# Flora of New York/Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae

| ← Lamiales 3 | Flora of New York — Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae | Flora of New York — Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae | Flora of New York — Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae | Flora of New York — Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae | → Carduoideae |
| ← Lamiales 3 | Table of contents | Genus index | Protected species index | Invasive species index | → Carduoideae |

## Order Aquifoliales

The order Aquifoliales contains primarily the Aquifoliaceae (holly family), members of which are found in New York. Smaller families of Aquifoliales (Helwingiaceae, Phyllonomaceae, Stemonuraceae, and Cardiopteridaceae) are not known to naturalize in New York.

### Family Aquifoliaceae

The Aquifoliaceae (holly family) ...

##### Ilex

* Ilex verticillataIlex contains trees and shrubs generally known as holly and winterberry.
Aquifoliales — Aquifoliaceae — Ilex :
| Genus Ilex | Holly | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Ilex verticillata (L.) A.Gray1753. Prinos verticillatus L. 1856. Ilex verticillata A.Gray 1912. Ilex fastigiata E.P.Bicknell 1921. Ilex verticillata var. fastigiata Fernald | Common winterberry, Winterberry, Virginia winterberry, Black holly, Black alderHoux verticillé | Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree, shrub, Dioecious, Sun - part shade | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP LBJ MBG Images Wikispecies |
| Ilex mucronata (L.) M.Powell, Savol. & S.Andrews1753. Vaccinium mucronatum L. 1901. Nemopanthus mucronatus Loes. 2000. Ilex mucronata M.Powell et al. | Mountain holly, CatberryNémopanthe mucroné, Faux houx | Native, CoC: 8, Secure OBL Perennial, Tree, shrub | NYFA: 5 | USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Ilex montana Torr. & A.Gray1848. Ilex montana Torr. & A.Gray 1856. Ilex monticola A.Gray 1870. Ilex amelanchier  var. monticola  Alph.Wood 1964. Ilex ambigua  var. montana  H.E.Ahles 1977. Ilex ambigua  var. monticola  Wunderlin & Poppleton 1983. Ilex ambigua  ssp. montana  A.E.Murray | Mountain winterberry, Mountain holly, Big-leaved holly | Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub | NYFA: 4 | USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Ilex glabra (L.) A.Gray 18561753. Prinos glaber L. 1856. Ilex glabra A.Gray | Inkberry, ink-berry, Gallberry, Winter-berry, Evergreen winterberry, Appalachian-tea | Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A.Gray1813. Prinos laevigatus Pursh 1856. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A.Gray | Smooth winterberry, Smooth winterberry holly | Native, CoC: 8, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Tree, shrub | NYFA: 4 | USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Ilex opaca Aiton var. opaca1789. Ilex opaca Aiton | American holly, White holly, Christmas holly | Native, CoC: 8, Vulnerable FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - shade | NYFA: 3-4 | USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Ilex crenata Thunb. 17841865. Celastrus adenophyllus Miq. | Japanese holly, Box-leaf hollyHoux crénelé | Introduced from  Asia, Somewhat invasive,  NYIS: 48%, Naturalized Perennial, Tree, shrub | Nassau (1994), Queens (2003-08), Rockland (1995), Suffolk (1995-2008) NYFA: X | USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Ilex aquifolium L.1753. Ilex aquifolium L. | English hollyHoux commun | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa Perennial, Tree, shrub | | USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies Note: |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ilex crenata: Low (48). ↑ Although Ilex aquifolium is not listed as naturalized in New York or most of the Northeast, it is listed as present in "forests and borders of swamps in areas of habitation" in the adjacent state of Massachusetts, and it is cultivated in suitable parts of New York as an ornamental tree. ||||||

## Order Asterales
### Family Campanulaceae

* Campanulaceae is known as the bellflower family, which includes two subfamilies that are found in New York. Subfamily Campanuloideae contains the bellflowers, Lobelioideae contains the lobelias.

