OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# WikiLang/Oceania

Oceania is divided in six main regions: Australia (orange on the map), Melanesia (green), Micronesia (pink), New Zealand (blue), Papua New Guinea (dark blue) and Polynesia (purple). The majority language in Oceania is English.
Oceania has many indigenous languages, though many have been replaced by English and other European languages. Melanesia and Australia is home to over 5,000 languages alone, with one of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world.
In comparison, Polynesia lacks great diversity, because they are all descendants of a migrant community from southern China (the proto-Austronesians) and have the same language family.

## New Zealand

Historically native languages to New Zealand are:
* Maori (with various dialects)
* Moriori (closely related to Maori)
Official languages of New Zealand are:
* New Zealand English
* Maori
* New Zealand Sign Language

## Papua New Guinea

With over 850 languages, Papua New Guinea holds a tenth of the world's 20,000 languages, despite its small population. Most are undocumented, especially as many of its users have not had contact with non-Papuan peoples. Papua New Guinea has 3 official languages: English, Hiri Motu and Tok Pisin. Tok Pisin language is the most spoken in the country and is used as the local lingua franca, it is an English-based creole.

## Polynesia

Historically native languages to Polynesia are:
* Cook Islands Maori
* Niuean
* Picairn
* Samoan
* Tongan

## Portal

* Back to Main page
# Tcl Programming/Modelsim

TCL SCRIPT FOR MODELSIM USERS
I tried to find a TCL script, which helps in compilation and simulation of Modelsim programs and has both GUI and single letter commands but I didn't find any.
Later I learned TCL and wrote a small script for Modelsim users, which makes icons on the Modelsim GUI. Just by clicking on the icons your project files will get compiled, simulated and so on.
The icons and its description are
·compile c is for compilation, simulation, add wave and run, simply do everything
·com-restart r does compilation and restarts the already run code, we do this
whenever we change code and want to compile and execute it
·Quitsim q quits the simulation
·QuitModel sim Q quits Modelsim
You can do all the afore said things just by clicking on the icon as we use 'save' and 'open'-like icons in general GUI.
And also you can do these things just by typing c, r, q & Q (defined above) on the command prompt, only one letter will do.
For these things, you just have to execute one command on the command prompt of Modelsim after opening Modelsim:
source filename.tcl
TCL CODE:
This is a very generic code suited for all projects of Modelsim but unfortunately only Modelsim DE and Questa sim supports button command you just have to change the bold and italic font statements(.vhd files). These statements are for files of a counter project here. So you have to replace those counter example files with your project files.
Then save your file as script.tcl (file with .tcl extension) and execute the file with “source “ command as said above.
Now your GUI and single letter commands are ready to simplify your work.
For any assistance contact: mohan@tataelxsi.co.in
# Tcl Programming/TCL and ADP

Tcl and ADP Reference
This is a reference for using Tcl with ADP pages, for people setting up a site with the ArsDigita Community System (see OpenACS for details). The first half is just a Tcl overview; the second half deals with .adp pages, custom tags, and AOLServer resources and parameters.

## Tcl Overview
### Basic Tcl Language Features

; or newline statement separator \ statement continuation if last character in line # comment out rest of line (if 1st non−whitespace char) var simple variable var(index) associative array variable var(i,j) multidimensional associative array variable $var variable substitution (also ${var}xyz) [expr 1+2] command substitution \char backslash substitution "hello $a" quoting with substitution {hello $a} quoting with no subst (deferred substitution)
The only datatype in Tcl is a string. Some commands interpret arguments as numbers/booleans; those formats are:'
Integer: 12 0xff(hex) 0377(octal) Floating Pt: 2.1 3. 6e4 7.91e+16 Boolean: true false 0 1 yes no

### Backslash Substitutions

\a audible alert (0x7) \b backspace (0x8) \f form feed (0xC) \n newline (0xA) \r carriage return (0xD) \t horizontal tab (0x9) \v vertical tab (0xB) \space space \newline space \ddd octal value (d=0−7) \xdd hex value (d=0−9,a−f) \c replace ’\c’ with ’c’ \\ backslash

### Operators and Math Functions

The expr command recognizes these operators, in decreasing order of precedence:
All operators support integers. All support floating point except : ~, %, <<, >>, %, ^, and |. Boolean operators can also be used for string operands, in which case string comparison will be used. This occurs if any of the operands are not valid numbers. The following operators have "lazy evaluation" as in C: &&, ||, ?: The expr command recognizes the following math functions: abs hypot int double floor ceil fmod round cos sin tan acos asin atan atan2 cosh sinh tanh log log10 exp pow sqrt

### Lists

Note: list indices start at 0 and the word end may be used to reference the last element in the list.

