OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Algorithm

The Spider Algorithm:
* paper by John H. Hubbard and Dierk Schleicher
* original paper by Yuval Fisher

# Program

Original program Spider by Yuval Fisher:
* made in 1992
* written in c
* XView library - widget toolkit from Sun Microsystems
Version by Claude Heiland-Allen
The program :
* computes the value of C at a rational external angle of M using a variant of Thurston's algorithm. In other words : computes a postcritically finite polynomials from the angles of the external rays landing at the critical point. For example, enter 1/6 and get out c = i, for the quadratic case ( notice that the dynamics of 1/6 under multiplication by 2 modulo 1 has some relationship with the orbit of i under z2+i).
* draws parameter (Mandelbrot set) and dynamical space (Julia sets) pictures using the Koebe 1/4 theorem as in The Science of Fractal Images. This part of the code was largely written by Marc Parmet,
* draws external angles on Julia sets.
"If you want to understand the relationship between the Mandelbrot set and the dynamics of Julia sets, this program is for you."

## readme

Original readme :

## How to run it ?

One way is to use a compiled binary version for i386 by Claude Heiland-Allen
One need 32-bit version of XView :
then create a s.sh file :
and run it :
Or one can compile program and run on Virtual Machine

# References

* ↑ The Spider Algorithm by John H. Hubbard and Dierk Schleicher
* ↑ original paper by Yuval Fisher
* ↑ Program Spider by Yuval Fisher
* ↑ XView in wikipedia
* ↑ Spider program , version by Claude Heiland-Allen
* ↑ compiled binary version for i386 by Claude Heiland-Allen
* ↑ Resurrecting Spidersv- post by Claude Heiland-Allen
* ↑ Steam: error while loading shared libraries: libGL.so.1: wrong ELF class: ELFCLASS64
# How To Assemble A Desktop PC/LaTeX
## File structure

* ./main.tex
* ./chapters/
** ./chapters/Choosing_the_parts.tex
** ./chapters/Assembly.tex
** ./chapters/Software.tex
** ./chapters/Overclocking.tex
** ./chapters/Silencing.tex
* ./appendices/
** ./appendices/External_links.tex
** ./appendices/docinfo.tex
** ./appendices/gfdl.tex
* ./misc/
** ./misc/logo.png
** ./misc/style.sty
** ./misc/titlepage.tex
** ./misc/Introduction.tex
** ./misc/Conclusion.tex
* ./images/
** ./images/Socket_462.jpg (GFDL)
** ./images/Ram-slots.jpg (PD)
** ./images/Floppy Drive Cable-1.jpg (GFDL)
** ./images/Vga-dvi-comparison.png (CC-by-2.5, not used)
# Nuclear Energy

Nuclei can produce energy via two different types of reactions, namely, fission and fusion reactions. Fission is a break up of a nucleus in two or more pieces (smaller nuclei). Fusion is the opposite process: Formation of a bigger nucleus from two small nuclei.
A question may arise: How two opposite processes can both produce energy? Can we make an inexhaustible source of energy by breaking up and then fusing the same nuclei? Of course not! The energy conservation law cannot be circumvented in no way. When speaking about fusion and fission, we speak about different ranges of nuclei. Energy can only be released when either light nuclei fuse or heavy nuclei fission.
To understand why this is so, let us recollect that for releasing energy the mass of initial nuclei must be greater than the mass of the products of a nuclear reaction. The mass difference is transformed into the released energy. And why the product nuclei can loose some mass as compared to the initial nuclei? Because they are more tightly bound, i.e. their binding energies are lager.
Fig. 15.3 shows the dependence of the binding energy $B$ per nucleon on the number $A$ of nucleons constituting a nucleus. As you see, the curve reaches the maximum value of $\sim 9$MeV per nucleon at around $A\sim 50$. The nuclei with such number of nucleons cannot produce energy neither through fusion nor through fission. They are kind of ashes and cannot serve as a fuel. In contrast to them, very light nuclei, when fused with each other, make more tightly bound products as well as very heavy nuclei do when split up in lighter fragments.
In fission processes, which were discovered and used first, a heavy nucleus like, for example, uranium or plutonium, splits up in two fragments which are both positively charged. These fragments repel each other by an electric force and move apart at a high speed, distributing their kinetic energy in the surrounding material.
In fusion reactions everything goes in the opposite direction. Very light nuclei, like hydrogen or helium isotopes, when approaching each other to a distance of a few fm ($1fm=10^{-13}$cm), experience strong attraction which overpowers their Coulomb (that is electric) repulsion. As a result the two nuclei fuse into a single nucleus. They collapse with extremely high speeds towards each other. To form a stable nucleus they must get rid of the excessive energy. This energy is emitted by ejecting a neutron or a photon.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Professor Vector
## Overview

