OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# American Sign Language/Profanity

American Sign Language, the sign language used by the deaf community throughout most of North America, has a rich vocabulary of terms which include profanity. Within deaf culture, there is a distinction drawn between signs used to curse versus signs that are used to describe sexual acts. In usage, signs to describe detailed sexual behavior are highly taboo due to their graphic nature. As for the signs themselves, some signs do overlap, but they may also vary according to usage. For example, the sign for "shit" when used to curse is different than the sign for "shit" when used to describe the bodily function.

## Examples

* The back of dominant open b-handshape flipped out under chin means "fuck you" or "so what?" Using a middle finger as the classic "flipping of the bird" has the same meaning. It should be noted that these are actually gestures and not actual ASL signs. Some linguists contend that when the middle finger is used directionally, and pointed as someone or something, it becomes a sign. Another common sign for "fuck you" uses an "FK" abbreviation, signed with an f-handshape changing to a k-handshape, which is referred to as a "loan sign". A "loan sign" is when a fingerspelled word is modified to leave out letters, form a specific shape, or move in a specific direction to become an actual sign(1).
* The thumb/index finger side of a b-handshape struck against the side of the mouth or chin means "bitch" (contact point is the side of the index finger). "Bastard" can be produced by doing the same sign but locating it on the forehead.
* Touching the p-handshape middle finger to the nose tip then bringing it out to "F" (done with one hand) means "piss off", or, literally, “PENIS F”. This sign creates the meaning of “piss off” by combining the sign for "penis/piss" and abbreviating "O-F-F" by using simply one "F".
* Holding a d-handshape in front of the body with the index finger pointing somewhat forward and to the left and the palm pointing somewhat down, then shoving the hand quickly down and to the right in an arc as if condemning someone to hell signifies “Damn” The sign properly ends pointing mostly down and off to the right a bit. Doing this sign with an "H" means "hell."
* A rather illustrative sign for "bullshit" uses both arms held out, elbows bent, and folded in front of the signer with the right forearm on top of the left. The right hand mimics a pair of horns with the index and pinkie finger. The left hand mimics the "business end" with flapping fingers. However, this sign is not considered part of ASL, but rather invented by hearing people.
* The well-known "OK2 gesture, when held with the thumb on top at the level of the chest means "asshole", as seen in the film Mr. Holland's Opus. Another variant is shown in the image on the side. (This gesture is similar to the American English idiom, "sit and spin".)

## References

* Valle, Clayton and Lucas, Cecil. Linguistics of American Sign Language. Washington DC:Gallaudet University Press, 2001.
# American Sign Language/Vocabulary 1
## ME

    With a 1-hand, point at the middle of your chest, making contact once.

## YOU, HIM, HER

    Point towards the person's chest with a 1-hand.

## ASL

    Fingerspell ASL

## AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGEAMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE

    With intertwined 5-hands with palms vertical and at right angles (in the wall plane), complete one or two circles with your hands together.
    With 1-hands, draw circles in the wall plane perpendicular to your shoulders. This version fills your signing space. Alternatively, spin your forefingers around each other in a smaller motion. Either one is in the center of your signing space.
    With L-hands, contact the thumbs in the centre of your signing space with palms facing down, then wiggle them outwards simultaneously.

## BOY

    As if grasping your ball cap in a flattened C-hand twice. Open and close your hand twice with the palm facing across your forehead.

## GIRL

    With a A-hand, your thumb traces your jawbone from near your ear to your chin.

## MOTHER

    With a 5-hand, tap your thumb to the outside of your chin twice.

## FATHER

    With a 5-hand, tap your thumb to the outside of your forehead.

## DON'T KNOW

    With a palm-hand, touch the side of your forehead with the fingertips, then turn the hand out and away from your face.

## YES

    With a S-hand, "nod" your hand up and down a few times in front of your chest, facing the viewer.

## NO

    Using a "pinch"-hand, open and close twice with your palm facing the viewer.
    For a more forceful version, open and close your fingers only once, faster with a hand motion forwards towards the subject of your command.

## DEAF

    With the 1-hand, touch your chin at the ear, then at the front of your chin. This version is used for culturally-deaf individuals.
    An alternative sign, used for CLINICALLY DEAF (meaning literally EAR CLOSED) uses a 1-hand to point to your ear, then two palm-hands to signify closing a door. Bring the hands together like two shutters in front of that ear.

