OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Gene Regulation

Gene expression in organisms is carefully regulated to allow them to adapt the differing conditions and most importantly to prevent wasteful overproduction of unneeded proteins which would make the organism not productive. Organisms regulate expression of their genes for the reasons of developmental changes, cellular specialization and adaptation to the new environment.The expression of genetic information in a given cell or organism is neither random nor fully pre-programmed. The information in an organisms genome must be regulated in an orderly fashion during development and yet must be available to direct the organisms responses to changes in internal and external conditions.
In prokaryotes gene expression is almost entirely controlled at the level of transcription. The expression of specific genes may be actively inhibited or stimulated through the effects of proteins that bind to DNA or RNA. Unlike the prokaryotic control systems the eukaryotic mechanisms must contend with much larger amounts of DNA that is packaged in inaccessible structures. Non expressed DNA is typically highly condensed in a form known as heterochromatin. An extreme example is the complete inactivation of one of the two chromosomes in female mammals known as Barr bodies. Virtually every stage of a proteins existence from transcription to posttranslational modification offers opportunities for regulation. Posttranslational control such as alternative mRNA splicing can yield multiple proteins from a single gene. Additional control of eukaryotic gene expression is effected by variable rates of mRNA degradation and regulation of translation initiation.
There are over 25000 genes in our human genome. Each gene codes for a unique protein. Regulation of the expression of proteins occurs at the level of transcription from DNA in to RNA. The regulation takes place at a specific position on the DNA template, called promoter, this is the place where RNA polymerase looks for and knows where to start the transcription of the gene. Sometimes a group of related genes cluster together to form an operon and copied into mRNA molecule.
For example the genes involved in the transport and breakdown of food is highly regulated genes. The food we eat needs a digestive enzyme in our mouth to breakdown the sugar to facilitate the absorption by our body. The genes which code for these enzymes are not expressed when arabinose is absent, they only expressed when arabinose is present in their environment. When arabinose is present in the environment, bacteria take it up. and the arabinose interacts directly with araC which bound to the DNA. The interaction causes araC to change its shape which in turn promotes the binding of RNA polymerase and the genes are grascribed. the enzymes are produced.They break down arabinose and eventually the arabinose runs out. In the absence of arabinose the araC returns to its original shape and transcription is shut off. This is a good example of gene regulation.
# Structural Biochemistry/Gene Therapy

The results of researches in Structural biochemistry have made the subject to be greatly linked with Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Medicine. This is due to its ability to determine the three dimensional structures of proteins by using X-ray Chromatography and other techniques. These three dimensional structures say a lot about the functions of the proteins. Based on these structures, scientists are now able to find drugs and cures for different diseases. Gene therapy helps to correct mutated genes in human cells.
Genes are the building blocks of life, which are passed from the parent to the child. Genes are strung together to thread like structures called chromosomes. These human chromosomes are paired and hold innumerable genes. The genes and chromosomes are made up of tiny structures called deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. The DNA is the blueprint of genetic information of previous generations. The genes determine the traits of an individual like physical features, habits, etc. There are approximately 25,000 – 35,000 genes in the human body. Unfortunately, sometimes the genes also pass on certain hereditary disorders from the parent to the offspring, which can be difficult to treat. This is when gene therapy comes in to play.
Gene therapy is a procedure where genetically mutated genes, which are the causative factors for numerous hereditary diseases, are corrected by injecting healthy genes into the body. The concept of treating these incurable diseases with the help of gene therapy was first proposed in the 1960’s. A group of scientists in the early 1970’s put forth a proposal where inherited disorders could be treated with the help of genes. The main aim of this therapy was to remove defective genes and replace them with healthy genes. In the year 1983, a few scientists from Baylor College of Medicine, Houston stated that a rare neurological disorder like Lesch Nyhan disease could be successfully treated with the help of gene therapy. A few years later, in 1990, an American doctor, W. Anderson conducted a study of gene therapy on a four year old girl who was suffering from a genetic disorder of the immune system.
With the help of gene therapy and embryonic stem cell research, many deadly and debilitating genetic disorders can be treated. The faulty genes undergo correction so that the coming generations are not carriers of mutated genes. Gene therapy has also come as a ray of hope for people suffering from Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and other such incurable genetic disorders.
# Structural Biochemistry/Gastrin
## Gastrin