Professor Septima Vector is the Arithmancy professor at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

## Analysis

From the construction of the word arithmancy = arith- + -mancy, it's evidently magic to do with numbers. In the real world, arithmancy means divination using numbers, but in the Harry Potter world it seems to include also numerology, the study of magical properties of numbers. The professor's name, Vector, may hint that arithmancy in the Wizarding world could include more sophisticated mathematics.
In the Harry Potter world, numbers are often inscribed in places, such as tombs, pyramids, and monuments. These numbers supposedly have meaning, either hiding a secret message or protecting the site with a curse. Arithmancy, if applied correctly, allows the practitioner to interpret these findings.
Gringotts curse breakers are required to have sufficient knowledge of Arithmancy.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Hermione repeatedly states that Arithmancy is very useful. What kind of things might be taught in an Arithmancy class, that Hermione would see as being particularly useful?

## Notes

* ↑ In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Chapter 12) Ron mentions her as a Witch.
# Working with files and digital assets
## Notes

This is a new project for me, and is subject to change. This is the current outline for the book.

## Content

* Preface

### Preliminaries

* Setup of Python 3
* Jupyter and Python 3
* Working with Git

### Working with:
#### Files & directories in general

* Downloading files
* Hashing of files
* Traversal of a directory
* Compression of files

#### Image files

* EXIF data

#### Video files
### Assistance by machine learning with:

* Preliminaries for machine learning
* Introduction to machine learning
* Frameworks

#### Classification
### Resources

* Appendices
* Additionals
# Intercontinental Motorcycle Touring

Intercontinental motorcycle touring is a form of adventure tourism in which one or many motorcyclists engage in traveling by road across two or more continents and, in some cases, with the goal to circumnavigate the Earth. Unless it is formally organized as a rally raid this activity is usually non-competitive. It is distinct from other forms of long distance motorcycle touring, such as riding within a single country or continent (transcontinental touring), in the sense that it usually requires a more extensive preparation, more logistics, a longer travel time frame, the crossing of continental bridges and major oceans (such as the Atlantic or the Pacific), and the need to travel through regions that are culturally very different from the departure country or continent. Most intercontinental tour riders tend to use specific types of dual-sport motorcycles that are known for their heavy duty reliability and ability to handle all types of terrains, although some riders have become famous for touring the world with unusual means such as cruiser bikes. Like for any form of tourism, intercontinental motorcycle touring styles vary greatly from rider to rider. Some aim at completing their adventures in a limited amount of time while others will travel for years and, sometimes, decades. Some will want to overcome major technical or political challenges, ride for a cause and heavily publicize their adventure, while other will prefer the anonymity or the solitude of the lone rider.

## Contents

* Types of travel routes
* Touring Styles
* Attractive and popular routes and destinations
* Difficult routes, complications, blockers, and no-go zones
# Copy-on-write
### Intent

Achieve lazy copy optimization. Like lazy initialization, do the work just when you need because of efficiency.

