OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dilys Derwent
## Overview

Dilys Derwent (St. Mungo's Healer, 1722-1741, Headmistress of Hogwarts 1741-1768) is one of the portraits in the Headmaster's office at Hogwarts.

## Role in the Books
### Order of the Phoenix

Dilys is one of two portraits selected by Professor Dumbledore to investigate the apparent attack on Arthur Weasley reported by Harry Potter just before Christmas. Dumbledore remarks that Dilys and Everard are quite famous, and have portraits hanging in many places, which they can visit. Dilys, a famous Healer, will be visiting her portraits at St. Mungo's, and reporting what happens there. When Harry, along with Mrs. Weasley, Fred, George, Ginny, Ron, Tonks, and Alastor Moody visit Arthur in hospital, Harry notices a portrait of Dilys in the admissions area; the portrait seems to be counting them up, then winks at Harry and vanishes, almost certainly to report their arrival to Dumbledore.

### Deathly Hallows
## Strengths
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Edgar Bones
## Overview

Edgar Bones was killed with his wife (name unknown) while working for the Order of the Phoenix.

## Role in the Books
### Philosopher's Stone

In their first meeting, Hagrid mentions to Harry that Voldemort killed some of the best wizards of the age such as the Bones, along with the McKinnons and the Prewetts.

### Order of the Phoenix

At the celebratory party at Grimmauld Place for Ron and Hermione's appointment as Prefects, Alastor Moody shows Harry a photograph of the original Order of the Phoenix. Edgar Bones was in that picture, and Moody remarks that they got him and his family, too.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Eddie Carmichael
## Overview

Eddie Carmichael is a Ravenclaw student one year older than Harry.

## Role in the Books
### Order of the Phoenix

As OWL exams approach, many students are trying to earn some easy money from selling items touted as being able to give some advantage in the exams. These substances are against the rules at Hogwarts, and are often actually dangerous drugs – one student was offering "powdered dragon claw" for sale, which on inspection turned out to be dried doxy droppings. Eddie offers Baruffio's Brain Elixir, a supposed brain stimulant. Harry and Ron were just about to buy some from him when Hermione (acting as a prefect) confiscates all of it and pours it down the toilet.

## Analysis

We have no idea what Baruffio's Brain Elixir may be, but it is almost certainly ineffective, probably water with some magical herbs mixed in at random to give it some sort of color and flavour to justify the price (12 Galleons a pint) Eddie is asking. A reader with a good memory may recognize the name, though, as in Harry's first year, Professor Flitwick had cautioned his Charms class to "never forget Wizard Baruffio, who said 's' instead of 'f' and found himself on the floor with a buffalo on his chest."

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dirk Cresswell
## Overview

Dirk Cresswell worked in the Goblin Liaison Office of the Ministry of Magic, eventually becoming head of the department.

## Role in the Books
### Half-Blood Prince

While Albus Dumbledore is in the process of recruiting Horace Slughorn at the beginning of the book, he leaves Slughorn and Harry together. The conversation turns to Harry's mother, Lily Potter, and Slughorn mentions that Dirk had been in the year after Lily. Now Head of the Goblin Liaison office, Dirk has been keeping him up to date on events at Gringotts.

### Deathly Hallows

When Harry, Ron, and Hermione are making their way through the Ministry in their search for the locket Horcrux, Harry is disguised as one Albert Runcorn, evidently a higher-up in the Ministry. A "bushily-whiskered man" hints that he knows Runcorn had betrayed Dirk Cresswell, evidently losing him his job, and tries to get Runcorn's backing for his plan to be next in line for the Goblin Liaison position. Later in that same episode, Harry, still disguised as Runcorn, shares an elevator with Arthur Weasley, who says he knows that Runcorn had more than a little to do with Creswell's being fired, and warns him to watch his step. Finally, in the escape from the Ministry, Harry gets the Ministry workers to stop sealing exit fireplaces by threatening the wizard in charge with having his ancestry investigated like Dirk Creswell's was.
Later, when Harry, Ron, and Hermione are moving from campsite to campsite through the English countryside, another group of refugees briefly and unknowingly camps beside them. This other group, comprised of Dirk Creswell, Ted Tonks, Dean Thomas, and the Goblins Griphook and Gornuk, reveals that a group of students at Hogwarts had tried to steal the sword of Gryffindor from the Headmaster's office. The students had been punished, and the sword had been transferred to a safe at Gringotts. The goblins also revealed that the sword in Gringotts was a fake, a very good fake but not Goblin-made.
Later, listening to the underground wireless broadcast, Harry, Ron, and Hermione hear that Ted Tonks, Dirk Cresswell, and Gornuk have been killed.

