OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Screens

There are 2 types of screens: Homescreen and Graphs screen. By pressing Mode and selecting Horiz, both screens can be shown at once.

## Homescreen

The Homescreen is the original screen used mainly for solving equations. TI-BASIC programmers often use this screen for equation processing and low end graphic programs. Display commands used with the Homescreen Disp " Output

## Graph screen

This is the screen designed mainly for graphing. TI-BASIC programmers often use this screen for Higher graphics than the Homescreen and graphing programs. By pressing mode and selecting G-T you can press graph or 2nd graph to see graph-table split screen mode. in graph-table split screen mode the graph is shown on the left while the table screen is shown on the right. Display commands used with the Graph screen: Text(Y,X,numbers variables or "messages"
Previous: Other CTL and I/O Commands Next: Errors Table of Contents: TI-Basic Z80 Programming
# TI-Lists

This book is a guide to using Lists on the Texas Instruments Graphing Calculators. It emphasizes the details as implemented on the TI-83 and TI-84 families of calculators. The differences in details for the TI-86 and TI-89 calculators are available by following the links found at appropriate places. (TI-86)

## Table of Contents

* Creating Lists
* List Arithmetic
* List Operation Functions
* Mathematical List Functions
* Graphing with Lists
* Programming with Lists
* Applications
# Why, and How, Should Geologists Use Compositional Data Analysis/Cover

WHY, AND HOW, SHOULD GEOLOGISTS USE COMPOSITIONAL DATA ANALYSIS
A Step-by-Step Guide for the Field Geologists
Special Edition for Wikibooks
By
Ricardo A. Valls, P. Geo., M. Sc Hector Nuñez Dr. Jorge Cruz Martin
January 1st, 2008
# Why, and How, Should Geologists Use Compositional Data Analysis/Summary

Compositional data arise naturally in several branches of science, including geology. In geochemistry, for example, these constrained data seem to occur typically, when one normalizes raw data or when one obtains the output from a constrained estimation procedure, such as parts per one, percentages, ppm, ppb, molar concentrations, etc.
Compositional data have proved difficult to handle statistically because of the awkward constraint that the components of each vector must sum to unity. The special property of compositional data (the fact that the determinations on each specimen sum to a constant) means that the variables involved in the study occur in constrained space defined by the simplex, a restricted part of real space.
Pearson was the first to point out dangers that may befall the analyst who attempts to interpret correlations between Ratios whose numerators and denominators contain common parts. More recently, Aitchison, Pawlowsky-Glahn, S. Thió, and other statisticians have develop the concept of Compositional Data Analysis, pointing out the dangers of misinterpretation of closed data when treated with “normal” statistical methods.
It is important for geochemists and geologists in general to be aware that the usual multivariate statistical techniques are not applicable to constrained data. It is also important for us to have access to appropriate techniques as they become available. This is the principal aim of this book.
From a hypothetical model of a copper mineralization associated to a felsic intrusive, with specific relationships between certain elements, I will show how “normal” correlation methods fail to identify some of such embedded relationships and how we can obtain other spurious correlations. From there, I will test the same model after transforming the data using the CRL, ARL, and IRL transformations with the aid of the CoDaPack software.
Since I addressed this publication to geologists and geoscientists in general, I have kept to a minimum the mathematical formulae and did not include any theoretical demonstration. The “mathematical curios geologist”, if such category exists, can find all of those in a list of recommended sources in the reference section.
So let us start by introducing the model of mineralization that we will be testing.
# Why, and How, Should Geologists Use Compositional Data Analysis

* Cover Page
* Summary
* The Model
* Normal Processing of the Data
* Factor Analysis
* Dealing With Zero Values- a Summary
* Conclusions and Recommendations
* References
# When It Hits the Fan/Water Purification

