OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Royal Canadian Air Cadets Guide/Training/Drills/lev1401

Proficiency Level 1, 401 Drill.
Chapter 1, Performance Objective 401, Drill, Section 1, General. (A-CR-CCP-266/PT-001)
1. The History of Drill.
Military drill originally developed for moving infantry during battle. Troops might have to face to a different flank to meet a new attack; to form into a compact square to repel cavalry; or to extend into a two-man line to deliver maximum fire-power on the enemy. Troops had to perform these movements rapidly and efficiently if they wanted to stay alive. If troops practiced these movements beforehand on the parade square, they could perform them reasonably well in the stress, noise and confusion of the battlefield. This practice made the troops much more effective in the field. As a result, drill developed. In the process of teaching drill, however, it was seen that other benefits were gained. Drill was also an excellent way of developing physical coordination, teamwork, and team spirit in the soldiers.
2. The Need for Drill.
The need for drill as a part of actual warfare has long since disappeared. Drill's second value however, remains as important as ever, especially in a cadet squadron. There is no better way of developing sharpness and team spirit (esprit de corps) - both important elements of the cadet world.
3. Drill Can Be Fun.
Amazingly, drill can be FUN. At first, you may feel awkward or uncoordinated. Don't worry, these are common feelings for a cadet who is just beginning to learn drill. Gradually, as you get the hang of it, you will begin to feel a sense of satisfaction in getting it just right. As you work with the rest of your squad to accomplish something that can only be done as a team, you will begin to feel a sense of pride, in yourself and your squadron.
4.
Good drill, when it is closely supervised and when the highest precision is demanded, is an exercise in obedience and alertness. It sets the standard for the individual and the squadron, and builds a sense of confidence between the commander and the cadet.
5. Drill Movements. The various drill movements you will learn this chapter during your first year appear in this chapter.
This information is based on A-PD-201-000/PT-000, Canadian Forces Manual of Drill and Ceremonial. If drill interests you and you would like to learn more about it, there may be a copy of A-PD-201-000/PT-000 at your squadron.
6.
The information in this chapter is to be used as a reference only. Don't worry about reading it before you learn the drill in each section. If you have questions about your drill classes, be sure to ask your instructor. If you still have questions, or if you want to refresh you memory at home, you should turn to this chapter for help.
Chapter 1, Performance Objective 401, Drill, Section 2, Squad Drill at the Halt. (A-CR-CCP-266/PT-001)
* The Standard Pause
* Formation of a Squad
* Position of Attention
* Position of Stand at Ease
* Stand at Ease from Attention
# Royal Canadian Air Cadets Guide/Flying Programs
## Flying Programs

Through Air Cadets, 22,000 junior air cadets get to participate in familiarization gliding each year during the spring and fall. In summer, 320 senior cadets earn their Transport Canada Glider Pilot License through the Air Cadet Gliding Scholarship. An average of 55 000 glider flights are done every year. In Canada, the majority of glider pilots licenses are earned by Royal Canadian Air Cadets. Cadets must be 16 to write the certifying Transport Canada exam.
Each year, 250 air cadets earn their Transport Canada Private Pilot License through the Air Cadet Flying Scholarship program. Cadets aged 17 and 18 years old who have proven themselves to be high achievers in the cadet program and who have a particular interest and aptitude in the field of aviation have the opportunity to learn how to fly.
# Royal Canadian Air Cadets Guide/Training/Drills

Drill 401
Choose a proficiency level:
* Level 1 Drill
* Level 2 Drill
* Level 3 Drill
* Level 4 Drill
* Level 5 Drill
# Royalese/Basic 1
## Words

Man: меньска, рагац men'ska, ragats
Woman: рагаца, фемена ragatsa, femena
I: яз yaz
am: сам sam
Girl: девочек dyevochek
Boy: мольчек mol'chek
He: оно ono
Is: есть yest'
She: она ona
Child: дьете d'ete
See: выдьіт vyd'it
Ball: эшфёрік eshfyorik
Have: мам mam
Cat: коть kot'
Dog: піес pies
And: і, а i, a

