OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Asking for directions and time

方角(ほうがく)や時間(じかん)をたずねる - Hougaku ya jikan o tazuneru - Asking for direction and time

## Useful phrases

フレーズの練習(れんしゅう) - Fureezu no renshuu - Phrases to practise
| English | Rōmaji | Japanese |
| It is straight. | Massugu desu. | 真(ま)っ直(す)ぐです。 |
| That town is that way. | Sono michi ni sotte itte kudasai. | その 道(みち)に 沿(そ)って 行(い)って 下(くだ)さい。 |
| Go straight to get to the town. | Machi e iku niwa massugu itte kudasai. | 町(まち) へ 行(い)く には 真(ま)っ直(す)ぐ 行(い)って 下(くだ)さい。 |
| Please go to the town. | Machi ni itte kudasai. | 町(まち)に行(い)って 下(くだ)さい。 |
| Turn to the left. | Hidari ni magatte kudasai. | 左(ひだり)に　曲(ま)がって 下(くだ)さい。 |
| Turn to the right. | Migi ni magatte kudasai. | 右(みぎ)に　曲(ま)がって 下(くだ)さい。 |
| It is opposite to the bank. | Ginkou no mukai desu. | 銀行(ぎんこう)の 向(む)かいです。 |
| It is next to the bank. | Ginkou no tonari desu. | 銀行(ぎんこう)の 隣(となり)です。 |
| It is on the opposite side. | Hantai-gawa desu. | 反対側(はんたいがわ)です。 |
* Kado o magatta tokoro desu.
角（かど）を 曲がった（まがった）ところ　です。
* Sugu soko desu.
すぐ　そこ　です。
* Hyouji ni sotte itte kudasai.
表示（ひょうじ）に　沿って（そって）　行って（いって）ください。
* Kore wa ippou-tsukou no douro desu.
これ は 一方通行(いっぽうつうこう) の 道路(どうろ) です
* Nan-ji desu ka.
何時（なんじ）ですか。
* Hiru no juu-ni-ji desu.
昼（ひる）の十二時（じゅうにじ）　です。
* Mayonaka desu.
真夜中（まよなか）です。
* Gozen ni-ji desu.
午前（ごぜん）二時（にじ）です。
* Gogo san-ji desu.
午後（ごご）三時（さんじ）です。
* Ni-ji-han desu.
二時半（にじはん） です。
* Hachi-ji yonjuu-go-fun desu.
八時（はちじ）四十五分（よんじゅうごふん）です。

## Conversation

方角(ほうがく)や時間(じかん)をたずねるときの会話(かいわ) - Hougaku ya jikan o tazuneru toki no kaiwa - Conversation when asking directions and time
* Chiba-san: Sumimasen. Michi ni mayotte iru no desu ga.
ちばさん： すみません。道（みち）　に　迷って（まよって）　いる　の　です　が。
* Josei: Dochira ni ikitai no desu ka.
女性（じょせい）： どちら　に　行きたい　の　です　か。
* Chiba-san: Shibuya-eki ni ikitai no desu.
ちばさん：　渋谷（しぶや）駅（えき）に　行きたい　の　です。
* Josei: Tsugi no kousaten o migi ni magatte kudasai.
女性：　次（つぎ）の　交差点（こうさてん）を　右（みぎ）に　曲って（まがって）ください。
* Masato: Nan-ji desu ka.
雅人（まさと）：　何時（なんじ）　ですか。
* Hiroko: Hiru no juuni-ji desu.
洋子：　昼（ひる）の十二（じゅうに）時（じ）です。
* Masato: Hontou desu ka. Juu-ichi-ji-han kurai ka to omoimashita.
雅人： 本当（ほんとう）ですか。十一（じゅういち）時半（はん）ぐらい　か　と　思いました（おもいました）。
* Hiroko: Anata no tokei ga okurete iru no desu.
洋子： あなたの時計（とけい）　が　遅れて（おくれて）いるのです。
* Yukiko: Eiga wa nan-ji ni hajimarimasu ka.
由紀子（ゆきこ）： 映画（えいが）は　何時　に　始まります（はじまります）　か。
* Yoshi: Hachi-ji-han kurai desu.
よし： 八（はち）時半　ぐらい　です。
* Yukiko: Okure nai you ni shimashou. Shichi-ji yonjuu-go-fun ni demashou.
由紀子： 遅れない　ように　しましょう。　七時（しちじ）四十五分（よんじゅうごふん）に出ましょう。
* Yoshi: Shichi-ji-han no hou ga ii deshou.
よし：　七時半　の方（ほう）がいい　でしょう。
# Japanese Phrasebook/Conversation essentials

