OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# C Programming/time.h/ctime

In computing, ctime is the number of seconds since 0:00:00 January 1, 1970 UTC. Commonly stored as a 32 bit signed integer, this number is used for pinpointing dates in many computers and operating systems, such as Linux and UNIX variants, as well as some programming languages. It will overflow in 2038 and cause the year 2038 problem; some expect this will be a profitable non-event similar to Y2K.
ctime is also a Unix library call which returns the local time as a human readable ASCII string.
ctime in a Unix filesystem is a file attribute which tells when the file's inode was last modified.
# C Programming/time.h/difftime

The C library provides us with difftime function which returns the time elapsed between two calendar dates. This function is defined in the header file time.h. It returns the difference (t2 - t1), where t1 is initial time and t2 is end time in seconds as a double-precision floating point number. This function is significant because there are no general arithmetic operations defined on type time_t.
The function difftime is declared in the header file "time.h".
Syntax: double difftime(time_t time2, time_t time1);
prolog: difftime subtracts time1 from time2 to calculate the time elapsed between time1 and time2. The value is calculated in seconds elapsed. The arguments are normally obtained by two calls to the time function.
Return Value: Returns the difference between time1 and time2 in seconds.
Example:
Output:
6
Difference is 6.00 seconds
# C Programming/time.h/asctime
## Name

asctime, asctime_r,

## Introduction

In C language function asctime is included in library function time.h. This function translate time structure into an ASCII string. It will display in the form as Day Month Date Time Year\n\0. e.g. Sun Sep 5 10:56:01 2011\n\0. This function converts the broken-down time value into a string having same format as ctime. The function asctime_r does the same thing but it stores the string in user-supplied buffer having memory of at least 26 bytes.

## Description

In C programming, functions asctime, asctime_r are used. We can obtain time by calling the functions gmtime, gmtime64, localtime. The asctime function uses 24 hour clock. The days are given as: mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat, sun and months as: jan, feb, mar, apr, may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct, nov, dec. the new line character(\n) and blank spaces(/0) occupy last two positions of the string. The result produce by the string contains exactly 26 characters. asctime always save this string to the same location. on every call to this function the old string gets overwrite. Time of this function starts from universal time that is 00:00:00 and date starts from january 1 1970.

## See also

asctime_r, clock, ctime, gmtime.
# C Programming/threads.h
## Summary

The threads.h header includes the header time.h, defines macros, and declares types, enumeration constants, and functions that support multiple threads of execution.

## Function Overview
### Condition variable

| call_once | ensures that a function is called exactly once |
| cnd_broadcast | unblocks all of the threads |
| cnd_destroy | releases all of the resources |
| cnd_init | creates a condition variable |
| cnd_signal | unblocks one of the threads |
| cnd_timedwait | atomically unlocks a mutex |
| cnd_wait | atomically unlocks the mutex |

### Mutex

* mtx_destroy
* mtx_init
* mtx_lock
* mtx_timedlock
* mtx_trylock
* mtx_unlock

### Threads

* thrd_create
* thrd_current
* thrd_detach
* thrd_equal
* thrd_exit
* thrd_join
* thrd_sleep
* thrd_yield

### Thread-specific storage

* tss_create
* tss_delete
* tss_get
* tss_set
# Applied History of Psychology/Philosophical Roots of Psychology
## Socrates, Plato and Aristotle

From approximately 600 to 300 BC, Greek philosophers conjectured on a wide range of topics relating to what we now consider psychology. For example, Socrates and his followers, Plato and Aristotle wrote about pleasure, pain, knowledge, motivation, rationality, among other topics. They theorized about such things as whether human traits are innate or the product of experience, which continues to be a topic of debate even today. They also considered the origins of mental illness, with both Socrates and Plato focusing on psychological forces as the root of the such illnesses.

## Descartes and mind-body dualism

René Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher from the 1600s. He theorized that the body and mind are separate entities. The body was viewed as a physical entity and the mind as a spiritual entity. Descartes believed that the two interacted only through a tiny structure at the base of the brain called the pineal gland. His position of the mind and body as separate entities became known as dualism. According to dualism, the body's behavior is scientifically measureable, however the mind is not, as it transcends the material world.