## Analysis

In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, while they are waiting in the campsite for the Quidditch World Cup to begin, Arthur Weasley identifies the various Ministry members as they go by. He identifies one Cuthbert Mockridge as the Head of the Goblin Liaison Office. Comments between Dumbledore and Slughorn lead us to believe that Slughorn has been out of circulation since the re-appearance of the Death Eaters at the end of Harry's fifth year; but Slughorn identifies Dirk as head of the Goblin Liaison department. Thus, Dirk's promotion must have happened before Slughorn went into hiding, between September of Harry's fourth year, and June of his fifth year. It is possible that Cuthbert was forced out as a result of Ludovic Bagman's dealings with the Goblins during Harry's fourth year.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Logic for Computer Scientists/Propositional Logic/Syntax
## Syntax

For the definition of the syntax we have to assume a set of atomic formulae, which we take as the start of an inductive definition. With the help of three junctors and brackets as punctuation symbols we inductively define more complex formulae.

## Definition 1 (Syntax of propositional Logic)

Assume a
* countable set of atomic formulae $P_{i}$, where $i=1,2,3,\cdots$,
* the junctors $\land ,\lor$, and $\lnot$,
* the punctuation symbols $($ and $)$.
The set of propositional formulae is defined by the following induction:
* Atomic formulae are formula.
* If $F$ and $G$ are formulae, then $(F\land G)$ and $(F\lor G)$ are formulae.
* If $F$ is a formula, then $\lnot F$ is a formula
The different kinds of formulae are called conjunction, disjunction and negation. Note, that this is just a convention about wording, until now, we did not give any semantics to these junctors, which would justify these denotations.
This definition of the set of formulae also introduces a partial order in a very natural way, if we consider the concept of a subformula.

## Definition 2 (Subformula)

A subformula of a formula is a substring, which is a formula.
Note that the relation "is subformula" is indeed a partial order.
The set of formulae together with the subformula-relation is a well-founded relation.
In order to facilitate notations We introduce the following abbreviations:
$A,B,C$ instead of $P_{1},P_{2},P_{3}$
$(F_{1}\to F_{2})$ instead of $(\lnot F_{1}\lor F_{2})$
$(F_{1}\leftrightarrow F_{2})$ instead of $((F_{1}\land F_{2})\lor (\lnot F_{1}\land \lnot F_{2}))$
$\bigvee _{i=1}^{n}~F_{i}$ instead of $(\cdots ((F_{1}\lor F_{2})\lor F_{3})\lor \cdots \lor F_{n})$
$\bigwedge _{i=1}^{n}~F_{i}$ instead of $(\cdots ((F_{1}\land F_{2})\land F_{3})\land \cdots \land F_{n})$
These notations (except the first one) are simple abbreviations; whenever those arrow-symbols or indexed junctors occur in a formulae, the corresponding subformula can be substituted according to this definition.
Coming back to our previous example you can see that
$\lnot (ab(or1))\to high(or1,o)\leftrightarrow (high(or1,i1)\lor high(or1,i2))$
can be written as a formula according to the above definition by introducing parenthesis:
$(\lnot (ab(or1))\to (high(or1,o)\leftrightarrow (high(or1,i1)\lor high(or1,i2))))$
The parenthesis are introduced in order to avoid any ambiguity. In order to increase readability, we will omit them whenever this is possible. If we additionally apply the above abbreviation rules we would result in the following formula:
$(\lnot \lnot (ab(or1))\lor$
$(high(or1,o)\land ((high(or1,i1)\lor high(or1,i2))\lor$
$(\lnot high(or1,o)\lor \lnot (high(or1,i1)\lor high(or1,i2))))))$
# Loglan/Overview of Loglan/Arguments

These form a set of words that you use to fill in the blanks of the predicates. They form the objects or agents that you talk about. Arguments come in three forms:
* Names
* Predicates as arguments
* Little words as arguments
We use a little word to tell the difference between a name and a normal predicate word used as an argument; either le or la. The little word le means the one I call and the little word la means the one that actually is. The word 'le' then forms a prefix for a description and the little word la forms a prefix for a name.

