# Flora of New York/Lamiales 1

| ← Solanales | Flora of New York — Lamiales 1: Oleaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae | Flora of New York — Lamiales 1: Oleaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae | Flora of New York — Lamiales 1: Oleaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae | Flora of New York — Lamiales 1: Oleaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae | → Lamiales 2: Lamiaceae |
| ← Solanales | Table of contents | Genus index | Protected species index | Invasive species index | → Lamiales 2: Lamiaceae |
* The Lamiales
* ↑ P. F. Stevens, (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, September 2013. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

## Family Oleaceae

* The Oleaceae (olive family) in New York consists of a handful of native and introduced ash trees, along with a number of non-native shrubs, some of which, primarily the privets, are extremely invasive and create dense thickets. Interestingly, the olive family does not include Elaeagnus species (Russian olive and autumn olive), which are also common alien invasives but are categorized in the Elaeagnaceae (oleaster family) in the Rhamnales.
* ↑ Oleaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Oleaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

### Tribe Forsythieae

* The tribe Forsythieae Taylor ex L. Johnson (1957) contains introduced Forsythia Vahl species, as well as the South Korean Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai.
* ↑ Wallander, Eva, and Victor A. Albert. “Phylogeny and Classification of Oleaceae Based on Rps16 and trnL-F Sequence Data.” American Journal of Botany, vol. 87, no. 12, 2000, pp. 1827–41. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

#### Forsythia

* Forsythia suspensaForsythia is a popular non-native ornamental shrub, planted at least in part for its bright yellow early spring flowers. In New York, the degree of this popularity is tempered in much of the state where local weather doesn't consistently allow much flowering. The two species listed as having to some extent naturalized in New York are F. viridissima (greenstem forsythia) and F. suspensa (weeping forsythia). It's likely that in recent times the hybrid of the two, Forsythia × intermedia, has been planted at least as much as either of its parents, but it is sterile and also may not reproduce vegetatively as well as F. suspensa, whose arching branches root where they touch the ground, allowing it to do a slow walk into adjacent natural areas.
* ↑ Paul M. Catling (2007) "Weeping forsythia, another shrub naturalized in Canada." Botanical Electronic News No. 378 April 25, 2007. Victoria, B.C.
| Forsythia species | Common name | Stem Center | Stem Habit | Leaf type |
| Forsythia suspensa | weeping forsythia | Hollow except at nodes | Arching | |
| Forsythia viridissima | greenstem forsythia | Pith except at nodes | Upright | Simple |
| Forsythia × intermedia | hybrid forsythia | Pith except at nodes | Upright or arching | Simple or 3-lobed |
Lamiales — Oleaceae — Forsythieae — Forsythia :
| Genus Forsythia | Forsythia | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl1780. Ligustrum suspensum  Thunb. in… 1784. Syringa suspensa  Thunb. ex Murray in… 1792. Lilac perpensa  Lam. in… 1804. Forsythia suspensa  Vahl in… 1864. Forsythia fortunei  Lindl. in… 1889. Forsythia sieboldii  (Zabel) Dippel in… 1901. Forsythia suspensa variegata Butz in… 1932. Rangium suspensum  Ohwi in… 1990. Forsythia giraldiana  f. pubescens  (Rehder) C.S.Niu  ... | Forsythia, Weeping forsythia, Golden-bells | Introduced from  China, Not naturalized | NYFA: X | USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Forsythia viridissima Lindl.1846. Forsythia viridissima  Lindl. in… 1932. Rangium viridissimum  (Lindl.) Ohwi in… 1942. Rangium koreanum  var. fertile  Uyeki  in… 1947. Forsythia viridissima  var. bronxensis  Everett  in… 2004. Forsythia viridissima  var. incisa  Geerinck  in… | Greenstem forsythia, Green-stemmed forsythia, Golden-bellsForsythia vert | Introduced from  China & Korea, Not naturalized | NYFA: X iNat GBIF | USDA-XX COL WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Forsythia × intermedia Zabel  Forsythia suspensa ×   Forsythia viridissima1885. Forsythia × intermedia Zabel in… 1899. Forsythia × intermedia  var. densiflora  Koehne  in… 1899. Forsythia × intermedia  var. divaricata  Koehne  in… 1899. Forsythia × intermedia  var. vitellina  Koehne  in… 1903. Forsythia × intermedia  f. densiflora  (Koehne) Schelle  ... 1906. Forsythia × vitellina  (Koehne) Koehne in… 1906. Forsythia × spectabilis  Koehne in… 1906. Forsythia × densiflora  (Koehne) Koehne in… | Border forsythia, Showy forsythia, Hybrid forsythia | Introduced, Not naturalized, Artificial hybrid | NYFA: Xm NYFA: Suffolk (2008) iNat GBIF 21 counties | USDA-X0 COL WFO POWO ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

#### Abeliophyllum

* Abeliophyllum distichumAbeliophyllum is a monotypic genus with Abeliophyllum distichum (미선나무, white forsythia) as its only species. It is native to South Korea, where it is listed as endangered.
* A specimen of this plant was collected at the New York Botanical Garden in 1943.
* New York State iNaturalist observations of white forsythia were made in 2022 and 2023, the first of which has not been tagged as cultivated.
* ↑ Son, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S. & Kim, H. 2016. Abeliophyllum distichum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.
* ↑ Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai collected at The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY). GBIF—the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025
* ↑ Abeliophyllum distichum (White Forsythia) iNaturalist observation in Dutchess County, NY, April 2022
Lamiales — Oleaceae — Forsythieae — Abeliophyllum :
| Genus Abeliophyllum | White Forsythia | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | {{{4}}} NPT |
| Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai.1919. Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 33:153 1922. Abeliophyllum distichum fo. albiflorum Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36:26 1922. Abeliophyllum distichum fo. lilacinum Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 36:26 1976. Abeliophyllum distichum var. obtusicarpum T.Lee in J. Korean Pl. Taxon. 7:22 1976. Abeliophyllum distichum fo. eburneum T.Lee in J. Korean Pl. Taxon. 7:22 1976. Abeliophyllum distichum fo. viridicalycinum T.Lee in J. Korean Pl. Taxon. 7:22 | White forsythia Korean abelialeaf미선나무 Miseonnamu | Introduced from  South Korea | | iNat: Dutchess (2022) GBIF: Bronx (1943-cult) | Images Wikispecies |

### Tribe Oleeae

* The tribe Oleeae is the largest Oleaceae tribe and was previously treated as subfamily Oleoideae. It contains the four subtribes:
* Ligustrinae
* Syringa (lilacs)
* Ligustrum (privets)
* Schreberinae
* Schrebera (East Africa & India, not found in NY)
* Comoranthus (Madagascar, not found in NY)
* Fraxininae
* Fraxinus (ash trees)
* Oleinae (the remaining 12 genera, of which only Chionanthus is found in NY).
* ↑ Wallander, Eva, and Victor A. Albert. “Phylogeny and Classification of Oleaceae Based on Rps16 and trnL-F Sequence Data.” American Journal of Botany, vol. 87, no. 12, 2000, pp. 1827–41. Accessed 12 Jan. 2025.

#### Subtribe Fraxininae
##### Fraxinus

* Fraxinus americanaThe genus Fraxinus is represented in New York primarily by the three native and economically important ash trees: white ash, black ash, and green ash. All are susceptible to infestation by the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) which has already infested a number of areas in the state and is expected to decimate ash tree populations in the near future.
Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Fraxininae — Fraxinus :
| Genus Fraxinus sect. Melioides | Ash | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Fraxinus americana L.1753. Fraxinus americana  L. 1878. Fraxinus americana  var. microcarpa  A.Gray 1898. Fraxinus biltmoreana  Beadle 1947. Fraxinus americana  var. biltmoreana  (Beadle) J.Wright ex Fernald 1983. Fraxinus americana  ssp. biltmoreana  (Beadle) A.E.Murray | White ash, American ashFrêne blanc, Franc frêne, Frêne d'Amérique | Native, CoC: 3, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: N | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.1785. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.1788. F. pubescens Lam.1800. F. lanceolata Borkh.1865. F. juglandifoliavar. aucubifolia1894. F. pennsylvanicavar. lanceolata1947. F. pennsylvanicavar. subintegerrima1949. F. pennsylvanicafo. aucubifolia | Green ash, Downy ash, Northern red ashFrêne de Pennsylvanie, Frêne rouge | Native, CoC: 4, Secure FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush1813. Fraxinus tomentosa F.Michx. superfl.1894. Fraxinus americanavar. profunda1897. Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush1897. Fraxinus pennsylvanicavar. profunda1914. Calycomelia profunda (Bush) Nieuwl. | Pumpkin ashFrêne pubescent | Native, CoC: 8, Impersistent OBL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: X | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Fraxinus sect. Fraxinus | Ash | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Fraxinus nigra Marshall1785. Fraxinus nigra Marshall1788. F. sambucifolia Lam.1790. F. nigravar. sambucifolia1846. F. americanavar. sambucifolia | Black ash, Brown ash, Hoop ash, Swamp ash, Water ashFrêne noir, Frêne de grève, Frêne gras | Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Fraxinus excelsior L.1753. Fraxinus excelsior L. | European ash, Black ashFrêne commun, Frêne d'Europe | Introduced from  Eurasia, Impersistent Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies |

#### Subtribe Ligustrinae

The subtribe Ligustrinae contains the non-native lilacs and privets.

