OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ETD Guide/Universities/Student Comments

In addition to gathering availability and usage data, online surveys can be used to gather information from readers to voluntarily agree to be surveyed by answering questionnaires. Some of the useful information that can be gathered includes. Sample questions for ETD readers might include:
* Where do you work/study?
* What do you do?
* What type of computer are you using?
* What is the speed/type of connection are you using?
* Are you familiar with Adobe PDF?
* Are you familiar with online databases?
* If you are from a university, does your institution accept electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs)?
* If your institution does not accept ETDs, do you think it should?
* Have you ever submitted an ETD? (to find out if your readers are ETD authors past, present or future)
* For what purpose are you using this digital library?
* Did you download any ETDs?
* If you downloaded any ETDs, how did you find them?
* If you downloaded any ETDs, how easy was it to find what you were looking for?
* If you searched for an ETD, how fast was the response to your search request?
* How often do you plan to use Virginia Tech's ETD library?
* How often do you plan to use other ETD libraries?
* Comments from survey respondents
Next Section: Resources List
# ETD Guide/Universities/Why ETDs?

The quality of a university is reflected by the quality of its students’ intellectual products. Theses and dissertations reflect an institution’s ability to lead students and support original work. In time, as digital libraries of ETDs become more commonplace, students and faculty will make judgments regarding the quality of a university by reviewing its digital library. Universities that incorporate new literacy tools, such as streaming multimedia, will attract students who hope to produce innovative work.
Starting an ETD program is like starting any other project: a need for the results must exist so all those involved will be motivated and committed through all the steps to the end—the moment when ETD's have become a regular and consolidated activity in the graduate programs of the University.
ETD's are based on the joint work of graduate students, mentors, graduate deans, administrative staff, library staff and the IT team. The success of the implementation of the ETD program requires the commitment of all these players plus that of the university’s higher administrative officers.
Additional Resources:
American Universities Should Require Electronic Theses and Dissertations by Moxley, Joseph M. (Educause Quarterly, No. 3 2001, pp. 61–63.)
Next Section: Reasons and strategies for archiving electronic theses and dissertations
# ETD Guide/Universities/Types of Assessment

Assessment takes two basic forms, based on the point at which the evaluation is done:
* Formative evaluation takes place during the development of a program. It is used to help refocus activities, revise or fine tune a program, or to validate the success of particular activities. Formative assessment in an ETD program may help diagnose whether training sessions are useful to students, whether the submission process worked efficiently, whether the students learned about electronic scholarly communication issues, or whether the students find what they learned in order to produce an ETD helpful in their employment.
* Summative evaluation is used to examine the program at its completion or at the end of a stage. Since an ETD program is ongoing, summative evaluation can be used on an annual basis to yield statistics that can be compared from year to year.
Next Section: The Assessment and Measurement Process
# ETD Guide/Universities/Statistics and Usage

Gathering data about ETDs can be done through online surveys and log file analysis. Online surveys can also be used to gather data from graduate student authors submitting ETDs and from ETD readers accessing them. An easy to use online survey system is available to NDLTD members at http://lumiere.lib.vt.edu/surveys/ Ask graduate student ETD authors a variety of questions about the process as well as about support services and use this data to improve resources and services. Query readers to discover their reasons for accessing ETDs, the results of their use of ETDs, as well as to improve digital library resources and services.
Questions for student authors may be designed to improve the process of preparing and submitting electronic documents. Sample questions might include:
* While preparing your ETD, where did you find answers to your questions?
* If you consulted the VT ETD Web site, please indicate if the site was useful.
* If you attended an ETD workshop, please indicate if you found the workshop useful.
* If you used a [particular] computer lab, please indicate if the staff was helpful.
* How many ETDs did you consult while preparing your ETD?
* Compared to what you expected, how difficult was it to create a PDF file?
* My computer is a [PC, Mac, Unix, other].
* Where were you when you submitted your ETD?
* Compared to what you expected, how difficult was it to submit your thesis/dissertation electronically?
* Within the next 1–2 years, what do you intend to publish from your ETD?
* If you restricted access to your VT ETD, on what did you base your decision?
* Please include any comments or questions that you have about ETDs.
Usage
In the online environment, usage is similar to but not equal to library circulation and re shelving statistics. Nevertheless, to report usage, institutions should also report numbers of available ETDs so that downloads can be viewed in the context of what was available at a given point in time.
It would be beneficial if all libraries providing access to ETDs would capture and report similar data about usage, but at this time we are not doing this. Gail McMillan has periodically surveyed and reported numbers of ETDs available from the NDLTD. Her data is based on institutions reporting numbers of ETDs available through their institutions, but the NDLTD has not begun to report institutional use of or access to their ETD collections.
See http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/NDLTD/
Next Section: Measurement in Related Contexts
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of ailments/Acne
## Acne

