OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radiation Oncology/Benign/Multiple sclerosis

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Multiple Sclerosis
# Radiation Oncology/Benign/Peyronie's Disease

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials

## Peyronie's disease

* Saarland, 2006 (Germany) (1983-2000) PMID 16169684 — "Results of radiotherapy for Peyronie's disease." (Niewald M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jan 1;64(1):258-62.)
** Retrospective. 101/154 patients. Penis deviation 30-50 degrees. 1-2 indurated foci. Pain in 48/92 patients. RT 30 - 36 Gy at 2 Gy/fx. Mean F/U 5 years
** Outcomes: Improved deviation in 47%, reduction in number of foci in 32%, reduction in size of foci in 49%, less induration 52%. Pain relief 5%
** Toxicity: Mild dermatitis 28%, mild urethritis 4%
** Conclusion: RT effective therapy option
# Radiation Oncology/Benign/Vascular Brachytherapy/Randomized

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials

## De novo lesions: Stent +/- VBT

* BetAce, 2007 PMID 17307419 -- "Intracoronary beta-irradiation for the treatment of de novo lesions: 5-year clinical follow-up of the BetAce randomized trial." (Ferrero V, Am Heart J. 2007 Mar;153(3):398-402.)
** Randomized. 64 de novo coronary lesions. Treated with 1) bare metal stents (control) vs. 2) intracoronary beta RT. Median F/U 5 years
** EFS: 6-month control 35% vs. RT 13% (SS), 5-years: control 43% vs. RT 45% (NS)
** Conclusion: Significant benefit at 6 months, no difference at 5 years

## In-stent restenosis: VBT vs. drug-eluting stents

* Vienna; 2007 PMID 16971011 -- "Randomized comparison between intracoronary beta-radiation brachytherapy and implantation of paclitaxel-eluting stents for the treatment of diffuse in-stent restenosis." (Schukro C, Radiother Oncol. 2007 Jan;82(1):18-23. Epub 2006 Sep 12.). F/U 6 months
** Randomized. 37 patients with diffuse in-stent restenosis. Arm 1) Beta-Cath vs. Arm 2) Taxus-Express2
** Outcome: restenosis >50% Beta-Cath 3 patients vs. Taxus-Express2 0 patients (SS). No difference in major adverse cardiac outcomes.
** Procedure time: Beta-Cath 60 min vs. Taxus-Express2 31 min (SS)
** Conclusion: Significanly better restenosis rate in Taxus arm, no clinical difference
* TAXUS V ISR; 2006 (2003-2004) PMID 16531618 -- "Paclitaxel-eluting stents vs vascular brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis within bare-metal stents: the TAXUS V ISR randomized trial." (Stone GW, JAMA. 2006 Mar 15;295(11):1253-63.)
** Randomized. 396 patients, in-stent restenosis of previously implanted bare-metal coronary stent. Treated with angioplasty plus beta-source vascular brachy vs. paclitaxel-eluting stent. DM in 35% patients. Angiography at 9 months
** 9-month outcome: need for ischemic revascularization: 17% vs. 10% (SS); major cardiac events: VBT 20% vs. TAXUS 11% (SS); similar rate of cardiac death and MI (4-5%)
** Conclusion: Paclitaxel-eluting stents better than VBT for in-stent restenosis
* SISR; 2006 (2003-2004) PMID 16531619 -- "Sirolimus-eluting stents vs vascular brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis within bare-metal stents: the SISR randomized trial." (Holmes DR Jr, JAMA. 2006 Mar 15;295(11):1264-73.)
** Randomized. 384 patients, in-stent restenosis of previously implanted bare-metal stent. Treated with VBT or sirolimus-eluting stent. Angiography at 9 months
** 9-month outcome: need for revascularization: VBT 19% vs. sirolimus stent 8% (SS)
** Conclusion: Sirolimus-eluting stents superior than VBT for in-stent restenosis
# Radiation Oncology/Benign/Rheumatoid arthritis

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Rheumatoid Arthritis
# Radiation Oncology/Benign/PVNS

