OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Statistical Analysis: an Introduction using R/Chapter 5

This chapter contains the most "pure maths" concepts of the book. It is intended to demonstrate 3 main concepts of probability, using two complementary graphical methods. This may make it easier to understand the concepts of likelihood and Bayesian techniques used in the next chapter. However, If you already know some probabiltiy theory, or are willing to accept the 3 probabilty concepts below, then you may wish to move on the Chapter 3.
A link to the wiki prob book
* Mutually exclusive additivity p(a or b) = P(a) + P(b)
* p(a and b),
** concept of independence
* Conditional probability
** Bayes' Theorem
Methods to use
* Probability spaces
* Decision trees
Do this graphically. I have a few ideas of how.

## Main text here

etc.
a bit about likelihood & models, as intro to Ch 3
R sections: using R as a calculator - or should this go in a later chapter?
Introduce the idea of classifying prob space using a single sample statistic, thus probability distributions, cumulative distributions, quantiles (use graphs).
Introduce binomial distribution. Don't give formula: link to binomial dist on wikipedia. Produce graph. Some sample statistics can be calculated analytically....
Introduce Poisson distribution
# Statistical Analysis: an Introduction using R/Chapter 7

single variable. Introduce notation for GzLMs, including
y ~ stuff + error
# Statistical Analysis: an Introduction using R/Chapter 4

Good likelihood stuff at http://statgen.iop.kcl.ac.uk/bgim/mle/sslike_1.html
Repeat the concept of the likelihood of a set of observations. Models, etc.,
This is a frequentist approach
Prior probability of models: the Bayesian approach
# The Geology of Indonesia/Data Source

Source of information related to the geology of Indonesia:
State libraries: - GRDC/PPPG = Geological Research and Development Centre: Bandung - LIPI = Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahunan Indonesia
Indonesian publications: - IPA = Indonesian Petroleum Association - IAGI = Indonesian Geologist Association: published Warta IAGI, annual conference proceedings - FOSI = Indonesian Sedimentologists Forum (sedimentological section of IAGI) published "Berita Sedimentologi" bulletin, accessible from FOSI website (www.iagi.or.id/fosi) - Bibliography of Indonesia Geology by Han van Gorsel http://www.vangorselslist.com/ - Seismic Atlas of Southeasia, edited by Herman Darman http://geoseismic-seasia.blogspot.nl/
# The Geology of Indonesia/Major Suture

The tectonics processes in Indonesia formed major structures. The most prominent fault in the west of Indonesia is the Semangko Fault or also called the Great Sumatran Fault, a 1900 km dextral strike-slip fault along Sumatra Island. The fault offset is more than 20 km in the northern part of the island. The formation of this fault zone is related to the subduction zone in the west of Sumatra.. This great fault system is parallel to the Bukit Barisan Mountain range, which is formed by a chain of volacnoes.
Palu-Koro fault is another major structural feature formed in the central part of Indonesia, located within the triple junction area between the Pacific, Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. This fault has similar orientation as the Semangko fault, extend from Koro in central part of Sulawesi, to Palu in the west coast of Sulawesi. Left lateral displacement is more than 350 meters. The slip rate is is about 35 mm/year. This fault is extended across the Makassar strait to Mangkalihat Peninsula, East Kalimantan.
Sorong Fault is located in the eastern part of Indonesia, named after Sorong city in Papua. The fault is a major east-west -trending left-lateral fault system separating Australia from the Philippine Sea Plate and the Molucca Sea Plate. The fault zone juxtaposes Mesozoic-Tertiary continental and arc/ophiolitic rocks. Continental crust was derived from the Australian margin. Crust of Philippine Sea Plate origin has a basement of ophiolitic and/or arc origin.

