OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Queen's Gambit Accepted
## 3.e4

In this line, white moves immediately to reclaim the "gambit" pawn. The rationale is simple. In most lines of the QGA, white allows black to play ...Nf6 which usually means white has to play f2-f3 in preparation for e3-e4. By playing e2-e4 now, white establishes broad control of the center without losing time. This also has the potential advantage of allowing the c1-bishop to develop unhindered. Also, black is forced to choose a central strategy now or else face being dominated by white's center and development. Black is no worse in these lines, though, than in the classical QGA's, and can obtain counterplay in these lines as well as the others. Here are several options:
* 3...e5 - The most common reply.
* 3...c5 - Playing this now can lead to Benoni-like positions.
* 3...Nf6 - Playing this now can lead to Alekhine-like positions.
* 3...Nc6 - Takes advantage of the fact white has not played 3. Nf3 to pressurize the d4 pawn.
Trying to hold on to the pawn with 3...b5!? is not advised, as even though the e4 pawn blocks the h1-a8 diagonal, it is still quite risky to hold on to the pawn. After 4. a4! c6 5. axb5 cxb5, the weak diagonal is subject to discovered attacks and queen-bishop batteries. The b5 pawn could soon be in jeopardy and white's attacking opportunities and moderate (but still significant) lead in development gives more than enough compensation for the pawn.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. e4
| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| e4 e5 | Nf3 exd4 | Bxc4 Nc6 | O-O Be6 | = |
| ... ... | ... ... | ... Bb4+ | Nbd2 Nc6 | +/= |
| ... ... | ... Bb4+ | Nc3 exd4 | Nxd4 Ne7 | +/= |
| ... Nf6 | e5 Nd5 | Bxc4 Nb6 | Bd3 Nc6 | +/= |
| ... Nc6 | Nf3 Bg4 | d5 Ne5 | Bf4 Ng6 | +/= |
| ... c5 | d5 Nf6 | Nc3 e6 | Bxc4 exd5 | +/= |
| ... b5!? | a4 c6 | axb4 cxb4 | Nc3 Qb6 | ∞ |
| ... ... | ... ... | ... ... | ... a6 | =/∞ |
| ... ... | ... ... | Nc3 b4 | Na2 Nf6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Basics of fine-art photography

The textbook addressed to those who are taking their first steps in photography. The author is more of a practitioner than a theoretician; in addition — the traveler and a supporter of hobo tourism, where, by the way, expensive and bulky photographic equipment is highly undesirable. But this postulate applies not only to long-term expeditions, which including several overseas countries; expensive equipment is the enemy of a novice photographer: after all, you set yourself the goal of creating conceptual artwork, and not showing off professional equipment to friends, right?
The difference between this textbook and many similar ones is that it does not burden the reader with a lot of information and complex terms: the main idea of ​​each article is concentrated in two or three paragraphs, and the intended result can be seen in the author’s works attached to the articles. Experience will come with time, you just need to improve it with constant practice. If your goal is to earn money by mastering the art of photography, just close the page: we are not on the way.
Creator of textbook — Russian photographer/photoartist Viktor Pinchuk, the author of 11 personal exhibitions and art-album "NUances of fantasy". All illustrations are made by the author of textbook.

## Content

    Abstract photography
    Archaeological photography
    Candid photography
    Conceptual photography
    Documentary photography
    Exotic (extraordinary) dishes, photography of
    Experimental photography
    Genre photography
    High-key lighting
    Homeless people photography
    Humanistic photography
    Interior photography in hobo tours
    Macro photography
    Minimalist photography
    Narrative photography
    Necrophoto (photo associated with death)
    Neosurrealism photography
    Low-key photography
    Night photography
    Nude photography (art)
    Landscape photography
    Panoramic photography
    Pictorialism
    Portrait photography
    Realism in photography
    Reportage photography
    Retro photo
    Ruins photography
    Self-portrait
    Staged photography
    Straight (pure) photography
    Travel photography
    Street photography
    Photoart
    Ethnographic photo genre