### Also Known As

* COW (copy-on-write)
* Lazy copy

### Motivation

Copying an object can sometimes cause a performance penalty. If objects are frequently copied but infrequently modified later, copy-on-write can provide significant optimization. To implement copy-on-write, a smart pointer to the real content is used to encapsulate the object's value, and on each modification an object reference count is checked; if the object is referenced more than once, a copy of the content is created before modification.

### Solution and Sample Code

This implementation of copy-on-write is generic, but apart from the inconvenience of having to refer to the inner object through smart pointer dereferencing, it suffers from at least one drawback: classes that return references to their internal state, like
can lead to unexpected behaviour.
Consider the following code snippet
The intention of the last line is to modify the original string s1, not the copy, but as a side effect s2 is also accidentally modified.
A better approach is to write a custom copy-on-write implementation which is encapsulated in the class we want to lazy-copy, transparently to the user. In order to fix the problem above, one can flag objects that have given away references to inner state as "unshareable"—in other words, force copy operations to deep-copy the object. As an optimisation, one can revert the object to "shareable" after any non-const operations that do not give away references to inner state (for example, void string::clear), because client code expects such references to be invalidated anyway.

### Known Uses

* Active Template Library
* Many Qt classes (implicit sharing)

### References

* 1 2 Herb Sutter, More Exceptional C++, Addison-Wesley 2002 - Items 13–16
* wikipedia:Copy-on-write
# Chess/Arranging The Board

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
pieces K-h2,q-d6,r-e1,e8,b-f4,p-h3,g2,d5 black chess pieces k-g8,q-a5,r-f8,r-f7,b-f5,b-g7,p-a6,c4,f7,g6,h7
Before starting the game, it's very important to arrange the board in the right manner.
The 1 - 8 horizontal squares are called "ranks", and the vertical squares are called "files".
Your chess board is an 8×8 board. Place the board in such a manner that the bottom right hand corner on your side is white ("White on the right"). On that white square, place the Rook (known also as the "Castle") and place the other Rook on the bottom left corner. Next to the Rooks, place the Knights, followed by the Bishops.
Wrong placement of the Queens is a common mistake. While arranging these pieces, make sure that the black Queen goes on a black square and the white Queen goes on a white square ("Queen on her own color"). The King then goes on the square next to the Queen. It is very important that you place these two pieces properly. Any game found to be set up incorrectly, i.e., King on its own color, will result in the game being voided and a restart called using the same colors.
Fill the next rank with your eight pawns. You're ready to play!
Playing The Game →
Chess · Playing The Game →
Arranging the Board · Playing the Game · Notating the Game · Tactics · Tactics Exercises · Strategy · Basic Openings · Sample chess game · The Endgame · Variants · Tournaments · Chess Puzzles · 0x88 board representation ( v • d • e )
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Ke2

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |

## Bongcloud Attack
### 2. Ke2

Ke2 is an interesting move. An early 'joke' idea of this move is to prepare for an early endgame by developing the king. However, the problems with 2. Ke2?! are that the King move prevents castling to protect the King, endangers the King, ignores development and the center, and blocks the Queen and Bishop, which are the two pieces that are free after 1. e4. All that being said, it can be used as a surprise to unseat Black. Due to the dubiousness of the move, it can be used as a form of a handicap system.
Sometimes, games are played that begin with the Bongcloud Attack in which the players try to move the king to the opposite side of the board rather than achieve a checkmate.
In a tournament, GM Magnus Carlsen and GM Hikaru Nakamura played the "double bongcloud" wherein both players played symmetrically with 2. Ke2 Ke7. The match had no tournament standing implications and was quickly drawn via threefold repetition.

