OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Allium vineale

Crow Garlic :
| Binomial: | Allium vineale |
| Type: | Perennial |
| Seed Dispersal: | Dropping |
| Ripe Seed: | late summer |
| Vegetative Spread: | clumping |
Allium vineale (Crow Garlic) is a perennial bulb in the genus Allium, native to Europe, north Africa and western Asia, but present elsewhere as an invasive weed of gardens, woodlands, and lawns.

## Description

All parts of the plant have a strong garlic odor. The underground bulb is 1–2 cm diameter, with a fibrous outer layer. The main stem grows to 30–120 cm tall, bearing 2-4 leaves and an apical inflorescence 2–5 cm diameter comprising a number of small bulbils and none to a few flowers, subtended by a basal bract. The leaves are slender, hollow. and tubular, 15–60 cm long and 2–4 mm thick, waxy textured, with a groove along the side of the leaf facing the stem. The flowers are 2–5 mm long, with six petals varying in colour from pink to red or greenish-white. It flowers in the summer, June to August in northern Europe. Plants with no flowers, only bulbils, are sometimes distinguished as the variety Allium vineale var. compactum, but this character is probably not taxonomically significant.

## Ecology

It is a weed in grain fields, as grain products may become tainted with a garlic odor or flavour in the presence of aerial bulblets at the time of harvest. Wild garlics is resistant to herbicides due to the structure of its leaves, being vertical, smooth and waxy. Herbicides do not cling well to it and are therefore not as effective.
The species is introduced in Australia and North America, where it has become an invasive species.

## Uses

Crow Garlic can be used as a substitute for garlic. It imparts a garlic-like flavour and odor on dairy and beef products when grazed by livestock.

## Control

* Mowing: Ineffective.
* Cultivation: Difficult, as the roots tend to be deep. Tilling only serves to make more plants.
* Mulching (for prevention): Ineffective.
* Pulling: Difficult but effective. A weeding tool should be used to get the deep roots, which are bulbs.
* Flame: Ineffective.
* Barriers: Effective.
* Grazing: Goats.
* Disposal: Hot compost piles only, a the bulbs will survive in cold piles.
# Horticulture/Alternate Hosts of Garden Pests

Garden pests often feed on plants other than just those being intentionally grown in gardens. Many weeds can act as alternate hosts for plant pests, so in order to control a serious infestation, it may be important to also either control the pests on the weed plants or simply remove the weed population.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...d5

Black does what White has not, by controlling the center. This may be used in an attempt to close in the freed White rook rather than an attempt to prevent its development outright.

# Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.a4 d5
| | 2 |
| 1 | e4?! - | =+ |
| 2 | Nc3 d4 | =+ |
| 3 | d4 - | =+ |
| 4 | h4 - | =+ |
| 5 | a5 - | =+ |

## All possible White's moves after 1. a4 d5

| Quick Navigation | a5 Ra3 Na3 Ra2 | b4 b3 | c4 c3 Nc3 | d4 d3 | e4 e3 | f4 f3 Nf3 | g4 g3 | h4 h3 Nh3 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...d5/2. a5/2...Bd7

Black has moved the bishop in order to prevent 3. Ra4; however, 3. Ra3 is now playable. Other options include d4, Nc3, Nf3, and b4.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...d5/2. e4

2. e4 is erroneous move, as it allows 2...dxe4 with advantage for Black. White is not lost, but must play for a quick win rather than a long battle.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...e5
## Ware Opening
### 1...e5

Black punishes White's lack of center control, and does what white has not by controlling the center. This move also prevents 2. Ra3.

# Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.a4 e5
| | 2 | 3 |
| 1 | e4 Nf6 | =+ |
| 2 | Nf3 e4 | =+ |
| 3 | d4 exd4 | Qxd4 Nc6 | =+ |
| 4 | h4 Nc6 | =+ |
| 5 | Ra3? Bxa3 | Nxa3 d5 | -/+ |

## All possible White's moves after 1. a4 e5

| Quick Navigation | a5 Ra3 Na3 Ra2 | b4 b3 | c4 c3 Nc3 | d4 d3 | e4 e3 | f4 f3 Nf3 | g4 g3 | h4 h3 Nh3 |
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...e5/2. Ra3
## 2. Ra3??

