OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# OpenMP/Reductions
## Summing floating point numbers

For our first parallel program, we turn to an age-old problem: summing an array of floating point numbers. The basic algorithm to solve this problem is so simple that it allows us to focus on OpenMP features rather than algorithmic details, but we'll see in a bit that the problem is actually less trivial than it appears at first.
Without further ado, here's a sequential algorithm to sum a list of floating point numbers:
As far as algorithms go, this one is as simple as it gets. Put the definition above in a file isum.c (iterative sum).
    If you have experience dealing with floating point numbers, you might be tempted to make total a double instead of a float for added precision. Don't do that just yet, as we'll solve the precision issue in a different way in a bit.
To test our algorithm, we need a driver program, which we'll put in a file main.c:
And finally we need some way to build this program. On Linux/Unix/OS X, the following Makefile should do the job. It assumes you're using GCC.
Now compile the program with make sum, run it and see how fast it is with a tool such as time. If it's too fast to measure, consider changing N to a larger number, or run sum in a loop instead of just once.

### A parallel way of summing

We had to go through a bit of setup, but now we're ready to make a parallel sum algorithm for floating point numbers. Here it is:
#pragma omp parallel for turns the loop into a parallel loop. If you have two cores, OpenMP will (probably) use two threads that each run half of the loop. The reduction(+:total) declares that we're reducing the input array by summing into the variable total, so after the partial loops are done, their results must be summed into this variable.
Put this in isum.c and recompile. Now run the program. Do you get the same output as before?
    Exercise: run the program with various settings for the environment variable OMP_NUM_THREADS, which controls the size of the thread pool that OpenMP uses. Try 1, 2, 4 and 8. Do you see the same results for each setting? Now try absurdly large number of threads, e.g. 16000. How does this affect performance?
    Exercise: the dot product of two vectors is the sum of products of their respective entries, $\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}b_{i}$. Adapt the sum function to a dot function for computing dot products in parallel.
# OpenOffice.org/Applications
### Writer

"WRITER has everything you would expect from a modern, fully equipped word processor." --Writer Website
Writer is the OpenOffice.org Word Proccessor. If you can use MS Word then you can use Writer. The basic interface is very similar. However, there are parts of writer that are unique to writer.
More information can be found in our Writer Tutorial

### Calc

"CALC is the spreadsheet program you've always wanted. Newcomers find it intuitive and easy to learn; professional data miners and number crunchers will appreciate the comprehensive range of advanced functions." --Calc Website Calc is the OpenOffice.org Spreadsheet Program.
More information can be found in our Calc Tutorial

### Impress

"IMPRESS is a truly outstanding tool for creating effective multimedia presentations. Your presentations will stand out with 2D and 3D clip art, special effects, animation, and high-impact drawing tools." --Impress Website
Impress is a presentation tool, similar to PowerPoint.

### Draw

"DRAW - from a quick sketch to a complex plan, DRAW gives you the tools to communicate with graphics and diagrams." --Draw Website
Draw is a vector-based graphic program, similar to Corel Draw or Inkscape. It can be used to insert graphics into the other OOo programs.

### Base

"New to Version 2, BASE enables you to manipulate database data seamlessly within OpenOffice.org. Create and modify tables, forms, queries, and reports, either using your own database or BASE’s own built-in HSQL database engine. BASE offers a choice of using Wizards, Design Views, or SQL Views for beginners, intermediate, and advanced users." -- Base website
The OpenOffice documentation for BASE does not have very much useful information for beginner users. However, a very useful walkthrough for BASE is available at the OpenOffice.org Forums here.

### Math

Math is a program for creating mathmetical equations, which can be inserted into the other OOo programs. It is similar to Equation Editor in Microsoft Word.
    Instruction on using Math?

### Others

    Instruction on using other applications in the suite?
# Programming Fundamentals/Input-Process-Output Model
## Overview

The input–process–output (IPO) model is a widely used approach in systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or another process. The IPO model is the most basic structure for describing a process.

