# Mirad Grammar/Determiners

    Determiners are words that specify or point out the context of nouns and other parts of speech. The English determiner this, for example, specifies a noun for its proximity to the current context. In English, demonstrative pronouns/adjectives/adverbs, possessive pronouns/adjectives, quantifiers like more and very, and numeric expressions like both fall under this category.

## Types of Determiners

    Determiners in Mirad fall into the following categories:
       Types of Determiners TYPEALSO KNOWN ASENGLISH EXAMPLES Deictic Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbsthe, this, some, every, which?, when Pronominal Possessive Pronouns/Adjectives my, anybody's, one's own Quantitative Quantifiersmore, less, very Numerical Numerals/Fractions/Ordinals/Dates, etc.one, half, first
    Furthermore, as for part of speech, determiners can be adjectives, pronouns, or adverbs. As adjectives, determiners can itemize or classify. As pronouns, they can refer to one or more persons (male or female) or things. As adverbs, they can specify circumstance, i.e. time, place, degree, kind, age, frequency, and so forth.

## Deictic Determiners

    Deictic determiners are words which point out or specify other words as to their context, including what grammarians often call demonstratives. All deictic determiners in Mirad begin with the letter h. The letters following the h indicate the grammatical and semantic category.
    Deictic determiners include the following traditional grammatical categories:
      * Demonstrative adjectives like this, that, those, that one
      * The definite article the (which is really a demonstrative adjective like those above.)
      * Demonstrative pronouns like this, that, those, that one
      * Interrogative and relative pronouns like who, which, that
      * Indefinite adjectives like any, some, all, something, such, etc.
      * Indefinite pronouns like any, some, all, something, such, etc.
      * Pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs of quantity like so much, that many, how many?, very, etc.
      * Adverbs of circumstance:
         * time like when, now, ever
         * place like there, here, somewhere
         * manner like how, thus, somehow
         * kind like so, age this year old
         * direction like that way, any which way
         * reason why?, for that reason, for no reason
         * degree this (well), so (good), how (bad)
         * frequency like how often, so often, never
         * age like this old, how old?, of any age

### Deictic Prefixes

    There is a whole set of correlative deictic prefixes, which are joined to circumstantial stub category suffixes to derive pronoun, adjective, and adverb determiners. In some grammars, these words are called wh-question words and their pointed answers. For example, QUESTION: Who is your wife? ANSWER: This is my wife. (or) QUESTION: Where is your house? ANSWER: My house is here. These word forms are called correlative because they relate to one another in way that can be mapped to a table.
    Here are the Mirad deictic classification prefixes:
    Deictic Prefixes CLASSIFICATIONDEICTIC PREFIX Interrogative duho-...?....what?, which? Relative ho-....which, that Exclamatory hoo-....how...! Definite ha-....the Indefinite he-....some, a certain Proximal hi-....this, these Immediate hii-....the following Distal hu-....that, those Intensive huu-....such, so, what a...! Distributive hya-....every, all, each Indeterminate hye-....any, whatever Negative hyo-....no, not any Identical hyi-....the same, the very Non-identical hyu-....the other, another, else
    Note: The Identical (hyi-) and Non-identical prefixes (hyu-) can optionally be substituted with ge- (same) and oge- (different), respectively.

### Circumstantial Category Suffixes

    The table below shows word stub suffixes that indicate the circumstantial category of deictic expressions. They are called stubs, because they are reduced word forms. The combination of deictic prefixes and circumstantial stub suffixes produce a matrix of deictic correlatives, seen later in this chapter. Use of the stub instead of the long form is a matter of optional economy. A few categories do not have stubs.
    Category Stubs CATEGORYSTUBLONG FORMQUESTION WORD EXAMPLE Person -ttob...personduhot?....who? Thing -ssun...thingduhos?....what? Place -mnem...placeduhom?....where? Time -jjob...timeduhoj?....when? Manner -yenbyen...mannerduhoyen?....how? Kind -yenasyena...of a styleduhoyena?....what kind of? Degree -glanog...degreeduhogla fi?....how well? Quantity -glasag...numberduhogla pati?....how many birds? Mass -glaglan...amountduhogla mil?....how much water? Frequency -xagxag...frequencyduhoxag?....how often? Reason -savsavduhosav?....why? Age -jagjag...ageduhojag?....how old?
    There can be other circumstantial categories other than those listed above, such as "direction", "order", etc. eg. Duhomep wit pa?....Which way did he go?.

