OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Linux Guide/Installing (basic)

Here, we will cover installing an Ubuntu system to your hard drive. Most other distributions use a very similar installation process. If the differences between this documentation and your distro are too great, check the documentation provided for your distro.
Ubuntu Linux has quickly become the golden boy of open source and is considered by some as being the first truly easy-to-use Linux operating system. This is largely because of the installation process which allows the user to run the operating system prior to installation.

## Boot the LiveCD

To start an install, place the Ubuntu CD (or DVD) in your computer and reboot.
When the computer starts again, it should display a screen with the Ubuntu logo displayed on it and a list of options. If your computer does not do so, you may need to set the BIOS to boot from CD.
Select the first option in the menu to boot into an Ubuntu desktop session. If you wish, you can get to know the Ubuntu operating system at this point. Using it in roughly the same manner that you would when fully installed (though it is advised not to log out).
Once you feel prepared to start installation, click on the "install" icon on the desktop.

## Begin installation

Answer the questions on the first few screens of the installation window (language, location, etc.).

### (Re-)Partitioning

    For dual-boot systems, see Linux Guide/Installing (dual-boot).
    For advanced partitioning schemes, see Linux Guide/Installing (advanced).
When you get to a screen asking which hard disk you wish to install to, select automatic partitioning unless you have planned in advance not to use this one. This will erase everything on your hard drive!
If you want to use one hard drive for multiple operating systems (for example, Windows and Linux), see Linux Guide/Installing (dual-boot).
If you want to use multiple partitions for your linux operating system (it is recommended to use separate partitions for / and /home at least), see Linux Guide/Installing (advanced).

### Set up your user account

Continue to the next screen and then fill in your name and desired password. This will become your administrative account. If you do not want to use such on a daily basis, fill in your name as master user or such and place an appropriate account name in its text box. Using this account, you can create further accounts on the computer (note that the name Administrator is not available).
Once you have done this, click on Next, check the details are correct and click Next again to start the actual installation process which will likely take around 20 to 30 minutes at the most.
After this a prompt will appear saying that you should reboot. After doing so, Ubuntu is ready to be used.

## External links

* Linux Installation and Getting Started
* The Linux Installation HOWTO
# Linux Guide/Introduction
## Introduction

Welcome to the world of free and open source software!
Welcome to Linux! GNU/Linux is descended from the UNIX operating system, but it is open source software, which means that you can view its source code and change it to suit your needs. Of course, since this book is geared to those new to Linux, we stay away from very technical issues that are more suited to Linux veterans. This book is going to try to be geared toward the person who has heard about Linux and might be considering trying it out or perhaps the person who has already "taken the plunge" and is looking for more information or wondering where to start now that they have Linux installed. But first, a little history lesson.
The name "Linux" technically refers to an operating system "kernel", a single but key component of a complete operating system. In everyday use, the term "Linux" is frequently used to refer to a complete operating system which consists of the kernel and some of the thousands of other programs required to make an operating system useful. Much of the important system software that is typically installed on a Linux system comes from The GNU Project, a project to build an operating system made entirely of free software.
The first Linux kernel was created by Linus Torvalds. It was first released on 5 Oct 1991. It was started as an x86-only, single-processor operating system, but grew to become one of the most ported pieces of software. Other parts of a complete GNU/Linux system come from other projects such as the GNU project, and are integrated into a complete GNU/Linux OS by your supplier. Usually your supplier will assign their own version number to the integrated whole.
The GNU Project is overseen by the Free Software Foundation, founded by Richard Stallman, who believes that the people should use the term "GNU/Linux" to refer to such an operating system, because so many of the required programs were in fact, written as part of the GNU Project.

