OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Git

Git is an open source distributed version control system (DVCS), mainly used for source code management (SCM), with an emphasis on speed. Git was initially designed and created by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development. Git operates on a decentralized architecture, so every Git working directory is a full-fledged repository with a complete history and full revision-tracking capabilities, and is not dependent upon network access or a central server.
Unlike popular non-distributed predecessors, such as Subversion and CVS, Git only needs a central server for one thing: publishing changes to users of that server. You can equally share changes directly with other people without the need to consult a central hub.
Also unlike the monolithic design of Subversion and CVS, Git follows the typical Unix philosophy with a great many small components that do single atomic tasks. Of course, only a few of the dozens of separate commands are often used. Most commands are for specialized actions, and a good portion are designed to be called by shell scripts rather than users.

## Table of Contents

* Obtaining Git
* Introduction
* Branching & merging
* Beyond the basics
** Internal structure
** Interactive staging
** Rebasing
** Submodules and Superprojects
* Interacting with other SCMs
** git-svn
** others?
* Hosting
* Setting up a Server
** git-daemon
** Gitosis
** Gerrit Code Review
** GitHub
** Bitbucket
** Repository on a USB stick

### Appendixes

* Git component programs
* Getting help
# Git/Bitbucket

Bitbucket is a web-based hosting service for projects that use either the Mercurial or Git revision control systems. Bitbucket offers both commercial plans and free accounts. Free accounts support up to five users and an unlimited number of private repositories.
Moreover, it provides some webhooks for the continuous integration.

## References

* ↑ https://confluence.atlassian.com/bitbucket/manage-webhooks-735643732.html
# Git/GitHub

GitHub is a Git repository providing two formulae:
* Free public.
* Paying private.

## Functionalities

Each repo can have its own wiki and issues tracking. The documentation is in markdown, and can be written directly on line.

### Review

The online review provides diffs.
Suffixing the pull request URL with ?w=0 or ?w=1 removes indentations from diffs.
To expand all the minimized files from the diffs, just enter this JS code in the browser console:

### Webhooks

It's possible to validate every pull request with webhooks for the continuous integration, like Jenkins.

## References

* ↑ https://developer.github.com/webhooks/
# Git/Git component programs

Git has many component program, the following is an unabridged list of the them as of git version 1.5.2.5.
# Average velocity by Chris King

"Discrete Velocity of non-attracting Basins and Petals: Compute, for the points that don't escape, the average discrete velocity on the orbit:"

## Algorithm

On dynamical plane one can see :
* Exterior of filled Julia set (blue) colored by level set method,
* Interior of Julia set showing irrational flow (green) coloured by the sine of the velocity
For the points that don’t escape compute the average discrete velocity of orbit :
$\upsilon ={\frac {S_{n}}{n}}$
where :
$S_{n}=\sum _{n=1}^{n_{max}}d_{n}=\sum _{n=1}^{n_{max}}|Z_{n+1}-Z_{n}|$
In Octave it looks :
In Chris King Maple code this discrete velocity is measured only by sum of distances between points
Because :
* all forward orbit from interior of Julia set fall into SIegel disc
* inside Siegel disc points turn around its center ( indifferent periodic point )
so distance is a good measure into which Siegel orbit point fall
Using periodic function ( sin, cos) creates bands showing dynamics inside Julia set ( siegel disc and its preimages ).