One way to purify water is with a "solar still". You can use this with anything containing water; damp vegetation, wet dirt or sand, brackish or dirty water, or some combination of these.
You will need:
1. Something wet.
2. A shovel or digging implement.
3. A sheet of transparent plastic. I recommend stockpiling plastic painter's tarps; they are cheap and available from any home supply or hardware store. (Lowe's, Home Depot, Ace Hardware, etc.)
4. Flexible tubing such as aquarium tubing, medical IV tubing.
5. A cup, pan, or can to catch the water.
6. A small rock.
________
Dig a pit or depression about 3 feet across and about 18 inches deep. This needs to be in an area exposed to the Sun.
Place wet material in the hole. Place the pan or cup in the center, and run the flexible tubing from the bottom of the pan to a location outside of the pit. Use string, tape or twist-ties to prevent the tubing from pulling out of the pan.
Stretch the plastic sheet over the hold, and anchor it with the dirt from the hole, all the way around. The sheet needs to be relatively level. Place the rock in the center of the sheet directly above the pan, so that the rock forms a small shallow cone depression in the sheet.
When the sunlight heats the pit, water in the pit will be evaporated. The steam will condense on the plastic sheet, and the condensed water will run down the sheet to the center, where the rock is. The water will drip from the depression into the pan, and you can suck the water through the tubing. The amount of clean water produced will depend on the amount of sunlight striking the pit, the moisture content of the damp material, and the size of the pit.
# Why, and How, Should Geologists Use Compositional Data Analysis/Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions and Recommendations
The treatment of “closed” dataset by normal statistical methods does create spurious correlations that lower the effectiveness of the obtained results. While there are ways to minimize this problem, like processing major oxides independently from trace elements, or using only the strongest correlations into the composition of the RCCs, I believe that the transformation of the initial dataset presents a better solution for the processing and interpretation of geological data.
For the estimation of the most efficient RCC, I propose the use of the ARL transformation, although the CLR is also effective.
When a target for the testing of the effectiveness of our coefficient is available, then we should use the factor analysis preferentially. I recommend the use of the IRL transformation to define the most effective combination of factors.
Finally, I introduced here a method for dealing with zero values. This method’s main advantage is that we do not obtain a fixed value for the “Rounded Zeros”, but one that depends on the real value of the other variable. The proposed method depends on the geological characteristics of the data, and therefore is less biased or random than other methods. It also presents a viable alternative to amalgamation and an effective way to deal with “Essential Zeros” in a population.
The sequence of the method is as follows:
* We transform the data using CoDaPack or other similar software.
* We select the lower quartile of real data for the element with the b.d.l. values.
* Within this dataset, we test the relationship between the elements with the b.d.l. values with one (or more) element without b.d.l. values. In most cases, these elements will correspond with well-established geological relationship like between Pb and Zn on polymetallic deposits, or between Au and Pb in hydrothermal deposits, or between Cu and Mo in porphyritic deposits, as in the case I presented here.
* We establish the regression equation.
* We then substitute the b.d.l. values by those estimated with the obtained equation of regression.
We can apply this method to any type of data, provided we establish first their correlation dependency. I would also like to see this method included as an option for dealing with zeros in the next version of CoDaPack.
# Video Game Design/Distribution

Licensing
Monetization
Distribution
/Competition //Second hand market
/Retail
/Digital Distribution
With the advent of full digital distribution, allied to the pay-to-play meme born in the WEB and extended into a art form in Massively multi-player on-line games, the concepts fast overtook mobile platforms in a never ending offering of apps and extensions to those portable system. The need to reinvent the failed and controversial system of control (Digital Rights Management, DRM) seemed to came together in a repackaging of not only the content distribution but on the control over the digital content in a way that would not only enforce a link between the licensor and the licensee even addressing the increased issue of concurrency with the second hand market.
{{TODO|Mine {{wikipedia:Downloadable content]]}}
This new coming of age of digital distribution had nonetheless some surprises.
In 2012 in GDC Europe, BioWare acknowledged that 53% of all sales for Dragon Age: Origins DLC pack were made in the same day the game was released (Dragon Age was released in November 3, 2009). It seems that DLC demand is closely related with not only first adopters but fast losses relevance over the time, as the platform intended to make use of it is replaced by something new.
# Video Game Design/Introduction
## Video Game Design

Video games have many different forms, from old arcade games to small hand held devices, simple flash games you play online to the newest hit for one of the big names in the industry that can cost more than a movie to make.
Like any other type of game, a video game can be simple or complex, quick or slow, and even require a great deal of practice or patience to get the hang of. A lot of people, however, do not really know what goes on behind the screen. You can see the moving symbols and colors, the sounds, and know that they react when you press buttons, but what actually is happening back there?
Before designing a game for implementation, it is necessary to understand the industry you are getting into. Video Games have been around since 1931, today it is one of the fastest industries. Most new ideas in software developments are really new variations on old ideas. Some research will always provide new insights or ease the implementation of new approaches.
Today there are a myriad of different programming languages available to the amateur game designer, many of them freely available. There are also tools that allow you to create your own games without programming. If you ever want to be a paid game designer, you will have to know a programming language or two. If, however you just want to make games for your own amusement, this is not required.
# Video Game Design/Introduction/Game Education
## Game Education

Most of the institutionalized education does not as yet cover video game design as a field. There have recently been several steps in that direction especially due to Universities forming partnerships with the game industry, and because students were not captivated by the standard offerings.

