# Ido For All
## Authors

N. ApGawain
P.D. Hugon
J.L. Moore
L. de Beaufront
S.L. Rice
J. Muelver
G. Cappelluti

## Preface

Ido (pronounced "ee-doh") is a constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier to learn than ethnic languages. Unlike English, which is a natural and frequently irregular language, Ido was specifically designed for grammatical, orthographic and lexicographical regularity and to favor no one who might otherwise be advantaged in a situation due to native fluency in a widespread language. In this sense, Ido is classified as a consciously created international auxiliary language. At present, Ido is one of the three auxiliary languages with a large body of literature and a relatively large speaker base, along with Esperanto and Interlingua.
Ido is largely based on Esperanto and first appeared in 1907 as a result of a desire to reform perceived flaws in Esperanto that some of its supporters believed to be a hindrance in its propagation as an easy-to-learn second language. The name of the language traces its origin to the Esperanto/Ido word "ido", meaning "offspring", since the language was a "descendant" of Esperanto.
Ido uses the 26 Latin letters of the English alphabet, with no diacritics. It resembles the Romance languages in appearance and sometimes is mistaken for Italian or Spanish at first glance. Its vocabulary is based on those of the major European languages and therefore indirectly on Latin. A number of prefixes and suffixes alter the meaning of words and then give the possibility to create obvious neologisms. Ido is largely intelligible to those who have studied Esperanto, though there are certain differences in word formation, grammar and grammatical-function words that make it more than a simple reform project.
Books in and about Ido have been published in many countries but yet few people know about it. The purpose of this document is to show the great simplicity and practicality of this auxiliary language. Since Ido is much easier than any of the national languages spoken in Europe, much less time and effort is needed if two people both learn Ido than if either learns the other's mother tongue.
If at the end of this course you feel that you have "fallen in love" with this awesome international language, then please talk about Ido to as many friends as you can and distribute this document widely.

