OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Cybernetics and Systems Theory
### Cybernetics and Systems Theory (Lawrence Greer)

Cybernetics is a systems theory which describes the behavior of intelligent systems as a loop. First an action is taken with the intention of furthering progress towards a goal. Then the system observes and evaluates the impact that its action actually had towards achieving its goal. The system then chooses the next action to perform, self-correcting as needed in order to accomplish its chosen goal. Though it started primarily as an analysis of communication in war scenarios during the 1950’s, its use has since been spread to examining games, healthcare, social systems, and even biological systems.
One aspect of this theory which I find particularly interesting is that the loop focuses on working towards a known and chosen goal. I’m curious as to whether or not the goal of an intelligent system could be determined through the study of its actions and self-corrections. If so, then this could prove to be a very useful tool, and help reduce self-reporting bias in some research. For example, say you are trying to do research to see how important it was to Americans to highly invest in public education. If people were to report this as the most important issue to them in polls, but not choose to self-correct actions towards this goal (Perhaps measured by the education decisions of the politicians they vote for, how they vote on taxes which would support schools, views on education reforms, etc.) then researchers might conclude that education is not actually as important to Americans as they self-report in polls. Research could show what a given society truly does consider as its key goals which it is steering towards, and trying to reach equilibrium with, versus what individuals self-report as goals.
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Critique on Diffusion of Innovation model

Diffusion of Innovation theory is well articulated and extensively used in explaining phenomena. However, I find several factors that, in my opinion, diminish the power of the model in prediction of innovation diffusion and therefore make it harder to integrate in real-life environment.
First, the model defines groups of variables in diffusion research, including environmental factors and adopter’s characteristics that explain their influence on an actor's decision to adopt an innovation. However, it does not specify measures to identify which factors would dominate over others in certain conditions. For example, is political situation overtakes personal characteristics of innovators? Which channel of influence on the diffusion in organizational networks is the most effective as a dependent variable of organizational culture? Is vertical influence (flow of information from upper-level down to employees) more productive than horizontal (flow of information between cross-organizational upper-level) in traditional organizational culture?
In “A Prospective and Retrospective Look at the Diffusion Model” paper, Rogers wrote that the success of STOP AIDS program in San Francisco could not be replicated in other cities because of different environmental conditions. It would be very helpful to understand which diffusion methods should be changed in relation to new factors.
Second, the model does not attempt to explain the nature of S curve of diffusion. Which factors affect the length and the amplitude of the diffusion curve (given same phenomenon)? When it is a clear terminal condition? Using the same example of HIV prevention program in San Francisco, I was wondering when the diffusion of HIV was considered as finished, when number of HIV infections dropped to from 8000 (1983) to 650 (1987)? To 250 (In 2000)? What determines end condition, ineffectiveness of diffused innovation or saturation of the population?
If those and other questions were addressed, the model could be much more useful in prediction success and planning of future innovation diffusion.
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Cybernetics: A grand and ambitious theory

I had heard the term cybernetics before, but really didn’t know what it meant until this week. The term “cybernetics” comes from Greek and means steering or navigating (Pangaro, 2012). As I understand cybernetics, its goal is to examine and understand complex systems by seeking to learn how systems regulate and stabilize themselves to ensure their survival. Cybernetics asserts that systems achieve homeostasis and their survival by using feedback to influence the system to move (or steer) toward the desired result.
According to Lucas, most systems treated in cybernetics are deterministic, meaning no randomness occurs in creating future system conditions (2004). For me, however, the stochastic systems that Lucas speculates about seem far more interesting and intriguing. Stochastic systems are unpredictable or random, which as you might expect, produce probabilistic system states and is useful in Game Theory. Cybernetics is also useful in studying large systems that are complex and multidisciplinary. For example, unlike single system variables, such as economics or politics, cybernetics searches to understand large systems where these single variables interact. This goal is very close to understanding the systems that make up human existence, which is why I find cybernetics so compelling. It’s a grand and ambitious theory that seeks to help humans control their own destinies by replacing deterministic methods with multidimensional ones that emphasize complex thinking and collaboration, rather than control.
Works Cited
Lucas, C. (2004). Cybernetics and Stochastic Systems. Retrieved from http://www.calresco.org/lucas/systems.htm
Pangaro, P. (2012). What is Cybernetics? Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/41776276
# LPI Linux Certification/Securing data with encryption
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 4
Description: The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/
# LPI Linux Certification/Setup A Display Manager
## Detailed Objective