2. Ra3 is a blunder as it allows 2...Bxa3!, when Black is up an exchange with good chances for the advantage after 3. bxa3, weakening White's pawns, or 3. Nxa3, when the knight is sidelined from the center, and after d5 White is in a losing position. The move 2. Ra3 is known as the Banned Gambit among chess players.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...d5/2. a5

White continues to push the rook pawn, in order to create space for the rook. Black should respond with 2...Bd7 to prevent 3. Ra4.
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# Crab Variation

This variation does nothing to aid White's development and weakens their position, and thus is not recommended for serious play. It is named due to its crab-like appearance, with the a and h pawns presumably representing claws. It does have one upside, however, preventing 2...Qh4.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...a5/2. h4/2...h5/3. Ra3/3...Ra6/4. Rhh3/4...Rhh6
## 1. a4 a5 2. h4 h5 3. Ra3 Ra6 4. Rhh3 Rhh6

By this time, both sides have pushed flank pawns and 'developed' their rooks. This position can lead to a drawish game if black continues the symmetrical moves.
1.a4 a5 2.h4 h5 3.Ra3 Ra6 4.Rhh3 Rhh6
# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...b5

There isn't much to say about this as it is very dubious. The only upside of sacrificing the B pawn is potentially fianchettoing the bishop.

## All possible White's moves after 1. a4 b5

| Quick Navigation | a5 Ra3 Na3 Ra2 | axb5 b4 b3 | c4 c3 Nc3 | d4 d3 | e4 e3 | f4 f3 Nf3 | g4 g3 | h4 h3 Nh3 |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. a4/1...e5/2. Ra3/2...Bxa3
## 2...Bxa3

White should recapture with 3. Nxa3.
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# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 2/Editor Sign-Up Page

* Students...
* To sign up for an editor duty, click "edit this page", and sign your username (using four tildes) directly after the name of the duty you want to claim.
* Remember, each editor duty will be completed by only one student. This means, if a username appears next to a duty, that duty is not available. Please choose another editor duty in this or another chapter.
* EXAMPLE:
* Chapter Introduction PbakerODU (talk) 19:21, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
* This indicates that PbakerODU correctly signed up for this editor duty.

## Editor Duties

Chapter Introduction Rebecca.hechler (talk) 23:40, 16 May 2009 (UTC)
Chapter Review Mlipl001 (talk) 14:13, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
Additional Resources
* Questions? Refer to How to Use This Book
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 3

* Student Soapbox

## History of Education

Chapter Introduction

## Special Features

Experts Take Sides
In the News
Chapter FAQ
The Scoop From Someone Who Knows

## Content Articles

3.1.2 -- What are the educational milestones of the 17th and 18th Centuries?
3.2.1 -- What are the educational milestones of the 19th Century?
3.3.1 -- What are the educational milestones of the 20th Century?
3.4.1 -- What are the educational milestones of the 21st Century?
3.5.2 -- The History of Teacher Education

## Concluding Information

Chapter Review
Additional Resources
* CLICK HERE to sign up to be an AUTHOR of this chapter.
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* Questions? Refer to How to Use This Book
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 2/Chapter Introduction

* http://www.dubuque.k12.ia.us/cartoons/ Gary Olsen, Higher Education
* http://www.dubuque.k12.ia.us/cartoons/ Gary Olsen, Higher Educationhttp://www.dubuque.k12.ia.us/cartoons/ Gary Olsen, Higher Education
* Educational Philosophy
* There are several types of education philosophies. Your own personal teaching philosophy will influence the way you teach and interact with your class. The main philosophies used for teaching are: perennialism, essentialism, progressivism, existentialism and social reconstructionism. As an educator you should know your philosophy of education, which can be a combination of philosophical types. Having an understanding of the types of education philosophies will help you to understand not only why you teach the way you do, but also why the teacher own the hall teaches the way he/she does. The No Child Left Behind Act has become a major influence on how classes are taught and what is taught, it can even influence education philosophies.
* There have been many philosophical teachers dating as for both as the ancient Greeks. Today their teaching styles are still being used. An example is the Socratic Method, which is a dialectic method of teaching. There are many great philosophical teachers to learn from. Also to be included in philosophy type’s, are teacher-centered philosophies and student-centered philosophies. There are positives and negatives for both teacher-centered and student-centered philosophies. Constructivism is one more theory on how to teach, as well as rote memorization. There are other comparable ideas that will influence your teaching philosophy, this is why it is important for you to know your philosophy of education.
* Mlipl001 (talk) 07:17, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
* Rate This!
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin D directs the mineralization of bones

