OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Java Programming/API/java.lang.AssertionError

This exception is thrown when the boolean expression in an assert statement evaluates to false and the Java -ea option is set.

## External links

* https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/AssertionError.html
# Java Programming/Annotations

* Topics:
* Preface
* Getting started
* Language fundamentals
* Classes and objects
* Aggregate
* Exceptions
* Concurrent Programming
* Javadoc & Annotations
* Designing user interfaces
* Advanced topics
* Navigate Javadoc & Annotations topic: ( v • d • e )
* Javadoc
* Introduction to Annotation
* Creating custom annotations
* Meta-annotations
* Helping the compiler
Javadoc is the Java source code document generator and was introduced with the Java language from version 1.0 . Well commented Java code is supposed to have Javadoc tags. Those tags are in the /** ... */ comment blocks, so the compiler ignores them. A separate utility would read the code and create the Java API html files.
The Javadoc API documentations are well known. The Java JDK classes are coming with Javadoc API documentations. Most popular IDE tools automatically read Javadoc tags and wherever that class, attribute or method are used, the tags content are displayed automatically, when the mouse cursor is over the text.
As Java matured, the "Javadoc concept" was recognized as an excellent tool for other purposes, like generating XML descriptors, or even generating Java code, with the help of the XDoclet open source program.
With the help of the XDoclet program, it was possible to use additional Javadoc tags in the code that this program would understand and generate code or data. For example, Javadoc tags were introduced to generate XML descriptors for EJBs. It introduced an additional step in the build process of an EJB, and compiling the code XDoclet would generate the XML descriptors.
Recognizing its usefulness, in Java 5, annotation was added to the Java language. Annotation tags are NOT inside a comment block. An annotation is part of the class and it may be accessed at runtime.
Wherever XML descriptors were heavily used, now an alternative way is available that is the Java annotation. From EJB 3.0, it is possible to define EJBs without using XML. Also the new JPA (Java Persistent API) uses annotations.
It is important to note, that Javadoc and annotation are two different constructs.
* Javadoc tags are inside a comment block and as such ignored by the compiler.
* Annotation tags are outside of comment blocks and they are type checked by the compiler.
# Java Programming/API/java.lang.Class

The Class<T> is defined in the java.lang package.
There is a Class<T> object for each class in your program. The Class object is loaded from <class-name>.class file once when the object of that type is referenced from the first time. After that it stays in memory. The Class object is responsible to creat all the object instances that belong to that class.
Every array also belongs to a class that is reflected as a Class object that is shared by all arrays with the same element type and number of dimensions. The primitive types (boolean, byte, char, short, int, long, float, and double), and the keyword void are also represented as Class objects. Class has no public constructor. Instead Class objects are constructed automatically by the Java Virtual Machine as classes are loaded
Since JDK 1.5 the class java.lang.Class<T> is generic. It's an interesting example of using genericity for something other than a container/collection class.
For example, the type of String.class is Class<String>, and the type of Serializable.class is Class<Serializable>. This can be used to improve the type safety of your reflection code.
# History of the National Hockey League/Contents
## Table of Contents
### 1917–1942: Founding

* Origins
** Eddie Livingstone
*** Later court battles
* Founding
* Early years
** Joe Malone
** WCHL
* Expansion in the 1920s
* Toronto Maple Leafs
** Maple Leafs Gardens
** Conn Smythe
** Ace Bailey
** 1942 Stanley Cup Finals
* Great Depression
** Initial team foldings
** Howie Morenz
** Chicago's All-American team
** Six-team league
* Rules and innovations
** Clint Benedict

### 1942–1967: Original Six

* World War II and after
* Maurice Richard
* Television
* Dynasties
** Detroit Red Wings
** Toronto Maple Leafs
*** 1967 Stanley Cup Finals
** Montreal Canadiens
* Breaking the colour barrier
* Norris Hockey League
* Expansion
* Rules and innovations
** Goaltending
* Unionization
** Alan Eagleson