Gastrin is a peptide hormone which is soluble in the water. This hormone plays an important role in the secretion of HCI in stomach. Gastric acid secretion also helps the digestion of protein, the absorption of iron and calcium. In the first, Gastrin activates a particular G protein by attaching to a cell surface receptor in the plasma membrane. Then, the activated G protein binds to another membrane enzyme, phospholipase C (PLC). This enzyme-substrate complex carries out a hydrolysis reaction where hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol- 4,5-bisphosphate (PiP2) to inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and 1,2- diacylglycerol (DAG).
In the second phase, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), reacts with the endoplasmic reticulum and stimulates the release of Ca2+ ion into the cytoplasm. In the same time, 1,2- diacylglycerol (DAG), which was released into the cytoplasm, diffuses through the plasma membrane, where interacts with protein kinase C. The Ca2+ just released from the endoplasmic reticulum and DAG cooperation stimulates that kinase to phosphorylate a protein which in turn causes HCI secretion into the stomach.

## References

* ↑ Schubert, ML (2005). Gastric secretion. {{cite book}}: Text "Curr Opin Gastroenterol" ignored (help)
1. Gastric secretion. Schubert ML. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005 Nov;21(6):636-43. Review. PMID 16220038 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
# Structural Biochemistry/General Chemistry

General chemistry (sometimes called "gen chem" for short) is a course often taught at the high school and introductory university level. It is intended to serve as a broad introduction to a variety of concepts in chemistry and is widely taught. At the university level, it is also sometimes used as a "weed out" course for disciplines (sometimes related, sometimes not) which are perceived to require a high level of intellectual rigor or large course loads. It is also one of the few chemistry courses in most universities that does not explicitly explore a particular discipline such as organic chemistry or analytical chemistry.
General chemistry courses typically introduce concepts such as stoichiometry, prediction of reaction products, thermodynamics, nuclear chemistry, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, and many of the rudiments of physical chemistry. Though the list of subjects covered is typically broad, leading some to criticize both the class and the discipline as encouraging memorization, most general chemistry courses are firmly grounded in several fundamental physical rules for which the primary challenge is understanding when the rules are applicable.

### Concepts Taught

* Properties of Matter: An explanation of the most fundamental concept in chemistry: matter.
* Atomic Structure: While technically in the domain of physics, atoms determine the behavior of matter, making them a necessary starting point for any discussion of chemistry.
* Compounds and Bonding: Chemical bonding is introduced, which explains how less than one hundred naturally-occurring elements can combine to form all the different compounds that fill our world.
* Chemical Reactions: Things get interesting once chemical reactions start making and breaking bonds.
* Aqueous Solutions: Substances dissolved in water have special properties. This is when acids and bases are introduced.
* Phases of Matter: A detailed look at the organization of substances, with particular focus on gases.
* Chemical Equilibria: Chemical reactions don't go on forever. Equilibrium is the balance that reactions seek to achieve.
* Chemical Kinetics: Kinetics explain why it takes years for an iron nail to rust, but only a split second for a hydrogen-filled hot air balloon to explode.
* Thermodynamics: Two things decide which reactions can occur and which reactions cannot: heat and chaos. Or enthalpy and entropy, as they are called in thermodynamics
* Chemistries of Various Elements: An exploration of the elements that make up all substance. Includes an introduction to nuclear chemistry and carbon, the essence of organic chemistry.
# Quick Start

* download Usenet Explorer
* unpack
* add news servers
* add newsgroups
* download headers
* download messages
* save attachments
* check attachments
    Get and install QuickPar.
* unpack attachments
    Get and install WinRAR.
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/Manual/Installation

This chapter guides you through the installation of Usenet Explorer.

### See also

* Getting started from the Selected Help Topics on the Usenet Explorer home page,
* Installeren van Usenet Explorer,
* Usenet Explorer Quickstart: Installatie en setup and
* Usenet Explorer Quickstart: Installation and setup.

## Download

Download Usenet Explorer from the Download page on the Usenet Explorer site.

## Create Database

TODO: what's the "best" location for the Usenet Explorer database (how to get there conveniently with windows explorer, ...)

### where to go from here

Once you have installed Usenet Explorer, go to the Configuration section.
← Quick Start · Configuration →
# User-Generated Content in Education

User-generated content is becoming accepted for curriculum materials in many schools and states. What Wikipedia started has grown into a system that produces not only encyclopedia articles, but also K-12 and higher education textbooks and primary reading curricula. In some ways, user-generated content is a reflection of both the changing nature of knowledge and expertise and changing teaching practices and learning theory. This book will focus on user-generated content that can be used to support the curriculum in a bricks-and-mortar or online classroom.