## Important information

    Photo artist — who is this and how differs from a photographer.
# OpenSSH

OpenSSH was first released towards the end of 1999. It is the latest step in a very long and useful history of networked computing, remote access, and telecommuting.
The OpenSSH suite provides secure remote access and file transfer. Since its initial release, it has grown to become the most widely used implementation of the SSH protocol. During the first ten years of its existence, it had largely replaced older corresponding unencrypted tools and protocols.
The OpenSSH client is included by default in most operating system distributions, including MacOS, AIX, Linux, BSD, and Solaris. Any day you use the Internet, you are using and relying on hundreds if not thousands of machines operated and maintained using OpenSSH. A survey in 2008 showed that of the SSH servers found running, just over 80% were OpenSSH. Even with the advent of the Internet of Things and the increased use of IPv6, a cursory search of Shodan for SSH-2.0 services on port 22 in November 2022 showed 87% of responding addresses running OpenSSH.
This book is for fellow users of OpenSSH to help save effort and time through using OpenSSH, and especially SFTP, where it makes sense to use it.

### Introduction

* Overview
* Why Use Encryption
* SSH Protocols
* Other SSH Implementations

### Client-Server

* Client Applications
* Client Configuration Files
* OpenSSH Server
* Pattern Matching in OpenSSH Configuration

### Utilities

* Utilities
* Third Party Utilities

### Logging, Troubleshooting, and Development

* Logging and Troubleshooting
* Development

### Cookbook

* Remote Processes
* Tunnels
* Automated Backup
* File Transfer with SFTP
* Public Key Authentication
* Certificate-based Authentication
* Host-based Authentication
* Load Balancing
* Multiplexing
* Proxies and Jump Hosts

## References

* ↑ "OpenSSH". www.openssh.com.
* ↑ "Statistics from the current scan results". OpenSSH.com. 2008.
* ↑ "SSH-2.0 Search Results". shodan.io. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
* ↑ At that time, 87% was 17,093,847 out of 19,715,171 systems. Dropbear made up about 6% at 1,092,738 systems and then a long tail filled in the rest. A Shodan search including non-standard ports, not just port 22, showed noticeably more SSH services (25,520,277) whereof 83% (21,215,882) where OpenSSH.
# Fortran/FAQ

This article contains some frequently-asked questions (FAQs) regarding Fortran and their answers.

## Q. Should I learn Fortran? Is it obsolete?

A: Fortran is not obsolete and it will not be any time soon. Fortran is a general purpose programming language and is suitable for many applications. However, it excells at numerical computation and high performance computing. It is fast, portable and it has seamless handling of arrays. Because of this, there are many high-quality Fortran libraries for numerical algorithms and it is widespread in scientific communities (e.g. numerical weather predicion). The language itself is still maintained and regularly updated with modern features; the latest version is Fortran 2023.

## Q: What Fortran compiler should I use?

A: Oracle Solaris Studio, GNU Fortran, G95, and Silverfrost (Windows only) are free software Fortran 95 compilers, and Absoft, IBM, Intel, Lahey, NAG, Pathscale and PGI sell Fortran compilers. Comparative information on Fortran compilers is available at Wikipedia.

## Q: How do I create numbered file names such as out_01.txt, out_02.txt etc.?

A: Use an "internal write" to create the file names, for example
A: A neater way to do this would be:
This way the formatting is clear and you are writing the correct string to the variable. I assume you wanted an integer as the number. 'I' format statement requires an Integer length, or zero in some cases. You are probably thinking of F where the decimal point denotes the number of decimals to consider.

## Q: What does the open statement look like using this technique? OPEN(UNIT = __, FILE = ???, STATUS='NEW')?

A: Gfortran does not accept this block
Gives, ERROR, file tag must be of type CHARACTER
Can someone else help with this?
A: See the answer above. Basically the way you have written the variable file_name is incorrect.
Assuming that ITN has been declared as an integer and given a value.

## Q: How can I convert a string to an integer and other types? What about the reverse?

A: Use an "internal read" or "internal write". In effect, you use a character variable as the file name and read or write the I/O list. You write things like
to convert a string to another type and
to convert to a string from another type, as demonstrated by the following program:
This answer is based on messages in comp.lang.fortran by Paul van Delst and Dick Hendrickson.