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
* Rare proliferative disorder affecting joints, tendons, and bursae
* Presnets as a nodule or a diffuse process of the synovium
* Typically monoarticular
* Young and middle-aged adults
* Not clear whether it is a chronic inflammatory process or a neoplastic process
* Work-up MRI, though presence of hemosiderin may overestimate size of lesion
* Primary treatment is surgical resection, although complete resection may be difficult to obtain
* Adjuvant therapy may include radioactive isotopes (Y90) or external beam RT
* For EBRT, University of Florida review recommends 35 Gy in 14-15 fractions
Review
# Radiation Oncology/Benign/Vascular Brachytherapy

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials

## De novo lesions

* BetAce; 2007 PMID 17307419 -- "Intracoronary beta-irradiation for the treatment of de novo lesions: 5-year clinical follow-up of the BetAce randomized trial." (Ferrero V, Am Heart J. 2007 Mar;153(3):398-402.)
** Randomized. 64 de novo coronary lesions. Treated with 1) bare metal stents (control) vs. 2) intracoronary beta RT. Median F/U 5 years
** EFS: 6-month control 35% vs. RT 13% (SS), 5-years: control 43% vs. RT 45% (NS)
** Conclusion: Significant benefit at 6 months, no difference at 5 years

## In-stent restenosis

* Vienna; 2007 PMID 16971011 -- "Randomized comparison between intracoronary beta-radiation brachytherapy and implantation of paclitaxel-eluting stents for the treatment of diffuse in-stent restenosis." (Schukro C, Radiother Oncol. 2007 Jan;82(1):18-23. Epub 2006 Sep 12.). F/U 6 months
** Randomized. 37 patients with diffuse in-stent restenosis. Arm 1) Beta-Cath vs. Arm 2) Taxus-Express2
** Outcome: restenosis >50% Beta-Cath 3 patients vs. Taxus-Express2 0 patients (SS). No difference in major adverse cardiac outcomes.
** Procedure time: Beta-Cath 60 min vs. Taxus-Express2 31 min (SS)
** Conclusion: Significanly better restenosis rate in Taxus arm, no clinical difference
* TAXUS V ISR; 2006 (2003-2004) PMID 16531618 -- "Paclitaxel-eluting stents vs vascular brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis within bare-metal stents: the TAXUS V ISR randomized trial." (Stone GW, JAMA. 2006 Mar 15;295(11):1253-63.)
** Randomized. 396 patients, in-stent restenosis of previously implanted bare-metal coronary stent. Treated with angioplasty plus beta-source vascular brachy vs. paclitaxel-eluting stent. DM in 35% patients. Angiography at 9 months
** 9-month outcome: need for ischemic revascularization: 17% vs. 10% (SS); major cardiac events: VBT 20% vs. TAXUS 11% (SS); similar rate of cardiac death and MI (4-5%)
** Conclusion: Paclitaxel-eluting stents better than VBT for in-stent restenosis
* SISR; 2006 (2003-2004) PMID 16531619 -- "Sirolimus-eluting stents vs vascular brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis within bare-metal stents: the SISR randomized trial." (Holmes DR Jr, JAMA. 2006 Mar 15;295(11):1264-73.)
** Randomized. 384 patients, in-stent restenosis of previously implanted bare-metal stent. Treated with VBT or sirolimus-eluting stent. Angiography at 9 months
** 9-month outcome: need for revascularization: VBT 19% vs. sirolimus stent 8% (SS)
** Conclusion: Sirolimus-eluting stents superior than VBT for in-stent restenosis
# Radiation Oncology/Drugs/Ethnopharmacologic therapeutic agent/Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia)

* Pacific yew is native to the Coast Range of British Columbia and the northwest coast of the United States
** It is also found in a few areas farther inland
* Local First Nations identified Pacific yew as a plant with medicinal properties, making teas from the needles and bark, and applying crushed needles to wounds
** They also used the extremely hard wood for implements that needed to withstand strain, such as fishhooks and paddles
* In 1971, researchers identified a chemical compound in Pacific yew called paclitaxel
** It was later approved for use against ovarian and certain types of beast cancer and is sold under the trade name Taxol®
** It is now also approved for use against an AIDS-related cancer
* Research continues into other medical uses for paclitaxel and also for new compounds derived from or related to it
* D G Kingston et al. J Nat Prod. Jul-Aug 1982. New taxanes from Taxus brevifolia (PMID: 7130988)
# Radiation Oncology/EMPD