#### Subfamily Campanuloideae

* Phylogenetic studies of the subfamily Campanuloideae have recently confirmed that the genus Campanula was polyphyletic and that most of the native North American species of Campanuloideae fit into Campanula's Rapunculus clade.
* ↑ Morin, N.R. 2020. Taxonomic changes in North American Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae). Phytoneuron 2020-49: 1-46. Published 15 July 2020. ISSN 2153 733X

##### Campanulastrum

* Campanulastrum americanumIn 1903, J.K. Small proposed segregating Campanula americana (American bellflower) into the monotypic genus Campanulastrum. Acceptance of that view seems to have been sporadically increasing over the years.
* Campanulastrum corollas are rotate rather than campanulate as is typical of Campanula corollas.
* ↑ Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Dec 24, 2023.
* ↑ Roquet et. al. 2008: "Natural Delineation, Molecular Phylogeny and Floral Evolution in Campanula." Systematic Botany 33(1): 203-217.
Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Campanulastrum :
| Genus Campanulastrum | Bellflower | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small1753. Campanula americana  L. in… 1765. Phyteuma americanum  (L.) Hill in… 1789. Campanula nitida  Aiton in… 1796. Campanula asteroides  Lam. in… 1798. Campanula obliqua  Jacq. in… 1802. Campanula declinata  Moench in… 1803. Campanula acuminata  Michx. in… 1836. Campanula illinoensis  Fresen. in… 1840. Campanula pauciflora  Lam. ex Steud. in… 1884. Specularia americana  (L.) Morgan ex J.James in… 1903. Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small in… 1919. Campanula americana  var. illinoensis  (Fresen.) Farw. 1953. Campanula americana  f. albiflora  M.L.Grant | Tall bellflower, American bellflowerCampanule d'Amérique | Native, CoC: 7, Endangered FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 6 Part shade, 2n=58 & 102 | | NYFA: 8 counties iNat: 10 counties | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany-0 VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |

##### Triodanis

* Triodanis perfoliataTriodanis (Venus' looking glass) are annual plants that can have both chasmogamous (CH) flowers and cleistogamous (CL) flowers. CH flowers are open to pollination by visitors and so can either outcross or self-fertilize. CL flowers remain closed throughout the season and must necessarily self-fertilize.
* The New York native Triodanis perfoliata (clasping Venus' looking-glass) will often have several open (CH) corollas, while the southern Venus' looking-glass (Triodanis biflora or T. perfoliata ssp. biflora) will usually only have as single terminal open corolla.
* ↑ Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Dec 25, 2023.
Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Triodanis :
| Genus Triodanis | Venus' looking glass | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.1753. Campanula perfoliata  L. in… 1826. Prismatocarpus perfoliatus  (L.) Sweet in… 1830. Specularia perfoliata  (L.) A.DC. in… 1842. Dysmicodon perfoliatum  (L.) Nutt. in… 1894. Legousia perfoliata  (L.) Britton in… 1914. Triodanis perfoliata  (L.) Nieuwl. in… | Common Venus’ looking glass ⓘ Clasping Venus' looking-glass ⓘ Clasping-leaved Venus'-looking-glass ⓘ Claspingleaf Venus'-looking-glass ⓘ | Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5, G5-T5 FACU-FAC Annual, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP EOL Images Wikispecies |
| Triodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Greene1799. Campanula biflora  Ruiz & Pav. in… 1843. Dysmicodon californicum  Nutt. in… 1843. Campanula intermedia  Engelm. ex Nutt. in… 1874. Specularia californica  (Nutt.) Vatke in… 1891. Pentagonia biflora  (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze in… 1891. Specularia biflora  (Ruiz & Pav.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. in… 1894. Triodanis biflora  (Ruiz & Pav.) Greene in… 1894. Legousia biflora  (Ruiz & Pav.) Britton in… 1975. Triodanis perfoliata  var. biflora  (Ruiz & Pav.) T.R.Bradley  in… 1988. Asyneuma anhuiense  B.A.Shen in… 2006. Triodanis perfoliata  ssp. biflora  (Ruiz & Pav.) Lammers  in… | Southern Venus’s looking glass ⓘ Small Venus' looking-glass ⓘ Spéculaire biflore ⓘ | Introduced from  southern US, N. America native, Unknown naturalization, SNA, G5-T5 FACU-FAC Annual, Herb-forb | | NYFA: X NYFA: Otsego, Suffolk iNat GBIF No RG observations | USDA-N COL WFO POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