## Q. How do I issue a command to the operating system within a Fortran program?

A. The Fortran 2008 standard provides the execute_command_line intrinsic procedure to make system calls. Prior versions have no standard way to make system calls, but many compilers have an extension named "system" or something similar. Please consult the documentation of your compiler. In Fortran 2003, one can call C code, and it is possible to call the operating system from C.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Remainder
## Description

X'Remainder(Y,Z) is an Ada attribute where X is any floating-point type and Y,Z are any instances of that type. This attribute represents the fractional part of this result. Z should never be zero.
The sign of Y may or may not be the same as the sign of the result.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Attributes
* Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding
* Ada Programming/Attributes/'Truncation
* Ada Programming/Attributes/'Unbiased_Rounding

### Ada Reference Manual

* 13.3 Operational and Representation Attributes (Annotated)
* Annex K Language-Defined Attributes (Annotated)
# Classical Defence/Steinitz Variation

Black retreats their Knight to d7, and now it is up to white to decide how to continue. White's most common response by far is 5. f4, gaining a significant space advantage whilst opening the e1-h4 diagonal to White's King. Black then typically responds with 5... c5, striking back in the center against White's strong pawn front.
Other uncommon moves here by white include Nf3, Nce2 and Be3.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. e5 Nfd7 |
| | 5 |
| Main Line | f4 c5 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Bengali/Shopping

These words and phrases are written in the context of Bengali-speaking areas, including Bangladesh and India.

## Places

* common neighborhood market - বাজার (bajar)
* shopping center/mall - মার্কেট/মল (market/môl)
* shop - দোকান (dokan)
* markets where fish, meat, vegetables and other perishables are sold = কাঁচাবাজার (kãchabajar)
* clothes shop - পোশাকের দোকান (poshaker dokan)
* bookshop - বইয়ের দোকান (boiyer dokan)
* barbershop - সেলুন (selun)
* pharmacy - ওষুধের দোকান/ফার্মেসি (oshudher dokan/farmesi)
* grocery shop - দোকান (dokan)

## Units of Measurement

* sher (a Bengali measure of weight = 0.933 kg) - সের (sher)
* one-fourth of a seer - পোয়া (poa)
* kilogram - কেজি (keji)
* gram - গ্রাম (gram)
* miligram - মিলিগ্রাম (miligram)
* litre - লিটার (litar)
* cc (cubic centimetre) - সিসি (sisi)
* ounce - আউন্স (auns)
* half - আধা (adha)
* one half kilogram - আধা কেজি (adha keji)
* portion - টুকরা (tukra)
* bottle - বোতল (botol)
* phial/small bottle - শিশি (shishi)
* group of four - হালি (hali)
* dozen - ডজন (dôjon)
* half a dozen - হাফ ডজন (haf dôjon)
* one more - আরও একটা (aro ekta)
* one kilogram (or any other unit) more - আরও এক কেজি (aro ek keji)
* "n" kilogram more - আরও "n" কেজি (aro "n" keji)
* one less - একটা কম (ekta kôm)
* one kilogram (or any other unit) less - এক কেজি কম (ek keji kôm)
* "n" kilogram less - "n" কেজি কম ("n" keji kôm)

## Phrases

* How much? - দাম কত? - dam kôto? ("price how much?")/ কত পড়বে? - kôto porbe? ("how much fall (idiomatic use of the verb, meaning need)?") / কত লাগবে? - kôto lagbe? ("how much make contact (idiomatic use of the verbal phrase, meaning need)?")
* How many takas (Bangladesh)/rupees (India)? - কত টাকা? (kôto ṭaka?)
* How much is this one? - এটার দাম কত? (eṭar dam kôto?)
* How much is that one? - ওটার দাম কত? (oṭar dam kôto?)
* Do have anything more/less/bigger/smaller/heavier/lighter/longer/shorter than this one? - এটার চেয়ে বেশি/কম/বড়/ছোট/ভারী/হালকা/লম্বা/খাটো কিছু আছে? (eṭar cheye beshi/kôm/bôṛo/chhoṭo/bhari/halka/lômba/khaṭo kichhu ache?)
* Do you have change? - আপনার কাছে ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe bhangti ache?)
* Do you have change for a 500-taka (Bangladesh)/rupee (India) note? - আপনার কাছে ৫০০ টাকার ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe pãchsho ṭakar bhangti ache?)
* I don't have any change. - আমার কাছে কোন ভাংতি নাই। (amar kachhe kono bhangti nai)
# Open Sicilian