## Discussion

A computer program or any other sort of process using the input-process-output model receives inputs from a user or other source, does some computations on the inputs, and returns the results of the computations. The system divides the work into three categories:
* A requirement from the environment (input)
* A computation based on the requirement (process)
* A provision for the environment (output)
For example, a program might be written to convert Fahrenheit temperatures into Celsius temperatures. Following the IPO model, the program must:
* Ask the user for the Fahrenheit temperature (input)
* Perform a calculation to convert the Fahrenheit temperature into the corresponding Celsius temperature (process)
* Display the Celsius temperature (output)

### Flowchart
## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
* Flowgorithm – Flowchart Programming Language
* ↑ Wikipedia: IPO model
* ↑ Wikipedia: IPO model
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction Examples CSharp
## Overview

C# is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. It was developed around 2000 by Microsoft within its .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) and ISO (ISO/IEC 23270:2006). C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure.
C# is one of the most popular current programming languages, is the primary language for Windows application development and is often used in computer science and gaming courses.

## Example
### Discussion

Each code element represents:Programming Fundamentals/Hello World
* // begins a comment
* public class Hello begins the Hello World program
* { begins a block of code
* public static void Main begins the main function
* System.Console.WriteLine calls the standard output write line function
* "Hello world!" is the literal string to be displayed
* ; ends each line of C# code
* } ends a block of code

## C# IDEs

There are many free cloud-based and local IDEs available to begin coding in C#. Check with your instructor or do your own research for recommendations.

### Cloud-Based IDEs

* CodeChef
* C# Pad
* .NET Fiddle
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* Rextester
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

### Local IDEs

* Wikipedia: Microsoft Visual Studio
* Wikipedia: Visual Studio Code

## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
* ↑ Wikipedia: C Sharp (programming language)
* ↑ TIOBE: Index
# Programming Fundamentals/Inheritance and Polymorphism
## Overview

In object-oriented programming, inheritance is the mechanism of basing an object or class upon another object (prototypical inheritance) or class (class-based inheritance), retaining similar implementation. In most class-based object-oriented languages, an object created through inheritance (a “child object”) acquires all the properties and behaviors of the parent object (except: constructors, destructor, overloaded operators and friend functions of the base class). Inheritance allows programmers to create classes that are built upon existing classes, to specify a new implementation while maintaining the same behaviors (realizing an interface), to reuse code and to independently extend original software via public classes and interfaces.

## Discussion

Inheritance is a way of arranging objects in a hierarchy from the most general to the most specific. An object which inherits from another object is considered to be a subtype of that object. An example might include Instructor and Student, each of which inherit from Person. When we can describe the relationship between two objects using the phrase is-a, that relationship is inheritance.
We also often say that a class is a subclass or child class of a class from which it inherits, or that the other class is its superclass or parent class. We can refer to the most generic class at the base of a hierarchy as a base class.
Inheritance can help us to represent objects which have some differences and some similarities in the way they work. We can put all the functionality that the objects have in common in a base class, and then define one or more subclasses with their own custom functionality.
Inheritance is also a way of reusing existing code easily. If we already have a class which does almost what we want, we can create a subclass in which we partially override some of its behavior, or perhaps add some new functionality.
In some statically typed languages inheritance is very popular because it allows the programmer to work around some of the restrictions of static typing. If an instructor and a student are both a kind of person, we can write a function which accepts a parameter of type Person and have it work on both instructor and student objects because they both inherit from Person. This is known as polymorphism.

## Key Terms
### inheritance

    An object or class being based on another object or class, using the same implementation or specifying a new implementation to maintain the same behavior.

### polymorphism

    The provision of a single interface to entities of different types.

## References

* Read the Docs: Object-Oriented Programming in Python
* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
* ↑ Wikipedia: Inheritance (object-oriented programming)
* ↑ Wikipedia: Inheritance (object-oriented programming)
* ↑ Wikipedia: Polymorphism (computer science)
# Programming Fundamentals/Input and Output
## Overview

Input and output, or I/O are how an information processing system communicates with the outside world, a human, or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.

## Discussion

Every task done on the computer happens inside the central processing unit (CPU) and the associated memory. Once our program is loaded into memory and the operating system directs the CPU to start executing our programming statements the computer looks like this:
Our program, now loaded into memory, has basically two areas:
* Machine instructions – our instructions for what we want done
* Data storage – our variables that we're using in our program
Often our program contains instructions to interact with the input/output devices. We need to move data into (write) and/or out of (read) the memory data area. A device is a piece of equipment that is electronically connected to the memory so that data can be transferred between the memory and the device. Historically this was done with punched cards and printouts. Tape drives were used for electronic storage. With time we migrated to using disk drives for storage with keyboards and monitors (with monitor output called soft copy) replacing punch cards and printouts (called hard copy).
Most computer operating systems and by extension programming languages have identified the keyboard as the standard input device and the monitor as the standard output device. Often the keyboard and monitor are treated as the default device when no other specific device is indicated.

