OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Slovio/Introducing yourself

Slovio | Lessons: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

# Lesson 2 - Introducing yourself

Please take a look at how Ana might introduce herself:
    Imenijm Ana. Ja es ucxnik.
Vocabulary:
Ana introduced herself with "imenijm Ana", meaning "my name is Ana". Imenijm is the first person singular form of the verb imenit in the present tense. In this case, it was unnecessary to use personal pronoun ja (I), as it would be in most Slavic languages, as it is assumed that subject is "ja" from the verb suffix -ijm.

## Verb conjugation (delaslovju koniugenie)

Verbs are conjugated by adding a suffix to the stem of the word. Stems are formed by removing the infinitive ending -t (if the stem ends in o), -it (if it ends in a consonant) or -vit (if it ends in a, e, i or u). The verb endings for the present tense are: ijm, ijsx, ijt, ime, ite and ijut, if the word ends in a consonant as seen in this example:
| Slovio | English |
| imenijm | my name is |
| imenijsx | your name is |
| imenijt | her, his, its name is |
| imenime | our name is |
| imenite | your (plural) name is |
| imenijut | their name is |
So, for example:
Words that end in a vowel lose i in the ending, so the endings are: -jm, -jsx, -jt, -me, -te and -jut. The use of i in such cases is optional, but it is easier to omit it. For example: delat (to work), would be delajm, delajsx, delajt, delame, delate or delajut.

## Pronouns (zamenslovis)

Pronouns in Slovio appear in three forms:
* Subject (nominative)
* Object
* Possessive
This is a table of pronouns when they are in the subject position:
| Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| ja | I | mi | we |
| ti | you | vi | you (pl.) |
| to | 3rd person | oni | they |
| on | he | | |
| ona | she | | |
| ono | it | | |
| Please take a look at to. It is a gender neutral form of third person singular, and can be used to designate either he, she or it. Plural equivalent, oni is also gender neutral. ||||

## Verb 'to be' (delaslov 'but')

Conjugation of the verb 'to be' in slovio is very easy, it is es in every case. If the verb is used without a pronoun, verb personal ending (see above section) is added to the stem es.
For example, Ana said:
    Ja es ucxnik.
Meaning I am a student. She also could have said Esijm ucxnik.
Slovio | Lessons: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
# Slovene/Casing/First-Case

The first case in Slovene is called 'Imenovalnik' or 'Nominative' case. This case focuses on the subject of the verb.
Nominative Declensions
| Gender | Singular | Dual | Plural | Practice |
| Masculine | - / - | a / a | i / i | vlak, pes, dnevnik |
| Feminine | a / a | i / i | a / a | hiša, jama, cesta |
| Funny Feminine | a / - | i / i | e / i | cerkev, radost, |
| Neuter | oe / oe | i / i | a / a | delo, hrepnenje, |
How to read this table
* The first column signifies the gender. Ex: 'vlak' (M), 'hiša' (F), 'radost' (F2), 'delo' (N)
* The second to fourth columns show the declensions for each adjective / noun. Ex: 'velik vlak' (Singular: big train), 'velika vlaka' (Dual: Two big trains), 'veliki vlaki' (Plural: big trains)
Pronouns
| Singular | Dual | Plural |
| jaz sem | midva sva | mi smo |
| ti si | vidva sta | vi ste |
| on/-a/-o | onadva sta | oni/-e/-i |
# Slovene/Nouns

There are two types of nouns in Slovene:
* Proper Nouns
* Common Nouns
Proper Nouns refer to a particular person, place, or institution by name, e.g. 'Alpe', 'Piran', 'Maribor', 'Triglav', 'Skofja Loka'.
Common Nouns are either concrete or abstract. A concrete noun refers to a person, substance, or thing, i.e something we can touch or see, e.g. mama, 'hisa', 'cerkev', 'cesta', 'reka', 'mesto'. An abstract noun is used to describe quality, experience, or an idea, e.g. 'radost', 'mladost', 'kajenje'.
There are no equivalent English articles 'a/an' and 'the'. For example, using the word 'cerkev' means 'a church' or 'the church'. Word order and context determines which article is used.
# Slovene/Verbs/list