## Phrases and examples

I am a man: яз сам меньска yaz sam men'ska
I am a woman: яз сам фемена yaz sam femena
I am a boy: яз сам мольчек yaz sam mol'chek
I am a girl: яз сам девочек yaz sam devochek
He is a boy: оно есть мольчек ono yest' mol'chek
She is a girl: она есть девочек
He is a man: оно есть меньска
She is a woman: она есть фемена
I see a dog: яз выдьіт піес
I see a dog and a cat: яз выдьіт піес і коть
I see a boy: яз выдьіт мольчек
I see a boy and a woman: яз выдьіт мольчек і фемена

## Grammar explanation

On this lesson we'll learn about the verb "быть"(to be in English):
| Pronoun | Verb |
| яз | сам |
| ты | есть |
| оно/она/он | есть |
| мы | сонь |
| вы | сонь |
| оній | сонь |
# Royal Canadian Air Cadets Guide/Activities
## Activities

Different squadrons have activities that cadets may come out to during the week. Some activities are sports night, rifle drill team, band, and shooting.

### Band and rifle drill team

The band and the rifle drill team compete in a regional competition. During this competition the top SQN are rewarded with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place prizes. These teams are judged by officers and cadet league staff.

### Shooting Teams

These teams compete in regional shoots in which a 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place prizes are given for best score.
# Royal Canadian Air Cadets Guide/Training
## Training

The Air Cadets breaks training sessions down into levels:
| Levels 1 and 2 Drill General Cadet Knowledge Citizenship Physical Fitness Sensible Living Leadership Effective Speaking Principles of Flight Propulsion Radio Communication Air Crew Survival | Levels 3 and 4 Drill Drill Instruction General Cadet Knowledge Citizenship Physical Fitness Sensible Living Leadership Instructional Technique Propulsion Navigation Radio Communication Air Crew Survival | Level 5 Drill Administration & Supply Leadership |
When a cadet reaches Proficiency Level 5, he or she will take part in supervised on-the-job training. During this phase of training the cadet will instruct other cadets, plan activities and learn administrative procedures

## Summer Training

Some of the courses offered in summer training are:
* Advanced Aviation Technology Course - Airport Operations (Use to be Air Traffic Control)
* Athletic Instructor Course
* Basic Course
* Basic Music Course
* Basic Pipes & Drums Course
* Glider Pilot Scholarship
* International Air Cadet Exchange – Australia
* International Air Cadet Exchange – Belgium
* International Air Cadet Exchange – France
* International Air Cadet Exchange – Hong Kong
* International Air Cadet Exchange – Netherlands
* International Air Cadet Exchange – New Zealand
* International Air Cadet Exchange – Singapore
* International Air Cadet Exchange – Sweden
* International Air Cadet Exchange – Turkey
* International Air Cadet Exchange – United Kingdom
* International Air Cadet Exchange – United States
* Introduction to Aerospace Course
* Introduction to Aviation Course
* Introduction to Instruction Course
* Introduction to Leadership Course
* Introduction to Physical Education and Recreational Training Course
* Introduction to Rifle Coaching Course
* Introduction to Survival Training Course
* Music – Level 1 to 5 course
* Music – Level 1, 2
* Music – Level 1, 2, 3
* Music – Level 3, 4, 5 course
* Music – Level 4, 5
* Oshkosh Trip
* Pipes and Drums 1 to 5 course
* Power Pilot Scholarship
* Senior Leaders Course
* Service Band
* Survival Instructor Course
* Advanced Aviation Technology Course - Aircraft Maintenance (Use to be Tech Training)
* Staff Cadet Employment
# Radiation Oncology/NSABP

The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP): See the NSABP web page.
* Breast NSABP
* Colon NSABP
* Rectum NSABP
NSABP "P" trials (prevention trials) are listed under their respective sites.
# Radiation Oncology/NHL/Protons

