OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Artificial Intelligence/Logic/Representation/Propositional calculus

One of the points of logic is that you can reason about statements even when you don't know what those statements mean. We can replace statements, or "propositions," with variable names.
So, for example, you can say "It's raining and I'm wet," which is a representation as characters describing an utterance in natural language. In logic, we might represent this like so:
$(a\wedge b)$
In this case the proposition "It's raining" is represented by "a" and "I'm wet" is represented by b. The $\wedge$ symbol stands for "and."
Let's talk a bit about propositions. Propositions are statements that can be either true or false, and nothing else. This is called "the law of excluded middle," because there's nothing allowed in the middle of true and false. The law helps us know what kinds of utterances are candidates for propositions and which are not. For example, questions (e.g., What color is he wearing?), exclamations (e.g., Wow!), and commands (e.g., Study harder.) are not propositions.
The propositional calculus is defined in the context of Boolean constants, where two or more values are computed against each other to produce an accurate description of a concept. Each variable used in the calculus holds a value for it, which is either true to the context or false$^1$.
Propositional logic deals with the determination of the truth of a sentence. An allowable sentence is called the syntax of proposition. A syntax or sentence holds various propositional symbols, where each symbol holds a proposition that can either be true or false. The names of the symbols can be anything from alphabets like a, b or c to symbols like $\alpha$, $\beta$ or $\gamma$ to variable names like IsOld, and may hold meaning relative to their contexts in the concept. Although, two propositions are constant as per the syntax and have a fixed meaning. They are:
* True - proposition that is always-true.
* False - proposition that is always-false$^2$.
In mathematical terms, these values would pronounce more like this:
$u\Leftarrow a\wedge b\wedge c$
In simple terms this means that an object is an instance of a concept u if the conditions a, b and c hold true simultaneously. So, for instance, we are given with a concept that says, one is eligible to drive a car if one has a license, a car and a knowledge of driving. To state this in propositional calculus, you'd have to state this in the following mathematical notation:
$CanDriveCar\Leftarrow HasLicense\wedge HasCar\wedge KnowsHowToDrive$
However simple to denote, the zero-order logic is only capable of describing concepts in a limited context and do not hold much of a descriptive power.

## Notes

* Kubat, Bratko, Ivan and Michalski, Ryszard. Machine Learning and Data Mining: Methods and Applications/A Review of Machine Learning Methods. 1998. ISBN 0471971995. John Wiley: New York.
* Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach. 2003. ISBN 0130803022. Prentice Hall:New Jersey.
# Artificial Intelligence/Preface

Artificial Intelligence is a vast field encompassing issues that require more space than a single book on the topic. With inspiration from multiple fields of knowledge such as neurology, psychology, philosophy and literature to say the least; artificial intelligence is an amalgamation of yet more refined subjects which are briefly described in this book. The authors of this book have tried their best to provide you with the most relevant and accurate information presently available. Please feel free to discuss on this book's discussion page.

## Applications of AI

AI has a wide spectrum of applications including natural language processing, search engines, medical diagnosis, bioinformatics and cheminformatics, detecting credit card fraud, stock market analysis, classifying DNA sequences, speech and handwriting recognition, object recognition in computer vision, game playing, machine learning and robot locomotion.
Some scientists and Futurologists predict that in near future AI will make digital human, artificial life and artificial immortality possible.
# Artificial Intelligence/Knowledge Representation/Semantic Networks

A semantic network is a knowledge structure that depicts how concepts are related to one another and illustrates how they interconnect. Semantic networks use artificial intelligence (AI) programming to mine data, connect concepts and call attention to relationships. In business, this capability can make customer service more effective by providing better product search functionality. It can also help marketing and sales departments be more accurate when targeting new prospects.
While semantic networks are largely working in the background of business processes and not directly affecting workers' daily lives, they can enhance a variety of industries, including sales, marketing, retail and healthcare.
New technologies like Microsoft Office Graph use semantic networking to bring related concepts together in the workplace. It can, for example, use a worker's email to gather relevant documents for a meeting, connect the worker with employees who have helpful knowledge and even gather third-party data.
# Advanced Interactive Media/Avid vs. FCP

In the world of cinematography and film, two giants have emerged at the threshold of the industry. Founded in 1987, the nonlinear editing software called AVID, that would soon take hollywood by storm. By the mid 1990's the many films and dozens of TV shows had switched to AVID, marking the end of cutting celluloid. The program allows editors to handle their film with greater ease. With the emergence of Apple, Final Cut Pro (part of Final Cut Studio) has become quite popular with its easier navigation and interface. Most professionals in Hollywood are still doubtful about the upstart Apple software. However, experts agree, that to choose your editing software, depends upon the type of project to be produced. There is no right or wrong.
# Advanced Interactive Media/Audio/Video Team/Job Description