##### Palustricodon

* Campanula aparinoidesPalustricodon is a genus of one species, Palustricodon aparinoides (marsh bellflower), with possibly two varieties.
* ↑ Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Dec 24, 2023.
* ↑ Morin, N.R. 2020. Taxonomic changes in North American Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae). Phytoneuron 2020-49: 1-46. Published 15 July 2020. ISSN 2153 733X
Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Campanula :
| Genus Palustricodon | Bellflower | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY /NPT |
| Palustricodon aparinoides (Pursh) Morin1813. Campanula aparinoides  Pursh in… 1813. Campanula erinoides  Muhl. in… 1830. Campanula aparinoides  var. multiflora  A.DC.  in… 1861. Campanula aparinoides  var. erinoides  Alph.Wood  in… 1896. Campanula aparinoides  var. grandiflora  Holz.  in… 1901. Campanula uliginosa  Rydb. in… 1952. Campanula aparinoides  var. uliginosa  (Rydb.) Gleason in… 2020. Palustricodon aparinoides  (Pursh) Morin in… 2020. Palustricodon aparinoides  var. grandiflorus  (Holz.) Morin}  in… | Marsh bellflower Bedstraw bellflower Marsh harebellCampanule faux-gaillet Campanule scabre | Native, CoC: 8, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 34, 136, 170 | | NYFA: 5 NYFA: ? counties GBIF ? counties | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies |

##### Campanula

* Campanula rotundifoliaAfter the segregation of Campanulastrum and Palustricodon from Campanula, the only New York native remaining in the genus is Campanula rotundifolia, which is a widespread circumboreal species complex of bellflowers or harebells that likely originated in south-central Europe about two million years ago. North American populations probably migrated from northwestern Europe to northeastern North America about 114,000 years ago.
* ↑ Roquet et. al. 2008: "Natural Delineation, Molecular Phylogeny and Floral Evolution in Campanula." Systematic Botany 33(1): 203-217.
* ↑ Sutherland, B. L. and L. F. Galloway. 2018. Effects of glaciation and whole genome duplication on the distribution of the Campanula rotundifolia polyploid complex. American Journal of Botany 105(10): 1760–1770.
* ↑ Julia Wilson, et. al. 2020: Invasion, isolation and evolution shape population genetic structure in Campanula rotundifolia, AoB PLANTS, Volume 12, Issue 2, April 2020, plaa011
* ↑ Morin, N.R. 2020. Taxonomic changes in North American Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae). Phytoneuron 2020-49: 1-46. Published 15 July 2020. ISSN 2153 733X