## Table of Contents

* 21st Century Physics Flexbook and Virginia
* CK-12 Flexbooks and California
* FreeReading.net and Florida
* Curriki and Other User-Generated Curriculum Portals
* Pennsylvania's Portal to User-Contributed Curriculum Resources
* Wikibooks Textbooks
* Wikipedia Encyclopedia
* YouTube and TeacherTube
* Learning by Creating User-Generated Content
* The Internet Archive
* OER: Open Educational Resources
* OER Commons
* Podcasting in the 21st Century
* User Generated Content through Second Life
* Virtual Field Trips
* Blogs
* Digital Storytelling
* Twitter in Schools
* Skype
* Educational Videogames
* Wikis in Education
* User-Generated Music
* App Stores
* iTunes University
* Image Content
* Classroom Management Systems
* Algodoo
* MentorMob
* iTunesU
* Social Learning and Information Processing Theory
* Web Based Learning and Teaching
* Blogging In The Classroom
* Podcasting
* Edmodo
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/User Interface

This chapter explains the user interface of Usenet Explorer.

### Icons

Elements of Icons, Workspace Icons, Newsgroup Icons

### Windows and Panes

Workspace, Task Manager

### Toolbars

Quick Filter bar, Search Service bar, Status bar

### Editors

Filter editor, Properties

### Keyboard Shortcuts

TODO,

### Workspace

TODO,

### Task Manager

TODO,

### Quick Filter Bar

TODO,

### Search Service Bar

TODO,

### Toolbar

TODO,

### Status Bar

TODO,
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/User Interface/Filter Editor
### Filter editor

To show the Filter editor, select Edit > Filter editor, or click the Filter editor icon in the Filter task bar.
The main list contains all defined filters. The details of the selected filter are shown below the main list.
To create an empty filter, click on of the Insert arrow buttons. To copy a filter, select a filter, click Copy and then click one of the Paste buttons.
To visually separate groups of related filters, create new filters below and above the group, and select the Predicate "Separator".
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/User Interface/Toolbars
### Status Bar

To show the Status bar, select View > Status Bar.
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/References
## Websites

* Usenet Explorer official home page The official home page.

## Tutorials

* Usenet Explorer A tutorial in Dutch by Harry Vos.
* Handleiding: Downloaden met Usenet Explorer A tutorial in Dutch by Jaapf.
* Tutorial: Downloading with Usenet Explorer A tutorial in English by Jaapf.

## Forums

* Usenet Explorer The "official" forum (in English).
* Usenet Explorer A forum in French.
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/User Interface/Icons

This chapter explains the meaning of the various icons used in Usenet Explorer.
See also Explaining icons on the Usenet Explorer website.

## Elements of Icons
#### Background Colors

* white background: single-part message
* green background: multi-part message
* yellow background: collection
* blue (magenta) background: ?
* grey upper half: incomplete multi-part message or incomplete collection
* red upper half: incomplete multi-part message that cannot be previewed because the first part is missing

#### Dashes

* lower part dashed: partly downloaded
* entirely dashed: completely downloaded

#### Checkmark

* checkmark: marked for download

#### Mini-Icons

Miniature icons in lower right corner of icons.
* grey oval with black dot: par2 recovery file
* grey "ear": par2 checksum file
* red/magenta/blue flag: rar file
* magenta rectangle with red corner: image file
* music note: audio file
* white rectangle with grey dot: pdf file

## Workspace Icons
#### Servers tab

* black computer: server with no newsgroups attached
* green computer: server
* envelope: ?
* green dot: ?
* grey book: ?
* blue book with black asterix: ?
* blue book with black asterix and green dot: ?
* grey book with grey filter:
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/Manual/Reading News

This chapter explains how to read text articles.
See also Getting started from the Selected Help Topics on the Usenet Explorer home page, scroll all the way down to the bottom, to "Reading text articles".
* in the newsgroup view, select the text articles that you want to read
* from the context menu, select "Download bodies", or press <Space>
* show the Article pane by dragging the splitter at the bottom of the newsgroup view up
* read the article in the Article pane
# Rock Climbing/Training

There are many different training regimes instituted by climbers. As with all sports, training should chosen with respect to the climber's goals and experience level. Training regimes may include a mixture of bouldering, caving, finger and body weight exercises, versa-climber training, route climbing, and up/down climbing.

## Technique

Bouldering usually consists of climbing at a low height without supports and moving laterally, and vertically along the climbing surface. Bouldering routes can be very useful to practice technique as it's easy to start at difficult parts and practice them specifically.

