sahōdarayā)
* Sister: සහෝදරිය (sahōdariya)
* Aunty: නැන්දා (nandā)
* Uncle: මාමා (māmā)
* Grandmother: ආච්චි (ācci)
* Grandfather: සීයා (sīyā)
* Elephant: අලියා (aliyā)
* Dog: බල්ලා (ballā)
* Cat: බළලා (baḷalā)
* Lion: සිංහයා (siṁhayā)
* Crow: කපුටා (kapuṭā)
* Frog: ගෙම්බා (gembā)
* Butterfly: සමනළයා (samanalayā)
* Snake: සර්පයා (sarpayā)
* Tree: ගස (gasa)
* Mountain: කන්ද (kanda)
* Train: දුම්රිය (dumriya)
* Pen: පෑන (pǣna)
* Pencil: පැන්සල (pænsala)
* Book: පොත (pota)
* Flower: මල (mala)
* Telephone: දුරකථනය (durakathanaya)