### Charts of Correlative Deictic Determiners

    Here is are three tables showing the matrix of correlative deictic determiners. Note that the determiners belong to three parts of speech, 1) adjectives, 2) pronouns, and 3) adverbs:
    PART OF SPEECHENDING Adjective-a Pronoun-t(i), -s(i) Adverb(no ending)

#### Deictic Determiner Adjectives

    All deictic determiner adjectives in in -a and are used to modify nouns.
    Correlative Deictic Determiner Adjectives SELECTIVE -aPOSSESSIVE -taKIND/MANNER -yenaQUANTITY -glaAGE -jagaFREQUENCY -xaga Interrogative duhoa? which?duhota? whose?duhoyena? what kind of?duhogla? how much/many?duhojaga? how old?duhoxaga? how frequent? Relative hoa whichhota whosehoyena what kind ofhogla how much/manyhojaga how oldhoxaga how frequent Exclamatory hooa what a...!hoogla look how much/many...!hoojaga how old a...! Definite ha$^1$ thehatas the person’shayena of the kindhagla of the amounthajaga of the agehaxaga of the frequency Indefinite hea some/a certainheta someone'sheyena some kind ofhegla somehejaga somewhat oldhexaga sometimes Proximal hia thishita this person’shiyena this kind ofhigla this muchhijaga this oldhixaga this often Immdediate hiia the followinghiita the follow person’shiiyena the following kind ofhiigla to the following degreehiijaga of the following agehiixaga of the following frequency Distal hua thathuta that person’shuyena that kind ofhugla that much/manyhujaga of that agehuxaga that often Intensive huua such ahuuta such a person’shuuyena such kind ofhuugla so much/manyhuujaga of such an agehuuxaga so often Negative hyoa nohyota nobody’shyoyena no kind ofhyogla no amount/number ofhyojaga of no agehyoxaga of zero frequency Distributive hya$^1$ everyhyata everybody’shyayena every kind ofhyagla allhyajaga of every agehyaxaga always Indeterminate hyea whichever/any$^2$hyeta whoseverhyeyena whatever/any kind ofhyegla however much/manyhyejaga however oldhyexaga however frequent Identical hyia the samehyita the same person’shyiyena the same kind ofhyigla just ashyijaga just as oldhyixaga just as often Non-identical hyua the otherhyuta someone else'shyuyena another kind ofhyugla not as much/manyhyujaga of another agehyuxaga not as often
    Note 1: The determiners ha (the) and hya (every) are shortened forms of haa and hyaa. Also, ha is commonly called a "definite article".
      * While hya means every or all, the word hyawa is used for each.
      * The possessive adjective forms in the above table ending in -ta such as hyeta....whosever cannot be pluralized by the ending -tia. To say other people's, use the expression bi hyuti (Lit. of others).
      * The ho- words are relative, meaning that they can serve to form relative clauses like the following:
         * Ha toyb, hota twad se Bill,....The woman, whose husband is Bill,
         * At voy te hos et tepfe.....I don't know what you mean.
         * At teste hogla et fie iyt.....I understand how much you love her.
      * The hoo- words are exclamatory and are used in expressions like the following:
         * Hoogla iva se at van et upa!....How glad I am that you came!
         * Hooa jub his saye!....What a day this has been! (Hooa is pronounced ho-O-a as three syllables.)
    Note 2: The indeterminant determiners can also be translated with no matter what, no matter where, etc.

#### Deictic Determiner Pronouns

    All deictic determiner pronouns end either in -t for persons or -s for things. They can be singular or plural (-i).
    Correlative Deictic Determiner Pronouns THING -s THINGS -siPERSON -t PERSONS -tiKIND OF THING -yenas KINDS OF THINGS -yenasiAMOUNT -glas NUMBER OF THINGS -glasiNUMBER OF PEOPLE -glati Interrogative duhos? what? duhosi? what (things)?duhot? who? duhoti? who (pl.)duhoyenas? what kind of thing? duhoyenasi? what kinds of things?duhoglas how much? duhoglasi? how many things?duhoglati? how many people? Relative hos what hosi whathot who hoti whohoyenas what kind of thing hoyenasihoglas how much hoglasi how manyhoglati how many Exclamatory hoos what a thing! hoosi what things!hoot what a person! hooti what people!hooglas what an amount! hooglasi what a number!hoglati what a number of people! Definite has it hasi they/themhat he/she/him/her hati they/themhayenas the king of thing hayenasi the kind of thingshaglas the amount haglasi the number of thingshaglati the number of people Indefinite hes something hesi some thingshet someone heti someheyenas some kind of thing heyenasi some kinds of thingheglas some heglasi some thingsheglati some people Proximal his this hisi thesehit this person hiti these peoplehiyenas this kind of thing hiyenasi these kinds of thingshiglas this much higlasi this manyhiglati this many people Immediate hiis the following thing hiisi the following thingshiit the following person hiiti the following peoplehiiyenas the following kind of thing hiiyenasi the following kinds of thingshiiglas the following amount hiiglasi this following number of thingshiiglati the following number of people Distal hus that husi thosehut that person huti those peoplehuyenas that kind of thing huyenasi those kinds of thingshuglas that much huglasi that manyhuglati that many people Intensive huus such a thing huusi such thingshuut such a person huuti such peoplehuuyenas such a kind of thing huuyenasi such kinds of thingshuuglas so much huuglasi so manyhuuglati so many people Negative hyos nothing hyosi none of themhyot nobody hyoti none of themhyoyenas no kind of thing hyoyenasi no kinds of thingshyoglas none hyoglasi nonehyoglati none Distributive hyas everything hyasi all of themhyat everybody hyati all of themhyayenas every kind of hyayenasi all kinds of thingshyaglas all of it hyaglasi all of themhyaglati all of them Indeterminate hyes anything hyesi anyhyet anybody hyeti any of themhyeyenas any kind of hyeyenasi whatever thingshyeglas any of it hyeglasi any of themhyeglati whoever Identical hyis the same thing hyisi the same thingshyit the same person hyiti the same peoplehyiyenas the same kind of hyiyenasi the same kinds of thingshyiglas as much hyiglasi as manyhyiglati as many people Non-identical hyus something else hyusi other thingshyut someone else hyuti other peoplehyuyenas another kind hyuyenasi other kindshyuglas another amount hyuglasi another number of thingshyuglati another number of people
    Concerning the above chart, note the following:
      * The interrogative determiners all begin with duho-, which means say which, and are technically imperatives. Duhom?, for example, means Tell (me) the place.... The o-stem forms without the du- are used as relative clause heads, eg. At po hom et po. I will go where you go.
      * Interrogatives usually come at the beginning of a sentence as in English, eg. Duhos se eta dyun? What is your name?
      * Determiners come first before any other epithets of a noun, eg. Hia aga jaga tam... This big old house....
      * Person and Thing determiners can be made selective by inserting a before the final t or s, eg. Duhot? means Who?, while Duhoat? means Which one (of several persons)?