### 1967–1992: Expansion era

* Expansion years
** Broad Street Bullies
* World Hockey Associaton
** Bobby Orr
* Summit Series
** Legacy
* Twenty-one teams
* Wayne Gretzky
* Fall of the Iron Curtain
* Rules and innovations
* Entry draft

### 1992–present: Modern era

* Pre-first lockout
* Labour issues
** Background
** 1994–95 lockout
** 2004–05 lockout
* Dead-puck era
* Mario Lemieux
* Post-second lockout
* Rules and innovations

### Appendices

* Timeline of the National Hockey League
* Bibliography
# History of the ODU Art Department/Agnieszka Whelan
## Biography

Born in Poland Came to the US in 2001.

## Art History

Teaching at Old Dominion University since 2001

### Education

MA from Poznan, Poland 1982. Research areas: History of Gardens, gardens of the Enlightenment, gardens of Japan.
# History of the ODU Art Department/Anthony Lichi

Anthony Lichi, Ph.D. Visiting Assistant Professor of Art History

## Biography

Date of birth November 1976 in Anchorage, Alaska. Growing up Dr. Lichi was an avid comic book collector--both Marvel and D.C. His interest in comics, which join text and image, came to fruition in his doctoral studies where he focused on both literature and the visual arts.

## Education

Nyack College (B.A.), The University of Chicago (M.A.) and Indiana University in Bloomington (Double Ph.D. in Comparative Literature and Art History) In addition to a wonderful semester abroad at Keble College in Oxford. Dr. Lichi decided to become a teacher after high school where he was influenced by some exceptional teachers. Some of the influential teachers that touched his life - High school, an English teacher named Jon Holly; in college, Jim Danaher (Philosophy), David Turk (Literature) Stephen Julian (Philosophy) and Richard Heiser (History); at I.U., Giancarlo Maiorino (Art and Literature). These teachers always gave memorable lectures and/or brought out the best in their students in terms of thinking and writing.

### Philosophy of Teaching and Learning

"My philosophy of teaching involves having very high expectations for my students while also working my hardest to give them what they need to succeed. I want my students to leave my classes feeling that they know the subject matter thoroughly, that they have been challenged, and that as a result, they have produced work of which they are extremely proud. My philosophy of learning has to do with approaching an idea from as many different perspectives as possible and always with great skepticism. Practically speaking, when I start learning about something, I don't want to finish until I feel like an expert, even a skeptical one." - Dr. Lichi

### Teaching experience

He started teaching in 2000 at Mt. Carmel H.S. in Chicago teaching Latin. Before coming to Old Dominion University he taught at Indiana University. Dr. Lichi was drawn to ODU because of the location and to the department; he believes there are opportunities for growth in the Art History program.

### Significant Accomplishments

"When I was five or six, I won a coloring contest at a local grocery store. The prize was a copy of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Nothing gives me greater pride." - Dr. Lichi

### Area of Concentration

The Italian Renaissance

## Published Works and Current Research

Currently publishing an article on Michelangelo's Moses will hopefully be in print this fall. In the spring, an article on the Brancacci chapel. His goal is to publish a book in the next 2-3 years on scenes of death in early modern Italian art and literature.

## Positions held as Chair

Currently serving on several committees including one on the department's curriculum.
# History of the ODU Art Department/Carol Hines
## Accomplishments

In the early 1990s she was a supporter of the digital arts and started the computer animation courses.
# History of the National Hockey League/Bibliography
## Books

