OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 5 in a Row

This module is aimed at explaining the rules of games such as gomoku, renju, and pente. The aim of these games is generally to get five pieces in a row. This module also aims to provide some general theory to aid in gameplay.

## Games

* Gomoku
* Pente
* Renju
* Wuziqi

## Terms & Definitions

Here are some terms used in this book:
Piece: a stone (generally either black or white) belonging to one of the two players. this can be a glass stone, a plastic stone, a symbol representing a stone, etc.
Row: a line of adjacent pieces which are all of the same colour. gaps in this line are allowed.
Unbroken row: a row without gaps.
n in a Row: n pieces of the same colour arranged in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row. this row is unbroken. creating 5 in a row generally implies a win.
Four: a row of 4 (not necessarily 4 in a row), in which placing one more piece results in a 5 in a row.
Straight four: 4 in a row.
Three: a row of 3 (not necessarily 3 in a row), in which placing one more piece results in a straight four.
Straight three: 3 in a row.
Overline: n in an unbroken row. (n > 5)
Double three: two threes intersecting each other
Double four: two fours intersecting each other
Capture: to execute a move which results in the removal of some opponent pieces from the board

## Authors & Contributors

| Name | Role | Affiliation | Quote |
| Jenny Zhu | Author | Student of University of Sydney | A wise man once said something stupid |
# GRUB Installation After Windows Installation
## GRUB Installation

Installation of GRUB is a two step process. The first step is to install or build GRUB in a host OS environment, and for this we will use Linux. The second step is to install and configure GRUB as the boot loader for your system.
Compile GRUB Source Code
The first step is the usual: download the source archive, untar it, configure and make install. Assuming you have found a source mirror (see the GRUB home page to find one) and downloaded the source distribution into a suitable working directory, continue with:
This should create the executables: grub, grub-install and mbchk; install support files in /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/, and install the GNU information manual and man pages. For the second step of installation, we will first build and work with a GRUB bootable CD.
Preparing a GRUB Bootable CD
Follow the steps and build your GRUB Bootable CD
Install GRUB on MBR
Reboot your system with “GRUB Installation CD”, after load stage1 you find a grub shell. Run the following command to find which partition of your system, Linux is installed.
Suppose your Linux Distribution is installed on your first Primary partition, then the output is
then you install the GRUB on your Hard Disk Master Boot Record (MBR). The steps are as following.
The GRUB Install process is now complete. Reboot your system.
# Scheme Programming
## Table Of Contents
### Introduction

* Why Learn Scheme?
* Why Scheme rather than Java, Python or another high-level language?
* What defines Scheme?
* A Note on R5RS
* Using a Scheme interpreter
* A taste of Scheme

### Beginning Scheme

* Scheme Datatypes
* Simple Expressions
* Numbers and Expressions
* Further Maths
* List Operations
* Vector Operations
* Using Variables
* Conditionals
* Procedures
* Looping
* Some Useful Shortcuts Used in this Book

### Advanced Scheme

* Abstractions with Data
* Mutability
* Local Scope
* Object Orientation
* Memoisation
* TinyScheme
* Input and Output
* Continuations
* Macros

### R7RS Additions

    Libraries
    Record Types

### Reference

    R5RS Standard Reference
    R6RS Standard Reference
    R7RS Standard Reference

### Appendices

    External Links
    Index
# Tennis/Terminology

Basic Tennis Terms

## Volley

    a hit, or series of hits, done without the ball touching the ground.

## Serve

    a usually overhand hit used to get the ball in play.

## Forehand

    a hit with the inside of the hitting hand facing the court, almost always a one-handed shot.

## Backhand

    a hit the back of the hitting hand facing the court. Can be a one or two-handed shot. The two-handed backhand, though difficult for some, if mastered, offers good power, direction, and spin. The one-handed backhand offers power, speed, and flexibility.

## Racquet (or Racket)

    the stringed bat used to hit the tennis ball.

## Backspin

    when the ball is literally spinning backwards while traveling forwards. Produces a low bounce and/or less forward motion after the bounce.

## Topspin

    when the ball is spinning forward while traveling forward. Usually produces a high bounce.

## Slice

    hitting the ball with left or right side spin, produces a low or sideways bounce.