## Hobbes and Locke's monism

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were English philosophers who disagreed with the concept of dualism. They argued that all human experiences are physical processes occurring within the brain and nervous system. Thus, their argument was that sensations, images, thoughts and feelings are all valid subjects of study. As this view holds that the mind and body are one and the same, it later became known as monism. Today, most psychologists reject a rigid dualist position since many years of research has indicated that the physical and mental aspects of human experience are intertwined. The fields of psychoneuroimmunology and behavioral medicine explicitly focus on this interconnection.

## Being Here Now

Understanding observation is noumenon to phenomenon to movement/change...existential psychology/analytical philosophy is towards attitudes for everything we need is right in front of us...
# Applied History of Psychology/Participants

* Yasya 23:43, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Renita5 23:46, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Lpbatho 23:44, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Pigondan 23:51, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Claudiavf 00:04, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
* BFletcher 23:47, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Jpereira 23:48, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Ppoulin 23:45, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* LisaCouper 23:45, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Jhieminga 23:46, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Abuxton 23:46, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Krisgass 23:47, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* JaneM 23:47, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Aregina 23:47, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Mattinaj 23:47, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Dgarfinkel 23:48, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Cookie246 23:48, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Nylanm 23:48, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Martha1 23:49, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Leef 23:49, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* KellyT 00:00, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* LHobbes 23:53, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
* Michelferrari 19:28, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
# C Programming/C Compilers Reference List

For a brief introduction to setting up and using some of the more beginner-friendly compilers and IDEs, see Using a Compiler.

## Free (or with a free version)

* Ch_interpreter (http://www.softintegration.com) - The software works in Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Freebsd, Solaris, AIX and HP-UX. The Ch Standard Edition is free for noncommercial use.
* Interactive C (http://www.botball.org/educational-resources/ic.php)
** target platform: Handy Board (Freescale 68HC11); Lego RCX
* CINT is an interpreter for C and C++ code, included in the data-analysis package ROOT. The CINT interpreter is licensed under the X11/MIT license. ( https://root.cern.ch/drupal/content/cint ).
* PicoC is a very small C interpreter, intended for small embedded systems with very little code space or data space.
** PicoC target platform: x86-32, x86-64, powerpc, arm, ultrasparc, HP-PA and blackfin processors; and is easy to port to new targets.
* Extensible Interactive C (EiC)
* lcc-win32 (http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~lcc-win32) - Software copyrighted by Jacob Navia. It is free for non-commercial use. Windows (98/ME/XP/2000/NT).
* GNU Compiler Collection (http://gcc.gnu.org) - GNU Compiler Collection. GNU General Public License / GNU Lesser General Public License.
** MinGW (http://www.mingw.org/) provides GCC for Windows
* clang (LLVM) (http://clang.llvm.org/) - Almost everywhere
* Open Watcom (http://www.openwatcom.org) Open Source development community to maintain and enhance the Watcom C/C++ and Fortran cross compilers and tools. Version 1.4 released in December 2005.
** Host Platforms: Win32 systems (IDE and command line), 32-bit OS/2 (IDE and command line), DOS (command line), and Windows 3.x (IDE)
** Target Platforms: DOS (16-bit), Windows 3.x (16-bit), OS/2 1.x (16-bit), Extended DOS, Win32s, Windows 95/98/Me, Windows NT/2000/XP, 32-bit OS/2, and Novell NLMs
** Experimental / Development: Linux, BSD, *nix, PowerPC, Alpha AXP, MIPS, and Sparc v8
* Tiny C Compiler (http://www.tinycc.org) - A small C compiler designed to work for slow computers with little disk space (e.g. on rescue disks).
* Portable C Compiler (http://pcc.ludd.ltu.se) - Portable C Compiler. BSD Style License(s).
* Small Device C Compiler (SDCC)
** target platforms: Intel 8051-compatibles; Freescale (Motorola) HC08; Microchip PIC16 and PIC18.
* FpgaC. Target platform: FPGA hardware via XNF or VHDL files.
* C compilers for many digital signal processors (DSPs), many of them are free, and are listed in the comp.dsp FAQ.
* Microsoft Visual C++ (http://msdn.microsoft.com/visualc) - Free (partially limited) version available (Express|Community Edition)
* C Playground - Online C Programming IDE by Programiz - Free Online IDE to practice C Programming