##### Syringa

* Syringa vulgarisThe common lilac (Syringa vulgaris) has been grown in the state as an ornamental shrub for centuries and appears to persist only where it has been cultivated, and so it is found to have naturalized mainly around abandoned farmsteads and such.
* The more recently introduced Japanese tree lilac (Syringa reticulata) however is considered to be potentially invasive, and although it is not yet widespread outside of cultivation in New York, it may be of concern.
* GBIF shows hundreds of human observations of Syringa reticulata from the 2015 New York City Street Tree Census, giving the appearance on the map that the New York metro area has the highest density of Japanese tree lilacs in the world.
* The 2010 Syringa reticulata New York Invasiveness Ranking Form showed its invasiveness as unranked.
* ↑ Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara page in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 1/6/2024
* ↑ Syringa reticulata New York Invasiveness Ranking Form. November 30, 2010
Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Ligustrinae — Syringa :
| Genus Syringa L. | Lilac | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Syringa vulgaris L.1753. Syringa vulgaris L. in Sp. Pl.: 9 1768. Syringa caerulea Jonst. in Dendrogr., ed. 2: 2: 219 1770. Syringa vulgaris var. alba Weston in Bot. Univ. 1: 289 1779. Lilac vulgaris (L.) Lam. in Fl. Franç. 2: 305 1796. Syringa latifolia Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 13, nom. superfl. 1800. Liliacum album (Weston) Renault in Fl. Orne: 100 1800. Liliacum vulgare (L.) Renault in Fl. Orne: 100 1813. Syringa lilac Thouin in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 20: 145, nom. superfl. 1830. Syringa cordifolia Stokes in Bot. Comm. 1: 33, nom. superfl. 1857. Lilac vulgaris var. alba (Weston) Jacques & Hérincq in Man. Gén. Pl. 3: 54 1889. Syringa alba (Weston) A.Dietr. ex Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 112 1916. Lilac caerulea (Jonst.) Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 506 | Common lilac, Purple lilacLilas commun, Lilas vulgaire | Introduced from  southeastern Europe, Potentially invasive,  Invasive.org: ,  GRIIS-US: category E, Naturalized | NYFA: X NYFA: 16 counties iNat GBIF 55 counties | USDA-XX COL POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies Note: WI, CA |
| Syringa reticulata (Blume) H. Hara ssp. reticulata1851. Ligustrum reticulatum Blume in Mus. Bot. 1:313 1875. Ligustrina amurensis var. japonica Maxim. in Bull.Acad.Imp.Sci.Saint-Pétersbourg 1879. Syringa japonica (Maxim.) Decne. in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 2:44 1894. Ligustrina japonica (Maxim.) L.Henry in Jardin 8:102 1941. Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara in J. Jap. Bot. 17:21 1952. Ligustrina reticulata (Blume) Nakai in Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 31:91 | Japanese tree lilacLilas japonais | Introduced from  temperate Asia, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 31%,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: ,  GRIIS-US: C3, SNA Tree, shrub | NYFA: 2 counties iNat: 14 counties GBIF: Common | USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BBG Images Wikispecies Note: NYFA blog |
| Syringa reticulata (Blume) H. Harassp. amurensis (Rupr.) P.S. Greene & M.C. Chang1857. Syringa amurensis Rupr. in Bull.Cl.Phys.-Math.Acad.Imp.Sci.Saint-Pétersbourg 1859. Ligustrina amurensis (Rupr.) Rupr. in Beitr. Pflanzenk.Russ.Reiches 11:72 1995. Syringa reticulata var. amurensis (Rupr.) P.S.Green & M.C.Chang in Novon | Amur lilac | Introduced from  temperate Asia, N.Y. excluded | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN BBG Images Wikispecies |
| Syringa villosa Vahl1804. Syringa villosa ssp. villosa Vahlin in Enum. Pl. Obs. 1:38 1888. Syringa emodi var. rosea Cornu in Rev. Hort. (Paris) 60:492 1895. Syringa bretschneideri Lemoine ex Wittm. in Gartenflora 34:499 1910. Syringa villosa var. rosea (Cornu) C.K.Schneid. in Repert.Spec.Nov.Regni Veg.1910. Syringa wolfii C.K.Schneid. in Repert.Spec.Nov.Regni Veg.9:81 1910. Syringa villosa var. hirsuta C.K.Schneid. in Repert.Spec.Nov.Regni Veg.9:81 1917. Syringa formosissima Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31:105 1918. Syringa hirsuta (C.K.Schneid.) Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 32:132 1921. Syringa robusta Nakai in Fl. Sylv. Kor.10:57 1939. Syringa wolfii var. hirsuta (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder in J.Arnold Arbor.20:427 2007. Syringa villosa ssp. wolfii (C.K.Schneid.) Jin Y.Chen in Acta Phytotax.Sin. | Villous lilac, Late lilac, Japanese lilac | Introduced from  China, No NY reports | NYFA: Not collected iNat: Westchester (cult.) GBIF: Monroe (cult.) | USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies Note: |
| Syringa josikaea J.Jacq. ex Rchb.1830. Syringa josikaea J.Jacq. ex Rchb. in Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 8:32 1841. Syringa vincetoxifolia Baumg. ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 656 1901. Syringa josikaea var. eximia Olbrich in Möller's Deutsche Gärtn.-Zeitung 1903. Syringa josikaea fo. eximia (Olbrich) Schelle in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel 1903. Syringa josikaea var. zabelii Schelle in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel 1915. Syringa × henryi var. eximia (Olbrich) Rehder in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. | Hungarian lilac | Introduced from  southeastern Europe, No NY reports, Globally Endangered | NYFA: 0 iNat: Cultivated GBIF: Not present in NY | USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies Note: |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Syringa reticulata: 31% (Capital/Mohawk). ↑ USDA-NRCS Plants database showed Syringa villosa in Westchester County, apparently based on Glenn, S.D. (ed.). 2013. New York Metropolitan Flora database. New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York. The New York Metropolitan Flora Project entry for genus Syringa at http://nymf.bbg.org/genus/195, only shows S. reticulata and S. vulgaris present in the New York metro area. ↑ https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/syringa/josikaea/ shows Syringa josikaea appearing to be naturalized in adjacent Berkshire County, MA. ||||||

##### Ligustrum

* Ligustrum vulgare European privetIn general, the several privet species, none of which are native to the western hemisphere, have been found to be invasive, and some are quite difficult to control where they have naturalized. The New York Flora Atlas reports that Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet) is by far the most common and invasive of the naturalized privets, but that Ligustrum vulgare (European privet) can be locally quite aggressive as well.
* Although some sources continue to treat Amur privet as a separate subspecies (Ligustrum obtusifolium ssp. suave), others treat it as a synonym of border privet (Ligustrum obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium).
* ↑ USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2022. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=403045. Accessed 23 February 2022.
* ↑ POWO (2022). "Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Retrieved 23 February 2022."
| Ligustrum sp. | young twigs & stalks of floral panicles | floral-panicle length | corolla lobe to tube length ratio | tube length |
| L. vulgare | hairless or minutely pubescent | longer than 2" | ~1/1 | 2.5 - 3 mm |
| L. obtusifolium | conspicuously hairy | 1" to 2" long | 1/3 - 2/3 | 5 - 8 mm |
Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Ligustrinae — Ligustrum :
| Genus Ligustrum | Privet | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Ligustrum vulgare L.1753. Ligustrum vulgare L.1877. L. insulense Decne.1879. L. insulare Decne. | European privet, Common privet, Wild privet, PrimTroène commun, Troène | Introduced from  Europe,  western Asia,  northern Africa, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 68% FACU Perennial, Shrub | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc.ssp. obtusifolium1846. Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. 1846. Ligustrum obtusifolium  var. obtusifolium   1846. Ligustrum obtusifolium  ssp. obtusifolium   1899. Ligustrum obtusifolium  var. regelianum  Rehder 1900. Ligustrum ibota  var. regelianum  Rehder 1904. Ligustrum regelianum Koehne 1926. Ligustrum ibota  var. obtusifolium  (Siebold & Zucc.) Koidz. | Border privet | Introduced from  Japan,  Korea, Highly invasive,  NYIS: 77%,  GRIIS-US: Invasive, Prohibited, CP-2 NE-4, IPA VT Perennial, Shrub | | NYFA: X GBIF | USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc.ssp. suave (Kitag.) Kitag.1861. Ligustrum amurense Carrière 1924. Ligustrum ibota  var. amurense  (Carrière) Mansf. 1934. Ligustrum ibota  var. suave  Kitag. 1944. Ligustrum obtusifolium  var. suave  (Kitag.) H.Hara. 1946. Ligustrum obtusifolium  var. amurense  (Carrière) Mansf. 1965. Ligustrum obtusifolium  ssp. suave  (Kitag. )Kitag. 1979. Ligustrum suave (Kitag.) Kitag. | Amur privet, Amur river privet | Introduced from  China, Potentially invasive,  NYIS: NA Perennial, Shrub | | NYFA: Schenectady (1950) NYFA: X | USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk.1844. Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk.1850. L. japonicumvar. ovalifolium Blume1877. L. californicum Decne.1878. L. medium Franch. & Sav. | California privet, Oval-leaf privet, Garden privetTroène des haies | Introduced from  Japan,  South Korea, Invasive,  NYIS: 45%, CP-3, CT-FL Perennial, Shrub | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Ligustrum (excluded taxa) | Privet | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Ligustrum sinense Lour.1790. Ligustrum sinense Lour.1874. L. villosum May1931. L. microcarpum Kaneh. & Sasaki | Chinese privet, Small-leaf privet | Introduced from  China, Taiwan,  Laos, Vietnam, Potentially invasive,  NYIS: NA | | NYFA: U | USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum vulgare: Moderate (68). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: High (77). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) 1 2 Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: Not assessed (NA). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum ovalifolium: Moderate (45). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum sinense: Not assessed (NA). ||||||

#### Subtribe Oleinae
##### Chionanthus

* Chionanthus virginicusWhite fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus) is a usually-dioecious tree that is native to the southeastern US, possiibly as far north as southern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, but it has been reported to have naturalized in a few New York counties. It is becoming popular as a small ornamental tree in residential landscapes. There is some evidence that white fringetree in an acceptable host for the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis).
* ↑ Don Cipollini & Chad M. Rigsby (2015) "Incidence of Infestation and Larval Success of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) on White Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), Chinese Fringetree (Chionanthus retusus), and Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus)" Environ Entomol 44(5):1375-1383, 22 July 2015.
Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Oleinae — Chionanthus :
| Genus Chionanthus | Fringetree | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Chionanthus virginicus L.1753. Chionanthus virginicus L. 1794. Chionanthus trifidus Moench in Methodus:478 1796. Chionanthus vernalis Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 14 1797. Chionanthus cotinifolius Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 1:47 1812. Chionanthus roseus Barton in Fl. Virgin.:2 1812. Chionanthus triflorus Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 1:19 1813. Chionanthus virginicus var. maritimus Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:8 1828. Chionanthus maritimus (Pursh) Prince in Short Treat. Hort.:92 1828. Chionanthus montanus (Pursh) Prince in Short Treat. Hort.:92, nom. illeg. 1838. Chionanthus heterophylus Raf. in New Fl. 3:87 1838. Chionanthus obovatus Raf. in New Fl. 3:87 1838. Chionanthus angustifolius Raf. in New Fl. 3:88 1838. Chionanthus longifolius Raf. in New Fl. 3:88 1840. Chionanthus latifolius Aiton ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1:350, nom. nud. 1840. Chionanthus fragrans Edwards ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1:351 1857. Ligustrum cotinifolium (Willd.) Jacques in H.A.Jacques & F.Hérincq, Man. Gén. Pl. 3:3 1877. Chionanthus luteus Lavallée in Énum. Arbres:173 | White fringetree, White fringe-tree, White fringe tree, American fringetree, Old-man's-beard | Introduced from  southeast US, N. America native, Naturalized, SNA, G5 FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub, Part shade | NYFA: 6 counties iNat: 25 counties | USDA-N0 POWO FSUS Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton1852. Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton | Tassel Tree Chinese fringetree | Introduced from  temperate Asia, Cultivated | iNat: 3 counties | ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ Edward F. Gilman & Dennis G. Watson (1993). "Chionanthus retusus, Chinese Fringetree, Fact Sheet ST-160, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. ||||||