## NAME

    Using two H-hands, tap the second joint of the middle fingers together on top of one another.

## SORRY

    With a loose A-hand, rub the centre of your chest and look sorry.

## PLEASE

    With a loose palm-hand, rub the centre of your chest.

## FINGERSPELL

    Starting with a 5-hand, mime fingerspelling by fluttering your fingers in alternation while moving your hand about the fingerspelling part of your signing space.
# American Sign Language/Simple Sentences 1

To Start off here are a few examples of simple ASL sentences:

## Hello, my name is Mike.

    HI MY NAME MIKE

## Nice to meet you.

    NICE MEET-YOU

## What is your name?

    YOU NAME WHAT?$^{WH}$

## I can speak ASL a little bit.

    ASL SOME I CAN$^{NOD-YES}$

## I'm sorry, I didn't understand that. Can you repeat yourself?

    SORRY, ME UNDERSTAND-NOT YOU. AGAIN?$^{YN}$

## Please spell more slowly.

    FINGERSPELL SLOW PLEASE

## Where is the washroom?

    TOILET, WHERE?$^{WH}$
# American Sign Language/Spelling

The American Manual Alphabet is a manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language when spelling individual letters of a word is the preferred or only option, such as with proper names or the titles of works. Letters should be signed with the dominant hand and in most cases, with palm facing the viewer.

## External links

* ASL Fingerspelling Resource Site Free online fingerspelling lessons, quizzes, and activities.
* ASL Fingerspelling Online Advanced Practice Tool Test and improve your receptive fingerspelling skills using this free online resource.
* Fingerspelling Beginner's Learning Tool Learn the basic handshapes of the fingerspelled alphabet.
* Manual Alphabet and Fingerspelling Further information, fingerspelling Tips and video example of ASL Alphabet.
# Amharic/fidel

The Ethiopic alphabet consists of letters that are a combination of vowel and consonants. or you may think of it as an alphabet with base letter, which changes slightly when vocalization is added to base letters.
# Among Us

Among Us is a social deduction multiplayer game developed by the company Innersloth. Although the game was released in 2018, it was obscure until 2020 when streamers in South Korea and Brazil began to play it on stream.
The game takes place in space-themed settings. The avatars are little astronauts wearing a full-body suit covering all parts of the body, including the backpack. The avatars do not appear to have arms, but have a visor and, as mentioned before, some sort of backpack. Skins and accessories can be customized using the in-game currency, Beans, which are obtained by completing games. Customizations have no effect on gameplay other than cosmetics.
In each game, a small number of players are assigned to be Imposters, while the rest become Crewmates. Each player's is not publicly announced by the game. The goal of the Imposters is to kill as many Crewmates as possible. Crewmates win by either completing all Tasks, or voting out the Imposters, which can happen during Emergency Meetings or when a dead body is reported. However, if the number of living Crewmates becomes less than or equal to the number of living Imposters, then the Imposters win.
This book's goal is to teach how to play the game, and strategies that can be used to win the game. This book assumes that the reader has basic technology usage skills and has the game installed prior to reading.

## Table of Contents
### Basics

* Finding Games
* Running Games
* Crewmate Gameplay and Strategy
* Imposter Gameplay and Strategy

### Maps

* The Skeld
* Mira HQ
* Polus
* The Airship

### Appendices

* Appendix A: Among Us Etiquette
* Appendix B: Other Roles
* Appendix C: Hide and Seek
# Amiblitz
## What is Amiblitz (or Amiga Blitz Basic)?

Amiga Blitz Basic is amiblitz. A few features of Amiga Blitz Basic that make it distinctive are:
* Structured BASIC language format, for modern, high quality coding
* Compiled (not interpreted) executables for fast execution speed
* Easy use of Amiga sound and graphics through special commands
* Full access to Amiga ROM libraries and custom hardware
* Runtime debugger
* Active user base and ongoing development (as of 2006/2007)!
Amiga Blitz Basic was originally developed as commercial software under the name of Blitz Basic and then Blitz Basic 2 by Simon Armstrong and Mark Sibley of Acid Software in New Zealand. It was later re-released as freeware under the GNU General Public License. More recently Bernd Roesch and others of Amiforce have continued development of the editor and compiler, under the name Amiblitz.
Amiga Blitz Basic is free and can be downloaded http://www.amiforce.de The download file contains an installer and full instructions. Amiga Blitz Basic requires either an original Amiga computer with Kickstart and Workbench versions 3.0 or above, 12Mb Hard disk space, and an FPU, or an emulated Amiga (such as UAE or Amiga Forever) running on modern PC hardware. The latter is likely to be much faster and trouble free.

