OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arithmetic/Introduction to Arithmetic

Whether you're a scientist or a shopper you need arithmetic. There are all sorts of situations where it is useful to be able to count, measure, and communicate quantities. Arithmetic is the study of numerical quantities. At least a basic understanding of arithmetic is fundamental in the study of algebra and all other mathematical studies. This book assumes that the reader already understands some mathematics but wishes to relearn it in a more formal manner.

## Basic Operations

There are four basic operations one can perform on different numeric quantities (as well as other mathematical objects which you will encounter later). These are:
* Addition ($+$)
* Subtraction ($-$)
* Multiplication ($\times$)
* Division ($\div$)
There are further operations past these but they are more advanced than the scope of this book and are less likely to be used in day-to-day life.

## Equals

It is also important to understand that the equals sign means that the things on both sides are of equal value, and that $=$ is not an operator.
When you see an $=$ sign, say to yourself Same value, different appearance.
← How This Textbook Is Organized · Working with Integers →
# Arithmetic/How This Textbook Is Organized

This textbook is organized by parts and then into sections and subsections. The parts get more advanced as you work through the textbook, and the sections build off of one another until the reader has a substantial working knowledge of the material for that part of the textbook. Skipping any part of this textbook is not advised.
Introduction to Arithmetic →
# Arithmetic/Introduction

Arithmetic is the study of numerical quantities. At least a basic understanding of arithmetic is fundamental in the study of algebra and many other mathematical studies.

## Basic Operations

There are four basic operations one can perform on different numeric quantities (as well as other mathematical objects which you will encounter later). These are:
* addition
* subtraction
* multiplication
* division

## Equals

It is also important to understand that the equals sign (in this book, '$=$' ) means that the things on both sides are of equal value, and that $=$ is not an operator.
When you see an $=$ sign, say to yourself Same value, different appearance.
# Arithmetic/Exponents/Answers

2$^3$ = (2*2*2) = 8 and 3$^2$ = (3*3) = 9
# Arithmetic/Exponents/Exercise Answers
## This answer is worth 0–2 points.

10. $3^{2}/3^{2}=9/9=1$
# Active Server Pages/Debugging
## Dumping a variable

Variables are easily dumped in asp using the following idiom:
# Active Server Pages/Differences between ASP 3.0 and ASP.NET

The most important difference between ASP and ASP.Net is that ASP uses interpreted VBScript or JScript, and ASP.net uses any .Net language (including VB.Net, C#, J#, etc.) compiled.
ASP 3.0 left all its code in the front of the application. There was no way for a programmer to "hide" the sensitive code which he or she may not want anybody to see. The fact that the code was interpreted also slowed performance. ASP.NET allows the programmer to create dynamic link libraries containing the sensitive code. This may be a disadvantage from an open-source perspective but compiling code into dll's greatly improves performance.
ASP.NET is firmly rooted in XML. Customarily, the dlls that ASP.NET creates start out as namespaces. All of the classes in the namespaces are then compiled into a single dll binary.
* ASP is mostly written using VB Script and HTML intermixed. Presentation and business logic is intermixed while ASP.NET can be written in several .NET compliant languages such as C# or VB.NET.
* ASP has maximum of 4 built in classes like Request, Response, Session and Application whereas ASP.NET using .NET framework classes which has more than 2000 built-in classes.
* ASP does not have any server based components whereas ASP.NET offers several server based components like Button, TextBox etc. and event driven processing can be done at server.
* ASP doesn't support Page level transactions whereas ASP.NET supports Page level transactions.
* ASP.NET offers web development for mobile devices which alters the content type (wml or chtml etc.) based on the device.
* ASP.NET allows separation of business and presentation logic because the code need not be included directly in the *.aspx page.
* ASP.NET uses languages which are fully object oriented languages like C# and also supports cross language support.
* ASP.NET offers support for Web Services and rich data structures like DataSet which allows disconnected data processing.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat stroke