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Proton Therapy in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
# Radiation Oncology/NSCLC

| Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Edit this |
| NSCLC: Main Page | Overview | Anatomy | Screening | Early Stage Operable | Early Stage Inoperable | Locally Advanced Unresectable | Locally Advanced Resectable | Palliation | Brachytherapy | PCI | Miscellaneous | Large cell neuroendocrine | Level I Evidence | |

## Non-small cell lung cancer

* Official Guidelines
* Staging
* Overview
* Anatomy
* Screening
* Early Stage Operable (Surgery first)
* Early Stage Inoperable
* Locally Advanced Resectable (Neoadjuvant first)
* Locally Advanced Unresectable
* Special Situations (Pancoast, etc.)
* Recurrent
* Palliation
* Lung Brachytherapy
* Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation
* Miscellaneous Drugs
* Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
* Proton Therapy
* NTCP and Toxicity
* RTOG Lung protocols
* Randomized (Level I) Evidence
In the process of moving from old page.
# Ruby on Rails/ActiveSupport

Active Support is a collection of various utility classes and standard library extensions that were found useful for Rails. All these additions have hence been collected in this bundle as way to gather all that sugar that makes Ruby sweeter.
# Ruby on Rails/Contributors

A list of contributors to this book.
* User:Aeden
* User:Leethal
* User:Zeus111
* User:Ebraminio
Add your name to the list if you feel like it. No need to pay us or rub our backs.
# Ruby on Rails/ActiveRecord/acts as
## acts_as_list

Acts as List will add methods to the ActiveRecord model which provide means for accessing the records as a list.

### Directive

The acts_as_list directive will add methods to the ActiveRecord object to make each instance act as an element in a list. acts_as_list accepts two configuration options:
* column : The name of the column used for keeping position (default is position)
* scope : Restricts what is to be considered a list. Given a symbol, it will attach "_id" (if that hasn’t been already) and use that as the foreign key restriction. It’s also possible to give it an entire string that is interpolated if you need a tighter scope than just a foreign key. Example: acts_as_list :scope => ‘todo_list_id = #{todo_list_id} AND completed = 0’

### Instance Methods

Each instance of a model which has the acts_as_list directive specified will automatically include methods for working with the records as a list:
* decrement_position
* first?
* higher_item
* in_list?
* increment_position
* insert_at
* last?
* lower_item
* move_higher
* move_lower
* move_to_bottom
* move_to_top
* remove_from_list
Methods which change the position of the item in the list affect the persistent data immediately. For example, a call to move_to_top would be effective immediately.

### Example

Given three people in the database (Joe, Bob and Jane, initially in that order):

## acts_as_tree

The acts_as_tree directive will add methods to the ActiveRecord object to make each instance acts as a node in a tree.
# Ruby on Rails/Built-In Rails Tools/What is Rake anyway?

Rake is a Ruby build tool like make and Ant.
* Rakefiles (rake’s version of Makefiles) are completely defined in standard Ruby syntax. No XML files to edit. No quirky Makefile syntax to worry about (is that a tab or a space?)
* Users can specify tasks with prerequisites.
* Rake supports rule patterns to synthesize implicit tasks.
* Flexible FileLists that act like arrays but know about manipulating file names and paths.
* A library of prepackaged tasks to make building rakefiles easier.
# Ruby on Rails/Built-In Rails Tools

There are a wide variety of command-line tools which play a role in the development of a Rails application.

## Generators

Generators are scripts which create stub code for new models, controllers, migrations and much more.
* Generators
* Make a generator

## Rake

Rake is a build tool which is widely used in Ruby applications. Rails uses Rake tasks for many different things.
* Convenient Rake tasks
* What is Rake anyway?
* Make your own rake tasks
* Command-Line Reference
# Ruby on Rails/Built-In Rails Tools/Command-Line Reference

