OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Word formation
## Introduction

Word-formation is a relatively new branch of linguistic studies. With the language constantly changing, it is hard to keep track of new trends and tendencies that influence it on every-day basis. As language is a flexible system of signs, it is its natural predisposition to be shaped and influenced by its users who are able to adopt it according to their will. Whether inspired by a foreign culture or simply answering to one's onomastic needs, the creative potential of coining new words is hardly limited. What is to be found in the contents of this book is a piece on English word-formation theory backed up by examples from other languages.
This handbook is aimed at advanced learners of English, preferably university students. It consists of several chapters that introduce the reader to the notion of word-formation from the branch of linguistics backed up with various examples from English and more.

## Chapters
### 1. Concatenative morphology

Concatenative processes are by far the ones which happen to be the most productive in the Indio-European language family. Thus, they are of major concern when it comes to discussing word-formation processes in either English. These include the following: compounding, affixation and incorporation. The last is almost non-existent in the English language. Concatenation is a process which deals with the formation of new lexical items by putting at least two distinct morphemes together. However, as it is often the case in morphology, establishing clear borders for certain categories is a rather daunting task and one definition very rarely proves sufficient. The blurry cases would involve such processes as back-formation, which resembles suffix extraction, or reduplication in the branch of non-concatenative morphology.

#### 1.2 Affixation
### 2. Non-concatenative morphology

When a word is created as a result of linguistic operations on one morpheme, such process belongs to the branch of non-concatenation. The ones that can be observed as operating in the English language are discussed in this chapter. However, certain cases of wordformation prove not to be as clear exact as one would wish it to be. An example would be the process of reduplication, which although is said to operate on one base that is reiterated, often involves changes in the very and therefore is hard to classify as conconcatenation.

#### 2.7 Clipping
## Related books

* Linguistics
* English in Use

## References

* ↑ Szymanek, Bogdan (1998). Introduction to Morphological Analysis. p. 34.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5

The Advance Variation was widely regarded as inferior for many years, owing chiefly to the strategic demolition that Aron Nimzowitsch (playing as White) suffered at the hands of José Capablanca in one of their games at the New York 1927 tournament. It has since been revitalized by aggressive lines such as the Bayonet Attack (4.Nc3 e6 5.g4) favored by Latvian Grandmaster Alexei Shirov or the less ambitious 4.Nf3 e6 5.Be2 c5 6.Be3 popularized by English Grandmaster Nigel Short.
Black almost always plays 3...Bf5 to free the light-squared bishop outside the pawn chain.
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
The 3...c5 variation is an important alternative and avoids the weight of theory associated with 3...Bf5. It was used by Mikhail Botvinnik in his 1961 match vs. Mikhail Tal (though with a negative outcome for Botvinnik – two draws and a loss). In comparison to the French defense, Black lacks the tempo normally spent on ...e6. However, White can only exploit this by the weakening of his own central bind with 4.dxc5 when Black has good chances of regaining the pawn.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5
* 3
* Bf5
* c5
* g6
* Na6
* e6
* Qb6
* h5
* Nh6
* b6
* f6
* Be6
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Telugu/Fruits

Mango - మామిడి పండు ii
Grapes - ద్రాక్ష
Watermelon - పుచ్చకాయ
Banana - అరటిపండు
Orange - కమల పండు
Papaya - బొప్పాయి
Dates - ఖర్జూరాలు
Pomegranate - దానిమ్మ
Musk melon - కర్బూజ
Custard apple - సీతా పండు (సీతాఫలం)
Pineapple - అనాస పండు
Fig - అత్తి పండు
Indian BlackBerry - నేరేడు పండు
Bilva fruit or Bael fruit - మారేడు పండు
Sweet lemon - బత్తాయి పండు
# Acer TravelMate 8571
## Specifications
### Year of First Manufacture

* First Manufactured:

### CPU

* CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo (2×1.4 GHz)

### Memory

* Memory: 4 GB
* Memory Type: GByte DDR3-8500

### Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset:
* Screen Size: 15.6"
* Maximum Screen Resolution: 1366×768 pixels