Heat stroke is a less common but far more serious condition than heat exhaustion, since it carries a 20 percent fatality rate. The main feature of heatstroke is the extremely high body temperature, 105 °F (41 °C) or higher, that accompanies it. In heatstroke, the victim has a breakdown of the sweating mechanism and is unable to eliminate excessive body heat built up while exercising. If the body temperature rises too high, the brain, kidneys, and liver may be permanently damaged.
Sometimes the victim may have preliminary symptoms, such as headache, nausea, dizziness, or weakness. Breathing will be deep and rapid at first, later shallow and almost absent. Usually the victim will be flushed, very dry, and very hot. The pupils will be constricted (pinpoint) and the pulse fast and strong.
When you provide first aid for heatstroke, remember that this is a true life-and-death emergency. The longer the victim remains overheated, the higher the chances of irreversible body damage or even death occurring. First aid treatment for heatstroke is designed to reduce body heat. Reduce body heat immediately by dousing the body with cold water, or applying wet, cold towels to the whole body. Move the victim to the coolest possible place and remove as much clothing as possible. Maintain an open airway. Place the victim on his/her back, with the head and shoulders slightly raised. If cold packs are available, place them under the arms, around the neck, at the ankles, and in the groin. Expose the victim to a fan or air-conditioner since drafts will promote cooling. Immersing the victim in a cold water bath is also effective. Give the victim (if conscious) cool water to drink. Do not give any hot drinks or stimulants. Get the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible. Cooling measures must be continued while the victim is being transported.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hypothermia

Hypothermia is caused by continued exposure to low or rapidly falling temperatures, cold moisture, snow, or ice. Those exposed to low temperatures for extended periods may suffer ill effects, even if they are well protected by clothing, because cold affects the body systems slowly, almost without notice. As the body cools, there are several stages of progressive discomfort and disability. The first symptom is shivering, which is an attempt to generate heat by repeated contractions of surface muscles. This is followed by a feeling of listlessness, indifference, and drowsiness. Unconsciousness can follow quickly. Shock becomes evident as the victim’s eyes assume a glassy stare, respiration becomes slow and shallow, and the pulse is weak or absent. As the body temperature drops even lower, peripheral circulation decreases and the extremities become susceptible to freezing. Finally, death results as the core temperature of the body approaches 80 °F (27 °C). The steps for treatment of hypothermia are as follows:
* Carefully observe respiratory effort and heart beat; CPR may be required while the warming process is underway.
* Rewarm the victim as soon as possible. It may be necessary to treat other injuries before the victim can be moved to a warmer place. Severe bleeding must be controlled and fractures splinted over clothing before the victim is moved.
* Replace wet or frozen clothing and remove anything that constricts the victim’s arms, legs, or fingers, interfering with circulation.
* If the victim is inside a warm place and is conscious, the most effective method of warming is immersion in a tub of warm (100° to 105 °F or 38° to 41 °C) water. The water should be warm to the elbow - never hot. Observe closely for signs of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest (rewarming shock). Rewarming shock can be minimized by warming the body trunk before the limbs to prevent vasodilation in the extremities with subsequent shock due to blood volume shifts.
* If a tub is not available, apply external heat to both sides of the victim. Natural body heat (skin to skin) from two rescuers is the best method. This is called “buddy warming.” If this is not practical, use hot water bottles or an electric rewarming blanket. Do not place the blanket or bottles next to bare skin, however, and be careful to monitor the temperature of the artificial heat source, since the victim is very susceptible to burn injury. Because the victim is unable to generate adequate body heat, placement under a blanket or in a sleeping bag is not sufficient treatment.
* If the victim is conscious, give warm liquids to drink. Never give alcoholic beverages or allow the victim to smoke.
* Dry the victim thoroughly if water is used for rewarming.
* As soon as possible, transfer the victim to a definitive care facility. Be alert for the signs of respiratory and cardiac arrest during transfer, and keep the victim warm.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Head injury

Head wounds must be treated with particular care, since there is always the possibility of brain damage. The general treatment for head wounds is the same as that for other fresh wounds. However, certain special precautions must be observed if you are giving first aid to a person who has suffered a head wound.
* NEVER GIVE ANY MEDICINE.
* Keep the victim lying flat, with the head at the level of the body. Do not raise the feet if the face is flushed. If the victim is having trouble breathing, you may raise the head slightly.
* If the wound is at the back of the head, turn the victim on his or her side.
* Watch closely for vomiting and position the head to avoid getting vomit or saliva into the lungs.
* Do not use direct pressure to control bleeding if the skull is depressed or obviously fractured.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ice rescue

The first rule of performing an ice rescue is to not run out to the victim. Remember, the ice was not strong enough to hold one person, so it is very unlikely that it will hold you.

## Call for help

    Before you do anything, call 911. Use a cell phone, or send someone else to make the call.

## Reassure the victim

    Tell the victim to remain calm, that you are aware of his predicament, and that you are going to help.