#### Deictic Determiner Adverbs

    All deictic determiner adverbs refer to a circumstance.
    Correlative Deictic Determiner Adverbs CIRCUMSTANCE-->PLACE -mTIME -jMANNER -yenDEGREE -glaFREQUENCY -xagREASON -sav Interrogative duhom? where?duhoj? when?duhoyen? how?dugla? how (very)?duxag? how often?duavhos? why? Relative hom wherehoj whenhoyen howhogla how (very)hoxag how oftenavhos van because Exclamatory hooyen and how!hoogla how very...! Definite ham the placehaj the timehayen the mannerhagla just ashaxag as frequentlyavhas the reason Indefinite hem somewherehej sometimeheyen somehowhegla somewhathexag somewhat oftenavhes for some reason Proximal him herehij nowhiyen this wayhigla thishixag this oftenavhis for this reason Immediate hiim the following placehiij the following timehiiyen the following wayhiigla to the following degreehiixag at the following frequencyavhiis for the following reason Distal hum therehuj thenhuyen that wayhugla to that degreehuxag that oftenavhus therefore Intensive huum such a placehuuj at such a timehuuyen in such a wayhuugla so (very)huuxag so oftenavhuus for such a reason Negative hyom nowherehyoj neverhyoyen in no wayhyogla not at allhyoxag not onceavhyos for no reason Distributive hyam everywherehyaj alwayshyayen in every wayhyagla fullyhyaxag alwaysavhyas for every reason Indeterminate hyem anywherehyej wheneverhyeyen howeverhyegla howeverhyexag however oftenavhyes for whatever reason Indentical hyim at the same placehyij at the same timehyiyen in the same wayhyigla ashyixag as oftenavhyis for the same reason Non-identical hyum somewhere elsehyuj some other timehyuyen otherwisehyugla not ashyuxag not as oftenavhyus for some other reason
    Concerning the above chart, note the following:
      * The interrogative determiners all begin with duho-, which means say which, and are technically imperatives. Duhom?, for example, means Tell (me) the place.... The o-stem forms without the du- are used as relative clause heads, eg. At po hom et po.....I will go where you go.
      * Person determiners can be specified for gender. A determiner is made female by inserting a y after the ordinal, or male by inserting a w before the ordinal, eg. Huyti....those females or Hwit....this guy.
      * Interrogatives usually come at the beginning of a sentence as in English, eg. Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
      * Determiners come first before any other epithets of a noun, eg. Hia aga jaga tam.......This big old house....
      * Person and Thing determiners can be made selective by inserting a before the final t or s, eg. Duot? means Who?, while Duhoat? means Which one (of several persons)?
         * Duhoas?'....Which one? (things), Hias....This one, etc.
         * Duhoati?....Which ones? (people), Huati....Those, etc.
         * Duhoyat?....Which of us?, Hyeyat....Any of us, etc.
         * Duhoyet?....Which of you?, Hyayet....All of you, etc.
         * Duhoyit?....Which of them?, Hyoyit....None of them, etc.
      * Also not included in the above chart is a related interrogative, which is a complementizer.
         * Duven...?.... (Question introducer) Is it true that...?, Say whether...
            * Duven et se tadxwa?....Are you married? (= Say whether you are married.)
      * The adverbs of degree in the above chart (duhogla?, etc.) are interchangeable with adverbs ending in -nog....degree (duhonog?....to what degree?, how...?, henog....somewhat)
      * Other deictic determiner adverbs of circumstance exist and are not on the above chart:
         * duhomep?....which way?
            * humep....that way
         * duhobyun?....to what end?
            * hyobyun....for no purpose
         * duhoizon?....in which direction?
            * 'hyaizon....in every direction
         * duhosauna....what kind of
            * hyesauna....any kind of