In the Audio/Video team students are expected to shoot, collect, and edit all video and audio content for the project. Content will cover everything that a MMI (Multi-Media Institute)student does in their junior year. The footage gathered will be intregated into the multi-media experience that the class is creating as a whole. Here is the break down of the Institute and the footage that is gathered.
1. Live Production
2. Web
3. Video
4. Graphics
5. Audio
6. Video of Equipment
The audio/video team must collect, organize, digitize and edite all video and music for the project by the designated deadlines.
# Advanced Interactive Media/Audio/Video Team/Goals and Objectives

The goal of this team is to collect all the media for the project.
Tasks include: - Shooting still photos. - Shooting for Quicktime virtual reality files (QTVR or VRs). - Videotaping events or classes. - Recording voice overs (VOs) for project. - Choosing still photos and video from archive. - Gathering student projects and artwork.
This is a listing of content categories for video that will be required for this project.
* 1. Live Production
* a. Telenews footage (we working on Telenews)
* b. Chapel footage (footage of us running cameras and setting up)
* c. Plays (footage of the plays we shot) get from Candice
* 2. Web
* a. Flash
* i. 3 peoples projects (ask brodick)
* ii. Screen Capture
* 3. Video
* a. Packages Clips
* b. Film Production (Dax)
* c. Stills of Production
* d. Editing shot of person
* 4. Graphics
* a. Photoshop show stills completed
* b. After Effects show work done
* c. Picture of each program that is used (ex. Illustrator)
* 5. Audio
* a. Protools Stills and Video
* b. V.O. clips of us recording
* 6. Video of Equipment
* a. Stills
* b. Video of us working on it.
We are developing a list of what needs to be shot and what has been shot
# Advanced Interactive Media/Canon Digital Rebel XTi 10.1MP DSLR

The Canon EOS 400D / Rebel XTi digital SLR is the successor to the best-selling EOS 350D / Rebel XT. Announced in August 2006, it combines a number of anticipated improvements along with a few genuine surprises.
Most people won’t be surprised to learn the 400D / XTi now features a larger 2.5in screen and Canon’s Picture Styles, but following the earlier EOS 30D, many equally expected the new entry-level body to employ the same sensor as its predecessor.
But instead of re-using the 350D / XT’s 8 Megapixel sensor, Canon’s developed a brand new 10.1 Megapixel CMOS sensor for the 400D / XTi. This makes it Canon’s highest resolution digital SLR with an EF-S lens mount to date.
In addition the EOS 400D / Rebel XTi is the first Canon digital SLR to feature a self-cleaning sensor which shakes off dust particles. Reference frames can also be tagged to images for automatic removal of more stubborn dust particles later using supplied software.
Following the design of the Canon 350D, the Canon 400D (Digital Rebel XTi) is very compact, relatively lightweight, and compromises little on manual controls and in-use performance.
Summary of chages (compared to the EOS 350D / Digital Rebel XT)
- 10.1 megapixel CMOS sensor with improved microlens array, fill factor and lower noise
- EOS Integrated Cleaning System
- Anti-static coatings on sensor surfaces plus anti-dust materials in the camera body
- Separate low pass filter with ultra-sonic vibration
- Software based dust mapping / removal
- Nine point Auto Focus sensor (same as EOS 30D) with F2.8 support
- Continuous shooting burst up to 27 JPEG and 10 RAW images
- Single large, bright, 2.5" LCD monitor with 160° viewing angles (horizontal and vertical)
- Camera settings and adjustment on LCD monitor
- Proximity sensor below viewfinder eyepiece to disable the LCD during composition
- New viewfinder view includes 9 AF points as well as EOS 30D style status bar
- Picture Styles, larger range of image parameter adjustment (same as EOS 30D)
- Improved user interface
- Image magnification available in record review
- Histogram available as brightness (Luminance) or RGB (Red, Green, Blue)
- Three settings for long exposure noise reduction (adds Auto option)
- Auto rotation with three options (not recorded, record don't rotate, record and rotate)
- Additional custom functions (magnified view in record review, LCD display at power on)
- Up to 9999 images per folder on storage card
- Automatic storage of setting adjustments (no longer requires a press of the SET button)
- Improved print / share / direct print features
- Lower introductory list price ($100 lower)
# Advanced Interactive Media/Canon Still Camera

The Canon PowerShot A640 is one of the still cameras that are made available for the MMI students to use for their project.
(See below link for photograph and product details)
Product Link: http://www.usa.canon.com/consumer/controller?act=ModelDetailAct&fcategoryid=145&modelid=14109
# Advanced Interactive Media/Comparisons

There are many different types of media in this profession, and with many types of media comes many ways to do one thing. This chapter is to discuss the differences/pros/cons of some of the popular things in media today.
# Advanced Interactive Media/Design Team
## Design Team