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Extramammary Paget's Disease

## Overview

* Intraepithelial neoplasm with glandular differentiation
* Morphologically the same as Paget's disease of the breast, but unlike in the nipple, there is only rarely an underlying malignancy. It appears to be a primary epithelial malignancy
* Areas of involvement: peno-scrotal area, perineum, perianal area, vulva, axillae, groin, umbilicus, eyelid
* Tends to arise in sites where apocrine glands are present in high concentration
* In cases with an underlying malignancy (~20% of cases), it is often a cutaneous adnexal carcinoma, usually of apocrine or eccrine glands
* Presenting symptoms: pruritus, scaly eczematous lesion
* Histology shows presence of Paget cells, which are large cells with abundant basophilic cytoplasm and a large hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nucleus. Staining positive for CEA, CK7, EMA, and CAM 5.2; may also show overexpression of Her2
* Internal malignancies (e.g. colon, ovarian) may be associated in 10-20%
* Primary treatment is surgery, but margin may be diffuse and difficult to clear. Suggested margins have been 3-5cm, Mohs should be considered
* RT reasonable alternative if patient not a surgical candidate

## Literature

* Hong Kong; 2007 PMID 17665242 -- "Extramammary Paget's Disease in Chinese Males: A 21-year Experience." (Chiu TW, World J Surg. 2007 Oct;31(10):1941-6.)
** Retrospective.
** Outcome: recurrence rate 35% (simple WLE 60% vs. intraop frozen sections 25%)
# Radiation Oncology/Ear Cancer

* Very rare, only about 300 people in the United States diagnosed each year
* Types of ear cancer:
** Skin cancers: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, etc.
** Adenoid cystic carcinoma: account for only 5 percent of cancers of the external auditory canal
** Parotid tumors
* Often starts as a skin cancer on the outer ear that then spreads throughout the various ear structures, including the ear canal and the eardrum
* Can affect the bone inside the ear called the temporal bone (also including the mastoid bone)
* Tumors of the auricle most often treated with limited surgery, with definitive radiotherapy reserved for anatomy preservation or in poor surgical candidates
* Radical surgery (temporal bone resection and mastoidectomy) and postoperative irradiation accepted for more advanced lesions of the external auditory canal and lesions in the middle ear and mastoid
* Tumors involving the auricle can be treated with electrons or with superficial/orthovoltage irradiation:
** Lesions involving the pinna must be treated with conventional fractionation (1.8 to 2.0 Gy daily) to prevent cartilage necrosis (doses of 66 Gy over 6.5 weeks recommended)
** Large lesions of the external auditory canal may be treated with irradiation alone or combined with surgery (IMRT can improve target coverage and when nodal coverage indicated, doses of 60 to 70 Gy over 6 to 7 weeks required)
# Radiation Oncology/Drugs/Radioimmunotherapy

* Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) uses an antibody labeled with a radionuclide to deliver cytotoxic radiation to a target cell
* In cancer therapy, an antibody with specificity for a tumor-associated antigen is used to deliver a lethal dose of radiation to the tumor cells
* The ability for the antibody to specifically bind to a tumor-associated antigen increases the dose delivered to the tumor cells while decreasing the dose to normal tissues
* By its nature, RIT requires a tumor cell to express an antigen that is unique to the neoplasm or is not accessible in normal cells
* Steven M et al. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015 Jun; 15(6): 347–360. Radioimmunotherapy of human tumours (PMID: 25998714)
# Radiation Oncology/Dyspnea

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Dyspnea and Pneumonitis

## Dyspnea
### Supplemental oxygen

* MDACC, 2003 - PMID 14694916 — "A randomized controlled trial of supplemental oxygen versus air in cancer patients with dyspnea." Bruera E et al. Palliat Med. 2003 Dec;17(8):659-63.
** Randomized pts with advanced cancer without severe hypoxemia (SaO2 > 90%) at rest with dyspnea. Randomized to supplemental oxygen or air (5 L/min) by nasal cannula.
** No significant difference in dyspnea, fatigue, or distance walked.