## See also

* A Neutral Look at Operating Systems/Linux
# Linux Guide/Logging In

Linux supports multiple users on a machine, even at the same time. Each user must log in with his or her user name and password. Every user belongs to one or more groups. Users and groups are important in determining permissions. All the users are listed in /etc/passwd and all the groups are listed in /etc/groups. To find out your user name and groups you belong to, run the id command
The numbers are user and group ids, which are numbers that are associated with the user and group in /etc/passwd and /etc/group, respectively. These numbers are what the system uses internally, so you don't have to look at them, but you can use them in place of user and group names in certain commands (like chown). The human-readable names are shown in parentheses.
You can change your group to any group in groups or to a group that has a group password by using the newgrp command. You can also change to a different user entirely without logging out and in again by using the su command. Changing your user and/or group not only changes what files you can access, but the user and group of any files you create.
Both of these commands put you in a new shell, and you have to exit the shell or logout to stop using the new group or user. If you just need to be user root to run one command (which is rather common on a UNIX machine, for doing administrative tasks), the sudo command is what you want.
Users and groups can be managed from an administrative GUI or from a shell with the commands
which add, modify, or delete a user or group. You will have to be user root to run these commands.
# Linux Guide/Modules
## Kernel modules

Kernel modules are pieces of code that can be dynamically loaded by the kernel to provide more functionality. This allows the kernel to save memory by only loading the drivers that it needs. While many modules are loaded automatically, there is occasionally a need for users to control the loading and unloading of modules.
To see all the modules on the system, their sizes, and what other modules depend on them, run:
To check if a module is currently loaded:
If nothing is printed, then the module is already in memory. To remove a module:
This intelligently removed modules, that is, with regard to dependencies: you can't remove a module that other in-use modules depend on, and if the given module is the only remaining one that others depend on, they are removed as well.
# Linux Guide/Installing (dual-boot)
## Dual-boot systems - Run Linux and MS Windows

You need to run both MS Windows and Linux on your PC and you have only one hard disk. Follow these steps:
Windows needs the first partition on systems where grub is being used as a bootloader. (Note that this requirement does not apply to systems that use lilo). It is strongly advised to put windows in the first partition (/dev/hda1 or /dev/sda1) otherwise you will have to do hide and unhide of partitions during grub configuration. If you have Linux on first partition then you have to move it. Golden rule: Put windows in first partition and Linux can run easily off any other partition
Notation: If using SCSI or SATA drives use 'sda' and for IDE drives use 'hda'
* Download the partition tool LiveGParted from http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php and boot the LiveGparted CD-ROM
* Resize the MS Windows partition and then create new partition(s) for Linux.
* If Windows is NOT in first partition and if Linux is already existing on first partition then move the Linux from partition 1 to another partition like 2.
* Create primary partition 1 FAT32 for MS WindowsXP, Windows wants the first disk.
* If you do not have Windows already in partition 1, install Windows XP on partition 1 (format to NTFS)
* Boot Linux CD-ROM and install the grub and in menu.lst you do not need to do unhide and hide since MS-Windows is in first partition.
Troubleshooting: Grub not finding file or disk or partition. If the disk is not recognised inside the grub, then that partition is marked as "hidden". Also when you do 'find /boot/grub/stage1' it does not find the file. So you do this inside grub: Note: hd0 is /dev/hda1 and partition 1 is 0 in grub commands.
Dual-boot references:
* GParted LiveCD http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php
* GParted Wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GParted
* GRUB page: http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/
* Grub Howto: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+Win9x+Grub-HOWTO/index.html
* Google Grub: Grub Topics
* Wiki Grub: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB
* Wiki Lilo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(boot_loader)
* Virtualization: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization
# Linux Guide/Installing software
## Obtaining and Installing Applications

There are many thousands of programs available for a Linux system and for several of the major distributions many thousands of these will be available in "pre-built" (ready to run) form through the appropriate package management system.

### Package Managers

Package managers simplify the task of organizing the software installed on the system. For example, the Synaptic package manager for Debian.

#### apt

On a Debian, or Debian-based system, it might be possible to install a program by simply typing a command such as:
In this case, the Debian package manager "apt-get", will check to see if such a program as "mtools" is available, and if so, it will check whether there are any other pre-requisite programs (dependencies) required for this program to run. If there are any dependencies, the package manager will check to see if these are available and in turn whether each of these has any dependencies, and so on, thus building a list of the required software to successfully run the required program. The package manager checks to see which of these are already installed, and for those not installed, it automatically downloads and installs each one. Ubuntu Linux (which is based on Debian Linux) can use this method, or it can use the method:

#### DNF

Red Hat-based systems since Fedora 22 (2015) use the "dnf" package manager. DNF replaces the earlier "yum" and "rpm" package managers.