###### Rapunculus clade

* Shetler (1982) described four "races" of harebells within Campanula rotundifolia, reporting an "eastern race" in lowlands and ravines in the Appalachian-Great Lakes region of eastern United States and adjacent Canada, from Minnesota and Iowa to Gaspe Peninsula and Nova Scotia, Ontario (except James Bay) and southern Quebec to southern Missouri and Illinois and northern West Virginia and Maryland.
* Though Shelter didn't recommend segregating his races as full species, his description seems to correspond with the treatment of Campanula intercedens by Lammers (2007).
* Here, the segregate species name Campanula intercedens is tentatively used for the New York harebell. This agrees with European sources but not with most North American sources.
* ↑ Shetler, S.G. 1982. Variation and evolution of the nearctic harebells (Campanula subsect. Heterophylla). Phanerogamarum Monographiae Tomus XI. J. Cramer: Vaduz.
* ↑ Lammers, T.G. 2007. Campanulaceae. In J.W. Kadereit & C. Jeffrey, vol. eds., VIII Flowering Plants - Eudicots. Asterales. In K. Kubitzki, ed., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp.26-56.
* ↑ Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. MIM, Deurne. The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023.
* ↑ Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A. Accessed Dec 26, 2023.
Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Campanula :
| Genus Campanula | Bellflower | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Campanula intercedens Witasek1819. Campanula virgata  Raf. ex Schult. in… 1843. Campanula rotundifolia  var. alpina  Tuck.  in… 1874. Campanula rotundifolia  var. dentata  Coleman  in… 1878. Campanula rotundifolia  var. canescens  E.J.Hill  in… 1894. Campanula latisepala  f. albiflora  E.L.Rand & Redfield  ... 1902. Campanula intercedens  Witasek in… 1924. Campanula rotundifolia  var. intercedens  (Witasek) Farw.  in… 1924. Campanula rotundifolia  f. linifolia  Farw.  ... 1982. Campanula rotundifolia  ssp. intercedens  (Witasek) Á.Löve & D.Löve  in… 1952. Campanula latisepala  f. alba  J.Rousseau & Raymond  ... | Harebell ⓘ Intermediate bellflower ⓘ Bluebell Bluebell-of-Scotland American harebell Bluebell bellflower Scotch bellflower ⓘ | Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure, S4-S5, G5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 34, 68, 102 | | NYFA: 4-5 NYFA: ? counties iNat GBIF ? counties | USDA-NN WFO POWO FSUS Go Botany NatureServe Images Wikispecies |
| Campanula persicifolia L. ssp. persicifolia1753. Campanula persicifolia  L. in… 1796. Campanula amygdalifolia  Salisb. in… 1854. Campanula racemosa  var. grandiflora  Vuk. in… 1869. Rapunculus persicifolius  (L.) Fourr. in… 1894. Campanula persicifolia  f. alba  Voss ... 1984. Neocodon persicifolius  (L.) Kolak. & Serdyuk. in… | Peach-leaved bellflower ⓘ Peachleaf bellflower ⓘ Peach-Bells ⓘ | Introduced from  Europe, Unknown Naturalization, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 16 | | NYFA: X NYFA: 7 counties iNat GBIF ? counties | USDA-XX POWO FSUS Images Wikispecies |

