OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# First Aid/Cold-Related Illness & Injury
## Frostbite

Frostbite is when tissues freeze. If the frozen tissue is more than skin deep, this is considered deep frostbite.
Treatment for frostbite is as follows:
* Notify EMS as soon as possible or be prepared to transport victim to a medical facility, even after treatment of frostbite.
* Make sure there is no risk of re-freezing. Skin that re-freezes after thawing will have more damage.
* Remove victim from cold environment, ensure there is no possibility of hypothermia. (If there is, see below.)
* Fill a shallow container with enough water to cover the frostbitten body part. Make sure the water is at room temperature. The water does not have to be cool, but it cannot be too warm. The warmer the water, the worse the pain.
* Immerse the injured area, ensure that the skin does not come into contact with anything but the water!
* Repeat the above step by refreshing the water as it cools until the skin is back to a normal color and texture. This may take several hours depending on the severity of the injury.
Remember to transport the victim to a medical assistance for further assessment after the above steps.

## Hypothermia

Hypothermia is when the body's core temperature drops so low the body can no longer warm itself back up. Severe hypothermia is classified as when the body drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit.
Treatment for victims of hypothermia is as follows:
* Remove the victim from the cold environment.
* For cases of extreme hypothermia, where the patient is showing signs of confusion, slurred speech, fumbling hands, or go unconscious, notify EMS.
* Remove wet clothing from the victim and replace with dry clothing. (A dry hat is recommended to be worn.)
* Wrap victim in blankets.
* Use heat packs to warm the patient. Do not allow the packs to touch naked skin.
* Victims who are alert may drink warm liquids, however, do not give any drinks containing alcohol, caffeine, or give a drink that is too hot.
Warning: Victims of hypothermia may become worse as they warm, this is due to cold blood moving towards the core of the body. If a patient goes unconscious, check their ABCs and notify EMS.
"Nobody's dead until they're warm and dead" First aid procedures must therefore continue until professional help is available.
# Horticulture/Hemiberlesia rapax

Greedy Scale :
| Type: | Insect |
| Binomial: | Hemiberlesia rapax |
| Family: | Diaspididae |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Simple |
Greedy Scale is a scale insect with a wide range of hosts. Its origin is uncertain, but it has become an invasive species in many parts of the world.

## Description

Small, grayish-white armored scales, generally found in large colonies.

## Symptoms and Signs

Severe infestations cause wilting, distortion, and the death of the host plant.

## Ecology

Females do not produce wings, crawlers are spread mechanically or by wind.

## Host plants

Greedy scale feeds on hundreds of species, including (but not limited to) species in the following genera:
* Abelia
* Acacia
* Bamboos
* Buxus (Boxwood)
* Camellia
* Ceanothus
* Cedrus (Cedar)
* Celtis (Hackberry)
* Cercis (Redbud)
'*Cotoneaster
* Diospyros
* Eleagnus
* Erica (Heath)
* Euonymus
* Ficus (Fig)
* Fuchia
* Geranium
* Hedera (Ivy)
* Ilex (Holly)
* Ipomoea
* Juglans (Walnut)
* Juniperus (Juniper)
* Laurus (Laurel)
* Ligustrum (Privet)
* Lonicera (Honeysuckle)
* Magnolia
* Mahonia (Grape-holly)
* Malus (Apple)
* Morus (Mulberry)
* Myrtus
* Olea (Olive)
* Persea (Avocado)
* Plumeria
* Prunus (Stone Fruits)
* Pyracantha (Firethorn)
* Pyrus (Pear)
* Quercus (Oak)
* Rhododendron (Rhododendron, Azalea)
* Robinia (Locust)
* Rosa (Rose)
* Salix (Willow)
* Salvia (Sage)
* Sedum (Rockcress)
* Ulmus (Elm)
* Vaccinium (Blueberry)
* Vitis (Grape)

## Control

* Physical removal: Scrubbing
* Biocontrols (microscopic): Ladybugs, Parasitic Wasps

## References

* Hawaii extension service
# Horticulture/Helleborus x hybridus

Hybrid hellebores :
| Binomial: | Helleborus x hybridus |
| Genus: | Helleborus |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Type: | herbaceous plant |
The most commonly grown hellebores are the hybrid types.