### Strings
## The Tcl <--> ADP interface
### Including TCL code in ADP pages

Inline replacement: <%= tcl code that evaluates to the text you want embedded %>
State changing Code: <% tcl commands to change tcl environment (set vars, do db queries, etc) %>
Example: Two plus two is <%= [expr 2+2] %>

### Resourcing tcl in AOLserver

source−file.tcl − to source a particular file.
Note: this does not work for registered tag changes. To cause a reload of everything:

### Using ns_set

When one queries a database, the variable that is set is an ns_set:

### Dealing with Form Variables

Importing form variables into a tcl or adp page set_the_usual_form_variables Manipulating Forms Directly: ns_getform

### Decode

Do logic w/o breaking out of an ns_write. Just like SQL ! [util_decode unknown val1 res1 val2 res2 valN resN defaultresult]

### Dealing With .ini file Parameters

ad_parameter ad_parameter name { subsection "" } { default "" }
ad_parameter_section ad_parameter_section { subsection "" }

### Converting tcl to adp

inclusion of sub−files
# The Computer Revolution/Uninterruptible Power Supply

An uninterruptible power supply is a device that contains a built in battery that provides power. A UPS will allow devices to remain powered up in the event of a power outage. The time that the UPS can stay powered depends on the type of devices connected to it. Most UPS devices protect against power fluctuations. Most UPS batteries last 3 to 5 years before they need to be replaced. UPSes are helpful if a user experiences a power outage while in the middle of typing a document, allowing the user to quickly save open documents and shut down the computer properly.

## References

* ↑ Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow 13th Edition Morley and Parker
# The Computer Revolution/The Morph Concept

The Morph concept is a concept created by Nokia that would introduce the science of nanotechnology to a mobile device. Nanotechnology involves creating computer components, machines, and other structures that are less than 100 nanometers in size. Nanotechnology would be applied to a mobile device that could be flexible, stretchable, and able to changes shapes at the user’s demands. Nanotechnology in a mobile device would make room for solar charging capabilities, letting the battery be smaller and having more room in the phone for other features. With more space in the device, it opens up the options for further advancements in communication, applications, and services. The Morph mobile device would be self-cleaning, preventing corrosion and natural wear and tear using the idea of "nanostructured surfaces" that would repel water and dirt. The Morph would help us as the consumers be more in tune with our environment by being able to detect the amount of pollution in the air, or if there are chemicals on the food we're about to eat. The Morph will truly be an electronic masterpiece in the ongoing trend of nanotechnology.
The Morph concept device by Nokia was launched at The Museum of Modern Art “Design and the Elastic Mind” exhibition in 208. It is intended to be able to bend into numerous shapes, such as bending around the wrist, or held at the face to the ear. With its transparent color, the device would be see-through yet phone functional that can allow the phone to absorb solar energy to recharge the battery. Fibril proteins woven into mesh reinforce the elastic structure. It is being explored to use biodegradable materials to production and recycling easier and environmentally friendly. It is expected that the Morph concept might cost less and include more function in a smaller space with the use of nanotechnology.

