# German/Lesson 4

<< Lesson 3 | Lektion 4 | Lektion 5 >>

## Lesestück 4-1 ~ Eine Geschichte über Zürich

    Zürich ist die größte Stadt der Schweiz. Sie liegt am Ausfluss des Zürichsees und ist die Hauptstadt des gleichnamigen Kantons, des Kantons Zürich. Zürich ist ausgesprochen schön gelegen, am nördlichen Ende des Zürichsees—bei klarem Wetter hat man eine gute Sicht auf die Glarner Alpen.
    Zürich ist das Zentrum der schweizer Bankenwirtschaft. Neben den beiden Großbanken ('Credit Suisse' und 'UBS') haben auch etliche kleinere Bankinstitute ihren Sitz in der Stadt.
Although this short story contains quite a number of impressive German nouns and adjectives, with the aid of Vokabeln 4-1 following you should have no trouble reading and understanding it. The passage makes considerable use of the German genitive case (English possessive case), which you have not yet learned. However, a clue applicable here: translate des as "of the" or "of" and note there are other der-words that also mean "of the".

## Vokabeln 4-1

Pronunciation Guide >>

## Grammatik 4-1 ~ Introduction to adjectives

An adjective is a part of speech which can be thought of as a "describing word"—typically, an adjective modifies a noun. In both English and German, adjectives come before the noun they describe or modify. In many other languages (such as French) they usually come after the noun. Here are some examples of adjectives (underlined) you have already encountered:
| Ich habe viel Arbeit. | I have much work. |
| Wir haben keinen Käse. | We have no cheese. |
| Bei klarem Wetter hat man eine gute Sicht. | In clear weather, one has a good view |
| Zürich ist die größte Stadt. | Zurich is the largest city. |
Because nouns are capitalized in German, it is fairly obvious in these sentences where the adjectives occur: just before the nouns they modify. Note how the endings on German adjectives can change, depending upon the noun (keinen Käse; klarem Wetter; gute Sicht)—specifically, the gender and case of the noun they are modifying. Before explaining the basic rules governing adjective endings, you need to have a better understanding of person, gender, and case in German nouns—concepts that will be explored in the next few lessons.
Finally, realize that the ordinal numbers you learned in Lektion 3 are, in fact, adjectives—subject to the same rules governing word endings for adjectives.
| Wer ist das dritte Mädchen? | Who is the third girl? |
| Wir verstehen nur die erste Lektion. | We understand only the first lesson. |

## Gespräch 4-1 ~ Das neue Mädchen

    Markus und Helena sind Freunde.
   * Markus: Lena, wer ist das neue Mädchen? Die Brünette dort drüben.
   * Helena: Ich glaube, sie heißt „Karoline“.
   * Markus: Sie ist sehr schön.
   * Helena: Sie ist hübsch, wenn man kleine Mädchen mit langen dunklen Haaren mag.
   * Markus: Ja. Ihre Haare gefallen mir sehr.
   * Helena: Markus, du bist ein Ferkel!
This short conversational passage contains more examples of adjectives.

## Vokabeln 4-2

Pronunciation Guide >>

## Grammatik 4-2 ~ Nouns and pronouns in the accusative and dative

As was noted previously when the concept of case was introduced for pronouns (Grammatik 2-2), there are four cases used in German. Recall that the nominative case in German corresponds to the subjective case in English and applies to nouns and pronouns used in a sentence as the subject of a verb. Nouns (and pronouns) that are used as objects of transitive (action) verbs are in the English objective case. If these are direct objects (recipients of the action of a verb), then these nouns are in the accusative case in German. If indirect objects, then these nouns are in the dative case in German. Essentially, the English objective case is divided, in German, into an accusative case used for direct objects and a dative case used for indirect objects.

### Pronouns

For comparison with English, recall that the singular personal pronouns (nominative case) are "I", "you", and "he/she/it" (1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons). The objective case, personal pronouns in English are "me", "you", and "him/her/it"—and are used for both direct and indirect objects of verbs. For example:
    He gives it [the Direct Object] to me [the Indirect Object].
The German accusative case, personal pronouns (singular) are: mich, dich, ihn/sie/es. The German dative case, personal pronouns (singular) are: mir, dir, ihm/ihr/ihm. Thus, the above English example sentence becomes, in German:
    Er gibt es [the Direct Object] mir [the Indirect Object].
Because mir is a dative pronoun, there is no need in German to use a modifier as in English, where "to" is used as a signal of an indirect object. The following table summarizes the German pronouns in three cases for both singular and plural number:
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | NOM. | ACC. | DAT. | NOM. | ACC. | DAT. |
| 1st person | ich | mich | mir | wir | uns | uns |
| 2nd person | du (Sie*) | dich (Sie*) | dir (Ihnen*) | ihr (Sie*) | euch (Sie*) | euch (Ihnen*) |
| 3rd person | er, sie, es | ihn, sie, es | ihm, ihr, ihm | sie | sie | ihnen |
    * Polite form
Recall from Gespräch 2-1 the "incomplete" sentence Und Ihnen? ('And you?'). Note that the pronoun agrees in case (here, dative) with the implied sentence — Und wie geht es Ihnen? The same rule is evident in Gespräch 1-1 (Und dir?). Such agreement is important to convey the correct meaning. Tables giving the German personal pronouns in all cases can be found in an appendix: Pronoun Tables.