## Strength and endurance

Caving adds an extra dimension of climbing beneath overhanging surfaces, and hanging from the roof.
Body weight exercises or calisthenics that focus on the back,leg, and finger muscles should be a focus for any climber. Leg exercises are essential as climbing is more like crawling than doing repeated chin-ups and a lot of technique is aimed at maximising the use of all limbs, balancing weight between hand- and foot holds.
A Versa climber is cardiovascular machine, sometimes used to train upper body and lower body endurance.
Up/Down climbing is used to also train endurance, and involves climbing up to a location and then climbing back down.
# Role Playing Games

Role Playing Games (also known as RPGs) come in many forms, and may be board game based, card game based, or computer based. This wikitext aims to provide a general overview of RPGs in their many forms. Feel free to contribute!

## Content

* Overview
* Introduction
* Types of RPGs
* Text Adventures

## See Also

* Dungeons & Dragons
* Playing a Video Game
# Rohingya/Alphabet and pronunciation

This is the first school book to learn Rohingya language. The first few pages introduce you about how to pronounce each alpahbets and the sound of each alphabets in the text.

## Alphabets

A B C Ç D E F
G H I J K L M
N Ñ O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c ç d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s
t u v w x y z
Rohingya language consists of only 28 alphabets out of which 26 are English alphabets and the remaining 2 are the Latin characters found in many European languages making the language easily available in today's Internet,computers and mobile devices including mobile phones. For Microsoft Windows users, you can select "United States International" keyboard settings so that you can type the two Latin characters including the five accented vowels used in Rohingya language.

## Basic sounds

Ba Be Bi Bo Bu Bou Ca Ce Ci Co Cu Cou Ça Çe Çi Ço Çu Çou Da De Di Do Du Dou
Fa Fe Fi Fo Fu Fou Ga Ge Gi Go Gu Gou Ha He Hi Ho Hu Hou
Ja Je Ji Jo Ju Jou Ka Ke Ki Ko Ku Kou La Le Li Lo Lu Lou Ma Me Mi Mo Mu Mou Na Ne Ni No Nu Nou
Pa Pe Pi Po Pu Pou Qa Qe Qi Qo Qu Qou Ra Re Ri Ro Ru Rou Sa Se Si So Su Sou Ta Te Ti To Tu Tou
Va Ve Vi Vo Vu Vou Wa We Wi Wo Wu Wou Xa Xe Xi Xo Xu Xou Ya Ye Yi Yo Yu You Za Ze Zi Zo Zu Zou
In Rohingya language, there are 22 consonants each making six different sounds when joined with vowels as shown above. As you can see above there are six basic vowels the last one being dual character vowels (ou).
# Role Playing Games/Overview
## Introduction

This Wikibook aims to offer a general overview of Role Playing games, also simply known as RPGs for short. If you are looking for new games to play, or which system to choose, then this is not the Wikibook for you. However if you are interested in learning what an RPG is for the first time, or are an RPG veteran looking for more info on the genre, this is the Wikibook for you! Most of this will be about video games, but there are parts about Text Adventures, Dungeons and Dragons, and more.

## About the Author

In case you are wondering of my "Web name" you can refer to me as MyFatSon (strange, isn't it).
# Role Playing Games/Introduction

This is an introduction to all RPGs (Role Playing games). What is an RPG? and why they are so fun? Well, an RPG is a genre of book, game, or anything else that you play a ROLE in. RPGs are probably the most common genres in the video game industry, and definitely the most recognized.
# Suomen kieli käyttöön/Koti Suomessa