## Family Tetrachondraceae

* The Tetrachondraceae is a very small family containing only two species of the genus Tetrachondra and a single species of the genus Polypremum. Of these three species, only Polypremum procumbens, juniper leaf, has been reported to have been collected in New York, but it has since been excluded from the New York Flora Atlas.
* ↑ Tetrachondraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Tetrachondraceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

### Polypremum

* Polypremum procumbensJuniper leaf (Polypremum procumbens L.) is listed as native from Central and Southeastern U.S.A. to Central America, Caribbean, Northeast Colombia to Northern South America.
* In the United States, it appears to be found from southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. It is not known to have naturalized in New York State. Although previously listed in the New York Flora Atlas, it has since been excluded.
* ↑ Polypremum procumbens L. in Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 12 Jan. 2025.
Lamiales — Tetrachondraceae — Polypremum :
| Genus Polypremum (excluded taxa) | Juniper leaf | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Polypremum procumbens L.1753. Veronica marilandica L. in Sp. Pl.:14 1753. Polypremum procumbens L. in Sp. Pl.:111 1803. Polypremum linnaei Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:83 1840. Polypremum laxum Raf. in Autik. Bot.:17 1840. Polypremum squarrosum Raf. in Autik. Bot.:17 1843. Polypremum schlechtendahlii Walp. in Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 1908. Hasslerella rojasii Chodat in Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 8:88 | Juniperleaf Juniper-Leaf Rustweed Rust Weed | N. America native  southeastern US, N.Y. excluded, Heliophily: 8 | | NYFA-Excluded iNat: No NY obs. GBIF: Not present in NY | USDA-NN POWO FSUS FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies |

## Family Plantaginaceae

* The Plantaginaceae (Plantain family) contains the 12 tribes Plantagineae, Veroniceae, Digitalideae, Globularieae, Hemiphragmeae, Sibthorpieae, Russelieae, Cheloneae, Gratioleae, Antirrhineae, Callitricheae and Angelonieae.
* The New York genera are assigned to these tribes as follows:
* Gratioleae
* Gratiola (3 species of Hedge-hyssop)
* Leucospora (1 species of Paleseed)
* Cheloneae
* Chelone (3 species of Turtlehead)
* Penstemon (5 species of Beardtongue)
* Collinsia (2 species of Blue-eyed-Mary)
* Antirrhineae
* Linaria (7 species of Toadflax)
* Chaenorhinum (1 species of Dwarf-snapdragon)
* Cymbalaria (2 species of Ivy-leaf oadflax)
* Kickxia (2 species of Cancerwort)
* Antirrhinum (1 species of Snapdragon)
* Misopates (1 species of Snapdragon)
* Callitricheae
* Callitriche (5 species of Water-starwort)
* Hippuris (1 species of Mare's-tail)
* Digitalideae
* Digitalis (4 species of Foxglove)
* Plantagineae
* Littorella (1 species of Shore-grass)
* Plantago (14 species of Plantain)
* Veroniceae
* Veronica (29 species of Speedwell)
* ↑ Xie P, Tang L, Luo Y, Liu C, Yan H. Plastid Phylogenomic Insights into the Inter-Tribal Relationships of Plantaginaceae. Biology (Basel). 2023 Feb 7;12(2):263. doi: 10.3390/biology12020263. PMID: 36829541; PMCID: PMC9953724.

### Tribe Gratioleae
#### Gratiola

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Gratioleae — Gratiola :
| Genus Gratiola | Hedge-hyssop | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Gratiola neglecta Torr.1819. Gratiola neglecta Torr. | Northern clammy hedge-hyssop, Clammy hedge-hyssop, American hedge-hyssopGratiole négligée | Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Annual, Herb-forb | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Gratiola aurea Muhl.1811. Gratiola lutea Raf.1813. Gratiola aurea Muhl.1920. Gratiola aureavar. obtusa1935. Gratiola luteavar. obtusa | Golden hedge-hyssop, Golden hedgehyssop, Golden pertGratiole dorée | Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Gratiola virginiana L.    Gratiola virginiana L. | Virginia hedge hyssop ⓘ Roundfruit hedgehyssop ⓘ | Native, CoC: ?, Endangered OBL Annual-biennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 1 | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |

#### Leucospora

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Gratioleae — Leucospora :
| Genus Leucospora | Leucospora | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt.1803. Capraria multifida Michx. 1825. Stemodia multifida (Michx.) Spreng. 1834. Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. 1844. Sutera multifida (Michx.) Walp. 1846. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. | Narrow-leaved paleseed, Narrow-leaf paleseed, Obe-Wan-Conobea, Cliff conobea | Introduced from  southern Midwest, N. America native, Naturalized | | NYFA: X | USDA-NN Go Botany-0 VASCAN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

### Tribe Cheloneae
#### Chelone

* Chelone glabra white turtle-headTurtleheads are all native to eastern North America, but only the white turtlehead is native to New York State. Although common in New York wetlands and listed as secure, it is also listed as exploitably vulnerable by the state.
* ↑ 6 CRR-NY 193.3(d) Exploitably vulnerable native plants.
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Cheloneae — Chelone :
| Chelone | Turtlehead | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Chelone glabra L.1753. Chelone glabra L.1840. Chlonanthes glabra (L.) Raf.1929. Chelone chlorantha Pennell & Wherry | White turtlehead, White turtle-head, Snakehead, Smooth balmonyGalane glabre | Native, CoC: 6, Secure, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - shade | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Chelone lyonii Pursh1814. Chelone Lyonii Pursh | Pink turtlehead | Introduced, US South native, No NY reports FACW Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Chelone obliqua L.1767. Chelone obliqua L. 1935. Chelone obliqua  ssp. typica  (L.) Pennell nom. inval. | Red turtlehead | Introduced, US South native, No NY reports OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: 0 | USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |

#### Penstemon

* Penstemon or beardtongue is a large genus of about 250 species of primarily North American herbaceous perennials. The genus name was derived from the Greek penta (five) and stemon (stamen), referring to the flowers, which have five stamens (one sterile and four fertile).
* Some Penstemon species have been hybridized and selected for horticultural trade. A popular example is Penstemon 'Dark Towers' (2004), which is a cross between an eastern U.S. cultivar: Penstemon digitalis Nutt. 'Husker Red' (Lindgren, 1984) and south-central U.S. hybrid pollen parent: Penstemon 'Prairie Splendor' (Penstemon cobaea Nutt. × Penstemon triflorus A.Heller) (Lindgren, 1993).
* ↑ Dale T. Lindgren and Daniel M. Schaaf (2009). "Penstemon 'Dark Towers'." HortScience June 2009 vol. 44 no. 3 852-853
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Cheloneae — Penstemon :
| Genus Penstemon subg. Penstemon sect. Penstemon | Beardtongue | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd.1753. Chelone hirsuta L. (i)1800. Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. (i) | Hairy beardtongue, Hairy beard-tongue, Northeastern beard-tongue | Native, CoC: 7, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Penstemon pallidus Small1903. Penstemon pallidus Small1922. P. arkansanusvar. pubescens1933. P. brevisepalus Pennell | Pale beardtongue, Eastern white beardtonguePenstémon pâle | Native, CoC: 10, Secure FACU-UPL | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims    Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims    P. laevigatusssp. digitalis    P. laevigatusvar. angulatus | Foxglove beardtongue, Fox-glove beard-tongue, Talus-slope beard-tongue | Introduced, US South native, Naturalized FAC | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NX Go Botany BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Penstemon calycosus Small    Penstemon calycosus Small    P. laevigatusssp. calycosus | Longsepal beardtongue, Long-sepal beard-tongue | Introduced, N. America native, Unk. naturalizaiton | NYFA: X | USDA-N0 Go Botany BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt.1837. Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt. (i)1837. Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. (i)1949. P. tubaeflorusvar. achoreus Fernald | Funnel-form beardtongue, White-wand beardtongue, Tube beardtongue | Introduced, N. America native | NYFA: X | USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |

#### Collinsia

* Collinsia vernaCollinsia is a North American genus with about 21 species. But only a few are native in the eastern side of the continent, including two that are rarely or no-longer found outside of cultivation in New York.
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Cheloneae — Collinsia :
| Genus Collinsia Nutt. (1817) | Blue-eyed-Mary | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Collinsia verna Nutt.1817. Collinsia verna Nutt. 1818. Linaria tenella F.Dietr. in Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 4: 408 1824. Collinsia bicolor Raf. in Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 1:84 1824. Collinsia alba Raf. in Cincinnati Lit. Gaz. 1:85 1824. Collinsia tricolor Raf. in First Cat. Gard. Transylv. Univ.:13 | Blue-eyed Mary Spring blue-eyed Mary Eastern blue-eyed Mary Broad-leaved collinsia InnocenceCollinsie printanière | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, No recent reports, DEC-A FAC-FACU Annual, Herb-forb, 2n = 14 | NYFA: 6 counties iNat: Queens (2023-cult) GBIF: Bronx, Erie | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany-0 VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Collinsia parviflora Douglas ex Lindl.1827. Collinsia parviflora Douglas ex Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 13:t.1082 1834. Collinsia minima Nutt. in J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7:47 1837. Collinsia pauciflora Hook. in Fl. Bor.-Amer., Bot. N. Brit. Amer. 2:94 1878. Collinsia grandiflora var. pusilla A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1):256 1908. Collinsia diehlii M.E.Jones in Contr. W. Bot. 12:68 1908. Collinsia parviflora var. minima (Nutt.) M.E.Jones in Contr. W. Bot. 12:69 1928. Collinsia parviflora fo. rosea F.A.Warren in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 41: 197 1945. Collinsia parviflora var. simplex Farw. in Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 30(1):62 1951. Collinsia parviflora var. diehlii (M.E.Jones) Pennell in Ill. Fl. Pacific States 3:778 | Small-flowered blue-eyed Mary Maiden blue-eyed Mary Few-flowered blue-eyed Mary Blue-lips Small blue-eyed Mary Small-flowered collinsiaCollinsie à petites fleurs | Introduced, N. America native, Not naturalized, 2n = 14, 28, 42 | NYFA: Tompkins (1932) iNat: No NY obs. GBIF: Not in NY | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. ||||||

