OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# DESCRIPTION:

Flashes an alert message to the user. Waits for a user response.
ALERT is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* str -- (Type: any)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the absolute value.
ABS is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: number pair money time)
# Russian/False Friends

Russian language · Русский язык :
| Lessons | Introduction · Alphabet · Lesson 1 · Lesson 2 · Lesson 3 · Lesson 4 · Lesson 5 | (view) |
| Reference | Numbers · Cases (Nom. · Gen. · Dat. · Acc. · Inst. · Prep.) · Adjectives · Prepositions · Verbs (Aspect · Past · Future) · Pronouns (Personal · Possessive · Interrogative) · Cursive | |
| Appendices | Appendix · Alphabet · Internet · Cheat Sheet | |
False Friends is a linguistics term given to words or letters that have similar appearance, but are pronounced differently. There are 9 such false friends between Russian and English: В, Ё, Н, Р, C', У and Х.
Russian name: вэ, Romanization: ve (veh) Audio: Listen (help·info)
This letter looks like a large and small uppercase English B, but represents the same sound as English V. This letter is often devoiced at the end of words or before voiceless consonants, meaning that it's pronounced like an F instead.
Example: Вы (VY) is pronounced VYH. It means "you (plural)". Автор (AFtor) is pronounced AFF-tor, meaning "author".
ё, yo Listen (help·info)
This letter represents the sound Yoh, like the greeting Yo without the w-glide at the end. It is always stressed in Russian words. Keep in mind that Russians often write this letter as Е in informal text.
Example: Ёлка (YOLka), pronounced YOLL-kah, means "Christmas tree".
ен, en Listen (help·info)
Though it looks like an uppercase English H, it represents the same sound as the English letter N.
Example: Нос (NOS), is Russian for "nose".
эр, er Listen (help·info)
Don't mistake this for the English letter P. This letter is usually transliterated with R, but it's not pronounced like the English R. Instead, it's trilled as in Spanish.
Example: Рок (ROK) is the genre "rock" in Russian.
эс, es Listen (help·info)
The English letter C has various pronunciations, but the Russian letter С is always like the English S.
Example: Суп (SUP), means "soup".
у, u Listen (help·info)
This letter is transliterated with U and represents the oo sound in English tool. Stressed У is only a bit longer than the unstressed counterpart; the pronunciation is the same otherwise.
Example: Утро (UTRO),pronounced Utra meaning is "morning".
ха, kha or ha Listen (help·info)
This sound doesn't really exist in English (apart from in loanwords like "loch" and "taoiseach" from Gaelic or names like "Bach" from German or "Don Quixote" from Spanish) and is usually transliterated using two letters: Kh ("Ch" is ambiguous as it could also represent "ч"). It's pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative, meaning that you should put your tongue in position to pronounce a K, but instead make a breathy, voiceless H-sound with the tongue in the same position.
Example: Хвост (KHVOST) means "tail".
# Russian/Grammar
## General Russian Grammar

* Introduction: How important is good grammar?
* Why Russian has no word for 'the'
* Что and какой: "what" vs. "which"

## Nouns and adjectives

* The three genders, plus plurals
* Introducing the six cases
   * Nominative case: subjects
   * Accusative case: direct objects
   * Prepositional case: location or activity
   * Genitive case: possession, negation
   * Dative case: indirect objects
   * Instrumental case
* Adjectives

## Verbs and pronouns

* Conjugating verbs
   * Conjugating verbs in the past tense
   * Conjugating verbs in the future tense
* Pronouns
   * Personal Pronouns
   * Possessive Pronouns
   * Interrogative Pronouns
Russian language · Русский язык :
| Lessons | Introduction · Alphabet · Lesson 1 · Lesson 2 · Lesson 3 · Lesson 4 · Lesson 5 | (view) |
| Reference | Numbers · Cases (Nom. · Gen. · Dat. · Acc. · Inst. · Prep.) · Adjectives · Prepositions · Verbs (Aspect · Past · Future) · Pronouns (Personal · Possessive · Interrogative) · Cursive | |
| Appendices | Appendix · Alphabet · Internet · Cheat Sheet | |
# Russian/Cheat Sheet

This is the Cheat Sheet for the Russian for English Speakers Wikibook. It is intended to be a one page quick guide to the Russian Language, and should serve as a reference to the general text, at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Russian, which is released under the GNU Free Documentation License.