### Audio

* Audio Chipset: Realtek ALC269 @ Intel 82801IB ICH9 — High Definition Audio Controller
* Integral Microphone

### Network Ports

* Networking chipset type:

### Bluetooth

* Bluetooth Chipset: Cambridge Silicon Radio Bluetooth Module: Foxconn Bluetooth BRM 2046 BT2.1 (T60H928.33)

### Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad (with scroll button)
# A-level Biology/Cells & Cell Structure

Cells are the base units of organisms, some organisms are unicellular (they only consist of one cell), others, like humans, are multicellular (consist of many cells). In humans, similar cells are grouped together into tissues which perform a particular function, different tissues are joined together into organs to complete a more complicated function, and organs are arrangned into interdependent organ systems which together form an organism.
Cells themselves can be divided into two types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotes have no nucleus (pro is the ancient Greek for 'before' and karyote for 'nucleus), eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus (eu is ancient Greek for 'true' or 'good'). There are other differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as well, such as eukaryotes are much bigger, have membrane bound organelles and linear DNA, prokaryotes are smaller, they don't have membrane bound organelles and their DNA is circular (and not contained in a nucleus).
Organelles. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles, such and a nucleus and mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion. You need to know what some of these organelles look like and what their function is.
Mitochondria. These are the energy producers of the cell, they produce ATP, which is used by cells to release energy. They have a double membrane, the one on the inside is folded to provide a large surface area.
# Hewlett Packard EliteBook 8530w
### CPU

* CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo (up to 3.06 GHz, 6 MB L2 cache) or Core 2 quad-core mobile processors

### Memory

* Memory:
* Memory Type:

### Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia Quadro FX770M (???MB)
* Screen Size: 15.4"
* Maximum Screen Resolution: WSXGA+ (1680×1050), WUXGA+ (1920×1200)

### Audio

* Audio Chipset:

### Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad
# Hewlett Packard EliteBook 8730w
### CPU

* CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo (up to 3.06 GHz, 6 MB L2 cache) or Intel Core 2 quad-core mobile processors

### Memory

* Memory:
* Memory Type:

### Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia Quadro FX2700M (512 MB) / Nvidia Quadro FX3700M (1 GB)
* Screen Size: 17
* Maximum Screen Resolution: WSXGA+ WVA (1680×1050), WUXGA WVA / WUXGA RGB LED WVA (1920×1200)

### Audio

* Audio Chipset:

### Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad
# Derek Wu Trap

The Derek Wu Trap (Rosen Trap) of the Englund Gambit comes after the moves 1. d4 e5 2. dxe5 Bc5. This trap was invented by Derek Wu and popularized by famous international master and content creator Eric Rosen, famous for his tricky traps, and this is one of them. The most played move in that position is the obvious-looking move Nf3, and then, black plays d6, a normal move in the Englund Gambit, looking to sacrifice a pawn for more development, after exd6, you don't play the natural-looking move exd6, but instead you play Ne7!, sacrificing the knight the most played move, according to the lichess.org database is the blunder dxe7, which seems natural, you win a knight, you threaten Qxd8# or exd8=Q#, but here black can sacrifice the second piece with Bxf2+!! After the only legal move, Kxf2, Qxd1 is simply a free queen.
# Lenovo ThinkPad W700
## CPU

* CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo / Quad / Extreme

## Memory

* Memory: 4 GB
* Memory Type: DDR3 PC3-8500

## Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia Quadro FX 2700M (512 MB) (Some versions use an Nvidia Quadro FX 3700M (1 GB))
* Screen Size: 17" TFT
* Maximum Screen Resolution: 1440×900 (Some versions use a 1920×1200 WUXGA 400 Nit Display)

## Audio

* Audio Chipset:

## USB Ports

* 5 x USB 2.0

## Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad
# Laptop Computer Models/Lenovo
## IdeaPad

The IdeaPad line of consumer-oriented laptops was introduced in January 2008. The IdeaPad is the result of Lenovo's own research and development; Unlike the ThinkPad line, its design and branding were not inherited from IBM nor are they designed/developed by IBM.