## Key Terms
### default device

    The device the computer sends information to if none is specified.

### device

    A piece of equipment that is electronically connected to the memory so that data can be transferred between the memory and the device.

### escape code

    A code directing an output device to do something.

### extraction

    Aka reading or getting data from an input device.

### insertion

    Aka writing or sending data to an output device.

### standard input

    The keyboard.

### standard output

    The monitor.

## References

* cnx.org: Programming Fundamentals – A Modular Structured Approach using C++
* ↑ Wikipedia: Input/output
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction Examples C++
## Overview

C++ is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs starting in 1979 as an extension of the C language. The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998.
C++ is one of the most popular current programming languages and is often used in computer science courses.

## Example
### Discussion

Each code element represents:
* // begins a comment
* #include <iostream> includes standard input and output streams
* int main begins the main function, which returns an integer value
* { begins a block of code
* std::cout is standard output
* << directs the next element to standard output
* "Hello world!" is the literal string to be displayed
* ; ends each line of C++ code
* } ends a block of code

## C++ IDEs

There are many free cloud-based and local IDEs available to begin coding in C++. Check with your instructor or do your own research for recommendations.

### Cloud-Based IDEs

* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

### Local IDEs

* Wikipedia: Code::Blocks
* Wikipedia: Dev-C++
* Wikipedia: Microsoft Visual Studio

## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
* ↑ Wikipedia: C++
* ↑ TIOBE: Index
* ↑ Programming Fundamentals/Hello World
# Pediatric Medicine/Resuscitation/Definition of Neonatal Resuscitation

Neonatal Resuscitation is intervention after a baby is born to help it breathe and to help its heart beat.
* Before a baby is born, the placenta provides oxygen and nutrition to the blood and removes carbon dioxide.
* After a baby is born, the lungs provide oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide.
** The transition from using the placenta to using the lungs for gas exchange begins when the umbilical cord is clamped or tied off, and the baby has its first breath.
*** Many babies go through this transition without needing intervention.
*** Some babies need help with establishing their air flow, breathing, or circulation.
**** Resuscitation is helping with Airway, Breathing, and Circulation, also known as the ABCs.
The first few moments of a newborn's life can be the most critical. If needed, effective emergency care during this transition can prevent lifelong consequences. Proper resuscitation requires essential equipment and knowledge of necessary protocols before delivery. Prior knowledge of the gestational age of the newborn is helpful in anticipating the need for resuscitation. Low birth weight and premature delivery predispose infants to the need for resuscitative efforts.
Indications Neonate with the following:
# Pediatric Medicine/Congenital Anomalies/Kidney

Important information about kidneys.....
the left kidney located slightly more superior than the right kidney due to the large size of the liver...
Renal hilus ...provides aspace for the renal artery / vein /ureter to enter the kidney
# Pediatric Medicine/Resuscitation/Environment

references
# Peak Oil: High Tide for an Oil Addicted World/Resources
## Where can I learn more about preparing myself?

You could start by learning how to become more self-sufficient in all aspects of your life. Teach yourself some essential skills that will useful to yourself and others. Here are some resources to get your started.

### Books

    Save Cash and Save the Planet ISBN 000719420X
    The New Complete Book of Self-sufficiency ISBN 0751364428
    The Earth Care Manual: A Permaculture Handbook for Britain and Other Temperate Countries ISBN 185623021X

### Organisations

    Centre for Alternative Technology
    Green Energy Centre

### General self-sufficiency

    http://www.downsizer.net
    http://www.inthewake.org

### Case studies

    http://www.theyellowhouse.org.uk

## Where can I learn more?

There are many resources available both online and in hard copy form. There are also a number of good organisations that work within areas that are of interests such organic farming, permaculture or seed for planting.

