OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# More on Adjectives

Adjectives in Polish can be used in various ways, including:
* In constructs "X is Y"
* As nouns
* As descriptors for nouns, usually placed before nouns
The English construct "X is Y" has multiple meanings. If Y is a noun, it typically implies that X is a member of a certain class, for example, "Kasia jest dziewczyną" (Kasia is a girl). In this case, Y should be used in the instrumental case. However, if Y is an adjective, it implies that Y has a certain feature. For instance, "Kot jest czarny" (the cat is black) doesn't mean that the cat is a member of the class of black things. To distinguish this situation, the nominative is used for Y. In the case of adjectives that can be used as nouns, both cases may be used, but the nominative is much more common.
Here is the conjugation of the verb "to be":
| | Singular | Plural |
| First person | jestem | jesteśmy |
| Second person | jesteś | jesteście |
| Third person | jest | są |
Examples:
* Agnieszka jest ładna - Agnieszka is pretty
* Kot Basi jest czarny - Basia's cat is black
* Krowy rolnika są białe - The farmer's cows are white
* Jestem wysoki - I'm tall
* Jesteś gruby - You're fat (singular you)
* Jesteśmy młodzi - We're young
* Jesteście bogaci - You're rich (plural you)
Here are some adjectives and their antonyms, in the feminine singular nominative:
* ładna - pretty
* brzydka - ugly
* czarna - black
* biała - white
* wysoka - tall/high
* niska - short (height)
* gruba - thick/fat
* chuda - thin
* młoda - young
* stara - old
* bogata - rich
* biedna - poor
Here are some examples with adjectives used as nouns:
* Czarni lubią muzykę - Black people like music (the fact that it's black people discussed must be found out from context)
* Bogaci lubią golf - Rich people like golf
If an adjective describes a noun, it has to be used in the same case, number, and gender as the noun. Here are some examples:
* Biały kot pije mleko - A white cat drinks milk (white in nominative)
* Ładna dziewczyna ma białego kota - The pretty girl has a white cat (pretty in nominative, white in accusative)
* Gruby chłopak nie ma czarnego kota - The fat boy doesn't have a black cat (fat in nominative, black in genitive)
* Czarne oczy Marty są ładne - Marta's black eyes are pretty (black and pretty in nominative)
* Dorota jest stara - Dorota is old (old in nominative)
* Dorota jest starą kobietą - Dorota is an old woman (old in instrumental)
You can also stack adjectives:
* Basia ma grubego czarnego kota - Basia has a fat black cat (fat and black in accusative)
# Russian/Grammar/Introduction

Are you learning Russian to "get by" on a one-week business trip to Moscow? Or do you want to learn "good Russian"?
Russians will love you if you speak "good Russian." Educated Russians are extremely proud of their grammar skills, and rightly so. Russian grammar is unbelievably complex. The Russian word for "good" sounds like "horror show," and if you want to learn "horror show Russki" (good Russian) prepare for some scary stuff!
Pronouns ("I," "you," "they," etc.) are built into verbs, so Russians often drop pronouns without losing clarity. Thus Russian sentences are typically shorter and less ambiguous than English. The price you pay for this efficient, precise language is far more demanding grammar.
But to "get by" you need only basic grammar, but not the byzantine grammar of "good Russian." You could treat all nouns as if they were masculine, and all verbs as if you are the person doing the action, and Russians would usually understand your meaning. But you should read over the many grammar rules so that you have a clue what Russians are saying. E.g., you should be able to recognize when a Russian uses the prepositional case, even if you only use the nominative case.
Native speakers learn grammar as children by listening to adults talk, and by being corrected by their parents. A child who reads a lot and whose parents speak correctly doesn't need to learn grammar rules. As an adult learning Russian, you'll learn best if a native Russian listens to you and corrects your mistakes. But the grammar rules will act as shortcuts, to help you learn faster.
In learning some people are auditory learners, some are visual, and some are movement learners. (See ISBN 1573240648 "The Open Mind" by Dawna Markova, for more about this.) But all three learning styles are needed for organizing and committing to long-term memory. You may prefer to hear spoken Russian, or see written Russian, or (for movement learners) write a Russian word and then write how it sounds in English. You may need to do an activity, such as cooking dinner, to pay attention. But all of us need to do all of these things to learn well.
# Ukrainian/Words

See also Ukrainian phrasebook on Wikivoyage.