### Courses

A video game design course can have a diverse curriculum like Game Writing, Art for Games, Game Audio Design, Ethics and Games.
Offerings:
* The University of Southern California is establishing a new USC Games Institute.

### Research

The field of research into video game design can cover various topics like optimizing human interfaces for disabled people, recuperation of military personnel from trauma, reducing phobias, promoting literacy, etc.
# The Cold War/The Truman Doctrine

As the USA realized that it was being faced with the rapid spread of what is saw as the new threat of Communism, it decided to tackle it by supporting non-Communist governments and armed groups fighting against the spread of Communism to their nations. This new and more aggressive attitude of "containing" Communism within its own borders was introduced by US President Harry S. Truman, and so was named the Truman Doctrine.

## Speech to Congress

On March 12th 1947, he made a dramatic and famous speech to Congress and it was this quote that signalled the start of the Truman Doctrine:
This meant that Truman believed that the USA should support non-Communist countries which were coming under attack internally by Communist movements or being faced with the threat of invasion by Communist countries. This was a declaration of proxy war on the Soviet Union. Truman carried on with a stinging attack on the communist way of life, saying that it was "evil", and "denied human rights" and "living standards were low".
Congress listened in uneasy silence. One member commented soon after that Truman had "scared the hell out of them". But nevertheless, they unanimously voted for a sum of $400 million to Greece and Turkey, and this money helped the Greek government in defeating the communist rebels and served as a warning sign to the USSR to keep out of Turkey.
The Truman Doctrine not only greatly influenced American Cold War politics and relations with the Soviet Union for the next 40 or so years, but it has also influenced American foreign politics today and was one of the major factors in turning the USA from isolationist in foreign policy to the moderately interventionist one it has today, in global affairs.
The Cold War
Introduction - Background - Strategy - Truman Doctrine - Marshall Plan - Berlin Blockade - Korean War - Hungarian Uprising - Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR under Gorbachev - USA under Reagan - Arms Race - Space Race
Cover - Contents - Study Guide
Please read the page creation guidelines before creating a new page.
# The Cold War/The Truman Doctrine: Beginning of Proxy War

As the USA realized that it was being faced with the rapid spread of the new threat of communism, they decided to tackle that "threat" headlong and face-to-face, by supporting non-communist governments and armed groups fighting against the spread of communism to their nations. This new and more aggressive attitude of "containing" communism within its own borders was basically the Truman Doctrine

## Containment in the making

When American President, Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly just days before the end of World War Two, a new president Harry S. Truman was elected to replace him. Truman was, as you would put it, a fierce anti-communist who believed that the USSR wanted communism to dominate the world and this put all the capitalist countries of the West and the wider world, and Western interests at danger.
In February 1947 he was faced with two very serious problems. In Greece, communist insurgents were fighting a guerilla war against the Greek Royalist government, and trying to overthrow it. Britain had 40,000 troops stationed there to assist the government in fighting the communists. But all of a sudden, British foreign secretary Ernest Bevin said that the country could no longer afford to keep its troops there because of the current economic situation back home and were to withdraw them. Meanwhile, on the Turkish border, Soviet troops were massing heavily on the border and Stalin was waiting for the right time to invade.
Truman was under enormous pressure. He knew that he had to take a firm stand against the communist onslaught, otherwise this would lead to a domino effect with country after country getting their governments toppled and replaced by a communist "regime" and soon the entire world would be in the hands of the communists.
On March 12, 1947, he made a dramatic and famous speech to Congress and it was this quote that signalled the start of the Truman Doctrine:
This meant that Truman believed U.S. policy should support non-communist countries which were coming under attack internally by pro-communist movements or being faced with the threat of invasion by communist countries. From a military perspective, you could almost certainly say that this was the beginning of a proxy war against the Soviet Union.
He then continued his speech, and did a stinging attack on the communist way of life, saying that it was "evil", and "denied human rights" and "living standards were low".
Congress listened in uneasy silence. One member commented soon after that Truman had "scared the hell out of them". But nevertheless, they unanimously voted for a sum of $400 million to Greece and Turkey, and this money helped the Greek government in defeating the communist rebels and served as a warning sign to the USSR to keep out of Turkey
The Truman Doctrine greatly influenced American Cold War politics and relations with the Soviet Union, for the next 40 or so years. But it has also influenced American foreign politics today and was one of the major factors in turning the USA from isolationist in foreign policy to moderately interventionist in global affairs.
# The Cold War/Prague Spring
## Introduction

