OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Lights will Guide You Home: The Psychology of Safety versus The Environmental Impact of Light in Cities

FOR INCREASED STREET LIGHTING:
Street lights are a tangible method of restoring a sense of psychological safety for the public in a city. Only a quarter of car travel is taken between the the hours of 19.00 and 08.00 however, over 40% of accidents resulting in severe injury or death occur within this timeframe. A high quantity of these casualties are over the age of 60 and young men. Therefore, lighting in cities could be deemed to improve the driver's view of their environment and help them focus more. In one study, reassurance was the person's perceived safety and fear of crime. Reassurance decreases at night as the decrease of light induces a sense of isolation, ease for the offender to hide and a lacking vision of escape routes. According to Matsui, over 85% of women 'always' fear being a victim of street crime. Men are proportionally less likely to report their concerns surrounding street crime than women, thus, perhaps this silence should encourage cities to put more lighting in places with high levels of street crime. Providing more lighting encourages reassurance of safety for both pedestrians and drivers as they perceive it will cause a decrease in crime consequently making them feel safer.
AGAINST INCREASED STREET LIGHTING:
In a study of 65 people, 15 people have said they have tripped on the streets of London at night. However, only three could remember the exact location and only one person noted the poor lighting of the street as a cause or exacerbation of her imbalance. Therefore, we must question the necessity of lighting public spaces as if it is not adequately improving street crime levels and safety; why should money be spent on the upkeep of the lighting, the building of them and generally wasting resources, energy and causing excessive light pollution?
* ↑ Fotios, S; Unwin, J; Farrall, S; (2015) Road lighting and pedestrian reassurance after dark: A review. Lighting Research & Technology , 47 (4) pp. 449-469. 10.1177/1477153514524587.
* ↑ Dravitzki VK, Cleland BS, Walton D, Laing JN. Measuring commuting pedestrians’ concerns for personal safety and the influence of lighting on these concerns: Proceedings of the 26th Australasian Transport Research Forum, Wellington, New Zealand, Oct 1–3: 2003.
* ↑ Matsui T. A study on a street lighting that makes change illuminance is effective for both reducing fear of crime and saving energy: 26th Session of the CIE,Beijing, Jul 4–11: 2007:D5-112 – D5-115.
* ↑ Sutton RM, Farrall S. Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology 2005; 45: 212–224.
* ↑ Unwin, J. and Fotios, S. (2011) Does lighting contribute to the reassurance of pedestrians at night-time in residential roads? Ingineria Iluminatului, 2 (13). 29 - 44. ISSN 1454-5837
* ↑ Unwin, J; Thomas, RV; Raynham, P; Durante, A; (2017) Is Lighting the Pavement Important? In: 29th CIE Session Proceedings. (pp. pp. 1103-1108). CIE (International Commission on Illumination): Vienna, Austria
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Poverty and education

Evidence
In poverty and education - cyclical nature
Evidence in political sociology: various theories driving research (e.g. conflict theory), socialization research,
Evidence in economics: quantitative data Keynesian economics v Marxian economics modelling
Evidence in geography- theories for continental drift/evidence for pangaea (Wegener)?? - jigsaw fit and Appalachian and Caledonian Mountains (qualitative?), geologic fit, magnetic polarity (quantitive?), species matching up
# High School Biology/Chromosomes and the Cell Cycle

To divide, cells go through a process called the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of 6 steps, and the steps are: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokineses. An easy way to remember the order of the cell cycle is: Is Pat mad at the cat? Also some people group prophase, metaphase,anaphase,and telophase together and call it mitosis. Below is a diagram of what happens during the cell cycle.
# High School Biology/Cell Structures

Cellular Science or Cytology is the study of the structure and nature of cells, especially those regarding the basis and gravitas of its very existence on a biological level.
# High School Biology/Cellular Respiration

* Cellular Respiration and Glycolysis
* Making ATP with Oxygen
* Anaerobic Respiration
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Chemical Basis of Life

* Matter
* Organic Compounds
* Chemical Reactions
* Water
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

* Circulatory System
* Blood
* Respiratory System
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Classification

* Form and Function
* Phylogenetic Classification
* Modern Classification Systems
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Digestive and Excretory Systems

* Food and Nutrients
* Digestive System
* Excretory System
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Cell Structure and Function

* Introduction to Cells
* Cell Structures
* Cell Transport and Homeostasis
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Earth Science/Human Actions and the Atmosphere

* Air Pollution
* Effects of Air Pollution
* Reducing Air Pollution
← Protecting the Water Supply · Air Pollution →
# High School Earth Science/Human Actions and the Land

* Loss of Soils
* Pollution of the Land
← Human Populations · Loss of Soils →
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Marcus John Gordon Brims