### Nouns

Ukrainian nouns are classified as ____ (masculine, feminine, etc.).
Vocabulary: Тато - Tato - dad
Мама - Mama - mom
Батько - Batko - father
Матір - Matir - mother
Дід, дідо - Did, dido - grandfather
Баба, бабця, бабуся - Baba, babtsya, babusya - grandmother
Син - Syn - son
Діти, дитина - Dity / dytyna - children / child;
Дочка, донька - Dochka, don'ka - daughter
Онук - onuk - grandson
Онука - onuka - granddaughter
Рік, день, тиждень - Rik / den' / tyzhden - year / day / week
Небо - Nebo - sky
Ліс - Lis - forest
Сонце - Sontse - sun
Місяць - Misiats - moon, month
Річка - Richka - river
Міст - Mist - bridge
Місто - Misto - city
Вулиця - Vulytsya - street

#### Declension
### Verbs

Verbs can be conjugated into the past, present, and future tenses of time. They are conjugated based on ____ (stem rules).

#### Infinitives

An infinitive verb has the -ти ("-ti") ending.
| Infinitive | Romanization | Meaning |
| Кохати | Kokhaty | To love |
| Чекати | Chekaty | To wait |
| Їсти | Yisty | To eat |
The Ukrainian language also utilizes reflexive verbs. -ся is ended at the end of these verbs in their infinitive form, creating a -тися ending.
| Infinitive | Romanization | Meaning |
| Сподіватися | Spodivatysya | To hope |
| Боятися | Boyatysya | To be afraid |
| Examples | go | here |

#### Present

| Infinitive | Meaning | Я (I) | Ти (You sing.) | він, вона, воно (He, She, It) | ми (We) | ви (You pl.) | вони (They) | Note(s) |
| Бути | To be | Є | Є | Є | Є | Є | Є | Irregular verb/Not Compulsory |
| Читати | To read | читаю | читаєш | читає | читаємо | читаєте | читають | |
| Нести | To carry | несу | несеш | несе | несемо | несете | несуть | |
| Любити | To love | люблю | любиш | любить | любимо | любите | люблять | |
| Відповідати | To answer | відповідаю | відповідаєш | відповідає | відповідаємо | відповідаєте | відповідають |

#### Future
### Miscellaneous

| hello | приві́т, on the phone - алло́ |
| bye | бува́й |
| see you | до поба́чення |
| I'm sorry / excuse me | прошу́ проба́чення, проба́чте (less formal') |
| please | будь ла́ска |
| thank you | дя́кую |
| my name is | мене́ зва́ти |
| what's your name? | як Вас зва́ти? |
| I | я |
| me | мене́ |
| yes | так |
| no | ні |
| where were you born? | де Ви народи́лися? |
| where do you live? | де Ви живете́? |
| who? | хто? |
# Tanchangya/Tanchangya Number
### Zero to Ten (Sonyotun duri Daw-oit)

* ၀ (Sonyo) - 0
* ၁ (Ek) - 1
* ၂ (Dui) - 2
* ၃ (Tin) - 3
* ၄ (Cai) - 4
* ၅ (Pa'ait) - 5
* ၆ (Soi) - 6
* ၇ (Sat) - 7
* ၈ (Aittyo) - 8
* ၉ (Naw) - 9
* ၁၀ (Do-oit) - 10
# Arabic/definite Article