### U series

* IdeaPad U110
* IdeaPad U150
* IdeaPad U310
* IdeaPad U330
* IdeaPad U400

## ThinkPad

The ThinkPad series of laptop computers were originally designed by IBM and are modelled upon a traditional Japanese lunchbox.
    ThinkPad 235
    ThinkPad 240
    ThinkPad 300
    ThinkPad 500
    ThinkPad 600
    ThinkPad 700
    ThinkPad 800
    ThinkPad Z60

### R Series

* ThinkPad R61

### T Series

* ThinkPad T43
* ThinkPad T61
    ThinkPad T61p 14W
    ThinkPad T61p 15W
    ThinkPad T400
    ThinkPad T410
    ThinkPad T420
    ThinkPad T430
    ThinkPad T440
    ThinkPad T440p
    ThinkPad T450
    ThinkPad T460
    ThinkPad T470
    ThinkPad 25
    ThinkPad T480
    ThinkPad T490

### W Series

* ThinkPad W500
* ThinkPad W510
* ThinkPad W520
* ThinkPad W530
* ThinkPad W540
* ThinkPad W541
* ThinkPad W550s
* ThinkPad W700
* ThinkPad W700DS
* ThinkPad W701DS

### X series

* ThinkPad X1
* Thinkpad X100e
    Thinkpad X120e
    Thinkpad X200
    Thinkpad X200s
    Thinkpad X300
    Thinkpad X301
    Thinkpad X60
    Thinkpad X61
    Thinkpad X200
    Thinkpad X201
    Thinkpad X220
    Thinkpad X230
    Thinkpad X240
    Thinkpad X250
    Thinkpad X260
    Thinkpad X270
    Thinkpad X280
# The Troubles (Northern Ireland)/Background
## Background To The Troubles

During Queen Elizabeth I's reign England, Scotland and Wales were predominantly Protestant countries while Ireland (one country at the time) was mainly Catholic. Continental Europe was dominated by Catholic nations that adhered to the Pope. Ireland was seen by the Queen and her ministers as a potential threat should the continental European nations unite with Ireland, occupy it and use it as a base for attacks against England. These concerns led to the plantations, which was the redistribution of Irish land towards English and Scot settlers by English monarchs. The most successful plantation was devised in Ulster, bringing a significant Protestant population from England and Scotland to settle the province. This established a framework for both the division of Ireland, and the ensuing Troubles conflict.
# Laptop Computer Models/MSI
## GX620
### Specifications
#### CPU

* CPU: Intel Centrino 2 Processor Technology (e.g. Intel Core 2 Duo P8400, P9700, T9900, …)
* CPU socket: Socket P (479 pins) / mPGA479M
* Chipset: Intel PM45 + ICH9M

#### Memory

* Memory: 512 MB/1 GB, Max: 4 GB (note: for some motherboard models/revisions & memory types combination — max. is 8 GB)
* Memory Type: DDR2 800

#### Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT (DDR3 512 MB)
* Screen Size: 15.4" WSXGA+/WXGA ACV (Amazing Crystal Vision) Display

#### Audio

* Audio Chipset: Realtek with 5.1 analog output

#### Network Ports

* 1x LAN 10/100/1000 Mb/s
* 1x WIRELESS LAN 802.11b/g/n
* 1x BLUETOOTH V2.0+EDR

#### USB Ports

* 2x USB-A 2.0
* 1x eSATA/USB-A COMBO

#### Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad

#### Power

* AC: 90W power adapter
* Battery: 6/9 cells

#### Physical

* Dimensions: 360 × 260 × 33~36 mm
* Weight (kg): 2.74

## GX720
### CPU

* CPU: Intel Centrino 2 Processor Technology

### Memory

* Memory:
* Memory Type:

### Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT (512 MB)
* Screen Size: 17"
* Maximum Screen Resolution:

### Audio

* Audio Chipset:

### USB Ports

* USB 2.0

### Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad
# Laptop Computer Models/Hewlett Packard
## EliteBook