## References

* ↑ Sieh, K & Natawidjaja, D., 2000, Neotectonics of the Sumatran Fault, Indonesia, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 15, No. B12, Pages 28, 295-28,326, December 10
* ↑ Bellier, O., Sebrier, M., Beadouin, T., Villeneuve, M., Braucher, R., Bourles, D., Siame, L., Putranto, E., Pratomo, I., 2001, High slip rate for a low seismicity along the Palu-Koro active fault in central Sulawesi (Indonesia), Terra Nova, 13, p. 463-470.
* ↑ Watkinson, I. M., Hall, R., Ferdian, F., 2011, Tectonic re-interpretation of the Banggai-Sula - Molucca Sea margin, Indonesia, in The SE Asian Gateway: History and Tectonics of the Australia--Asia Collision, edited by Robert Hall, Michael Andrew Cottam, Moyra E. J. Wilson, Geological Society London, Special Publication 355
# The Geology of Indonesia/Earthquake

Earthquakes are frequent in Indonesia, part of the seismically active Pacific "Ring of Fire".

## Recent Earthquakes

* 16 August 2007 - A 6.2 magnitude earthquake hit 145 miles southeast of Ambon, the capital of Maluku province
* 9 August 2007 - A powerful undersea earthquake off Indonesia's main island of Java (100 km east of Jakarta). The magnitude 7.5 quake hit at 0005 on Thursday (1705 GMT Wednesday) at a depth of 289km (180 miles). No casualties or damage, only created panic among Jakarta's highrise residential. The earthquake on the relatively quiet region in Indonesia give another concern of the safety of nuclear power plant that planned nearby.
* March 6, 2007: A magnitude-6.3 earthquake strikes Sumatra island, leaving at least 52 people dead and some 250 injured. Two hours later, a 6.1 aftershock rattles the region.
* Jan. 21, 2007: A magnitude-7.3 earthquake in a regional capital on Sulawesi island in northeastern Indonesia leaves four people dead and four injured.
* July 17, 2006: A magnitude-6.1 earthquake triggers a tsunami off of Java island's southern coast, killing at least 600 people.
* May 27, 2006: A magnitude-6.2 quake flattens homes and hotels near the ancient central city of Yogyakarta, killing more than 3,000 and injuring thousands.
* March 28, 2005: A magnitude-8.7 quake strikes Nias and Simeulue islands off the western coast of Sumatra, killing about 900 people and flattening thousands of houses and bridges.
* Dec. 26, 2004: A magnitude-9 earthquake ruptures the sea floor off Sumatra island, triggering a tsunami that hits a dozen countries, including Indonesia, where at least 131,029 are killed and tens of thousands remain missing.
* Nov. 26, 2004: A magnitude-6.4 earthquake rocks Indonesia's West Papua, near Nabire, killing about 30 people and causing dozens of buildings and homes to collapse.
* Nov. 12, 2004: A magnitude-6 quake strikes off the eastern coast of Alor island, about 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) east of Jakarta. At least 27 people are killed and hundreds of buildings are damaged.
* Feb. 6-7, 2004: A magnitude-6.9 quake on Feb. 6 and a magnitude-7.1 aftershock the following day kill 34 and devastate Nabire in remote Papua province.
* Nov. 2, 2002: A magnitude-7.7 earthquake rocks Indonesia's Sumatra island, killing two people and injuring at least 40.
* June 4, 2000: A magnitude-7.9 quake hits Bengkulu province, killing at least 117 people and injuring about 1,900.
* May 4, 2000: A magnitude-7.5 earthquake shakes Sulawesi province, killing at least 35 people and injuring at least 148.

## External Links

* A look at Indonesia's earthquakes, their magnitudes and death tolls
# The Geology of Indonesia/History of Geological Studies

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic state in the world comprising five major islands and about 300 smaller island groups. Altogether there are 13,667 islands and islets of which about 6,000 are inhabited. The archipelago is situated on a crossroad between two oceans, the Pacific and Indian oceans, and bridges two continents, the Asian and Australian. Indonesia has a total area of 9.8 million sq km, of which more than 7.9 million sq km are under water. Physiographically, the islands of Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan are attached to the Sunda Shelf of the Asian continent. On this landmass the water depth does not exceed 200 meters. To the east, Irian Jaya and the Aru islands lie on the Sahul Shelf, which are parts of the Australian continent. Located between these two shelves is the island group of Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku and Halmahera. These islands are encircled by deep seas which in many places reach 5,000 meters. About 60 Tertiary sedimentary basins, spread out from Sumatra in the west to Irian Jaya in the east, are identified in Indonesia. So far only 38 basins have been explored and drilled for petroleum and 14 of them are now producing oil and gas. 73 percent of these basins are located offshore, about one third of them in the deeper sea, with water depth exceeding 200 m.
# The Geology of Indonesia/History of geological studies