| Infinitive | Present Tense | Imperative | Header text | Translation of Infin. | Usage |
| bati se | -ojim (se) | Example | -al, -ala, -ali | To Fear, Be Afraid (of) !! Fant se boji psa. The boy is afraid of the dog. |
| beležiti | Example | Example | Example | To note down, Record | |
| bežati | Example | Example | Example | To Flee, Run Away | |
| biti | sem | bodi, bodite | bil, bila | To Be | |
| bivati | -ivam | Example | Example | To Dwell | |
| blagosloviti | -ovim | -ovi | -ovil, -ovila, -ovili | To Bless | Bog jih je blagoslovil zaradi njehove zvestobe. God blessed them for their loyalty. |
| bližati | -ižam | Example | -ižal, -ižala, -ižali | To Approach | |
| boleti | -olim | Example | -olil, -olila, -olili | To Hurt, Ache | |
| brati | -erem | -eri | -al, ala, ali | To Read | Berem o slovenski zgodovini. I'm reading about Slovenian history. |
| bruhati | -uham | Example | -uhal, -uhala, -uhali | To Vomit | |
| čakati | -akam | -akaj, -ajte | -akal, -akala, -akali | To Wait | Moja sestra čaka na avtobus. My sister is waiting for the bus. |
| častiti | -astim | -asti, -astite | -astil, -astila, -astili | To Worship | |
# Slovene/Numbers

In Slovene, there are several types of numeral:
* Cardinal
* Ordinal
* Collective
* Differential
* Multiplicative
* Adverbial
List of cardinal and ordinal numerals
| Number | Cardinal | Ordinal |
| 1 | eden/en/ena/-o | prvi/-a/-o |
| 2 | dva/dve | drugi/-a/-o |
| 3 | trije/tri | tretji/-a/-o |
| 4 | štirje/štiri | cetrti/-a/-o |
| 5 | pet | peti |
| 6 | šest | šesti |
| 7 | sedem | sedmi |
| 8 | osem | osmi |
| 9 | devet | deveti |
| 10 | deset | deseti |
| 11 | enajst | Example |
| 12 | dvanajst | Example |
| 13 | trinajst | Example |
| 14 | štirinajst | Example |
| 15 | petnajst | Example |
| 16 | šestnajst | Example |
| 17 | sedemnajst | Example |
| 18 | osemnajst | Example |
| 19 | devetnajst | Example |
| 20 | dvajset | Example |
| 21 | enaindvajset | Example |
| 22 | dvaindvajset | Example |
| 23 | triindvajset | Example |
| 24 | štiriindvajset | Example |
| 25 | petindvajset | Example |
| 26 | šestindvajset | Example |
| 27 | sedemindvajset | Example |
| 28 | osemindvajset | Example |
| 29 | devetindvajset | Example |
| 30 | trideset | Example |
| 40 | štirideset | Example |
| 50 | petdeset | Example |
| 60 | šestdeset | Example |
| 70 | sedemdeset | Example |
| 80 | osemdeset | Example |
| 90 | devetdeset | Example |
| 100 | sto | Example |
| 101 | sto eden/en/-a/-o | Example |
| 200 | dvesto | Example |
| 300 | tristo | Example |
| 400 | štiristo | Example |
| 500 | petsto | Example |
| 600 | šeststo | Example |
| 700 | sedemsto | Example |
| 800 | osemsto | Example |
| 900 | devetsto | Example |
| 1000 | tišoc | Example |
| 2000 | dva tišoč | Example |
| 100000 | sto tišoč | Example |
| 1000000 | milijon | Example |
| 2000000 | dva milijona | Example |
| 1000000000 | milijarda | Example |
| 5000000000 | pet milijarde | Example |
# Slovio/Introduction

Slovio is an international auxiliary language created by Mark Hucko in 1999. It has simple, logical grammar similar to that of Esperanto, and its vocabulary is taken from roots common in most Slavic languages, including Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Sorbian, Old Church Slavonic, and Macedonian. The name Slovio derives from the proto-Slavic root meaning "word." Slovio is easily understood by anyone familiar with at least one Slavic language, and thus has a natural base of an approximate 400 million people. Slovio uses the Roman alphabet but can be transcribed into Cyrilic.

## Sample Text

The Pater Noster in Slovio:
    Nasx otec ktor es vo nebo,
    Sanktju es tvoi imen.
    Tvoi kralenie pridib.
    Tvoi hcenie bu na zemla takak na nebo.
    Darij mi dnes nasx denju hleb.
    I uprostij mi nasx grehis takak mi uprostime tamktor grehitu protiv mi.
    I ne vestij mi vo pokusenie, no spasij mi ot zlo.

## External Links

* Official Website
* Profile at Langmaker.com
* Profile at Omniglot
# Text & Translation

| Line | Latin Text | English Translation |
| 1 | Odi et amo. quare id faciam, fortasse requiris? | I hate and I love. How do I do that, perhaps you ask? |
| 2 | nescio. sed fieri sentio et excrucior. | I don't know. But I feel it is happening and I am tormented. |

# Connotations of the Text

In this, one of Catullus's most famous and emotional poems, he talks about the contrasting feelings of love that are tormenting him.