Weight: 2
Description:
Candidates should be able setup and customize a display manager. This objective covers the display managers XDM (X Display Manger), GDM (Gnome Display Manager) and KDM (KDE Display Manager).
* Key knowledge area(s):
** Turn the display manager on or off.
** Change the display manager greeting.
** Change default color depth for the display manager.
** Configure display managers for use by X-stations.
* The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
** /etc/inittab
** xdm configuration files
** kdm configuration files
** gdm configuration files

## Exercises

* Exercises results
# LPI Linux Certification/Security Tasks
## Detailed Objectives (212.4)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server.
* Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT or other sources.
* Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS).
* Awareness of OpenVAS and Snort.
Terms and Utilities:
* telnet
* nmap
* fail2ban
* nc
* iptables

## Security tasks
### Overview

Description: The candidate should be able to install and configure kerberos and perform basic security auditing of source code. This objective includes arranging to receive security alerts from Bugtraq, CERT, CIAC or other sources, being able to test for open mail relays and anonymous FTP servers, installing and configuring an intrusion detection system such as snort or Tripwire. Candidates should also be able to update the IDS configuration as new vulnerabilities are discovered and apply security patches and bugfixes.
Key files, terms, and utilities include:

### Kerberos

Reference: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4: Reference Guide - Chapter 19. Kerberos (http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise/RHEL-4-Manual/ref-guide/ch-kerberos.html)
1. Installing Server
2. Installing Client
3. Basic Configuration (e.g. krb5.conf ..)

### Security tasks

Use atelnet client to test/debug your servers This implies you know a little about the protocol used : read the corresponding RFCs Check security mailing lists such as Bugtraq, CERT, et al. regularly Patch your systems ASAP !
Run a security scanner on your system regularly Network security scanners Nessus and Netsaint are widely used, highly considered and open-source Bastille Linux is a great host-based security scanner Use some Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), both network- and hosts-based Tripwire Snort
Don't forget : security is a never-ending process, not a state or a product !
# LPI Linux Certification/Securing A DNS Server
## Detailed Objectives (207.3)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* BIND 9 configuration files
* Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail
* Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement
* Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG)
* Awareness of DNSSEC and basic tools
* Awareness of DANE and related records
Terms and Utilities:
* /etc/named.conf
* /etc/passwd
* DNSSEC
* dnssec-keygen
* dnssec-signzone

## Securing a DNS server

First of all, check security mailing lists and web sites for new versions of BIND. Particularly, versions prior to 8.2.3 are vulnerable to known attacks.
Hide your version number from foreign queries – it could be used to craft a special attack against you. Since BIND 8.2, you may use in named.conf:
You can also restrict queries : Globally :
Or per-zone (which take precedence over global ACLs) :
Even more important, make sure only real slave DNS can transfer your zones from your master. Use the keyword allow-transfer : Globally (in an « options » statement), applies to all zones Per-zone On the slaves, disable zone transfers! Use « allow-transfer { none; }; »
Don't run BIND as root ! Since 8.1.2, there are options to change the user (-u ) and group (-g) under which BIND runs. Use a non-privileged user (i.e. create a new one, without shell access). Make sure your zone files have their correct permission (named.conf is read while BIND is still under root's permissions, so don't change this file's permissions)
Also, run bind in a chroot jail. Since 8.1.2, there is option -t to specify the directory for the nameserver to chroot to. Make sure all the files needed by BIND (i.e log files, etc..) are under the root-jail If you plan to use ndc with a chroot'ed BIND, don't forget to pass the new pathname to the UNIX socket to ndc !
Here's a little bit on how to setup a chrooted bind9 environment in Debian. As the configuration in bind9 is very similar, the same procedure applies to bind8 for creating a chrooted environment.
* Stop the currently running bind.
* In order to chroot bind in a jail, we need to specify what environment in /etc/default/bind9:
* We still want logging in our /var/log/syslog, so we change /etc/default/syslogd that it opens an extra socket to which the chrooted bind can log through into /var/log/syslog.
* Run a couple of mkdir's for the environment
* Move over our existing config
* Link it
* Change ownership in the chrooted var and etc
* Create some devices & set permissions
* Restart syslogd & start bind
If bind does not start and there are error messages in the syslog, keep in mind that these messages where created from inside the chrooted domain, hence a permission problem about /var/run/bind/run/named.pid would mean that it is really a problem about /var/lib/named/var/run/bind/run/named.pid
Key terms, files and utilities : SysV init files /etc/named.conf /etc/passwd
# Kirby Super Star/Basic Controls
## Movement
### Walking and Running

