OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Zeroth Law
## Definition

The Zeroth law (also called equilibrium law) states that "if objects A and B are separate in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other" (Jewett, Serway. Physics for Scientists and Engineers - 6th ed).
The Zeroth Law of thermodynamics focuses on the thermal equilibrium of two connected bodies in the same system. This thermal equilibrium is made apparent when an object of higher temperature transfers heat to an object that is of lower temperature. Eventually, both bodies reach the same temperature where the change in heat between the two is no longer measurable. They reach a constant temperature which exists between the two starting temperatures.
To take this definition one step further, let's consider a hypothetical situation of three systems, where system A is in contact with system B only, and system B is only in contact with system C, and we assume that A,B, and C are in thermal equilibrium then all three objects have the same temperature

## History

This law was named and further studied by Ralph H. Fowler, a British physician and astronomer who contributed widely to physical chemistry and statistics. The Zeroth Law was developed long after the first three thermodynamic laws had been established. Scientists did not realize the law's extreme importance long after its discovery. Because the law was basic and laid the foundation for the rest of the thermodynamic laws, it was called the Zeroth Law rather than the Fourth Thermodynamic Law.
This law allows us to make quantitative measurements about the temperature of one system by relating it to the temperature of other systems.
# Structural Biochemistry/What is Structural Biochemistry?
## Overview

Structural Biochemistry is a subdivision of biochemistry mainly focused on the components, structures and functions of molecules within cells that make up the living organisms. Biochemistry attempts to explain the phenomenon of life in chemical terms by using various theories in Chemistry and the laws of Physics.

### Structural biochemistry concentrates on the study of macromolecules

* Carbohydrates
** Monomers : Monosaccharides
* Proteins
** Monomers : Amino Acids
* Lipids
** Monomers : Fatty Acids and Glycerol
* Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
** Monomers : Nucleotides

### Examples of laboratory techniques to study macromolecules

* For separation of protein
** Gel-Filtration Chromatography
** Ion-Exchange Chromatography
** Affinity Chromatography
** High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
* Biotechnology to study DNA & RNA
** Restriction-enzyme analysis
** Blotting techniques:Northern Blotting and Southern Blotting
** DNA sequencing
** Solid-phase synthesis of nucleic acids
** Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
# William H. Stein
## Introduction

William H. Stein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972 along with Christian Anfinsen and Stanford Moore work on the ribonuclease molecule in the connection between the amino acid sequence and biologically active conformation and also contributions to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active center of the molecule.

## Discovery

Of the three scientists that worked to earn the Nobel Prize, Afinsen showed that the reason for the conformational changes that occur in ribonuclease upon reaction can be determined from the sequence of amino acids that make it up. The three scientists together have determined the sequence of amino acids that make up the entire enzyme ribonuclease. Furthermore, Stein and Moore observed that the amino acids making up the active site have much higher reactivity and were able to uncover what the groups were that made up the active site and were able to give a detailed representation of it even before the entire structure of ribonuclease was determined. Through this, it is said that Stein and Moore led studies that uncovered the important relationship between the chemical structure of an enzyme and its activity as a catalyst.

## Early Life

William Howard Stein was born on January 25, 1911 in New York City to Fred and Beatrice Stein. His father was a businessman who worked at the New York Tuberculosis and Health Association after retirement and his mother also helped the community by making the lives of impoverished children better in New York. Stein attended the Lincoln School of Teachers College at Columbia University and here, he developed his early interests in creative arts, music, and writing. It was also at this school where he had his first chemistry course. Next, he went to the preparatory school Phillips Exeter Academy, which was a challenging educational experience. From there, Stein went on to Harvard University where he graduated in 1933 as a chemistry major. As a graduate student, Stein continued to stay at Harvard University where he decided to study biochemistry instead of organic chemistry.

## Accomplishments

Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1972) Member of Editorial Committee of the Journal of Biological Chemistry for six years (Chairman of the committee for three years) Member of Editorial Board of the Journal of Biological Chemistry in 1962 Associate Editor from 1964-1968 Chairman of US National Committee of Biochemistry Member of Council of the Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness of the NIH

## Death

William Stein had a disease called Gullain-Barré Syndrome which is an autoimmune disease centered around the peripheral nervous system which rendered Stein paralyzed by 1971. He passed away from heart failure in 1980.