Moves: 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. Bb5+
The move Bb5+ is considered an Anti-Sicilian, and is the most commonly seen thereof. White develops his bishop with a tempo, enabling kingside castling, and may seek to develop rapidly along similar lines to the Ruy Lopez in order to meet Black's later attack head-on, or simply to control d5 by playing c4 but, not wishing to have the king's bishop stuck behind the c4 pawn, exchanging it off first. However, Black's own development can carry on unhindered and he tends to get an equal game. This opening gives white a good game.
Black has three replies, assuming no sentient being would block the check with the queen.
* 3...Nc6 leads to a Lopez-type setup in which Black has already played the useful c5;
* 3...Nd7 a more defensive variant of the above considered to grant White a minor advantage;
* 3...Bd7 wins a tempo by compelling the exchange of bishops but gives White more options.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# History of Spain

* Ancient Spain - The arrival of Cro-Magnons to Augustus' conquest of Hispania (35,000 BCE - 17 BCE)
* Roman Spain - The Roman conquest to the creation of an independent Gothic kingdom (17 BCE - 475 CE)
* Visigoths - The rise and fall of Rome's most powerful successor state (475 - 711)
* Spain Divided - The invasion of the Moors to the ascension of Charles I (711 - 1516)
* Habsburg Spain - The ascension of Charles I to the end of the Habsburg dynasty (1516 - 1700)
* Bourbon Spain - The death of Charles II to the invasion of Napoleon (1700 - 1808)
* Napoleonic Wars - The rise and fall of the House of Bonaparte (1808 - 1814)
* First Restoration - The Bourbon Restoration to the Spanish Revolution (1814 - 1868)
* First Republic - The abdication of Isabella II to the ascension of Alfonso XII (1868 - 1874)
* Second Restoration - Alfonso XII and Alfonso XIII (1874 - 1931)
* Second Republic - The 1931 Constitution to the end of the Civil War (1931 - 1939)
* Francoism - The dictatorship under Franco (1939 - 1975)
* Third Republic - The death of Franco to the present day (1975 - 2024)
# Bartending/Alcohol/Liqueur

The word liqueur is derived from the Latin word 'liquefacere', which means to melt, or dissolve (literally 'to make liquid', i.e. the base ingredient in liquid form). Liqueurs are characterised by their high alcohol and sugar content. Cordials are liqueurs manufactured using the infusion process as opposed to the essence and distillation processes. Liqueurs are often used as the modifying ingredient in cocktails, and are occasionally consumed straight, often chilled or over ice. As a modifying ingredient they have found popularity in cocktails such as the Sour Apple Martini or Brandy Alexander. When consumed straight, they are usually taken as a digestif or dessert.

## Anise liqueurs

* Absinthe
* Aguardiente
* Anis del Toro
* Anisette
* Arak
* Galliano
* Herbsaint
* Mastica
* Oghi
* Ouzo
* Pastis
* Patxaran
* Raki
* Salmiakkikossu
* Sambuca
* Tsipouro
* Xtabentún

## Chocolate liqueurs

* Ashanti Gold
* Godiva Chocolate Liqueurs
* Mozart Chocolate Liqueurs
* Sabra liqueur
* Vandermint
* Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur

## Coffee liqueurs

* Café Marakesh
* Durango
* Godiva Capuccino liqueur
* Kahlúa
* Leopold Bros. French Press Style American Coffee Liqueur
* Liqueurious Coffea Coffee Liqueur
* Liqueurious Coffea Decaf Coffee Liqueur
* Sheridan's
* Starbucks Cream Liqueur
* Starbucks Coffee Liqueur
* Tia Maria
** Tia Lusso (Tia Maria with cream)