* Goals and Description
* Current Deadlines
* Job Descriptions
* Other Topics
* Meet the Team
* InDesign Basics
* Marketing Approach
# Advanced Interactive Media/Design Team/Current Deadlines
## Current Deadlines

We are currently working on:
* The Design Templates for the Project
* Shooting VR's
* Blogging
* Marketing Materials
* Learning InDesign
* Just Straight up Gettin' it Done!
Design Templates
The design team plans to have the overall style and design of the project decided by Tuesday March 13. After the design style is selected, we then plan to design the two templates for the cylinder, the template for the circular screen, and the template for the touch screen. After that we must insert all the content that the other teams have collected and pass it on to the interactive team. The final phase is to design all market materials to be distributed at college weekend.
Dates to Remember:
* Tuesday March 13, 2007 – Design Style Selected *COMPLETE*
* Thursday March 29, 2007 – Design Templates Finalized *COMPLETE*
* Friday March 30, 2007 – High School Focus Group Test the Project
* Thursday April 12, 2007 – InDesign Teaching Session *COMPLETE*
* Friday April 13, 2007 – Marketing Materials & Plan Due *COMPLETE*
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries

The Outdoor Industries category is called Primary Industries in the South Pacific Division.

## Index of Outdoor Industries Honors (15)

AY Answer Book Development Stages :
| No Icon No Answers | Some Answers | 25% Answered | 50% Answered | 75% Answered | Comprehensive Answers |
| Agriculture Beekeeping Cattle Husbandry Dairying Flower Culture | Fruit Growing Gardening Goat Husbandry Horse Husbandry Island Fishing | Pigeon Raising Poultry Raising Sheep Husbandry Small Fruit Growing Subsistence Farming |
Division Honors :
| General Conference | East Africa Division | Euro Africa Division | North American Division | South Pacific Division |

## Index of Outdoor Industries Honors by Skill Level

| Outdoor Industries | Skill Level 1 | Skill Level 2 | Skill Level 3 |
# Amateur Radio Manual/Direct and Alternating Current

Electric current is necessary for amateur radio equipment to work. However, different components of a radio setup use different "types" of current. Although the electrons are the same, the rate at which they flow is different. Electric current can be divided into two main categories: direct current and alternating current.

## Direct Current

Direct current can be defined as current that flows in only one direction. Although imprecise, this definition will suffice for now. This current is generated, for example, from a battery. Consider a resistor connected across a battery. The current only flows from the positive terminal, through the resistor, and into the negative terminal of the battery. Furthermore, the current does not change as a function of time.
In this circuit, a current of $\mathrm {I} ={\frac {\mathrm {E} }{\mathrm {R} }}={\frac {1}{2}}=0.5\mathrm {mA} .$ This current is constant and travels in the direction of the arrow. This battery provides direct current.

## Alternating Current

Alternating current can be defined as current which flows both forwards and backwards. This is the current that is found in the outlets in a house.
In this circuit, the current again travels in the direction of the arrow. However, every half second, the current switches sign. This can be interpreted as the current reversing direction. This is an example of alternating current.

## Changing Current

As mentioned above, it is not entirely accurate to define direct current as flowing in only one direction. If the current changes with time, it is still said to be alternating current, even if it travels in only one direction.
In this circuit, the switch is turned on (closed) and off (open) every half second. Once again, the current travels in the direction of the arrow. The current does not go negative; it thus travels in one direction only. However, it is not constant and is thus considered to be alternating current.
# Amateur Radio Manual/What is Voltage

So far we have learned that valence electrons will flow in a conductor if we provide enough energy or force so that the electrons will leave the atom and jump to the next atom. We can cause a net movement of electrons through a conductor by attaching one end to a negative source and the other to a positive source. Because like charges repel and unlike charges attract, electrons will move from the negative source to the positive end. It just sounds wrong to have something move from negative to positive but remember that negative and positive are charge types not amounts.
The applied force that causes the electrons to flow is called voltage (after the scientist Alessandro Volta) or electromotive force (emf). We give it the symbol ${\mathcal {E}}$ or ℰ in equations. Voltage is measured with a voltmeter or multimeter and is the potential difference between two points in a circuit. The basic unit is the volt (V).
Consider a battery. The chemical process in the battery creates a surplus of electrons at the negative terminal and a deficiency of electrons at the positive end (due to the fact that absence of electrons does not automatically indicate presence of positive charge, unless we consider this terminal charged with positive ions). The potential difference or voltage between these two points is the "push" that the battery can supply to a conductor that may connect the two terminals.
# Amazing organisms

This English adaptation of Puthumai Uyirigal is based on the original work by Erkaadu Elango, originally written in Tamil. The original Tamil version is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) license and can be accessed at FreeTamilEbooks.com. This adaptation respects the spirit of the original work while making it accessible to a wider audience.