### Tribe Antirrhineae

* Of the dozen or so species of Antirrhineae (snap-dragon tribe) known to grow in the wild in New York, only oldfield toadflax is considered to be native to the state.
* ↑ Zarre, S., Yusefi, N., and Heubl, G. . "Subgeneric classification of Linaria (Plantaginaceae; Antirrhineae): molecular phylogeny and morphology revisited", Progress in Biological Sciences, 7, 1, 2017, 53-65. doi: 10.22059/pbs.2019.210157.1222

#### Linaria

* Nuttallanthus canadensisThe genus Nuttallanthus contains a small number of American toad-flaxes, which are still often included in the much larger Linaria genus.
* 1754. Linaria Mill. in Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4.:[s.p.]
* 1756. Elatine Hill in Brit. Herb.:113, nom. illeg.
* 1763. Peloria Adans. in Fam. Pl. 2:(21)
* 1860. Saccularia Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2:17
* 1940. Trimerocalyx (Murb.) Murb. in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N.31:68
* 1988. Nuttallanthus D.A.Sutton in Rev. Antirrh.:455
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Linaria :
| Genus Linaria sect. Lectoplectron | Toadflax | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Linaria canadensis (L.) Chaz.1753. Antirrhinum canadense L. in Sp. Pl.:618 1753. Anarrhinum canadense L. in Sp. Pl.:618 1790. Linaria canadensis (L.) Chaz. in Suppl. Dict. Jard. 2:42 1833. Antirrhinum pauciflorum Poepp. ex Chav. in Monogr. Antirrh.: 149 1840. Antirrhinum canadense var. assurgens Raf. in Autik. Bot.: 155 1906. Linaria subandina Diels in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37:427 1923. Antirrhinum stellatum Larrañaga in Escritos D. A. Larrañaga 2:191 1936. Linaria canadensis fo. cleistogama Fernald in Rhodora 38:443 1943. Linaria canadensis fo. albina Fernald in Rhodora 45:476 1988. Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton in Rev. Antirrh.:457 1988. Nuttallanthus subandinus (Diels) D.A.Sutton in Rev. Antirrh.:459 2016. Nuttallanthus canadensis fo. albinus (Fernald) G.Wilh. & Rericha in Michigan Bot. | Old-field toadflax, Canada toadflax, Blue toadflax, Field toadflaxLinaire du Canada | Native, CoC: 3, Likely secure Biennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Linaria sect. Linaria | Toadflax | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Linaria vulgaris Mill. ssp. vulgaris1753. Antirrhinum linaria L. in Sp. Pl.:616 1768. Linaria vulgaris Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.:n.° 1 1779. Antirrhinum commune Lam. in Fl. Franç. 2:340 1821. Antirrhinum vulgare (Mill.) Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl.2:22 (1822), nom. superfl. 1836. Linaria speciosa Ten. in Fl. Napol. 5:40, nom. illeg. 1840. Peloria linaria (L.) Raf. in Autik. Bot.:156 1882. Linaria linaria (L.) Karst. in Deut. Fl.:947, not validly publ. 1985. Linaria vulgaris ssp. arenosa Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 22:272 2000. Linaria arenosa (Tzvelev) Tzvelev in Opred. Sosud. Rast. Severo-Zap. Rossii:680 | Butter-and-eggs, Yellow toadflax, Flax-weed, Wild snapdragon, Eggs-and-bacon | Introduced from  Eurasia, Potentially invasive, Refs. | | NYFA: 47 counties iNat: 62 counties | USDA-XX POWO Go Botany VASCAN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.1753. Antirrhinum dalmaticum L. in Sp. Pl.:616 1768. Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.:n.°13 1825. Linaria dalmatica ssp. tessala Formánek in Verh.Naturf.Vereins Brünn 1844. Linaria macedonica Griseb. in Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2:19 1879. Linaria smithii Boiss. & Orph. in P.E.Boissier, Fl.Orient. 4:376 1890. Linaria pancicii Janka ex Nyman in Consp.Fl.Eur.Suppl., not validly publ. 1908. Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petitm. in Bull.Soc.Sci.Nancy, sér. 1909. Linaria dalmatica var. macedonica (Griseb.) Vandas in Reliq. Formán.:426 1929. Linaria zangezura Grossh. in Zhurn. Russk. Bot. Obshch. (1930) 1988. Linaria dalmatica ssp. macedonica (Griseb.) D.A.Sutton in Rev. Antirrh.:321 1995. Linaria dalmatica var. tessala (Formánek) Delip. & M.Popova in Fl.Nar.Republ.Bulgariya | Balkan toadflax, Dalmatian toadflax | Introduced from  Mediterranean, Very highly invasive, Refs., Invasive.org | | NYFA: 3 counties iNat: No NY obs GBIF: Bronx (cultivated) | USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill. ssp. genistifolia1753. Antirrhinum genistifolium L. in Sp. Pl.:616 1768. Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.:n.°14 1779. Antirrhinum pallidiflorum Lam. in Fl. Franç. 2:341 1827. Antirrhinum supinum Sm. in J.Sibthorp & J.E.Smith, Fl.Graec. 1840. Peloria genistifolia (L.) Raf. in Autik. Bot.:156 1847. Antirrhinum dalmaticum Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 3:209 1984. Linaria genistifolia ssp. angustata (Wierzb. ex Heuff.) Dostál in Folia Mus. Rerum 2004. Linaria genistifolia var. parviflora (Albov) Zernov in Novosti Sist. Vyssh., nom. illeg. | Broom-leaved toad-flax | Introduced from  Eurasia, Not naturalized | | NYFA: New York City iNat: No NY obs. GBIF: Bronx (cultivated) | USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Linaria sect. Versicolres | Toadflax | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Linaria maroccana Hook. f.1872. Linaria maroccana Hook.f. in Bot. Mag. 98: t. 5983 | Moroccan toadflax Morocco toadflax Annual toadflax | Introduced from  Morocco, Impersistent, Not naturalized, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb | | NYFA: Bronx, Suffolk iNat: 7 counties GBIF: Bronx, Queens | USDA-XX POWO Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Linaria sect. Supinae | Toadflax | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Linaria repens (L.) Mill.1753. Antirrhinum repens L. in Sp. Pl.:614 1768. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.:n.° 6 1779. Antirrhinum striatum Lam. in Fl. Franç. 2: 343 1797. Antirrhinum gallioides Vent. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 4:351 1821. Linaria galioides Schult. ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1:482, not validly publ. 1844. Linaria striata var. repens (L.) Risso in Fl. Nice:350 1881. Linaria striata var. galioides Lamotte in Prodr. Fl. Plat. Centr. 2:557 1983. Linaria repens var. blanca (Pau) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14:97 | Pale toad-flax, Striped toadflax | Introduced, Not naturalized, Ballast grounds | | NYFA: New York (1880) iNat: No NY obs. GBIF: Bronx, New York | USDA-XX Images Wikispecies |
| Linaria supina (L.) Chaz. ssp. supina1753. Antirrhinum supinum L. in Sp. Pl.:615 1787. Antirrhinum dubium Vill. in Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 2: 437 1790. Linaria supina (L.) Chaz. in P.Miller, Suppl. Dict. Jard. 2:39 1794. Linaria filiformis Moench in Methodus: 523 1799. Antirrhinum bipunctatum Thuill. in Fl. Env. Paris, ed. 2:311, auct. 1808. Linaria maritima DC. in Icon. Pl. Gall. Rar.:5 1828. Linaria supina var. maritima (DC.) Duby in Bot. Gall., ed. 2, 1: 345 1827. Linaria dubia (Vill.) Dumort. in Fl. Belg.:34 1971. Linaria supina ssp. maritima (DC.) M.Laínz in Aport. Conoc. Fl. Gallega 7:20 | Prostrate toad flax, Lesser butter and eggs | Introduced, Not naturalized, Ballast grounds | | NYFA: Kings (1879) iNat: No New World obs. GBIF: Bronx, New York | USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ National Invasive Species Information Center lists Linaria vulgaris as invasive in the US. ↑ Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States lists Linaria vulgaris as invasive in adjacent states CT & NJ and ten other states. ↑ National Invasive Species Information Center lists Linaria dalmatica as invasive in the US. ↑ Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States lists Linaria dalmatica as invasive in four western states. ↑ New York State Invasive Species Tiers: Linaria dalmatica Ecological Invasiveness Rank: Very High. ||||||

#### Chaenorhinum

* Chaenorhinum minus
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Chaenorhinum :
| Genus Chaenorhinum | Dwarf-snapdragon | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange ssp. minus1753. Antirrhinum minus L. in Sp. Pl.:617 1794. Linaria viscida Moench in Methodus:524 1798. Linaria minor (L.) Desf. in Fl. Atlant.2:46 1840. Antirrhinum minor Raf. in Autik. Bot.:156 1842. Linaria praetermissa Delastre in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér.2, 18:151 1869. Microrrhinum minus (L.) Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:127 1870. Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange in M.Willkomm & J.M.C.Lange, Prodr.Fl.Hispan. 1881. Linaria minor ssp. praetermissa (Delastre) Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur.: 542 1974. Chaenorhinum minus fo. australior (Simonk.) V.Nikolić in Fl. SR Srbije 6: 161 1980. Microrrhinum praetermissum (Delastre) Speta in Stapfia 7:9 | Dwarf snapdragon Small toadflax | Introduced from  continental Europe, Potentially invasive, IPA-US, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 40 counties iNat: 25 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-XX POWO Images Wikispecies |