Marcus John Gordon Brims was one of only a handful of amateur operators licensed in Queensland in the few years prior to World War 1. His station callsign was XQA (X=Experimental, Q=Queensland, A=1st sequentially allocated) and he operated from Mareeba, Queensland. He experimented locally with his brother William and friend Andy Couper (then unlicensed, later 4BW). Marcus did not continue with his hobby after WW1 but focused on the family timber and plywood business interests. Marcus' main claim to fame is that his transmitting and receiving station, lodged with the local post office at the outbreak of hostilities, was preserved and now is a feature of the Mareeba museum. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - Marcus John Gordon Brims - More than 80 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Marcus John Gordon Brims - Nothing uploaded as yet
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Noel James Clifford Medlin

Noel James Clifford Medlin rose through the ranks of the Postmaster General's Department, commencing as a junior mechanic. He transferred to the Australian Broadcasting Control Board upon its establishment in 1948 and retired circa 1970 as senior broadcast planner. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - Noel James Clifford Medlin - More than 10 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Noel James Clifford Medlin - Nothing uploaded as yet
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrave

More than 50 key articles relevant to James Joseph Malone, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrave - Transcriptions and Notes
# Kdenlive/Using Kdenlive

If you had followed the Quickstart tutorial, you may already have a basic notion of Kdenlive´s potential. But it can do more for you once you know it better.
* A detailed view on the Kdenlive interface and how to change it
* Settings, preferences, key shortcuts and advanced options
* Adding video and audio files to your project
* Capturing video and audio for your project
* Making clips from images
* Color Clips and Text Clips
* Making Slideshows from pictures
* Combining clips with transitions
* Video and Audio effects in Kdenlive
* Making a movie file from your project
* Using external softwares with Kdenlive
# Kdenlive/Render

When you have finished editing, you can render your project via the Render->Export Timeline menu. This brings up a dialog, which allows you to choose your export format, export options, and filename to save as.

# Export Profiles

When you click the File->Export Timeline menu item, a dialog will show you a list of possible formats and parameters which you can choose for the video file to be created. The items on this list are the export profiles. The stock profiles offered by Kdenlive are some of the most common ones, but you can create a profile of your own if you need a video with special properties, such as a certain screen size or video codec tag.
Be aware that this process can take a very long time (perhaps a few hours for a full DVD image of 4 GB)

## Creating your own export profiles
### MLT libavcodec parameters list
# Exporting to a video file

* Create your project
* Add a video clip
* Add the video clip to the video track - edit, add transitions ...
* Click on RENDER button. A new window pop up (Rendering).
then hit "Render to file" button located at left bottom corner of the current window.
Will open the "Job Queue" tab where you can see the progress. When is finished click on "Close".

# Exporting to DVD

The DVD wizard offered by Kdenlive allows you to automatically create VOB files which can be recorded to a DVD, along with the chapters definition and a simple menu.
Be aware that this process can take a very long time (perhaps a few hours for a full DVD image of 4 GB)
# Kdenlive/Video effects

This is the list of video effects available in Kdenlive and its parameters. They are implemented as part of the MLT Framework.

# No effect

This is the original image with no effects, to allow comparisons.

# Box blur

This effect blur the image.

# Brightness

With this one, you can make the video look as if there was less light -- or more of course.

# Charcoal

Here you can get a charcoal pencil draw.

# Gamma

Here you can change the gamma.

# Greyscale

This one will help you publishing on very old TV sets ;-)

# Invert

Inverts the colors of the video, you get something like a argentic negative.

# Mirror

Here you can mirror half of the image, either horizontaly, verticaly, or following a diagonal. The invert option helps on getting the interesting part of the video mirrored.

# Obscure

Allows you to mask a portion of screen with keyframable mosaic effect.

# Sepia

Let's make an old fashioned movie : sepia transforms colors in shades of brown. But with Kdenlive, you can control the color output, so this can be shades of any color.

# Speed

Allows you to slow down, speed up, reverse play and make stroboscope effect. This effect is available only if Kdenlive was compiled with the latest development version of MLT, taken from its cvs. and clip.

# Freeze

Allows you to freeze the clip at, after or before a certain frame. You choose a frame that will be shown for the whole clip, or just a part of it.
This effect is available only since Kdenlive version 0.5.
# Kdenlive/Video codecs

You can have and use uncompressed video... if you have LOTs, really LOTs of storage space! That´s why most digital video you find is compressed in some way. More than simply compressed, video is really encoded by a codec and then saved in a file following a certain format.