Intensive geological surveys, research, and publication conducted under Dutch colonial government, which gradually spread throughout Indonesia. Many significant surveys and publications were made in the latter years of the nineteenth century. Many eminent geologist either worked in Indonesia or took part in well-organized expeditions there. The Geological Survey of the Netherlands Indies lasted from 1850 to 1950, with its headquarters in Bandung and the Bureau of Mines in Batavia (then Jakarta). During that time, the regular survey publication was the series Jaarboek van het Mijnwezen, published in Batavia. In addition, several books and many articles were published in Europe on the geology of Indonesia. Virtually everything ceased in 1941 with the outbreak of war.
Many famous Dutch geologists wrote about Indonesia. Some authors who synthesized the earlier work and built upon it in their books have been recorded below. The earliest and widest compilation was by Brouwer (1925). Rutten gave a series of lectures in 1927 to 1932 and his books brought the attention of the world to this fascinating region of Southeast Asia. Umbrove (1949) also did much to summarize the prominent features of Indonesia. However, it was by the impressive work of van Bemmelen (1949, reprinted in 1970) that the geology of Indonesia and Southeast Asia became well known. Van Bemmelen hand been a member of the Geological Survey of the Netherlands Indies since 1927, and was working on the manuscript in Bandung in 1941 when the Japanese invaded. He was interned during the war. Mention should also be made of the novel gravity measurements made by Vening Meinesz in the submarine K XIII in 1927, 1929, and 1930. Through his work, the unique nature of the deep-sea trenches of the Indonesian region was brought to the attention of the world (Vening Mainesz, 1954).
The literature of the Indonesian region is rich and varied, but for most people Van Bemmelen (1970) will serve as a summary. Since the war and the independence of Indonesia, the Geological Survey of Indonesia has made great progress in better understanding this vast and complicated country. The book by Hamilton (1979), which summarized most of the later work, is now widely known, and it interprets the region in modern plate tectonics terminology. Katili is one of Indonesian geologists who wrote numerous publications, especially on the tectonic of the region. Many other Indonesian geologists contributed remarkable publications through both regional and international journals recently. The Indonesian Geologist Association (founded in 1960) and the Indonesian Petroleum Association (founded in 1971) published proceedings of the their annual conventions with important technical papers, which many geologists referring to.
# Using Ubuntu Linux/Getting Started

There are a few ways to get Ubuntu on your system, some take more commitment than others.

## Online Tour

You can take the online Ubuntu tour if you want to try Ubuntu without a Live CD.

## Live Disk

When you have your Ubuntu CD it is possible to boot your computer directly from it. Your computer system will remain completely unaffected, allowing you to sample Ubuntu without actually installing it. Booting from a live disk is only really used to try Ubuntu out, as when you switch off, all settings are lost. Using Ubuntu Linux/Live Boot

## Virtual Machine

To run a fully fledged operating system you don't even need to boot up from it; using a virtual machine it is possible to start Ubuntu (or most other operating systems for that matter) inside Windows; this method has its advantages over Live Disk in that it is more permanent, it's like actually having the operating system. So if you liked the live disk and wanted to try it out further, this would be the option. Using Ubuntu Linux/Virtualization

## Dual Boot

Now we're getting more serious. So you want to install Ubuntu, but you don't want to lose Windows, it's easy enough setting up a dual boot system, where windows is sitting on one part of your hard drive and Ubuntu on the other. You can only boot one at a time, but you can still keep Windows there if you don't want to take the full leap. The big disadvantage of dual booting is that it (most of the time) requires you to format your hard drive, wiping your existing Windows installation. Using Ubuntu Linux/Installing

## Complete Microsoft Takedown

That's it, you're fed up with Windows and want it out of your life, then so be it! This process involves installing Linux Ubuntu completely on your hard drive. Using Ubuntu Linux/Installing
# Using Ubuntu Linux/Glossary
## Compiz

    A compositing window manager.