## Octave src code
# Images with src code ( see commons page)

* gray Siegel Disk
* color Siegel DIsk

# References

* ↑ Combined Methods of Depicting Julia Sets by Chris King
* ↑ Exploding the Dark Heart of Chaos Chris King March 2009 – Jul 2016 Mathematics Department University of Auckland
* ↑ wikipedia : Colour banding
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 29

Today in 1980 the USENIX conference began in Boulder, Colorado, where the Netnews design was presented. Since Netnews was developed for UNIX at a university, it was automatically classified as public domain software under the terms of the AT&T UNIX license. The Usenet developed into an important file-sharing platform. It itself also constitutes the original peer-to-peer application.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 28

Today in 2005 the non-profit educational project One Laptop per Child was started. Towards their eponymic constructionist-learning vision, they notably designed their utility-focused $100 Laptop. With extraordinary effort put to the engineering and putting user need above profit, they achieved revolutionary pricing, durability, environmental friendliness, openness, repairability, power consumption, and many other ground-breaking innovations. For many, radical openness seemed a logical part of the concept: openly documented hardware, easy disassembly, free software, ..., to allow users to dive in as deep as they like and tinker with every part, as so illustratively embodied by the “View Source” button. When Open Source was eliminated from the mission statement because Microsoft suddenly wanted Windows on the OLPC, many left the project disillusioned. Commercial companies scrambled to bring competing products to market, i.e. the entire Netbook category. With failing partnerships and delays, they had to settle for lower volumes and thus a higher price, and abandoned the project after one or two models. Success ratings were mixed.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 30

Today in 2001 The Hacker Ethic by Pekka Himanen was published.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 3

Today in 2008 Kenyan activist Ory Okolloh asked for help to map post-election violence. A week later she and her collaborators launched Ushahidi (Swahili for “evidence” or “witness”) and began crowd-sourcing reports.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 25

Today in 2017 the first stable version of Google’s Chromium/Chrome web browser was released that had WebRTC enabled by default and without prefix. Firefox followed two days later, although standardization is still not finished. It enables web browsers to not only access resources on central servers, but also make peer-to-peer connections to other browsers, topped off with a multimedia streaming framework. Among other things, this puts the missing free replacement for Skype into everyone’s browsers and provides an infrastructure for a more decentralized web.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/January 27

Today in 2011 the Internet was shut down in Egypt. Contrary to the intentions, it led to more people in the streets and was followed by an Anonymous Operation. Eventually Mubarak resigned.
← previous day · following day →
# Granite WMS/Installation/Services

In order to run multiple copies of the same Service on the same PC: Let's assume you already have a LabelPrinting Service running and it is called Granite Label Printing Service under services.msc Open an command prompt in Administrator Mode. Change to the Service folder you want to run a copy of, i.e. LabelPrinting or Integration
C:\Program Files (x86)\Cradle Technology Services\Granite Label Printing Service> Then type the following: (Be careful to note make typos, otherwise you have to delete the service you just created and will have to restart the server to get rid of it from Services.msc before you can add it back using the same name) The part between SC CREATE and BINPATH is what you want to call the service. Binpath is where the files for the service are located. This is important. Otherwise the service will not work. DisplayName is what it will show in Services.msc sc create Granite Label Printing Service 2 binpath= "C:\Program Files (x86)\Cradle Technology Services\Granite Label Printing Service\Granite.LabelPrinting.exe" DisplayName = "Granite Label Printing Service 2" Hit ENTER If you typed everything right, you will get: [SC] CreateService SUCCESS Now go to Services.msc and you will see the "copy" of the service. Start it. If you made a mistake, delete the service as follows: sc delete servicename Restart server
# Granite WMS/Standards
## Standards

The standards documented is for internal use and customization, by following these standards you ensure that support and upgrades can be done without loosing any customization.
* Database
* Database Prescript
# Granite WMS/Misc/Windows
### Handy Commands
#### NET USE to switch account on network

NET USE \\SERVERNAME\IPC$ PASSWORD /USER:USERNAME
Command for remote shutdown/restart
shutdown -m \\SERVERNAME -r -f -t 0 (this will send restart command )
shutdown -i (this will bring up UI with all options)
Commands for services
sc \\SERVERNAME stop <service> (will stop service replace stop with start to start)
sc \\machine queryex type= service state= all | find /i "mysearch" (this will search for service mysearch)
Service names
TermService = remote desktop service
INEDOPROGETSVC = proget service
# Granite WMS/Standards/DatabasePrescript
## Prescript guidelines