# Codec vs Format

Codec means "encoder/decoder". It is software which compresses the video for storage purposes with a certain algorithm, and sometimes (not always) can decompress the video for playing it as well.
It is very common that people confuses the codec with the file format of a video. There are, indeed, some file formats which require a specific encoding standard. However, this does not mean that only one encoding/decoding software must be used --- there are lots of encoders for MPEG 1 video files, for example. And, more than that, there are file formats which can "store" video compressed in a variety of ways.
The very common AVI file format is an example --- it can store uncompressed video, or video which was compressed by, just to mention one example, an MPEG4-standard codec like XviD, DivX, etc. You may hear people talk about "this DivX video" or similar, but this is not precise --- in fact, a video compressed with the DivX codec is really a MPEG4-standard video, and as such it can be played by any other MPEG4 decoder, like XviD.
Some problems arises from the fact that the AVI format uses an identification string called FourCC which is used to tell which codec was used for compressing the video. Some applications made for a certain compression standard may refuse to work with a different FourCC code even if the compression method is the same. And people often take the FourCC information as the "format" of the video.
So, to make things clear: codec is the software which compresses video; and there can be lots of codecs which output files in the same format.

# Common video compression methods and codecs

* DV: used by DV videocamcorders.
* MPEG-2 : used for DVDs and broadcast digital transmissions.
* MPEG-1 : used for VideoCD.
* H.264 / MPEG-4 / Avchd: ISO/IEC standard advanced video codec.
* DivX : video codec well-known on the Internet.
* XviD : Open Source MPEG-4 compatible video codec.
* theora : high performace Open Source video codec.
* WMV: proprietary Microsoft Windows video standard. Used for internet streaming, it was designed to compete with Realvideo.
# Home Remedies/Echinacea
### Echinacea

Today, Echinacea is primarily used to reduce the symptoms and duration of the common cold and flu and to improve the symptoms of a cold, such as sore throat, cough, and fever. Echinacea has also been used throughout history to treat scarlet fever, syphilis, malaria, blood poisoning, and diphtheria. Herbalists also recommend Echinacea to help boost the activity of the immune system and to help the body fight infections. Many cultures can be directly associated with Echinacea. For example, Native Americans may have used Echinacea for over 400 years to treat infections and wounds and as a general "cure-all." Advancements in the research of Echinacea have been made in Germany to due to its increased popularity in The United States and Europe since the 1930s.
Echinacea is available in extracts, tinctures, tablets, capsules, and ointments or in a combination with other immune-boosting herbs, vitamins, and minerals, so because of the many different ways to use Echinacea, there are several ways to take it. One popular way that Echinacea is used is to try prevent a cold or flu by taking the herb throughout cold and flu season or just after exposure to an infection via a friend or loved one. This practice could be harmful though, as high doses of Echinacea over a substantial period of time (from six to eight weeks) can damage the liver.
Individuals with allergies to plants in the daisy family, tuberculosis, leukemia, diabetes, connective tissue disorders, multiple sclerosis, HIV or AIDS, any autoimmune diseases, or, possibly, liver disorders should not take Echinacea. There is some concern that Echinacea may reduce the effectiveness of medications that suppress the immune system.
Echinacea is one of the best selling herbal supplements today, and is designed to stimulate the immune system. It's made of show root and plant concentrate. There are things in it like calcium carbonate, cellulose, and Echinacea purpurea extract. Echinacea is made to strengthen the immune system, which would then result in a person being less susceptible to a type of illness such as the flu or cough.
Even though the recommended dosage has not been established, you can usually take one or two a day. It is also most commonly used during the winter months due to the susceptibility most people have to catch a cold during these months. Purportedly, if a dose is ingested immediately upon the onset of cold symptoms, and is taken every 2-4 hours, the immune system will successfully eliminate the infectious bacteria within one or two days.
# Home Remedies/Chapter 5
## B

Aloe Vera get is good for treating burns, bites and grazes.
If you pack mud on a bee sting, it should help the stinger pop out.

## C

CAMOMILE TEA TAKEN AT BEDTIME PROMOTES A RESTFUL SLEEP.
# Home Remedies/Chapter 1
## The Development of Home Remedies and Herbalism