Walking and running is very easy. To walk, simply hold the D-Pad in the direction that you wish Kirby to walk. Running, although slightly more complex, is also quite easy. Simply double-tap the D-Pad, holding on the second tap, in the direction that you wish Kirby to run.

### Jumping and Flying

Jumping is a simple affair. Simply press the B button to launch Kirby into the air. Flying is to jumping as running is to walking; simply press the B button again while Kirby is in the air to make him puff up and fly. Once Kirby is inflated, tap or hold the B button to increase altitude or press the Y button to cause Kirby to spit out a puff of air and deflate.

## Attacking

Kirby has a unique method for dealing with his enemies. He eats them! When Kirby does not have an enemy in his mouth, press and hold the Y button to inhale any enemies that are in front of him. If Kirby has an enemy in his mouth, press the Y button to spit it out at other enemies.

### Powers

By pressing Down on the D-Pad, Kirby can swallow his enemies whole! If he swallows certain kinds of enemies, he can gain their abilities. For more information on this phenomenon, consult Kirby Super Star/Abilities.
# Kirby Super Star/Abilities

One of Kirby's moves is eating. That's right. He can eat his enemies. And, not only can he spit them out as projectiles, he can also consume them, causing him to gain their abilities, at the cost of losing the ability to eat more enemies. Even more, you can create a "helper" from your ability, and if you have 2 controllers, play Co-Op!
| Ability Name | Helper Name | Power Explanation + Combos |
| Beam | Waddle Dee | Y: Beam DASH + Y: Cycle Beam DASH + B while flying: Beam Machine Gun -> + Y near enemy: Capture Beam Hold Y: Wave beam Reverse directions if facing left. |
| Bomb | Poppy Bros. Jr. | Y: Hold up a bomb. Y holding bomb: Throw held bomb. Y near enemy: Set a bomb. \/ + Y: Drop a bomb. DASH + Y: Straight throw. Bomb angle while throwing depends on how long you hold down Y. If you hold a bomb too long, it will blow up and hurt you. You hold up a bomb automatically when you get the ability. |
| Crash | Crash (unnamed) | Blow all the enemies awaywith one HUGE explosion. It's a one time chance, so use it wisely. Y: Crash ability "Crash fire ball" *Kill all enemies around you. *One time use |
| Cutter | Sir Kibbles | The Cutter can cut anything in its path. Use it to cut down enemies, as well as ropes that get in your way. Y: Cutter boomerang Dash + Y: Cutter dash attack Y repeatedly (in the air): Cutter drop attack \/ + Y (in the air): High speed cutter drop Y repeatedly(near enemy): Nonstop cutter attack |
| Fighter | Knuckle Joe | Y: Vulcan Jab/Smash Punch DASH + Y: Leg Sweep/Spin Kick Y in the air: Down Kick/Double Kick ^ + Y: Rising Break -> + Y: Grab enemy Y when grabbing enemy: Arm Throw <- + Y when grabbing enemy: Tomoe Throw. (Kirby only) Reverse directions if facing left. Attack strength depends on how long you hold Y. |
| Ice | Chilly | Turn Kirby into the ice man and turn the enemies into frozen blocks of ice. Don't slip! Y: Freezer breath Dash + Y or Y repeatedly: Freezer blizzard Y (in the air): Freezer sprinkle -> + Y (near enemy): Freezer suction Freezer suction + Y: Freezer ejection Touching ice: Ice Kick |
| Sword | Blade Knight | Y: Chop (even in the air!) Y when health is full: Chop + Beam Y repedeatly: Multi-Sword Attack DASH + Y: Sword Stab \/ + Y in the air: Down air stab |
# Kirby Super Star/Samurai Kirby