## References

"Press Release: The 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobelprize.org. 6 Dec 2012 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/press.html
"William H. Stein - Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. 6 Dec 2012 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/stein.html
# The Holocaust

The book looks at the situation in which the Holocaust was able to take place. It will look into those involved and where and when important events took place, to try and establish a clear picture of the extent of what has happened. What happened after the war and what ongoing impact will the events of the Holocaust have now?

## Contents

* The roots of anti-semitism in Europe
** Untermensch and Anti-Semitic terminology
** Anti-Semitic Policy
* Eugenics
* The rise of Fascism
* A 'Final Solution'
* Victims
** Homosexuals
** Romanies
* Features of the Holocaust
* Concentration and Labor Camps (1933-1945)
* Euthanasia (1939-1941)
* Ghettos (1940-1945)
* Extermination camps (1942-1945)
* Death marches and liberation (1944-1945)
* Resistance
* Perpetrators and collaborators
* Historical and philosophical interpretations
* Aftermath
* Holocaust denial
* The Impact
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
# The Holocaust/Death marches and liberation

As the armies of the Allies closed in on the Reich at the end of 1944, the Nazis decided to abandon the extermination camps, moving or destroying evidence of the atrocities they had committed there. The Nazis marched prisoners, already sick after months or years of violence and starvation, for tens of miles in the snow to train stations; then transported for days at a time without food or shelter in freight trains with open carriages; and forced to march again at the other end to the new camp. Prisoners who lagged behind or fell were shot. The largest and most well known of the death marches took place in January 1945, when the Soviet army advanced on Poland. Nine days before the Soviets arrived at the death camp at Auschwitz, the SS guards marched 60,000 prisoners out of the camp toward Wodzislaw, 56 km (35mi) away, where they were put on freight trains to other camps. Around 15,000 died on the way. In total, around 100,000 Jews died during these death marches.
In July 1944, the first major Nazi camp, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, who eventually liberated Auschwitz in January 1945. In most of the camps discovered by the Soviets, the prisoners had already been transported away by death marches, leaving only a few thousand prisoners alive. Concentration camps were also liberated by American and British forces, including Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on April 15, 1945. Some 60,000 prisoners were discovered at the camp, but 10,000 died from disease or malnutrition within a few weeks of liberation.
-Suggestion for the section on liberation: Add quotes from Edward R. Murrow's April 15, 1945 broadcast about the liberation of Buchenwald.
# Trainz/Versions/TS10-Ver Table

Back to the Top
| ← Prev Versions/TS09-Ver Table, Versions/TSMac1-Ver Table | ↑ Version And Build Numbers — Versions of Trainz ↓ | Versions/TS12-Ver Table, Versions/TSMac2-Ver Table Next → |
* Fundamentals for Trainz Trainees blue
* Trainz TS2010: Engineers Edition
* This is a Trainz Wikibooks sub-page Table.
* The contents of this page are reference material and are likely included (in parts, not the header nor footer sections) in other Wikibook pages as a displayed section or by expansion.

## TS10 Versions Table

    Main topic page: Trainz Simulator 2010: Engineers Edition (TS2010)

## footnotes

Note: Shadowarrior, JamesMoody, and Windwalkr are official N3V staff and spokespersons.
* ↑ Sequence confirmed by Author ed. Fabartus with successive careful installs of TS10, keeping different versions on different drives as installed to new computer. Hotfix from build 43434 inferred from patching method. Manual patch directly skipped.
* 1 2 3 Trainz TS10 and TS12 Hot-fix Patches released,sub-titled: "Patch for TS10 SP3 build 44088 will take the build to version 49933.", by N2V's Shadowarrior
# Trainz/When to use lod

Back to the Top
* Trainz Content Creation—Intermediate to Advanced Topics
* TOC | Beginnings | Fun | AM&C | Creation | InBook Refs | ORP Refs:  • Index • Containers • Kinds • Tags | Appendixes  • Vers
Glossary :
HKeys-CM :
HKeys-DVR :
HKeys-SUR :
HKeys-WIN :
Mouse use :
Notations :