## The Alphabet

| Аа | Бб | Вв | Гг | Дд | Ee | Ёё | Жж | Зз | Ии | Йй | Кк | Лл | Мм | Нн | Оо | Пп | Рр | Сс | Тт | Уу | Фф | Хх | Цц | Чч | Шш | Щщ | ь | Ыы | ъ | Ээ | Юю | Яя |
| ah | b | v | g | d | ye | yo | zh | z | ee | y | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | t | oo | f | kh | ts | ch | sh | shch | | ɨ | | e | yu | ya |
* ↑ The soft sign palatalises the preceding consonant.
* ↑ The hard sign indicates hard pronunciation.
* In most Russian dialects, о is pronounced as in hello only when it is stressed. If it comes immediately before the stressed syllable, it is pronounced 'ah', as in father. Otherwise, it is pronounced 'uh', as in money. For example, the word "хорошо" is stressed on the third syllable, so the word is pronounced 'khuh-ra-sho', not 'kho-ro-sho'. Notice that the first "o" is pronounced as "uh", the second as "a", and the third as "oh". However, if you pronounce о as 'oh', Russians will still understand you.
* The suffix -ого is usually pronounced 'ovo', not 'ogo', and -его is pronounced 'yevo', not 'yego'.
* Consonants can be either hard or soft. They are hard by default, unless followed by the vowels я, е, и, ё, or ю, or the soft-sign ь. Because of this, consonants rarely need to be made hard, so the hard-sign, ъ, is rarely used. Hard consonants are so called because they're short and brief, whereas soft consonants are just softer versions of their hard counterparts. For example, the hard consonant 't' in the English word tank is pronounced with the tip of tongue on the ridge of the hard palate - but if you pronounce it with the tip of the tongue on the back of the upper teeth, the 't' sound becomes soft.
* At the end of a word, or before unvoiced consonants (like T), the following consonants change pronunciation: б→п, в→ф, г→к, д→т, ж→ш, and з→с. Notice that these are fairly similar, and since they make for easier pronunciation of the word, they are easy to predict. For example, ход is pronounced khot, not khod.
* Palatalisation (or soft consonants) means the letter is pronounced with the middle of the tongue. Ex: Pronounce ball while holding your tongue.

## General Expressions

| Hello | Здравствуйте | ZDRASTvuytye |
| Yes | да | DA |
| No | нет | NYET |
| Please | Пожалуйста | paZHAlusta |
| Thank you | Спасибо | spaSEEba |
| Excuse me | Извините | eezveeNEEtye |
| Careful | Осторожно | astaROZHna |
| Just a minute | Минуточку | miNUtachku |
| Sure, Certainly | Конечно | kanYESHna |
| I'm sorry - informal (formal) | Прости(те) | prahSTEE(tye) |
| How are you? | Как дела? | KAK dyeLAH |
| Bye (very informal) | Пока | pahKAH |
| Goodbye | До свидания | da sveedaneya |
| Great | Отлично | Otlichno |
| Good | Хорошо | HaruhSHO |
| Bad | Плохо | PLOkho |
| Normal/Ok | Нормально | NorMAHL'no |
| I Love You | Я люблю тебя | YA lyublyu tebya |
# Russian/Cursive