#### Examples of Deictic Determiner Usage

      * Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name? (Duhos is pronounced du-HOS)
      * Duhot se iyta twad?....Who is her husband?
      * Duhowat se iyta twad?....Which one of the guys is her husband? (selective)
      * Duhoti fe eker?....Who (pl.) want to play?
      * Hyas se fia.....Everything is fine.
      * Hyat tre et.....Everyone knows you.
      * Hyot tre at.....Nobody knows me.
      * Hyati ekeye fi.....All of them are playing well.
      * Hyoti ekeye fi.....None of them are playing well.
      * Hyet yafe eker.....Anyone can play.
      * Hyes yafwe.....Anything is possible.
      * At fe hyuyenat be ata ekutyan.....I want someone else on my team.
      * Huuyenati fyuxe yata oj.....Such people harm our future.
      * Et yefe tepier hiisi.....You must bear in mind the following things.
      * Duhoyen et xa hus......How did you do that? (pronounced du-ho-YEN)
      * Duavhos iyt pia huugla jwa?....Why did she leave so early?
      * Hwita tam se ga aga.....This guy's house is bigger.
      * At voy ayse ha dyuni bi huyti.....I don't have those women's names.
      * Duhoa tam se etas?....Which house is yours?
      * Huua tej et ayse!....What a life you have!
      * Duhoyena dyezuni ifxe et?....What kind of movies do you like?
      * Duhota tef okwa?....Whose hat was lost?
      * Hota tef okwa bese otwas.....Whose hat was lost remains a mystery.
      * Ha tob ta yata dyuni.....The man knew our names.
      * Hoyena dini at ife, et ufe.....The kind of stories I love, you hate.
      * Hea mepi gawdyunxwo.....Certain streets will be renamed.
      * Heyena fukyes uxaye purilp nyaunx.....Some kind of accident has caused a traffic jam.
      * Heta abtaf kaxwa be ha zatem......Someone's coat was found in the foyer.
      * Hia dyes se ata gwafwas.....This book is my favorite.
      * Hiia duni se ofwa.....The following words are prohibited.
      * Hiiyena axlyen voy afwu.....The following sort of behavior would not be allowed.
      * Hiyena axlyen voy vayafwo.....This type of behavior will not be tolerated.
      * Hita tim so yolza.....This person's room will be blue.
      * Hua mas efwe gawvozilbwer.....That wall needs to be repainted.
      * Huua dini yufxe tudi.....Such stories scare children.
      * Huyena duni voy yeyfwe yixwer za at.....Such words should not be used in front of me.
      * Hwuta tam magseye.....That guy's house is on fire.
      * Hyoa din se ga kyitesa.....No story is more important.
      * Hyoyena tes tesiyafwe.....No such meaning can be inferred.
      * Hyota jatexdras sa ga fia.....Nobody's plan is better.
      * Hyos oboxe huyt.....Nothing bothers that gal.
      * Hya mepi izpe Roma.....All roads lead to Rome.
      * Hya ha mepi se ebwa.....All the roads are blocked.
      * Hya twob yefe xer ita gon.....Every man must do his part.
      * Hyayena telami ese be hia domep.....All manner of restaurants exist on this street.
      * Hyata tej se uka bi yaobi.....Everyone's life is full of ups and downs.
      * Hyaewa domi agsaye.....Both cities have grown.
      * Hyea voz so fia.....Any color will be fine.
      * Hyeyena til se aysyafwa.....Any kind of drink is available.
      * Hyeta ved se ge ifa vyel atas.....Anyone's guess is as good as mine.
      * Hyea tim et fe et yafe ayser.....Whatever room you want, you can have.
      * Hyia/(Ha gea) fukyesi kyese glaxag.....The same accidents occur frequently.
      * Hyiyena/(Ha geyena) dyezuni teaxuwa zajub.....The same kind of films were shown yesterday.
      * Hyita/(Ha geta) dyun yixwa gajod.....The same person's name was used again.
      * Hyua dyezun sa ga ifuyea.....The other movie was more entertaining.
      * Hyuyena/(Ogeyena) som teasu ga fia.....Another kind of furniture would look better.
      * Hyuta/(ogeta) texyen se ge fyia.....Someone else's opinion is equally valid.
      * Ha dyuni bi hiyti voy dodrawe.....These women's names have not be make public.
      * Ha dyuni bi hwiiti voy dodrowe.....The following males' names will not be publicized.
      * Hijaga tobweti voy afwo him.....Boys of this age will not be allowed here.
      * Duhom et tambese?....Where do you live?
      * At tambese hum.....I live there.
      * Et tambese hom ha mep uje.....You live where the road ends.
      * Duhom yet peye?....Where are you guys going?
      * Et yafe per hyem et fu.....You can go anywhere you would like.
      * Duhom et byise?....Where are you from? (Lit: Where do you originate.
      * Duhoj et taja?....When were you born?
      * At voy tajaya huj.....I had not been born then.
      * Et yeyfe duder hiiyen.....You should respond in the following way.
      * Ot voy yefe daler huuyen.....One must not talk in such a manner.
      * Et pia hesav.....He left for some reason.
      * Duhoyen et iyfe hia vifil?....How do like this wine?
      * Voy se fia axler hiyen.....It is not good to act this way.
      * Duavhos et tadia huugla jwa?....Why did you marry so late?
      * Ha twob pia avhyos.....The man left for no reason.
      * Hwat pia avhos it efa per hem.....The guy left because he needed to go somewhere.
      * Hyeta texyen so fia.....Anyone's opinion will be fine.
      * Duhota dyes se his?....Whose book is this?
      * Bi hoti se hia dyesi?....Whose are these books?
      * Hyata tili yebexe yom.....Everyone's drinks contain ice.
      * Et se gaj geyenat( ~ hyiyenat).'....You are still the same kind of person.
    The semantic reverser o- can be prefixed to some of the above deictic determiners:
       Ohyat tiste Platon.....Not everyone understands Plato.
       Ohut!'....Not that person!
       At iyfe gwa apovili, oy ohuas!....I like most beers, but not that one!
    If the definite article or any other deictic determiner is omitted before a noun, then it has the effect of the English indefinite article a / an with a singular noun or some with a plural noun. For example:
      * Yat tilia ha tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank the glass of wine., vs.
      ** Yat tilia tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank a glass of wine.
      * Yat tilia ha tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank the glasses of wine., vs.
      ** Yat tilia tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank (some) glasses of wine.
      * Yat tilia awa tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank one glass of wine., vs.
      ** Yat tilia ha awa tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank the one glass of wine.
      * Yat tilia ewa tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank two glasses of wine., vs.
      ** Yat tilia ha ewa tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank the two glasses of wine., vs.
      ** Yat tilia hya ewa tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank both glasses of wine.
      * Yat tilia owa tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank no/zero glasses (=not a single glass) of wine.
      * Yat tilia ea tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank another/a second glass of wine., vs.
      ** Yat tilia ha ea tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank the second glass of wine., vs.
      ** Yat tilia ea tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank second glasses of wine., vs.
      ** Yat tilia ha ea tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank the second glasses of wine.
    If an indefinite article sense is needed for clarity, the words awa (one) or hea (some, a certain) can be used, eg.:
      * At igteata awa tob yiztyoper.....I glimpsed a man walk by.
      * Wit zoyupo hea juab.....He will come back on a / a certain / some Monday.