## Amiga Blitz Basic Manual

* Using the text editor
# Amharic

* ሽፋን - Cover, frontpage
* ሥእላዊ መዝገበ ቃላት - Visual vocabularies

## መንደርደሪያ (Introductory)

* የአማርኛ ፊደላት: Amharic alphabets, reading and writing basics.
* መልመጃ 1: Amharic grammar, conversations, polite and familiar forms, personal pronouns: subject and object.
* መልመጃ 2: Verbs, polite and familiar conversations, word order in questions.
* መልመጃ 3: Numbers 1-12, telling time, gender and polite forms.
* መልመጃ 4: Indefinite articles, more pronouns, plural of nouns.
* መልመጃ 5: Asking directions, conjugating regular verbs in the present.
* መልመጃ 6: Numbers 13-100, simple math, colors. Past and past perfect tense.
* መልመጃ 7: Future and conditional.
* መልመጃ 8: Word order. Conjunctions and subjunctions.
* መልመጃ 9: Passive voice.
* መልመጃ 10: Adjectives revisited.
* መልመጃ 11: Verbal nouns.
* መልመጃ 12: Adverbs and prepositions.
* መልመጃ 13: Punctuation.
Appendix: Common vocabularies
# Analytical Chemiluminescence/Ruthenium
## B9. Ruthenium

The chemiluminescence involving tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II), [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{2+}$, is most interesting. It involves the oxidation of [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{2+}$ to [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{3+}$, which is followed by reduction with an analyte species to produce an emission of light, thus:
(B9.1) Oxidation: [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{2+}$ ― e$^―$ → [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{3+}$
(B9.2) Reduction by analyte: [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{3+}$ + e$^―$ → [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{2+}$*
(B9.3) Chemiluminescence: [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{2+}$* → [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{2+}$ + light (620 nm)
Figure B9.1 – The arrangement of the three 2,2'-bipyridine ligands about the central ruthenium atom in the complex ion tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II); the nitrogen atoms occupy the corners of an octahedron.
Analytical usefulness depends on the emission of light of a measurable intensity that is clearly indicative of the analyte concentration. Chemiluminescence intensity depends on the efficiency and mechanism of the reduction step (eqn. B9.2). Common to all analytical applications of ruthenium chemiluminescence is the production of the oxidant [Ru(bipy)3]3+ (eqn. B9.1), which has been obtained by a variety of methods - chemical, photochemical and electrochemical oxidation including in situ electrogenerated chemiluminescence. Each of these generation methods has been discussed in a comprehensive review by Barnett and co-workers. Chemical generation of [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{3+}$ has been achieved by a range of reagents such as cerium(IV) sulphate, lead dioxide and potassium permanganate.
The chemiluminescence reactions between primary, secondary or tertiary amines and [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{2+}$are very sensitive and have been widely applied to the determination of various analytes containing an amine functionality. The chemistry of electrogenerated chemiluminescence activity of tertiary amines with [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{2+}$ and their chemiluminescence reaction mechanism have been reviewed by Knight and Greenway and that of the chemiluminescence reaction between secondary amine and tertiary amine arising from hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed β-lactam antibiotics, respectively, has been reported by Liang et al.. More recently, there have been several reports dealing with the detection and determination of drugs by using the [Ru(bpy)$_3$]$^{2+}$/potassium permanganate system. These included tetracyclines, cinnamic acid, enalapril maleate and metoclopramide hydrochloride

##### References

* ↑ Gerardi R D, Barnett N W and Lewis S W, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, 378, 1-41.
* ↑ Knight A and Greenway GM, Analyst, 1996, 121, 101R
# Analytical Forensic Pharmacology/Glossary of Terms