In Arabic the definite article is (اَل) "al atta3rif", which is the equivalent to "the" in English. It is added at the beginning of a word.
* (اَلْبِنتُ) al-bintu The girl
* (اَلْعَينُ) al-3ainu The eye
* (اَلْكِتَابُ) al-kitaabu The book
The definite article is always written as (اَل). Notice that the "اَ" has a fat7a and the "ل" does not have a vowel. Due to the "ل" in (ال) not having a vowel, it can assimilate into the following letter. The letters that the "ل" assimilates into are the letters that use the tip of the tongue. Known as (الحروف الشمسية) al-huruf al-shamsiyyah, or The Solar Letters. The letters that do not use the tip of the tongue are not assimilated into. They are known as (الحروف القمرية) al-huruf al-qamariyyah or The Lunar Letters.
The Solar Letters:
ت، ث، د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ل، ن
The Lunar Letters:
أ، ب، ج، ح، خ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ك، م، ه، و، ي
Examples:
* (اَلكِتَابُ) al-kitaabu The book. This word has a lunar "ل" due to the following letter not using the tip of the tongue.
* (اَلسَّيَّارَةُ) as-sayyaratu The car. This word has a solar "ل" due to the following letter using the tip of the tongue. Notice that the "ل" is still written. The following letter also has a shadda to denote the doubling, or gemination.
The "اَ" is pronounced as a hamza when it is the initial letter. However, if there is a vowel from the previous word, the "اَ" becomes silent.
Examples:
* (وَاَلكِتَابُ) written "waal-kitaabu" pronounced "wal-kitabu" And the book. Notice that the vowel on the "و" is the vowel that is pronounced, and the one on the "اَ" is silent. It is difficult to discern due to both vowels being the same.
* (فِي اَلسَّيَّارَةِ) written "fii as-sayyarati" pronounced "fis-sayyarati" In the car. Here, the "ا" is silent and the vowel pronounced is from the previous word. Notice that it does not affect whether the "ل" is solar or lunar. The particle (فِي) is a preposition. Adding it resulted in changing the final vowel in the word from -u to -i. More on this can be found in the time and place grammar section.
# Arabic/LearnRW/alif Maksoorah

The Alif Maqsura, or another form of the final Alif, is used when Alif cannot occur at the end of a word. It makes the same sound as Alif, and takes markings such as Hamza, like a regular Alif.

## Rules

* Alif Maqsura (ى) is strictly used at the end of words; never at the beginning, or middle.
* In cases where a suffix must be added to a word with ى, a regular Alif (ا) will take its place; i.e. مُوسِيقى "music" becoming مُوسِيقاهُ "his music".
* Alif Maqsura is commonly used for proper nouns, such as names; i.e. عِيسَى Jesus, مُوسَى Moses, لَيْلَى Laila.
* It is also used in some verbs. Verbs with an alif maqsura in past-tense singular-masculine form will generally take yaa' for the same person in the present tense.; i.e. غَنَّى "he sang" becoming يُغَنِّي "he is singing / he sings".
* Inversely, verbs with a yaa in the past-tense sing. masc. form will take alif maqsura in the present; i.e. نَسِيَ "he forgot" becoming يَنْسَى "he forgets / he is forgetting"; or بَقِيَ "he/it stayed, he/it remained" becoming يَبْقَى "he/it stays, he/it remains".
* In the event that a verb ending with ى must take a suffix as a noun would, it will turn into a regular Alif just as the noun would. In other words, just as مُوسِيقَى must become مُوسِيقَاهُ، so, too, will a verb like إشْتَرَى "he bought" become إشْتَرَاهُ "he bought it".
# Pakistani History/Introduction