Acne is a skin disorder that causes spots, pimples, blackheads and pustules, especially on the face but also on the back or upper chest. It often occurs during puberty and can continue into adulthood.

## Effective oils

* Basil
* Bergamot
* Benzoin
* Cajuput
* Cedarwood (Atlas)
* Cedarwood (Virginian)
* Chamomile (Roman)
* Clove
* Galbanum
* Grapefruit
* Helichrysum
* Juniper Berry
* Lavender
* Lemon
* Lime
* Niaouli
* Palmarosa
* Patchouli
* Petitgrain
* Tea Tree
* Vetiver
# Complete Detailed Grammar of the International Language Ido/Elements of a Word
## Elements of a Word

A word can consist of diverse elements, like bofratino [sister-in-law], for example, in which one discerns:
* a root: frat [sibling],
* a desinence: o [noun],
* affixes, among which a prefix: bo [relationship by marriage], a suffix: in [female].
We designate root the essential irreducible element, which indicates the general idea that the word expresses here: frat.
We designate stem the assembly: root + affixes, here: bofratin.
We designate morpheme all what is soldered to a root to determine it: affixes and desinences, here: bo, in, o.

## References

* ↑ A few words (in comparison to the rest) consist only of a root, e.g. the prepositions, many adverbs, conjunctions, etc.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils

This is a guide to essential oils that are used in aromatherapy, their properties and other useful information.

## Table of contents

* A to Z of essential oils
* A to Z of ailments
* Carrier oils
* Safety
* How to make perfumes

## Medical Disclaimer

Wikibooks contains books on many medical topics; however, no warranty whatsoever is made that any of the books are accurate. There is absolutely no assurance that any statement contained or cited in a book touching on medical matters is true, correct, precise, or up-to-date. The overwhelming majority of such books are written, in part or in whole, by nonprofessionals. Even if a statement made about medicine is accurate, it may not apply to you or your symptoms.
The medical information provided on Wikibooks is, at best, of a general nature and cannot substitute for the advice of a medical professional (for instance, a qualified doctor/physician, nurse, pharmacist/chemist, and so on). Wikibooks is not a doctor.
None of the individual contributors, system operators, developers, sponsors of Wikibooks nor anyone else connected to Wikibooks can take any responsibility for the results or consequences of any attempt to use or adopt any of the information presented on this web site.
Nothing on Wikibooks.org or included as part of any project of Wikimedia Foundation Inc., should be construed as an attempt to offer or render a medical opinion or otherwise engage in the practice of medicine.
# Complete Detailed Grammar of the International Language Ido/Alphabet
## Alphabet

1. The alphabet of the language contains 26 letters: five vowels, and twenty-one consonants.
The five vowels are a, e, i, o, u. The 21 consonants are b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z. It is highly recommended to write the letters in a manner that avoids confusion between the capital letters F and T or C, and I and J. In printing pay attention that Ido doesn't become Jdo. In general, and especially for addresses, take care to form the letters in the best and most readable manner.
# English-Hanzi/Composition

A composition is a short essay.
作文是一篇短文。
# English-Hanzi/Constipation

Constipation is a disease that the body is hard to discharge stool.
便秘 是 身体 难以 排出 大便 的 疾病。
# English-Hanzi/Construction