###### Campanula s. str. clade

Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Campanula :
| Genus Campanula | Bellflower | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Campanula rapunculoides L. ssp. rapunculoides1753. Campanula rapunculoides  L. in… 1802. Campanula azurea  Sol. & Banks ex Sims in… 1844. Campanula rapunculoides  var. ucranica  (Besser) K.Koch  in… 1852. Cenekia rapunculoides  (L.) Opiz in… 1869. Drymocodon rapunculoides  (L.) Fourr. in… 1904. Rapunculus redivivus  E.H.L.Krause in… | Creeping bellflower, Rampion bellflowerCampanule fausse-raiponce ⓘ Campanule raiponce Fausse raiponce | Introduced from  Eurasia, Potentially invasive, Naturalized, CBG-A4, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 68, 102 | NYFA: X NYFA: 41 counties iNat GBIF 58 counties | USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Campanula glomerata L. ssp. glomerata1753. Campanula glomerata  L. in… 1781. Campanula betonicifolia  Gilib. in… 1791. Campanula conglomerata  Gueldenst. in… 1807. Campanula barbata  Spreng. in… 1814. Campanula aggregata  Willd. in… 1852. Weitenwebera glomerata  (L.) Opiz in… 1869. Syncodon glomeratum  (L.) Fourr. in… | Clustered bellflower, Dane's blood | Introduced from  Eurasia, Potentially invasive,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: , Not naturalized, 2n = 30, 60 | NYFA: X NYFA: 3 counties iNat 21 counties | USDA-XX POWO FSUS Images Wikispecies |
| Campanula trachelium L. ssp. trachelium1753. Campanula trachelium  L. in… 1794. Campanula urticifolia  F.W.Schmidt in… 1796. Campanula urticifolia  Salisb. in… 1834. Campanula trachelium  ssp. urticifolia  (Dumort.) Schübl. & G.Martens  in… 1852. Trachelioides vulgaris  Opiz in… 1854. Campanula serratifolia  Vuk. in… 1854. Campanula serratifolia  var. ciliatosepala  Vuk.  in… 1869. Drymocodon trachelium  (L.) Fourr. in… | Nettle-leaved bellflower ⓘ Bats in the belfry ⓘ Campanule gantelée ⓘ | Introduced from  Mediterranean Europe,  northern Africa, Unknown naturalization, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 34 | NYFA: X NYFA: 6 counties iNat 6 counties | USDA- POWO FSUS VASCAN Images Wikispecies |
| Campanula medium L.1753. Campanula medium  L. in… 1836. Rapuntia media  (L.) Chevall. in… 1838. Talanelis medium  (L.) Raf. in… 1840. Medium grandiflorum  Spach in… 1853. Marianthemum medium  (L.) Schur in… | Canterbury bells ⓘ | Introduced, Naturalization unknown Biennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 34 | NYFA: U NYFA: Genesee (1981) iNat ? counties | USDA-XX POWO Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Campanula patula L.1753. Campanula patula  L. in… 1869. Rapunculus patulus  (L.) Fourr. in… 1984. Neocodon patulus  (L.) Kolak. & Serdyuk. in… | Rambling bellflower, Spreading bellflower | Introduced from  Eurasia, N.Y. excluded Biennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 20, 40, 60, 80 | NYFA-Excluded NYFA: Excluded iNat GBIF No NY observations | USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ Cornell Botanic Gardens Invasive Species Policy Committee (2018). Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. ||||||

##### Jasione

* Jasione montana
Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Jasione :
| Genus Jasione | Jasione | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | 1 NPT |
| Jasione montana L. ssp. montana1753. Jasione montana  L. in… 1789. Jasione vulgaris  Gaterau in… 1793. Phyteuma montanum  (L.) C.K.Spreng. in… 1860. Ovilla globulariiflora  Rupr. in… | Sheepbit, Sheep's-bit | Introduced from  Europe, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 12, 24, 36 (x = 6) | | NYFA: X NYFA: Suffolk only iNat GBIF Bronx, Suffolk | USDA-X0 WFO FSUS Images Wikispecies |

##### Platycodon

* Platycodon grandiflorusAlthough Platycodon grandiflorus (balloon flower) has been excluded from the New York Flora Atlas, iNaturalist shows research-grade Platycodon grandiflorus observations in about 15 New York State counties. Most of these appear to be in gardens however and should probably be flagged as cultivated.
* A.S. Weakley (2023) lists Platycodon grandiflorus in PA, SC, and MO with a habitat of "ditches, disturbed areas, spread from horticultural cultivation," but shows the plant as "rarer than rare" in each of the regions were it's mapped.
* ↑ Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2023. Flora of the southeastern United States Web App. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, U.S.A.
Asterales — Campanulaceae — Campanuloideae — Campanuleae — Platycodon :
| Genus Platycodon | Platycodon | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC.1777. Campanula grandiflora  Jacq. in… 1785. Campanula gentianoides  Lam. in… 1830. Platycodon grandiflorus  (Jacq.) A.DC. in… 1814. Wahlenbergia grandiflora  (Jacq.) Schrad. in… | Balloonflower ⓘ Japanese bellflower ⓘ Chinese bellflower | Introduced from  east & southeast Asia, No specimens, 2n = 18, 36, 72 (x = 9) | | NYFA-Excluded NYFA: Excluded iNat GBIF 15 counties | USDA-X0 POWO FSUS Go Botany-0 Images Wikispecies |