### Line 1

* odi et amo - I hate and I love
This reveals the stark contrast in his relationship. The emphatic position of odi makes it stand out to the reader.

### Line 2

* excrucior - i am tortured; tormented
This has various meanings and we can see the English derivative of it - excruciating. In fact the word is derived from the Latin crux meaning cross, and ex which means from, out of. Literally it means a cross out of and came to mean crucify - the idea of pulling a person into the shape of a cross for torture.
* fieri - it is done to me
This is the passive of the verb to do. This means done to me and presents the idea of the loss of control in his life, and more importantly the relationship.

# Vocabulary
### Line 1

* odi, odisse, osus sum - dislike intensely; hate
* requiro, -ere, requisi(v)i, requisitum - ask; enquire after

### Line 2

* fio, fieri, factus sum - (pass. of facio) to be made; become; happen
* excrucio, -are, -avi, -atum - torture; distress; crucify

# External Links

Catullus 85 A Translation of Catullus 85
Catullus 85 Another Translation of Catullus 85
# The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/86

There are many who think of Quintia in terms of beauty, but to me she is merely tall and golden white, erect, and I admit each of these separate distinctions in her favour, yet I object, deny, that the word "beauty" describes her person; for she has no charm, not even a grain of salt in her whole body to give you appetite -- now Lesbia has beauty, she is everything that's handsome, glorious, and she has captured all that Venus has to offer in ways of love.
# Text And Translation

| Line | Latin Text | English Translation |
| 1 | Lesbia mi dicit semper male nec tacet umquam | Lesbia is always verbally abusing me, and is never silent |
| 2 | de me: Lesbia me dispeream nisi amat. | about me: may I perish if Lesbia does not love me. |
| 3 | quo signo? qui sunt totidem mea: deprecor illam | By what sign? Because my matters are just the same: I criticise her |
| 4 | assidue, verum, dispeream nisi amo. | constantly, even so, may I perish if I do not love her. |

# Vocabulary
### Line 2

* dispereo, -ire, -ii - be undone; perish
* nisi - unless

### Line 3

* totidem - just as many; just the same; all the same
* deprecor, -ari, -atus sum - criticise; deprecate

### Line 4

* assidue (adv.) - constantly; continually
* verum (adv.) - truly; even so; but; yet; still

# External Links

* Catullus 92 A Translation of Catullus 92
* Catullus 92 Another Translation of Catullus 92
# The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/76

Catullus Poem 76
Si qua recordanti benefacta priora voluptas
est homini, cum se cogitat esse pium,
nec sanctam violasse fidem, nec foedere in ullo
divum ad fallendos numine abusum homines,
multa parata manent in longa aetate, Catulle,
ex hoc ingrato gaudia amore tibi.
nam quaecumque homines bene cuiquam aut dicere possunt
aut facere, haec a te dictaque factaque sunt:
omnia quae ingratae perierunt credita menti.
quare cur tu te iam amplius excrucies?
quin tu animo offirmas atque istinc teque reducis
et dis invitis desinis esse miser?
difficile est longum subito deponere amorem;
difficile est, verum hoc qua libet efficias.
una salus haec est, hoc est tibi pervincendum;
hoc facias, sive id non pote sive pote.
o di, si vestrum est misereri, aut si quibus unquam
extremam iam ipsa in morte tulistis opem,
me miserum adspicite et, si vitam puriter egi,
eripite hanc pestem perniciemque mihi!
hei mihi subrepens imos ut torpor in artus
expulit ex omni pectore laetitias.
non iam illud quaero, contra ut me diligat illa,
aut, quod non potis est, esse pudica velit:
ipse valere opto et taetrum hunc deponere morbum.
o di, reddite mi hoc pro pietate mea.
If there is any pleasure for a man recollecting previous good deeds
when he reflects that he is dutiful
and he has not violated the sacred faith and that he hasn’t
abused the will of the gods in order to trick people in any agreement
then the many enjoyments that you have gotten remain in long life Catullus,
out of this unpleasant love for you.
for whatever men are taken able to say well to anyone or able to do
these things were said and were done by you
all things have perished which have been entrusted to an ungrateful mind
therefore why will you torture yourself further now?
Why do you not stand firm in mind bring yourself back by yourself from that place,
and with the gods unwilling stop being wretched
it is difficult to suddenly put down a long love
it is difficult, but you should do this in whatever way is pleasing
this is the one safety this must be overcome by you
do this whether it is possible or not possible
O gods, if it is yours to feel pity, or if you ever carried
a final aid to anyone in death itself
catch sight of wretched me and if I have lived life purely
then snatch this plague and destruction from me,
which creeping up on me as a numbness into the lowest part of my limbs
expelled joys from all my heart
I no longer seek that she cherish me in return
or because it is impossible that she could consent to remain chaste
I want myself to be well and put away this foul disease
O gods return this to me in exchange for my devotion
# The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/94/94A
## Text & Translation