## Level of Detail

Chris Bergmann, Auran chief programmer:
"A decent rule of thumb might be that each lod should shave off at least 50% of the polygon detail, and that LODs below ~500 polys are not worthwhile unless you expect the item to be static and present numerous times in the same scene. (For example, a tree or generic house.)
More LODs means more memory usage and more CPU/GPU time in order to swap the LODs in and out as appropriate. You want to make sure that the time and memory lost in LOD swapping is more than compensated for in the polygon savings. Small polygon gains just don't make sense in this light."
This forums.Auran.com thread contains a lot of useful information about the different methods of lod and when it should be used: Level of Detail, how useful is it?
Back to the Top
# Trainz/Versions/TS12-Ver Table

Back to the Top
| ← Prev Versions/TS10-Ver Table, Versions/TSMac2-Ver Table | ↑ Version And Build Numbers, TS2012 — Versions of Trainz ↓ | Versions/TSMac2-Ver Table, Versions/TANE-Ver Table Next → |
* This is a Trainz Wikibooks sub-page Table.
* The contents of this page are reference material and are likely included (in parts, not the header nor footer sections) in other Wikibook pages as a displayed section or by expansion.

## TS12 Versions Table

    Main topic page: Trainz Simulator 12

## Footnotes

* ↑ Thread: TS12 Patch 1 (47059) is live., shadowarrior, N3V Games Sys-Op; This patch turned out to be corrupted and was taken off the web and replaced by patch 2
* 1 2 3 Thread: TS12 Patch 2 (48249) is live., July 28th, 2011, 02:42 AM, Shadowarrior, N3V IT staff.
* ↑ Trainz TS10 and TS12 Hot-fix Patches released,Later annotated: "Note: To be able to install Aerotrain and any future DLC packs, you will need to install this patch for your Trainz build.", Last edited by shadowarrior; November 17th, 2011 at 08:27 PM.
* ↑ Trainz TS10 and TS12 Hot-fix Patches released,sub-titled: "Patch for TS12 build 48249 will take the build to version 49922", by N2V's Shadowarrior
* ↑ Trainz 12 Service Pack 1, by aronc, Published on April 10th, 2013 12:47 AM
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 TS12 SP1 Hotfix 3 and Auto-patch Now Available, by WindWalkr, Published on June 6th, 2013 02:00 AM.
* ↑ TS12 SP1 Hotfix 2 now available, by GPavlich, Published on April 30th, 2013 07:38 AM
* 1 2 TS12 SP1 Hotfix 1 now available, by GPavlich, Published on April 18th, 2013 02:00 AM
# Trainz/Virtual Railroad Magazine

← Versions Of Trainz · Hardware Requirements →
Has a number of articles on Trainz
http://www.virtualrailroader.com/index.html
# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/BuffAllJumpTo
## Overview

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## Features

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## Examples

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## See also

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# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/AppOpenFileLoc
## Overview

Open any arbitrary file location in the editor, using either the File menu or using a specified path within an edit buffer.

## Features
### Open with external process

* Using an external application or shell script, open the editor itself
** Support for opening arbitrary file types as arguments to the editor itself

### Open Actions

* Using the editor, open arbitrary file types
** Open image files
** Open any arbitrary file type, using the default application for that file type
** Open an HTML file in the editor itself
** Open an HTML file in the default system browser

## Examples
### Vim

* gf open in the same window ("goto file")
* <c-w>f open in a new window (Ctrl-w f)
* <c-w>gf open in a new tab (Ctrl-w gf)
# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/AppOpenJumpToNum
## Overview

Open any text file and immediately jump to a specific place within the file.

## Features

* Open file and jump to:
** line number
** search string
** corresponding location in alternate file
** function definition

## See also

* Sublime_Text_Handbook/ConceptIndex/AppOpenFileLoc
# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/AppOpenRunCmd
## Overview

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## Features

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## Examples

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## See also

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# Sublime Text Handbook
## Contents

* Introduction
* Feature List
* Work in progress
# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/AppExtModify
## Overview

Detect when a file in the editor is modified by an external application.

## Features

* Detect change and auto-apply them in the edit buffer
* Detect change and prompt user to auto-apply or reject external modification
* Detect change and choose action based on user configurable setting
# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/AppSnglInst
## Overview

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## Features

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## Examples

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## See also

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# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex
## Overview

The following is a list of editor concepts and features.