#### Subfamily Lobelioideae
##### Lobelia
###### Lobelia sect. Lobelia

* Lobelia cardinalis cardinal flowerAll native New York Lobelia species are in sect. Lobelia.
* ↑ Thomas G. Lammers (2011), "Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 98(1): 37–62.
Asterales — Campanulaceae — Lobelioideae — Lobelieae — Lobelia sect. Lobelia :
| Genus Lobelia sect. Lobelia | Cardinal flower | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Lobelia inflata L.1753. Lobelia inflata  L. in… 1768. Rapuntium inflatum  (L.) Mill. in… 1891. Dortmanna inflata  (L.) Kuntze in… 1892. Lobelia inflata  var. simplex  Millsp.  in… 1944. Lobelia inflata  f. albiflora  Moldenke  ... | Indian-tobacco, Puke weedLobélie enflée, Tabac indien | Native, CoC: 1, Secure FAC-FACU Annual, Herb-forb | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Lobelia siphilitica L.1753. Lobelia siphilitica L. in. Sp. Pl.:931 1768. Rapuntium siphiliticum (L.) Mill. in. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 2 1794. Rapuntium syphiliticum Moench in. Methodus: 655, orth. var. 1812. Lobelia reflexa Stokes in. Bot. Mat. Med. 1:342, nom. superfl. 1813. Lobelia antisyphilitica Hayne in. Getreue Darstell. Gew. 13: t. 9, nom. superfl. 1839. Lobelia siphilitica var. alba G.Don & W.H.Baxter in J.C.Loudon, Hort. Brit., ed. 3:646 1839. Lobelia siphilitica var. ludoviciana A. DC. in. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 7:377 1845. Lobelia belgica De Jonghe in. Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 2, 4:39 1891. Dortmanna siphilitica (L.) Kuntze in. Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:380 1894. Lobelia siphilitica f. ludoviciana (A.DC.) Voss in Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1:576 1929. Lobelia bollii E.Wimm. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26:3 | Great blue lobelia, Blue cardinal flower, Great lobeliaLobélie bleue | Native, CoC: 5, Secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - shade | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Lobelia spicata Lam.1792. Lobelia spicata Lam. in Encycl. 3:587 1803. Lobelia claytoniana Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:153 1804. Lobelia goodenioides Willd. in Hort. Berol.: t. 30 1830. Lobelia nivea Raf. in Ann. Nat. 1: 16, nom. illeg. 1836. Rapuntium claytonianum (Michx.) C.Presl in Prodr. Monogr. Lobel.:23 1839. Lobelia leptostachys A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 7:376 1878. Lobelia spicata var. hirtella A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1):6 1891. Dortmanna spicata (Lam.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:380 1898. Lobelia hirtella (A.Gray) Greene in Pittonia 3:349 1903. Lobelia bracteata Small in Fl. S.E. U.S.:1146 1913. Lobelia leptostachys var. hirtella (A.Gray) Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 15:188 1917. Petromarula hirtella (A. Gray) Nieuwl. & Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5: 13 1936. Lobelia spicata var. originalis McVaugh in Rhodora 38: 308, not validly publ. | Palespike lobelia, Pale-spiked lobelia, Spiked lobelia, Balespike lobelia, HighbeliaLobélie à épi | Native, CoC: 4, Secure FAC Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 5 iNat | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Lobelia kalmii L.1753. Lobelia kalmii  L. 1836. Rapuntium kalmii  (L.) C.Presl 1891. Dortmanna kalmii  (L.) Kunze 1900. Lobelia kalmii  var. strictiflora  Rydb. 1908. Lobelia strictiflora  (Rydb.) Lunell | Brook lobelia, Kalm's lobelia, Bog lobelia, Ontario lobeliaLobélie de Kalm | Native, CoC: 8, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Lobelia cardinalis L.1753. Lobelia cardinalis  L. 1792. Lobelia graminea  Lam. 1809. Lobelia fulgens  Willd. 1809. Lobelia splendens  Willd. 1891. Dortmanna cardinalis  (L.) Kuntze 1891. Dortmanna fulgens  Kuntze 1940. Lobelia cardinalis  ssp. graminea  (Lam.) McVaugh | Cardinalflower, Cardinal flower, Scarlet lobeliaLobélie cardinale, Lobélie du cardinal, Lobélie écarlate | Native, CoC: 7, Likely secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun-shade | NYFA: 4-5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Lobelia dortmanna L.1753. Lobelia dortmanna L. 1796. L. lacustris (L.) Salisb. superfl. 1836. Rapuntium dortmanna (L.) C.Presl | Dortmann's cardinalflower, Water lobelia, Dortmann's lobelia, Water gladioleLobélie de Dortmann, Cardinale de Dortmann, Lobélie aquatique | Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Lobelia nuttallii Schult.1818. Lobelia gracilis  Nutt. in… 1819. Lobelia nuttallii  Schult. in… 1836. Rapuntium nuttallianum  C.Presl in… 1891. Dortmanna nuttallii  (Schult.) Kuntze in… 1803. Lobelia kalmii  var. caroliniana  Michx  in… 1821. Lobelia kalmii  var. gracilis  W.P.C.Barton  in… | Nuttall's lobelia | Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable FACW Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 3 | USDA-N0 Go Botany-0 LBJ Images Wikispecies |