Modern Pakistan was created at 12 AM on 15 August 1947, when British India was replaced with two new states: the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India. The erstwhile British colony was divided along religious lines, with the Muslim majority regions in the East and Northwest going to Pakistan, and the Hindu majority regions going to India, in an event known as the Partition of India. As a result, Muslims in the new Union of India and Hindus from Pakistan migrated en masse to the other country. Over twelve million people moved across the new borders in the largest mass migration in human history. The migration was accompanied by massive outbreaks of inter-religious violence; estimates of casualties range from 500,000 to 1 million.
The movement for the partition of India and the creation of an independent Pakistan was spearheaded by a Lawyer named Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Jinnah believed that in a unified country with a Hindu majority, the interests of the Muslim population would be neglected.
# Scratch/Lessons/Movement
## Smooth Movement

Smooth movement in Scratch Projects is difficult to achieve when you use a "when (key) key pressed" from the control tab. To make smooth movement you need to use "forever" loops, from control, and "<key (key) pressed?>", from sensing. For example, this script:
works far more efficiently than this script:
However, a better script for the arrow keys would be to use "change x by 10" for the right arrow, "change x by -10" for the left arrow, etc.
In all of the tutorials below you will use movement techniques based around this idea.

## Side View Platformers

In side view platformers it is typical to use "velocity" to control the movement of the sprite. This is your guide to advanced programming of movement with the Velocity variable. "Velocity" is just the name of a variable, just because it is named "velocity" doesn't make a difference. However, the concept of velocity adds a complex and advanced motion system to your project.

### Y Velocity

Using yVelocity will help you create a semi-realistic and dynamic gravity system. To start this session of testing arrange the stage like this:
Then in the Cat sprite make this script:
Text of the comment block (if you can't read it): This is a basic jumping script. We'll start by breaking it down. The first if statement with the set yVelocity to 0 block in it is there so the cat will not fall through the ground. The next if with the set yVelocity to 15 block in it will function if the cat is on the ground and the up arrow is pressed and will make the cat jump. Out of that set of ifs the change y by yVelocity will make him fall or rise depending on the velocity variable. And the change yVelocity by -1 is gravity.
Remember that you can change the 15 in the "set [yVelocity] to [15]" in the script to make the cat jump higher.
That covers Y Velocity. Now it is time for X Velocity.

### X Velocity

"xVelocity" will help you make movement along the X Axis seem more realistic. Start by arranging your stage like this:
Then in the Cat sprite make the following script:
Text of the comment block (if you couldn't read it): This is the basic script needed to move a sprite along the X Axis with velocity. maxSpeed can be any number you want depending on how fast you want your sprite to go. The first two if statements will change the xVelocity variable by certain numbers. These numbers can change if you want the sprite to move faster. The next if-else will make the sprite point in the direction he is moving. The block: change x by xVelocity will make him move depeding on how fast he is going. The last block is friction and will make the sprite eventually slow to a halt
Now if you combine these two scripts you have perfect jumping and running. I hope this helped answer your questions. If you need any further information post your question and I'll reply as soon as possible.
# The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019 video game)/Trading Sequence

First win the Yoshi Doll from the trendy game. Suhni will approach Link as he leaves the Trendy Game Shop to tell him that his mom wants a Yoshi Doll.
Give the Yoshi doll to Mamasha in north Mabe Village to receive a ribbon in return. Then go to central Mabe Village and visit CiaoCiao in the right side of the house Bow Wow is tied at. CiaoCiao will trade the ribbon for beef dog food.
Go south of Mabe village to visit Sale at his beach house. Sale recognizes your dog food as canned food, and begs for it. Feed it to him in exchange for a bunch of bananas.
East of the Castle is Kiki the Monkey, who wants Bananas. Trade the bananas with Kiki to not only get a bridge, but also a stick.
After Key Cavern is unlocked, head northeast to find Tarin waiting by a beehive. Give him the stick so he can knock down the beehive. After he is chased away by the bees, Link takes the now abandoned honeycomb.
Head to the southeast of Animal Village to find a building occupied by Chef Bear. Trade a honeycomb with them for a Pineapple.
There is more but we will not say to spoil it.
# Scratch/Lessons/Event Triggers

In order for the user to be able to interact with your Scratch project, you must use event triggers. Event triggers activate code when a specified event happens, such as a key being pressed or a button being clicked. Understanding event triggers is essential to creating a Scratch project. We will go over some event triggers here.

