# Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Voyeurism
## Legislation

   Voyeurism 162. (1) Every one commits an offence who, surreptitiously, observes — including by mechanical or electronic means — or makes a visual recording of a person who is in circumstances that give rise to a reasonable expectation of privacy, if
       (a) the person is in a place in which a person can reasonably be expected to be nude, to expose his or her genital organs or anal region or her breasts, or to be engaged in explicit sexual activity;
       (b) the person is nude, is exposing his or her genital organs or anal region or her breasts, or is engaged in explicit sexual activity, and the observation or recording is done for the purpose of observing or recording a person in such a state or engaged in such an activity; or
       (c) the observation or recording is done for a sexual purpose.
   Definition of “visual recording” (2) In this section, “visual recording” includes a photographic, film or video recording made by any means.
   Exemption (3) Paragraphs (1)(a) and (b) do not apply to a peace officer who, under the authority of a warrant issued under section 487.01, is carrying out any activity referred to in those paragraphs.
   Printing, publication, etc., of voyeuristic recordings (4) Every one commits an offence who, knowing that a recording was obtained by the commission of an offence under subsection (1), prints, copies, publishes, distributes, circulates, sells, advertises or makes available the recording, or has the recording in his or her possession for the purpose of printing, copying, publishing, distributing, circulating, selling or advertising it or making it available.
   Punishment (5) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (1) or (4)
       (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years; or
       (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   Defence (6) No person shall be convicted of an offence under this section if the acts that are alleged to constitute the offence serve the public good and do not extend beyond what serves the public good.
   Question of law, motives (7) For the purposes of subsection (6),
       (a) it is a question of law whether an act serves the public good and whether there is evidence that the act alleged goes beyond what serves the public good, but it is a question of fact whether the act does or does not extend beyond what serves the public good; and
       (b) the motives of an accused are irrelevant.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 162; R.S., 1985, c. 19 (3rd Supp.), s. 4; 2005, c. 32, s. 6.
   – CCC

## Proof of the Offence

The Crown must prove:
* time
* location
* identity
* "surreptitious observation and/or recording"
* "where the observed or recorded person had a reasonable expectation of privacy,"
* either
** "exposure or expected exposure of genitals and/or breasts,"
** "sexual activity, or"
** "the observation or recording was for a sexual purpose."
* ↑ R. v. Keough, 2011 ABQB 48

## Interpretation

It can be inferred from the accused's possession of copies of a surreptitious recording that he had made the copies.
* ↑ R v Keough, 2011 ABQB 48