OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Benzoin
## Benzoin (Styrax benzoin)

Benzoin oil comes from the resin (dried sap) of the Styrax benzoin tree. It has a warm, sweet scent, similar to vanilla. It has a calming and stabilizing effect. It is a base note oil.

## Properties
### Digestive

Stimulates the pancreas and may help to stabilize blood sugar levels.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and nervousness. With a comforting and relaxing effect on the mind, it can help reduce "overthinking" and mental exhaustion. Use it with a carrier oil for massage or through inhalation.

### Immunological

Benzoin has an anti-infectious property and can help to fight infection.

### Respiratory

Relieves asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, laryngitis and symptoms of a cold. For coughs and sore throats, apply benzoin in a balm or cream to the throat and chest.

### Pain

Eases muscle pain. Use with a carrier oil for massage, or add to a bath. Soothes mouth ulcers.

### Skin

Improves acne, eczema, psoriasis, rashes and scar tissue. Helps chapped skin, chilblains, frostbite and minor wounds to heal.

## Blend with

Benzoin works well in blends with bergamot, frankincense, juniper berry, lavender, lemon, bitter orange and sandalwood.

## Caution

* Benzoin oil can be very relaxing.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Boronia
## Boronia (Boronia megastigma)

Boronia oil comes from the Boronia megastigma plant. It has a floral scent. Boronia oil is mostly used in perfumery.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Black Pepper
## Black Pepper (Piper nigrum)

Black pepper oil comes from the fruit (peppercorns) of the Piper nigrum plant. It has a warm, spicy, peppery scent. It has a diuretic and stimulating effect.

## Properties
### Digestive

Relieves indigestion, heartburn, flatulence and constipation. Improves appetite. Increases saliva.

### Immunological

Fights colds and flu.

### Respiratory

Alleviates sinus congestion.

## Caution

* Don't use black pepper oil during pregnancy.
* It may irritate sensitive skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Bay
## Bay (Pimenta racemosa)

Bay oil comes from the Pimenta racemosa tree. It has a spicy scent.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Stimulates the circulation.

### Skin

Improves oily skin and dandruff.

## Caution

* Don't use bay oil if you have cancer.
* Don't use bay oil if you have hemophilia.
* Don't use bay oil if you have alcoholism.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Bergamot
## Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)

Bergamot oil comes from the rind of bergamot oranges, the fruit of Citrus aurantium (also known as Citrus bergamia) trees. It has a sweet citrus scent. It has an antiseptic and uplifting effect.

## Properties
### Digestive

Reduces flatulence and improves the appetite.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression.

### Skin

Helps acne, oily skin, eczema, psoriasis and minor wounds.

## Caution

* Don't use bergamot oil during pregnancy.
* Don't expose the skin to sunlight after using bergamot oil.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Bitter Orange
## Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium)

Bitter Orange oil comes from the rind of oranges from (Citrus aurantium) trees.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Atlas Cedarwood
## Atlas Cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica)

Atlas cedarwood oil comes from the Cedrus atlantica tree. It has a woody scent.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress.

### Respiratory

Relieves bronchitis and coughs.

### Skin

Improves acne, dermatitis and dandruff.

### Urological

Alleviates cystitis.

## Caution

* Don't use Atlas cedarwood oil during pregnancy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Bay Laurel
## Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis)

Bay laurel oil comes from the Laurus nobilis tree. It has a fresh, camphorous scent.

## Properties
### Digestive

Stimulates the appetite.

### Gynecological

Regulates the menstrual cycle.

### Immunological

Helps fight colds and flu.

## Caution

* Don't use bay laurel oil during pregnancy.
* Bay laurel oil can be narcotic.
* Bay laurel oil may irritate sensitive skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Bergamot Mint
## Bergamot Mint (Mentha citrata)

Bergamot mint oil comes from the Mentha citrata plant. It has a minty citrus scent.