## Paid

* Intel C Compiler (http://software.intel.com/en-us/intel-compilers) - Windows, Linux, Mac, QNX, and embedded C/C++ compilers. Optimized for Intel 32-bit and 64-bit CPUs.
* Impulse C - Target platform: FPGA hardware via Hardware Description Language (HDL) files.
# C Programming/C Reference/nonstandard/mempcpy

The C language function calls mempcpy and wmempcpy are used to copy one area of memory to another area.

## Introduction

In C, the function mempcpy is included in header file string.h. mempcpy is nearly identical to memcpy. This function is used to copy the strings. The function wmempcpy is identical to mempcpy but takes wchar_t type arguments and copies n wide characters. It comes under wchar.h header file.

## Description

In C programming, functions mempcpy , wmempcpy are used.The mempcpy function is nearly identical to the memcpy function.It comes under Buffer Manipulating Functions. It copies a specified number of characters from one buffer to another. It copies n bytes from the object beginning at src into the object pointed to by dest. But instead of returning the value of dest it returns a pointer to the byte following the last written byte. This function is useful in situations where a number of objects shall be copied to consecutive memory positions. If copying between objects overlap, then the behavior is undefined.

## Return value

dest + n.

## Example

void * combine (ciod *o1, size_t s1, void *o2, size_t s2) { void *result = malloc(s1 + s2); if (result != NULL) mempcpy(mempcpy(result, o1, s1), o2, s2); return result; }

## Versions

mempcpy first appeared in glibc in version 2.1

## See also

memccpy( ), memcpy( )

## References

* http://linux.die.net/man/3/memcpy
# C Programming/C Reference/nonstandard/memccpy

The Memccpy function ( which stands for "copy bytes in memory" ) is mainly a function of C Standard Library, typically associated with some type of programming languages.This function operate on strings in memory areas. The memccpy function shall copy bytes from one memory area to other, stopping after the first occurrence of some byte X (converted to an Unsigned char) or after n bytes are copied, whichever comes first.

## Syntax

    void *memccpy (void *dest, const void *src, int c, size_t n);
    ArgumentDescription destIt points to the location of a destination string. srcIt points to the location of a source string. cIt specifies a character for which to search and copy. nIt specifies the number of characters to be copied.
In above syntax, size_t is a typedef. It is unsigned data type defined in stddef.h.

## Description

    Here memccpy function shall copy bytes from the memory area src into dest, stopping after the first occurrence of byte c, or after n bytes are copied, whichever comes first. Here character c is also copied.

## Returns

    The memccpy function returns a pointer to the next character in dest after c or NULL if c was not found in the first n characters of src.

## Application Usage

    The memccpy function does not check for the overflow of the receiving memory area.
www.pubs.opengroup.org www.kernel.org www.sandia.gov

## See also

* memcpy
* memmove
* strcpy
* memcmp
* memset
* strncpy
# C Programming/C Reference/nonstandard/strcasecmp

In programming language C, strcasecmp is a function declared in the strings.h header file (or sometimes in string.h) that compares two strings irrespective of the case of characters.
This function is in POSIX.1-2001.

## Prototype

This function returns an integer i : i > 0, if lowercase(f1) is greater than lowercase(f2) i < 0, if lowercase(f1) is found less than string lowercase(f2) and i = 0, if lowercase(f1) is equal to lowercase(f2).
# C Programming/C Reference/nonstandard/strncasecmp

C programming language offers a function called strncasecmp that compares the first n characters of a string with the other irrespective of the case of characters. strncasecmp is found in string.h header file.