#### Selective vs. Non-Selective Forms

    The deictic interrogative determiner pronoun duhot? means who(m) and contrasts with its selective counterpart duhoat?, which means which one?. All the selective determiners refer to one or more things or persons from a selectable pool of things or persons.
    The following sentences illustrate the use of the above determiner pronouns:
      * Duhot aka zajuba ek?....Who won yesterday's game?
      * Duhoat bi ha akuti sa ha gwa fiat?....Which one of the winners was the best?
      * Duhota tam se hus?....Whose house is that?
      * Duhotas se hus?....Whose is that?
      * Duhotia deuzi et gaife?....Whose songs do you prefer?
      * Duhotias et gaife?....Whose do you prefer?
      * Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
      * Duhosi se eta gaifuni?....What are your preferences?
      * Duhoa deuzi se eta gwa fiasi?....Which songs are your best?
      * Duhoasi se eta gwa fiasi?....Which ones are your best?
      * Bi hia deuzuti, hoat et gaife?....Of these vocalists, which one do you prefer?
      * Hiiti yaneko hijub.....The following people will compete today.
      * Duhoati se gwa fia?....Which ones are best?
      * Duhoti et teexe gwa jodi?....Who (all) do you listen to the most often?
      * Hoat at teexe gwaxag draye ejna deuz.....The one I listen to the most has written a new song.
      * Ejna deuz? At voy teste hoas et tede.....New song? I don't understand which one you mean.
      * Hias.....This one.
      * Vo. Huasi se ga fia.....No. Those are better.
      * His se jub av ivxelen.....This is a day for celebration.
      * Va. Hia jub. At tese hijub.....Yes. This day. I mean To-day.
      * Husi sa ha jubi, ata dat!....Those were the days, my friend!
      * Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name?
      * Duhot aka ha igpek?....Who won the race?
      * Hyas uja fi.....Everything ended well.
      * Hyasi uje.....All things come to an end.
      * Hyayenasi vey kyesu.....All sorts of things might happen.
      * Hyos yokxa at.....Nothing surprised me.
      * Hyot ta hot ako.....Nobody knew who would win.
      * Hoayti fu pier yefe.....Those females who would like to leave may.
      * Hyet yefe eker hia ifek.....Anyone can play this game.
      * Huyenasi voy afwo.....Such things will not be permitted.
      * Hua twob voy taxe hia toyb.....That man does not remember this woman.
      * Hwuti yanyexe fi.....Those guys work well together.
      * Huuyti hyaj yubixe tepzex.....Such females always attract attention.
      * At jay teataye hiyenasi.....I've seen such things before.
      * Huyenwat voy vabiwu.....A guy like that would not be accepted.
      * Duhoyenasi weti iyfe xer je ha maj.....What kinds of things do you guys like to do during the day?