Meter – Elegiac couplet
| Line | Latin Text | English Translation |
| 1 | Mentula moechatur. moechatur mentula? certe. | Mentula is an adulterer. A cock is an adulterer? Certainly. |
| 2 | hoc est quod dicunt: ipsa olera olla legit. | It is as they say: The pot takes vegetables as naturally. |
* Note: "mentula" means penis, but to give it a greater sense of the original Latin, i.e. vulgar common slang "cock" has been used.

## Connotations of The Text
### Line 1

* Mentula moechatur - Mentula/a cock is an adulterer.
This play on the man's nickname and the word for 'penis' is deliberately implemented to catch our attention. The word order is then reversed to further emphasise it, with the capital 'M' taken away to show that Catullus is only talking about a penis this time.
* Certe. - Certainly.
This abrupt use of the word imprints the statement to the reader.

### Line 2

* dicunt - they say
"They" is understood here as a saying, i.e. "you know what they say..." and is designed to represent a universal agreement to the statement above, adding further to Catullus' mockery of Mentula.

## Scansion Note

The elision at the end of Line 2 rushes through the end of the poem. Combined with the alliteration of olera olla it is a striking way to end the poem. The use of two dactyls also adds to the speed at which the poem ends.
Example :
īpsa ǒlěra ōllǎ lěgît.
* Syllaba anceps has been marked with a circumflex (â).

## External Links

* Catullus 94 A Translation of Catullus 94
* Catullus 94 Another Translation of Catullus 94
# The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/84

Translation of Catullus 84 Elegiac Couplet. Literal English Translation Original Latin Line
[H]arrius said "Hadvantages," if at any time he wished
and then he hoped that he spoke remarkably,
I believe, thus his mother, thus his free uncle,
When he was sent into Syria, everybody's ears found relief:
and afterwards they did not fear such words for themselves,
The Ionian waves, after Arrius had gone to there,
Chommoda dicebat, si quando commoda vellet
et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum,
Credo, sic mater, sic liber avunculus eius,
Hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus aures:
nec sibi postilla metuebant talia verba,
Ionios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset,
84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.6 84.7 84.8 84.9 84.10 84.11 84.12
# Text And Translation

Meter - Hendecasyllabic
| Line | Latin Text | English Translation |
| 1 | Verani, omnibus e meis amicis | Veranius, surpassing all of my friends |
| 2 | antistans mihi millibus trecentis, | in my eyes by three hundred thousand times |
| 3 | venistine domum ad tuos penates | have you come to your home, household gods, |
| 4 | fratresque unanimos anumque matrem? | loving brothers, and old mother? |
| 5 | Venisti. O mihi nuntii beati! | You have come! O blissful news for me! |
| 6 | Visam te incolumem audiamque Hiberum | Will I see you unharmed and will hear you |
| 7 | narrantem loca, facta, nationes, | telling of the places, deeds and tribes of the Spanish |
| 8 | ut mos est tuus applicansque collum | as is your custom, and drawing your pleasant neck close |
| 9 | iucundum os oculosque suaviabor? | will I kiss your eyes and mouth? |
| 10 | O quantum est hominum beatiorem, | O what number is there of happy men |
| 11 | quid me laetius est beatiusvne? | that is happier or more blissful than I? |

# Connotations of the Text

Note the two tricolon crescendos in this poem; "your household gods...old mother" and "places...tribes" - these are particularly Alexandrian aspects of Catullus' poetry. This poem also expresses Catullus' Epicurean ideal through his friendship with Veranius.

### Line 1

* Verani
Veranius was a friend of Catullus's who had just returned from serving with the governor of Spain.

# External Links

* Catullus 9 Translation of Catullus 9
# Text & Translation

Meter - Elegiac couplet
| Line | Latin Text | English Translation |
| 1 | Nil nimium studeo, Caesar, tibi velle placere | I care nothing much, Caesar, to want to please you |
| 2 | nec scire utrum sis albus an ater homo | Nor to know whether you are a white or a black man |

# Connotations of The Text

Caesar was a friend of Catullus’ family and apparently was quite friendly to Catullus even asking him to dinner. Catullus however, made it quite clear that he did not like Caesar. This is only one of several offensive poems directed at him.
The brevity of this piece highlights Catullus’ disregard and was a feature of the Latin neoterics, who broke away from the long epics.