Russian language · Русский язык :
| Lessons | Introduction · Alphabet · Lesson 1 · Lesson 2 · Lesson 3 · Lesson 4 · Lesson 5 | (view) |
| Reference | Numbers · Cases (Nom. · Gen. · Dat. · Acc. · Inst. · Prep.) · Adjectives · Prepositions · Verbs (Aspect · Past · Future) · Pronouns (Personal · Possessive · Interrogative) · Cursive | |
| Appendices | Appendix · Alphabet · Internet · Cheat Sheet | |
Russian cursive (русские рукописные буквы, russkiye rukopisnyye bukvy) is a basic part of studying the Russian language. Because most written Russian is cursive, learning cursive is fundamental to understanding other Russians.
On the whole, writing cursive is very similar to those familiar with English cursive, but this material will start from the most elementary level of Russian cursive.
The samples of writing of russian cursive are shown on the following picture. The letters "ъ", "ь" and "ы" can't be capitalized, because Russian words never begin with them.
Some people write "т" as it appears on typographic fonts (not like latin "m"). Others have a different way of writing capital "П" and "Т" (Lenin was one of them - look at the "Т" in "Т-щи"). Some people (if they write "т" like in this example) put a little lines over "т" and under "ш"? to make this distinction more obvious.

## Basic information

* Cursive is a style of writing in which most if not all letters in one word are connected by ancillary serifs. With this method, a single word can usually be written in one stroke.
* Russian culture highly regards cursive, similar to the way Chinese culture exalts good calligraphy.

## External links

Sample of Russian cursive and writing practice sheet PDF
# Russian/Appendix/Verbs

Russian language · Русский язык :
| Lessons | Introduction · Alphabet · Lesson 1 · Lesson 2 · Lesson 3 · Lesson 4 · Lesson 5 | (view) |
| Reference | Numbers · Cases (Nom. · Gen. · Dat. · Acc. · Inst. · Prep.) · Adjectives · Prepositions · Verbs (Aspect · Past · Future) · Pronouns (Personal · Possessive · Interrogative) · Cursive | |
| Appendices | Appendix · Alphabet · Internet · Cheat Sheet | |

## Verbs

* to blossom, to flower -- цвести (a flower -- цветок)
** я цвету
** ты цветёшь
** он цветёт
** мы цветём
** вы цветёте
** они цветут
* to live -- жить
** я живу
** ты живёшь
** он живёт
** мы живём
** вы живёте
** они живут
* to speak -- говорить
** я говорю
** ты говоришь
** он/она/оно говорит
** мы говорим
** вы говорите
** они говорят
* to sing -- петь
** я пою
** ты поёшь
** он/она/оно поёт
** мы поём
** вы поёте
** они поют
* to drink -- пить
** я пью
** ты пьёшь
** он/она пьёт
** мы пьём
** вы пьёте
** они пьют
* to be located (somewhere) -- находиться (где-либо)
** я нахожусь
** ты находишься
** он/она/оно находится
** мы находимся
** вы находитесь
** они находятся
* знать -- to know
| | Singular | Plural |
| 1. Ps. | я знаю | мы знаем |
| 2. Ps. | ты знаешь | вы знаете |
| 3. Ps. | он/она/оно знает | они знают |
# Russian/Exercises/Как тебя зовут?

Welcome to the exercises related to lesson 1 of Из России с любовью!
Click "▼" to check your answers.

## Dialogue

Try translating the following dialogue from the top of the Как тебя зовут? lesson page:

## Next steps

* If you would like, review this lesson: Как тебя зовут?
* Otherwise, continue to the next lesson: Сколько тебе лет?
# Russian/Geographical Names

Russian language · Русский язык :
| Lessons | Introduction · Alphabet · Lesson 1 · Lesson 2 · Lesson 3 · Lesson 4 · Lesson 5 | (view) |
| Reference | Numbers · Cases (Nom. · Gen. · Dat. · Acc. · Inst. · Prep.) · Adjectives · Prepositions · Verbs (Aspect · Past · Future) · Pronouns (Personal · Possessive · Interrogative) · Cursive | |
| Appendices | Appendix · Alphabet · Internet · Cheat Sheet | |