* Boer, Peter (2006), The Calgary Flames, Overtime Books, ISBN 1-897277-07-5
* Coleman, Charles (1964), Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol I., Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0-8403-2941-5
* Diamond, Dan (1991), The Official National Hockey League 75th Anniversary Commemorative Book, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-6727-5
* Diamond, Dan; Zweig, Eric (2003), Hockey's Glory Days: The 1950s and '60s, Andrews McMeel Publishing, ISBN 0740738291
* Gillmor, Don (2001), Canada: A People's History, vol. two, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-3341-9
* Holzman, Morey; Nieforth, Joseph (2002), Deceptions and Doublecross: How the NHL Conquered Hockey, Dundurn Press, ISBN 1-55002-413-2
* MacSkimming, Roy (1996), Cold War, Greystone Books, ISBN 978-0-385-66465-3
* McCown, Bob (2007), McCown's Law: The 100 Greatest Hockey Arguments, Doubleday Canada, ISBN 1-55054-473-X
* McFarlane, Brian (1990), 100 Years of Hockey, Summerhill Press, ISBN 0-929091-26-4
* McFarlane, Brian (2004), Best of the Original Six, Fenn Publishing Company, ISBN 1-55168-263-X
* McKinley, Michael (2006), Hockey: A People's History, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-5769-5
* Pincus, Arthur (2006), The Official Illustrated NHL History, Readers Digest, ISBN 0-88850-800-X
* Podnieks, Andrew (2003), Honoured members: The Hockey Hall of Fame, Fenn Publishing, ISBN 1-55168-239-7
* Sandor, Steven (2005), The Battle of Alberta: A Century of Hockey's Greatest Rivalry, Heritage House, ISBN 1-894974-01-8
* Willes, Ed (2004), The Rebel League: The Short and Unruly Life of the World Hockey Association, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-8947-3
* Wong, John Chi-Kit (2001), The Development of Professional Hockey and the Making of the National Hockey League, University of Maryland College Park, ISBN 9780493368948

## Websites

* NHL.com—History
* Hockey: A People's History by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
# History of the ODU Art Department/Bill Wagner
## Concentration

Bill taught and concentrated on drawing

## Funny ODU story

He would frequently invite his students to his studio which was quite small and play the bag pipes which was VERY LOUD for the space. The music of the bag pipes were meant to carry for miles over the bogs so you can imagine.
# Tokelau Islands

* Meter stamps from this adhesive-stamp issuing country have not been seen or reported.
# Tristan Da Cunha

* Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It has a population of only about 300 permanent inhabitants and so has little need for postage meters. Although it does issue traditional postage stamps - mainly for the philatelic trade - no meter stamp has ever been generated on this South Atlantic island.
# Turkmenistan

* Turkmenistan was a region of the former Soviet Union and became an independent country in 1991. Post independence meter stamps with old Soviet Union markings (“CCCP”, hammer and sickle logo) are known used, but franks with Soviet inscriptions removed or inscribed with the new country name have not yet been reported. It is probable that such stamps do exist.
# Togo

* Previous to full independence in 1960 Togo was a unit within FRENCH WEST AFRICA. See that country for issues before 1959.
* All stamps are inscribed “REPUBLIQUE DU TOGO” or “REPUBLIQUE TOGOLAISE”.
1. Satas “P” (MV), 1959. [$20]
    Post Office Official stamp.
    Frank with “REPUBLIQUE/ DU TOGO” at top.
    Date figures tall.
    Hour between TM and frank.
    M# “SP2000” only.
                                           TM: SC
                                           V/F: ★00
2. Satas “R” (MV), 1963.
    Frank with “REPUBLIQUE/ TOGOLAISE” at top.
    M# with “SR” or “SR-” prefix.
                                                 A. Date figures tall. V/F: ★ 00 (M# 7243 only) [$25]
                                                 B. Date figures short. V/F: ★000
    TM: SC
NOTE: The stamp at right has M# SR-7253 but is otherwise considerably different from a normal Type 2. The spacing is wrong, and the date and value figures are crudely made. The stamp may be a fake or it could be the result of a local re-build or extensive repairs.
3 . Satas “SL” (MV), 1984 or earlier. [$10]
    As Type 2 but meter number with "SL" prefix.
    Date figures have short dash between D and M if the month is a single digit (1-9).
    TM: SC
    V/F: ★000
4. Unidentified (MV), 1993.
    A meter stamp dated 1993 with meter number starting with “P1” was reported but has not been seen by us.
    Used by the Bank Togolaise de Development, Lome.
5 . Satas “SC” (MV), 2000.
    As Types 2 and 3 but meter number with "SC" prefix.
    TM: SC
    V/F: 0000
# Timor-Leste (East Timor)