A construction is a building.
建造 就是 建筑。
# English-Hanzi/Concert band

A concert band is an ensemble for playing the instruments using wind.
音乐会乐队是使用风演奏乐器的合奏。
# English-Hanzi/Condition

Condition is the state of something.
状况 是 某事物 的 状态。
# English-Hanzi/Company

Company is a business organization.
公司是一个商业组织。
# English-Hanzi/Continent

Continent is a piece of land with a very large area.
大陆 是 一片 面积 非常 大 的 陆地。
# English-Hanzi/Copper

Special:search/copper prefix:English-Hanzi/
Copper is a mineral in the body. It helps the body to make red blood cells and white blood cells. Foods rich in copper include shellfish, organ meat, and nuts.
铜 是 体内 一种 矿物质。它 帮助 身体 制造 红血球 和 白血球。富含 铜 的 食物 包括 贝类，器官 肉，和 坚果。
# English-Hanzi/Condensed milk

Condensed milk is a kind of milk product that the water is removed. It is different from evaporated milk as it is more concentrated and added sugar.
炼乳 是 一种 去除 水分 的 奶制品。它 与 淡奶 不同，这 是 因为 它 更 浓缩 并 加入了 糖。
# English-Hanzi/Conducting

Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert.
指挥 是 指导 音乐 表演 的 艺术，例如 管弦乐 或 合唱 音乐会。
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Selective Organic Transformations

* Chemoselectivity
* Regioselectivity
* Stereoselectivity
* Enantioselectivity
* Protecting Groups
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry is a sensitive and quantitative mass spectrometry technique for trace gas analyses using chemical ionisation of sample trace gases by selected positive ions during a well-defined time period along a flow tube. Absolute concentrations of trace compounds in humid air or breath are calculated in real time from the reagent and product ion signal ratios without the need for calibration using standards. SIFT-MS is primarily used for on-line quantification of trace gases in human breath for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. SIFT-MS has also great potential as a tool for non- invasive physiological monitoring. Other valuable applications are now emerging in agriculture and animal husbandry, environmental research and food technology.

## Instrumentation

The selected ion flow tube, SIFT, technique is a fast flow tube / ion swarm method to react positive or negative ions with atoms and molecules under truly thermalised conditions over a wide range of temperature. It has been extensively used to study ionmolecule kinetics. Its application to ionospheric and interstellar ion chemistry over a 20-year period has been crucial to the advancement and understanding of these interesting topics.
In the SIFT-MS instrument the ions are created in an microwave plasma ion source which is external to the flow tube. The ions are then extracted from the ion source, selected according to their mass-to-charge ratio using a quadrupole mass filter and injected into a flowing carrier gas (usually helium at a pressure of 0.5 to 1 Torr) via a small orifice ( ~1 mm diameter).
The carrier gas is inhibited from entering the quadrupole mass filter chamber by injecting it into the flow tube through a Venturi-type inlet at near-supersonic velocity in a direction away from the orifice. In this way a swarm of a single ion species thermalised at the same temperature as the carrier gas are convected along the flow tube (50 to 400 mm long), sampled by a downstream pinhole orifice, mass analysed and counted by a differentially-pumped quadrupole mass spectrometer system.

## References

* Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, (1999), Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-226680-3
* Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 18 (2004) 1869-1873.
* Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques (2004), Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51114-8.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe

The sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) is a large-diameter, double focusing secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) instrument produced by Australian Scientific Instruments in Canberra, Australia. The SHRIMP microprobe uses a beam of ions to produce secondary ions, which are separated by mass and energy by the mass spectrometer and measured by a collector.

## Applications

The SHRIMP is primarily used for geological and geochemical applications. It can rapidly measure the isotopic and elemental abundances in minerals at a scale as small as 5 μm and is therefore particularly well-suited for the analysis of complex minerals, as often found in metamorphic terrains, some igneous rocks, and detrital minerals in sedimentary rocks. The most common application of the instrument is in U-Th-Pb geochronology, although the SHRIMP can be used to measure other isotopic and elemental abundances. The second generation instrument (SHRIMP II) is currently commercially produced by Australian Scientific Instruments in Canberra, in association with the Australian National University.