## References

* ↑ http://research.nokia.com/morph
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Morph
http://research.nokia.com/morph
Template:Relist13th Edition Understanding Computers, Cengage Learning
# Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Three - The Genitive Case
## The Genitive Case

There are a variety of uses for the genitive case. One frequent use is to indicate posession. The case marker for the genitive is .ak. As is typical in Sumerian, this particle is subject to the loss of the final -k unless succeeded by another particle. For instance, the Sumerian sentence lugal Unug.a(k) = the king of Uruk, will typically be written without the final -k, but when the phrase is followed by, say, the ergative case marker (which is .e), we get lugal Unug.ak.e.
This is very typical in Sumerian. Whenever a word ends in a consonant from a case marker (or other grammatical suffix), that consonant is often dropped. When we add another suffix, though, we restore that consonant before adding our new suffix.
The genitive marker may be repeated if the semantics require. The phrase the house of the king of Uruk will be written e lugal Unug.ak.a(k), where we interpret the logical chunking to be [e [lugal Unug].ak].a(k).
[Thomsen §161, Edzard §5.4.2.3]

### Quick Quiz
#### Vocabulary

igi = eye amar = calf Urim = a city in ancient Sumer

#### Translate

igi.ene nin.ak lugal Urim.ak amar ses.zu.ak

#### Generate

the brother of the king the sister of my mother
Answers
# Summary

| bad | good |
| Introduction | Organic Chemistry/Introduction |
| Overview of Functional Groups | Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Groups |
| Authors | Organic Chemistry/Authors |
# Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Three - The Absolutive Case
## The Absolutive Case

In light of the discussion above about ergativity, we just need to note that the Patient and Subject of ergative constructions are marked by a suffixed .Ø. This is the "null" suffix. It means that there is no vocalized marker of the absolutive case. While it might seem silly to attach a "nothing" to words, it is really just an analytical tool so we can clearly delineate which participants in a sentence are performing which tasks.
In (1) above, note that the temple (e) is the thing being built. Hence, it is the Patient of the ergative sentence. So we mark it with the null prefix, and we have e.Ø, signifying that e is in the absolutive case.
[Thomsen §169, Edzard §5.4.2.1]
# Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Three - The Ergative Case
## The Ergative Case

Sumerian, as mentioned before, is a split-ergative language. Ergativity is simply one way in which languages mark certain phrases in a sentence as the subject or object, for instance. In ergative constructions, we usually mark the "agent", or whoever is doing the action, differently than the "patient", namely whoever the action is being done to. An example might be the sentence Achilles eluded Paris. Here, it is Achilles who is doing the eluding, and is the Agent, and Paris is the Patient -- the one who is being eluded.
Now, not all sentences have a patient. Intransitive sentences (as opposed to the transitive example above) are such constructions, and an example might be Socrates slept. Here, we only have a Subject, namely Socrates.
The distinguishing feature of ergative languages is that the Patient and Subject are always in the same case (the absolutive) while the Agent gets its own case (the ergative). In Sumerian, the ergative case is denoted by the suffix .e. In (1) above, notice that Šulgi.(e) is the Agent of the action (he is building the temple), so we place the ergative suffix after his name. (Again, we see the typical Sumerian habit of dropping a suffixed vowel if it comes right after another vowel.)
The important thing to remember is that in ergative constructions, we mark the Agent of the action by the .e suffix.
[Thomsen §173, Edzard §5.4.2.2]
# Sumerian/Grammar/Lesson Three - The Dative Case
## The Dative Case

Whenever a sentence expresses something being done for someone, the beneficiary is put in the dative case, by suffixing the dative case particle .ir. Consider:
(1) Nanna.(i)r Šulgi.(e) e.Ø mu.na.(n).du = For Nanna, Shulgi built the temple
We see that the temple was built for Nanna, and hence his name is put in the dative case. As is standard, the initial /i/ sound is often lost when it occurs right after another vowel. (Nanna, incidentally, was the name for the moon god, also called Zuen.)
Also, somewhat mysteriously, the /r/ sound was often not written either! That means we're basically seeing Nanna but reading Nanna.(ir). However, it is often quite easy to tell when this is happening, and the meaning is usually clear whether or not the particle is actually written.
[Thomsen §175, Edzard §5.4.2.5]
# Transportation Economics/Other Resources

Other Resources in Transportation Economics

## Committees

* Transportation Research Board Transportation Economics Committee
* Benefit Cost Analysis wiki of TRB Transportation Economics Committee