## Reach out

    Then see if there is anything available that is long enough with which you can reach the victim. Possibilities include tree branches, ladders, paddles, oars, shovels, etc. If necessary, you may lay it on the ice and push it out.

## Throw a line

    If you cannot find anything long enough, look for a rope or a rope-like item such as a garden hose or jumper cables. Throw one end of the rope to the victim.

## Go to the victim

    As a last resort you may have to venture out onto the ice. But don't just walk out there - lay a ladder on the ice and walk on it. This will distribute your weight over a greater area, decreasing the chances of another break (but not eliminating that chance). When you get to the end of the ladder, roll off, and laying next to it, scoot it out farther. If the ladder still does not reach the victim, get back on it and continue. Do this until you can extend the ladder to the victim.
If you cannot find a large object such as a ladder, take something else - anything. You'll need something to reach out to the victim with so that you do not have to go all the way to the edge of the ice hole. This could be your coat for example. Then lay down on the ice - again, you are trying to distribute your weight over a larger area. Scoot over to the victim, and stretch out the item you brought with you, trying to keep your body as far from the edge of the hole as possible. Try to pull victim to safety. Once you get the victim to shore, begin treatment for hypothermia immediately.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Firemans carry

If there are no indications of injury to the spine or an extremity and the victim cannot walk, he can be carried by the Fireman’s Carry The figure here shows the steps of this procedure.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Hammock carry

The three-person hammock carry is very similar to the two-person carry, except that three people are involved: One positioned at the victim's calves, one at the hips, and the third person at the shoulders. The carriers kneel on their knee nearest the victim's feet. The person at the victim's head gives the command, and all three lift the victim to their knees simultaneously. The victim is then turned so that he faces the rescuers. The person at the head then gives the command and the three rescuers stand.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is the most common condition caused by working or exercising in hot spaces. Heat exhaustion produces a serious disruption of blood flow to the brain, heart, and lungs. This causes the victim to experience weakness, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, and nausea.
Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion are similar to those of shock: the victim will appear ashen gray; the skin will be cold, moist, and clammy; and the pupils of the eyes may be dilated (enlarged). The vital (blood pressure, temperature, pulse, and respiration) signs usually are normal; however, the victim may have a weak pulse together with rapid and shallow breathing.
Body temperature may be below normal. You should treat heat exhaustion victims as if they were in shock. Loosen the clothing, apply cool wet cloths, move the victim to either a cool or an air-conditioned area, and fan the victim. Do not allow the person to become chilled. If the victim is conscious, administer a solution of 1 teaspoon of salt dissolved in a quart of cool water. If the victim vomits, do not give any more fluids. Transport the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Forearm splint

There are two long bones in the forearm, the radius and the ulna. When both are broken, the arm usually appears to be deformed. When only one is broken, the other acts as a splint and the arm retains a more or less natural appearance. Any fracture of the forearm is likely to result in pain, tenderness, inability to use the forearm, and a kind of wobbly motion at the point of injury. If the fracture is open, a bone will show through. If the fracture is open, stop the bleeding and treat the wound. Apply a sterile dressing over the wound. Carefully straighten the forearm. (Remember that rough handling of a closed fracture may turn it into an open fracture.) Apply two well-padded splints to the forearm, one on the top and one on the bottom. Be sure that the splints are long enough to extend from the elbow to the wrist. Use bandages to hold the splints in place. Put the forearm across the chest. The palm of the hand should be turned in, with the thumb pointing upward. Support the forearm in this position by means of a wide sling and a cravat bandage (see illustration). The hand should be raised about 4 inches above the level of the elbow. Treat the victim for shock and evacuate as soon as possible.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heart attack

A heart attack is when blood supply to part of the heart is interrupted causing heart tissue to die. Symptoms of a heart attack include severe chest pain, looking pale, sweating, and feeling sick. A heart attack is a medical emergency, and it is a leading cause of death for both men and women.
First aid includes the following:
* Seek emergency medical assistance immediately.
* Help the patient to rest in a position which minimizes breathing difficulties. A half-sitting position with knees bent is often recommended.
* Give access to more oxygen, e.g. by opening the window and widening the collar for easier breathing; but keep the patient warm, e.g. by a blanket or a jacket
* Give aspirin, if the patient is not allergic to aspirin. Aspirin inhibits formation of further blood clots.
** Non-coated or soluble preparations are preferred. These should be chewed or dissolved, respectively, to facilitate quicker absorption. If the patient cannot swallow, the aspirin can be placed under the tongue.
** U.S. guidelines recommend a dose of 160 – 325 mg.
** Australian guidelines recommend a dose of 150 – 300 mg.
* If it has been prescribed for the patient, give nitroglycerin tablets under the tongue.
* Monitor pulse, breathing, level of consciousness and, if possible, the blood pressure of the patient continually.
* Administer CPR if the victim is unconscious and non-breathing.
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Metabolism/Metabolism2