## Properties

Bergamot mint oil has similar properties to peppermint oil and spearmint oil.

## Caution

* Bergamot mint oil may irritate sensitive skin.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Pietro Cocco

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist
Pietro Cocco Editor in Chief Vatican Radio
Varanasi, India December 2010
Pietro Cocco, Vice Director of the Vatican Radio and President of the Kautilya Society. He was interviewed in Varanasi in December 2010 by Vrinda Dar.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Nirj Deva

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Nirj Deva is the Vice President Development Committee EU Parliament . Interview of the 12th July 2011 at the EU Parliament, Brussels, Belgium Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist
Nirj Deva
Vice President Development Committee
EU Parliament
Brussels, July 2011

##### The rationality of EU Development Cooperation Policy

We need to explain to the taxpayer, because after all it the donor is the taxpayer: Italian taxpayer the British taxpayer the German and French taxpayer, twenty-seven member states taxpayers .... We are not only trying to be good people, charitable: actually this is not charity: it is in our interest, it is in our interest of every single citizen of Europe, and of European Nations, to help people in our neighborhood (I mean the different parts of the world) to be better off, less poor, less ill because we live in a interdependent world. Our purpose is not to give a handout, but to give a hand up; not to give the fish, but to give the fishing nets. So they can catch the fish. And that should be the rationale of our development policy

##### See also

* Nirj Deva Youtube channel
* On Wikipedia
* Nirj Deva Personal website
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Press Conference Presentation Laudato si'

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Youtube ⇒ playlist
Press conference for the presentation of the Encyclical Laudato si'
On 18 June 2015 we went to a news conference in Rome, in the New Synod Hall of the Vatican, for the presentation of the encyclical Laudato si' (Praise Be to You) wriiten by Pope Francis. The encyclical has the subtitle On the care for our common home.
In it, the Pope criticises consumerism and irresponsible development, and calls for "swift and unified global action" to combat environmental degradation and climate change.
Speaking at the press conference were Cardinal Peter Turkson, John Zizioulas (the Metropolitan of Pergamon, representing the Eastern Orthodox Church), and Prof. Schellnhuber of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research , Prof. Carolyn Woo and Dr. Valeria Martano.
Il 18 giugno 2015 siamo andati alla conferenza stampa per la presentazione dell'enciclica Laudato si' ' di Papa Francesco Laudato si' .
Sono intervenuti il Cardinale Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson, Presidente del Pontificio Consiglio della Giustizia e della Pace; il Metropolita di Pergamo John Zizioulas, in rappresentanza del Patriarcato Ecumenico e della Chiesa Ortodossa; il Prof. Hans Joachim (John) Schellnhuber, Fondatore e Direttore del Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research; la Prof.ssa Carolyn Woo, CEO e Presidente del Catholic Relief Services e già Decano del Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame (USA); e ha portato la sua testimonianza la maestra Valeria Martano, insegnante delle periferie romane.

## See also

⇒ Laudato si'
In Wikinews ⇒ El papa Francisco se pronunció acerca del cambio climático ⇒ Encyclical

## External links

⇒ The Vrinda Project Documentary: Stories of Millennium Development Goals
⇒ The Vrinda Project Channel on YouTube
⇒ The Vrinda Project Page on Facebook ⇒ TVP Channel Page on Google+
* Laudato si' in English – official text of the encyclical from the official website of the Holy See
* Video of the presentation of the encyclical - from the Vatican Television Center
* Testo integrale dell'enciclica in italiano
* Conferenza stampa di presentazione dell'enciclica presso la Sala Stampa del Vaticano
* Transcript of the conference (Italian and English)
* Pope Francis issues message against climate change
Youtube ⇒ playlist of the Press Conference
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Rajesh Kumar Jha

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Youtube ⇒ playlist
Rajesh Kumar Jha
Sr. Programme Officer for the Centre for World Solidarity India, New Delhi, 2 April 2010
Interviewed by Fausto Aarya De Santis in the context of the reportage on ⇒ The Millennium Village Project - Jharkhand Millenium Village Project - playlist

### What do the MDGs mean to you? Do you see hope in the MDGs?

These problems used to exist earlier and still exit today. The MDGs have interlinked all these problems by bringing them together. Income's relation with food security, and these two's relation with education and all these combined relation with the environment... the MDGs have created a platform to think about all these issues together
and not keep them compartmentalized
as different.