## References

* ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/18/bongcloud-meme-opening-carlsen-nakamura
# Balogh Defense

Black contests White's claim to the center by attacking the e4 pawn with a flank pawn. White frequently captures 3. exf5, leaving Black with a central pawn majority. However, this move also weakens the Black king and creates a hole on e6, and as a result Black must play precisely to avoid getting into trouble. The Balogh Defense can also transpose from the Staunton Gambit (1. d4 f5 2. e4) if Black decides to decline the gambit with 2...d6.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 d6 2. d4 f5
| 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Nc3 Nf6 | Bd3 fxe4 | Nxe4 Nxe4 | += |
| exf5 Bxf5 | Qf3 Qc8 | Bd3 Bg4 | += |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/VIR Rockhampton
### VIR Rockhampton
#### Comprehensive History

A comprehensive history of VIR Rockhampton has not yet been prepared for this Wikibook, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Research - VIR - Rockhampton - Summary of research to date
* Transcriptions and Notes - VIR - Rockhampton - More than 20 transcriptions (Reads like a history)
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - VIR - Rockhampton - Nothing uploaded as yet, but many relevant QSLs held
* Incubator of Wikipedia Article on VIR - Rockhampton - Coming real soon now!
Key internet links:
Nothing identified as yet
# QBasic/Graphics
### What QBasic can do with Graphics

QBasic is not graphically very capable but many good programs can be created with it. Commands like PSET, CIRCLE, LINE, etc., are used to draw graphics in QBasic. Good examples of graphical programs created using QBasic are SYMMETRIC ICON and SYMMETRIC FRACTALS.

### Functions

Screen will let you set how it will be used. Text Graphics, both, and the Size of the surface you are working with. Screen 0 .. means Text Only. Screen 12 .. means 64 X 480 X 16 Colors & Text.

#### PSET

The PSET command lets the programmer display pixels on the screen. Before you type the command in, you must make sure that a SCREEN command is in. Look at this example:
This command will display one yellow pixel at the coordinates 1, 1. The coordinates are X and Y coordinates, like any other mathematical situation. So the PSET command has to have this layout to function properly:
Remember that X coordinates are those that go left to right on the screen and Y coordinates are those that go Up to Down on the screen.

#### CIRCLE

This displays a circle at the coordinates. The layout of the function is as follows:
Remember to put a SCREEN command at the front.

#### PAINT

To use PAINT, there must be a SCREEN command declared. The command has coordinates that tells QBasic where to start. The color number specifies the color to paint with, and the bordercolor tells the PAINT command that it should not paint further when it encounters a pixel of that color. In almost all cases, you will need to use the bordercolor parameter, simply because without it, PAINT will cover the entire screen.

#### DRAW

ToDo

### Making An Image Using the DATA command

Graphics using this command can either be made by using a Graphics Editor or by using the DATA command Manually. The DATA command is a way of inputting information into QBasic and being read by the READ command. Remember that the DATA command cannot be used in subroutines or functions. Look at this example:
The FOR commands declare the amount of pixels there are to be read. On this particular program, there are pixels of 10 by 10 (100) so we put:
We have now declared the x and y planes. You can change these values if you want a smaller or bigger picture Bitmap. The READ command reads the DATA commands and declares the information gathered as z.
The PSET reads the planes and the DATA read and a bitmap.
It works like the first example on this page, except it is reading more than one pixels
# The Wealthy Barber/The Wealthy Barber

Introduction | The Financial Illiterate | A Surprising Referral | The Wealthy Barber | The Ten-Percent Solution | Wills, Life Insurance, and Responsibility | Our RSP | Home, Sweet Home | Saving Savvy | Insights into Investment and Income Tax | Graduation
In this chapter David meets with the barber to talk about financial planning. They set a date to start discussion.
# Biochemistry/pKa values