#### Cymbalaria

* Cymbalaria muralisThe genus Cymbalaria
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Cymbalaria :
| Genus Cymbalaria | Cymbalaria | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. ssp. muralis1753. Antirrhinum cymbalaria L. in Sp. Pl.: 612 1773. Antirrhinum cimbalaria Neck. in Delic. Gallo-Belg.:267, orth. var. 1768. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 17 1776. Antirrhinum hederaceum Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton:96, nom. superfl. 1779. Antirrhinum hederaceum Lam. in Fl. Franç. 2: 338, nom. superfl. 1794. Elatine cymbalaria Moench in Methodus: 525 1800. Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. in Oekon. Fl. Wetterau 2:397 1820. Antirrhinum acutangulum Ten. in Fl. Napol. 2: 47 1821. Cymbalaria hederacea Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl.2:322 (1822), nom. superfl. 1831. Linaria acutangula Ten. in Syll. Pl. Fl. Neapol.: 302 1840. Tursitis cymbalaria (L.) Raf. in Autik. Bot.:156 1846. Antirrhinum cymbalaria Sieber ex Benth. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 10:267 | Kenilworth ivy Ivy-leaved toadflax Coliseum-ivy | Introduced from  Southern Alps, Naturalized, SNA, GNA Annual, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 14 counties iNat: 27 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-XX POWO Images Wikispecies |
| Cymbalaria pallida (Ten.) Wettst.1811. Linaria pallida Ten. in Fl. Napol. 1:32 1812. Antirrhinum pubescens Ten. in Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.): XXXVI, nom. illeg. 1815. Antirrhinum pallidum Ten. in Fl. Napol. 1:323 1828. Linaria apennina Tausch in Syll. Pl. Nov. 2:247 1891. Cymbalaria pallida (Ten.) Wettst. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. | Italian toadflax | Introduced from  Central Italy, Not naturalized | | NYFA: Ulster (1969) iNat: No NY observations GBIF: Not in NY | USDA-00 Images Wikispecies |

#### Kickxia

* Kickxia elatineThe genus Kickxia contains species known as cancerwort or fluellin.
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Kickxia :
| Genus Kickxia | Cancerwort | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.1753. Antirrhinum elatine L. 1768. Linaria elatine (L.) Mill. 1827. Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. 1840. Tursitis elatine (L.) Raf. 1891. Elatinoides elatine (L.) Wettst. 1891. Anarrhinum elatum (L.) Kuntze | Sharp-pointed fluellin ⓘ Sharp-leaved fluellen ⓘ Sharp-point toadflax | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, Naturalzed | | NYFA: X NYFA: 3 counties GBIF 2 counties | USDA-XX WFO POWO Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort.1753. Antirrhinum spurium L. 1768. Linaria spuria (L.) Mill. 1800. Cymbalaria spuria (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. 1827. Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. 1891. Elatinoides spuria (L.) Wettst. | Round-leaved fluellin ⓘ Round-leaved cancerwort Female fluellin ⓘ | Introduced | | NYFA: X NYFA: Queens (1879) GBIF No NY observations | USDA-XX WFO POWO Images Wikispecies |

#### Antirrhinum

* Antirrhinum majus
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Antirrhinum :
| Genus Antirrhinum | Snapdragon | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Antirrhinum majus | Garden snapdragon | Introduced, Not naturalized | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Images Wikispecies |

#### Misopates

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Misopates :
| Genus Misopates | Snapdragon | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Misopates orontium (L.) Raf.Antirrhinum orontium L. | Lesser snapdragon | Introduced, Impersistent | | NYFA: Xm | USDA-XX Images Wikispecies |

### Tribe Callitricheae
#### Callitriche

* Callitriche palustris vernal water-starwortThe Callitriche found in New York are aquatic plants known as water-starworts.
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae —   — Callitricheae —   — Callitriche :
| Genus Callitriche | Water-starwort | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Callitriche heterophylla Purshssp. heterophylla    Callitriche anceps Fernald | Diverseleaf water-starwort, Twoheaded water-starwort | Native, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Callitriche palustris L.    Callitriche verna L. | Vernal water-starwort | Native, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Callitriche terrestris Raf.    Callitriche austinii Engelm.    Callitriche deflexa A.Braun | Terrestrial water-starwort | Native, Threatened, DEC-B | NYFA: 2-3 | USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Callitriche hermaphroditica L. | Autumnal water-starwort, Northern water-starwort | Native, Endangered, DEC-A | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Callitriche stagnalis Scop. | Pond water-starwort | Introduced, Somewhat invasive,  NYIS: 49%,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: ,  GRIIS-US: Invasive, Naturalized, SNA OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | NYFA: X GBIF | USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (b) Threatened. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Callitriche stagnalis: Moderate (49). ||||||

#### Hippuris

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Callitricheae — Hippuris :
| Genus Hippuris | Mare's-tail | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Hippuris vulgaris L.1953. Hippuris vulgaris L. | Common mare's-tailHippuride vulgaire, Queue de cheval, Pesse vulgaire | Native, Endangered, DEC-A | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. ||||||

### Tribe Digitalideae
#### Digitalis

* Digitalis purpurea
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Digitalideae — Digitalis :
| Genus Digitalis sect. Digitalis | Foxglove | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Digitalis purpurea L.1753. Digitalis purpurea L. | Purple foxglove, Common foxglove, Digitalis, Fairy capDigitale pourpre, Grande digitale | Introduced from  Europe,  Morocco, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 53%, Naturalized | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Digitalis sect. Globiflorae | Foxglove | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Digitalis lanata Ehrh.1792. Digitalis lanata Ehrh. | Grecian foxglove, Woolly foxglove, Woolly digitalisDigitale laineuse | Introduced from  Europe,  Turkey, Somewhat invasive,  NYIS: 37%, Unknown naturalization | | NYFA: X iNat | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Digitalis sect. Macranthae | Foxglove | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Digitalis grandiflora Mill.1773. Digitalis ochroleuca Jacq. 1768. Digitalis grandiflora Mill. 1768. Digitalis magniflora Mill. 1768. Digitalis orientalis Mill. 1770. Digitalis ambigua Murray 1775. Digitalis flava Georgi 1782. Digitalis lutea-majar Gilib. 1825. Digitalis ambigua  var. grandiflora  Wender. 1838. Digitalis milleri G.Don | Yellow foxglove, Large yellow foxgloveDigitale à grandes fleurs | Introduced from  Eurasia, Highly invasive,  NYIS Tier: 2,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: , Naturalized | | NYFA: X GBIF | USDA-XX WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Digitalis lutea L.1753. Digitalis lutea L. 1773. Digitalis parviflora All. 1907. Digitalis ornata Porta ex Huter | Straw foxglove, Small yellow foxgloveDigitale jaune, Digitale à petites fleurs, Petite digitale | Introduced from  Europe, Not naturalized | | NYFA: X NYFA: 4 counties iNat GBIF 4 counties | USDA-XX POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Digitalis purpurea: Moderate (53). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Digitalis lanata: Low (37). ||||||

### Tribe Veroniceae

* The tribe Veroniceae contains the genera Veronica (Speedwells) and Veronicastrum (Culver's Roots).
* ↑ Albach, Dirk C., et al. “Evolution of Veroniceae: A Phylogenetic Perspective.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 91, no. 2, 2004, pp. 275–302. JSTOR. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.
* ↑ Albach, D. C., et al. “Chromosome Numbers in Veroniceae (Plantaginaceae): Review and Several New Counts.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 95, no. 4, 2008, pp. 543–66. JSTOR. Accessed 10 Jan. 2025.

#### Veronicastrum

* Veronicastrum virginicum Culver's rootCulver's root (Veronicastrum virginicum) is the only species of Veronicastrum reported in New York. It is listed as threatened (S2) in the state, but is widely planted.
* 1759. Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. in Enum. Meth. Pl.:111
* 1808. Callistachya Raf. in Med. Repos. Original Essays Intelligence Phys. 5:60
* 1808. Calistachya Raf. in Med. Repos. Original Essays Intelligence Phys. 5:352
* 1835. Calorhabdos Benth. in Scroph. Ind.:44
* 1900. Botryopleuron Hemsl. in Hooker's Icon. Pl.27: t.2670
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronicastrum :
| Genus Veronicastrum | Veronicastrum | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.1753. Veronica virginica L. in Sp. Pl.:9 1794. Veronicastrum rubellum Moench in Methodus: 437 1808. Callistachya virginica (L.) Raf. in Med. Repos. Original Essays Intelligence Phys. 5:60 1808. Calistachya alba Raf. in Med. Repos. Original Essays Intelligence Phys. 5:352 1812. Veronica quinquefolia Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 1:28 1818. Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. in Gen. N.Amer.Pl.1:7 1829. Leptandra virginica var. purpurea Pursh ex Eaton in Man. Bot. N. States, ed. 5:275 1830. Leptandra purpurea (Raf.) Raf. in Med. Fl. 2:20 1830. Leptandra alba Raf. in Med. Fl. 2:21 1830. Leptandra caerulea Raf. in Med. Fl. 2:21 1830. Leptandra villosa Raf. in Med. Fl. 2:21 1843. Paederota virginica (L.) Torr. in Fl. New York 2:44 1916. Callistachya virginica var. purpurea (Raf.) Farw. in Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 17:177 1917. Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. in Druggists' Circ. 61:231 | Culver's root, Blackroot, Bowman's root, Tall speedwell | Native, CoC: 5, Threatened, S2, G4, NYNHP: 2 FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade | | NYFA: 32 counties iNat: 25 counties | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2021. Online Conservation Guide for Veronicastrum virginicum. ||||||

#### Veronica

* Veronica scutulataThe Flora of North America segregates Veronica by subgenera based on Phil Garnock-Jones et al. (2007)
* subg. Veronica (V. officinalis, V. scutellata),
* subg. Beccabunga (V. beccabunga),
* subg. Pseudolysimachium (V. spicata, V. pseudolysimachion),
* subg. Pellidosperma (V. praecox),
* subg. Cochlidiosperma (V. hederifolia),
* subg. Chamaedrys (V. chamaedrys),
* subg. Stenocarpon (V. ciliata),
* subg. Pocilla (V. agrestis),
* subg. Pentasepalae (V. teucrium).
* ↑ Garnock-Jones, P., Albach, D. and Briggs, B.G. (2007), Botanical names in Southern Hemisphere Veronica (Plantaginaceae): sect. Detzneria, sect. Hebe, and sect. Labiatoides. Taxon, 56: 571-582.