### What Message would you give to the Donors?

                   As small NGOs we don't have the capacity to change the whole district, state or country, but these small funds are very important to mobilize the community, to involve them in the planning and as a result the people are able to take care of themselves.
                   Most of the project are not owned by the community and they have a top to bottom approach where the state formulates and the project which in turn will have an effect on the people. Instead these projects have a bottom to top approach where the community tries to understand what is it that they need, how they need it, where they need it and then the projects are implemented.

#### What is it that motivates you to work in the social sector?

                                                       What makes me really happy and satisfied when because of me i see people stand up on their own feet and become more aware of their right... a satisfaction which maybe if i was in a 'normal' job would not have got.

## Video clips

On YouTube ⇒ Millenium Village Project - playlist
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Raúl Roa Kouri

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Youtube ⇒ playlist
Raúl Roa Kouri
Interview in Havana, Cuba on the 2 May 2015 by Carlo di Cicco for The Vrinda Project
Raúl Roa Kouri is a diplomat and has served as Cuba's ambassador to the Holy See and Cuba's representative to the United Nations His father was Raúl Roa García (April 18, 1907 – July 6, 1982) who was a Cuban intellectual, politician and diplomat. His mother was Dr. Ada Kouri Barreto.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Olivier Consolo

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist
Olivier Consolo Director of CONCORD - European NGO confederation for relief and development Brussels, May 2011
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/P.Krishna

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
⇒ playlist
P. Krishna Director of Krishnamurti Foundation Raj Ghat Campus - Varanasi
India, Varanasi, 13 March 2010
See also the Story ⇒ Krishnamurti Foundation
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Paolo Dall'Oglio

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
* MDG8: Develop a Global Partnership
⇒ Playlist on YouTube
Paolo Dall'Oglio
Founder of the monastic community of al-Khalīl, Syria Deir Mar Musa, Syria, Aug. 2011
In Syria now, it is a time of division, violence and suffering. When we were there in November 2010 and in August 2011, we recorded many stories of cooperation and development. Nowadays, only sad and violent stories are narrated about this wonderful country. What then shall we do with these stories we collected in Syria in what now seems to be a different "age" altogether? Well, we decided to re-edit the videos we had made, include them in the Handbook we are developing and share them through the Internet. These videos will help us remember what Syria was before the civil war. And we hope that these stories will help restore trust amongst communities in Syria, and build, amongst those who love this country, the motivation to do whatever they can to restore peace and cooperation.
Paolo Dall'Oglio (born November 17, 1954) is an Italian Jesuit priest and peace activist.
The interview was taken on August 2011 at Deir Mar Musa, Syria He was exiled from Syria in 2012 for criticizing the actions of the al-Assad regime during the Syrian civil war.
He had served for three decades at the Deir Mar Musa, a 6th-century monastery 80 kilometers (50 mi) north of Damascus, Syria. He has been leading the reconstruction of the Mar Musa complex and its reinvention as a centre of interfaith dialogue.
In late July 2013 Paolo Dall'Oglio entered rebel held territory in eastern Syria but was soon kidnapped by the militants of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, while walking in Raqqa on 29 July. Opposition sources from Raqqa said that Paolo Dall'Oglio has been executed by the extremist group. The claims are not yet confirmed.