## Rally

    hitting the ball back and forth.
# The Linux Kernel/Updating

The most of Linux system distributions update the kernel automatically to recommended and tested release. If you want to research your own copy of sources, compile it and run you can do it manually.
Here is short and fast starting instruction:
Other make targets for configuration
* menuconfig
** requires libncurses5-dev
* gconfig
** requires libglade2-dev
* xconfig
** requires libqt4-dev
📚 References:
    Installing the kernel from sources, admin guide$_{doc}$
    Kernel Build System$_{doc}$
    https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/BuildYourOwnKernel
💾 Historical:
# Two Knights Defence: Polerio Defense
### 5...Na5

Attacking the bishop, and getting out of the pawn's attack. This is Black's best move.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 d5 5.exd5 Na5
| | 6 |
| Main Line | Bb5+ c6 | +/= |
| | b3 h6 | = |
| 6. d3: Morphy Variation | d3 h6 | = |

## Statistics

Estimated next move popularity Bb5+ 87.4%, d3 11.9%, b3 0.7%
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Using GNOME/File manager

The file manager in GNOME manages your files, folders and hardware. It lets you move them, create them, rename them, copy them and delete them
The default file manager is called Nautilus. There are other file managers available, such as Velocity, GMC (used in older GNOME versions), Konqueror (from KDE) and Midnight Commander (text based file manager), but this book will focus on the default.

## Table of contents

* Changes in 2.6
* Computer
* Home Folder
* Wastebasket
* Folders and Files
* Emblems and Backgrounds
* Preferences
* Connecting to servers
* Browse Folder
Back to contents page
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/MS-DOS/Code page 857

Code page 857 (CCSID 857) (also known as CP 857, IBM 00857, and OEM 857, MS-DOS Turkish) is a code page used under DOS in Turkey to write Turkish.
Code page 857 is based on w:code page 850, but with many changes. It includes all characters from ISO 8859-9.
CCSID 9049 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 857, which adds the euro sign at code point D5$_{hex}$.
FreeDOS code page 30033 adds the hryvnia sign instead of the euro sign at code point D5$_{hex}$.

## Character set

Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 850.
Code page 857 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 8x 128 | Ç 00C7 | ü 00FC | é 00E9 | â 00E2 | ä 00E4 | à 00E0 | å 00E5 | ç 00E7 | ê 00EA | ë 00EB | è 00E8 | ï 00EF | î 00EE | ı 0131 | Ä 00C4 | Å 00C5 |
| 9x 144 | É 00C9 | æ 00E6 | Æ 00C6 | ô 00F4 | ö 00F6 | ò 00F2 | û 00FB | ù 00F9 | İ 0130 | Ö 00D6 | Ü 00DC | ø 00F8 | £ 00A3 | Ø 00D8 | Ş 015E | ş 015F |
| Ax 160 | á 00E1 | í 00ED | ó 00F3 | ú 00FA | ñ 00F1 | Ñ 00D1 | Ğ 011E | ğ 011F | ¿ 00BF | ® 00AE | ¬ 00AC | ½ 00BD | ¼ 00BC | ¡ 00A1 | « 00AB | » 00BB |
| Bx 176 | ░ 2591 | ▒ 2592 | ▓ 2593 | │ 2502 | ┤ 2524 | Á 00C1 | Â 00C2 | À 00C0 | © 00A9 | ╣ 2563 | ║ 2551 | ╗ 2557 | ╝ 255D | ¢ 00A2 | ¥ 00A5 | ┐ 2510 |
| Cx 192 | └ 2514 | ┴ 2534 | ┬ 252C | ├ 251C | ─ 2500 | ┼ 253C | ã 00E3 | Ã 00C3 | ╚ 255A | ╔ 2554 | ╩ 2569 | ╦ 2566 | ╠ 2560 | ═ 2550 | ╬ 256C | ¤ 00A4 |
| Dx 208 | º 00BA | ª 00AA | Ê 00CA | Ë 00CB | È 00C8 | € 20AC | Í 00CD | Î 00CE | Ï 00CF | ┘ 2518 | ┌ 250C | █ 2588 | ▄ 2584 | ¦ 00A6 | Ì 00CC | ▀ 2580 |
| Ex 224 | Ó 00D3 | ß 00DF | Ô 00D4 | Ò 00D2 | õ 00F5 | Õ 00D5 | µ 00B5 | | × 00D7 | Ú 00DA | Û 00DB | Ù 00D9 | ì 00EC | ÿ 00FF | ¯ 00AF | ´ 00B4 |
| Fx 240 | SHY 00AD | ± 00B1 | | ¾ 00BE | ¶ 00B6 | § 00A7 | ÷ 00F7 | ¸ 00B8 | ° 00B0 | ¨ 00A8 | · 00B7 | ¹ 00B9 | ³ 00B3 | ² 00B2 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP 00A0 |
Symbols and punctuation  Differences from code page 850