## Names

Names in Loglan come in two types:
* Proper Names
* Predicate Names
All proper names end in a consonant and can have any number of letters. We can use predicates as names if we use the little word la first. As predicates together form a metaphor we use the little word gu to show where the name ends and the main predicate of the sentence starts.

### Examples

Proper names:
* Frans - France
* Sol - Sun
* Romas - Rome
Predicate Names
* la farfu - father / dad
* la ratcu - Rat

## Predicates as arguments

You can use predicates words as arguments to the main predicate of a sentence to form the object or agent of a predicate. To do so, you need to add the little word le to show that the you mean the one I call and then use the little word gu to show when the argument predicate comes to an end and the main sentence predicate begins.

### Examples

* le nirli gu tcatro - the girl is driving (a vehicle)
* le farfu gu kamla - the father comes
* le hasfa gu redro - the house is red
* le prano mrenu gu goztsefui - the running man is late

## Little words as arguments

Loglan has a number of little words that you can use for common occurring actors or objects.

### Examples

* tu - you
* ti - this
* toi - that ( the last mentioned remark)
* da - he / she / it
# Loglan/Overview of Loglan/Little words

Little words form a type of control word for sentences. You can use them to form brackets, add time and place or add additional information to a sentence. You can also use some little words for common words you might use such as me, it or numbers.

## Examples

* mi - me / I / myself
* gu - a separator between predicates / a right boundary marker
* to - the number two
* rau - ... because of reason ...
* e - and
# Loglan/Overview of Loglan

You construct a sentence in Loglan from three groups of words:
* Predicates - the main words of Loglan
* Arguments - used to fill the blanks
* Little words - control words
# Parrot Virtual Machine/Squaak Tutorial

Episode 1: Introduction Episode 2: Poking in Compiler Guts Episode 3: Squaak Details and First Steps Episode 4: PAST Nodes and More Statements Episode 5: Variable Declaration and Scope Episode 6: Scope and Subroutines Episode 7: Operators and Precedence Episode 8: Hashtables and Arrays Episode 9: Wrap-Up and Conclusion
This tutorial for the toy language "Squaak" was first presented on http://www.parrotblog.org. The tutorials have been released into the public domain by the author, and so have been adapted for use here on Wikibooks. The initial upload revisions for each of these pages are released into the public domain. Subsequent edits made to these pages are released under the GFDL.
File names used in these pages are relative to the Parrot source distribution. "PDD" are the Parrot Design Documents, a series of explanatory documents which are located in POD format in the Parrot repository, or on the http://www.parrot.org website. For more information about downloading the Parrot repository, see the chapter on Building Parrot.
These pages have been changed as necessary to fit Wikibooks, and are being improved like any other book or module. If you appreciate this tutorial and would like to leave comments for its original author, you can do so at http://www.parrotblog.org.

## Notice

    Since this tutorial has been released, a number of changes have been made to the underlying tools: PCT, PGE, and NQP. Because of this, the code discussed in the tutorial might not be accurate and will likely not operate correctly anymore. These pages will be updated eventually to reflect these changes, but they are not currently up to date.
# Noli Me Tangere/Chapters

Noli me Tangere is subdivided into 63 chapters, each are simultaneous from one another and explored lives of different characters embedded into single time frame and has interconnections. Originally, Noli me Tangere has 64 chapters. The removed chapter, now referred to as Chapter X (Chapter "eks"), was titled Eliás y Salomé (Elias and Salome), was not included in any Noli publication. Rizal intended to remove the chapter from the whole novel, primarily because of financial measures: if he is still to push for completing 64 chapters, he will not be able to produce 2,000 copies (see History of Noli). Later, the manuscript of the chapter was discovered through Viola's copies and were able to translate and publish into other contemporary editions of Noli.
In Philippine schools, Eliás y Salomé is not studied as part of literature studies. Few books published the chapter. In this Wikibook version of Noli me Tangere, we will include the chapter as part of this series.
Main problem of numbering titles is the translation issue. To resolve this conflict, each pages will be named as Chapter x (as it appears on the address bar). Pages will be titled based on original Spanish chapter title, while possible English and Filipino translations will follow.
The novel opens with Chapter 1, Una reunion, where the house of Kapitan Tiyago is filled with glory and welcomes freshly-returned Crisostomo Ibarra from Europe.