## Table of Contents

* preface
# Amateur Radio Manual/Transmission Frequencies
## Time beacons

USA:
Canada:
# Amateur Radio Manual/What is Resistance and Conductance

Unlike an ideal conductor the real material constituting any kind of conductor, e.g. copper, contains in some amount impurities (other materials). Own characteristic qualities to resist to the flow of charges (electrons) if a difference of potential is applied (voltage) can be measured too. Temperature influences heavily this characteristic of resisting to the charges flow. We can imagine that inside the conductor the atoms and electrons become exagitated because of temperature. Higher temperature inducts more exagitation and electrons move in all directions increasing again the resistance of the conductor.
In other words, resistance is a phenomena which counterposes to the ordinate flow of charges in a conductor.
Resistance is measured in Ohm (Ω) (from the German scientist).
# Amateur Radio Manual/Sources of Current

We can make electrons move in a conductor by supplying energy. If we apply the energy equally, for instance, by heating it, the electrons will move randomly from atom to atom. This isn't very useful to us. We want to be able to control the direction and flow of the electrons. We can accomplish this by attaching a negative source to one end of our conductor and a positive source to the other end. We have just created a circuit. The electrons will flow from the negative end to the positive end.
As we stated earlier, heat is one method of causing electrons to flow. We can also do this by using friction, pressure (some crystals will create electron flow under pressure see piezoelectric effect), magnetism, photoelectric effect, and chemical reactions. Chemical reactions are perhaps the most common source of direct current, better known as a cell or battery.
A battery usually consists of two conductors, or electrodes, placed in an electrolyte or the chemicals responsible for reacting and producing current flow. There are a large number of different types of batteries. The common carbon-zinc flashlight battery is an example of a primary cell, that is a battery that cannot be recharged. The lead acid car battery is an example of a secondary cell, or a cell that can be recharged. Be cautious with alkaline batteries, some are primary and some are secondary types. Attempting to recharge a primary battery can be dangerous especially if the heat built up inside the cell causes it to explode.
Common Cells
| Carbon Zinc | primary cell | common flashlight battery |
| Alkaline | may be both | various sizes and uses |
| Mercury | primary | maintains rated voltage until used up |
| Nickel Cadmium | secondary | portable radios |
| Lead Acid | secondary | car battery |
| Lithium | secondary | cell phones |
# Amateur Radio Manual/Sinusoidal Waveforms

As mentioned in the previous chapter, an alternating current is a current that changes with time. A specific class of current, and voltage for that matter, is the sinusoidal waveform. Sinusoidal waveforms are fundamental to radio. A Morse code signal, for example, is generated from a sinusoidal waveform. Sinusoidal waveforms are the basis behind AM, FM, and television signals as well.

## Basic Characteristics of Sinusoidal Waveforms

There are three basic characteristics of sinusoidal waveforms (hereafter sinusoids): amplitude, frequency, and phase.
As shown in the diagram, the amplitude is the difference between the high value and the low value. The waveform may have different units, depending upon what the waveform is. If the waveform is measuring a voltage as a function of time, then the amplitude will be in Volts; if it were current as a function of time, amplitude would be in Amps. The frequency is equal to ${\frac {1}{\lambda }}$ and is a measure of how quickly the waveform cycles. If the waveform is a function of time, then frequency will usually be measured in Hertz (Hz). Since frequency is a measure of how rapidly the waveform cycles, frequency is sometimes (usually in older texts) given as cycles. One cycle is equal to one Hertz. λ is the inverse of frequency and is referred to as the period (usually a "T" is used to indicate the period.) Phase is a measure of how "offset" the signal is from some reference signal. Phase only makes sense when comparing signal of the same frequency, as otherwise phase will change as a function of time.
In the second plot, red is a sine wave and green is a cosine wave. As can be seen, these waveforms are identical save that one is a shifted version of the other. Notice how the cosine function reaches a peak at 0, while the sine function reaches a peak at ${\frac {\pi }{2}}.$ The cosine function reaches the peak sooner and is said to lead the sine function by ${\frac {\pi }{2}},$ or 90°.
# Amateur Radio Manual/What is Current

To make electrons flow in a conductor, we first must supply some form of electromotive force (potential difference). This can be achieved attaching the conductor to some source (generator), like a battery or a power supply.
Current, then, is the rate of flow of electrons through the conductor (with unitary diameter), measured in amperes (A) after the French scientist André-Marie Ampère. In formulae, current is represented by the letter I. That's a capital eye.
The ampere is a large measurement so we usually refer to milliampere (mA), being 1/1000 of an ampere, in small measurements.
One ampere is equivalent to
$6.24\times 10^{18}$
charged particles (or 1 coulomb) moving through a unitary section conductor in one second.
Current is measured with an ammeter.