Samurai Kirby is a mini game in which Kirby is pitted against foes from his past in a game of quick hands. The sound of a paper fan hitting something and exclamation point(s) appearing signifies the start of the battle.

## Level 1

The first battle is against Waddle Dee. It is extremely easy to beat, as Waddle Dee takes a very long time to react.

## Level 2

The second battle is against Wheelie. It is slightly harder than the previous battle, but gives the player much time to react.

## Level 3

The third battle is against Chef Kawasaki. This battle is significantly harder than the last two battles, as it gives you only slight room for error.

## Level 4

The fourth battle is against King Dedede. It is the second hardest battle in this mini game by far, as it gives you very little room for error.

## Level 5

The final battle is against Meta Knight. This is the hardest battle in the mini game, as the player literally only has a split second in order to strike against Meta Knight.
# Kirby franchise strategy guide

This Wikibook serves as a guide to video games from the Kirby franchise, including some history and trivia. This also includes recurring enemies, characters, and other subjects within the franchise.

## Contents
### Games

* Mainline series games
** Kirby's Dream Land (1992)
** Kirby's Adventure · Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land (1993 · 2002)
** Kirby's Dream Land 2 (1995)
** Kirby Super Star · Kirby Super Star Ultra (1996 · 2008)
** Kirby's Dream Land 3 (1997)
** Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards (2000)
** Kirby & the Amazing Mirror (2004)
** Kirby: Canvas Curse (2005)
** Kirby: Squeak Squad (2006)
** Kirby's Epic Yarn (2010)
** Kirby Mass Attack (2011)
** Kirby's Return to Dream Land (2011)
** Kirby: Triple Deluxe (2014)
** Kirby and the Rainbow Curse (2015)
** Kirby: Planet Robobot (2016)
** Kirby Star Allies (2018)
** Kirby and the Forgotten Land (2022)
* Side Games
** Kirby Air Ride (2003)

### Enemies

* Poppy Bros.
* Poppy Bros. Jr.
* Scarfy
* Shotzo
* Sir Kibble
* Sparky
* Squeaks
* Waddle Dee
* Waddle Doo

### Bosses

* Dyna Blade
* Fangora
* Heavy Mole
* Ice Dragon
* Kabula
* Kracko
* Lololo and Lalala
* Magman
* Paint Roller
* Whispy Woods

### Final Bosses

* King Dedede
* Nightmare
* Dark Matter
* Marx
* Zero
* Zero Two
* Dark Mind
* Drawcia
* Dark Nebula
* Yin Yarn
* Necrodeus
* Magolor
* Queen Sectonia
* Dark Crafter
* Star Dream
* Void Termina
* Fecto Elfilis

### Locations

* Fountain of Dreams
* Green Greens
* Pop Star

### Vehicles

* Halberd
* Dragoon
* Hydra

### Miscellaneous

* Magical items
* Powers
* Warpstar

## See also

* Mario franchise strategy guide
* Super Smash Bros. series strategy guide
* Zelda franchise strategy guide
# Kirby franchise strategy guide/Bosses/Dark Mind

Dark Mind is a fictional character in the Kirby series of video games for Nintendo.
He is the final boss of Kirby and the Amazing Mirror, and the true villain of the game who attempted conquering the Mirror World.