## List of chapters

* Una reunion (A Social Gathering)
* Crisóstomo Ibarra (Crisostomo Ibarra)
* La cena (The Dinner)
* Hereje y filibustero (Heretic and Filibuster)
* Una estrella en noche oscura (A Star in the Dark Night)
* Capitán Tiago (Kapitan Tiyago)
* Idilio en una azotea (An Idyll in the Flat Roof)
* Recuerdos (Memories)
* Cosas del país (Different Events)
* El pueblo (The Town [of San Diego])
* Los soberanos (Powerful People)
* Todos los Santos (All Saints' Day)
* Presagios de tempestad (Signs of the Calamity)
* Tasio: ¿el loco ó el filósofo? (Tasyo:Lunatic or Sage?)
* Los sacristanes (Sacristans)

## Notes

* 1 2 Note the use of Filipinized name
# Nomenclatural Citations/Agaricus/adirondackensis

Nomenclatural Citations: Taxon overview
Agaricus adirondackensis is a species of Fungi.
| Authors: | Peck, Charles H., 1869 |
| Published in: | 23rd Report of the Regents of the University on the New York State Cabinet of Natural History |
| Reference: | Grevillea 1: 2 |

## Original description (English)

Pileus thin, submembranaceous, infundibuliform; margin decurved, nearly smooth, hygrophanous, white, disc often darker; gills white, very narrow, scarcely broader than the thickness of the flesh of the pileus, crowded, long, decurrent, subarcuate, some of them forked; stem slender, subequal, not hollow, whitish, mycelio-thickened at the base.
Amongst leaves in woods. August.
The gills are sometimes tinged with yellow, margin of pileus occasionally wavy.
# Nomenclatural Citations/Agaricus/americanus

Nomenclatural Citations: Taxon overview
Agaricus americanus is a species of Fungi.
| Authors: | Peck, Charles H., 1869 |
| Published in: | 23rd Report of the Regents of the University on the New York State Cabinet of Natural History |
| Reference: | Grevillea 1: 2 |

## Original description (English)

Pileus convex, distinctly umbonate, squamose, with the margin obscurely striate; gills free; stem slender, smooth, annulate, stuffed or hollow, gradually enlarged below into a long, subventricose, bulb-like base; ring thin, subpersistent, fixed.
Grassy ground by road sides. August. Buffalo.
Height 3 in. to 5 in., breadth of pileus 1$^1$/$_2$-3 in. The whole plant becomes of a dull pinkish red in drying.
* The current name for this taxon is: Leucoagaricus americanus
# Nomenclatural Citations/Agaricus/albo-flavidus

Nomenclatural Citations: Taxon overview
Agaricus albo-flavidus is a species of Fungi.
| Authors: | Peck, Charles H., 1869 |
| Published in: | 23rd Report of the Regents of the University on the New York State Cabinet of Natural History |
| Reference: | Grevillea 1: 2 |

## Original description (English)

Pileus at first convex, with the margin incurved, then expanded, or slightly depressed, moist, smooth, even white, in exposed places becoming yellowish; gills close, narrow, thin, emarginate and decurrent with a tooth; stem whitish, equal, solid, striato-fibrillose, with a thin tough cuticle.
Ground in woods and open fields. Sandlake and North Elba. August.
Height 3-4 in.; breadth of pileus 2-3 in.; stem about 3 lines thick. The pileus is sometimes slightly and broadly umbonate.
# Nomenclatural Citations

This work is a collection that tries to offer all the original citings provided by taxonomists. It should only contain the original citing given by the author who gave an organism its current binomial name.
Example: Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. Species Plantarum 1: 398. 1753
    Chrysosplenium alternifolium is the binomial name given to a plant. This name is in Latin, and is used by biologists and botanists from all over the world, so there can be no confusion as to what someone is talking about when people from different cultures meet. This binomial name was first given by Carolus Linnaeus. (L. in this case stands for Linnaeus) This name was given in the year 1753. The description of the plant and the binomial name were published for the first time in the book Species Plantarum, which was indeed written by Carolus Linneaus.
This book tries to collect how Carolus Linnaeus described 'his' Chrysosplenium alternifolium.