## Isotope dating

For U-Th-Pb geochronology a beam of primary ions (O$_2$$^-$) are mass analyzed, collimated and accelerated towards the target, and used to sputter “secondary” ions from the sample. These secondary ions are accelerated along the instrument where the various isotopes of uranium, lead and thorium are measured successively, along with reference peaks for Zr$_2$O$^+$, ThO$^+$ and UO$^+$. Since the sputtering yield differs between ion species and relative sputtering yield increases or decreases with time depending on the ion species (due to increasing crater depth, charging effects and other factors), the measured relative isotopic abundances do not relate to the real relative isotopic abundances in the target. Corrections are determined by analysing unknowns and standard material (matrix-matched material of known isotopic composition), and determining an analytical-session specific calibration factor.

## SHRIMP Instruments around the World

Fifteen SHRIMP instruments have been installed, primarily in Australia and Asia. Six instruments are in Australia and three of these are at the Australian National University.

## References

* ↑ Williams, I.S., 1998. U-Th-Pb geochronology by ion microprobe. In: M.A. McKibben, W.C. Shanks III and W.I. Ridley (Editors), Applications of microanalytical techniques to understanding mineralizing processes. Reviews in Economic Geology, pp. 1-35.
* ↑ Claoué-Long, J., Compston, W., Roberts, J. and Fanning, C.M., 1995. Two Carboniferous ages: a comparison of SHRIMP zircon dating with conventional zircon ages and 40Ar/39Ar analysis. In: W.A. Berggren, D.V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry and J. Hardenbol (Editors), Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation:. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Petrology) Special Publication, pp. 3-21.
* ↑ Stern, R., 2006. A time machine for Geoscience Australia. AusGeo News 81, 15-17.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Sequential walking

Sequential walking is a technique that can be used to solve various 2D NMR spectra. In a 2D experiment, cross peaks must be correlated to the correct nuclei. Using sequential walking, the correct nuclei can be assigned to their crosspeaks. The assigned crosspeaks can give valuable information such as spatial interactions between nuclei.
In a NOESY of DNA, for example, each nucleotide has a different chemical shift associated with it. In general, A's are more downstream, T's are more upstream, and C's and G's are intermediate. Each nucleotide has protons on the deoxyribose sugar, which can be assigned using sequential walking. To do this, the first nucleotide in the sequence must be detected. Knowing the DNA sequence helps, but in general the first nucleotide can be determined using the following rules.
1. 2' and 2" protons of a nucleotide will show up in its column, as well as in the column of the next nucleotide in the sequence. For example, in the sequence CATG, in the column for C, its own 2' and 2" protons will be seen, but none of the other nucleotides. For A, its own 2' and 2" protons will be seen, as well as those from C.
2. Methyl groups on the nucleotide are seen in the column for the nucleotide containing a methyl group, as well as for the nucleotide preceding it. For example, in CATG, the A and T will contain the methyl peak corresponding to the methyl group on T, but G will not.
Once the first nucleotide has been found, you determine which nucleotide is next to it because it should contain the 2' and 2" protons form the previous nucleotide. This is done by "walking" across the spectrum. This process is then repeated sequentially until all nucleotides have been assigned.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Shotgun proteomics

Shotgun proteomics is a method of identifying proteins in complex mixtures using a combination of high performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The name is derived from shotgun sequencing of DNA which is itself named by analogy with the rapidly-expanding, quasi-random firing pattern of a shotgun. In shotgun proteomics, the proteins in the mixture are digested and the resulting peptides are separated by liquid chromatography. Tandem mass spectrometry is then used to identify the peptides.