The use of home remedies throughout history extends from simple food remedies, to more complex herbal preparations. Generally, the home herbal remedies were prepared as a tea to be drunk, or a poultice to be applied externally. Food remedies ranged from having an underlying complex classification system such as used by the Chinese in Traditional Chinese Medicine, to having a poorly understood but still effective oral tradition.
A unifying characteristic of these remedies is that they comprised of ingredients that were at least readily available at the time, such as using local herbs that were growing in the area. Indigenous groups, such as the Australian aboriginals and American Indians, made use of native plants to develop remedies that modern herbalists have also begun to explore in their practices. An example of this is the use of an extract of Wild Plum native to Australia to balance blood sugar levels.
The efficacy of some, but not all, traditional herbal home remedies is shown in the development of some modern drugs by the early pharmaceutical industry. For example, opium was developed from opium poppies, aspirin from Willow Bark (which is still used by individuals and herbalists today), the heart drug digitalis from foxglove, and quinine from the cinchona tree.
The body of knowledge that today is known as 'home remedies' and 'herbal medicine' developed along three main avenues, although as described above, each country has their own oral traditions. Western herbal medicine developed from the early traditions of Greek, Roman and Medieval sources. Ayurveda developed in India, and the Chinese developed Traditional Chinese Medicine (or TCM). These traditions, and in particular the early Western tradition from the time of the Greeks, borrowed ideas and treatments from other traditions, especially the Indian and Oriental sources. This cultural cross-influence often reflected colonization, trade, or other, wider societal developments which facilitated the exchange of ideas.
In some instances, this cross cultural pollination was developed from learning to survive in adverse conditions. Early settlers in America, such as Samuel Thompson (1769-1843) learned useful remedies from the American Indians, which was synthesized with medical and healing related literature of the day.
All three of these modalities (Ayurvedic, Western and Oriental) at one time included both philosophical and spiritual aspects along with the scientific knowledge that existed within a specific time frame.
# Home Remedies/Chapter 2
## General immunity

Drinking a reasonable amount of, though not too much, plain, clean water can help control weight gain.
A warm, but not super hot, cup of tea contains polyphenols, which can help a body fight off free radicals.
Chicken Soup with vegetables can help relieve nasal congestion and sore throats.
Turmeric is a healthy ingredient, that can give you a slight edge when fighting off inflammation.
Sweating in a Sauna regularly can help prevent, but not cure, colds.

## Other aspects of health

Consuming Thulasi, also known as Holy Basil may assist in reducing stress and contains a number of nutrients.
The smell of Oregano oils can be beneficial for your skin.
If you are otherwise healthy and don't have conditions like diabetes or circulation issues, you may consider wrapping your feet in a cold soaked towel for ten to fifteen minutes, then go to sleep while wearing dry socks on top of cold socks to decrease congestion and promote sleep.

## Middle-Ear Infection

Cut a heated onion in half and clasp it around the ears for a smoothing effect. Still, this is just a supplementary treatment to a doctor's attention, so please go see a doctor anyway. Untreated ear infections can cause severe scarring of the eardrums and lead to increasing deafness over time!
You should not use Sweet Oil in your ears. It does ease pain briefly, however can feed fungi in your ear, making the problem worse. See a doctor.

## Sore Throat

Sucking on popsicles or ice cubes can be a cheap and effective way to make sure your throat is moist, soothing the soreness somewhat.
Again, a visit to the doctor is not negotiable, you might need antibiotics.

## References

* ↑ Marshall, Mallika (26 May 2016). "The big benefits of plain water". Harvard Health Blog. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ "How much water should you drink?". Harvard Health. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ "Tea". The Nutrition Source. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
* ↑ "The Healing Powers of Chicken Soup | Student Affairs". studentaffairs.duke.edu. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ "Explaining turmeric's health benefits and limitations". wexnermedical.osu.edu. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ "Benefits of Turmeric". healthcare.utah.edu. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ "Can you actually sweat out a sickness? SiOWfa16: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy". sites.psu.edu. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ College, Acupuncture & Massage. "Basil May Slow Aging Process". www.amcollege.edu. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
* ↑ "How and why to use essential oils". wexnermedical.osu.edu. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ "A Surprising Cold Remedy for the Post Holiday Months". Bastyr's Health Tips and Recipes. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ "Find the Cause of Your Child's Ear Infection". Bastyr University. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ School, McGovern Medical. "Swimmer's Ear Discussion". Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
* ↑ "Sore Throat? Here's What to Do University Health Service". uhs.umich.edu. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
# Home Remedies/Chapter 6
## A

Tobacco is good for wasp stings. Just wet it and find a way to keep it on the spot on which you were stung. It takes the stinging away and some of the swelling. Or, cut a piece off a fresh onion and hold it to the spot of the sting. Works with bee stings as well.

## B

Brewers' Yeast tablets contain a chemical (the Vitamin B?) which comes out in your sweat and helps repel mosquitos.

## H

Honey is very effective in cough appearing during night. Lick slowly a tea spoon full mixed with a pinch of Termaric powder and for some time water should not be taken.

## P

Plantain leaf, which comes from a common lawn weed, can be of help in removing poisons. This plant has oval shaped leaves with veins running the length of the leaf. It has spiked flowers. To use, simply chew the leaf and use the resulting mush as a poultice for bee stings, spider bites and even snake bites. You may want to put a bandage over the poultice to hold it in place. Change it twice daily or more often as needed.

## S

If you are in an area and climate where you may be bitten by a snake, take the homeopathic remedy Lachesis with you. It may save your life!

## V

Ordinary Vinegar (used in the kitchen) is an easy and effective remedy against insect stings, bites etc.