### Numerical Deictic Determiners

    Sometimes, a deictic determiner specifies numerical information. This chart shows those forms:
    Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners ADJECTIVEINANIMATE PRONOUNANIMATE PRONOUNPRONOMINAL DETERMINERPOSSESSIVE PRONOUN hawa$^1$ the onlyhawas the only thing hawasi the only thingshawat the only one (person) hawati the only oneshawata the only person'shawatas the only one's hawatasi the only one's (things) hyawa* eachhyawas each onehyawat each personhyawata each person'shyawatas each one's hyawatasi each one's (things) hyaewa bothhyaewasi both (things)hyaewati both (people)bi hyaewati both person'shas bi hyaewati both person's hasi bi hyaewati both persone's (things) hyaiwa all threehyaiwasi all three (things)hyaiwati all three (people)hyaiwata all three person'shas bi hyaiwati all three person's hasi bi hyaiwati all three person's (things) ohyawa not everyohyawas not everythingohyawat not everyoneohyawata not every person'sohyawatas not everyone's ohyawatasi not everyone's (things) hyoawa not a singlehyoawas not a single thinghyoawat not a single personhyowata not a single person'shyowatas not a single person's hyowatasi not a single person's (things) hyeawa eitherhyeawas either onehyeawat either one (person)hyeawata either one'shyeawatas either one's hyeawatasi either one's (things) hyeewa any twohyeewasi any two thingshyeewati any two peoplebi hyeewati any two person'shas bi hyeewati any two persons' hasi bi hyeewati any two persons' (things) hyeowa neitherhyeowas neither onehyeowat neither personhyeawata neither person'shyeowatas neither one's hyeowatasi neither one's (things) hyuawa anotherhyuawas another onehyuawat anotherhyuawata another'shyuawatas another's hyuawatasi another's (things) hyuowa no otherhyuowas nothing elsehyuowat nobody elsehyuowata no other'shyuowatas no other's hyuowatasi no other's (things) gawa$^2$ anothergawas another onegawat another (person)gawata another'sgawatas another's gawatasi another's (things)
       1Hawa and hyawa are short for haawa and hyaawa, respectively.
       2Gawa is short for ga awa, yet one.

#### Notes on Numerical Deictic Determiners

    Examples using the above number-incorporating deictic determiners:
      * Ohyawat se iva bay eta vaod.....Not everyone is happy with your decision.
      * Hyaewasi yafwe uxer yata efi.....Both (things) can serve our needs.
      * Hyeawa tim ivlaxo at.....Either room will satisfy me.
      * Hyeowas oivlaxo at.....Neither one will dissatisfy me.
    Note:
      * hyua means another (an alternative). Ex. At fu hyua til.....I would like another (a different) drink.
      * hyuawa means another (an additional). Ex. At fu hyuawa til.....I would like another (an additional) drink.
      * ha hyua means the other (the alternative). Ex. At fu ha hyua til.....I would like the other drink.
    Similarly, hya means every, all, while hyawa means each, and hyaha....all the, ex:
      * Hya dom ayse tebixea suni teaxer.....Every city has interesting things to see.
      * Hya domi ayse tebixusi.....All cities have things of interest.
      * Hyaha domi ayse tebixusi.....All the cities have things of interest.
      * Hyawa dom ayse tebixun.....Each city has something of interest.
    Also, ha means the, while hawa means the only, eg.:
      * Ha twob hu at gwa ife se et.....The man I most love is you.
      * Hawa toyb nazea ata tepzex se et.....The only woman worth my attention is you.
    By appending y to hawa, we get the adverb haway....only, solely, eg;
      * Haway et nize ata tepzex.....Only you deserve my attention..
    The singular person pronouns in the above chart can be converted into pronominal determiners by adding the adjective suffix a, eg.:
      * Hyawata tej se ge glatesa vyel hyutas.....Each one's life is as important as another's.
      * Hyeowata dyun se vyama.....Neither person's name is real.
    However, the plural person pronouns in the above chart use the preposition bi (of) to form possessives, eg.:
      * Ha teji bi hyaiwati se kyebukuwa.....The lives of all three are in danger.
    The above singular pronominal determiners can, in turn, be converted into inanimate pronouns with the suffix -s.
      * Hyawatas se glatesa.....Each one's is important.
      * Hyeowatas se vyama.....Neither's is real.
    The plural pronominal determiners can be nominalized with the use of bi, eg:
      * Hyaiwasi bi huti se kyebukuwa.....All three of theirs' are in danger.
    Correlative Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners are handled as follows:
      * Hyeawa A ey B....either A or B
      * Hyeowa A oy B....neither A nor B
      * Hyaewa A ay B....both A and B
      * Hawa A, voy B....only A, not B
elsewhere.
    The different, somewhat confusing, meanings of how are illustrated here:
      * Duhoyen wit xa hus?....How did he do that?.... (Equivalent to Be duha byen...?....In what way...?) (ADVERB OF MANNER)
      * Duhoyen et xeye?....How are you doing?.... (This is the normal way of saying How are you? or How do you do? (ADVERB OF MANNER)
      * Duhoyena sa ha dyezun?.... How was the film?.... (How here is an ADJECTIVE OF KIND, and thus ends in -a.)
      * Duhonog (= Duhogla) aga it se?....How big is he?.... (ADVERB OF DEGREE)
      * Huunog (= Huugla) iyfla et se!....How nice you are!.... (ADVERB OF EMPHATIC DEGREE)
    The conjunction as is expressed most often using relative pro-adverbs of manner:
      * Xu hoyen at de.....Do as I say. = (in) the way that...
      * Xu hyiyen (~ geyen) at xe.....Do as I do. ( = (in) the same way that...)
      * Xu hiiyen:....Do as follows. ( = (in) this hereby manner...)
    However, the preposition/conjunction gel (like, as) can be substituted:
      * Xu gel at de.....Do as I say.
    Many of the determiner adverbs in the above chart can be used in relative clauses, eg:
      * At teato et hoj et puo him.....I will see you when you get here.
      * It xa has hosav tosa yefa.....He did it because (for the reason that) he felt compelled.
      * Hyehom et po, et so ga iva.....Wherever you go, you'll be happier.
      * Hyet te ha did, yabu eta tuyab.....Whoever knows the answer, raise your hand.
      * At te hoyen et xa is.....I know how you did it.
    See more about this in the section on relative clauses under Syntax.