## References

* ↑ Oweis, Khaled (29 July 2013). "Al Qaeda group kidnaps Italian Jesuit Paolo Dall’Oglio in Syria: activists". Reuters. http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2013/07/29/al-qaeda-group-kidnaps-italian-jesuit-paolo-dalloglio-in-syria-activists/. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
* ↑ Paolo Dall'Oglio killed

## See also

On Wikipedia , in English ⇒ Paolo Dall'Oglio On Wikipedia , in Italian ⇒ Paolo Dall'Oglio On Wikipedia , in Italian ⇒ Deir Mar Musa al-Habashi
On YouTube ⇒ Paolo_Dall'Oglio playlist
⇒ Issue 9 - Media and the international communication climate ⇒ Issue 9 - Media and the international communication climate
# FHSST Physics/Heat and Properties of Matter/Thermal Properties

= Thermal Properties of Materials = R

## Specific heat capacity

Conversion of macroscopic energy to microscopic kinetic energy thus tends to raise the temperature, while the reverse conversion lowers it. It is easy to show experimentally that the amount of heating needed to change the temperature of a body by some amount is proportional to the amount of matter in the body. Thus, it is natural to write
* $\Delta Q=MC\Delta T$
* (23.4)
Riaan Note: not sure about the equation numbers, sticking to those in the PDF released the 1st of March 2005
where $M$ is the mass of material, $\Delta Q$ is the amount of energy transferred to the material, and $\Delta T$ is the change of the material's temperature. The quantity $C$ is called the specific heat of the material in question and is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass of material one degree in temperature. $C$ varies with the type of material. Values for common materials are given in table 22.2.
Table 22.2: Specific heats of common materials. :
| Material | C ($Jkg^{-1}K^{-1}$) |
| brass | 385 |
| glass | 669 |
| ice | 2092 |
| steel | 448 |
| methyl alcohol | 2510 |
| glycerine | 2427 |
| water | 4184 |

## Specific latent heat

When a material changes phases from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas, a certain amount of energy is involved in this change of space.

## First law of thermodynamics

We now address some questions of terminology. The use of the terms heat and quantity of heat to indicate the amount of microscopic kinetic energy inhabiting a body has long been out of favor due to their association with the discredited caloric theory of heat. Instead, we use the term internal energy to describe the amount of microscopic energy in a body. The word heat is most correctly used only as a verb, e. g., to heat the house . Heat thus represents the transfer of internal energy from one body to another or conversion of some other form of energy to internal energy. Taking into account these definitions, we can express the idea of energy conservation in some material body by the equation
* $\Delta E=\Delta Q-\Delta W$
* (first law of thermodynamics)
where $\Delta E$ is the change in internal energy resulting from the addition of heat $\Delta Q$ to the body and the work $\Delta W$ done by the body on the outside world. This equation expresses the first law of thermodynamics. Note that the sign conventions are inconsistent as to the direction of energy flow. However, these conventions result from thinking about heat engines, i. e., machines which take in heat and put out macroscopic work. Examples of heat engines are steam engines, coal and nuclear power plants, the engine in your automobile, and the engines on jet aircraft.
# FHSST Physics/Info

Free High School Science Texts (FHSST) is an initiative to develop and distribute free science textbooks to grade 11 - 12 learners in South Africa.
The primary objectives are:
* To provide a *free* resource, that can be used alone or in conjunction with other education initiatives in South Africa, to all learners and teachers
* To provide a quality, accurate and interesting text that adheres to the South African school curriculum and the outcomes-based education system
* To make all developed content available internationally to support Education on the largest possible scale
* To provide a text that is easy to read and understand even for second-language English speakers
* To make a difference in South Africa through helping to educate young South Africans
FHSST Website - FHSST Physics on Wikibooks
Other FHSST books on Wikibooks:
* FHSST Biology
* FHSST Computer Literacy
* FHSST Chemistry
# FHSST Physics/Introduction