##### Veronica subg. Veronica

* Veronica scutellata
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Veronica :
| Genus Veronica subg. Veronica | Speedwell | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Veronica scutellata L.1753. Veronica scutellata L. in Sp. Pl.:12 1801. Veronica scutellata var. villosa Schumach. in Enum. Pl. Saelle 1:7 1809. Veronica parmularia Poit. & Turpin in Fl. Paris.: 16 1818. Veronica uliginosa Raf. in Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2:175 1820. Veronica scutellata var. villosa Hartm. in Handb. Skand. Fl.:7, nom. illeg. 1821. Veronica angustifolia Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:306 (1822), nom. illeg. 1821. Veronica angustifolia var. pubescens Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:307 (1822) 1830. Veronica connata Raf. in Med. Fl. 2:110 1867. Cardia scutellata (L.) Dulac in Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées:389 1869. Limnaspidium parmularium Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:128 1869. Limnaspidium scutellatum Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:128 1990. Veronica polozhiae Revuschkin in Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. | Marsh speedwell Skullcap speedwell | Native, CoC: 6, Secure, S5, G5 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 7, 2n = 18 | NYFA: 52 counties iNat: 25 counties | USDA-NN WFO POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica officinalis L.1753. Veronica officinalis L. in Sp. Pl.: 11 1787. Veronica allionii var. tournefortii Vill. in Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 2:9 1793. Veronica allionii F.W.Schmidt in Fl. Boëm. 1:6, nom. illeg. 1793. Veronica tournefortii (Vill.) F.W.Schmidt in Fl. Boëm. 1:7 1825. Veronica vulgaris Opiz in Naturalientausch 9:111, nom. nud. 1827. Veronica officinalis var. tournefortii (Vill.) Dumort. in Fl. Belg.:36 2003. Veronica vadiniensis R.Alonso, Lence, López Pach., Puente & Penas in Bot.J.Linn.Soc. | Common speedwell Gypsy-weed Common gypsy-weedVéronique officinale | Introduced from  Eurasia,  Macaronesia, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 52%,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: , Naturalized, SNA FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 18, 36 (Europe) | NYFA: 49 counties iNat: 61 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-XX WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Veronica officinalis: Moderate (52). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. ||||||

##### Veronica subg. Beccabunga

* Veronica americanaVeronica subgenus Beccabunga (Hill) M.M.Mart Ort., Albach & M.A.Fisch. (2004) contains about six species that are found in New York State.
* ↑ Veronica subg. Beccabunga (Hill) M.M. Martinéz-Ortega, Albach & M.A. Fischer in the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Accessed 11 Jan 2025.
* ↑ Albach, Dirk C., et al. “A New Classification of the Tribe Veroniceae: Problems and a Possible Solution.” Taxon, vol. 53, no. 2, 2004, pp. 429–52. JSTOR. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Beccabunga :
| Genus Veronica subg. Beccabunga | Speedwell | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. ex Benth.1824. Veronica intermedia Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 8:268, nom. illeg. 1830. Veronica beccabunga var. americana Raf. in Med. Fl. 2:109 1832. Veronica anagallis Bong. in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg 1843. Veronica beccabunga var. americana Torr. in Fl. New York 2:41, nom. illeg. 1846. Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. ex Benth. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1900. Veronica americana var. crassula Rydb. in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1:353 1903. Veronica crenatifolia Greene in Pittonia 5:114 1917. Veronica americana fo. rosea J.K.Henry in Ottawa Naturalist 31:56 1948. Veronica americana fo. albiflora Tatew. ex H.Hara in Enum.Sperm.Japon. | American speedwell American brooklimeVéronique d'Amérique Véronique américaine | Native, CoC: 4, Secure, S5, G5 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 7, 2n = 36 | NYFA: 50 counties iNat: 45 counties GBIF: Present in NY | USDA-NN COL POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica peregrina L. ssp. peregrina1753. Veronica peregrina L. in Sp. Pl.:14 1753. Veronica romana L. in Sp. Pl.:14 1779. Veronica laevis Lam. in Fl. Franç. 2:444 1782. Veronica marilandica Murray in Commentat. Soc. Regiae Sci. Gott. 5:11, nom. illeg. 1788. Veronica caroliniana Walter in Fl. Carol.:61 1789. Veronica pallescens Gaterau in Desc. Pl. Montauban: 27 1791. Veronica carnosula Lam. in Tabl. Encycl. 1:47 non Hook.f. in Handb. N Zeal. Fl. (1864) 1831. Veronica peruviana Willd. ex A.Dietr. in Sp. Pl., ed. 6.1:534 1935. Veronica peregrina ssp. typica Pennell in Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. | Common Purslane Speedwell Necklace-weed Neckweed | Native, CoC: 0, Secure, S5, G5-T5 FAC Annual, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 7, 2n = 52 | NYFA: 30 counties iNat: 4 counties | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell1818. Veronica xalapensis Kunth in Nov. Gen. Sp. 2:389 1919. Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell in Torreya 19:167 1928. Veronica sherwoodii Peck in Torreya 28:56 1928. Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (Kunth) H.St.John in N.W.Sci. 2(3):90 1935. Veronica peregrina ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell in Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1940. Veronica peregrina var. laurentiana Vict. & J.Rousseau in Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montréal 1979. Veronica peregrina f. xalapensis (Kunth) Kitag. in Neolin. Fl. Manshur. | Western Purslane Speedwell Bird's-eye Speedwell Glandular speedwell Hairy purslane speedwell Neckweed | Native, CoC: 3, Rare, S3, G5-T5 FAC Annual, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 7, 2n = 52 | NYFA: 3 | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica catenata Pennell ssp. catenata1881. Veronica anagallis-aquatica ssp. pallidiflora Čelak. in Prodr. Fl. Böhmen: 828 1834. Veronica aquatica Bernh. in Uber Beg. Pflanzen Art.:66, nom. illeg. 1890. Veronica anagallis-aquatica ssp. aquatica Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2(2):236 1890. Veronica anagallis-aquatica ssp. aquatica Bernh. ex Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2:236 1909. Veronica anagallis-aquatica proles aquatica (Nyman) Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 1917. Veronica anagallis-aquatica var. glandulosa Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:249 1921. Veronica catenata Pennell in Rhodora 23:37 1921. Veronica catenata var. glandulosa (Farw.) Pennell in Rhodora 23:37 1935. Veronica connata ssp. glaberrima Pennell in Monogr. Acad.Nat.Sci.Philadelphia 1939. Veronica connata var. glaberrima (Pennell) Fassett in Rhodora 41:525 1939. .. Veronica salina fo. laevipes (Beck) Fernald in Rhodora 41:568 1952. Veronica comosa var. glaberrima (Pennell) B.Boivin in Naturaliste Canad. 79:174 1952. Veronica comosa var. glandulosa (Farw.) B.Boivin in Naturaliste Canad. 79:174 | Chained speedwell, Pink water speedwell, Water speedwell, Pennell's speedwell | Native, CoC: 10, Vulnerable, 2n = 36 | NYFA: 3-5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. humifusa (Dicks.) Vahl1785. Veronica tenella All. in Fl. Pedem. 1:75 1794. Veronica humifusa Dicks. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2:288 1800. Veronica serpyllifolia var. humifusa (Dicks.) Sm. in Fl. Brit. 1:19 1830. Veronica pasquorum var. alpina Hook. in Brit. Fl.: 4 (1830), nom. superfl. 1902, Veronica repens var. tenella (All.) Vayr. i n Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 30:557 1987. Veronicastrum serpyllifolium ssp. humifusum (Dicks. ex With.) W.A.Weber | Bright blue speedwell | Native, Likely extirpated, 2n = 14 | NYFA: X | USDA-NN WFO Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia1753. Veronica serpyllifolia L. in Sp. Pl.:12 1768. Veronica capensis Burm.f. in Fl. Indica, Prodr. Fl. Cap.:1 1799. Veronica nummulariifolia Thuill. in Fl. Env. Paris, ed. 2:6 1804. Veronica ruderalis Vahl in Enum. Pl. Obs. 1:66 1853. Veronica wolffiana Schur in Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. 1867. Cardia officinalis (L.) Dulac in Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées:390 1867. Cardia multiflora Dulac in Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées:391 1869. Veronicastrum serpyllifolium (L.) Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:128 | Thyme-leaved speedwell | Introduced, Naturalized, SNA, G5TNR FAC Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 7, 2n = 14 | NYFA: X iNat: | USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.1753. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. in Sp. Pl.:12 1782. Veronica rotundifolioerecta Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 1:116, opus utique oppr. 1782. Veronica longifoliorepens Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 1:117, opus utique oppr. 1791. Veronica michauxii Lam. in Tabl. Encycl. 1:44 1792. Veronica acutifolia Gilib. in Exerc. Phyt. 1:119, opus utique oppr. 1796. Veronica palustris Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton:92 1867. Cardia amplexicaulis Dulac in Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées:390 1869. Beccabunga anagallis-aquatica (L.) Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:128 1919. Veronica brittonii Porter ex Pennell in Torreya 19:168 1919. Veronica glandifera Pennell in Torreya 19:170 2001. Veronica scardicoides Papch. in Veg. Watercourses Middle-Povolzhya:70 | Water speedwell, Blue speedwell, Water pimpernel, Brook pimpernel, Blue water speedwellMouron d'eau | Introduced, 2n = 36 | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica beccabunga L. ssp. beccabunga1753. Veronica beccabunga L. in Sp. Pl.:12 1791. Veronica tenerrima F.W.Schmidt in Samml. Phys.-Oekon. Aufsätze 1:198 1792. Veronica rotundifolia Gilib. in Exerc. Phyt. 1:120, opus utique oppr. 1796. Veronica fontinalis Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton:91 1825. Veronica limosa Lej. in Rev. Fl. Spa: 2 1830. Veronica anagallis-aquatica var. tenerrima (F.W.Schmidt) Roth ex Klett & Richt. 1867. Cardia beccabunga (L.) Dulac in Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées:390 1869. Beccabunga vulgaris Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:128 1888. Veronica bacsensis Simonk. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 38: 107 1921. Veronica baxteri House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 233-234:11 1930. Veronica bianoris Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 29: 85 | Brooklime European speedwell Water speedwell | Introduced from  Eurasia, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 62%, 2n = 18, 36 | NYFA: X | USDA-XX POWO Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Veronica beccabunga: Moderate (62). ||||||