## Description

Hybrid hellebores are clumping, low-growing plants with evergreen foliage and showy flowers in winter and spring.

## Growing Conditions

These plants grow well in both full sun and dense shade.

## Varieties

Numerous cultivars are available in the trade, and the plants freely hybridize so that seedlings are often quite different from the parent plants.
# Horticulture/Hemiptera

Hemiptera :
| Type: | Insects |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Incomplete |
Hemiptera is a large, cosmopolitan order of insects, comprising some 67,500 known species in three suborders. Traditionally these taxa were treated as two separate orders, Homoptera (Auchenorrhyncha and Sternorrhyncha) and Heteroptera; the former name is now obsolete (the group was paraphyletic), and the latter name is falling into disuse, often replaced by Prosorrhyncha. Referring latest investigations the name Auchenorrhyncha should also be replaced by Archeorrhyncha and Clyeporrhyncha. Members of the "Heteroptera" are typically called true bugs, and this name sometimes is used for members of "Hemiptera" as a whole. The name heteroptera comes from their forewings having both membranous and hard portions. It is also essentially this same feature which gives the order its name, hemiptera, coming from the Greek for half-wing. Members of the Hemiptera are distinguished from all other insects by both adults and nymphs having a proboscis that includes a salivary channel as well as a food channel. The proboscis is usually specialized to suck the juices from various parts of plants, including seeds, although some species are predatory (on arthropods and sometimes small animals), and a few are adapted to suck blood from mammals. In addition, the space between the overlapping wings in the members of this order forms a triangular shape near the head which is commonly used to identify a true bug.
Suborder Prosorrhyncha includes 25,000 known species in over 60 families.
Suborder Archaeorrhyncha:Some authors prefer this name to refer to the Fulgoromorpha, or Planthoppers.
Suborder [Clypeorrhyncha is sometimes used to refer to the Cicadomorpha.
Suborder Sternorrhyncha contains 12,500 species.

## External links

* Truebug Net: Excellently designed site on most aspects of Hemiptera. Beautifully illustrated.
* General description and economic impact
* Descriptions of some important or interesting species
* Tree of Life project
# Horticulture/Helleborus foetidus

Stinking Hellebore :
| Binomial: | Helleborus foetidus |
| Type: | Herbaceous perennial |
| Light requirements: | Sun to shade |
| Water requirements: | Drought tolerant |
| Soil requirements: | Rich, well-drained |
| Pruning season: | After flowering |
| Transplant: | Transplants easily |
| Disease issues: | Some serious |
| Bloom season: | Mid-winter to early spring |
| Weediness: | Self-seeds freely |
| Pollination: | Insects |
| Height and spread: | About 1 ft. high, to 2 ft. spread |
| Root: | fibrous |
| Toxicity and edibility: | Toxic if eaten, can cause rashes on exposed skin |
Helleborus foetidus, known variously as Stinking hellebore, Dungwort, or Bear's foot, is a member of the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, from England south to Portugal, and east to Germany and Italy.

## Description

It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 80 cm tall and 100 cm across, with evergreen leaves. The flowers are yellowish-green, often with a purple edge to the five petal-like sepals on strongly upright stems. Foliage is pungent when crushed.

## Growing Conditions

Helleborus foetidus prefers woodland conditions with deep, fertile, moist, humus rich, well drained soil, and dappled shade. The species is, however, drought tolerant.

## Varieties

The cultivar Green Giant has very bright green flowers and finley divided foliage; Miss Jekyll has fragrant flowers, intensity varying with the time of day; Wester Flisk Group has red tinted leaves and stems and gray-green flowers; the Sierra Nevada Group is dwarf reaching 30 cm.

## Uses

It is grown in gardens for its handsome evergreen foliage and large numbers green, bell shaped flowers borne in late winter. Because of its toxicity, it is often grown where Deer are a problem.

## Maintenance

This plant tends to be somewhat short-lived in the garden, but replaces itself well with copious seedlings. Deadhead to prevent reseeding, and remove the plant if it has blackened leaves or stems.

## Propagation

Propagations is via division or from seed, which can be prolific, naturalising well in ideal conditions.

## Pests and Diseases

(see Helleborus for a discussion of pests and diseases).