## X11

    A bitmap system for displays. Developed by the X.Org Foundation.

## Desktop environment

    A graphical user interface paired with a set of software.

## PulseAudio

    Sound server software.

## ALSA

    Sound architecture.

## Advanced Package Tool (APT)

    A package management system that originated in Debian (and was also used by Ubuntu since its early days).

## See also

* Category:Ubuntu (operating system) on Wikipedia
* Category:en:Computing on the Wiktionary
# Using Ubuntu Linux/Credits

Thanks to everyone who helped!
Please sign here, if you are one of them...
Also, thanks to anyone taking the time to read this page. 😀

## Humans

* ഏത്തപഴം (discuss • contribs)
* webaware (discuss • contribs)
# Using Ubuntu Linux/General Use

Ubuntu can be used for everyday tasks such as web browsing, email reading and more! Using Ubuntu might be different but it doesn't mean it's not fun!

## GUI

To use Ubuntu you have to be familiar with Unity: the GUI (Graphical User Interface) of Ubuntu. Unity looks a lot like Mac OS X and acts similar in many ways. The most notable difference is the Dash which is a new way of getting around your computer. Unity is pretty easy to figure out at a first glance and there isn't much of a learning curve required to master it.

### Alternatives

Other GUIs are available as well. These include KDE and LXDE which offer a more windows like interface, and many other options aswell. To download these you may choose a fork of Ubuntu with these preinstalled. You may also install them with the package manager interface or terminal interface using $sudo apt get install interface.
# Coding for Missing Values

There is a considerable literature on the treatment of missing data (see for example Allison (2001) for references) and it is not my intention to deal with the methodological issues here. Rather, I want to explain the missing values dialog in a little more detail. Here is the dialog:
Notice that you can give up to three discrete integer or string values, or a range, to stand for missing data. If you want to analyse the missing values you have in your data you may wish to use more than one indicator (for example, you may have choices missing at random, missing completely at random, and missing not at random), but if you are only interested in eliminating these cases (data points), then a single indicator is enough.
Note that if your variable is numeric, then your code indicating missing data must also be numeric.
Wherever possible, choose a missing value code that is logically impossible as a measured value of this variable. For example, -1 for age. You might consider using 999 as the missing code for age, as it is an improbable age, but it is better to designate the impossible rather than the improbable. For string variables, you can use any string, e.g., NA for not applicable, or plain missing.
When you have completed the missing values dialog in Variable View, you must still input the data, as a variable's default missing value won't be your missing value. It will instead be system missing in the case of numeric variables (indicated by a period), and a space for string variables.
You can do this by hand if you only have a few missing instances. First, sort the data on the variable concerned, so that the empty cells appear first, facilitating the task.
If you have a large number of missing data points, however, it is easier to recode the system missing data using Transform → Recode into the same variable dialog. For numeric variables, on the left hand side of the dialog, choose system missing as the old value and, on the right hand side, your missing code as the new value. For string data, instead of system missing as the old value, you would enter a space.

## Notes

* ↑ Allison, P. D. ((2001).). Missing data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
# Using Ubuntu Linux/First Boot

So you have managed to successfully install and boot Ubuntu. Congratulations!

## Light Display Manager (LightDM)

If you installed Ubuntu 11.04 or later, you might come across the LightDM, a type of login screen, before the Ubuntu desktop screen appears. To login to your user account, click your user name and type your password. Now, press the enter/return key or click the arrow on the right side of the box where you typed your password. If Auto Login is enabled, the desktop screen appears instead of the login screen.

## Gnome Display Manager (GDM)

If you installed Ubuntu GNOME or a version of Ubuntu older than 11.04, the first thing you will see when you boot your new operating system is the Gnome Display Manager (GDM), your login screen. In the box you should enter your username which is the name you chose during the installation process. After you have entered your name press the enter key. You will then have to enter your password which you also chose during the installation process. The password will appear as black circles so that nobody can see your password. After you have typed this press enter and voila, welcome to Ubuntu!
Previous: Virtualization
Next: Settings & How to use them
# Using Ubuntu Linux/Installing

If you want to install Ubuntu into your hard disk, you may use the following methods:

### Install using a live CD (recommended)

The live CD installer works by cloning the working Ubuntu system into the hard disk.
* Insert the live CD into the computer's CD drive, then restart the computer from CD.
* Select Install.
* After the installer appears on the screen, follow the instructions.