#### rpm

Or, on a Red Hat-based system, such as Fedora Core, you can use the 'Redhat Package Manager' (rpm). To install something, download an rpm package, and type a command like:
To upgrade a package, use:
And to search your packages to find out which version of something you've got, do something like:

## Building Programs from Source

    Main page: Linux Guide/Building software
Sometimes, pre-built binaries are not available or suitable, and in this case it may be required to build the program from its source code. Instructions for how to do this are normally included with the program, but most programs can be compiled using the commands:
Normally you can then install it to the computer by using the following command as the root user:

## Common software

    Main page: Linux Guide/Common software
    See also: Linux Guide/Software equivalents
# Linux Guide/Linux and Bluetooth
## Forewords

The following is just a simple example on how to connect a Bluetooth device, in this case a Nokia phone, in a Linux environment.
For the purpose of this article we assume to have installed Linux Mandrake 10.0 (Kernel 2.6.13, X86) on our computer.

## Configuration and Connection

First we need the Bluez protocol, usually available as a RPM package on your distribution, then we have to start bluetooth service:
now it's necessary to setup the PIN code and (if you want) the local device name link, for that purpose we edit (e.g. using JOE) the file /etc/bluetooth/hcid.conf:
modify the following excerpts:
excerpt for PIN:
where mypin.sh is a file created ad-hoc.
Excerpt for name:
N.B.: file mypin.sh contains:
where XXXX means your PIN.
Now it's time to search for devices:
that should returns something like:
in other words bdaddr (BT address) and device name, please take note of bdaddr, now it's time to discover available services an the remote device and on which channels:
depending on the type of device we are analysing the request returns a long list of profiles, in this case we are interested in the dialup one, so let see it available on channel 1:
then:
in other words I bind a virtual serial port, rfcomm0 (/dev/bluetooth/rfcomm/0), by means of the tool rfcomm to the remote device modem, not connected yet but ready for software's requests, let see:
that results in:
BT modem ready as serial peripheral at /dev/bluetooth/rfcomm/0
No need to mention that you in the meantime have already accepted the connection on your remote device.
Or to connect from the linux side, prepare an agent to respond properly to a pin request, then connect:
Then, in another terminal, you can for example open a terminal on /dev/rfcomm0:

## Bluetooth device as a modem

To use this ready to use device as a modem I suggest as dialer the program wvdial, for this purpose we need to edit it's configuration file /etc/wvdial.conf, like this:
N.B.: this example is from a working configuration for Vodafone Italy on a Nokia phone, for different countries/operators/brand configuration, please google with keyword +CGDCONT and operator's name, mostly you need to modify just the string
according to your operator's specifications, and
according to your phone's brand.
Dialup and connect...:
Good Luck!!!

## Other useful commands

* hciconfig
* hcitool scan
* hcitool info BT_ADDRESS
BT_ADDRESS may be like, 00:89:34:62:67:52
* l2ping BT_ADDRESS
* sdptool browse BT_ADDRESS
* sdptool search DUN
* hciattach -l

## external links

* Accessing a Bluetooth Phone
* Bluetooth Pairing and Applications for Synchronizing Phone Numbers, SMS-messages, Phone Call Entries, your Calendar and Time; Tethering
# MapleStory/Towns/Omega Sector

* MapleStory
* Complete Table of Contents
* Jobs
* Locations
* Shops
* Monsters
* Quests
* FAQs
* Glossary
* Authors list
* Training Location Guide
* Maple Island
* Amherst
* Southperry
* Victoria Island
* Lith Harbor
* Ellinia
* Henesys
* Kerning City
* Perion
* Sleepywood
* Ossyria
* Orbis
* El Nath
* Aquarium
* Ludibrium
* Omega Sector
Omega Sector is a fairly small town (only about 10 or so maps) that can be accessed via the first floor of Eos Tower in Ludibrium. It is mainly a grassland-type area, bearing home to two main species of aliens: an octopus-like species and a more "traditional" style (what most people consider to be "aliens") species known as the Grays.
The NPCs in the town give a large number of new quests, some of which bear hefty rewards. One of the quests is modeled after Rowen the Fairy of Ellinia's "Cursed Doll quest", while others are modeled after the traditional item-gathering quest style.
There is a "Silo" area in the center of the town, which acts as the main supply-area for Omega Sector. Inside the Silo are the potion, weapon & armor, and storage NPCs. The Silo has three entry points as it is quite large.
Omega Sector is currently available in every version of MapleStory.
# MapleStory/Towns/Ludibrium