## References

* FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Helleborus&SPECIES_XREF=foetidus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: Helleborus foetidus
* Flora, The Gardener's Bible, ABC books, Ultimo, NSW, Australia, 2006
* Th Ultimate Plant Book, Bryant & Rodd et al, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Vic, Australia, 2005
# Horticulture/Helianthus

Sunflowers :
| Genus: | Helianthus |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Type: | Herbaceous perennials and annuals |
| Weediness: | Some species are weedy |
| Pollination: | Insects |
The genus Helianthus comprises 67 species and several subspecies in the Asteraceae family, all of which are native to North America, with some species (particularly Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke)) cultivated in Europe and other parts of the world as food crops and ornamental plants.

## Description

These are usually tall, annual or perennial plants, growing to a height of 60–390 cm. The rough and hairy stem is branched in the upper part. The petiolate leaves are dentate and often sticky. The lower leaves are opposite, ovate or often heart-shaped. The upper leaves are alternate and narrower.
They bear several to many wide, terminal capitula (flower heads), with bright yellow ray florets at the outside and maroon disc florets inside. The flower heads face in the direction of the sun, moving from east to west during the day.

## Pests and diseases

w:list of Lepidoptera which feed on Helianthus.
# Horticulture/Helleborus niger

Christmas rose :
| Binomial: | Helleborus niger |
| Genus: | Helleborus |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
The Christmas rose is among the earliest hellebores to bloom, with creamy white flowers and glossy foliage.

## Description

Helleborus niger is a low-growing herbaceous plant with evergreen foliage. Leaves are in basal rosettes, dark green and glossy, and palmately lobed.
The flowers are produced on scapes from the crown in winter or very early spring.

## Growing Conditions

Grows best in deciduous shade in deep, moist, humus-rich soils.

## Maintenance

Cut off the previous years leaves when they become ratty

## Propagation

By seed or division.

## Pests and Diseases

See Helleborus
# Horticulture/Hand Cultivators

Hammer cultivators (sometimes called weeders) are similar to a small Mattock, which are used for either digging out deep-rooted weeds or for large plantings.
# Horticulture/Hedges

Hedges are groups of plants planted in rows to provide structure to a garden, or as screens. They are generally kept pruned in geometric forms as well.
The most important characteristic making a plant suitable for hedging is that it should tolerate hard pruning. Plants that branch frequently are also preferable.
Hedges are maintained through regular shearing, or in some cases through pollarding.
Common problems for hedges include invasion by weed plants, dying out at the bottom, and improper plant selection, and inconsistent maintenance.
# History of Western Theatre: Greeks to Elizabethans/Italian Renaissance comedies

Main figures in Italian Renaissance comedy are Ruzante (Angelo Beolco, 1502-1542) and Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527). Ruzante wrote "La Fiorina" (Fiorina, 1531) and "La Piovana" (Rainwater, 1532) and Machiavelli "Mandragola" (The mandrake, 1518).
"Fiorina". Time: 1530s. Place: Italy.
"Rainwater". Time: 1530s. Place: Italy.
"The mandrake". Time: 1510s. Place: Florence, Italy.
Callimacus has an eye on Nicia's wife. He pretends to be a doctor with a potion containing mandrake, a plant-substance able to make her fertile, provided a man copulates with her, though he dies from it. Nicia first protests but then agrees to kidnap a passing stranger for the deed. To convince the religious-minded Lucretia, Nicia's wife, to cooperate, Ligurio, Callimacus' parasite friend, proposes to use her confessor, Timoteo. To sound the priest's morals, Ligurio first invents a tale whereby the wife of Nicia's nephew is said to be pregnant in a convent and must be made to swallow with his help a potion to abort the foetus, in exchange for money. Timoteo hesitates but then agrees. He is then told the tale Nicia already heard, and agrees to participate in it. To Lucrecia's objections, Timoteo counters that this is a case of possible versus certain good. Whether the copulator dies is uncertain, whereas the goodness of a birth offered to the Lord is certain. Ligurio, Timoteo, Nicia, and Callimacus' servant grab Callimacus disguised as a musician and force him inside Nicia's house, where he is conveyed in Lucretia's bed. The next day, Nicia explains to Ligurio the success of the operation, how he first examined Callimacus' body to detect any type of disease, and, satisfied on this and other matters, is now joyfully certain to be a father. To Callimacus he is so thankful that he hands over to him a key to one of his rooms whereby he can enter as he pleases.
# History of Western Theatre: Greeks to Elizabethans
## Table of Contents
### Greeks