Aldehyde-Group of organic compounds that contains the group –CHO.
Alkaloid-A naturally-occurring amine produced by a plant
Amine-Organic compound with nitrogen as a key element and is structurally similar to ammonia.
amu–abbreviation for atomic mass
Analyte-A substance being tested for analysis
Assay-A scientific test.
Chromophore-A grouping of that causes coloration. Chromophores are generally groups of atoms that have dissociated or conjugated electrons.
Formaldehyde-The Simplest aldehyde. Chemical structure – HCHO. Also called methanal.
FTIR-Abbreviation for Fourrier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
GC-Abbreviation for Gas Chromatography
Provenance-The origin from of something. For forensic science. In forensic drug analysis, this includes the area where a drug could be grown / made and the chemicals used for its preparation.
Quantitative Property-A characteristic of a substance that exists in a range of magnitudes, and can therefore be measured. Measurements of any particular quantitative property are expressed as a specific quantity, referred to as a unit, multiplied by a number. Examples of physical quantities are distance, mass, and time.
Racemic-Equal mixture of optical isomers
Spectra-A reading or printout from a spectrometer.
Spot Test-Forensic Chemistry Term for a presumptive test that changes color.
TLC-Abbreviation for Thin Layer Chromatography
# Analytical Chemiluminescence/Sequential injection analysis (SIA): lab on a valve
## D3. Sequential injection analysis (SIA):lab on a valve

SIA, like FIA, is based on reproducible sample handling and controlled dispersion of sample and reagents into a carrier stream. Unlike FIA, it makes use of a computer-controlled multiposition valve and pump, usually peristaltic and operated synchronously with the valve.
Figure D3.1 – A sequential injection manifold suitable for the determination of morphine by acidified potassium permanganate chemiluminescence.
Morphine is solvent-extracted from opium poppies Papaver somniferum on an industrial scale. Barnett et al. have used SIA to determine the drug in aqueous and non-aqueous process streams, with chemiluminescence detection involving oxidation with acidified potassium permanganate in the presence of sodium hexametaphosphate. Figure D3.1 shows a suitable SIA manifold for carrying out this determination. The process streams contain several related alkaloids and a range of other organic compounds as well as both dissolved and suspended solids. It is a good indication of the effectiveness of SIA-chemiluminescence that in these conditions the results correlated well with high performance liquid chromatography, a standard methodology that suffers the defect a much lower sample throughput.
In SIA, sample and reagents are aspirated into the holding coil by operating the pump in reverse so that carrier is returned to the reservoir. Restoration of forward pumping is synchronised with the opening of the valve port leading to the detector. The flow reversal leads to a mixing of the stack of sample and reagent zones to form a product zone which is transported to the detector. The pump tubing comes into contact only with the carrier, the samples and reagents being aspirated (instead of pumped) into the holding coil. This is a very useful characteristic of SIA when using samples /reagents that would attack PVC pump tubing, such as those containing non-aqueous solvents.
# Analytical Forensic Pharmacology

A Criminal Science Introduction to Biochemical Techniques and Analytical Methods.

## Front Material

* Introduction

## Laboratory Analysis
### Presumptive Tests
#### Observational

* Visual Observation
* Microscopic Observation
* UV-VIS Spectroscopy
* Melting Point
* Polarimetry

#### Biochemical

* Acid Base
* Enzymatic
* Immunocytochemistry
* Immunocytochemistry

#### Separational Techniques

* Chromatography
* Electrophoresis

### Quantitative Analysis

* Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
* Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
* Mass Spectrometery

## Commercial Test Kits

* Urine Analysis
* Hair Analysis
* Swab Tests

## Toxicology

more to come

## Legality

more to come

## End Material

* Glossary of Terms
* Sources
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cover

Table of Contents : Foreword > Index
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/DNA lab