### On-line resources

    PowerSwitch
    http://www.downsizer.net
    http://www.lifeaftertheoilcrash.net
    http://www.communitysolution.org
    http://communitiesofthefuture.org
    http://www.geocities.com/holonicfuture

### Books

    Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage - Kenneth S. Deffeyes
    The Earth Care Manual: A Permaculture Handbook for Britain and Other Temperate Countries - Patrick Whitefield
    Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak - Kenneth S. Deffeyes
    Oil, Jihad And Destiny: Will Declining Oil Production Plunge Our Planet Into A Depression? - Ronald R. Cooke
    Oil As a Finite Resource: When Is Global Production Likely to Peak - James J. MacKenzie
# Pediatric Medicine/Resuscitation

In the 1980s The American Academy of Pediatrics and The American Heart Association collaborated to create a Neonatal Resuscitation Program. The Neonatal Resuscitation program sets standards for how health care providers resuscitate newborns. Research is still being done to determine the best way to resuscitate newborns, especially premature babies.
# Pinyin/Border

A border is the line that divides two countries or areas.
bianjieh shih fenkai 2'g guorjia huoh dihqu d xiahn.
# Pinyin/Bought

Search bought
* maai le
* beih maai le; beih…shougouh
# Pinyin/Book

Search Pinyin book
Books are our good teachers and beneficial friends. We should read a wide range of books. That is reading a wide range of books, the meanings are seen. Good books accompany me on my growth. Rich in knowledge, knowledge deep and wide. We should read books often, read more books.
Shū shì wǒmen de liángshīyìyǒu. Wǒmen yīnggāi bólǎnqúnshū. Zhèngsuǒwèi dúshūbǎibiàn, qíyìzìjiàn. Hǎo shū bàn wǒ chéngzhǎng. Zhīshi fēngfù, xuéwèn shēnguǎng. Wǒmen yīnggāi duō dúshū, duō kànshū.
# Pinyin/Botany

Botany is a science which studies about plants. It is a branch of biology, also called plant biology. The scientists who study botany are called botanists.
Zhíwùxué shì yánjiū zhíwù de kēxué. Tā shì shēngwùxué de fēnzhī, yě jiàozuò zhíwù shēngwùxué. Yánjiū zhíwùxué de kēxuéjiā jiàozuò zhíwùxuéjiā.
# Pinyin/Both

See also
# Pinyin/Bone

Bones are parts of the human or animal skeleton of vertebrates. They are stiff organs which make up the endoskeleton. Our body is made of flesh and blood built on a framework of bones. Without our bones, we could not stand up or move about. They also protect organs inside our body. The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs. The teeth support the facial muscles and help us smile. The number of bones in a human's neck is the same as a giraffe's.
Gǔtou shì rén huò jǐzhuīdòngwù gǔgé de bùfèn, shì zǔchéng gǔjià de jiānyìng qìguān. Réntǐ jiànlì zài gǔjià shàng, méiyǒu gǔtou jiù bùnéng zhànlì huò zǒudòng. Gǔtou yě bǎohù réntǐ nèi de qìguān. Tóugǔ bǎohù nǎobù, lèigǔ bǎohù xīnzàng hé fèibù. Yáchǐ zhīchí miànbù jīròu, bāngzhù xiàoróng. Réntǐ jǐngbù de gǔtou shùliàng yǔ chángjǐnglù xiāngtóng.
# Pinyin/Books

Search Pinyin book
Books
Books are my good friends. It teaches me knowledge. It brings me unlimited joys.
shu
shu shih woo d haaoperngyoou. ta jiaohuih woo zhishir. ta geei woo daihlair wurxiahn d lehquh.
# Pinyin/Bookseller

See also
# Pinyin/Born

See also
# Pinyin/Capital

See also

## Noun

* a capital is the city where a country has its government.
** shooudu shih guorjia zhehngfuu d suoozaihdih.
* a capital is the city where a region has its government.
** shooufuu shih dihqu zhehngfuu d suoozaihdih.
# Pinyin/Card

See also
# Pinyin/Cape Verde

Search Pinyin Cape Verde
# Pinyin/Car

Search Pinyin car
A car is a road vehicle with an engine and four wheels that can carry a small number of passengers.
qihche shih yoou 1'g engine her 4'g chelurn d luhshahng jiaotong gongjuh, nerng yuhnzaih shaaoliahng cherngkeh.
# Pinyin/Carbohydrate