Prescripts should follow the standard guidelines of Granite.
* Naming Convention: Custom_PreScript[ProcessName][StepName]
* Don't use / reference any standard Granite views or store procedure in your prescript TSQL.
* If you need any views or external resources name them same as the prescript name and add one more section.
** PreScript[ProcessName][StepName][DocumentView]
# Granite WMS/Troubleshoot
## Troubleshoot

General
Always ensure that the correct version of Microsoft .Net is installed. Any funny message could be related to either not installed or not correct version/patch. Reinstall the framework if in doubt.
When you are unable to restart a server it's recommended to restart all Granite services, ERP services and SQL Service (SQL Server 20xx). This should only be done with permission and ensuring no one is working.
Make sure that the endpoint addresses configured for the services (labelprinting, integration, website and webservice) is not blocked by the windows firewall. To enable look at the section on windows firewall in this document.
The error below indicates either a missing dll "xxxxx.xxxx.xxx" OR the dll format is not corresponding with the application platform. Granite installs (labelprinting/Integration) is either set for x86 or x64 bit and the bartender/accpac/pastel dependency "dll" should correspond to this. Could not load file or assembly 'xxxxx.xxxx.xxx, Version=xx.x.x.x, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=109ff779a1b4cbc7' or one of its dependencies. An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format.
Topics
* Printing
* Integration
* Website/Webservice
* SQL Database
* Windows Firewall
# Granite WMS/PastelEVO
### Adjustments / Scrap

How do I do it in Pastel - Inventory - Transactions - Adjustments (Type ADJ)
Pastel report Inventory - Enquiries - Transaction History - [Enter item number]
Table _bvSTTransactionsFull
Return cAuditNumber - Audit Trail Number

### Takeon

How do I do it in Pastel - Inventory - Transactions - Adjustments (Type RC)
Pastel report Inventory - Enquiries - Transaction History - [Enter item number]
Table _bvSTTransactionsFull
Return cAuditNumber - Audit Trail Number

### Move

How do I do it in Pastel - Inventory - Transactions - Adjustments (Type WHT)
Pastel report Inventory - Enquiries - Transaction History - [Enter item number] (add warehouse columns to view, two transaction in and out same audit trail number)
Table _bvSTTransactionsFull
Return cAuditNumber - Audit Trail Number
# Granite WMS/SQL
## SQL tips and tricks
### Database

* Granite
* Accpac

### Activity monitor - Release locks

Right click on the SQL instance Open Activity monitor Click processes
Helpful query
# Granite WMS/Standards/Database

Granite database naming convention
This document will outline our naming convention. We can like or dislike some of the wording but that’s neither the point nor the benefit. Having one is important and necessary. Take note the existing standard granite does not fully adhere to the standard I need to still refactor some names of views. Also use best English word possible and don’t use abbreviations if you can help it.
Tables
One word with the exception of custom tables. Call the table the best word as close to the business lingo possible, not technical lingo. Custom tables start with Custom_.
Views, Store procedures
Prefix is used to point out technically the used by.
* Views for reports start with Report_.
* Views used internally by Granite application App_
* Views shared between views used in granite internally Base_App_
* Views for 3d party ERP_
* Views for integration Integration_
* Views shared by report and internal Granite Report_App_
* Views ending with _View is for views representing a table (only MasterItemAlias_View). It means theres a table with same name.
* Custom views start with Custom_
* Stored Procedures: If it's a store proc for an external application, use the best name of that application. (Example: MailNotification_XXX_XXX). Same for views used by external applications.
* Views/Stored Procs used in and by other Views and StoredProcs. My stored procedure is called Prescript_Move_Location, in the script I'm using a view to help me get a job number, that view should be called Prescript_Move_Location_JobNumber.
After the prefix use following guidelines.
* Module in application (business lingo)
* Followed by section name (business lingo)
* Examples
* [Prefix]_[Module]_[Section]
* App_Inventory_StockTake
Columns Names
* Use camel case for more than one word
** Example: FirstSecondThird
* Don’t use spaces
# Handbook of Management Scales/Asset specificity
## Asset specificity (alpha = 0.71)
### Items

* My company has modified its applications to the specific needs of its employees.
* My company has an IT infrastructure that is uniquely tailored to the firm.
* My company needs a lot of time before employees are trained so that they can use the new applications.