## Dark Mind Form 1.0

Dark Mind first appears as he does in the picture to the right. If you look closely, you can see phases 2 and 3 in his true eye. His attacks mostly consist of summoning stars, and in the last phase, he will drop a very large time bomb (which can grant Kirby the Crash power if eaten) with a blast radius that covers the entire fighting area. He can also use mirrors. Kirby must use the sword known as "Master" (obtained by Meta Knight) or another power to hit his large eye in the center of his body. He may also inhale the stars and spit them back, but this method is much more dangerous. This fight takes place over several areas, allowing Kirby the chance to regain health and lives between each round after he is teleported to other rooms.

## Dark Mind Form 2.0

Dark Mind now appears as a giant eye. In addition to his previous attacks, he can now also shoot an enormous laser beam, summon enemies (such as Waddle Doos), shoot lasers off mirrors, and turn the screen upside down, reversing the players controls. Kirby can only attack when his eye is open for minimum damage, but he can also attack the mirrors to do much more damage.

## Dark Mind Form 3.0

This form is similar to form 2, except considerably smaller. Kirby and remaining clones will then give chase to Dark Mind on Warpstars, which can fire stars. Dark Mind attacks with stars of his own as well as trying to ram Kirby. After he is defeated, the credits will roll while still allowing the player to attack him (and granting Kirby invincibility). A counter at the bottom of the screen will show how many times Dark Mind has been hit, with his explosion at the end of the credits granting 30 points.

## Trivia

* In Kirby: Squeak Squad, some of the treasures that Kirby can collect contain pieces of a group picture of King Dedede and all of the major villains of the series except for Drawcia and Dark Nebula. The villains seen in that picture with him are Nightmare, Dark Matter, Marx, and even Dark Mind himself.
# Novial/AIL CH, SH
## CH, SH

But though we thus kick the letter c ignominiously out of our alphabet as its bête noire, we may be obliged to re-introduce it in the combination ch. There are namely a great many words which we cannot do without and which are spelt with this digraph in F E, sometimes also in other lagnauges, into which they have penetrated: I give some of them here without the grammatical endings which they will have to take, but which will not be discussed till later: chambr, chanj, chans (chance), charj, charlatan, charm, chas, chast, chokolat, machin, march, tuch.
The question of ch must be treated in close connexion with that of another digraph, namely sh, with which everybody all over the world is familiar from such names as Shakespeare, Sheffield, and from words like shrapnel. This sh is found in Ido in a certain number of words, which seem worth of admission into our language on the principle of being known to a greater number of people than other expressions for the same ideas; some of them are common to E D Sc, others are found only in one or two of these languages; I give the most important of them, and quote them as above without any grammatical endings: sham, shark, shel, shild, shirm, shov, shovel, shu, shultr, shutr.
The problem now arises: are we to keep both these digraphs, or can we simplify matters by having only one of them? The latter procedure seems preferable, as no ambiguity seems likely to arise by fusing them into one, and as probably no new words will call for admission which require the distinction. But then the question is to choose between the two spellings, and what pronunciation to give to the uniform digraph--a most intricate question. Ch is pronounced [S] in F, [tS] in S and generally in E, though there are some E words in which ch has the F simple sound: among them champagne, charade, charlatan, chauvinist, chicane, machine. Machine is written maschine in D, thus with the same sound. Cheque (American spelling check) in the meaning 'order to banker' in D has become scheck. This would seem to speak in favour of adopting everywhere the sound [S] without initial [t], the more so as a pronunciation [tS] would be extremely unnatural in such words as E shame, shoe. But then, are we to spell shanj-, shambr-, etc.? Or to introduce the F spelling ch everywhere and write cham-, chu- for shame, shoe, etc.? Neither way out of the difficulty seems satisfactory in every respect, and I am afraid I have in this particular point nothing better to offer than to keep provisionally both spellings and to allow everybody full liberty to pronounce [S] or [tS] just as he likes. It is perhaps fortunate that there are some points in which we can allow each individuality a full scope without any danger for mutual understanding.
Some time in the future it may be possible instead of the digraphs sh and ch to use the phonetic symbol [S].