Koti Suomessa
Oikeus sosiaaliturvaan
Maahanmuuttaja tarkoittaa pakolaista, siirtolaista, paluumuuttajaa ja muita ulkomaalaisia. Maahanmuuttaja saa palveluita ja sosiaalietuuksia, jotka helpottavat elämää uudessa kotimaassa. Tavoite on, että palvelut auttavat maahanmuuttajaa sopeutumaan Suomeen. Maahanmuuttajalla on oikeuksia ja velvollisuuksia, kun hän asuu Suomessa. Ne vaihtelevat sen mukaan, muuttaako hän Suomeen Euroopan Unionin alueelta vai Euroopan talousalueelta vai jostakin muusta maasta.
Maahanmuuttajalla on oikeus sosiaaliturvaan, jos hän aikoo jäädä Suomeen vakinaisesti asumaan ja jos hänellä on lisäksi vähintään yhden vuoden oleskelulupa. Suomeen muuttoa pidetään vakinaisena eli pysyvänä, jos henkilö muuttaa Suomeen, koska hän on:
- paluumuuttaja
- pakolainen
- turvapaikanhakija
ja hänelle on myönnetty oleskelulupa vähintään yhdeksi vuodeksi.
Asuminen on vakinaista myös silloin, kun henkilö muuttaa perhesyistä. Asuminen on vakinaista myös, kun maahanmuuttajalla on vakinainen työpaikka tai vähintään kahden vuoden työsuhde. Maahanmuuttajan pitää myös todella asua Suomessa, jotta hän saisi sosiaalietuudet. Viranomaiset katsovat, että henkilö ei asu maassa vakinaisesti, jos hän tulee Suomeen lyhyeksi ajaksi. Jos henkilö tulee Suomeen pelkästään opiskelemaan, hän ei myöskään ole oikeutettu Kelan hoitamaan sosiaaliturvaan.
Kotoutumissuunnitelma
Kotoutuminen tarkoittaa sitä, että maahanmuuttaja oppii uusia asioita ja taitoja uudessa kotimaassa Suomessa. Hänen täytyy oppia suomen kieltä. Hänen täytyy myös tuntea suomalainen yhteiskunta ja suomalaiset tavat. Kun hän osaa nämä taidot, hän voi olla mukana työelämässä ja yhteiskunnassa niin kuin muutkin suomalaiset.
Suomessa on voimassa kotoutumislaki (laki tuli voimaan 1.5.1999). Kun ihminen muuttaa Suomeen, hän voi tehdä kotoutumissuunnitelman yhdessä oman kotikunnan ja työvoimatoimiston kanssa. Kotoutumissuunnitelmassa sovitaan, miten maahanmuuttaja opiskelee suomea tai ruotsia ja tutustuu Suomen yhteiskuntaan. Kotoutumissuunnitelma tehdään yleensä kolmen vuoden ajaksi. Lisätietoa kotoutumissuunnitelmasta saat Internet-osoitteesta www.mol.fi.
# Suomen kieli käyttöön/Nopeusrajoitukset mitoitettu

Nopeusrajoitukset mitoitettu.
- Naurettavan alhaiset nopeusrajoitukset on mitoitettu keskivertotuulipukukansalaisen ajotaidoille. Eipä siis ole kovin hääviä ajotaidoiltaan tämä rallikansa.
- varten laadittu, ketäs muutakaan?
- Tarvitse mitään noin älytöntä holhousta. Totaaliluuseritkin nauravat rajoituksille. Voin vain kuvitella, minkä luokan vatipäät niitä asettavat! Kummallista hätävarjelun liioittelua?
Ajotaidoista puheenollen, Suomesta löytyy maailman taitavimmat kuskit, kuten minä. Mutta muutama poikkeus vain vahvistaa säännön, suurin osa on onnettomia tunareita!
- Mitäpä jos tänä kesänä lähtisit vaikka autolomalle Saksaan? Ei nuo nopeusrajoitukset niin kauheasti sitten häiritsisi.
- Joka kesä muutenkin. Vaikka ajelisin koko kesän ristiin rastiin Eurooppaa, tullessani takaisin peräpohjolan junttilandiaan alkaa heti ahdistaa. Missään muualla ei nysvätä kuten SUOmessa.
- Lääkäri auttaa, jos ahdistaa. Pyydä samantien tarpeeksi vahvat mömmöt. Toisaalta voisit ihan hyvin muuttaa Saksaan heidän riesakseen. Olisi sitten kaikki vatipäät yhdessä paikassa.
- Täällä näitä superkuskeja riittää :D
- Näinhän se asia valitettavasti on. Tosielämässä joudut ajelemaan tumpeloitten paskahousujen kanssa samaa ajorataa hevoskärryvauhtia. Onneksi saa vielä valita ravintolat ja kaupat, joita nämä tuulipukuhiirulaiset vierastavat.
# Mastering and Presentation

A tutorial on how to polish and present your work using Sunvox music software.

## Tutorial objectives

Once you have completed this tutorial, you should be able to:
* Balance sound levels using the graphic equaliser
* Mute and Solo sound sources
* Exporting your song
* Choose performance options

## Introduction

This tutorial helps you to answer the question:
I can efficiently produce complex materials in Sunvox, but how can I get it to sound really polished?
You will take a tour through some of the options Sunvox offers for monitoring and analysing your music. You will see how you can use modules and module parameters to balance your sound, and you will learn what sound export options Sunvox offers as well as examine some live and recorded display options.