## Table of Contents

Lesson 0 - Zeresma Leciono
* The Alphabet
* Consonants
* Vowels
* Diphthongs
* Accentuation (Stress)
* Pronunciation Exercise
* Tips on Learning Ido
Lession 01 - Unesma Leciono
* Nouns
* The Indefinite Article
* The Definite Article
* Es - "Is"
* Verbs - Present Tense
* Ed/e - "And"
Lesson 02 - Duesma Leciono
* Adjectives
* The Negative
* Derivation
* Adjectives - Short Forms
Lesson 03 - Triesma Leciono
* Questions
* Plurals
* The Definite Article:- "le" for the Plural
* Colors
* The Imperative
* Animals
Lesson 04 - Quaresma Leciono
* Vortifado - Word Building
* Possession, "di"
* Quantity, "de"
* Manjaji - Foods
Lesson 05 - Kinesma Leciono
* Personal Pronouns
* Past Tense
* Verbs - Past and Present
* Gender-specific Words
* Adverbs
Lesson 06 - Sisesma Leciono
* Interrogative Pronouns (1)
* Numerals
* Dum - Extended "During"
* Od/o - "Or"
* La familio [fa-MI-lyo] - the family
Lesson 07 - Sepesma Leciono
* Future Tense
* Cardinal Numbers
* Forms of Transport
Lesson 08 - Okesma Leciono
* Ordinal Numbers
* Monati - Months
* Dates - Dati
* Vesti - Clothes
* Interrogative Pronouns : Accusative Form
* Homi - People
Lesson 09 - Nonesma Leciono
* The Infinitive
* Reference Word Lists
Lesson 10 - Dekesma Leciono
* Possessive Pronouns
* Conditional Mood
* Comparison of Adjectives
* Edifici - Buildings
Lesson 11 - Dek-e-unesma Leciono
* Days of the Week
* Time(1)
* Relative Pronouns
* Countries
* To Think
Lesson 12 - Dek-e-duesma Leciono
* The Negative for Auxiliary and Quasi-auxiliary Verbs
* More on Time
* "Qua" as an Interrogative Adjective
* Qua, Qui, Quo - Summary
* Weather
* De Certena Lektolibro
* Rezumo di la Reguli pri la Puntizado - Punctuation
Lesson 13 - Dek-e-triesma Leciono
* The Demonstrative Pronoun
* Possessive - "Whose"
* Indeterminate Object - "it", "that"
* Action Affixes - para, par, esk, ad, ig, iz, if
Lesson 14 - Dek-e-quaresma Leciono
* More on Numerals
* Participles
Lesson 15 - Dek-e-kinesma Leciono
* Perfect Tenses
* Affixes
* De Lernolibro Italiana: - 01
* De Lernolibro Italiana: - 02
* De La Lernolibro Italiana: - 03
* De Certena Lektolibro - Lektajo 11
Lesson 16 - Dek-e-sisesma Leciono
* The Accusative Ending -n: - Me Amoras Tu
* The Passive Voice
* Affixes
* De Lernolibro Italiana: - 04
* De Lernolibro Italiana:- 05
* De Certena Lektolibro - Lektajo 12
Lesson 17 - Dek-e-sepesma Leciono
* The Accusative Ending -n: - Leono Esas Bestio
* Prepositions
* Conjunctions
* Affixes
* De Lernolibro Italiana: - 06
* De Lernolibro Italiana: - 07
* De Lernolibro Italana: - 08
* De certena lektolibro ---- Lektajo 13
Lesson 18 - Dek-e-okesma Leciono
* Indefinite Pronouns
* De Lernolibro Italiana: - 09
* De Lernolibro Italiana: - 10
* De Certena Lektolibro - Lektajo 14
Lesson 19 - Dek-e-nonesma Leciono
* Lektajo 01
* Lektajo 02
* Lektajo 03: - Vicino - Neighbor
* Lektajo 04
* Lektajo 05: - Lumoza Expliko
* Lektajo 06: - Acensar e Decensar la Vagono
* Lektajo 07: - En la Hotelo - (kontoro - reception desk)
* Lektajo 08:- L'anciena Urbo
* Lektajo 09:- La Foxo e la Tortugo (tortoise), Indiana Fablo
* Lektajo 10
Lesson 20 - Duadekesma Leciono ** Revizo
* Lektajo 11:- La Tri Guti
* Lektajo 12:- Lingui Internaciona/Interkomprenigilo (Means of Communication)
* Lektajo 13:- Vestaro - Bezonesas Dicernar "Portar" e "Tragar*"
* Proverbi (ek: Proverbaro da Peus)
* Lektajo 14:- En la Teatro
* Lektajo 15:- La Muso e la Leono (da Aesopos)
* Lektajo 16:- Du Komercala Letri
* Lektajo 17:- Linguala Stilo
* Lektajo 18:- Pri Idiomaji (idioms) e Propra Kustumo di Naturala Lingui
Advanced Lessons (21 - 30)
Lesson 21 - Duadek-e-unesma Leciono
* Possessive Case
* Possessive: That
* Partitive Article
* Apparent Plural
* How to translate "adverbs" in English
* Noun/(Noun phrase) as an Adverb
* Adverb as a Quasi-noun
* Adverb as an Adjective
* Adverb as a Conjunction
* How to Translate "It"
Lesson 22 - Duadek-e-duesma Leciono
* How to Translate THAT
* THAT Should Never Be Omitted
* Other Words Omitted
* Whose, of Which
* Infinitive Clause
* Imperative Clause
* Comparative
* How to Get Dad and Mom from Father and Mother
* Why You Need "di" Bvetween Noun and Infinitive
Lesson 23 - Duadek-e-triesma Leciono
* How to Translate WHAT
* Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns
* Using "Quale" and "Kom"
Lesson 24 - Duadek-e-quaresma Leciono
* How to Translate SHALL
* How to Translate WILL
* How to Translate SHOULD
* How to Translate WOULD
* How to Translate MAY
* How to Translate MUST
* How to Translate CAN AFFORD
* Habitual Act
* Change of Tense
* "Small Talk" Questions and Phrases
* How to Translate "It"
* Noun Plus "Di" Plus Infinitive, Again
Lesson 25 - Duadek-e-kinesma Leciono
* How to Translate the English -ING
* How to Translate the English "To"
* How to Get the Most out of -ir, -ar, -or and -ur*
Lesson 26 - Duadek-e-sisesma Leciono
* List of Prepositions
* Final Prepositions
* Prepositions as Adverbs
* Sense According to Place
* Prepositions as Verbs
* Further Discussion on Prepositions in "Letters"
Lesson 27 - Duadek-e-sepesma Leciono
* Passive Voice Translated by On/Onu
* Preposition before Infinitive
* Impersonal Verbs
* Time of Day:- Review
* Arithmetic: - Review
* Days, Months, etc.: - Review
* What are "Ergative" Verbs?
Lesson 28 - Duadek-e-okesma Leciono
* List of Principal Conjunctions
* Compound Conjunctions
* Translate Meaning, not just Words
* Do Something, and Do Something Else
* As
* Kom e Quale - "As" and "Like"
* Nor
* Ek Don Quijote de la Mancha
* -Oro and -ilo
Lesson 29 - Duadek-e-nonesma Leciono
* List of Principal Adverbs
* BUT
* EVER
* JUST
* BOTH
Lesson 30 - Triadekesma Leciono
* Order of Words
* Accusative
* Compound Words
* Impersonal Words
* Derivation
* Titles of Courtesy
* Elision
* Compound Words, Again
Appendix - Notes on Derivation
* Substantives from Adjectives
Appendix - Prefixes
Appendix - Suffixes
* General Note
Appendix - Numeral Suffixes
* Compounded Words
* Numeral Punctuation
Appendix - Sufixi -AJ ed -UR-