Search Pinyin carbohydrate
# Pinyin/Cancer

Search Pinyin cancer
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of cells. It can affect almost any part of the body. The growths often invade surrounding tissue and can spread to other sites.
Áizhèng shì xìbāo bù shòu kòngzhì de zēngzhǎng hé kuòsàn. Tā jīhū kě yǐngxiǎng réntǐ de rènhé bùfèn. Zhǒngliú chángcháng qīnrù zhōuwéi de zǔzhī bìng kě kuòsàn dào qítā bùwèi.
Many cancers can be prevented by avoiding exposure to common risk factors, such as tobacco smoke. In addition, a big proportion of cancers can be cured, by surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, especially if they are found early.
Tōngguò bìmiǎn jiēchù chángjiàn de gāowēi yīnsù (lìrú yāncǎo yānwù), kě yùfáng duōzhǒng áizhèng. Cǐwài, tōngguò shǒushù, fàngliáo huò huàliáo, hěn dà yībùfèn áizhèng kěyǐ zhìyù, yóuqí rúguǒ zài zǎoqī fāxiàn.
# Pinyin/Carbon

Carbon is a very important chemical element, with a chemical symbol of C. All known life on Earth is made from it. Carbon has atomic mass 12 and atomic number 6. It is a non-metallic element.
Tàn shì yīzhǒng fēicháng zhòngyào de huàxué yuánsù, huàxué fúhào shì C. Dìqiú shàng suǒyǒu yǐzhī de shēngwù dōu shì yóu Tàn zǔchéng. Tàn de yuánzǐ zhìliàng shì 12, yuánzǐ xùshù shì 6. Tàn shì fēi-jīnshǔ yuánsù.
# Pinyin/Gluten

Search Pinyin gluten
Gluten is a composite of the proteins gliadin and glutenin. These proteins are found in the endosperms of some grass-like grains such as wheat, rye and barley. Gliadin and glutenin make up about 80% of the protein contained in wheat seed. As they are insoluble in water, they can be got by washing away the starch in the grain. Worldwide, gluten is an important source of food protein.
Miànjīn shì gliadin hé glutenin de fùhéwù. Mǒuxiē cǎolèi gǔwù, rú xiǎomài, hēimài hé dàmài de pēirǔ hányǒu zhèxiē dànbáizhí. Màichúnróngdànbái hé màigǔdànbái yuē zhàn xiǎomài zhǒngzǐ dànbáizhí de 80%. Yóuyú miànjīn bùróngyú shuǐ, kěyǐ xǐqù gǔwù de diànfěn ér dédào. Miànjīn shì shìjiè shíwù dànbáizhí de zhòngyào láiyuán.
# Pinyin/Go

to move from one place to another
corng 1'g dihfang yirdohng daoh bierd dihfang
# Pinyin/Go Underwater

go + underwater
qiarnshuii
# Pinyin/Global

See also
# Pinyin/Go Back

See also
# Pinyin/Gland

A gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance such as hormones for release into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).
Xiàntǐ shì dòngwù tǐnèi de 1-zhǒng qìguān, yòngyǐ héchéng wùzhì rú jīsù shìfàng dào xuèliúxìtǒng (nèifēnmìxiàn) huò jìnrù shēntǐ nèibù kōngqiāng huò wàibù biǎomiàn (wàifēnmìxiàn).
# Linear Algebra/Zero Matrices and Zero Vectors/
## Zero Matrix

A zero matrix is a matrix with all its entries being zero. An example of a zero matrix is
$M={\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}$

## Zero Vector

A zero vector also called a null vector is a vector with all its entries being zero. An example of a zero vector is
${\vec {v}}=(0,0,0,0)$
# Linear Algebra/Vector spaces

Proposition (complex vector space is real vector space):
Let $V$ be a vector space over $\mathbb {C}$. Then $V$ has a vector space structure
Proposition:
Let $V$ be a vector space over $\mathbb {C}$, and let $W\leq V$ be a vector subspace. Then
# Linear Algebra over a Ring
## Table of Contents

* Modules and linear functions
* The lattice of submodules
* Free modules and matrices
* Direct product, direct sum and tensor product
* Homomorphism and dual modules
* Algebrae over a ring
* Determinants
* Modules over Bézout domains
* Modules over principal ideal domains
* Vector spaces
* Multilinear algebra
* Projective and injective modules
* Torsion
* Flat modules
* Finitely generated modules
* Chain complexes of finitely generated free modules
* The universal coefficient theorems in homology and cohomology