Rake can be executed with the following command-line options:
* --dry-run or -n: Do a dry run without executing actions
* --help or -H: Display a help message
* --libdir=LIBDIR or -I LIBDIR: Include LIBDIR in the search path for required modules
* --rakelibdir=RAKELIBDIR or -R RAKELIBDIR: Auto-import any .rake files in RAKELIBDIR. (default is 'rakelib')
* --nosearch or -N: Do not search parent directories for the Rakefile
* --prereqs or -P: Display the tasks and dependencies, then exit
* --quiet or -q: Do not log messages to standard output
* --rakefile=FILE or -f FILE: Use FILE as the rakefile
* --require=MODULE or -r MODULE: Require MODULE before executing rakefile
* --silent or -s: Like --quiet, but also suppresses the 'in directory' announcement
* --tasks[=PATTERN] or -T [PATTERN]: Display the tasks (matching optional PATTERN) with descriptions, then exit
* --trace or -t: Turn on invoke/execute tracing, enable full backtrace
* --usage or -h: Display usage
* --verbose or -v: Log message to standard output (default)
* --version or -V: Display the program version
* --classic-namespace or -C: Put Task and FileTask in the top level namespace
# Ruby on Rails/Built-In Rails Tools/Convenient Rake tasks

You can find out what tasks are currently available to Rake with the rake -T command. The tasks below are common and used on regular basis.

## Database Tasks

* rake db:migrate [VERSION=x]: Execute the migrations to the specified version. If the version is omitted then it will migrate to the highest version possible.
* rake db:sessions:clear: Clear all of the sessions in the database.

## Test Tasks

* rake test:units: Execute unit tests

## Cache Tasks

* rake tmp:cache:clear: Clear out the page/fragment cache.
# Ruby on Rails/Built-In Rails Tools/Make your own rake tasks

You can make your own rake task by creating a file in the lib/tasks directory of your Rails application and adding the Rake tasks to it. For example, adding the following to lib/tasks/database.rake will make the db:recreate task available to your Rails application:
The namespace method puts the contents of the block in the specified namespace. You can nest namespaces as deep as you want although usually one or two nestings is sufficient.
This task can now be executed with
# Structural Biochemistry/Bacterial Gram Stain
## Introduction

Gram stains’ practical functions mainly revolve around medicinal uses. The use of a Gram test identifies the source of an infection. Appropriate treatments can be determined by doctors through a mere Gram test, as it can describe the type of bacteria present in a sample. Not all bacteria fall conclusively into the Gram positive and negative category, they may stain both purple and pink. Some have waxy layers in their cell walls that are not affected by the stain.

## Procedure

1. Bacterial sample is applied to a glass slide and heated so as to inactivate it and prevent it from infecting the scientist. 2. Gentian violet Iodine is applied to the sample for 60 seconds. In aqueous solutions, the gentian violet dissociates into CV+ and Cl- ions. These ions have high cell wall penetration regardless if the bacteria Gram positive or negative. 3. The CV+ ion is attracted to the negatively charged portions of the cell wall and thus stains those portions purple. 4. The iodine forms a complex with the CV+ ions and forms iodine and crystal ion complexes, in both the inner and outer membranes. 5. Slide is washed under gentle water and the Gram solution (an iodine and iodine potassium mixture) is applied to the sample, this step instigates a reaction with the gentian violet solution added in the previous step. 6. The iodine washes works to identify levels of lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell walls. 7. At first the sample will turn dark blue, however rinse the resulting solution with ethyl alcohol will allow the color solution to fade from certain samples. In Gram negative samples, the alcohol breaks down the crystal ion complex. On the other hand, the Gram positive samples are dehydrated from the ethanol and the crystal ion complex grows to be too big and thus trapped within the thick peptidoglycan cell walls. 8. The last set of dye, red in color will be applied and the final product can finally be analyzed. 9. Gram positive bacteria produce a purple stain and represent high levels of peptidoglycan, while Gram negative bacteria are pink and are low in peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide concentration.