### Install using an alternate CD

The alternate CD uses the Debian text-based installer, and install the packages one-by-one. It offers features like RAID/LVM, and install a system without GUI. The final system is near-identical to the system installed from the live CD.
* Insert the alternate CD into the computer's CD drive, then restart the computer from CD.
* Select Install Ubuntu.
* After the text-based installer appears on the screen, follow the instructions.

### Install using Wubi

This type of installation works by creating a disk image in an existing Windows partition, loop-mount it and install to it. It doesn't involve any partitioning.
* Go to the web, download the Wubi installer and run it.
* Follow the instructions. (Wubi will download the Ubuntu CD image for you automatically.)
* After rebooting the system, select Ubuntu in the boot menu and let it finish the installation.
# Using Ubuntu Linux

The purpose of this book is to provide a complete reference & guide for all things related to Ubuntu.
Ubuntu is a Linux distribution with a strong focus on usability, regular releases, and ease of installation.

## Table of Contents

Introduction
    Introduction for new users: An introduction for people new to/unfamiliar with computers
    Introduction for Windows users: An introduction for computer users familiar with the Windows operating system
    Introduction for Mac users: Yes, Linux can be cool too
    Introduction for Ubuntu users: The secret handshake
    Introduction for users of other Linux distributions: Comrades, welcome!
    Introduction for users of Unix and/or Unix-like operating systems: Family ties...
    Introduction for users of other operating systems: If you belong in this category, boy you are strange!
Glossary
Ubuntu Variations: Distros & sub-distros
    How to choose the right one
Getting Started
    Live Boot
    Installing
    Virtualization
First Boot
Settings & How to Use Them
General Use: The basics
    Desktop
    Network: Schools, computer labs, offices, etc
    Server
    Cluster
    Mobile
    Other
Specialized Uses
    Home
    Business/Enterprise: NOT the starship
    School
    Computer Lab
    Studio
    Gaming
    Stripped Down
       For Older/Lower-Powered Systems
       Other
    Other
Software
    Software Categories
       Core Ubuntu Components
       Other Software
          Games
Hardware
    Drivers
Help & Support
About Ubuntu
    Primary Developers
       Mark Shuttleworth
       Canonical
       The Ubuntu Foundation
    The Ubuntu Community
       Help & Support
       Get Involved
Ubuntu History & Origins: Ubuntu lore
    Ubuntu, The Word: The OTHER Ubuntu
    Ubuntu Linux: The software
       The Roots of Ubuntu Linux
          Pre-Linux: The history of the universe through Multics, Unics, Unix, & Unix-like operating systems, up to the time of Linus Torvalds... or, whatever happened to PlanKalkül?
          Gnu/Linux: Richard Stallman, this is for you...
          Proto-Ubuntu
          Ubuntu: Let there be earth tones & a birth to the sound of drums...
Sub-Guides
    Ubuntu & Ubuntu-Derived Distributions
       Canonical: The official canon
          Ubuntu
          Kubuntu
          Xubuntu
          Gobuntu
          Edubuntu
          Ubuntu Studio
          Impi Linux
       Deuterocanonical & Semi-Canon: Distros with some connection to Canonical; business, commercial agreements, etc.
          Dell Ubuntu
          Linspire
             Freespire
       Other: The apocrypha & various heresies
          gOS
          Mint
       Former: The dead, the dying, & the wretched exiles
          Mepis
       Ubuntu Distro D.I.Y.: make your own
Technical
    Components of Ubuntu
       Desktops
The list of lists
    Master List of Concise Wisdom: Advice, f.a.q.'s, help & how to's, tips, tricks, & warnings....
    Master List of Ubuntu & Ubuntu-Based Distributions
    Master List of Ubuntu Releases
    Master List of Links
Credits