## The "When Green Flag Clicked" Block

At the top left of the stage is a green flag. In order for the Scratch program to start, this green flag must be clicked.
Using the "When Green Flag Clicked" block, you can make anything you want happen when the green flag is clicked. When the green flag is clicked, any "When Green Flag Clicked" blocks will trigger. For example, when the green flag is clicked, the cat sprite will wait for a second, move to the right, wait a second, then move to the left forever:
The "When Green Flag Clicked" block is certainly a useful block, but without other event triggers your users would not be able to interact with your program; they would only be able to start it. Let's take a look at some other event triggers.

## The "When This Sprite Clicked" Block

In order to create buttons and the like in your Scratch program, you must use the "When This Sprite Clicked" block. When the sprite is clicked, this block activates code. For example, whenever the cat sprite is clicked, it rotates clockwise fifteen degrees:
# Bartending/Glossary/Table of measures and conversions

Measurement is among the most important tasks in bar-tending and due to the diverse systems of measurement around the world perhaps the most confusing for a project such as ours. This page lists common liquid measurements in terms of fluid ounces and their metric equivalents.

## Common bar measurements

| Term | Measurement (US) | Measurement (Metric) |
| 1 part | any equal part | any equal part |
| 1 dash | 1/48 fl. ounce | 0.625 mL |
| 1 splash (**) | 1/5 fl.ounce | 5.91 mL |
| 1 teaspoon (tsp) | 1/6 fl. ounce | 4.93 mL |
| 1 tablespoon (Tbsp.) or 'count' | 1/2 fl. ounce | 14.79 mL |
| 1 pony | 1 fl. ounce | 29.57 mL |
| 1 jigger | 1 1/2 fl. ounces | 44.36 mL |
| 1 shot (†) | 1 1/2 fl. ounces | 44.36 mL |
| 1 snit | 3 fl. ounces | 88.72 mL |
| 1 wineglass | 4 fl. ounces | 118.29 mL |
| 1 split | 6 fl. ounces | 177.44 mL |
| 1 cup | 8 fl. ounces | 236.58 mL |
| 1 pint (pt) | 16 fl. ounces | 568 mL |
| 1 fifth | 25.6 fl. ounces (1/5 gallon) | 757.08 mL |
| 1 quart (qt) | 32 fl. ounces | 946.35 mL |
| 1 gallon (gal) | 128 fl. ounces | 3785.41 mL |
    (**) "splash" - a 20oz bottle of soda containing a "splash" of real juice contains 1% juice = 0.2oz juice
    (†) A "shotglass" is usually 1.5 ounces, but sometimes 2 ounces with a measuring line at 1.5 ounces. You can also buy (in US) "short shot" glasses or "pony shots" which are 1 ounce. Pony shots are usually used with martinis, manhattans, and rob roys.

### Dash and fill

Some recipes call for a small amount or "dash" to taste. A dash can be loosely defined as 1/6 teaspoon or about 1 mL, essentially the smallest amount one is able to pour from a dasher (a device which fits in the mouth of a bottle to slow the flow of liquid) or dasher bottle (a bottle equipped with such a device).
When instructed to 'fill' with a given spirit or mixer it is presumed that you are working in a glass of the given size and should, after adding the cocktail's other ingredients, 'top off' or fill the glass as instructed. If your recipe lists no specific glassware it may assume a standard highball glass of eight to ten ounces.
# Aramaic/Pronouns
## Personal Pronouns