Once you've gotten past greetings and other common phrases, it's useful to learn how to survive on your own. Conversation with new acquaintances in Japan can be frustratingly predictable at times, but this is a good thing when you're still learning the language.
Another survival tip:
Downloading Rikaichan for Firefox is highly recommended, all you need is a basic understanding of the backwards sentence structure that Japanese has compared to English and you'll be able to read web pages like the Japanese Wikipedia. Slowly, word-by-word, but at least it's possible through the interactive dictionary.

### Self introduction - 自己(じこ)紹介(しょうかい)

| 初めまして。＜名前＞と申します。＜国＞から来ました。＜会社＞で働いています。よろしくお願いします。 | Nice to meet you. My name is <name>, I'm from <country>. I work at <company>. Please treat me favourably. |
| 初めまして。私は＜国＞の＜名前＞です。＜会社＞の研修生です。専門は＜専門＞者。＜何月＞に同僚と日本へ来ました。どうぞよろしく。 | How do you do? I'm <name> from <country>. I'm a <company>-trainee in the field of <speciality>. I came to Japan with a work colleague in <month>. Pleased to meet you. |

### Common questions you will be asked

| Japanese | Japanese | English | English |
| 佐藤さん: | ご出身はどこですか。 | Mr. Satō: | Where are you from? |
| ジョン: | ＜国＞から参りました。 | John: | I'm from <country>. |
| Japanese | Japanese | English | English |
| 佐藤さん: | どこに勤めていますか。 | Mr. Satō: | Where do you work? |
| ジョン: | ＜会社＞に勤めています。 | John: | I work at <company>. |
| Japanese | Japanese | English | English |
| 佐藤さん: | 背の高い | Mr. Satō: | How tall are you? |
| ジョン: | | John: | I'm 180cm tall. |

### Useful things to say

すみませんが、もう一度お願いします。　Sorry, please repeat that.
もう一度、お名前を…… I didn't quite catch your name ...
どこで働いていますか。 Where do you work?

### Talking about the weather

いい天気ですね。　Great weather isn't it.
涼しくなってきましたね。 It’s cooling down.
降ってきましたね。 It’s raining.
よく降りますね。 It’s raining a lot.
はっきりしない天気ですね。 It's cloudy/overcast isn't it.
暖かくなってきましたね。 It’s getting warmer.

### Daily schedule

| 私は毎朝６時半ごろ起きて、シャワーを浴びて、朝ごはんを食べて、会社へ行きます。私の会社は工場の会社で、＜どこ＞にあります。家から会社まで２０分くらいかかります。毎朝うちから会社まで自転車に乗ります。仕事は８時から４時半までです。土日は休みです。 | I get up at 6:30am every morning, have a shower, eat breakfast and go to work. My workplace is a factory and it's located in <where>. It takes me about 20 minutes to get from home to work. Every morning I ride my bicycle to work. I work from 8am to 4:30pm with weekends off. |
# Japanese Phrasebook/At office