## Cream liqueurs

* Advocaat
* Amarula
* Drumgray Highland Cream Liqueur
* Irish Cream
** Baileys Irish Cream
** Saint Brendan's
* Ponche Caribe
* Ponche Crema
* Ponche Diva
* Ponche Kuba

## Crème liqueurs

* Crème de Banane
* Crème de Cacao
* Crème de Cassis
* Crème de Cerise
* Crème de Menthe
* Crème de Myrtille
* Crème de Noyaux
* Crème de Rose
* Crème de Violette
* Crème de Y'vette

## Fruit liqueurs

* Amadeus
* Aurum
* Chambord
* Cherry Heering
* Cloudberry Liqueur
* Coconut Rum
** Malibu
* Triple sec
** Cointreau
** Curaçao
*** Blue Curaçao
*** Dry Orange Curaçao
*** Green Curaçao
*** Red Curaçao
*** Yellow Curaçao
** Grand Marnier
* Destinée
* Framboise
* Hpnotiq
* Limoncello
* Maraschino
* Melon Liqueur
* Midori
* Parfait Amour
* Patxaran
* Peach Liqueur
* Pecher Mignon
* Pisang Ambon
* Prunelle
* Rum Tree
* Sloe gin
* Southern Comfort

## Herbal liqueurs

* Amaro
* Becherovka
* Beirão
* Benedictine
* Calisay
* Canton
* Chartreuse
** Green Chartreuse
** Yellow Chartreuse
* Cynar
* Damiana
* Drambuie
* Frigola
* Goldschläger
* Goldwasser
* Izarra
* Jägermeister
* Krupnik
* Kümmel
* Licor 43
* Metaxa
* Strega
* Yukon Jack

## Nut-flavored liqueurs

* Amaretto
** Amaretto Di Saronno
** Lazzaroni Amaretto
* Frangelico
* Nocello
* Nocino

## Other liqueurs

* Aftershock
* Bärenjäger
* Highland Mist
* Pineau des Charentes
* Rock and rye
* Rumpleminze
* Wallace Liqueur

## Notes

* ↑ Council Regulation (EEC) No 1576/89 of 29 May 1989 laying down general rules on the definition, description and presentation of spirit drinks an EEC regulation requires a sugar content of 100g per litre for a drink to be labelled a liqueur.
* ↑ 1911 Britannica
# 3D Printing
## Introduction

This book seeks to offer a general introduction to 3D Printing technology, and explores the underlining technologies, usage, and applications of this technology.
Readers need not have any prior experience with 3D printing or prototyping to use this book. It may also serve as a handy reference for those familiar with 3D printing.

## Contents

* History of 3D Printing
* Printer Types
* Printer Specs
* Materials
* Models
* Slicing Software
* Color Printing
* Post Processing
* Maintenance
* Applications

## Meta

* Development

## Related Wikibooks

* Plastics Molding & Manufacturing
* Hobbyist CNC Machining
* PolarPrinter
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...dxc4/3. Nc3
## 3. Nc3

Two players have labeled this move misguided, as the knight is vulnerable here to a b7-b5-b4 advance. It also doesn't control d4 or e5, two important squares in Queen's Gambit Accepted positions. The most common and highest-scoring response for Black is to follow up with 3...a6, preparing a future ...b5 thrust which will introduce the idea of attacking the knight with ...b4, whilst also claiming that Black can keep ahold of the pawn with suitable defence. This usually leads to a firefight on the queenside, with a4 usually being played sooner rather than later by White in order to disrupt Black's defence of the c-pawn. The less common 3...c6 transposes to a position in the Slav defence, with a similar idea in mind.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. Nc3
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Queen's Gambit Accepted | Nc3 c6 | e3 b5 | a4 b4 | Ne4 Qd5 | = |
| | ... ... | e4 b5 | a4 b4 | Nb1 Ba6 | = |
| | ... a6 | a4 Nc6 | Nf3 Nf6 | e4 Bg4 | =/+ |
| | ... ... | ... ... | ... Bg4 | e3 Na5 | =/+ |
| | ... ... | ... ... | ... e5 | Nxe5 Nxe5 | =/+ |
| | ... ... | e3 b5 | a4 b4 | Bxc4 e6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Photography Equipment

A general guide to camera equipment, with a focus on DSLR cameras.