* A former colony of Portugal, Timor-Leste became an independent nation on 20 May 2002.
* Only one meter design has been reported so far, and it was used prior to fully recognized independence.
1. "Machine C" (MV), 2001.
                                                    Post Office stamp.
                                                    Frank printed on wide, off-white, self-adhesive label with underprint.
                                                    Underpint consists of "CORREIOS / DE TIMOR LESTE" repeated across the top.
                                                    Frameless design with point-of-sale data added in black.
                                                    "FRANQUIA" at top left, value figures at top right.
                                                    Post office name at center left.
                                                    Identification number at lower left, date at lower right.
                                                    V/F: $0.00
                                                       a. Printed on label without underprint
NOTE: "Machine C" is from an unidentified manufacturer of several Portuguese Post Office franking machines including the model behind Portugal Type PO-B7 (which corresponds to Timor-Leste Type 1).
# Tonga

* Meter stamps from this adhesive-stamp issuing country have not been seen or reported.
# The Gambia

Meter stamps from this adhesive-stamp issuing country are not known to exist.
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 3

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write さ、し、す、せ、そ. Adding two small lines called 濁(だく)点(てん) dakuten, but commonly known simply as 点々(てんてん) tenten, meaning "two marks", causes clear sounds to change to their voiced sound. Thus, adding the 点々(てんてん) tenten marks to さ、し、す、せ、and そ will produce ざ、じ、ず、ぜ、ぞ.

## Clear sounds

| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | sa | za |
| Mnemonic: | The horizontal line is a saw (sa) cutting through an apple tree branch, and the round part is the apple. | |
| Example: | さら (sara) plate さけ (sake) rice wine さわる (sawaru) to touch | ざんねん (zannen) too bad, regrettable ざんぎょう (zangyou) overtime (work) ざいがい (zaigai) overseas |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | shi (help·info) | ji |
| Mnemonic: | She (shi) has very long hair. | |
| Example: | した (shita) below; rude しぬ (shinu) to die しる (shiru) to know | じぶん (jibun) oneself じしょ (jisho) dictionary じごく (jigoku) hell |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | su | zu |
| Mnemonic: | It's someone who committed suicide by hanging. Tie a knot to a "T" | |
| Example: | する (suru) to do すみません (sumimasen) excuse me すごい (sugoi) awesome, terrific すし sushi | ずるい (zurui) sly, cunning ずいい (zuii) optional ずいちょう (zuichou) good omen |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | se | ze |
| Mnemonic: | It's the face of a person named Seth (se). A guy has his arm wrapped around the girl and says "say you love me" | |
| Example: | せんたく (sentaku) laundry せなか (senaka) back (of the body) せまい (semai) confined, small, cramped | ぜひとも (zehitomo) by all means ぜんぶ (zenbu) all, entire ぜん (zen) Zen (Buddhism) |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | so | zo |
| Mnemonic: | There are SO many lines at the top of this symbol, and SO few at the bottom. Think to the sign of "Zorro" plus a fox tail The zig-zag of a sewing stitch. | |
| Example: | そら (sora) sky そば (soba) Japanese buckwheat noodles そと (soto) outside | ぞう (zou) elephant ぞうき (zouki) internal organs ぞうり (zouri) sandals |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 7

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write "ま", "み", "む", "め" and "も".
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ma |
| Mnemonic: | My ma (mother) has power lines running through her front yard (because ま looks like power lines). Looks like the mast of a ship. |
| Example: | まくら (makura) pillow まく (maku) to sow (seeds) まち (machi) town |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | mi |
| Mnemonic: | I am the little line on the right. The big, curling line on the left is elaborately pointing at me (mi). Silly me (mi), I started to draw a 7, then changed my mind and drew a 2, then changed my mind and drew a four. |
| Example: | みせ (mise) store みみ (mimi) ear みず (mizu) water |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | mu |
| Mnemonic: | It looks like the face of a sad cow (moo!). The bottom trough is his nose and the short lines are the eyes. |
| Example: | むし (mushi) insect むすめ (musume) daughter むい (mui) unintentional |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | me |
| Mnemonic: | The two middle lines met (me) in the center of the ring. It is a knot tied around your finger to jog your memory. You can tell it's different from nu (ぬ) because it's less of a mess. |
| Example: | め (me) eye めん (men) cotton めす (mesu) female (animal) |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | mo |
| Mnemonic: | This is a very greedy symbol. It already has two lines, and it's waving it's arm, gesturing for more. It is a fish hook with two pieces of bait to catch more fish. |
| Example: | もも (momo) peach もん (mon) gate もり (mori) forest |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 8