## Journals

* Journal of Transport Economics and Policy current issues (not free)
* Journal of Transport Economics and Policy archives (1967-2000) (free)
* International Journal of Transport Economics (not free)
* Elsevier's Research in Transport Economics (not free)

## Reports

* Facts and Furphies in Benefit-Cost Analysis: Transport
# Transportation Deployment Casebook/2014/Sales of Hybrid Vehicles in the United States until 2012
## Quantitative Analysis

The data collected for this study came from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics website, which was last updated until 2012. The data in the table showed number of hybrid vehicles that sold in united states since 1999 till 2012. Three parameters logistic function has been employed to analyze data.
S(t) shows the status measure, K is saturation level, b is a coefficient explains the slope of the fitted curve, t is time (year) and t0 is the inflection point.
| K | b | t0 |
| 433500 | 0.73 | 2006.82 |
As data show about year 2007 the second deviation of the curve going to be zero. Data explain that in 2012 we are close to the mature point but it seems not true. Because hybrid vehicles can be more efficient and get better portion of the market. In this curve, the mature quantity of sales in US is about 433500 with R-square equal to 0.74. Recession in 2007 had a considerable impact on the sales and that can be a reason for the less quantity of maturity.
# Woodturning/Anchor, Bevel, Cut

Anchor, bevel, cut, or ABC, is a procedure taught to woodturning novices as the only safe method of starting a cut.

## Anchor

The first thing that the tool should contact is the toolrest. It needs to be firmly anchored there using one hand.
The consequence of letting the tool touch the spinning wood before it is supported by the toolrest are that it will slam down onto the toolrest, possibly breaking the tool, possibly breaking any fingers trapped between the two, or wrenching the tool out of the turners hand.

## Bevel

The heel of the bevel is then brought into contact with the wood. It provides support and direction for the cutting edge.
The consequence of beginning the cut without bevel contact is likely to be a catch (the tool violently digs into the wood) or the cutting edge is forced to run back along the wood cutting a spiral groove as it goes.
There are some cuts (such as starting a V-groove with a skew chisel, or cutting into the rim of a bowl) where bevel support cannot be used. In these instances the turner should plan to take a very light cut, be sure to align the bevel with the direction the cut is to take, and proceed with caution.

## Cut

With the tool on the toolrest and the bevel supported on the wood, the angle of the tool is adjusted slightly until a cut is engaged. The tool can then be moved forward gently and evenly to make the cut. While the cut is proceeding the operator should switch from looking at the tool to ensure the tool is engaged properly to the horizon of the wood as the cut proceeds. The line, form and shape are easily discernible by looking at the horizon and as changes in line and form occur there is a constant feedback/feedforward between what the operator sees and the muscular responses required to get the exact shape needed.

## Mastering the process

It sounds complicated, but once practiced it very soon becomes second nature. However, it only takes a moment of inattention for an accident to happen.
# Woodturning/Copy turning

Copy turning is carried out on special lathes that control the cutting tool in some manner to produce identical items.
The copy lathe uses a template to guide the cutter. They are capable of creating good quality components for little expense in patterns and setting up. Sanding is usually carried out by hand.
Fully automatic lathes may use rotary tooling, profile tools, or CNC driven cutters to produce the shape. They are capable of producing work quickly and to a good quality finish, but these machines usually rely on machine sanding which will not always retain fine detail. They require special tooling and considerable set up for each job.
# Woodturning/Cutting logs for bowl turning

WARNING - Chainsaws are extremely dangerous. Be sure to read, understand and carry out the safety instructions that come with your saw.
Most large bowls are made from logs. The pith will almost certainly crack as the wood dries, so it is usually not included in bowls that are intended for functional use. This article suggests ways to cut large logs into bowl blanks ready to go on the lathe.