* MapleStory
* Complete Table of Contents
* Jobs
* Locations
* Shops
* Monsters
* Quests
* FAQs
* Glossary
* Authors list
* Training Location Guide
* Maple Island
* Amherst
* Southperry
* Victoria Island
* Lith Harbor
* Ellinia
* Henesys
* Kerning City
* Perion
* Sleepywood
* Ossyria
* Orbis
* El Nath
* Aquarium
* Ludibrium
* Omega Sector
Ludibrium is commonly referred as "Legoland" as the town is made out of Lego-type blocks. The monsters here are mostly toy-themed.
There are currently two main areas that players can hunt/train at. The first of these areas is Eos Tower, while the second is the Clock Tower.

## Eos Tower

This tower, unlike Orbis Tower, has 101 floors, its 101st floor being the area for the Ludibrium Party Quest. This advanced Party Quest is for players level 35 - 50. Further details are available at the page about party quests.
Upon entrance, a player can accept the Dollhouse quest, which allows only one player on that specific channel to do the quest, similar to how a party quest functions. Players must find the 'special' dollhouse out of 10 similar-looking dollhouses. The time limit is 10 minutes.
On the last floor, the first floor, players may access Omega Sector. Return-to-town scrolls do not function inside the tower, and only Eos Rock Scrolls can be used for rapid transportation on certain floors. By doing the redoable "Lost Soldier" quest, which can be found on the 93rd floor, a player can obtain 20 Eos Rock Scrolls.

## Clock Tower

The entrance to the Clock Tower is located in the middle of Ludibrium. On the first three levels, there is a Toy Factory, but the lower levels are generally concerned about time-themed maps and mosnters (where one can find Chronos, Platoon Chronos, and Master Chronos). Each level has very long side branches, so one has to scout a bit to know where everything is.
Further down is known as the "Ludibrium Dungeon". At the "Path of Time" map, there is an extremely long ladder. At the bottom, one can go two ways: to the left are monsters such as Soul Teddies, Death Teddies, Klocks, and Phantom Watches. After the Grim Phantom Watches, you may find Thanatos, a level 108 boss monster. On the right, you may find monsters such as Buffies, Buffoons, Ghost Pirates, and Spirit Vikings. In the map past the Gigantic Spirit Vikings, you find yet another level 108 monster, the Gatekeeper. Past Thanatos and Gatekeepers, you find a map, devoid of any monsters. This is the bottom of the clock tower, where in the future you are able to access Palpatus, a boss monster.
# MapleStory/Towns/Aquarium

* MapleStory
* Complete Table of Contents
* Jobs
* Locations
* Shops
* Monsters
* Quests
* FAQs
* Glossary
* Authors list
* Training Location Guide
* Maple Island
* Amherst
* Southperry
* Victoria Island
* Lith Harbor
* Ellinia
* Henesys
* Kerning City
* Perion
* Sleepywood
* Ossyria
* Orbis
* El Nath
* Aquarium
* Ludibrium
* Omega Sector
Aqualand, or Aquarium, is an underwater-type area similar to El Nath in aesthetics. The way players navigate is different from the norm, and there is also an HP-reducing feature. Aquarium is currently available in every version.
Aquarium is accessible from the 2nd basement of Orbis Tower.
Players may jump to swim upwards. The monsters there are generally harder to defeat, due to the strange gravity system.This is just like flying,But its not a hack
There are hidden streets to teleport you to aqua dungeon. The monsters there are from lv 85 to 110.
# MapleStory/Towns/Henesys