## Geographical names

* Росси́я

### Major cities

| in English | на русском языке |
| Moscow | Москва́ |
| St Petersburg | Санкт-Петербу́рг |
| Yekaterinburg | Екатеринбу́рг |
| Samara | Сама́ра |
* Ни́жний Но́вгород
* Челя́бинск
* Пермь
* Волгогра́д
* Тверь
* Росто́в-на-Дону́
* Каза́нь
* Уфа́
* Краснода́р
* Бе́лгород
* Воро́неж
* Курск
* Му́рманск
* Смоле́нск
* Орёл (ё is always accented, very often written as "е", without diacritics)
* Омск
* Новосиби́рск
* Ирку́тск
* Красноя́рск
* Комсомо́льск-на-Аму́ре
* Владивосто́к
* Хаба́ровск

### Other Russian names

* Во́лга
* Ле́на
* Енисе́й
* Байка́л
* Чё́рное мо́ре

### Countries

* Аме́рика
* США (сэ-ше-а́)
* Кана́да
* Фра́нция
* Герма́ния
* Кита́й
* И́ндия
* Ита́лия
* Ям́айка
* Испа́ния
* Япо́ния
* Австра́лия
* Но́вая Зела́ндия
* Коре́я
* Вьетна́м
* Еги́пет
* Гана
* Филиппины

### Cities

* Вашингто́н
* Нью-Йо́рк
* Бо́стон
* Рим
* Торо́нто
* Ло́ндон
* Берли́н
* Варша́ва
* Пра́га
* Бухаре́ст
* Лос-А́нджелес
* Но́вый Орлеа́н
* Пари́ж
* Сан-Франци́ско
* Си́дней
* Ме́льбурн
* Пеки́н
* То́кио
* Каи́р
* Акра
* Манила
# Russian/Contents

The Russian Wikibook is a collaborative effort to create a comprehensive textbook for learners of the Russian language. Russian is an East Slavic language, related to Ukrainian and Belarusian, and is spoken by over 270 million people worldwide. This book includes four sections: a main text curriculum, a grammar supplement, an appendix, and a vocabulary. The main text guides the student through the lessons and provides everything to understand the texts that are to be understood. The grammar supplement provides a greater detail into the concepts presented in the lessons. The appendix is there to refer to for usage and other miscellaneous concepts. The vocabulary groups words into concept-based sections for studying.

## Содержа́ние (Contents)

* Предисло́вие (Foreword)
* Áзбука (Alphabet)

### Гла́вы (Chapters)

* Как тебя́ зову́т? (What is your name?)
* Lesson 2 - Introducing yourself.
* Lesson 3 - Basic Grammar.
* Lesson 4 - Vocabulary.
* Lesson 5 - Text.

### Грамма́тика (Grammar)

* Introduction
* Articles
* Gender
* Cases
** Nominative
** Genitive
** Dative
** Accusative
** Instrumental
** Prepositional
* Adjectives
* Pronouns
** Interrogative Pronouns
** Personal Pronouns
** Possessive Pronouns
* Verbs
** Verbal Aspect
** Past tense
** Future tense
* Adverbs
* What and Which

### Приложе́ние (Аppendix)

* Russian Names
* Alphabet
** False Friends
* Cursive
* Loanwords
* Prepositions

### Слова́рь (Vocabulary)

* Vocabulary
* Numbers
* Geographical names
* Useful Words and Expressions
Miscellaneous resources
Internet Resources
Contributors
Russian language · Русский язык :
| Lessons | Introduction · Alphabet · Lesson 1 · Lesson 2 · Lesson 3 · Lesson 4 · Lesson 5 | (view) |
| Reference | Numbers · Cases (Nom. · Gen. · Dat. · Acc. · Inst. · Prep.) · Adjectives · Prepositions · Verbs (Aspect · Past · Future) · Pronouns (Personal · Possessive · Interrogative) · Cursive | |
| Appendices | Appendix · Alphabet · Internet · Cheat Sheet | |
# Russian/Contributors

Russian language · Русский язык :
| Lessons | Introduction · Alphabet · Lesson 1 · Lesson 2 · Lesson 3 · Lesson 4 · Lesson 5 | (view) |
| Reference | Numbers · Cases (Nom. · Gen. · Dat. · Acc. · Inst. · Prep.) · Adjectives · Prepositions · Verbs (Aspect · Past · Future) · Pronouns (Personal · Possessive · Interrogative) · Cursive | |
| Appendices | Appendix · Alphabet · Internet · Cheat Sheet | |
* Guaka
* А. Амони
* Fleminra
* ilgiz
* rappo
# Transportation Deployment Casebook/2011