* INTERMEDIATE

## How are food molecules broken down to make energy?

The major food molecule in living organisms is a sugar called glucose. Most carbohydrates (sugars and starches) are converted into glucose before they are broken down in the cytosol to release energy. The series of steps where glucose is broken down to release energy begins with a metabolic pathway called glycolysis. Glycolysis is the "lysing" or cutting of glucose to release energy. The six carbon sugar, glucose, is cut in half and converted into two three-carbon sugars called pyruvate. What happens next depends on the presence or absence of oxygen.
If oxygen is present, then glucose can be broken all the way down into carbon dioxide and water. This process is called aerobic respiration because it requires air (oxygen). In the absence of oxygen, the cell uses a process called anaerobic fermentation. or simply fermentation. Fermentation doesn't break the sugar down any further, it simply helps reset the system so that more sugar can be broken down.
Because aerobic respiration breaks the sugar all the way down, it releases much more energy than fermentation.

## What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$ + 6 O$_2$ → 6 CO$_2$ + 6 H$_2$O + energy
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water + energy

## How is energy stored in the cell?

In living cells, energy is stored in the form of high energy molecules. The most common is a molecule that we call ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). ATP is a nucleic acid containing three high energy phosphate groups. It breaks off these groups to release measured amounts of energy. When ATP loses one phosphate group, it becomes Adenosine diphosphate (ADP). When ATP loses two phosphate groups it becomes adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
Many reactions in the cell are directly run by ATP. ATP drives reactions as varied as moving flagella, pumping salt through pores, and making muscles move. Because ATP has so many uses, it has been called "the currency of the cell".
There are other energy storing molecules found in cells. For the most part, these molecules must be converted into ATP for the cell to use them. This occurs in the mitochondria by a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

## Why do we need to breathe oxygen to live?

Very simple organisms (e.g. bacteria) do not need much energy to live. Humans, however, require large amounts of energy to run their bodies. Fermentation produces two ATP molecules for every glucose molecule consumed. Humans need more energy than can be provided simply by fermentation alone. Therefore, humans must use aerobic respiration which produces 36 or 38 ATP's for each glucose molecule consumed.
(See the advanced page for more information about why humans need oxygen to live.)
Easy
Advanced
* INTERMEDIATE
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Microscopes

* EASY

# How do we see things that are very small?

In order to see things that are smaller than the eye can see, we use tools called microscopes. Light can be bent by pieces of glass called lenses, and this is how magnifying glasses are made that make images look bigger.
A magnifying glass is a simple microscope. If you place one magnifying glass over another one, you can make an image appear larger than it appears with only one magnifying glass. A microscope that uses two or more lenses to magnify an image is called a compound microscope.

### Types of Microscopes
#### Compound light microscopes

Biologists today have many types of microscopes that they use to observe cells, but the most commonly used is the compound light microscope. A compound light microscope uses light bent by glass lenses to magnify a thin sample of something. Living cells can be observed with a compound light microscope.

#### Electron microscope

An electron microscope can see objects smaller than cells such as details inside bacterial cells, and the structures of large proteins and viruses. Most samples must be killed (fixed) before they can be observed by an electron microscope. An electron microscope uses electrons instead of light to view an image. This gives an image with a higher resolution.
A transmission electron microscope shines electrons straight through a sample just as a compound light microscope shines light through a sample. A scanning electron microscope bounces electrons off of the surface of sample. Both types of microscope view the image projected on a surface like a television screen.

#### Proximity probe microscopes

A proximity probe microscope uses a very sharp probe that glides across the surface of a sample. The image is composited by a computer. Proximity probe microscopes vary by the type of probe, and by what it measures. Some proximity probe microscopes can detect individual atoms and molecules.
An atomic force microscope is a type of proximity probe microscope that moves across the surface of an object like a blind person reading in braille. It tilts up and down due to the atomic forces of the surface below, and this can be measured to make an image.
* EASY