## Pneumonitis

* Management
** From University of Pennsylvania Oncolink
*** Oral steroid therapy titrated over several weeks (Prednisone 60 mg/day x2 weeks, very slow taper over 3-12 weeks)
*** Pentoxifylilne could be considered to decrease progression to radiation fibrosis
*** May take 3-18 months for symptoms to fully resolve and/or stabilize. Any further significant improvement after 18 months is rare, due to progression to radiation fibrosis
# Radiation Oncology/Education

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
* Wiki
* Textbooks
* Blogs and other Resources
# Radiation Oncology/Drugs/Ethnopharmacologic therapeutic agent/Ganoderma lucidum

* Ganoderma lucidum is a natural medicine that is widely used and recommended by Asian physicians and naturopaths for its supporting effects on immune system
* Laboratory research and a handful of preclinical trials have suggested that G. lucidum carries promising anticancer and immunomodulatory properties
* Xingzhong Jin et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr; 2016(4): CD007731. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment (PMID: 27045603)
** The meta‐analysis results showed that patients who had been given G. lucidum alongside with chemo/radiotherapy were more likely to respond positively compared to chemo/radiotherapy alone (RR 1.50; 95% CI 0.90 to 2.51, P = 0.02)
# Radiation Oncology/EORTC

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)
See EORTC Groups Webpage for a list of trials for each cancer site
# Radiation Oncology/Drugs/Ethnopharmacologic therapeutic agent/Podophyllum

* Podophyllum is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Berberidaceae, described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753
* In the past, several species were included in the genus, but all but one have been transferred to other genera (Dysosma and Sinopodophyllum)
* The one remaining species is Podophyllum peltatum, with common names mayapple, American mandrake, wild mandrake, and ground lemon
* It is widespread across most of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada
* Mayapple contains podophyllotoxin, which is highly toxic if consumed, but can be used as a topical medicine
* Mayapple has been used by American Indians as an emetic, cathartic, and antihelmintic agent
* The rhizome of the mayapple has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, originally by indigenous inhabitants and later by other settlers
* Mayapple can be also used topically as an escharotic in removing warts, and two of its derivatives, etoposide and teniposide, have shown promise in treating some cancers
* Etoposide is among the World Health Organisations's list of essential medicines and it is derived from podophyllotoxin
# DESCRIPTION:

(undocumented)
GET-NET-INFO is a function value.
# DESCRIPTION:

Defines a user function with given spec and body.
FUNC is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* spec -- Help string (opt) followed by arg words (and opt type and string) (Type: block)
* body -- The body block of the function (Type: block)

# (SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES)

* catch
# DESCRIPTION:

Defines a function with all set-words as locals.
FUNCT is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* spec -- Help string (opt) followed by arg words (and opt type and string) (Type: block)
* body -- The body block of the function (Type: block)

# REFINEMENTS

* /with -- Define or use a persistent object (self)
** object -- The object or spec (Type: object block)
* /extern
** words -- These words are not local (Type: block)

# (SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES)

* catch
# DESCRIPTION:

Gets the value of a word or values of an object.
GET is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* word -- Word to get (Type: any-word object none)

# REFINEMENTS

* /any -- Allows any type of value, even unset.
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE if it is this type.
GET-PATH? is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: any-type)
# DESCRIPTION:

Gets the value of an operating system environment variable.
GET-ENV is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* var -- Variable to lookup (Type: string)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the primary value of a face.
GET-FACE is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* face -- (Type: any)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns mode settings for a port.
GET-MODES is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* target -- (Type: file url block port)
* modes -- (Type: word block)
# DESCRIPTION:

Defines a user function with local words.
FUNCTION is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* spec -- Optional help info followed by arg words (and optional type and string) (Type: block)
* vars -- List of words that are local to the function (Type: block)
* body -- The body block of the function (Type: block)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE for function values.
FUNCTION? is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: any-type)
# Pinyin/Kidnap