Transportation Deployment Casebook, 2011 Entries
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The History of the Automobile: Phases of Motor Vehicle Fatalities
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Total Trips on NYC Subways: The Rise, Fall, and Rerise of a Transportation System
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Rise and Fall of the Rail Passenger Car in the U.S.
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/An Analysis of the Life Cycle of American Railroads
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/United States Post Office: Mail as a "mode" for transporting information
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/An Analysis of the Life Cycle of Hybrid Electric Cars
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Life Cycle of Alternative Energy Buses in the United States: Hybrid-Electric Bus
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Life Cycle of the Passenger Vehicle in the United States
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/International Flight: Potential Passenger Kilometers
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Interstate Highway System: Birth, Growth, and Maturity
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/History of the Automobile: Ownership per Household in U.S.
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Ridership on New York City Subway.
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/France's TGV - Europe's First High Speed Rail Network.
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Rise of California's Railroads
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Life Cycle of the Interstate Highway System
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Accessible Public Transportation
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Streetcars in the Twin Cities
# Transportation Deployment Casebook/2013

Transportation Deployment Casebook: 2013 Class Entries:
# Transportation Deployment Casebook/2012

Transportation Deployment Casebook: 2012 Class Entries:
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Life cycle of Domestic Airlines
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/U.S. Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Lifecycle of Streetcars in the Twin Cities
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Lifecycle Analysis: Ridership of San Francisco BART system
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The lifecycle of the Beijing Subway System
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Life Cycle of the Interstate Highway System
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Life Cycle of the Cable Car
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Bay Area Rapid Transit Life Cycle
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Rise of the Cellular Telephone
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Life Cycle of the Trolleybus
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Life Cycle of Wired Telephones
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Analyzing the Life Cycle of US Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/The Life Cycle of Shanghai Metro
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Fluctuation In The Life Cycle of U.S Motorcycles
* Transportation Deployment Casebook/Aviation Transportation Life Cycle
# Transportation Deployment Casebook/2014

Transportation Deployment Casebook: 2014 Class Entries:
* Template
* Electronic Toll Collection in Japan
* Guangzhou Bus Transit
* Guangzhou Metro
* Safety Belt Policy Implementation
* Dedicated Bikeway Facilities
* U.S. Bus Rapid Transit
* U.S. Carsharing Memberships
* U.S. Interstate Highway System
* Automatic Vehicle Locators on Fixed Route Bus Systems
* Motorcycle Helmet Usage
* Domestic Operation Airlines
* Intercity Bus Service in the United States
* Bike-sharing Systems
* Octopus Card System in Hong Kong
* Japanese Bullet Train: Shinkansen
* Bus Accessibility
* Container Shipping
* U.S. Passenger Aviation
* US Light Rail Transit
* US Carsharing Vehicles
* Tianjin Metro
* Twin Cities Streetcar History
* Sales of Hybrid Vehicles in the United States until 2012
* Highway System in China
* Dallas Area Rapid Transit LRT
* High Speed Rail
# Structural Biochemistry/X-ray Crystallography

X-ray crystallography is a technique used by biochemist to determine the three dimensional structure of an enzyme, protein, molecule, etc. Although the technique requires the molecule to be able to be crystallized it has helped scientist discover how drugs can prevent certain enzyme from reacting. By determining the three dimensional structure of the protein or enzyme scientists can determine how enzyme folds and binds. From that information, scientists can design certain drugs that only stop that enzyme. For example, scientists used x-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the COX enzyme that is responsible for arthritis. Now that the scientists know the three dimensional structure of the COX enzyme, they can create drugs that would be able to stop it, such as aspirin. Therefore X-ray crystallography is a powerful tool that biochemist and scientists can use to discover new drugs that can prevent certain enzymes from activating.