### Pronominal Deictic Determiners

    Some words in Mirad incorporate deictic prefixes with pronouns and pronominal adjectives, as shown in the following chart:
    Pronominal Deictic Determiners Pronoun 1st Person Plural2nd Person Plural3rd Person Plural duhoyat which of usduhoyet which of youduhoyit which of them heyat some of usheyet some of youheyit which of them hyayat each of ushyayet each of youhyayit each of them hyeyat any of ushyeyet any of youhyeyit any of them hyoyat none of ushyoyet none of youhyoyit none of them Pronominal Adjective 1st Person (Plural)2nd Person (Plural)3rd Person (Plural) duhoyata which of ourduhoyet which of yourduhoyita which of their heyata some of ourheyeta some of yourheyita which of their hyayata each of ourhyayeta each of yourhyayita each of their hyeyata any of ourhyeyeta any of yourhyeyita any of their Singular/(Plural) Possessive Pronoun 1st Person (Plural)2nd Person (Plural)3rd Person (Plural) duhoyatas(i) which of oursduhoyetas(i) which of yoursduhoyitas(i) which of theirs heyatas(i) some of oursheyetas(i) some of yoursheyitas(i) which of theirs hyayatas(i) each of ourshyayetas(i) each of yourshyayitas(i) each of theirs hyeyatas(i) any of ourshyeyetas(i) any of yourshyeyitas(i) any of theirs hyoyatas(i) none of ourshyoyetas(i) none of yourshyoyitas(i) none of theirs
    The above possessive pronouns refer to things. If you replace the final -s or -si, to -t or -ti, then they become animate and refer to people, eg.:
      * Ese ewa tudi him. Duhoyitas se his?....There are two children here. Which one of theirs is this?
    All of the forms in the above chart can also be expressed as separate words, eg.:
      * Duhoyet? ~ Duhoat bi yet?....Which one of you?
      * Hyayat ~ Hyaglati bi yet....All of us.
      * Hyoyatasi ~ Hyogla yatasi....All of ours (things)
Note:
      * Awayat ~ Awat bi yat....one of us
      * Hyaewayet ~ Hyaewat bi yet....both of you
      * Hyaiwayit ~ Hyaiwat bi yit....all three of them

### Quantitative Deictic Determiners

    The deictic prefixes can be combined with gla to form quantitative expressions acting as adverbial or adjectival determiners, and substantives (pronouns referring to things or people):
    Quantitative Deictic Determiners ADVERBIAL / ADJECTIVAL DETERMINERINANIMATE SINGULAR PRONOUNINANIMATE PLURAL PRONOUNANIMATE PLURAL PRONOUN Interrogative duhogla? how?/how much?/how many?duhoglas? how much?duhoglasi? how manyduhoglati? how many (people)? Relative hogla as many/muchhoglas how muchduhoglasi how manyduhoglati how many (as) Definite hagla how/as much/as manyhaglas as muchhaglasi as manyhaglati as many (people) Indefinite hegla somewhat/some/someheglas someheglasi someheglati some (people) Proximal higla this/this much/this manyhiglas this muchhiglasi this manyhiglati this many (people) Distal hugla that/that much/that manyhuglas that muchhuglasi that manyhuglati that many (people) Intensive huugla so very, so much, so manyhuuglas so muchhuuglasi so manyhuuglati so many (people) Negative hyogla none, not veryhyoglas none of ithyoglasi none of them hyoglati none Distributive hyagla totally/all/allhyaglas all of ithyaglasi all of themhyaglati all Indeterminate hyegla however/any/anyhyeglas any of ithyeglasi any of themhyeglati any number of them Identical hyigla as/as much/as many, equallyhyiglas the same amounthyiglasi the same numberhyiglati as many (people) Non-identical hyugla not as much/not as much/not as manyhyuglas a different amounthyuglasi a different number of thingshyuglati a different number of people
    Here are some examples showing how these quantitative determiners are used:
      * Et deuze huugla fi.....You sing so well.
      * At se hegla booka.....I am somewhat tired.
      * Duhogla pati et teata hijub?....How many birds did you see today?
      * At teata vyavay hugla tami.....I saw exactly that many houses.
      * Iyt fe hyiglas vyel et.....She wants the same amount as you.
      * Duhoglati yantexe yet?....How many (people) agree with you?
      * Hyoglati yantexe.....None agree.
      * Yit fu heglasi.....They would like some (of them).
      * Et yafe bier hyehoglasi et fe.....You can take however many you want.
      * Besu bay at hogla job et fe.....Stay as long with me as you want.
      * At se huugla booka.....I am so tired.
    NOTE: The following determiners are synonymous and interchangeable:
      * hegla = gle = henog (somewhat, to some degree)
      * hyigla = ge = hyinog (as, equally, to the same degree)
    The determiner huugla can be used as an exclamatory adverb, eg.:
      * Huugla et agsaye!....How you have grown!
      * Hua twob jagsaye huugla!....That man has aged so much!
      * Hia jotul se huugla fiteluza!....This dessert is sooo delicious!