## syntax

The return value of this function is same as that of strcasecmp i.e it returns 0 if f1 and f2 are equal, a positive integer if f1 is found greater than f2 or a negative integer if f1 is found less than f2.
# C Programming/C trigraph
## Trigraphs

C was designed in English and assumes the common English character set, which includes such characters as {, }, [, ], and so on. Some other languages, however, do not have these or other characters which are required by C. To solve this problem, the 1989 C standard in section 5.2.1.1 defined a set of trigraph sequences which can be substitutes for the symbols and which will work in any situation. In fact, the first translation phase of compilation specified in the 1989 C standard (section 5.1.1.2) is to replace the trigraph sequences with their corresponding single-character equivalents. Note that trigraphs will be removed from C after the next major standard of it, C23, is released.
The following trigraph sequences exist, and no other. Each question mark ? that does not begin one of the trigraph sequences listed is not changed.
The effect of this is that statements such as
will, after the trigraph is replaced, be the equivalent of
Should the programmer want the trigraph not to be replaced, within strings and character constants (which is the only place they would need replacing and it would change things), the programmer can simply escape the second question mark; e.g.
The 1999 C standard added these punctuators, sometimes called digraphs, in section 6.4.6. They are equivalent to the following tokens except for their spelling:
In other words, they behave differently when stringized as part of a macro replacement, but are otherwise equivalent.

## References

* ↑ https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n2940.pdf
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/108 - Cessation of Refugee Protection
## IRPA Section 108

Section 108 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads:

### Commentary

For commentary, see RPD Rule 64: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/117-121.1 - Human Smuggling and Trafficking
## IRPA Sections 117-121.1

Sections 117-121.1 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act read:

### Human smuggling is an offence in Canada under section 117 of the IRPA, but Canadian law recognizes a defence to section 117 of the IRPA for those providing humanitarian aid to asylum seekers

Human smuggling is an offence in Canada under section 117 of the IRPA and carries a maximum term of imprisonment of at least 10 years. However, Canadian law recognizes a defence to section 117 of the IRPA for those providing humanitarian aid to asylum seekers. Specifically, Canadian law recognizes defences of mutual aid, family member aid, and humanitarian aid. By way of example, the Canadian humanitarian aid defence has four elements:
   * the accused must act for the purpose of providing humanitarian aid, and not for the purpose of obtaining, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit in the context of transnational organized crime;
   * the accused must provide aid in order to save the life or alleviate the suffering of an asylum seeker, which is a person from another state who intends to seek refuge in Canada from persecution or physical harm;
   * the aid must be humanitarian, a question to be determined by the trier of fact in accordance with the principles of impartiality, neutrality, and independence; and
   * the accused must reasonably believe that the person assisted is an asylum seeker.

## References

* ↑ Baleeyoos v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2024 FC 666 (CanLII), at para 4, <https://canlii.ca/t/k4d5v#par4>, retrieved on 2024-08-12.
* ↑ Baleeyoos v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2024 FC 666 (CanLII), at para 5, <https://canlii.ca/t/k4d5v#par5>, retrieved on 2024-08-12.
* ↑ Baleeyoos v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2024 FC 666 (CanLII), at para 14, <https://canlii.ca/t/k4d5v#par14>, retrieved on 2024-08-12.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/112-114 - Pre-Removal Risk Assessment
## IRPA Sections 112-114

Sections 112 to 114 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act read:

## Commentary

The rate of success on PRRA applications is significantly lower than at the IRB: in the low single digits (2.8 percent in 2013 and 3.1 percent in 2014, compared to about 70% at the RPD for claims decided on the merits in 2020 and a 32.3% on appeal to the RAD.

## References

* ↑ Colin Grey, Canada’s contemporary asylum system, in Ervis Martani and Denise Helly, Asylum and resettlement in Canada, Genova University Press, <https://gup.unige.it/sites/gup.unige.it/files/pagine/Asylum_and_resettlement_in_Canada_ebook.pdf>, page 86.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/109 - Applications to Vacate
## IRPA Section 109

Section 109 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads:

### For commentary, see RPD Rule 64

Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/103-104 - Suspension or Termination of Consideration of Claim
## IRPA Sections 103-104

Sections 103-104 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act read:

### IRPA s. 103(1): Proceedings of the RPD are suspended upon notice that evidence of potential inadmissibility has come to light

Section 103(1) provides that proceedings of the Refugee Protection Division in respect of a claim for refugee protection are suspended on notice by an officer that the conditions in ss. (a) or (b) are met. By its wording, this provision does not allow the Minister to suspend proceedings of the RAD.