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write "や", "ゆ" and "よ".
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ya |
| Mnemonic: | Someone shouting 'Ya!' as they punch through a board. |
| Example: | やま (yama) mountain やえいち (yaeichi) campsite やせい (yasei) wild, rough |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | yu |
| Mnemonic: | Picture a monkey sitting on a curled tree trunk. The monkey says, "Hey you!" (yu). It could also be you with your arm around another's arm. You are cutting up a fish. |
| Example: | ゆらぐ (yuragu) to tremble ゆめ (yume) dream ゆげ (yuge) steam |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | yo |
| Mnemonic: | Yoyo - It's a hand playing a yoyo. First you draw the hand, and then the yoyo itself. Alternatively, imagine a Y conjoined with an O. |
| Example: | よこう (yokou) rehearsal ようかい (youkai) ghost, demon よあけ (yoake) dawn |

## Yōon Hiragana

Certain sounds ending with -い(i) ( き(ki), し(shi), ち(chi), に(ni), ひ(hi), み(mi), り(ri) and their voiced variants) can be followed by small versions (ゃ, ゅ, and ょ) of the hiragana や(ya), ゆ(yu), and よ(yo). In this case, the two hiragana are not pronounced individually, but rather as one sound.
In most cases, the compound sound is the consonant of the base syllable followed by the modifier (fjord may be an example of a similar compound sound in English):
    きゃ (kya)
    きゅ (kyu)
    きょ (kyo)
In other cases the y sound disappears entirely:
    しゃ (sha)
    しゅ (shu)
    しょ (sho)
Look at the Kana Chart for the others.
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 1

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
Welcome to the first installment of the katakana lessons. In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write the Japanese vowels, "ア", "イ", "ウ", "エ" and "オ".
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | a - Sounds like the long "a" in "alright." |
| Mnemonic: | It's an A flipped on its side. An Arm in a sleeve. |
| Example: | アメリカ (amerika) America アイディア (aidia) idea アイス　(aisu) ice |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | i |
| Mnemonic: | It reminds me of an eagle. It reminds me of a satellite dish, so... 'I' get so many channels on my new satellite dish. Just remember that 'i' is pronounced 'ee'. 'Eek! My letter T has tilted!' It looks like a capital 'I' without a bottom line gone and the top line slightly tilted to the side. |
| Example: | イタリア (itaria) Italy インターネット (intaanetto) internet インク (inku) ink |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | u |
| Mnemonic: | A bowl of Udon with the noodles being pulled from the bowl. Somebody stuck an arrow in the side of a 'u' and knocked it onto its side. A scoop (the 'oo' is pronounced like 'u') that someone is using to get some candy. |
| Example: | ウィーン (uiin) Vienna ウェブ (uebu) web ウィスキー (uisukii) whisky |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | e |
| Mnemonic: | Someone cut an 'E' in half, right through the middle of the second line, and pivoted the top half to rest on the ground. $I$ is the symbol for electric current. |
| Example: | エジプト (ejiputo) Egypt エスエフ (esuefu) SF/Science Fiction エレキギター (erkigitaa) electric guitar |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | o |
| Mnemonic: | 'O' as in Origin. The middle dot (intersecting point) is the origin for all other lines of this kana. It's an old man; the horizontal line is his arms and the diagonal line is his long beard. |
| Example: | オレンジ (orenji) Orange |