##### Veronica subg. Chamaedrys

* Veronica arvensisVeronica subgenus Chamaedrys (W.D.J.Koch) M.M.Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A.Fisch (2004).
* ↑ Veronica subg. Chamaedrys (Hill) M.M. Martinéz-Ortega, Albach & M.A. Fischer in the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Accessed 14 Jan 2025.
* ↑ Albach, Dirk C., et al. “A New Classification of the Tribe Veroniceae: Problems and a Possible Solution.” Taxon, vol. 53, no. 2, 2004, pp. 429–52. JSTOR. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Chamaedrys :
| Genus Veronica subg. Chamaedrys | Speedwell | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Veronica arvensis L.1753. Veronica arvensis L. in Sp. Pl.:13 1793. Veronica acinifolia F.W.Schmidt in Fl. Boëm. 1:31, nom. illeg. 1867. Cardia arvensis (L.) Dulac in Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 388 1869. Agerella arvensis (L.) Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:129 | Corn speedwell Wall speedwell Common speedwell Field speedwellVéronique des champs | Introduced, Potentially invasive,  Invasive.org: 5,  USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized | NYFA: X iNat: 53 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-XX VASCAN Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica chamaedrys L. | Germander speedwell | Introduced, Potentially invasive,  Invasive.org: 3,  USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized | NYFA: X GBIF | USDA-XX Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica verna L. | Spring speedwell | Introduced, Naturalized,  USGS: L48 established | NYFA: X NYFA: 2 counties GBIF Lewis (1994) | USDA-XX Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica dillenii Crantz | Dillen's speedwell | Introduced, Not naturalized,  USGS: L48 established | NYFA: X GBIF | USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies |

##### Veronica subg. Cochlidiosperma

* Veronica hederifolia
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Cochlidiosperma :
| Genus Veronica subg. Cochlidiosperma | Speedwell | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Veronica hederifolia L.1753. Veronica hederifolia L. 1839. Cochlidiosperma hederifolium (L.) Opiz 1869. Pocilla hederifolia (L.) Fourr. | Ivy-leaved speedwell ⓘ | Introduced from  Eurasia,,  northern Africa, Potentially invasive,  Invasive.org: 7,  USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb, 2n=56 | | NYFA: X NYFA: 8 counties GBIF 9 counties | USDA-XX WFO POWO Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica sublobata M.A.Fisch.1830. Veronica hederifolia  var. lucorum  Klett & Richt. 1966. Veronica hederifolia  ssp. lucorum  (Klett & Richt.) Hartl 1967. Veronica sublobata M.A.Fisch. | Pink ivy-leaved speedwell ⓘ False ivy-leaved speedwell ⓘ | Introduced | | NYFA: Not listed iNat GBIF 8? counties | POWO ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

##### Veronica subg. Pentasepalae

* Veronica teucriumVeronica subg. Pentasepalae (Benth.) M. M. Mart. Ort., Albach & M. A. Fisch. is the largest subgenus of Veronica in the Northern Hemisphere, with approximately 70 to 80 species, mainly from Southwest Asia, where his subgenus comprises the majority of perennial Veronica species.
* Most sources (FNA, POWO, FSUS, COL, VASCAN, etc. as of Jan. 2025) treat Veronica teucrium as the accepted species name for this plant, though a few, including the New York Flora Atlas treat it as Veronica austriaca ssp. teucrium.
* There are a few "research-grade" iNaturalist observations of Veronica umbrosa M.Bieb. made in New York State. POWO and it's followers list Veronica umbrosa as a synonym of Veronica peduncularis, but POWO states that Veronica umbrosa was accepted following an "alternative taxonomy" by Albach, D.C. (2018). Personal Communication on Veronica 1 Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg.
* ↑ Doostmohammadi, M.; Bordbar, F.; Albach, D.C.; Mirtadzadini, M. Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Veronica Subgenus Pentasepalae (Plantaginaceae): Evidence for Its Origin and Subsequent Dispersal. Biology 2022, 11, 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050639
* ↑ Dirk C. Albach and Mohammad Al-Gharaibeh "Systematics and biogeography of Veronica subg. Pentasepalae from the Levant," Willdenowia 45(1), 5-14, (16 February 2015).
* ↑ Veronica umbrosa in POWO (2025). Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 09 January 2025.
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Pentasepalae :
| Genus Veronica subg. Pentasepalae | Speedwell | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Veronica teucrium L.1753. Veronica latifolia L. in Sp. Pl.:13 1762. Veronica teucrium L. in Sp. Pl., ed.2.:16 1773. Veronica pseudochamaedrys Jacq. in Fl. Austriac.1:37 1796. Veronica florida Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton, nom. illeg. 1806. Veronica latifolia var. minor Schrad. in Fl. Germ.:36 1827. Veronica teucrium var. minor (Schrad.) Wimm. & Grab. in Fl.Siles., not validly publ. 1852. Veronicastrum latifolium var. latifolium (Schrad.) Opiz in Seznam: 103 1972. Veronica austriaca ssp. teucrium (L.) D.A.Webb in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 65:267 1983. Veronica austriaca var. teucrium (L.) O.Bolòs & Vigo in Collect.Bot., nom. superfl. 1993. Veronica austriaca ssp. pseudochamaedrys (Jacq.) Kerguélen in Coll. Patrim. Nat. | Broad-leaved speedwell Broadleaf speedwell Large speedwell | Introduced from  Eurasia, Unknown naturalization, SNA, G5 Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 48, 64 | NYFA: 14 counties iNat: 3 counties GBIF: present in NY | USDA-XX COL WFO POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica umbrosa M.Bieb.1798. Veronica peduncularis M.Bieb. in Tabl. Prov. Mer Casp.:111 (‽‽‽) 1799. Veronica pedunculata M.Bieb. in J. Bot. (Schrader) 1799, orth. var. 1808. Veronica umbrosa M.Bieb. in Fl. Taur.-Caucas.1:11 1820. Veronica nemorum Pall. ex Link in Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3):42 1844. Veronica nigricans K.Koch in Linnaea 17:288 1844. Veronica secundiflora K.Koch in Linnaea 17:288 1847. Veronica chamaedrys var. peduncularis (M.Bieb.) Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 3:243 1849. Veronica phoenicantha K.Koch in Linnaea 22:690 1866. Veronica drymeja Schur in Enum. Pl. Transsilv.:495 1879. Veronica benthamii K.Koch ex Boiss. in Fl. Orient. 4:439, not validly publ. 1879. Veronica peduncularis var. umbrosa (M.Bieb.) Boiss. in Fl. Orient. 4:440 | Creeping Speedwell | Introduced from  Eurasia, Cultivated | iNat: 3 counties GBIF: none listed | COL WFO POWO Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica peduncularis M.Bieb.1798. Veronica peduncularis M.Bieb. in Tabl. Prov. Mer Casp.:111 1799. Veronica pedunculata M.Bieb. in J. Bot. (Schrader) 1799, orth. var. 1808. Veronica umbrosa M.Bieb. in Fl. Taur.-Caucas.1:11 (‽‽‽) 1820. Veronica nemorum Pall. ex Link in Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3):42 1844. Veronica nigricans K.Koch in Linnaea 17:288 1844. Veronica secundiflora K.Koch in Linnaea 17:288 1847. Veronica chamaedrys var. peduncularis (M.Bieb.) Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 3:243 1849. Veronica phoenicantha K.Koch in Linnaea 22:690 1866. Veronica drymeja Schur in Enum. Pl. Transsilv.:495 1879. Veronica benthamii K.Koch ex Boiss. in Fl. Orient. 4:439, not validly publ. 1879. Veronica peduncularis var. umbrosa (M.Bieb.) Boiss. in Fl. Orient. 4:440 | Creeping Blue Speedwell | Introduced from  Eurasia, Cultivated | iNat: Bronx (cultivated) GBIF: Bronx (1935, 1939) | COL WFO POWO Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica macrostachya Vahl1804. Veronica macrostachya Vahl in Enum. Pl. Obs. 1:71 1856. Veronica aleppica Boiss. in Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 3:169 | Large-spike speedwell Scalloped-leaf speedwellורוניקה ארוכת-שיבולת Вероника крупноколосая | Introduced from  Lebanon-Syria,  Palestine, Turkey, Cultivated | iNat: Onondaga (cultiv.) GBIF: not present in NY | POWO Images Wikispecies |

##### Veronica subg. Pocilla

* Veronica persicaThe species of Veronica subgenus Pocilla (Dumort.) M.M.Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A.Fisch. that are found in New York State are all in the subsection Agrestes Benth.
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Pocilla :
| Genus Veronica subg. Pocilla | Speedwell | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Veronica persica Poir.1805. Veronica tournefortii C.C.Gmel. in Fl. Bad. 1:39, nom. illeg. 1808. Veronica persica Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 8:542 1811. Veronica buxbaumii Ten. in Fl. Napol. 1:7, t.1, nom. illeg. 1815. Veronica filiformis DC. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck & A.P.de Candolle, Fl.Franç. 1823. Veronica hospita Mert. & W.D.J.Koch in J.C.Röhling, Deutschl. Fl., ed. 3, 1: 332 1931. Veronica persica var. aschersoniana (E.B.J.Lehm.) Drabble & J.E.Little in J.Bot. 1832. Veronica precox Raf. in Atlantic J. 1: 79 1867. Cardia filiformis Dulac in Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 389 1869. Pocilla persica (Poir.) Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:129 | Bird's-eye speedwell Persian speedwell Large field speedwell | Introduced from  Iran, Caucasus, Weedy worldwide, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb, 2n = 28 | NYFA: 24 counties iNat: ~50 counties | USDA-XX POWO Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica polita Fries ssp. polita1811. Veronica didyma Ten. in Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.):VI 1819. Veronica polita Fr. in Novit. Fl.Svec.:63, nom. cons. 1823. Veronica agrestis var. carnosula Mert. & W.D.J.Koch in J.C.Röhling, Deutschl.Fl. 1824. Veronica agrestis var. polita (Fr.) Wahlenb. in Fl. Suecica 1:11 1834. Veronica agrestis ssp. polita (Fr.) Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 12 1867. Cardia didyma (Ten.) Dulac in Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 388 1869. Pocilla polita (Fr.) Fourr. in Ann.Soc.Linn.Lyon, n.s. 1882. Veronica agrestis var. didyma (Ten.) Pomata in Anales Soc.Esp.Hist.Nat. 1912. Veronica thellungiana (E.Lehm.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. in Fl. Tirol 6(3): 272 | Wayside speedwell Gray speedwell Grey field speedwellVéronique luisante Véronique à feuilles luisantes | Introduced from  Europe to Central Asia,  Western Himalayas,  Canary Islands to N. Somalia, Naturalized Annual, Herb-forb, 2n = 14 (Eurasia) | NYFA: 7 counties iNat: 25 counties | USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica filiformis Sm.1791. Veronica filiformis Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 1:195 1853. Veronica sibthorpiifolia Chaub. in Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 19:233 | Slender speedwell | Introduced, Naturalized Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 14 (Europe). | NYFA: 7 counties iNat: 33 counties | USDA-XX Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica agrestis L.1753. Veronica agrestis L. in Sp. Pl.:13 1867. Cardia agrestis (L.) Dulac in Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 388 1902. Veronica polita var. agrestis (L.) Vayr. in Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 30: 557 | Field speedwell Green field speedwellVéronique agreste | Introduced from  Macaronesia,  Europe to Medit., Unknown naturalization, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb, 2n = 28 | NYFA: 7 counties iNat: No NY obs. | USDA-XX POWO FSUS Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica biloba L.    Pocilla biloba (L.) W.A. Weber | Two-lobe speedwell | Introduced, NY excluded | NYFA-Excluded iNat: Western US | USDA-XX FNA Images Wikispecies |

##### Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachium

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachium :
| Genus Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachion | Speedwell | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Veronica longifolia L.1753. Veronica longifolia L.1852. Pseudolysimachion longifolium (L.) Opiz | Longleaf speedwell, Long-leaf speedwell, Long-leaved speedwell, Garden speedwell | Introduced, Eurasia native | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica spicata L.1753. Veronica spicata L. 1769. Veronica orchidea Crantz 1817. Veronica barrelieri Schult. 1852. Pseudolysimachion spicatum(L.) Opiz 1950. Veronica hololeuca Juz. | Spike speedwell | Introduced | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Veronica bachofenii Heuff.1821. Veronica grandisFisch. ex Spreng. misapplied 1835. Veronica bachofenii Heuff. 1967. Pseudolysimachion bachofenii | Heartleaf speedwell, Heart-leaved speedwell | Introduced from  eastern Europe, Impersistent, Not naturalized | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |

### Tribe Plantagineae
#### Littorella

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Littorella :
| Genus Littorella | Shore grass | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Littorella americana Fernald1753. Plantago uniflora L.1859. Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch.1918. Littorella americana Fernald1952. Littorella unifloravar. americana Gleason1996. Plantago americana Rahn | American shore-grass, American shore plantain, American shore weed | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, No recent reports, SH, G5 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies Note: |
| ↑ USDA-ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) treats Littorella as a subgenus of Plantago and Littorella uniflora as a synonym of Plantago uniflora. It also considers this species to be a European native, referencing Aldén, Ryman & Hjertson (2009). ||||||

#### Plantago
##### Plantago subg. Plantago

* Plantago rugelii black-seeded plantain
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Plantago subg. Plantago :
| Genus Plantago subg. Plantago | Plantain | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Plantago rugelii Decne. | Rugel’s plantain ⓘ Blackseed plantain ⓘ Black-seeded plantain American plantain ⓘ | Native, Secure | | NYFA: 5 iNat | USDA-NX Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago virginica L. | Virginia plantain, Pale-seeded plantain, Hoary plantain | Native, Secure | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NX Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago cordata Lam.1792. Plantago cordata Lam. | Heart-leaved plantain, Heartleaf plantain, Kingroot | Native, Rare OBL Perennial, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 3 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago pusilla Nutt. | Dwarf plantain | Introduced, N. America native | | | USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago heterophylla Nutt. | Slender plantain | Introduced, N. America native | | NYFA: X | USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago major L. | Common plantain, Nipple-seeded plantain | Introduced | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago media L. | Lamb's tongue plantain ⓘ Hoary plantain ⓘ Plantain moyen ⓘ Plantain bâtard ⓘ | Introduced from  Eurasia | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Plantago subg. Plantago (excluded taxa) | Plantain | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Plantago eriopoda Torr. | Redwool plantain | Introduced, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies |

##### Plantago subg. Coronopus

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Plantago subg. Coronopus :
| Genus Plantago | Plantain | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Plantago maritima L.var. juncoides    Plantago juncoides Lam.    Plantago maritimassp. borealis    Plantago oliganthos | Seaside plantain | Native, Threatened | | NYFA: 2-3 | USDA-NN Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago coronopus L. | Buckhorn plantain | Introduced, Rare | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Images Wikispecies |

##### Plantago subg. Psyllium s.l

This subgenus combines subg. Psyllium s.s and subg. Albicans, which have been found to be polyphyletic when treated separately.
Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Plantago subg. Psyllium s.l :
| Genus Plantago | Plantain | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Plantago aristata Michx. | Largebracted plantain, Rat-tail plantain, Western ripplegrass | Introduced, N. America native | NYFA: X | USDA-NX Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago patagonica Jacq. | Woolly plantain | Introduced, N. America native | NYFA: X | USDA-NN Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago lanceolata L. | English plantain, Narrowleaf plantain, Narrow-leaved plantain | Introduced | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.1753. Plantago psyllium L., nom. utique rej. 1759. Plantago indica L., nom. utique rej. 1794. Plantago scabra Moench 1801. Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. | Flaxseed plantain ⓘ Sand plantain ⓘ | Introduced | NYFA: X | USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |

## Family Scrophulariaceae

* The Scrophulariaceae (figwort Family) ...
* ↑ Scrophulariaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Scrophulariaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

### Tribe Scrophularieae

* The tribe Scrophularieae Dumort contains six genera with about 530–750 species worldwide, two genera of which (Scrophularia and Verbascum are found in New York State.
* ↑ Villaverde, T., Larridon, I., Shah, T., Fowler, R.M., Chau, J.H., Olmstead, R.G. and Sanmartín, I. (2023), Phylogenomics sheds new light on the drivers behind a long-lasting systematic riddle: the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. New Phytol, 240: 1601-1615.

#### Scrophularia

* Scrophularia lanceolataThe genus Scrophularia (figwort) has about five species found in the wild in New York State.
* 1753. Scrophularia Tourn. ex L. in Sp. Pl.: 619
* 1834. Ceramanthe (Rchb.) Dumort. in Not. Scroph.:7
* 1869. Tomiephyllum Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:125
* 1869. Venilia Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17:125
* 1884. Oreosolen Hook.f. in Fl. Brit. India 4:318
* 1912. Tuerckheimocharis Urb. in Symb. Antill. 7:373
* 1992. Scrophucephalus A.P.Khokhr. in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. (1993)
* ↑ Scrophularia in Plants of the World Online. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Scrophularieae — Scrophularia :
| Genus Scrophularia | Figwort | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh 1813 | Hare figwort, Lanceleaf figwort, American figwort | Native, Secure | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Scrophularia marilandica L. 1753 | Carpenter's square, Figwort, Eastern figwort, Maryland figwort | Native, Likely secure | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Scrophularia nodosa L. 1753 | Woodland figwort, Common figwort, Figwort | Introduced, Eurasia native | NYFA: X | USDA-NX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Scrophularia auriculata L. 1753S. aquatica auct. | Shoreline figwort, Water betony, Water figwort | Introduced, Impersistent | NYFA: Xm | USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Scrophularia canina L. | French figwort | Introduced, Not naturalized | NYFA: New York (1880) iNat: No New World obs. | Images Wikispecies |

#### Verbascum

Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Scrophularieae — Verbascum :
| Genus Verbascum | Mullein | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Verbascum blattaria L.1753. Verbascum blattaria L. | Moth mullein, White moth mullein | Introduced, Eurasia native, N. Africa native | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Verbascum thapsus L. 17531753. Verbascum thapsus L. | Common mullein, Great mulleinMolène, Bouillon blanc | Introduced | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Verbascum lychnitis L.1753. Verbascum lychnitis L. | White mullein | Introduced, Eurasia native | NYFA: X | USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Verbascum × spurium K.Koch  Verbascum lychnitis ×   Verbascum thapsus1837. Verbascum spurium K.Koch | Mullein | Introduced | NYFA: X | USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Verbascum phlomoides L. 17531753. Verbascum phlomoides L. | Orange mullein, Clasping-leaved mullein | Introduced, Eurasia native | NYFA: X | USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Verbascum phoeniceum L.1753. Verbascum phoeniceum L.1753. Verbascum phoenicium L. | Purple mullein | Introduced, Eurasia native | NYFA: X | USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Verbascum sinuatum L.1753. Verbascum sinuatum L. | Wavyleaf mullein, Wavy-leaved mullein, Black-leaved mullein, Scallop-leaved mullein | Introduced | NYFA: X | USDA-X0 ITIS Images Wikispecies |

### Tribe Limoselleae
#### Limosella

* Limosella australis
Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Limoselleae — Limosella :
| Genus Limosella | Mudwort | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Limosella australis R. Br.1804. Limosella tenuifolia J.P.Wolff 1806. Limosella aquatica  ssp. tenuifolia  (J.P.Wolff) Pers. 1810. Limosella australis R.Br. 1817. Limosella subulata E.Ives 1905. Limosella aquatica  var. tenuifolia  (J.P.Wolff) Hook.f. | Atlantic mudwort ⓘ Welsh mudwort Delta Mudwort ⓘ Limosella à feuilles subulées ⓘ | Native, CoC: 10, Rare, Vulnerable, S2, G4-5 OBL Annual, Herb-forb | | NYFA: 3 iNat | USDA-NN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

### Tribe Buddlejeae
#### Buddleja

* Buddleja davidiiOne species of Butterfly bush, Buddleja davidii has escaped cultivation and become invasive in New York State. It has been widely planted to attract butterflies and birds, but it has been found to be invasive in many temperate locations outside of its native range in China. Butterfly-bush should not be confused with butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa), which is a native milkweed.
Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Buddlejeae — Buddleja :
| Genus Buddleja | Butterflybush | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Buddleja davidii Franch.1888. Buddleja davidii Franch. | Orange-eyed butterfly-bush, Orange-eye butterfly-bush, Orange eye butterflybush, Butterfly bush, Orange eye, Summer lilacArbre aux papillons, Lilas d'été | Introduced from  China, Invasive,  NYIS: 45% FACU Perennial, Shrub | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Buddleja davidii: Low (45). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. ||||||