| English | Rōmaji | Japanese |
| Business is not good | Gyōmu wa yokunaidesu | 業務はよくないです |
| Document is not new | Shiryō wa atarashikunaidesu | 資料は新しくないです |
| Mr.Liao will to learn Japanese | Ryō-san wa nihongo o benkyō shimasu | 廖(りょう)さんは日本語を勉強します |
| Mr.Zheng read the newspaper | Tei-san wa shinbun o yomimasu (casually shortened to ohayō) | 鄭さんは新聞を読みます |
| Osugi-san says the opinion | Ōsugi-san wa iken o iimasu | 大杉さんは意見を言います |
| Imada's will entertain guests | Imada-san wa okyakusama o settai shimasu | 今田さんはお客様を接待します |
| Documents can be found on the desk | Shorui wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu | 書類は机の上にあります |
| Documents is at the end of the counter | Denpyō wa kauntā no hashi ni arimasu | 伝票はカウンターの端にあります |
| Customers visit the factory in China | Okyakusama wa Chūgoku no kōjō e shisatsu ni irasshaimasu | お客様は中国の工場へ視察にいらしゃいます |
| Suppliers will come to the Company for consultation | Torihikisaki wa tōsha e sōdan ni ko raremasu | 取引先は当社へ相談に来られます |
| I will return to the document confirmed the company | Watashi wa kaisha e shiryō kakunin ni kaerimasu | 私は会社へ資料確認に帰ります |
| clean the dish | Shokki o katadzuke nakute wa ikemasen | 食器を片づけなくてはいけません |
| Must not without pressing(paper confirm) | Hanko o osanakute wa ikemasen | ハンコを押さなくてはいけません |
| I must say the opinion(you can't not say nothing) | Iken o iwanakereba narimasen | 意見を言わなければなりません |
| We must achieve the target | Mokuhyō o tassei shinakereba narimasen | 目標を達成しなければなりません |
# Japanese Phrasebook/Cafes and Restaurants
## Phrases
### Basic Phrases

| English | Rōmaji | Japanese |
| Welcome! | irasshaimase | いらっしゃいませ |
| This one, please. | kore kudasai | これ、ください。 |
| One of this, please. | Kore hitotsu onegaishimasu | これ一つお願(ねが)いします |
| Thank you for the meal/I will enjoy it. | itadakimasu | 頂(いただ)きます |
| Thank you for the meal/That was delicious. | gochisōsamadeshita | ごちそうさまでした |
| Excuse me, menu please. | sumimasen, menyū onegaishimasu | すみません、メニューお願(ねが)いします |
| Bill please | okaikei kudasai | お会計ください |

### Sushi

| English | Rōmaji | Japanese |
| Chef, two pieces of egg sushi please. | Taishō, tamago wo nikan kudasai | 大将、卵をニ(に)貫(かん)ください |
# Buying a ticket

券(けん) を 買(か)う - Ken o kau - Buying a ticket

## Useful phrases

フレーズの練習(れんしゅう) - Fureezu no renshuu - Phrases to practise
* Furaito yon-kyuu-ni no yoyaku no kakunin o o-negai shimasu.
フライト　四(よん) 九(きゅう) 二(に)　の　予約(よやく)　の　確認(かくにん) を　お願(ねが)いします。
* Kippu no koto de shitsumon ga arimasu.
切符(きっぷ)　の　事(こと) で　質問(しつもん) が　あります。
* Yoyaku shite aru furaito yon-kyuu-ni no ken wa arimasu ka.
予約(よやく) して　ある　フライト　四九二(よんきゅうに)　の　券(けん) は あります　か。
* Zaseki shitei wa arimasu ka.
座席(ざせき) 指定(してい)　は　あります　か。
* Nagasaki iki no kippu o kaitai no desu ga.
長崎(ながさき) 行(い)き の　キップ　を　買(か)いたい のですが。
* Kippu wa ikura desu ka.
キップ　は　いくら　です　か。
* Tsugi no Nara iki no densha wa nanji desu ka.
次(つぎ) の　奈良(なら) 行(い)き　の　電車(でんしゃ)　は　何時(なんじ) ですか。
* Sore wa nanji ni tsukimasu ka.
それ　は　何時(なんじ)　に　着(つ)きます か。
* San-ban sen wa doko desu ka.
三(さん) 番(ばん) 線(せん) はどこですか。
* Shinkoku suru mono wa nanimo arimasen.
申告(しんこく) する　物(もの)　は　何(なに)も ありません。
* Shinkoku suru mono wa kono mittsu dake desu.
申告(しんこく) する もの　は　この　三(みっ)つ だけです。
* Sore wa chokkou-bin desu ka.
それ　は　直行便(ちょっこうびん) ですか。
* Jikan-douri desu ka.
時間(じかん) どおり　ですか。
* Hikoki ga tsuku no wa nanji desu ka.
飛行機(ひこうき) が　着(つ)く のは　何時(なんじ) ですか。
* Okurete imasu ka.
遅(おく)れて　いますか。