DNA ISOLATION LAB
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a very long molecule found in each cell of a living organism that holds the information about how to run the cell. In this lab, you will isolate DNA from strawberries and look at it.
PURPOSE To isolate and observe DNA.
SUPPLIES
* Clean Strawberries (green tops removed)
* Plastic Sandwich bags.
* 95% Ethanol (cold)
* Extraction Buffer
* A glass rod
* plastic pipet
* glass test tubes
* Test tube rack
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Place a clean strawberry into one of the sandwich bags, and mash it using thumb and fingers until it is in small pieces.
2. Add 3 ml of the extraction buffer into the bag. Mash with strawberry and let sit flat on table for five minutes.
3. Transfer into a glass test tube. Let it sit upright in a test tube rack for five more minutes.
4. Place the glass stir rod in the test tube so that it touches one side of the tube just above the surface of the strawberry solution. Then slowly drizzle 3 ml of cold ethanol into the tube so that it makes a separate clear layer above the strawberry solution.
5. Let sit undisturbed for two minutes.
6. The clear strands of DNA will start to spool out into the ethanol. It will form a disturbance at the interface as the DNA precipitates out into the ethanol solution. It may look like white puffs. Lower the glass rod to almost touch the place where the color changes. Stir twice in small circles, then pull the glass rod out of the solution. You should see a mucus-like clear string attached to the glass rod. THIS IS THE DNA.
7. If you wish to save the DNA, use the pipet to suck out the white cloud of DNA and transfer it into another test tube for storage.
# What is a cell wall

A cell wall is a firm structure on the outside of a cell membrane that helps maintain osmotic pressure in a cell by making a limit that prevents the cell from expanding and bursting due to osmosis.
The cell wall also adds structure to multicellular organisms.
It must have openings to allow nutrients to pass freely into and out of the cell.

## Cell Wall Materials

Cell walls are made of different materials in different kingdoms of organisms.
    Archea
    Bacteria - Peptidoglycan
    Fungi - Chitin
    Plantae - Cellulose, Lignin,
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Fermentation student lab
## Fermentation lab

In this lab we will observe fermentation occurring in yeast cells. Yeast cells are fungal cells that can metabolize in two ways. In the presence of oxygen, they use aerobic respiration and break glucose down into CO2 and water. In the absence of oxygen, they ferment sugar creating CO2 and ethanol.
We will take yeast cells and grow them absence of oxygen. We will test the glucose content before and after they are allowed to ferment and notice the difference if any.

### Instructions:
#### A. Make the yeast cultures

* Measure 10ml of sugar
* Place into labeled 500ml Erlenmeyer flask and fill to 200ml with warm water. Mix well. Cover tube.
* Add 1 package of rapid rise yeast to flask and mix briefly.
* Pour some of the mixture into a small beaker to test.
* Place a balloon over the mouth of the flask.

#### B. Observe yeast cultures

* Allow yeast to grow for at least 30 minutes.
* Look at the balloons on the flasks. Observe changes if any.
* Take a bit of brown yeast scum and make a wet mount slide. Observe at 400x. See if you can see the budding action of yeast cell division. ( Do not dye with Iodine, this will kill the cells
* Let slide sit for 5 minutes, and observe. Are there air bubbles under the slide? Explain.

#### Questions

1 Write the equation for anaerobic fermentation starting with glucose. Label the reactants and the products. C6H12O6 =CO2 +C2H5OH
2. Draw the equation that shows the result of aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 +O2 =CO2 +H2O
3. What was the glucose concentration in each flask when you started?
4. What was the glucose concentration in each flask when you ended?
5. Was there any difference?
6. If so, why do you think that one flask had less Glucose?
7. Why does ethanol burn when water does not?
8. Name two foods that are fermented.
9. Why is wine stored in sealed casks?
10. Draw a picture of budding yeast cells.
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/DNA
## Isolating DNA from Strawberries

Contrary to popular belief, DNA is not difficult to isolate.
This laboratory allows the students to isolate DNA from Strawberries in order to visualize DNA.
Why strawberries?
Strawberries are octoploid therefore they have a large amount of DNA.
Plus, I think that they smell nicer than onions.

### Before the lab

* Put the 95% ethanol in the freezer.
* Make the extraction buffer.

### Extraction Buffer

    250 ml Water
    30 ml Dish detergent
    1 g Salt(sodium Chloride)
    0.1g Meat tenderizer

### Explanation of Procedure

1. The strawberries are mashed by hand in plastic bags. We are physically breaking down the cell walls to make it easier to access the cell contents.
2. Soap is added to break down the cell and nuclear membranes.
3. The meat tenderizer contains proteases which break down nucleases in the cell which would degrade the DNA otherwise.
4. The ethanol precipitates the DNA so that it can be visualized. The colder the ethanol, the less it will dissolve in the water.
5. DNA is very long and therefore it can be spooled around a stick.
For an alternative procedure using sweet peas, see the University of Utah's How to extract DNA from anything living page.