Biochemistry
<< Metabolism and energy
In understanding many biochemical reactions, it is important to be familiar with concept and definitions of acids and bases. This includes the dissociation constant (pK$_a$)
Buffers are essential to biochemical reactions, as they provide a (more or less) stable pH value for reactions to take place under constantly changing circumstances. The pH value in living cells tends to fall between 7.2 and 7.4, and this pH level is generally maintained by weak acids. (The pH values in lysosomes and peroxisomes differ from this value, as do the pH measurements of the stomach and other organs found in various types of plants and animals.)
An acid is here defined simply as any molecule that can release a proton (H$^+$) into a solution. Stronger acids are more likely to release a proton, due to their atomic and molecular properties. The tendency of an acid to release a proton is called the dissociation constant (K$_a$) of that substance, with
    ${K}_{a}={[{H}^{+}][{A}^{-}] \over [HA]}$
for HA <-> H$^+$ + A$^-$.
A larger K$_a$ value means a greater tendency to dissociate a proton, and thus it means the substance is a stronger acid. The pH at which 50% of the protons are dissociated can therefore be calculated as:
    pK$_a$ = -log ( K$_a$ )
This equation is known as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
    ${pH}={pK}_{a}+\log {[{\text{base}}] \over [{\text{acid}}]}$
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is derived from the adjacent K$_a$ expression. By taking the logarithm of base ten to both sides, the next part of the equation is obtained. Using the logarithmic property of multiplication, the [H$^+$] breaks from the expression. Since log K$_a$ is equal to -pK$_a$ and log [H$^+$] is equal to -pH, they are then substituted. To obtain what is known as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, -pK$_a$ and -pH are subtracted from their respective sides to yield a positive equation.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation interestingly enough predicts the behavior of buffer solutions. A solution of 1 M ethanoic (acetic) acid [HA] and 1 M sodium ethanoate [A$^-$] will have a pH equal to the pK$_a$ of ethanoic acid: 4.76.
If we added acid to pure water up to a concentration of 0.1 M, the pH would become 1. If we add the same concentration of acid to the buffer solution, it will react with the ethanoate to form ethanoic acid. The ethanoate concentration would drop to 0.9 M and the ethanoic acid concentration should rise to 1.1 M. The pH becomes 4.67 - very different from the pH=1 without a buffer.
Similarly, adding 0.1 M alkali changes the pH of the buffer to 4.85, instead of pH=13 without buffer. Due to the amphipathic nature of amino acids - which are the monomer building blocks of all proteins, physiological conditions are always considered to be buffered, which plays a major role in the conformations and reactivities of substrates in the cell's liquid interior, its cytosol.
A very small (which would include a large negative value) pK$_a$ indicates a very strong acid. A pK$_a$ value between 4 and 5 is the most common range for organic acid compounds.
<< Metabolism and energy
# Petrov's Defence

After White retreats the knight, Black can safely capture the pawn on e4.

# Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nf3
| 4 |
| ... Nxe4 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# A40 Mikenas Defense
### 1...Nc6

The Mikenas Defence (also Queen's Knight Defence, Lundin Defence, Kevitz-Mikenas Defence) is characterized by 1. d4 Nc6 and is rarely played. It prepares a possible e5 for Black. However the Black Knight is often exposed to White playing d5 at some stage or Black loses a tempo to pawns moving to occupy the center. On the plus side Black's pawn structure remain flexible.
White has a number of choices.
   * 2. e4 A common reply and transposes into a Nimzowitsch Defence.
   * 2. Nf3 this prevents Black's immediate e5.
   * 2. c4 exerting extra pressure on the d5 square.
   * 2. d5 Moving the pawn again and directly challenging the Knight.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.d4 Nc6
| | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Nimzowitsch Defence by transposition | e4 | | | See 1.e4 Nc6 2.d4 |
| Chigorin Defence by transposition | Nf3 d5 | c4 Bg4 | cxd5 Bxf3 | += |
| Montevideo Defense | d5 | Nb8!? | | |
| Mikenas Defense: Full Metal Jacket Variation | d5 Ne5 | e4 e6 | f4 exd5!? | = |
| Mikenas Defense: Lithuanian Variation | c4 e5 | d5 Nce7 | | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.