* Origins and Traditions
* The Greek Festival
* Architecture
* Plays
* Genres
* Playwrights
* Themes and Structures
* Acting
* Chorus

#### Technical Elements

* Costumes
* Masks
* Scenery
* Lighting
* Props
* Special Effects

#### Societal Context

* Social Context
* Political Context

#### Ancient Greek Theatre in Our World

* The Story of Greek Theatre

### Romans

* Roman tragedies
* Roman comedies

### Medieval

* Medieval tragedies
* Medieval comedies

### Italian Renaissance

* Italian Renaissance tragedies
* Italian Renaissance comedies

### Elizabethan

* Elizabethan tragedies
* Elizabethan comedies
* Elizabethan history plays
# History of Western Theatre: Greeks to Elizabethans/Chorus
#### Chorus

The Chorus is a group of actors that together speak, sing, and dance in one body. The Chorus is part ritual part thematic device that play a much larger role in Greek Tragedy than in the other genres. One of the primary functions of the chorus is to provide atmosphere and, in some ways, underscore the tragic action. When the hero is treading upon major conflict or leading us into the rising action of the plot, the chorus, in a way, are heralders of inevitable disaster and instill a sense of fear or suspense in the audience. In some ways the Chorus can represent the audience's ideal response to the play. Nietzsche feels that the Chorus, and it's chants and songs, helped the audience better connect with the character, revealing the essence of the tragedy.
In early tragedies the Chorus was dominant. They could be used to fill time when the one main actor went off-stage to change roles or for scene changes. The Chorus could sometimes have as much as half the lines in a single show. In Aeschylus' plays, the Chorus could even serve as the protagonist or antagonist.
There is a disagreement among historians as to the actual size of the standard Chorus. Some say it started at 50, then changed to 12 with Aeschylus, then to 15 with Sophocles and Euripides. Those who say the Chorus was always as small as 12 or 15, believe that the 50 Chorus members were divided amongst the four plays with which the author was competing. This helped reduce the cost of a production. Sometimes the Chorus could be as small as three people, or there could be a second Chorus.
The Chorus usually entered with a stately march, sometimes singing. Although, they could enter from multiple directions. Onstage formation would consist of three to five member lines. While the Chorus sung and danced in unison, there could be two groups that took turns. They would exchange dialogue with the characters, sometimes as individuals. When it came to acting, the members of the Chorus would respond appropriately to the situation.
Old Comedy Chorus had 24 members and had approximately two semi-choruses. One of each gender. Chorus in comedies could have mixed genders and were more active. In dramatic form, The Chorus did not enter until after the prologue and stayed onstage for the entirety of the show.
Training of a Chorus was probably spread over the 11 months the playwright had with the Chorus before the performance. At first, it was the author who choreographed the Chorus, but as time went on this job was taken over by professionals. Some say this training was similar to that of athletes.
# History of Western Theatre: Greeks to Elizabethans/Elizabethan comedies