## References

* ↑ "CCSID 0857 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-26.
* 1 2 "OEM 857". Go Global Developer Center. Microsoft. Retrieved 13 Nov 2011.
* ↑ "Code Page 857 MS-DOS Turkish". Developing International Software. Microsoft. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 13 Nov 2011.
* 1 2 "Code page 857 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
* ↑ "CCSID 9049 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00857 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00857 (txt), IBM
* ↑ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-857_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03
* ↑ "cp857_DOSTurkish to Unicode table" (TXT). The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 13 Nov 2011.
# Dark and Light/Skills/Mage

back to Mage Class
# Chess/Introduction

Chess is an ancient strategy game that originated in India. It is played by two individuals on an 8×8 grid. The objective is to maneuver one's pieces so as to trap the opposing king in "checkmate". This book will cover the basic pieces of chess, before going on to some more advanced topics.
The history of chess began in India during the Gupta Empire, where its early form in the 6th century CE was known as chaturanga, which translates as "four divisions of the military" – infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.
In Sassanid Persia around 600 CE, the name became shatranj, and the rules were developed further. Shatranj was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names. In Spanish, "shatranj" was rendered as ajedrez, in Portuguese as xadrez, and in Greek as zatrikion, but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian shāh ("king").
Chess 
Arranging the Board · Playing the Game · Notating the Game · Tactics · Tactics Exercises · Strategy · Basic Openings · Sample chess game · The Endgame · Variants · Tournaments · Chess Puzzles · 0x88 board representation ( v • d • e )
# Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials
## Introduction

In Algebra, a polynomial in several variables is called a symmetric polynomial if it remains invariant under any permutation of its variables.
Symmetric polynomials were initially studied in the context of solutions of polynomial equations in a single variable, since the coefficients of the polynomial are symmetric polynomials in its roots. Over time, symmetric polynomials gained a status of their own, and they appear in various branches of mathematics, mainly in combinatorics.

## Chapters

* Monomial Ordering
* Permutations and Symmetry
* Elementary Symmetric Polynomials
* Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials
# Scrabble/Two-Letter Words

Having a knowledge of all of the two-letter words will greatly improve your Scrabble gameplay, either when you need to build off an existing tile to form a new word, or at the end of the game when you have two or three tiles left and need to dump them off as quickly as possible. Two-letter words are also very useful when playing a new word parallel (alongside, above, or beneath) to an existing word.

### Tournament Word List (TWL) 2-letter words

There are 108 acceptable 2-letter words listed in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, 6th Edition (OSPD6), and the Official Tournament and Club Word List (OTCWL, or simply, TWL):
* AA, AB, AD, AE, AG, AH, AI, AL, AM, AN, AR, AS, AT, AW, AX, AY
* BA, BE, BI, BO, BY
* DA, DE, DO
* ED, EF, EH, EL, EM, EN, ER, ES, ET, EW, EX,EV
* FA, FE
* GI, GO
* HA, HE, HI, HM, HO
* ID, IF, IN, IS, IT
* JO
* KA, KI
* LA, LI, LO
* MA, ME, MI, MM, MO, MU, MY
* NA, NE, NO, NU
* OD, OE, OF, OH, OI, OK, OM, ON, OP, OR, OS, OW, OX, OY
* PA, PE, PI, PO
* QI
* RE
* SH, SI, SO
* TA, TE, TI, TO
* UH, UM, UN, UP, US, UT
* WE, WO
* XI, XU
* YA, YE, YO
* ZA

### Collins Scrabble Word (CSW) 2-letter words

There are 20 2-letter words that are acceptable in only CSW, making a total of 127 CSW-acceptable 2-letter words:
* CH
* DI
* EA, EE
* FY
* GU
* IO
* JA
* KO, KY
* NY
* OB, OO, OU
* ST
* UG, UR
* YU
* ZE, ZO
Note: PH was removed from CSW in 2007.
# The animals speak/Three white pelicans
### The wings of the pelicans