## IRPA Section 104: Notice of ineligible claim
### IRPA s. 104(1): An officer may give notice that an officer has determined that the claim is ineligible or of other specified conditions, but this is not a discretion-conferring provision

IRPA s. 104(1) provides that an officer may, with respect to a claim that is before the Refugee Protection Division or, in the case of paragraph (a.1) or (d), that is before or has been determined by the Refugee Protection Division or the Refugee Appeal Division, give notice that an officer has determined that specified conditions have been met, including that the claim is ineligible. A CBSA officer does not exercise any discretion under subsection IRPA s. 104(1) when issuing a Notification of Ineligible Refugee Claim. The use of the word “may” in the English version of s. 104 does not find its equivalent in the French version of the section. As the Interpretation Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. I-21) states at the French version of section 11, the use of the present tense (“indicatif présent”) expresses an imperative (“une obligation”). That corresponds to the language used in the French version of s. 104 of the IRPA, which is consistent with the scheme of the Act that calls for notices to the RPD for suspending its proceedings or for lifting the suspension. Merely relying on the word “may” will fall short. Instead, the construction of the scheme as performed in the two cases leads to only one conclusion. The fact that it is a human actor, the officer, who takes notice of facts and communicates the legal consequence imposed by the Act to the affected party and to the Refugee Protection Division does not make that person a decision-maker with discretion.

## References

* ↑ X (Re), 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), at para 47, <https://canlii.ca/t/g23dh#par47>, retrieved on 2022-04-28.
* ↑ Tjiueza v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2009 FC 1247.
* ↑ Ali v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2018 FC 1187 (CanLII), at para 117, <https://canlii.ca/t/hx4tq#par117>, retrieved on 2024-04-17.
* ↑ Haqi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2015 FCA 256 (CanLII), at para 5, <https://canlii.ca/t/gm9lj#par5>, retrieved on 2024-04-17.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/106 - Claimant Without Identification - Credibility
## IRPA Section 106

Section 106 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads:

### For commentary, see RPD Rule 11

See: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 11 - Documents Establishing Identity and Other Elements of the Claim.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/109.1 - Designated Countries of Origin
## IRPA Section 109.1

Section 109.1 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads:

### Country of origin is a term used to refer to a refugee’s country of citizenship or country of habitual residence

In immigration and refugee law, the term “country of origin” is used to refer to a refugee’s country of citizenship or country of habitual residence. The term is used in Article 3 of the Refugee Convention and the court has found that is is incorporated into the IRPA through this provision.

## References

* ↑ Bjorkquist et al. v. Attorney General of Canada, 2023 ONSC 7152 (CanLII), at para 68, <https://canlii.ca/t/k1vdj#par68>, retrieved on 2023-12-28.
# Card Games/Snap

Snap is a very easy game to play. Two people can play snap. It can be played with a pack of 52 or 54 cards, or with several packs of cards, if you want the game to last longer.

## Set up

[face down] [face up] [face up] [face down]
* Shuffle the pack to mix the cards up
* Give each player half of the pack
* Do not look at your cards
* Put your cards in a pile in front of you, face down.

## How to play

* Players take it in turn to turn over the top card of their pile.
* This card is put face up onto another pile next to the first pile.
* If the cards both have the same value, one of the players may shout "snap".
* The first player to shout "snap" when two cards of the same value are showing wins the round.
* The loser has to put all of the cards that are face up onto the bottom of his face-down pile.
* If a player shouts "snap" when the cards do not have the same value, they have to take all of the cards that are face up.
* The winner is the first person to get rid of all their cards.
These cards do not have the same value, so you should not shout "snap".
[face down] 5♠ 7♦ [face down]
Two aces are showing, so you should shout "snap".
[face down] A♥ A♣ [face down]

## Other versions

You can also play snap where the cards have to be the same color as well as number in order to match. This is much harder. In this version of the game if the red seven of hearts, and the black seven of clubs come up, you cannot call "snap". They have to be the same color, like the sevens of hearts and diamonds.