As in tragedy, Shakespeare was dominant in comedies, with "A Midsummer night's dream" (1595), "As you like it" (1599), and "Twelfth night" (1601).
"A Midsummer night's dream" text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream
"As you like it" text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It
"Twelfth night" text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night
In addition to Shakespeare, main playwrights of Elizabethan comedies are Ben Jonson (1572-1637) and Thomas Dekker (1572-1632).
Jonson's most famous comedy in the Elizabethan period is "Every man in his humour" (1598), whose pace is both rollicking and slow at different times. In this story, Knowell seeks to prevent his son, Edward, from falling into bad company, notably with Wellbred, half-brother of Downright. Edward plants a spy, his servant, Brainworm, to find out his father's intentions and to distract him. Knowell greets a country bumpkin, Stephen, who, in a rash humor, picks a quarrel with Brainworm, who later, disguised as a poor soldier, cheats him by selling at a high price a cheap sword. Bobadil, the Elizabethan version of the Roman Miles Gloriolosus, the braggart soldier, receives the visit of Matthew, a city bumpkin, who tells him he has been threatened to be beaten by the hot-tempered Stephen. Bobadil is outraged and promises to help kill his foe by teaching him the art of duelling with a sword. The merchant, Kitely, always worried about being a cuckold, hesitates even to leave his house for a few minutes, especially as a result of his lodger, Wellbred: "He makes my house here common, as a mart,/A theater, a public spectacle/For giddy humor and diseased riot-," and asks the help of his servant, Cash, ineffective in this regard. The irascible Bobadil quarrels with the equally irascible but more valiant Downright, separated at first by Kitely, but later Bobadil meets Downright again and, forced to fight, pretends he has received a government summons not to, and is shamed in front of his friends. Cob, the water-carrier, is another man suspecting his wife of cuckolding him. Kitely, thinking his wife has a lewd meeting at Cob's house, accuses her of cuckolding him, at which time Cob, suspecting his wife as a bawd (procurer), beats her. Downright objects to visits by Wellbred and his friends to Dame Kitely and Bridget, especially with respect to Matthew's poetical verses. But Wellbred, as Bridget's brother-in-law, encourages her to receive the attention of his friend, Edward Knowell. Knowell senior discovers too late his son's marriage. Brainworm, taking Stephen's cloak carelessly left on the street, is challenged to give it back but does not, until faced with Judge Clement, whose merry humor resolves all quarrels.
"Every man in his humour" text at http://www.archive.org/details/everymaninhishu00dixogoog
Dekker's most famous comedy in the Elizabethan period is "The shoemakers' holiday" (1599).
# History of Western Theatre: Greeks to Elizabethans/Genres

In ancient Greek Theatre, there were only three genres of theatre: Comedy, Tragedy, and Satyr Plays.
Comedies were humorous plays with happy endings. Tragedies were morose plays with sad endings. Satyr plays were satirical farce of various myths and legends.
Tragedies and comedies were two distinct dramatic styles that were never intermingled.
Satyr plays were introduced later than the other two genres and were used in the Dionysian theatre festival as comic relief between tragedies. Satyr plays were regarded higher then comedies but lesser than tragedies.
# History of Nevada
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Native American, Spanish and Mexican Alta California-Nevada (to 1848)
* Nevada from US Territory to Statehood (1848-1864)
* Early Statehood (1864-1912)
* Modern Nevada (1912-1945)
* Nevada and the American Dream (1945-present)
* Nevada in Popular Culture (1865-present)
* Further Reading
# History of video games/Cheating
## 1980s

In 1985 the Konami Code is introduced to help test Gradius, later finding it's way into other games and products as a code to activate cheats or easter eggs.

## 2000s

In May 2002 the television show Cheat! begins airing on the G4 network, sharing video game cheats on TV.

## 2010s
### Pokémon Go

In March 2016 the popular game Pokémon Go begins to use OpenStreetMap, an open source map anyone can edit, as a data source. Players quickly discover that changes in OpenStreetMap affect Pokémon Go gameplay. Vandalism of the map for in game advantage is quickly countered by users engaging in anti vandalism activities. As a result of vandalism on an open dataset, researchers were able to analyze such vandalism in depth.

## Gallery

* A Game Genie for the NES.

## References

* ↑ "'Konami Code' Creator Kazuhisa Hashimoto Dead at 61". Rolling Stone. 26 February 2020. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/konami-code-creator-kazuhisa-hashimoto-dead-958748/.
* ↑ "GlitterBerri's Game Translations » Konami: The Nintendo Era". www.glitterberri.com. https://www.glitterberri.com/developer-interviews/konami-the-nintendo-era/.
* ↑ "Cheat! Pringles Gamers Guide (TV Series 2002– ) - IMDb". Retrieved 15 December 2020.
* ↑ "WoodWoseWulf's diary Pokemon GO Mappers - What They Do and Why They Do It". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
* ↑ Scimeca, Dennis. "'Pokémon Go' Hack: Altering OpenStreetMap data may create new spawn points in the game" (in en). Mic. https://www.mic.com/articles/166654/pokemon-go-hack-altering-openstreetmap-data-may-create-new-spawn-points-in-the-game.
* 1 2 Juhasz, Levente; Novack, Tessio; Hochmair, Hartwig; Qiao, Sen (26 March 2020). "Cartographic Vandalism in the Era of Location-Based Games—The Case of OpenStreetMap and Pokémon GO". GIS Center. doi:10.3390/ijgi9040197. Retrieved 15 December 2020.