### Source

* Verwaal et al. (2009): Value Creation and Value Claiming in Strategic Outsourcing Decisions: A Resource Contingency Perspective. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 420-444.

### Related Scales

* Specific assets
* Switching costs
# Handbook of Management Scales/Benevolence
## Benevolence (alpha = 0.94/0.95)
### Description

Three facets of trustworthiness were measured based on scales designed by Mayer/Davis (1999) to assess the ability, benevolence, and integrity of a supervisor. The Likert-type scale ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

### Definition

Benevolence reflects the sense that the trustee wants to “do good” to the truster, with “doing good” including concepts such as being caring and open.

### Items

* My supervisor is very concerned about my welfare.
* My needs and desires are very important to my supervisor.
* My supervisor would not knowingly do anything to hurt me.
* My supervisor really looks out for what is important to me.
* My supervisor will go out of his/her way to help me.

### Source

* Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206

### Related Scales

* Ability
* Integrity
* Trust

## Benevolence (alpha = 0.8719)
### Items

* When making important decisions, our supply chain members are concerned about our welfare.
* When we share our problems with our supply chain members, we know they will respond with understanding.
* In the future we can count on our supply chain members to consider how their decisions and actions will affect us.
* When it comes to things that are important to us, we can depend on our supply chain members' support.

### Source

* Min/Mentzer (2004): Developing and measuring supply chain management concepts. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 63-99.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Buyer's knowledge of supplier's past performance
## Buyer’s knowledge of supplier’s past performance (alpha = 0.84)
### Definition

A supplier’s operational performance refers to the combination of product development efficiency, process improvements, quality conformity, and short lead time (Womack et al., 1990). (For simplicity, the authors refer to this as performance.)

### Items

* Our partner has a good grasp of our product-design performance.
* Our partner has a good grasp of our process-design performance.
* Our partner has a good grasp of our product-quality performance.
* Our partner has a good estimate of the cost of the components/products we manufacture.

### Source

* Kotabe et al. (2002): Gaining from Vertical Partnerships: Knowledge Transfer, Relationship Duration, and Supplier Performance Improvement in the U.S. and Japanese Automotive Industries. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 293–316

### Comments

Based on the definition, the items can be interpreted as formative; for example, certain dimensions of performance (e.g., ecological performance) are missing.

### Related Scales

* See various performance-related scales in the Handbook of Management Scales.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Buyer assistance
## Buyer assistance (alpha = 0.78)
### Items

* OEM helps the suppliers to reduce costs.
* OEM helps the suppliers to improve quality.
* OEM provides the supplier ﬂexibility to meet piece price and tooling cost objectives

### Source

* Zhang et al. (2009): Do buyer cooperative actions matter under relational stress? Evidence from Japanese and U.S. assemblers in the U.S. automotive industry. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 479–494.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Buyer dependence
## Buyer dependence (alpha = 0.83, AVE = 0.64, CR = 0.84)
### Description

A four-item scale was adapted from Gilliland & Bello (2002) and Richey (2003). The fourth item was dropped after CFA.

### Definition

Buyer dependence refers to "the uncertainty the buyer faces as it relies on its supplier for relevant resources to continue functioning".