## Conversation

券(けん)を 買(か)う 時(とき) の 会話(かいわ) - Ken o kau toki no kaiwa - Conversation when buying a ticket
* Koike-san: Tsugi no „saka iki no ken o kaitai no desu ga.
小池(こいけ)さん：次(つぎ) の大阪(おおさか)　行(い)き　の　券(けん)　を　買(か)いたい　の　です　が。
* Chiketto kaunt‘: Ekonomii ni nasaimasu ka. Soretomo f‘suto-kurasu ni nasaimasu ka.
チケット　カウンター： エコノミー　に　なさいます　か。それとも　ファースト　クラス　に　なさいますか。
* Koike-san: Ekonomii o o-negai shimasu. Mado-gawa no seki ni shite moraemasu ka.
小池(こいけ)さん：　エコノミー　を　お願(ねが)いします。窓側(まどがわ) の　席(せき) に　して　貰(もら)えますか。
* Chiketto kaunt‘: Moushiwake gozaimasen. Mado-gawa no o-seki wa nokotte orimasen. Tsuuro-gawa no o-seki nara gozaimasu.
チケット　カウンター： 申(もう)し訳(わけ) ございません。　窓側(まどがわ)　の　席(せき)　は　残(のこ)って おりません。 通路側(つうろがわ) の　お席(せき)　なら　ございます。
* Koike-san: Arigatou.
小池(こいけ)さん：　ありがとう
* Takada-san: Sapporo iki no kippu o ni-mai kudasai.
高田(たかだ) さん：札幌(さっぽろ)　行(い)きの　切符(きっぷ) を　二枚(にまい) 下(くだ)さい。
* Kippu uriba: Zaseki to shindai, dochira ni nasaimasu ka.
切符(きっぷ) 売(う)り場(ば)：座席(ざせき) と　寝台(しんだい)、どちら　に　なさいますか。
* Takada-san: Shindai o o-negai shimasu.
高田(たかだ)さん：　寝台(しんだい)　を　お願(ねが)いします。
* Kippu uriba: Densha wa kono eki o go-ji choudo ni demasu.
切符(きっぷ)売(う)り場(ば)：電車(でんしゃ) は この　駅(えき) を　五時(ごじ)　ちょうど　に　出(で)ます。
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/on overflows

ON OVERFLOWS
Statement
Appearance
Standard
Console
Syntax
ON OVERFLOWS{FN userFunction|GOSUB{lineNumber|"stmtLabel"}}
Description
This statement designates a particular function or subroutine as an overflow handling routine. An overflow handling routine is called in response to any math operation involving a division by zero, or any floating-point math operation that results in a number larger than FB can handle. If you don't designate any overflow handling routine, FB will attempt to continue evaluating the expression, but the resulting number is unpredictable.
See Also
Appendix C: Data Types and Data Representation :
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/page function
## PAGE
### Syntax

lineCount = PAGE

### Description

This function returns a count of the text lines which have been sent to the printer on the current page. Its value is incremented each time a carriage-return character is sent to the printer, and is reset to zero each time a printed page is ejected.

### See Also

CSRLIN; CLOSE LPRINT; CLEAR LPRINT; ROUTE
# PAGE
## PAGE
### statement

| (+) | Appearance | (+) | Standard | (+) | Console |

### Syntax

PAGE

### Description

This statement is identical to the CLEAR LPRINT statement.

### See Also

CLEAR LPRINT
# PAGE

PAGE
statement
Appearance
Standard
Console
Syntax
PAGE
Description
This statement is identical to the CLEAR LPRINT statement.
See Also
CLEAR LPRINT :
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/peek
## Syntax

byteValue` = Peek [Byte] shortIntValue% = Peek Word longValue& = Peek Long
Shorthand syntax: byteValue` shortIntValue% longValue

## Description

The Peek functions look at the 1, 2 or 4 bytes of data which begin at address&, and return them as a byte integer, short integer or long integer value, respectively. The address& should be a long integer expression, or a Pointer or Handle variable. The value returned by a Peek function will be interpreted either as a signed or unsigned value, depending on what type of variable itÕs assigned to. If the value is not assigned to any variable, itÕs usually interpreted as a signed value.