Vitamin D directs the mineralization of bones. Basically, it tells calcium what to do and where to go in the body. Without enough vitamin D, no matter how much you take, you cannot absorb enough calcium. Adequate sunlight can ensure adequate vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption. As we age, our skin's ability to make vitamin D through sunlight decreases, so it is necessary to get more sunlight. The main source of vitamin D is produced by the skin through sunlight, but some foods also contain small amounts of vitamin D.
Food source
* Fortified foods such as dairy products, juices and cereals
* yolk
* Oily fish such as salmon, herring and sardines
维生素D指导骨骼的矿化。 基本上，它告诉钙在体内做什么和去哪里。 没有足够的维生素D，无论摄入多少，都无法吸收足够的钙。 充足的阳光可以确保充足的维生素D，这是钙吸收所必需的。 随着年龄的增长，我们的皮肤通过阳光制造维生素D的能力下降，因此有必要获得更多的阳光。 维生素D的主要来源是皮肤通过阳光照射产生的，但是某些食物也含有少量的维生素D。
食物来源
* 强化食品，如乳制品，果汁和谷物
* 蛋黄
* 鲑鱼，鲱鱼和沙丁鱼等油性鱼
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin A helps to make bone protein that helps bone mineralization

Vitamin A helps to make bone protein that helps bone mineralization.
Food sources of vitamin A
* liver
* egg
* Dairy products-milk (fortified), butter, cream and cheese
Food sources of β-carotene
* Orange fruits and vegetables - carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, peppers, tomatoes, mangoes, papayas, peaches and oranges.
* Green vegetables - spinach, broccoli, peas and green beans.
维生素A有助于制造有助于骨骼矿化的骨蛋白。
维生素A的食物来源
* 肝
* 蛋
* 乳制品 - 牛奶（强化），黄油，奶油和奶酪
β-胡萝卜素的食物来源
* 橙色水果和蔬菜 - 胡萝卜，地瓜，南瓜，辣椒，西红柿，芒果，木瓜，桃子和橙子。
* 绿色蔬菜 - 菠菜，西兰花，豌豆和青豆。
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin A

Special:search/vitamin prefix:English-Hanzi/
Vitamin A is a nutrient. It strengthens your immune system, helps your eyes to see more clearly at night, and is good for your skin.
维生素A 是 营养物质。它加强你的免疫系统，帮助你的眼睛在晚上看得更清楚，并且对你的皮肤有好处。
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin B

Special:search/vitamin prefix:English-Hanzi/
Vitamin B is the general name of B vitamins, including B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12. They can be found in cereals, liver, and yeast. They have important functions in the metabolism of cells.
维生素B 是 B族维生素 的 总称，包括 B1，B2，B3，B5，B6，B7，B9，和 B12。它们 可以 在 谷类，肝脏，和 酵母 中 找到。它们 在 细胞 代谢 中 有 重要 的 作用。
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin B9

Special:search/vitamin prefix:English-Hanzi/
Vitamin B9 is folic acid.
维生素B9 就是 叶酸。
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin B is usually added to energy drinks

Vitamin B is usually added to energy drinks, many of which added a large quantity of vitamin B, claiming that this will make consumers "without feeling tense within a day."
维生素B通常添加到能量饮料中，其中许多添加了大量的维生素B，声称这将使消费者“一天之内不会感到紧张”。
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin A accumulates in the liver and may reach harmful levels

Vitamin A accumulates in the liver and may reach harmful levels sufficient to cause excess vitamin A.
维生素A在肝脏中积累，可能达到足以引起过量维生素A的有害水平。
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin C

Special:search/vitamin prefix:English-Hanzi/
Vitamin C protects cells from oxidation. It keeps skin, blood vessels, and bones healthy. It helps to heal wounds. Vegetables and fruits are rich in vitamin C. Lack of vitamin C can lead to scurvy.
维生素C 保护 细胞 免受 氧化。它 保持 皮肤，血管，和 骨骼 健康。它 帮助 治愈 伤口。蔬菜 和 水果 富含 维生素C。缺乏 维生素C 可 导致 坏血病。
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin D

Special:search/vitamin D prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/vitamin prefix:English-Hanzi/
Vitamin D regulates the quantity of calcium and phosphate. It keeps bones, teeth, and muscles Healthy. The body can produce vitamin D by taking sunshine. Some foods are rich in vitamin D, such as oily fish, red meat, liver, and egg yolks. Another source of vitamin D is supplements.
维生素D 调节 钙 和 磷酸盐 的 量。它 保持 骨骼，牙齿，和 肌肉 健康。身体 可以 通过 阳光 产生 维生素D。有些 食物 富含 维生素D，如 油性鱼，红肉，肝脏，和 蛋黄。维生素D 的 另一个 来源 是 补充剂。
# English-Hanzi/Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption

Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption
-Increase the absorption of calcium in the small intestine
-Reduce the loss of calcium in urine
维生素D增强钙吸收
-增加小肠中钙的吸收
-减少尿液中钙的流失
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2002 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2002

## Contracts
### Fact Summary
#### Q1 Window Frame Contract

S saw W's ad and mailed an order for 30 window frames, at $100 for total $3,000. The order asked for guarantee of performance within 15 days of the other deadlines. W sent S an Acknowledgement of Order listing the windows and price as in S's order and included $200 shipping charge, which is customarily borne by the buyer. At the bottom of the Acknowledgement it was printed that "Installation guaranteed within 60 days," and "All warranties of merchantability and fitness are expressly disclaimed." W installed windows 55 days after the order was placed and S suffered delay-related expenses. W later submitted a bill for the full amount on the Acknowledgement. S refused to pay the $200 charges. S also discovered that the windows had a manufacturing defect. W sued S for the full price on the Acknowledgement and S countersued for damages from the delay and defects of the windows.

#### Outline

merchant governing law mutual assent offer-advertisement acceptance new terms between merchants time is of the essence consideration promissory estoppel Defenses to formation SoF merchant's confirming memo divisible contract expectation damage consequential damage breach of implied warranties

#### Q3 Photography Contract

J, an owner of a health spa hired D, a photographer to shoot promotional photos. J wanted to shoot before and after pictures of himself losing weight and D agreed to do so at the price of $1,000. When D came to the spa to shoot, she found that it was for nudist and felt uncomfortable, D shot the photo anyway. Next day D sent J the five b1efore pictures and requested immediate payment of $500. D told J that the five after pictures would be taken by her assistant not her.

#### Outline
##### Defenses

    SoF- $500 rule, 1 year rule, Mistake, Detrimental Reliance, Modification

##### Delegation of Duty

    personal service

##### quasi-contract recovery
### Outline
## Torts
### Fact Summary

A zoo employee caused an explosion which let a zebra escape and hurt a child.

### Outline

Strict liability-wild animal
    assumption of risk
    contributory negligence
    comparative negligence
Negligence
    plaintiff- Cardozo and Andrews
    Vicarious liability(Respondeat Superior)

## Criminal Law
### Fact Summary

At a busy city street, V approached D who was insane. Due to the insanity, D believed V was about to kill him so D fired a gun intending to wound V to prevent attack. However, the bullet ricocheted and killed V.

### Outline
##### Q.2 Insane Gunman

State v. D
* Aggravated Assault
* Aggravated Battery
* Murder
* Voluntary Manslaughter
* Involuntary Manslaughter
* Self-defense
* Insanity
    M'Naughten Test
    MPC Test
    Durham Test
    Irresistible Impulse Test
    Diminished Capacity
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2006 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2006

## Criminal Law
### Fact Summary
### Outline

State v. D1 false pretense embezzlement larceny
State v. D2 Conspiracy Accomplice liability Receiving stolen goods
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2003 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2003

## Criminal Law
### Fact Summary
### Outline

Crimes of Able and Baker
* Solicitation
* Conspiracy
* Burglary
* Attempted Larceny
* Arson
* Homicide
    Causation Actual Cause Proximate Cause
* Murder
* Murder in the First Degree
* Defenses
* Duress
State v. Carol
* Murder
* Omission
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2004 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2004

## Torts

very difficult

### Outline

Child Molester Professor's recommendation letter did not mention the facts about an applicant and the applicant molests.
Gina v. Prof negligent misrepresentation
owe no duty of care to Gina? Cardozo- foreseeable Andrews- everyone
not the proximate cause of Gina's injury? actual cause proximate cause no because poor heart is a superseding cause
ULS is not vicariously liable? within the scope of employment not proximate cause Hand's formula substantial factor thin-skull/eggshell plaintiff

## Criminal Law
### Outline

'I. - Dan - Justification of Actions 1.) Shopkeeper 2.) Owner - Recovery of personal property 3.) Felony Prevention 4.) Greater Evil II. Dan - Use of Threat of Deadly Force III. Crimes of Al A.) Murder 1.) Homicide
DEFENSES 1. Self-Defense 2. Heat of Passion 3. Inadequate Defense 4. Mental State B.) Larceny Defenses C.) Attempted Larceny by Trick Defenses Mistake
# How to Ace FYLSE/June 2020 Exam