The Prague Spring was a short period of liberalisation in Czechoslovakia between January 5th, 1968 and August 21st, 1968. The Prague Spring came to a violent end after the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (excluding Romania) invaded the country.
The Cold War
Introduction - Background - Strategy - Truman Doctrine - Marshall Plan - Berlin Blockade - Korean War - Hungarian Uprising - Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR under Gorbachev - USA under Reagan - Arms Race - Space Race
Cover - Contents - Study Guide
Please read the page creation guidelines before creating a new page.
The The Cold War/Prague Spring module or this section of The Cold War is a stub. You can help Wikibooks by expanding it.
# The Cold War/Yalta

In 1945, the leaders of the three allies (the USA, Britain and the USSR) met twice to decide the fate of the Axis countries after the War. The first meeting was at Yalta, near the Crimea, in the USSR, in February, between Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill. It is important to notice that this was before the War was over. Hence, the subject of the conference was to decide what would would happen once Germany had been defeated, so plans were only in brief. The following things were decided at Yalta:

## Redivision of Land in Europe

The allies agreed that post-War Germany would be divided into four zones, and that each of the allies would be given a zone to occupy. The remaining zone, it was agreed, would be given to France. Also, a portion of eastern Germany would be given to Poland, although a portion of eastern Poland would be given to the USSR. This created the "Iron Curtain", splitting Europe in two, and increasing tension between the superpowers.

## Free Elections

Stalin also agreed at Yalta that he would allow "free elections" in Soviet-occupied eastern Europe. However, the Soviet Union and the other allies appear to have been working to different definitions of the word "free". The Soviet constitution officially allowed "free elections". However, in the Soviet Union, to quote George Orwell,:
This definition of "free" was not acceptable to the West, and was the beginning of Cold War tensions between the superpowers. However, they were able to agree that "free" elections would be allowed in Eastern Europe.

## Japan

The allies also agreed that, three months after VE Day, the USSR would declare war on Japan. This caused problems, once the Truman Doctrine had been instituted, because the USA was not willing to allow further expansion of Communism into Japan, and hence had to use the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in order to prevent Soviet involvement in the final stages of the War.
The allies met again at Potsdam, later that year.
The Cold War
Introduction - Background - Strategy - Truman Doctrine - Marshall Plan - Berlin Blockade - Korean War - Hungarian Uprising - Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR under Gorbachev - USA under Reagan - Arms Race - Space Race
Cover - Contents - Study Guide
Please read the page creation guidelines before creating a new page.
# The Cold War/The Marshall Plan and the Reconstruction of Europe

Europe, after being hit by the biggest war in history, was devastated. Its economies were bankrupt, food supplies were at an all-time low and there was a severe lack of industrial output, due to the destruction of factories by heavy bombing during the war. The Communist parties in Western Europe were gaining popularity and it seemed likely that the people would elect them if living conditions didn't improve soon.
This situation alarmed the Americans, who were desperate to guard their sphere of influence against the increasing threat of communism. In June 1947, the U.S. Secretary of State, George C. Marshall (a war veteran) announced at Harvard University, Massachusetts, that the USA would provide economic aid and equipment to help the economies of Europe recover and rebuild themselves. This came to be known as the "Marshall Plan". The Marshall plan was implemented by President Harry S. Truman.
The offer was open to the USSR and other Eastern European nations, but Stalin rejected it, saying that that the aid was politically motivated. He thought that the Marshall Plan was an attempt by the USA to win the hearts and minds of the people in the Soviet sphere of influence so that they would support the capitalist West.
The Cold War
Introduction - Background - Strategy - Truman Doctrine - Marshall Plan - Berlin Blockade - Korean War - Hungarian Uprising - Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR under Gorbachev - USA under Reagan - Arms Race - Space Race
Cover - Contents - Study Guide
Please read the page creation guidelines before creating a new page.