## Approach 1

In this method, two bowl blanks are cut from one short section of a log.
* Marking two parallel planes.Marking two parallel planes.
* Cuts made along the lines with a chainsaw.Cuts made along the lines with a chainsaw.
* Cardboard circle templates.Cardboard circle templates.
* Trimmed and ready to go on the lathe.Trimmed and ready to go on the lathe.
A flat is cut either side of the log to show mark lines better and to stabilize the block during sawing. The lines are laid out carefully to ensure that blocks of uniform thickness are made from the center section. A piece of card is used to mark the lines parallel to the floor. If the log is tapered, consider wedging-up the narrow end to keep the pith in the center of the waste block and away from the bowl blanks.
A chainsaw is used to cut the block. First, shallow cuts are made straight along the marked lines. These then help guide the saw as deeper diagonal cuts are made. [note 1]
The piece of wood in the middle that contains the pith will be cut up and used for smaller projects. The pith will be cut out and discarded, since it is certain to split, leaving two blocks that will make small bowls or be cut up further for spindle turning.
The cardboard templates are used to mark the circumference of the bowls on the log halves. The chainsaw is used to cut off the corners and excess material before the blank is mounted on the lathe. This makes the block of wood more balanced so the lathe can run faster, which can save a lot of time.

## Approach 2

A bandsaw mill is used to cut whole logs into big thick slabs. Again, the wood containing the pith is cut up into boards a couple of inches thick, and the pith discarded.
* Bandsaw mill in operationBandsaw mill in operation
* Some of the large pieces for bowl turning
The advantage of this technique is that it saves having to make ripping cuts with the chainsaw, which is hard work for both the saw and the operator.

## Notes

* Most chainsaws are sharpened for cutting across the grain, i.e. straight through the trunk. Cuts across endgrain produce nothing but dust and the saw tends to kick and buck. Cuts along the grain produce big long shaving that tend to clog the saw. To slab-up a log as shown here, it is best to cut on a diagonal whenever possible, somewhere between these two extremes.
# Woodturning/How to help write this book

Anyone can contribute to this Wikibook about woodturning. If you have any expertise in any aspect of woodturning, please contribute articles, correct mistakes, edit for clarity and accuracy, expand articles or contribute photographs.
Before you start, please familiarize yourself with the markup code used for editing, along with Wiki etiquette, policies and guidelines.
Some good places to start learning about Wikibooks are Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers and Help:Wikibooks.
When editing, please be sure to preview your work and fill in the Summary of the changes you are making before saving.
All articles must be written from a neutral point of view. If you wish to discuss the contents of a "subject" page, click on the "Discuss this page" link to get to the talk page. All content, both text and images, must not infringe the copyrights of other parties.
# Wooden Boats: Building and Repair/Overview/What is a wooden boat

A wooden boat is a vessel constructed of wood generally intended to transport one or more persons (and their corresponding cargo) across a body of water. While not always a requirement, most wooden boats are first constructed by assembling a frame, then adding strips or sheets of wood to the frame.
# Wooden Boats: Building and Repair/Power Tools/Overview

Power tools of use to a wooden boat builder might include:
A power sander with velcro hook and loop attachment of sanding pads - both a random orbital sander and a palm sander may be found useful.
A hand held 7½"circular saw with fine blade for cutting plywood.
A hand held jigsaw.
A router with flush trim bit.
# Woodturning

Woodturning is an ancient craft which today is practiced by hobbyists and professionals alike, with a variety of tools and equipment. There are many different turning techniques and styles.
The objective of this Wikibook is to provide a single on-line reference source for information about the art and craft of woodturning.

## Table of Contents
### Equipment

* Lathes
* Lathe Accessories
* Tools

### Techniques

* Safety
* Anchor, Bevel, Cut
* Spindle turning
* Bowl turning
** Natural edge bowls
** Cutting logs for bowl turning
* Hollow vessels
* Involuted turning
* Multi-axis turning
* Green wood turning
* Copy turning
* Embellishment
* Finishing

### Materials

* Wood
* Wood species
* Abrasives
* Adhesives
* Finishes

### Projects

* Salt and Pepper Shakers

### Appendices

* Woodturning organisations

### About this book

* How to help write this book
* Contributors
# Woodturning/Contributors
#### Derek Andrews

I am a full time professional woodturner based in Nova Scotia. I started this Wikibook on January 8, 2006, then forgot all about it for a year or more. I can be contacted at User talk:Derek Andrews
# Woodturning/Lathes

A woodturning lathe is a machine which rotates a piece of wood while a cutting tool shapes the wood.