### Line 1

* velle placere - to want to please
The placement of two infinitives next to each other emphasises his point, as this would have been a noticeable structure to a Roman reader.

### Line 2

* albus an ater - white or black
Note the assonance of albus an ater. Assonance, as well as alliteration, was a common poetic technique of Latin.

# Vocabulary
### Line 1

* nimium - too much; excessively
* velle - to want; desire
* placere - to please; satisfy; impress

### Line 2

* albus, (adj.) - lit. white, however in this context not a matter of skin color in a racial sense but a reference to a Greek jargon for homosexuals who played a passive role in sex. A "white" man is pale, meaning womanly--as women were expected to stay indoors and therefore remain pale of skin, and plays the passive role.
* ater – again, this literally means ‘black’, but here may allude to one who plays the active role in homosexual sex between men, black being the opposite of white/pale and womanly/passive.

# External Links

* Catullus 93 A Translation of Catullus 93
* Catullus 93 Another Translation of Catullus 93
# Structural Biochemistry/AgarACE ®, Enzyme

AgarACE™ Enzyme(a) is an agarose-digesting enzyme which is used for simple and quantitative recovery of DNA or RNA from agarose gels. This enzyme is thermostable in agarose gel procedures. It can hydrolyze 200mg of 1% LMP agarose in 15 minutes. Good recovery is possible for DNA between 300-3,000 bp. There is no buffer required. This enzyme is used for cloning, ligation, primer labeling, PCR, and sequencing. It has also been suggested that it can give high yields of "translated protein product in reticulocyte lysate translation systems" in isolated RNA. The quality of the nucleic acids after undergoing electrophoresis is not well known. AgarACE™ Enzyme was developed by the company, Promega. The creation of this enzyme caused certain protocols to become easier and produce faster results.

### References

* ↑ Knuth, Mark, Kimberly Knoche, and Paul Otto. "AgarACE™ Agarose-Digesting Enzyme Part Three: DNA/RNA Recovery and Applications Testing for Use in Translation, Transcription/Translation, Prime-a-Gene® Labeling and Fluorescent DNA Sequencing." Promega Notes Magazine. Number 61, 1997, p.21.
# Structural Biochemistry/Alkylphenols
## Overview

Alkylphenols are a family of organic compounds obtained by the alkylation of phenols. The term is usually reserved for commercially important propylphenol, butylphenol, amylphenol, heptylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, dodecylphenol and related "long chain alkylphenols" (LCAPs). Methylphenols and ethylphenols are also alkylphenols, but they are more commonly referred to by their specific names, cresols and xylenols.

## Uses

Alkylphenols such as nonylphenol and octylphenol are mainly used to make alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) surfactants (detergents), though alkylphenols themselves can be used as plasticisers in plastics, and the derivatives alkylphenol phosphites can be used as UV stabilisers in plastics.
In Europe alkylphenol ethoxylates are used in:
* industrial detergents, such as those used for wool washing and metal finishing.
* some industrial processes, such as emulsion polymerisation
* the spermicidal lubricant nonoxynol-9.
* various laboratory detergents, including Triton X-100.
* some pesticide formulations.
Outside Europe alkylphenol ethoxylates are also used in many domestic products; for example in the USA they are in many liquid clothes detergents. In Europe these products contain the slightly more expensive, but much safer, alcohol ethoxylates.

## Hormone disrupting effects

Alkylphenols were first found to be oestrogenic (oestrogen-mimicking) in the 1930s, and more evidence was published in 1978. However, it was only in 1991 that publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured human breast cells led to health concerns (Soto et al., 1991). This and more recent research has shown that the growth of these cells is increased by alkylphenols at concentrations 1000 to 10000 times higher than the oestradiol levels required to produce the same growth. Oestrogenic effects have also been shown on rainbow trout hepatocytes, chicken embryo fibroblasts and a mouse oestrogen receptor. Oestrogenic effects are present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 µM for octylphenol and 1 µM for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human oestrogen receptor has shown similar results.
Recent research is showing oestrogenic effects of nonylphenol at ever lower concentrations. Levels of 0.05 micro-g per litre were enough to increase the number of eggs produced by minnows, as well as increasing vitellogenin levels. This research also suggested that nonylphenol was leading to an increase in natural oestrogen levels.

## reference

http://web.archive.org/web/20000416232843/http://website.lineone.net/~mwarhurst/apeintro.html