### Items

Please indicate the extent to which...
* If the relationship with this supplier dissolves, your company would face many troubles. (0.76)
* If the relationship with this supplier dissolves, it would create important difficulties for your company. (0.98)
* If the relationship with this supplier dissolves, your company would lose significant knowledge. (0.61)
* If the relationship with this supplier dissolves, your company would lose significant investments. (dropped)

### Comments

The factor loading of the third item is relatively low.

### Source

* Villena et al. (2017): Revisiting Interorganizational Trust: Is More Always Better or Could More Be Worse?. Journal of Management, forthcoming.

### Related Scales

* Dependence
# Handbook of Management Scales/Attention focusing
## Attention focusing (alpha = 0.87; AVE = 0.63; CR = 0.87)
### Description

The authors measured performance measurement system (PMS) use for attention focusing and score keeping with the scales of Vandenbosch (1999). For the former scale, one item (“vocabulary in the organization”) was deemed confusing and therefore omitted. Instead, an item of Henri’s (2006) scale was added to ensure content validity and comprehensiveness.

### Definition

Attention focusing refers to “an interactive PMS use that fosters organizational dialogue (Simons, 1990), where the guiding question is: “What problems should we look into?” (Simon et al., 1954; Henri, 2006)”.

### Items

Please rate the extent to which your upper management currently uses PMS to…
* … tie the organization together. (0.76)
* … enable the organization to focus on our critical success factors. (0.80)
* … provide a common view of the organization. (0.84)
* … enable discussion in meetings of superiors, sub-ordinates and peers. (0.58)
* … enable continual challenge and debate of underlying results, assumptions and action plans. (dropped)
Items were measured with a 7-point Likert scales ranging from “1 = not at all” to “7 = to a very great extent”.

### Source

* Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
# Handbook of Management Scales/Benchmarking
## Benchmarking (alpha = 0.91)
### Description

Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, SPC usage, internal quality information usage, employee empowerment, employee involvement, employee training, product quality, and supplier performance. Using a survey of 371 manufacturing firms, the constructs were then empirically tested and validated. For this purpose a confirmatory factor analysis approach was used.

### Items

* We are engaged in extensive benchmarking of competitors’ products that are similar to our primary product.
* Our benchmarking activities have reduced costs.
* We have engaged in extensive benchmarking of other companies’ business processes in other industries.
* Benchmarking has helped improve our product.
* We will definitely continue benchmarking.

### Source

* Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Business process skills
## Business process skills
### Description

The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be associated with successful ERP adoption is identified. Each construct is then operationalized as a multi-item measurement scale by applying a manual item sorting technique iteratively to independent panels of expert judges until tentative reliability and validity is established. Second, the multi-item scales is further refined and validated using survey data from 79 North American manufacturing users of ERP systems. The following items are taken from the business process skills dimension of the ERP competence construct.

### Definition

Business process skills represents an understanding of how the business operates, and the ability to predict the impact of a particular decision or action on the rest of the enterprise (Roth et al. 1995).

### Items

* There is a high level of business process knowledge within the ERP Entity.
* Employees understand how their actions impact the operations of other functional areas.
* Employees understand how their daily business activities support the goals of the ERP Entity.
* Managers are not clear on how ERP-focused business processes support the goals of the ERP Entity.
* The operational processes of the ERP Entity are formally documented. (*)
* Our ERP Entity's business process documentation reflects actual operational activities. (*)
* Functional managers are able to document cross-functional business process flows. (*)
* Business process design is driven by customer requirements. (*)
* Managers are skilled at analyzing business processes for customer benefits.
(*) = standard path loading below 0.5.

### Source

* Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Buyer communication
## Buyer communication (alpha = 0.88)
### Items

* OEM communicates openly and honestly to the supplier.
* OEM provides timely information to the supplier.
* OEM provides adequate amounts of information to the supplier.

### Source

* Zhang et al. (2009): Do buyer cooperative actions matter under relational stress? Evidence from Japanese and U.S. assemblers in the U.S. automotive industry. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 479–494.

### Related Scales

* Information sharing