<< Main Page -- First Chapter (Units) >>

## Introduction

Physics is the study of the laws which govern space, structure and time. In a sense we are more qualified to do physics than any other science. From the day we are born we study the things around us in an effort to understand how they work and relate to each other. For example, learning how to catch or throw a ball is a physics undertaking.
In the field of study we refer to as physics we just try to make the things everyone has been studying more clear. We attempt to describe them through simple rules and mathematics. Mathematics is merely the language we use. The best approach to physics is to relate everything you learn to things you have already noticed in your everyday life. Sometimes when you look at things closely, you discover things you had initially overlooked.
It is the continued scrutiny of everything we know about the world around us that leads people to the lifelong study of physics. You can start with asking a simple question like "Why is the sky blue?", which could lead you to electromagnetic waves, which in turn could lead you to wave particle duality and energy levels of atoms. Before long you are studying quantum mechanics or the structure of the universe.
In the sections that follow notice that we will try to describe how we will communicate the things we are dealing with. This is our language. Once this is done we can begin the adventure of looking more closely at the world we live in.
# FOSS Licensing/About the Author
## Original Author

Shun-ling Chen did her master's degrees in law both at National Taiwan University and Harvard Law School. Her research interests and political commitments have been mainly about how self-organized social agencies are able to instigate driving forces for structural transitions. She has been working with various NGOs and sees FOSS as one of such community building processes. Until the summer of 2004, she was the project co-lead of Creative Commons Taiwan and served in the OSSF project as the project manager of its Law and Policy team.
Built with FOSS modules, OSSF is a public platform that offers free (as in free beer!) tools and spaces for FOSS community to develop their projects. The OSSF is carried out by the Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

### Acknowledgements

The author (Shun-ling Chen) would like to acknowledge her debt of gratitude to the following:
* The reviewers of this primer, Richard M. Stallman, Eric S. Raymond, Dr. Nah Soo Hoe, Aniruddha Shankar, Mahesh T. Pai, and Kenneth Wong for their valuable comments and suggestions.
* Her colleagues at the OSSF project and the FOSS community members who have developed their projects on the OpenFoundry, for providing their valuable inputs towards understanding FOSS licensing issues and developing the ideas contained in this primer.
* The current and former UNDP-APDIP colleagues Sunil Abraham, Khairil Yusof, Phet Sayo, Shahid Akhtar and Kenneth Wong for their efforts and assistance that made this primer possible.
* And finally, those who have contributed their time, efforts, and resources to the FOSS movement with enthusiasm which has shown us what voluntary collaboration among human beings can achieve.

## Contributors

This book is a wiki. You can edit this book too, if you want! If you make a significant contribution to this project, please list your name here:
* Andrew Whitworth 14:00, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    Performed the initial conversion from PDF, and the transfer of this material to the wikibooks server. He set up most of the initial formatting.

## Footnotes

* ^ OSSF is a recursive acronym for “OSSF Supports Software Freedom”,
# FOSS Licensing/Online Legal Resources and Materials

* Free Software Foundation
* Open Source Initiative
* Open Source License LawResource Center
* Open Source Licensing
* WikiReader_Free_Software_and_Free_Contents.pdf WikiReader
* Groklaw
* FLOSS Concept Booklet
* Frequently Asked Questions about GNU GPL
* Quiz to Test Your Knowledge of the GPL and LGPL
* Apache License and Distribution FAQ
* Mozilla Relicensing FAQ
* Netscape Public License FAQ
* ur0312b/ Feature
* A Comparison of Open SourceLicenses
* Electric Frontier Foundation
* Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure
* IP Justice
* League for Programming Freedom
* Infochange - Intellectual Property Rights
* Patents/SoftwareProtectionIndex.html Copyrights and Software Protections by Patents andCopyrights
* Journal of Information
* Creative Commons
* Legal+Guidance+%26+Documents&L3=Software+Licensing+%26+Development&L4=Open+Source+Legal+Toolkit&sid=Aitd Open Source Legal Toolkit
* Software Freedom Law Center