## Overview

* Introduction for beginners: What should I get?
* Classes of cameras
* Sample Systems

## DSLR

* DSLRs Systems
* DSLRs Bodies
* Lenses

## Accessories

* Supports: especially Tripods
* Lighting: especially Flash
* Accessories

## Other cameras

* Compact digital
* Medium Format
* Large Format
* Film SLR

## Appendices

* Common mistakes
* References
# Tetum/Greetings
## Greetings

* Elo Hello
* Bon dia Good day
* Botarde Good afternoon
* Bonoite Good evening
* Adeus or Hau ba lai Goodbye
* Ba ne'ebe? Where are you going?
* Diak ka lai? How are you?
* Ha'u diak I'm fine
* Obrigadu (barak) Thank you (very much), m.
* Obrigada (barak) Thank you (very much), f.
* Ita nia naran saida? What is you name?
* Hau nia naran... My name is...
* Ita hela iha ne'ebe? Where do you live?
* Hau hela iha... I live in...
* Ita (boot) husi ne'ebe?... Where are you (respectfully) from?...
* Hau husi... I am from ...
* Loos Yes
* Lae No

## Pronouns

* Hau I
* O You , informal or to child
* Ita You , formal
* Nia He, She, Him, Her, It
* Ami We , not including person being spoken to
* Ita We , including person being spoken to
* Imi You , plural
* Sira They, Them
# A Practical Guide To Mizar/Bibliography
## Papers

* Grabowski, A., Kornilowicz, A., Naumowicz, A., Mizar in a Nutshell, in: A. Asperti, J. Harrison and C. Munoz (Eds.) User Tutorials I, Journal of Formalized Reasoning 3(2), pp. 153-245, 2010.

## Weblinks

* Official Mizar Webpage
* Getting to know the Mizar Mathematical Library
* Mizar Commentary on Walter Rudin's Principles of Mathematical Analysis
# English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic
## Colors - ألوان (alwàn)

| English | Arabic | Transliteration |
| White | أبيض | abyäd |
| Black | اسود | aswäd |
| Violet | بنفسجي | banåfsagy |
| Blue | أزرق | azraq |
| Green | أخضر | akhdar |
| Yellow | أصفر | asfar |
| Orange | برتقالي | burtoqally |
| Red | أحمر | ahmar |
| Pink | وردي | wardy |
| Brown | بنّي | bön |
| Maroon | كستنائي | kestuna’iy |
| Gold | ذهبي | dhahabi |
| Silver | فضي | fadhi |
| Gray | رمادي | rumadi |
| Light (as in lighter shade) | فاتح | faatih |
| Dark (as in darker shade) | غامق | ghaamiq |
| Light yellow | أصفر فاتح | asfar faatih " |
| Deep red | أحمر غامق | ahmar ghaamiq " |
| Colorful | ملون | mulawwan |
| Colorless | عديم اللون | 'adiim alawn |
* We have covered all the basic colours. Make sure you practice writing them down on a notebook and read them aloud to print them into memory. All the best learning the colours in Arabic.
# A Practical Guide To Mizar/Preface

This book is mainly aimed at beginners in Mizar, but can also be used as a reference book. It contains an overview of the Mizar Syntax as well as an introduction to the Mizar Mathematical Library in many different mathematical fields. A basic understanding of logic is required. However, the mathematical concepts will be explained. Exercises are provided as well.

## How to read this Book

If you already installed Mizar on your system successfully, you can skip the Installation chapter. The Environment, Syntax and Sets, Relations and Functions, Numbers, Structures should be read in that order. One-dimensional Calculus and Linear Algebra are independent of each other but depend on the previous chapters. Multi-dimensional Calculus depends on them both. Probability Theory and Topology are independent of each other but depend on the previous chapters. Graph Theory is largely independent of any chapter after Numbers. Bibliography contains references and links for further reading.