###### Lobelia sect. Hypsela

* Lobelia pedunculataThe New York Flora Atlas (as of 2023) doesn't list any non-native Lobelias in New York State, but Lobelia chinensis is considered potentially invasive if it were to be found in the state. Of more concern might be Lobelia pedunculata, a small Australian ground cover that has been noted to be aggressive in Europe and western North America.
Asterales — Campanulaceae — Lobelioideae — Lobelieae — Lobelia sect. Hypsela :
| Genus Lobelia sect. Hypsela | Lobelias | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Lobelia chinensis Lour.1790. Lobelia chinensis Lour. | Chinese lobelia | Introduced from  Asia, Potentially invasive,  NYIS: 37% Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 0 NYFA: Not listed iNat New Jersey | USDA-X0 Go Botany-0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Lobelia pedunculata R.Br.1810. Lobelia pedunculata  R.Br. in… 1836. Rapuntium pedunculatum  (R.Br.) C.Presl in… 1868. Pratia pedunculata  (R.Br.) Benth. in… | Matted Pratia ⓘ Trailing Pratia ⓘ Blue Star Creeper ⓘ Blue lawn-lobelia ⓘ | Introduced from  eastern Australia, Cultivated | NYFA: Not listed iNat GBIF Cultivated only | POWO BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Lobelia chinensis: Low (37). Although it is listed a potentially invasive in New York, BONAP and USDA-NRCS plants database show that Lobelia chinensis has naturalized in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, but not New York State. ||||||

###### Lobelia sect. Stenotium

* Lobelia erinusLobelia erinus has been introduced as a garden plant from tropical and southern Africa. It appears to be commonly planted in New York State.
* In western Europe, it is said to increasingly escape from cultivation but not to persist.
* ↑ Lobelia erinus (Garden Lobelia) observations in iNaturalist.
* ↑ Manual of the Alien Plants of Belgium. 2010.
Asterales — Campanulaceae — Lobelioideae — Lobelieae — Lobelia sect. Stenotium :
| Genus Lobelia sect. Stenotium | Bractless Lobelias | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Lobelia erinus L.1753. Lobelia erinus  L. in… 1768. Rapuntium erinus  (L.) Mill. in… 1891. Dortmanna erinus  (L.) Kuntze in… | Edging Lobelia ⓘ Garden Lobelia ⓘ Bedding Lobelia ⓘ Common Lobelia ⓘ Dwarf Annual Lobelia ⓘ Lobélie érine ⓘ | Introduced from  tropical & southern Africa | | NYFA: Not listed iNat Widely cultivated | USDA-X0 POWO BONAP Images Wikispecies |

### Family Menyanthaceae

* The Menyanthaceae is a family of aquatic and wetland plants.