## Pronominal Determiners

    Pronominal Determiners are what are more often called possessive adjectives such as my or your and are discussed in a subsection of Pronouns.

## Quantitative Determiners

    Quantitative determiners act in one of several ways, they:
      * specify mass, uncountable, singular nouns for relative AMOUNT, eg. much happiness, less work
      * specify countable nouns for relative NUMBER, eg. one apple, two birds, many places
      * specify adverbs, adjectives, and verbs for relative DEGREE, eg. how poorly, very good, eat too much.
    From these, pronominalized quantitative determiners for PERSONS and THINGS can be derived.
      * Inanimate singular pronouns are formed by adding s for AN AMOUNT OF A THING
      * Inanimate plural pronouns are formed by adding si for A NUMBER OF THINGS
      * Animate plural pronouns are formed by adding ti for A NUMBER OF PERSONS.
    The following table presents most of these word forms (Note that the determiners are in a plus (+), equal (=), or minus (-) row.):
Quantitative Determiners :
| Adverb / Adjective | Adverb / Adjective | Singular Pronoun | Plural Pronoun | Plural Pronoun |
| Degree/Amount/Number | Degree/Amount/Number | Amount | Number of Things | Number of People |
| + | ga....more | gas....more (stuff) | gasi....many (things) | gati....many (people) |
| = | ge....as, as much, as many | ges....as much (stuff) | gesi....as many (things) | geti....as many people |
| - | go....less, fewer | gos....less (stuff) | gosi....fewer (things) | goti....fewer (people) |
| + | gla....very, much, many glay....so, so much, so many glaa....several | glas....much (stuff) glays....so much stuff) | glasi....many (things) glaysi....so many (things) glaasi....several things | glati....many (people) glayti....so many (people) glaati....several people |
| = | gle....rather, quite a lot, quite a few | gles....quite a lot (of stuff) | glesi....quite a lot (of things) | gleti....quite a few (people) |
| - | glo....slightly, a little, few | glos....a little bit | glosi....a few (things) | gloti....few (people) |
| + | gra....too, too much, too many | gras....too much (stuff) | grasi....too many (things) | grati....too many (people) |
| = | gre....enough | gres....enough (stuff) | gresi....enough (things) | greti....enough (people) |
| - | gro....insufficiently, too little, too few | gros....too little | grosi....too few | groti....too few (people) |
| + | gwa....most | gwas....the most (stuff) | gwasi....the most (things) | gwati....most people |
| = | gwe....just so (much/many) | gwes....just so much | gwesi....just so many | gweti....just so many (people) |
| - | gwo....least | gwos....the least (stuff) | gwosi....the least (number of) | gwoti....the least number (of people) |
    Examples Using Graded Quantitative Determiners
       Adverbs of degree modifying an adjective:
         * At se gla iva.....I am very happy.
         * Et sa gra uga.....You were too slow.
       Adverbs of Degree modifying another adverb:
         * Twobi dale ge igay vyel toybi.....Men talk as fast as women.
         * Yat yexe ga igay vyel yet.....We work faster (= more quickly) than you.
       Adjectives quantifying a singular mass noun:
         * Ga nas efwo.....More money will be needed.
         * Gra nas noxwa.....Too much money was spent.
       Adjectives quantifying a plural countable noun (= things or people):
         * At ayse gro sari.....I've got too few tools.
         * Gla tami osexwa.....Many houses were destroyed.
         * Yat efe gla ga valkdibuti.....We need many more policemen.
       Pronouns referring to a mass amount of something (= stuff):
         * Gas ilokeye.....More (stuff) is leaking.
         * Et dileye gras.....You are asking for too much (stuff).
         * Yat kexo gwas.....We will seek as much (stuff) as possible.
         * At iba gwes.....I received just the right amount.
       Pronouns referring to a countable number of things:
         * Hisi se fia oy yat fe gasi.....These (items) are good but we want more (items).
         * At teate drilari oy grosi.....I see pens, but too few.
       Pronouns referring to a countable number of people:
         * Grati xaye vyoki be hia yexem.....Too many (people) have made mistakes at this work site.
         * Glati dyunwe oy gloti kebiwe.....Many are called but few are chosen.

## Numerical Determiners

    This category of determiners, which includes cardinal, ordinal and other number words like two, a tenth, and first, is such a vast topic that it is treated in its own chapter Mirad_Grammar/Numbers
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