« more permanent measures may be enacted. The most common such method is known as pinioning. Typically performed on young birds, it entails the amputation of the third and fourth metacarpal bones and those attached to them. The cut is made below the radius and ulna and the alula or so-called bastard wing. The analogous bones in humans are in the hands. In birds, these bones support the flight feathers. If one is disabled, the bird cannot balance well enough to fly. Pinioning typically occurs when birds are several days old, when the bone is still developing and the tissue is not yet densely filled with blood vessels. Particularly with smaller waterfowl such as ducks and geese and with guinea fowl and peafowl, it is performed with no anaesthetic and the wound is left open to heal.
With larger birds such as cranes and flamingos, the surgery is more complex and involves first opening the skin of the wing and then slicing through the bone, after which the skin is sutured over the stump. Practitioners claim that healing is relatively rapid and that long-term effects are negligible on young birds. Older birds are more traumatized and may succumb to shock.
As Bjarne Klausen, vice director of Odense Zoo in Denmark, points out, this relict process is among the few remaining forms of animal mutilation still practiced by reputable zoos. » Richard Pallardy, The pinioning of captive birds, 2012
# Past LSAT Explained/February 2005 LSAT

The February 2005 LSAT

## Summary

As always, test forms for the February 2005 LSAT included an experimental (unscored) section. On most test forms, the experimental section appeared in Section 1. Be aware, however, that LSAC often administers a few selected forms with identical scored sections, but with their experimental sections in a different location. Ratings of this administration placed its difficulty slightly higher than other recent exams. Princeton Review students report being pleased with their overall performance. Games (Analytical Reasoning) Princeton Review students rated the difficulty of this section as harder than Games sections that have appeared on exams within the past year. The first game involved determining the order in which different bands performed. Five bands performed during seven time periods, and there were two rest periods. In the second game, six campers each had one or more of three types of camping equipment. The third game involved six teachers who taught one of three languages at a junior or senior high school. In the last game, three hats had to be assigned to one or more ordered spaces. Test takers rated the first game as easiest and the fourth game as hardest, and they split on their assessment of the second and third games. Our students found that their familiarity with the games and experience with making deductions helped them set up the games and work the questions efficiently.

## Arguments (Logical Reasoning)

One scored section had 25 questions, and the other had 26 questions. As usual, assumption, flaw, and inference questions were among the most common question types. Test takers cited aggressive use of process of elimination (POE) as the most helpful technique. Overall, Princeton Review students reported being pleased with the arguments sections they saw, and they found the techniques they had learned in class worked well on the exam. Broad experience with past exams was invaluable to test takers, and smart pacing choices were required to get the best possible results.

## Reading Comprehension

The Reading Comprehension section offered the usual breakdown of topics - science, law/policy, social science, and arts/humanities. Examinees varied in their assessment of passage difficulty, but many said the science and humanities passages had the most difficult questions. The first passage had six questions and presented new scholarship on Native American women that indicates women had more power than previously thought. The second passage had eight questions, and it described current limitations on superconductor technology and types of superconductors that may allow for more practical applications in the future. The third passage had five questions, and it assessed the results of the Netherlands뭩 environmental policy program. Eight questions accompanied the last passage, which defended a controversial theory about Bach뭩 choral works. Overall, this section demanded the skills of mapping the passage well, paraphrasing its contents, searching for specific evidence in support of answers, and eliminating choices judiciously.
# GCSE Science/Energy in the Home

Work: When a force acts on an object and the object shows displacement, the force has done work on the object.
Two conditions need to be satisfied for work to be done: (i) A force should act on object (a) The object must be displaced
Unit of Work
→ Unit of work is Newton metre or Joule.
Negative, Positive and Zero Work
→ Work done by a force can be positive, negative or zero.
(i) Work done is positive when a force acts in the direction of motion of the body.
(ii) Work done is negative when a force acts opposite to the direction of motion of the body.
(iii) Work done is zero when a force acts at right angles to the direction of motion.
* -ve (negative) sign indicates that work is done against gravity.
# GCSE Science/Force

Force is a push or pull that can change the motion of an object
* Force is an external influence that alters a body's state of rest or its uniform straight-line motion.
* Motion-Motion refers to the change in an object's position relative to a chosen reference point or frame of reference. It is a core concept that describes how objects move through space over time.

## Inertia and Mass

Inertia-The property of matter that causes it to resist changes to its state of rest or uniform straight-line motion is known as inertia. Inertia can be categorized into three types:
* Inertia of Rest
* Inertia of Motion
* Inertia of Direction
Mass-Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object or substance. It is a key property that indicates how much an object resists changes in its motion and how it interacts with gravitational forces. Mass is calculated in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).
* Mass is a quantitative measure of Inertia ,more the mass ,more will be the inertia and vice-versa.