## What Gram Stain Results Mean

Gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins that are the sources of cholera and typhoid. Moreover, most Gram negative bacteria are antibiotics-resistant. Gram negative bacteria have thinner cell walls that stains pink, they also possess an additional outer lipid membrane that is separated from the periplasmic space. Gram positive bacteria possess thicker mesh like cell walls rich in peptidoglycan.
# Structural Biochemistry/Asthma/Asthma symptoms
## Overview

Asthma is a lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways or bronchial tubes. Asthma causes periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. In an asthmatic person, the muscles of the bronchial tubes tighten and thicken, and the air passages become inflamed and mucus filled, making it difficult to breathe. Factors that trigger asthma are allergens found in dust, animal fur, mold, dustmites, pollen from, grass, and flowers. Other factors are irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemicals or dust in the workplace, and sprays such as hairspray also trigger asthma symptoms.All these factors contribute to constriction of our airways.
The airways of the lungs called bronchi (or bronchial tubes), are tubes with muscular walls that contract when irritated. Along the lining of the Bronchi there are cells with microscopic structures called G protein coupled receptors. These G protein coupled receptors are called beta-2 adrenergic receptors and cholinergic receptors. The beta-2 adrenergic receptors respond to chemicals such as epinephrine to make the muscles relax and thus opening the airways and increasing airflow. Cholinergic receptors on the other hand respond to a chemical called acetylcholine making the muscles contract, thereby decreasing airflow.
During an Asthma attack constriction of the Bronchi are caused by abnormal sensitivity of the cholinergic receptors, which cause the muscles of the airways to contract when they should not. There are cells in the Bronchi called mast cells which are held responsible for this cellular response. These mast cells release substances such as histamine and leukotrienes, which activate the cholinergic receptors cellular response for smooth muscle contraction, mucous buildup, and white blood cell migration to certain areas. Eosinophils, a type of white blood cell is found in the airways of asthmatic people, also release substances that contribute to airway constriction.
There’s no cure for asthma, however there are Albuterol inhalers for keeping asthma symptoms in a controlled state. There are several inhalers such as Albuterol, Ventolin and Proventil. Albuterol inhalers also known as a bronchodilator is a quick-relief or rescue medication used to decrease asthma symptoms.
Albuterol is a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist How albuterol works is that when Albuterol is inhaled to the lungs, it acts on the Beta2-adrenergic receptors which activates the Gs protein. The Gs protein then activates adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase then converts ATP to cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP then activates a protein kinase A which continues the rest of the cyclic AMP pathway. The pathway is continued until the cell responds by relaxing the smooth muscles in the Bronchi, thus reducing inflammation and allowing oxygen to be inhaled
# Structural Biochemistry/Autism
## Overview

Autism is a disorder to the brain that makes it difficult for the individual to communicate and relate with others. The reason for this is because different areas of the brain are not able to work together.

## Symptoms

Symptoms of autism are usually displayed before the age of 3 and last throughout the life of the individual. Below is a list of symptoms:
-difficulty with communication verbally thus giving the individual the inability to participate in a conversation
-difficult with non-verbal communication such as recognizing expressions and movements
-difficulty with social interactions thus giving the individual the inability to make friends
-lack of imagination
-difficulty adjusting to new things such as changes in routine or environment
-repetitive body movement such as flapping ones hand
-preoccupation with unusual objects

## Causes

Though the cause of autism cannot be pinpointed to a specific source, two major sources have been identified as probable causes: genetics and environment.
In regards to genetics, studies have yet to prove that a gene is the single cause of this disease. However, mutations such as single base changes or have shown that autism can result from genetics and also implicate that it can be hereditary. An individual with autism is six times more likely to have a functional variant in genes expressed in the brain.
The environment also can affect the genetics resulting in de novo mutations, mutations that occur for the first time in a family member as a result of a mutation in either a sperm or egg cell. Research has shown that older men who decide to have children would most likely have a child with autism since sperm cells are at greater risks of mutations for older men. A correlation between paternally inherited DNA and paternal age shows that boys with autism were six times more likely to have a father in his 40s.

## References

Insel, Thomas. "The New Genetics of Autism – Why Environment Matters." National Institute of Mental Health. N.p., 4 Apr. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2012/the-new-genetics-of-autism-why-environment-matters.shtml>.
"Autism - Topic Overview." WebMD. Healthwise, 10 Apr. 2010. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/autism-topic-overview>.