## References

* ↑ Washburn MP, Wolters D, Yates JR (2001). "Large-scale analysis of the yeast proteome by multidimensional protein identification technology". Nat. Biotechnol. 19 (3): 242–247. doi:10.1038/85686. PMID 11231557.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Wolters DA, Washburn MP, Yates JR (2001). "An automated multidimensional protein identification technology for shotgun proteomics". Anal. Chem. 73 (23): 5683–5690. doi:10.1021/ac010617e. PMID 11774908.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Hu L, Ye M, Jiang X, Feng S, Zou H (2007). "Advances in hyphenated analytical techniques for shotgun proteome and peptidome analysis--a review". Anal. Chim. Acta. 598 (2): 193–204. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.046. PMID 17719892.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Fournier ML, Gilmore JM, Martin-Brown SA, Washburn MP (2007). "Multidimensional separations-based shotgun proteomics". Chem. Rev. 107 (8): 3654–86. doi:10.1021/cr068279a. PMID 17649983.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Nesvizhskii AI (2007). "Protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry and sequence database searching". Methods Mol. Biol. 367: 87–119. doi:10.1385/1-59745-275-0:87. PMID 17185772.

## Bibliography

* Marcotte EM (2007). "How do shotgun proteomics algorithms identify proteins?". Nat. Biotechnol. 25 (7): 755–7. doi:10.1038/nbt0707-755. PMID 17621303.
* Veenstra, Timothy D.; Yates, John R. (2006). Proteomics for Biological Discovery. New York: Wiley-Liss. ISBN 0-471-16005-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Simulated fluorescence process algorithm

The Simulated Fluorescence Process (SFP) is a computing algorithm used for scientific visualization of 3D data from, for example, fluorescence microscopes. By modeling a physical light/matter interaction process an image is computed showing the data as it would have appeared in reality when viewed under these conditions.

## Principle

The algorithm considers a virtual light source producing excitation light that illuminates the object. This casts shadows either on parts of the object itself or on other objects below it. The interaction between the excitation light and the object provokes the emission light, that also interacts with the object before it finally reaches the eye of the viewer.

## References

H. T. M. van der Voort, G. J. Brakenhoff and M. W. Baarslag. "Three-dimensional visualization methods for confocal microscopy", Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 153, Pt 2, February 1989, pp. 123-132.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Site-directed spin labeling

Site-directed spin labeling is a technique for investigating protein local dynamics using electron spin resonance. The theory of SDSL is based on the specific reaction of spin labels with amino acids. A spin label's built-in protein structure can be detected by EPR spectrometry.
SDSL is also a useful tool in examinations of protein folding process.

## Spin labeling

Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) was pioneered in the laboratory of Dr. W.L. Hubbell. In SDSL, sites for attachment of spin labels are introduced into recombinantly expressed proteins by site-directed mutagenesis. Functional groups contained within the spin label determine their specificity. At neutral pH, protein thiol groups specifically react with the functional groups methanethiosulfonate, maleimide, and iodoacetamide, creating a covalent bond with the amino acid Cys.
Spin labels are a unique molecular reporter, in that they are paramagnetic (contain an unpaired electron). Spin labels were first synthesized in the laboratory of H. M. McConnell in 1965. Since then, a variety of nitroxide spin labels have enjoyed widespread use for the study of macromolecular structure and dynamics because of their stability and simple EPR signal. The nitroxyl radical (N-O) is usually incorporated into a heterocyclic ring (e.g. pyrrolidine), and the unpaired electron is predominantly localized to the N-O bond. Once incorporated into the protein, a spin label's motions are dictated by its local environment. Because spin labels are exquisitely sensitive to motion, this has profound effects on its EPR spectrum.

## SDSL Research Groups

Albert H. Beth David S. Cafiso Jack Freed Betty J. Gaffney Adrian Gross Wayne L. Hubbell Heinz-Jürgen Steinhoff Ralf Langen Gary Lorigan Peter Qin Linda L. Randall David D. Thomas John Voss Gail E. Fanucci

## Spin labeling procedure

An example of spin labeling procedure:
Materials:
* Yeast iso-1-cytochrome c which possess cysteine residues;
* MTSL spin label;
* acetone;
* phosphate buffer solution, pH = 7.4
Procedure:
* Mix 0.33 mg of SL with 0.025 ml acetone.
* Mix 6 mg of cytochrome c with 0.5 ml of buffer.
* Add SL solution into the protein mixture.
* Incubate for 1 hour in a dark place.
* Execute dialysis in the same buffer overnight at 4$^o$C.
* Check concentration using spectrophotometric method.
* Store at -70$^o$C.