## Feature List

* App External Modify
* App Open File Location
* App Open File Jumpto
* App Open Run Command
* App Sendto Open
* App Force Single Instance
* Buffer
* Edit Buffer Code Folding
* Edit Buffer Code Insight
* Edit Buffer Highlight Line
* Edit Buffer Highlight Caret Position
* Edit Buffer File Info
* Edit Buffer Fold Indicator
* Edit Buffer Fold on Indent
* Edit Buffer Fold on Regex
* Edit Buffer Jumpto Next
* Edit Buffer Jumpto Wraparound
* Edit Buffer Large Files
* Edit Buffer Line Numbering
* Edit Buffer MultiFile Compare
* Edit Buffer MultiFile Edit
* Edit Buffer MultiFile Split
* Edit Buffer MultiFile Tabs
* Edit Buffer MultiFile Tabs Config
* Edit Buffer MultiFile Tabs Reorder
* Edit Buffer Syntax Coloring
* Edit Buffer Toggle Invisible Chars
* Edit Buffer Word Wrap
* Directory Follow Current Document
* Filetype Classes
* Editor AutoComplete
* Editor AutoCorrect
* Editor Multiline Caret
* Editor Rectangular Selection
* Editor Caret Navigation
* Editor Configure Newlines
* Editor Configure Unicode
* Editor Configure Word Separators
* Editor Customizations
* Editor Cut and Paste
* Editor Easy Dedent
* Editor Easy Indent
* Editor Insert and Overwrite mode
* Editor Major Mode
* Editor Mode Configuration
* Editor Mode Auto Detect
* Editor Mode GUI Indicator
* Editor Mode Initialize
* Editor Mode Switching
* Editor Mode Syntax Highlighting
* Editor Variable Insert
* Editor Select any Text
* Editor Reformat Paragraph
* Editor Trim Spaces
* Editor Undo and Redo
* Editor Word Wrap
* Focus Item Jump
* Focus Item Managemnt
* Font Management
* Find in Buffer
* Find in Files
* Goto Line
* Replace in Buffer
* Replace in Files
* GUI Buffer Tabs
* GUI Dialog Editor
* GUI Macro Processing
* Hyperlink Configure
* Hyperlink Jumpto
* Hyperlink Open Text File
* Hyperlink Open Binary File
* Hyperlink Open Directory
* Keyboard Shortcuts Favorites
* Keyboard Shortcuts Modify
* Keyboard Shortcuts Override
* Keyboard Shortcuts Management
* Keyboard Shortcuts QuickPanel
* Keyboard Shortcuts Save
* Macro Management
* Mouse or Keyboard Clipboard
* Mouse or Keyboard Context Menus
* Mouse or Keyboard Region Cut
* Mouse or Keyboard Region Paste
* Mouse or Keyboard Text Operations
* Mouse or Keyboard Text Select
* Mouse or Keyboard Wheel Scroll
* MRU File List
* SnippetDomains
* SnippetMgmt
* SnippetInterpolate
* SnippetGUIInterpo
* StatsOnSel
* SynModeChnge
* Tools Grammar Check
* Tools Spell Check
* Tools Macro Processor
* Tools Run External
* Tools Selection Modify
# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/AppSendToOpen
## Overview

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## Features

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## Examples

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## See also

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# Science: An Elementary Teacher’s Guide/Courses

BIOL 3300 Survey of Basic Science
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Thailand/Ministry of public health

The web portal of the Ministry of Public Health contains electronic services and open data, as well as provides information on the following sections:
* About the ministry;
* Services;
* For staff;
* Contacts.

## E-services

Ministry of public health provides the next electronic opportunities for citizens:
* open data;
* personal doctor;
* filling out for an application;
* searching for a products;
* mental health testing services;
* body mass index calculator;
* assessment of physical fitness;
* e-reporting.
Department of Disease Control:
* Information about the policy is available in the planning department;
* Legal information is available at the Legal Center;
* Structural Information;
* Information for the public;
* Department of Disease Control.
Department of Medicine:
* Agency Information;
* Press release;
* Knowledge base;
* Search system.
Department of Healthcare:
* Organizational structure;
* Laws;
* Multimedia;
* Performance Monitoring Center;
* Health information system for health promotion and environmental protection;
* Knowledge Center;
* Center for Recommendations and Complaints.