## Newton’s First Laws of Motion

* An object will remain at pause or continue to move in a straight line path at a constant speed unless external force act upon him.
* Every object has a natural tendency to resist changes to its state of rest or motion, and this resistance is known as inertia.
The second law of motion: The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force
Momentum: The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity and has the same direction as that of the velocity. Its S.I. unit is kg m/s.
Third law of motion: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two different bodies.
# Horticulture/Soil Improvement

Almost any soil will benefit from improvement, and the overall health of the garden both over the long term and the short will be greatly improved by having a good soil to grow from. As a rule, the simple answer to soil improvement is to incorporate composts. However, the soil may need particular improvements, as indicated in a soil test. The goal is to create a soil with good tilth, appropriate levels of available nutrients, a desirable pH, and in most cases good drainage.

## General soil improvement

Improving soil in a general sense (with or without a soil test) is a physically demanding yet crucial task in the garden. As an old saying goes, "a ten dollar plant in a twenty dollar hole will grow much better than a twenty dollar plant in a ten dollar hole." That saying might be misleading in some ways (current thinking is that putting plants in "good holes" has similar long-term effects as would planting it in a container), but improving the entire garden bed will indeed make for great plants.
The best way to improve most any soil is to add composts, because a soil with lots of organic matter will be much more amenable for growing plants.
Soil and water
# Rc

Special:RecentChanges This page is a soft redirect.
# Unity/Sprites and Sprite Sheets
## What are Sprites?

* Sprites are 2D images or animations that represent objects in your game. These can be anything from characters, enemies, and props to backgrounds and effects.
* In Unity, sprites are used as textures that you can apply to game objects.

### Sprite Sheets

* Sprite Sheets (or texture atlases) are a collection of multiple sprites packed into a single texture.
* Using sprite sheets helps in optimizing the game by reducing the number of texture loads and draw calls.

## Importing Sprites

* Import your sprite assets into Unity by dragging and dropping them into the Project window, or just saved it into the project
* Select the sprite in the Project window.
* In the Inspector window, set the Texture Type to Sprite (2D and UI).
* Click Apply to finalize the settings.

### Importing Sprite Sheets

To use individual sprites from a sprite sheet, you need to slice the sheet:
* Select the sprite sheet in the Project window.
* In the Inspector window, change the Sprite Mode to Multiple.
* Click on the Sprite Editor button.
* In the Sprite Editor window, use the Slice tool to divide the sprite sheet into individual sprites. You can do this manually or use the Automatic option.
* Click Apply to save your changes.

## Using Sprites

Sprite Renderer: This component is responsible for displaying the sprite in the game. You can configure it in the Inspector window, adjusting properties such as the sprite, color, flip, and more.
# Rock Climbing/Equipment
## Basic gear
### Shoes

Climbing shoes should be tight, but not cause pain. Entry level shoes will have flatter soles, while those that arch are meant for more skilled climbers.

### Chalk

Just as in certain types of gymnastics, rock-climbers typically use chalk (in fact usually magnesium carbonate) for drying their hands to prevent slipping. Chalk comes in three general forms; blocks, powder inside balls of cloth, and liquid.
Blocks of chalk tend to crumble and make a mess, so some gyms don't allow their use. Liquid chalk is a mixture of powdered chalk with a volatile liquid which evaporates in a matter of seconds, leaving a relatively long lasting coating of chalk. Chalk balls are probably the most common of the three.

### Helmet

Some climbers use a helmet to protect themselves in high falls, or from falling rocks and other objects.

## Top-roping
### Harness

Unless when bouldering, climbers are usually secured with a rope which is attached to the climber's harnesses, a webbed belt that fits around one's waist and thighs. The belayer will typically also wear a harness to which the belay device is attached, using the belayer's weight as an anchor.

### Carabiners and webbing

You will need a few for the anchors.

## Lead-climbing
### Quickdraws

These are pairs of carabiners connected with webbing. These are clipped into anchors bolted into the face of the rock.

### Removable protection

On traditional lead climbs where there are no bolts, protection devices are secured in places such as cracks by the lead, and cleared by the second. These include:
* Aluminum or steel nuts
* Hexagonal-shaped chocks
* Slings
* Spring loaded camming device
* Tricams