In Aramaic there are two numbers (singular and plural) and two genders (masculine and feminine). In the pronouns:
* First Person (sing., plur.): אנא (enaa), אנחנא (enachnaa)
* Second Person Masculine (sing., plur.): אַתּ (att), אַתּוּנ (attuun)
* Second Person Feminine (sing., plur.): אַתּ (att), אַתּין (attiin)
* Third Person Masculine (sing., plur.): הוּא (hu), הנוּן (hnuun)
* Third Person Feminine (sing., plur.): היא (hi), הנין (hniin)
# Blogging/Welcome

Welcome to the Blogging 101 Wikibook. This book (which anybody can edit) is a collection of resources about blogs and blogging. It is divided into several categories. Please add whatever links you think would be useful to people under the appropriate headings. (Off-topic & inappropriate material will of course be edited out.)

## Definitions

"A weblog, or simply a blog, is a web application which contains periodic, reverse chronologically ordered posts on a common webpage. Such a Web site would typically be accessible to any Internet user. Part of the reason "blog" was coined and commonly accepted into use is the fact that in saying "blog," confusion with server log is avoided.
Blogs run from individual diaries to arms of political campaigns, media programs and corporations, and from one occasional author to having large communities of writers. The totality of weblogs or blog-related webs is usually called the blogosphere.
The format of weblogs can vary from simple bullet lists of hyperlinks to article summaries with user-provided comments and ratings. Individual weblog entries are almost always date and time-stamped, with the newest post at the top of the page. Because links are so important to weblogs, most blogs have a way of archiving older entries and generating a static address for individual entries; this static link is referred to as a permalink. The latest headlines, with hyperlinks and summaries, are offered in weblogs in the RSS XML-format, to be read with a RSS feedreader.
A weblog is often run through a Content management system or CMS."
(visit: blog for more, plus relevant links) CRP

## Blogging Tools & Where to Find Them:
### Hosted on Somebody Else's Server:

* Blogger
* Typepad

## Community-Oriented Blogging Tools:

* LiveJournal
* Diaryland

### Mobile Community-Oriented Blogging Tools:

* WINKsite

### For Installation on Your Own Server:

* movabletype: Movable Type

## Open-Source Blogging Tools:

* Bloxsom
* WordPress
* Textpattern
* Nucleuscms

## Blog-Like Tools That Aren't Really Used For Blogging (But Have Some Blog-Like Features):

* Drupal

## Aggregators and Newsreaders

An aggregator enables you to skim lots of blogs by pulling together summaries of the new entries.
The summaries are actually RSS feeds. An RSS feed is a little file your blogging software probably creates automatically that contains either the first few lines of a blog entry or the entire thing, depending on how you've set it up. An aggregator goes to the blogs you tell it to and lists all the new entries. It does this by reading the RSS feed.

### Links to Newsreader Tools:

* Sharpreader
* NetNewsWire

## Blog Search Engines, Traffic-Trackers, and Other Tools:
### Traffic-Trackers

* FeedBurner

### Search Engines

* Technorati
# OpenSCAD User Manual/Type Test Functions
### is_undef

[Note: Requires version 2019.05]
is_undef accepts one parameter. If the parameter is undef, this function returns true. If the parameter is not undef, it returns false. When checking a variable (like `is_undef(a)`), it does the variable lookup silently, meaning that is_undef(a) does not cause `WARNING: Ignoring unknown variable 'a'. `
The alternative is code like this:
or
causes
is_undef also works for special variables, allowing for things like this:

#### legacy support

For older openscad version, is_undef can be emulated with
which of-course causes warning(s), but requires no changes to code relying on is_undef.

### is_list

[Note: Requires version 2019.05]

### is_num

[Note: Requires version 2019.05]

### is_bool

[Note: Requires version 2019.05]

### is_string

[Note: Requires version 2019.05]

### is_function

[Note: Requires version 2021.01]
The is_function check works only for expressions, so it can be applied to function literals or variables containing functions. It does not work with built-in functions or normal function definitions.

### is_object

[Note: Requires version Development snapshot]
Returns true if the argument is an object, and false otherwise.