See also
# Pinyin/Ketchup

Ketchup is a thick tomato sauce that is made from tomatoes, vinegar, and spices.
ketchup shì 1-zhǒng yòng fānqié, cù, hé xiāngliào zhìchéng d nónghòu fānqiéjiàng.
# Pinyin/Kidney

Search Pinyin kidney
Kidneys are two organs in the abdomen of the vertebrate. Their shape are like beans. Kidneys produce urine. they are a part of urinary system.
shehnzahng shih jiizhuidohngwuh fuhbuh d 2'g qihguan. ta'men d xirngzhuahng haaoxiahng douh'zi. shehnzahng zhihzaoh niaohyeh. ta'men shih mihniaoh-xihtoong yibuhfehn.
Kidneys produce hormones. They produce two types of most important hormones which are erythropoietin and renin.
shehnzahng zhihzaoh hormone. ta'men zhihzaoh d 2-zhoong zuih zhohngyaoh d hormone shih horngxuehqiur-shengcherngsuh her shehnjiaohsuh.
# Pinyin/Kill

Search Pinyin kill
# Pinyin/Kidney Failure

Search Pinyin kidney
Search Pinyin failure

## English

Kidney failure (also called renal failure) is a term used to describe when a person's kidneys stop working properly, or fail. Renal failure can be divided into two categories: chronic renal failure, and acute renal failure.
Chronic renal failure develops slowly, and there are not many noticeable symptoms at first. Its presence can be an indication of other diseases, such as IgA nephritis, glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and urinary retention. Chronic renal failure will eventually develop into end-stage renal failure if it is left untreated. End-stage renal failure can only be treated with dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Acute renal failure develops in a short time, and symptoms are more noticeable. Symptoms include production of less urine, changes in body water levels, and irregularities in electrolyte levels. The cause of acute renal failure needs to be found quickly, and dialysis is often needed while that is being found.
It is possible to have acute renal failure on top of chronic renal failure. This is called acute-on-chronic renal failure.

## Pinyin

Shènshuāijié shì yònglái xíngróng 1'g rén de shènzàng tíngzhǐ zhèngcháng gōngzuò, huò shuāijié d 1'g shùyǔ. Shènshuāijié kě fēnwéi 2 lèi: mànxìng shènshuāijié, yǐjí jíxìng shènshuāijié.
Mànxìng shènshuāijié fāzhǎn huǎnmàn, érqiě yīkāishǐ méiyǒu xǔduō míngxiǎn de zhèngzhuàng. Tā de cúnzài kěyǐ shì qítā jíbìng, rú IgA shènyán, shènxiǎoqiúshènyán, mànxìng shènyúshènyán, hé niàozhūliú de bìngzhēng. Mànxìng shènshuāijié zuìzhōng jiāng fāzhǎn chéngwéi mòqī shènshuāijié rúguǒ bù jíshí zhìliáo. Mòqī shènshuāijié zhǐ néng tòuxī huò shènyízhí zhìliáo.
Jíxìng shènshuāijié, zài duǎn shíjiān nèi fāzhǎn hé zhèngzhuàng gèng míngxiǎn. Zhèngzhuàng bāokuò shēngchǎn niào-liàng shǎo, gǎibiàn tǐnèi shuǐfèn shuǐpíng, bù guīzé diànjiězhì shuǐpíng. Jíxìng shènshuāijié de yuányīn xūyào xùnsù de bèi fāxiàn, zhěnzhì qījiān jīngcháng xūyào tòuxī zhìliáo.
Mànxìng shènshuāijié yě kěnéng tóngshí chūxiàn jíxìng shènshuāijié, chēngwéi mànxìng-jiā-jíxìng shènshuāijié.
# Pinyin/Kilometer

A kilometer is a unit for measuring distance, containing 1000 meters.
qianmii shih liarngduor juhlir d danweih, deengyur 1000 mii.
# Pinyin/Kimchi