## Open Data

Open Ministry of Public Health data - information related to public health.
Open data is provided in the form of statistical information:
* Ministry of Health indicators:
** Use of services of the Ministry of Health;
** Population pyramid;
** Working age;
** Vaccination statistics.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Thailand/Unified state web portal GovChannel

The GovChannel web portal is a unified web portal that brings together seven government sites that provide public services in electronic form to the population.

## E-services

To use a specific government site, simply select one of the seven government sectors:
* INFO.GO.TH - government information: regulations, acts, licenses and guidelines that can be used when contacting the organization (695339 official manuals);
* DATA.GO.TH - a set of publicly available information of public institutions, as well as open source data sources (1,200 open source data sets);
* APPS.GO.TH - government applications that can be downloaded from any mobile device (293 state application);
* EGOV.VO.TH - e-service center (or e-government portal), where users can choose online services (845 sources of public services);
* BIZ.GOVCHANNEL.GO.TH - public services developed exclusively for the business sector. Corporate entrepreneurs and investors can get consulting services to start a business through online channels available on mobile devices, anywhere and anytime (34 services);
* GOVSPENDING.DATA.GO.TH - information on public spending, in particular on taxes paid by citizens (4,444,299 public sector projects);
* NSO.GO.TH - statistical and information services.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Thailand/Web portal of government spending

Government Spending (GovSpending) Initiative optimises and integrates reliable data from the e-Budgeting of the Bureau of the Budget, the e-Government Procurement (e-GP) and the Government Fiscal Management Information System (GFMIS) of Controller General’s Department, performs data analytics and presents it in easy-to-understand formats including dashboards, maps and infographics via a single digital channel.
This is a unified portal that reflects information on government spending in the form of dashboards, maps and infographics.

## E-services

Citizens with only basic knowledge of government procurement processes and basic computer skills can visit the website and understand the information easily. The information is continuously updated when a contract between a business enterprise and a government agency is signed. Ordinary citizens can see an overview of the government budget allocation, government spending strategies and how the overall budget is actually spent with only few clicks.
If citizens suspect or find delays, fraud or corruption in any projects, they can fill out official complaints to the Open Sector Office of the Anti-Corruption Commission or to the office of the Prime Minister.

## Open Data

Citizens can also access the details of government procurement projects in each province by clicking on the map. For example, in Chiang Rai Province in the northern part of Thailand, there were 36,505 government procurement projects in Fiscal Year 2016 from 931 government agencies with the total budget of 8,007.34 million baht.
The significant details of each procurement project presented on the website include:
* the responsible agency;
* the project title;
* the project number;
* the reference price;
* the budget allocated for the project;
* the agreed price;
* the procurement method;
* the details of the contractor;
* the date on which the contract is signed and terminated;
* the project status.
Moreover, people can also search for a specific perspective of the government procurement information from its smart search engine. They can type the names of government agencies, private enterprises or areas in which procurement projects take place. The information will appear in the blink of an eye.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Thailand/Unified web portal of Government statistics

The Unified State Statistics Web Portal publishes statistical and information services:
* presentation of statistical information in the form of graphs;
* presentation of information in the form of Excel-tables;
* use of information management system.

## E-services

National bureau of statistics provides the next opportunities for users:
* Recommended information (infographic);
* Statistical tables;
* Information Management System;
* Public Policy Statistics - consists of 6 groups:
** Security forces;
** Economic Department;
** Department of Social Psychology;
** Department of Law and Justice;
** Special Operations Division;
** National Police Office.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Thailand/Ministry of Justice

The following sections are available to users on the web portal of the Ministry of Justice of Thailand:
* About the ministry;
* Public services;
* Media Center / Multimedia;
* Government agencies under the Ministry of Justice;
* Contact Ministry.

## E-Services

Ministry of Justice provides the next electronic services for citizens:
* Office of the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Justice:
** Notice board of the Ministry of Justice;
** Complaint / Report of fraud;
** Apply for registration.
* Department of Law Enforcement:
** Submission of petition for bankruptcy;
** Status request system;
** Live Stream.
* Department for the Protection of Rights and Freedoms:
** Legal issues;
** Check the course of service.
* Management of the Legal Fund:
** Apply for help;
** Actions after filing an application.
* Management of National Clearing Center:
** System of normative information.