#### Menyanthes

* Menyanthes trifoliataThe genus Menyanthes contains a single species, Menyanthes trifoliata (buckbean or bogbean). Its native range covers much of the temperate and subarctic northern hemisphere.
Asterales — Menyanthaceae — Menyanthes :
| Genus Menyanthes L. | Buckbean | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Menyanthes trifoliata L.1753. Menyanthes trifoliata  L. in… 1822. Menyanthes palustris  Gray in… 1826. Menyanthes americana  Sweet in… 1830. Menyanthes verna  Raf. in… 1837. Menyanthes latifolia  Raf. in… 1837. Menyanthes tridentata  Raf. in… 1929. Menyanthes trifoliata  var. minor  Fernald 2003. Menyanthes trifoliata  ssp. verna  (Raf.) Gervais & M. Parent | Buckbean, Buck-bean, Bog buckbean, BogbeanTrèfle d'eau | Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure, S4, G5 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 4 NYFA: ? counties ? counties | USDA-N POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |

#### Nymphoides

* Nymphoides cordataFloating-hearts (Nymphoides)
Asterales — Menyanthaceae — Nymphoides :
| Genus Nymphoides Ség. 1754 | Floatingheart | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Nymphoides cordata (Elliott) Fernald1803. Villarsia lacunosa  Vent. in… 1817. Villarsia cordata  Elliott in… 1837. Limnanthemum lacunosum  (Vent.) Griseb. in… 1838. Limnanthemum lacunosum  var. australe  Griseb. in… 1839. Menyanthes punctata  Muhl. ex Griseb. in… 1891. Nymphoides lacunosa  (Vent.) Kuntze in… 1921. Trachysperma lacunosa  (Vent.) House in… 1938. Nymphoides cordata  (Elliott) Fernald in… | Floating-heart, Little floatingheart, Little floating heart, Eight-angled floatingheartFaux-nymphéa à feuilles cordées, Nymphoïde cordées | Native, CoC: 9, Vulnerable, SNR, G5 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 3-4 iNat GBIF | USDA-N COL WFO POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Nymphoides peltata (S.G.Gmel.) Kuntze1753. Menyanthes nymphoides  L. in… 1770. Limnanthemum peltatum  S.G.Gmel. in… 1803. Villarsia nymphoides  (L.) Vent. in… 1805. Nymphoides natans  J. St.-Hil. in… 1805. Schweyckerta nymphoides  (L.) C.C.Gmel. in… 1819. Villarsia peltata  (S.G.Gmel.) Roem. & Schult. in… 1891. Nymphoides peltata  (S.G.Gmel.) Kuntze in… 1907. Nymphoides peltatum  (S.G.Gmel.) Britten & Rendle in… 1914. Nymphoides flava  Druce in… | Yellow floating-heart, Yellow floatingheartFaux-nymphéa pelté, Faux-nénuphar, Nymphoïdès pelté, Petit nénuphar | Introduced from  Eurasia, Highly invasive,  NYIS: 74%, Prohibited OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: X iNat | USDA-X POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze1790. Menyanthes hydrophylla  Lour. in… 1799. Menyanthes cristata  Roxb. in… 1819. Villarsia hydrophyllum  (Lour.) Roem. & Schult. in… 1824. Villarsia cristata  (Roxb.) Spreng. in… 1839. Limnanthemum cristatum  (Roxb.) Griseb. in… 1839. Limnanthemum hydrophyllum  (Lour.) Griseb. in… 1841. Menyanthes sinarica  Buch.-Ham. ex Steud. in… 1891. Nymphoides hydrophylla  (Lour.) Kuntze in… 1891. Nymphoides cristata  (Roxb.) Kuntze in… 1910. Limnanthemum taquetii  H.Lév. in… | Crested floatingheart ⓘ | Introduced from  Asia (China, India, Indo-China), Highly invasive,  Invasive.org: ,  GRIIS-US: Invasive, Cultivated | NYFA: Not Listed iNat GBIF Cutivated? | USDA-X COL POWO ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Nymphoides peltata: Highly invasive (74). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ||||||