* EliteBook 8530
* EliteBook 8530w
* EliteBook 8730w

## Omnibook

* OmniBook 500
    OmniBook 510
    OmniBook 600
    OmniBook 800
    OmniBook 800CT
    OmniBook 900
    OmniBook 900B
    OmniBook 2000CS
    OmniBook 3000CTX
    OmniBook 3100
    OmniBook 4000C
    OmniBook 4000CT
    OmniBook 4100
    OmniBook 4150
    OmniBook 4150B
    OmniBook 5000
    510
    520
    550
    Compaq 8510w
    Compaq 8710p
    Compaq 8710w
    Compaq NX9420 (RB529UT)
    LiveStrong L2000
    MiniNote 2133

## Pavilion

    Pavilion DV4
# Dell Latitude D820
## CPU

* CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo T7200 2 x 2 GHz

## Memory

* Memory:
* Memory Type:

## Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia Quattro NVS 110M (???Mb) (Some models have an Nvidia Quattro NVS 120M)
* Screen Size: 15.4"
* Maximum Screen Resolution:

## Audio

* Audio Chipset:

## Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad
# Dell Precision M2400
### Specifications
#### CPU

* CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo T9400 2×2.5 GHz

#### Memory

* Memory:
* Memory Type:

#### Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia Quadro FX370M (256 MB)
* Screen Size & Type: 14.1", WXGA+ LED TFT
* Maximum Screen Resolution: 16:10, 1440×900 pixel

#### Audio

* Audio Chipset:

#### Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad
# Modern Physics

This book is part of a series on Modern Physics:
Waves General Mechanics Special Relativity Quantum Mechanics Electrodynamics Nuclear Physics

## Table of contents

* Introduction
* Note For Contributors
* Page List

## Books and chapters

* Annus Mirabilis of Albert Einstein
* Waves
* General Mechanics
* Special Relativity
* General Relativity
* Gravity
* Quantum Mechanics
* Electrodynamics
* Quantum Optics
* Thermodynamics
* Statistical Mechanics
* Solid State Physics
* Condensed Matter Physics
* Nuclear Physics
* Particle Physics
* Plasma Physics
* Space Physics
* Astrophysics

### Appendices

* Constants
* Table of nuclides

## Recommended Readings

* Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R., Leighton, R. B., Sands, M. L. (2017). The Feynman Lectures on Physics: New Millenium Edition. Pearson India Education Services Pvt Limited.
# Swahili/Colors
## Colors

* Only "white", "black" and "red" are true adjectives.
# Wikimedia/The History of Wikisource

Wikisource is an online digital library of free-content source materials. The project was born as an idea in 2001 following a disagreement about how to incorporate primary source materials into Wikipedia. In order to keep Wikipedia a tertiary source, the new "Project Sourceberg" was proposed. With the title meant primarily as a pun on the popular library archive site of public domain materials Project Gutenberg, it also carried the implication of "primary source" in its initials. Unlike the more inclusive Project Gutenberg, it had a focus on material of historical and cultural interest. It finally debuted on November 24, 2003, but in less than a month changed its name to Wikisource, following a vote that closed on December 6th. In March 2004, there was a proposal to change the name again, to Wikimedia Commons, and to fold into it other public-domain media source material, including pictures and artistic artifacts. Despite the proposal, Wikisource remained a distinct project. As of 2020, it is available in 70 language editions.
# Trompowsky Attack
## 2...Ne4

2...Ne4 starts the Main Line Trompowsky Atack. Black attacks the bishop, thus forcing White to move it; the bishop usually moves to f4. Now both sides have moved a minor piece twice in two consecutive moves. Theory stretches out at this point, thus giving White and Black much freedom, which is why many players have committed this opening to memory.
Usually Black follows up 3...c5 attacking the pawn, and the Black knight is often displaced from its post on e4 with the f-pawn.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 Ne4
| | 3 |
| Trompowsky Attack | Bf4 c5 |
| | Bh4 c5 |
| | Bc1?! c5 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Algebra/Contributors/Book Order

This section is to explain the reasoning for the ordering of the chapters and sections, as well as the goals of each.