## Reference

1. Medicine by Designs NIH Publication No. 06-474 Reprinted July 2006 http://www.nigms.nih.gov
# Structural Biochemistry/Water Gas Reaction

Water gas reaction happens at elevated temperatures and pressures between water and carbon (usually coke or coal):
H2O + C -> H2 + CO
The product of this is called synthesis gas and can be extremely useful in bonding with metallic heterogeneous catalysts. For example, in the Fischer-Trospsch process, transition metals are used as catalysts to speed up these reactions like H2 + CO -> Alkanes with Co as the catalyst. 3H2 + CO -> CH4 + H2O with Ni as a catalyst. 2H2 + CO -> CH3OH with Zn/Cu as a catalyst. Ni catalyst is used in a process called steam reforming where methane is mixed with steam at high temperature to create hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide.
Some examples are:
Methane: CH4 + H2O (+heat) → CO + 3H2
Propane: C3H8 + 3H2O (+heat) → 3CO + 7H2
Ethanol: C2H5OH + H2O (+heat) → 2CO + 4H2
Gasoline: C8H18 + 8H2O (+heat) → 8CO + 17H2 C7H8 + 7H2O (+heat) → 7CO + 11H2
In a water gas shift reaction, CO + H2O -> CO2 + H2 with the addition of Zn-Cu as the catalyst. This reaction is thermodynamically favorable at about 400 degrees Celsius.

## References

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/natural_gas.html Miessler, Gary. Inorganic Chemistry. 4th Edition.
# Structural Biochemistry/Xenohormones
## Overview

Xenohormones are pollutants originating outside the body that have hormone-like and estrogen-like characteristics. Exposure to these substances can have a severe and chronic impacts on the body's natural hormonal balance.
Xenohormone exposure is especially high in today's industrialized countries and results from consumption lots of meats and dairy products full of synthetic hormones, genetically modified fruits and vegetables, crops grown with chemicals (grown with pesticides and herbicides) petrochemical compounds (perfume, hair spray, room deodorizers, cooking with plastic, etc…) and prescription synthetic estrogens and progestins (such as the pill and estrogen replacement therapy).

## side effects

* reproductive abnormalities
* cancers of the reproductive tract
* infertility
* low sperm counts
* weakening of immune system
* fatigue
* headache
* depression
* lack of concentration
* mood swings
* hormonal imbalance
The potential consequences of these exposures are overwhelming, especially since we are passing these reproductive abnormalities on to our children. Limiting your exposure to these pollutants as much as possible and supplementing with Natural Progesterone Cream will substantially improve the quality of your health.

## Common Xenohormones in the Environment

Phthalates
These are found in most plastics, inks, adhesives, vinyl flooring and paints. The type of plastics that contain the highest amount of phthalates are plastic wraps. Effects of phthalates were tested on rats and results include a multitude of abnormalities such as a reduction of testosterone levels, testicular tumors, and irregularities in the male reproductive tract. It should also be noted that women who are exposed to high levels of phthalates increase their risk of a miscarriage
Alkylphenols & Nonylphenols
These are found in detergents, shampoos, cosmetics, spermicidal lubricants, pesticides, and clear plastics. They are also found in much of the United States' tap water as much of the above mentioned products are not broken down, but instead washed into the sewage. Exposure of this substance to pregnant rats have resulted in male offspring with misdeveloped reproductive organs.
Bisphenol A (BPA)
These are found in hard plastics usually in the forms of dental sealants or containers for food and drinks. The effects of exposure to BPA involve potent estrogenic effects on the prostate.

## Reference

http://www.naturalendocrinesolutions.com/archives/the-impact-of-xenohormones-on-our-health/ http://www.huntingtonbeachthyroiddoctor.com/ Hopkins, Virginia, and John R. Lee. "Xenohormones (Part II) in Your Environment." Virginia Hopkins Test Kits: Excellence in Hormone Testing and Consumer Awareness. Virginia Hopkins Test Kits, 2012. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. <http://www.virginiahopkinstestkits.com/xenohormoneII.html>.