* MapleStory
* Complete Table of Contents
* Jobs
* Locations
* Shops
* Monsters
* Quests
* FAQs
* Glossary
* Authors list
* Training Location Guide
* Maple Island
* Amherst
* Southperry
* Victoria Island
* Lith Harbor
* Ellinia
* Henesys
* Kerning City
* Perion
* Sleepywood
* Ossyria
* Orbis
* El Nath
* Aquarium
* Ludibrium
* Omega Sector
Henesys
This is the place you want to go to become an archer. You have to be level 10 with at least 25 dex to become a bowman (another word for archer). There are also quests to be done in this town.
Quests: Pia (level 20)
# MapleStory/Towns/Lith Harbor

* MapleStory
* Complete Table of Contents
* Jobs
* Locations
* Shops
* Monsters
* Quests
* FAQs
* Glossary
* Authors list
* Training Location Guide
* Maple Island
* Amherst
* Southperry
* Victoria Island
* Lith Harbor
* Ellinia
* Henesys
* Kerning City
* Perion
* Sleepywood
* Ossyria
* Orbis
* El Nath
* Aquarium
* Ludibrium
* Omega Sector

## Lith Harbor Department Store

| Item | Price |
| Red Potion | 50 |
| Orange Potion | 160 |
| White Potion | 320 |
| Blue Potion | 200 |
| Mana Elixir | 620 |
| Dex. Potion | 500 |
| Speed Potion | 400 |
| Magic Potion | 500 |
| Warrior Potion | 500 |
| Sniper Potion | 500 |
| Apple | 30 |
| Egg | 50 |
| Meat | 106 |
| Orange | 100 |
| Lemon | 310 |
| Arrow for Bow | 1 |
| Arrow for Crossbow | 1 |
| Return Scroll to a Town | 400 |
| Return Scroll to Lith Harbor | 500 |

## Lith Harbor Weapon Store: Armor

| Item | Price |
| Brown Leather Hat | 500 |
| Red Bandana | 1000 |
| Black Headband | 450 |
| Green Headband | 450 |
| Yellow Headband | 450 |
| Blue Headband | 450 |
| Black Swimming Cap | 800 |
| Blue Swimming Cap | 800 |
| Red Swimming Cap | 800 |
| White Bandana | 2000 |
| Metal Gear | 3000 |
| Blue One-lined T-Shirt (M) | 3000 |
| Orange Sporty T-Shirt (M) | 3000 |
| Pink Starry T-Shirt (F) | 3000 |
| Pink Starry Shirt (F) | 3000 |
| Red-Striped T-Shirt (F) | 3000 |
| Blue Cargos (M) | 1000 |
| Grey Trainer Pants (M) | 2800 |
| Ice Jeans | 4800 |
| Faded Jeans | 4800 |
| Red Rubber Boots | 50 |
| Yellow Rubber Boots | 50 |
| Blue Rubber Boots | 50 |
| Leather Sandals | 50 |
| Bronze Aroa Shoes | 5000 |
| Brown Aroa Shoes | 5000 |
| Green Aroa Shoes | 5000 |
| Blue Dorothy Shoes | 10000 |
| Red Dorothy Shoes | 10000 |
| Brown Dorothy Shoes | 10000 |
| Square Wooden Shield | 2000 |
| Subi Throwing Star | 500 |

## Lith Harbor Weapon Store: Weapons

| Item | Price |
| Sword | 50 |
| Hand Axe | 50 |
| Bat | 50 |
| Karl Sword | 3000 |
| Double Axe | 3000 |
| Fruits Dagger | 1000 |
# MapleStory/Towns/Amherst

* MapleStory
* Complete Table of Contents
* Jobs
* Locations
* Shops
* Monsters
* Quests
* FAQs
* Glossary
* Authors list
* Training Location Guide
* Maple Island
* Amherst
* Southperry
* Victoria Island
* Lith Harbor
* Ellinia
* Henesys
* Kerning City
* Perion
* Sleepywood
* Ossyria
* Orbis
* El Nath
* Aquarium
* Ludibrium
* Omega Sector

## Amherst Department Store

| Item | Price |
| Red Potion | 50 |
| Orange Potion | 160 |
| White Potion | 320 |
| Apple | 30 |
| Egg | 50 |

## Amherst Weapon Store

| Item | Price |
| Sword | 50 |
| Hand Axe | 50 |
| Wooden Club | 50 |
| Razorheaded Dagger | 500 |