## General Scope

Chapters 20-27 are meant to be independent of each other, in that they can be done in any order one pleases, or can be skipped entirely, but they can only be done once the reader completes the first 19 chapters.

## Chapter 1 - Elementary Arithmetic
### Chapter Summary

As the book is meant to be accessible for all levels of experience with mathematics, the basics of arithmetic are covered in the very first chapter.
First, numbers as a whole are covered via the number line in section 1.1, which is then followed by the four basic mathematical operations, as well as exponents and roots, in the scope of whole numbers. Afterwards, these same ideas are then explained through the scope of integers, fractions and decimals. This knowledge is then all put together via the Order of Operations, or PEMDAS, where the reader is faced with expressions with multiple operations.
After one learns about numerical operations, they can then be further used for other crucial math concepts, starting with units, which will be used in many word problems. Some real-life problems will also require knowledge of estimating values or rounding them up properly, which is followed directly after the concept of units.
Afterwards, the reader will use all of the above concepts to encounter what is arguably the most crucial part of the chapter, the skill of "problem solving", which is briefly touched upon via data analysis, and then in the chapter's final section, which uses many of the ideas introduced in Polya's How to Solve It.

### Roadmap
#### Types of Numbers

* Section 1.1 - Learn about the different types of numbers.

#### Properties and Operations of Whole Numbers

* Section 1.2
* Section 1.3
* Section 1.4

#### Other Types of Numbers

* Section 1.5 - Apply the concepts from sections 1.2 - 1.4 to Integers.
* Section 1.6 - Apply the concepts from sections 1.2 - 1.4 to Fractions.
* Section 1.7 - Apply the concepts from sections 1.2 - 1.4 to Decimals.

#### Putting it All Together

* Section 1.8 - Solve problems involving multiple operations using the concepts from the previous sections.

#### Applying the Concepts

* Section 1.9
* Section 1.10
* Section 1.11
* Section 1.12

## Chapter 2 - An Introduction to Algebra

Chapter 2 serves as the reader dipping their toes into the world of Algebra once they've read over the Arithmetic chapter. Here, they will learn Algebra as a language.

### Roadmap
#### Algebra as a Language

* Section 2.1
* Section 2.2
* Section 2.3

## Chapter 23 - Theory of Equations

This chapter serves as a sort of continuation of the concepts from Chapter 10.

## Chapter 25 - Limits of Functions

This chapter can be thought of as a transition from Algebra to Calculus in the same way that Chapter 1 is a transition from Arithmetic to Algebra.
# Ruy Lopez: Steinitz Defence

Not to be confused with the Modern Steinitz Defence.

### 4. d4

White threatens dxe5 since Black's knight is pinned. Thus, Black needs to play 4...Bd7 (unpinning the knight) or 4...exd4.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 d6 4. d4
| 4 | 5 |
| ... Bd7 | Nc3 | ⩲ |
| ... exd4 | Nxd4 Bd7 | ⩲ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Cascading Style Sheets/z-index

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ten translucent divs with respective z-index from 0 to 9.

## z-index Usage

Every element whose z-index is specified as an integer or whose opacity is not equal to 100% establishes a new stacking context in which the element itself is the zero z-index for its child elements, and its children are positioned relative to each other but cannot overlap elements outside of the container.
If a relatively positioned element is display:inline, its left/right and top/bottom offsets are based on its container only instead of the stacking context
A z-index of auto means that the element does not create a z-index of zero for its children, so their z-index value is relative to the other elements on the page
If two or more sibling elements have the same stacking level within their parent, they are rendered back to front in the order of their appearance in the HTML markup.
If you want relatively positioned elements in one div to overlap relatively positioned elements in another div, you have to raise the z-index of the entire div, or combine the content into the one container div
If you want one element to paint on top of everything else, but you want a child of that element to be behind everything else, make that element the only relatively positioned element, then position the child with a negative z-index
If you want one border color to overlap another on adjacent table cells, give that cell a higher z-index than the other. Use a border width of zero with the higher z-index to erase the border completely.
An element that establishes a stacking context will overlap an adjacent floating element if they intersect
Elements with the same stacking context are displayed based on source order; tags added last overlap tags added first