### Nouns

Nouns do not change their form (spelling) relative to case in German; instead, a preceding article indicates case. You have learned the nominative case definite and indefinite articles (Grammatik 3-3: der, die, das and ein, eine. ein) for each of the three noun genders. Now we will learn the accusative (used to signal a direct object) and dative (used to signal an indirect object) articles. First, the definite articles:
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | NOM. | ACC. | DAT. | NOM. | ACC. | DAT. |
| Masculine | der | den | dem | die | die | den |
| Feminine | die | die | der | die | die | den |
| Neuter | das | das | dem | die | die | den |
This table might seem a bit overwhelming (and there is yet one more case in German: the genitive!), but some points to note can make memorizing much easier. First, as you can see from the table, gender does not really exist for plural nouns. No matter what the noun gender in its singular number, its plural always has the same set of definite articles: die, die, den for nominative, accusative, and dative cases. The plural der-words are similar to the feminine singular der-words, differing only in the dative case. Another point: the dative for both masculine and neuter nouns is the same: dem. Finally, for feminine, neuter, and plural nouns, there is no change between nominative and accusative cases. Thus, only for masculine nouns is there a definite article change in the accusative compared with the nominative.
The following examples demonstrate the use of the definite article in various parts of speech:
| Du hast die Wurst und den Käse. | You have the sausage and the cheese. | (accusative case) |
| Die Geschäftsleute verstehen die Arbeit | The business associates understand the work. | (nominative and accusative cases) |
| Zürich ist die größte Stadt. | Zurich is the largest city. | (nominative case) |
In the last example, you need to know that in both English and German, the noun (or pronoun) that follows the verb 'to be' is a predicate noun, for which the correct case is the nominative. That is why, in English, 'It is I' is grammatically correct and 'It is me' is simply incorrect.
The indefinite articles are as follows:
| | Singular | Singular | Singular |
| | NOM. | ACC. | DAT. |
| Masculine | ein | einen | einem |
| Feminine | eine | eine | einer |
| Neuter | ein | ein | einem |
Of course, there are no plural indefinite articles in German or English (ein means "a". "an", or "one"). It is important to see that there is a pattern in the case endings added to ein related to the der-words in the definite articles table above. For example, the dative definite article for masculine nouns is dem—the indefinite article is formed by adding -em onto ein to get einem. The dative definite article for feminine nouns is der—the indefinite is ein plus -er or einer. These ending changes will be covered in greater detail in a future lesson. You will see that there are a number of words (adjectives, for example) whose form relative changes by addition of these endings to signal the case of the noun they modify. Finally, we can see a pattern relationship between these "endings" and the 3rd person pronouns as well:
| | | NOM. | ACC. | DAT. |
| Masculine | indef. article | ein | einen | einem |
| Masculine | 3rd pers. pronoun | er | ihn | ihm |
| Feminine | indef. article | eine | eine | einer |
| Feminine | 3rd pers. pronoun | sie | sie | ihr |
| Neuter | indef. article | ein | ein | einem |
| Neuter | 3rd pers. pronoun | es | es | ihm |
We could construct a similar table to compare the definite articles to the 3rd person pronouns. And in that case, we would also see how the plural definite articles (die, die, den) compare with the third person plural pronouns (sie, sie, ihnen).

## Grammatik 4-3 ~ Interrogatives

You have encountered nearly all of the interrogatives commonly used in German (review Grammatik 1-2):
In a question, interrogatives replace the unknown object and establish the class of answer expected.
| Was haben Sie? | What do you have? | (Expected is a 'thing') |
| Wieviel Arbeit ist zu viel? | How much work is too much? | (Expected is a 'quantity') |
| Wann gehst du nach Hause? | When do you go home? | (Expected is a sense of 'time') |
| Wo ist der Zürichsee? | Where is Lake Zurich? | (Expected is a 'place') |
Note that the English construction for some of the questions differs from the German in that the former uses the progressive form of "do".

## Übersetzung 4-1

Translate the following sentences into German:
* They have a good view of the Alps.
* Lake Zurich is very beautiful.
   * Antworten >