See also
Kimchi is a traditional Korean food made from vegetables, widely with Chili pepper. It often contains things like Chinese cabbage, radish, garlic, red pepper, spring onion, shrimp, ginger, salt, and sugar.
Kimchi shì shūcài zhìchéng de chuántǒng Cháoxiǎn shípǐn, yībān hányǒu làjiāo. Tōngcháng bāohán shàocài, luóbo, dàsuàn, hónglàjiāo, cōng, xiā, jiāng, yán hé táng.
Kimchi is usually very strong for non-Koreans. There are many different types and Koreans typically eat kimchi in every meal. It is a staple of Korean food. Kimchi can be stored for a long time and it does not go bad easily.
Wàiguórén yībān juédé kimchi wèidào hěn qiáng. Kimchi yǒu bùtóng zhǒnglèi, Cháoxiǎnrén chīfàn cháng chī kimchi, shì Cháoxiǎn hé Hánguó yǐnshí zhōng de zhǔyào bùfèn. Kimchi kěyǐ bǎocún hěn cháng yīduàn shíjiān, ér bù róngyì biànhuài.

## Health

Kimchi is made of various vegetables and contains a high concentration of dietary fiber, while being low in calories. One serving also provides over 50% of the daily recommended amount of vitamin C and carotene. Most types of kimchi contain onions, garlic, ginger, and chilli peppers, all of which are salutary. The vegetables used in kimchi also contribute to its overall nutritional value. Kimchi is rich in vitamin A, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), calcium, and iron, and contains lactic acid bacteria, among those the typical species Lactobacillus kimchii.
Kimchi yóu gèzhǒng shūcài zhìchéng, hányǒu gāo nóngdù de shànshí xiānwéi, rèliàng dī. Yīgè fènliàng hái tígōngle wéishēngsù C hé húluóbosù de měirì tuījiàn-liàng de 50% yǐshàng. Dàduōshù lèixíng de kimchi hányǒu cōng, suàn, jiāng hé làjiāo, dōu shì yǒuyì de. Kimchi yòng de shūcài yě yǒuzhùyú zhěngtǐ yíngyǎng jiàzhí. Kimchi hányǒu fēngfù de wéishēngsù A, liú'ànsù (B1), héhuángsù (B2), gài hé tiě, yǐjí hányǒu rǔsuānjūn, jiùshì diǎnxíng de pàocài rǔgǎnjūn zhǒnglèi.
Health magazine named kimchi in its list of top five "World's Healthiest Foods" for being rich in vitamins, aiding digestion, and even possibly reducing cancer growth. A 2005 South Korean study found, however, that when eaten in large quantities, kimchi may increase the risk of gastric cancer, particularly among people with certain genetic traits.
Kimchi fùhán wéishēngsù, bāngzhù xiāohuà, shènzhì kěnéng jiàngdī áizhèng de shēngzhǎng, bèi jiànkāng zázhì píngwéi qián wǔ míng “Shìjièshàng zuì Jiànkāng de Shíwù”. Rán'ér, 2005 nián de Hánguó yánjiū fāxiàn, dàliàng shíyòng Kimchi kěnéng zēngjiā wèi'ái de fēngxiǎn, yóuqíshì yǒu mǒuxiē yíchuán tèzhēng de rén.
# Pinyin/Kind
## Noun

* a kind is a group of people or things that are the same in some way.
** zhoongleih shih moou fangmiahn xiangtorng d 1-zuu rern huoh shihwuh.
# Robotics and the World/Robot Hardware
## 4. Robot Hardware

examples:
Wheels Robot builders often find that the trickiest part of a robotics project is making the wheels. First you need to find a suitable tire/wheel combination, then you must figure out a way to attach a sprocket so that it will handle the torque of a geared-down drive motor.
Motors From the start, operating motors seem quite simple. Apply a voltage to both terminals, and it spins. But what if you want to control which direction the motor spins? Correct, you reverse the wires. Now what if you want the motor to spin at half that speed? You would use less voltage. But how would you get a robot to do those things autonomously? How would you know what voltage a motor should get? Why not 50V instead of 12V? What about motor overheating? Operating motors can be much more complicated than you think.
Sensors The light sensor uses a photocell that allows your robot to detect and react to light. With the light sensor, you can program a whole new range of capabilities to your robot. Design a simple tracker that follows the beam of a flashlight, or use a light sensor to help your robot to avoid getting stuck under furniture by making it steer away from shadows. You can even give your robot color vision by putting colored filters on different light sensors!