## Why is this important?

Just giving a name to something doesn't mean people know what was meant. In 1753 Linnaeus didn't have the possibility to make photographs of his plants, so he could not show that in his books. The only thing he had were descriptions. Trying to describe what he sees, and then giving that a name. This is still done today. Pictures alone of a new species is not enough to distinguish an organism from another. Some organisms look so much alike, that two pictures might almost seem identical, while taxonomists see the two as different species. So the description is important.
The problem is, that over the last 250 years, many species were described by hundreds of biologists, botanists, zoologists, etc. Sometimes two people were describing a certain species at almost the same time, giving a species two names. And specialists published their descriptions in magazines, from all over the world. To keep up with all these publications one would need to subscribe to hundreds of magazines to keep up with all new developments. So sometimes people were just unaware of the fact that something was already described before.
Today there's still not one repository, for all these descriptions. And that's where this wiki comes in.

## Contents

* Overview of descriptions
* Overview of authors
* Overview of publications
* Manual of style
# Macedonian/Beginner/Lessons/2

Kolku e sato= What's the time
Dojdi Tuka= Come here
Dali sakas malku= Do you want some
Rabotam= Work
Sho ke jadime= what are we eating
Koga jadime= when are we eating
# Macedonian/Special

The following four lessons are meant for people who want to learn a few things about how people in four major cities of Macedonia speak, and be able to understand a few slang words used around the country. The cities visited include Ohrid, Bitola, Prilep and Skopje.

#### Lesson 1

John visits the Ohrid Lake and is surprised by the locals, including Klime. (click for lesson 1)

#### Lesson 2

John continues his trip to Bitola where he meets Sarah and Pece, and after being surprised again, they head off to Prilep. (click for lesson 2)

#### Lesson 3

John and Sarah visit Prilep, and are relieved when they find out that things aren't so different from Bitola, and that they didn't go through all those lessons in standard Macedonian for nothing. (click for lesson 3)

#### Lesson 4

After an emergency back home, John needs to go back home, and even though there was an airport in Ohrid, not knowing that, they went all the way back to Skopje where the country's largest airport is situated, and John flew back to New York, via Vienna. (click for lesson 4)
* Learning Macedonian
* Introduction • The Alphabet • Common phrases
* Lessons
* Beginner level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6
* Intermediate level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6
* Advanced level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6
* Special level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4
* Grammar
* Adjectives • Adverbs • Prepositions • Nouns • Verbs
# Macedonian/Numbers

The numbers in the macedonian language form one to ten are:
1 - еден - Eden
2 - два - Dva 3 - три - Tri 4 - четири - Chetiri 5 - пет - Pet 6 - шест - Shest 7 - седум - Sedum 8 - осум - Osum 9 - девет - Devet 10 - десет - Deset
Folowed by:
11 - единаесет - Edinaeset 12 - дванаесет - Dvanaeset 13 - тринаесет - Trinaeset 14 - четиринаесет - Chetirinaeset 15 - петнаесет - Petnaeset 16 - шеснаесет - Shesnaeset 17 - седумнаесет - Sedumnaeset 18 - осумнаесет - Osumnaeset 19 - деветнаесет - Devetnaeset 20 - дваесет - Dvaeset
To form the numbers after twenty you should use the following formula: дваесет + и (which means and in macedonian ) + the number you want to add e.g. five That would be: дваесет+и+пет which correctly written and read will be дваесет и пет This formula is used to form the rest of the numbers:
30 - триесет - Trieset 40 - четириесет - Chetirieset 50 - педесет - Pedeset 60 - шеесет - Sheeset 70 - седумдесет - Sedumdeset 80 - осумдесет - Osumdeset 90 - деведесет - Devedeset
And then: 100 - сто - Sto 1 000 - илјада - Ilyada 1 000 000 - милион - Milion 1 000 000 000 - милијарда - Miliyarda
# Macedonian/Navigation

* Learning Macedonian
* Introduction • The Alphabet • Common phrases
* Lessons
* Beginner level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6
* Intermediate level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6
* Advanced level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6
* Special level
* Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4
* Grammar
* Adjectives • Adverbs • Prepositions • Nouns • Verbs