The exam was offer online with remote proctoring for the first time in the Baby Bar's history due to COVID-19.
# How to Ace FYLSE/Multiple Choice Cheat Sheet
## MBE Key Rules

* When a mortgagor sells the mortgaged property and conveys a deed, the grantee takes subject to the mortgage, which remains on the land. However, the mortgagor remains primarily and personally liable on the loan (unless the grantee has signed an assumption agreement).
* Accretion is the increase of riparian land by the slow and imperceptible change in course of a river serving as a boundary; any resulting deposit of soil belongs to the owner of the batting (riparian) land.
* A deed is not effective unless it is delivered.Unless there is some clear expression of intent that the grantor envisioned the passage of title to the grantee, the continued possession of the deed raises a presumption of nondelivery.
* Although the general rule is that a sale of real property carries no implied warranties of quality or fitness, a seller may be liable where he has actually concealed conditions on the property.
* Implied warranty of fitness or quality applies only to the sale of a new house by the builder.
* Reasonable use theory, the landowner can use as much percolating water as she wants as long as it is used for beneficial purposes of the overlying land. She will be liable ply if the purpose is malicious or the water is simply wasted. (Prior Appropriation Doctrine: first in time)
* A chattel that has been annexed to real property is converted from personality to realty. As an accessory to the land, it passes with ownership of the land rather than a transfer of the personal property of an estate. The manifest intent of the annex or determines whether the chattel becomes a fixture.
* When there is a mistake or inconsistency in the description of property in the deed, one of the rules of construction is that the physical description takes precedence over the quantity description unless there are grounds for reformation of the deed.
# How to Ace FYLSE/Multiple Choice Cheat Sheet 2

* President has no power to refuse to spend appropriated funds when Congress has expressly mandated that they be spent.
* Congress can require state courts to hear causes of action based upon federal statutes.
* State governments or agencies are not citizens of a state for the purpose of federal diversity jurisdiction.
* A private citizen cannot sue a state in a federal court.
* A private citizen can challenge the constitutionality of a state statute in a federal court by suing a state officer to enjoin the enforcement of the statute on the ground that it is unconstitutional.
* Political subdivisions of a state can be sued by citizens in federal court because they do not enjoy the protection afforded a state under the Eleventh Amendment.
* A person has standing by virtue of being a taxpayer only to challenge legislation authorizing expenditures on the basis that those expenditures contravene specific constitutional limitations on the spending power. The only specific constitutional limitation on the spending power ever found has been through the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
* Only the president has the right to appoint officers of the United States, and an attempted appointment by Congress or by members thereof is unconstitutional.
* Congress has power under the Fourteenth Amendment only to reach state action (or action accomplished under the color of state law) that abrogates the rights guaranteed by that amendment.
* Congress has power under the Fifteenth Amendment to directly regulate voting procedures in the states for the purpose of eradicating procedures that affect the rights of minorities to vote or to have their vote counted.
* Congress has the power to investigate and subpoena witnesses for the purpose of obtaining information with respect to potential legislation that it might pass.
* An individual can successfully defend against a contempt-of-Congress charge for failing to answer a question from a congressional committee only if the witness can show that the subject matter of the questioning was beyond the power of Congress to pass potential legislation or beyond the scope of the power delegated by Congress to that committee
* Courts cannot decide ecclesiastical questions management or property.
* The President has power to settle claims of U.S. citizens against foreign government through an executive agreement.
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2005 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2005

## Torts
### Fact Summary
### Outline

P1 v. D Negligence Duty Breach Negligence Per Se Causation Actual and Proximate Contributory Negligence Assumption of Risk
P2 v. D Negligence Duty Foreseeable Plaintiff Causation Actual Cause Proximate Cause Damages General Damages Special Damages Comparative negligence Contributory Negligence Assumption of Risk P3 v. D Negligence Duty

## Criminal Law
### Outline

State v. D1
* Burglary: (Common law & Modern definitions)
* Embezzlement
* Larceny
* Defenses (Consent, Mistake of fact)
State v. D2
* Receiving of stolen property
* Misprison
* Accomplice liability
    Accessory after the fact
    Mistake of fact
# How to Ace FYLSE/Key Phrases

* brandish: Bank was robbed at 10 p.m. by a man who brandished a shotgun and spoke with a distinctive accent. February 2004 Question 1
* Lesser-Included Offense
* proffer
* dispositive
# Fedena/Authors
## Unni Koroth

    User:Koroth