## See Also

Poke; VarPtr
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/on menu
## ON MENU
### Statement

| (+) | Appearance | (+) | Standard | Console |

### Syntax

ON MENU {FN userFunction|GOSUB{lineNumber|"stmtLabel"}}

### Description

This statement designates a particular function or subroutine as a menu-event handling routine. A menu-event handling routine is called in response to the user selecting an item from a menu. This includes menu items that your program puts into menus on the menu bar, but it doesn't include items in pop-up menus; see the <a href="menu%20function.html">MENU</a> function for more information.
When the user clicks on the menu bar, FB does not open up the menu immediately. Instead, your program continues executing until a HANDLEVENTS statement is reached. If the mouse button is still down at that time, HANDLEEVENTS then opens the menu, tracks the user's selection, then calls your menu-event handling routine if the user selected a menu item. Your routine should examine the MENU(_menuID) and MENU(_itemID) functions to get information about the event.
Note: If you use the ON MENU FN userFunction syntax, then userFunction must refer to a function which was defined or prototyped at an earlier location in the source code. Your menu-event handling function should not take any parameters, nor return a result.

### See Also

HANDLEEVENTS; MENU function
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/on mouse
## ON MOUSE
### Statement

| (+) | Appearance | (+) | Standard | Console |

### Syntax

ON MOUSE {FN userFunction|GOSUB{lineNumber|"stmtLabel"}}

### Description

This statement designates a particular function or subroutine as a mouse-event handling routine. A mouse-event handling routine is called in response to a mouseclick which occurs inside the content region of the currently active window (but not inside any buttons, scrollbars, edit fields nor picture fields).
After such a mouseclick occurs, FB does not call your designated routine immediately. Instead, your program continues executing until a HANDLEEVENTS statement is reached. At that time, HANDLEEVENTS will call your designated routine once for each mouseclick event that occurred; your designated routine should examine the MOUSE <event> functions to get information about the event.
Note: If you use the ON MOUSE FN userFunction syntax, then userFunction must refer to a function which was defined or prototyped at an earlier location in the source code. Your mouse-event handling function should not take any parameters, nor return a result.
If your program does not use HANDLEEVENTS, you can use the MOUSE(_down), MOUSE(_lastMVert), MOUSE(_lastMHorz) and many other position functions (outlined in the FB Mouse Group of the constants document) to track mouse activity.

### See Also

MOUSE <event> MOUSE(_down); MOUSE <position> HANDLEEVENTS
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/on stop
## ON STOP
### Statement

| (+) | Appearance | (+) | Standard | Console |

### Syntax

ON STOP {FN userFunction|GOSUB{lineNumber|"stmtLabel"}}

### Description

This statement designates a particular function or subroutine as a stop-event handling routine. A stop-event handling routine is called just before your program ends. This works whether your program ends as a result of a statement (such as STOP or END), or a Command-period keypress by the user, or because it has executed the last line in the program.
<spacer type="vertical" size="1">A stop-event handling routine is useful for allowing your program to do any last-minute "clean-up" work, such as saving files, before your program ends.
Note: You can't use a stop-event handling routine to prevent your program from stopping. Your program will end as soon as it returns from the routine. To prevent the user from stopping your program by means of a -period keypress, use the ON BREAK statement.

### See Also

ON BREAK; STOP; END; SYSTEM statement
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/on timer
## ON TIMER
### Statement

| (+) | Appearance | (+) | Standard | Console |

### Syntax

ON TIMER(interval) ¬ {FN userFunction|GOSUB{lineNumber|"stmtLabel"}} TIMER END TIMER OFF

### Revised

January 2, 2001 (Release 4)

### Description

This statement designates a particular function or subroutine as a timer-event handling routine. A timer-event handling routine is called periodically according to a time interval that you specify.
Setting interval to a nonzero value causes timer events to be initiated, which causes FB to periodically check whether it's time to call your routine. If interval is positive, it specifies the timer interval in seconds. If interval is negative, then ABS(interval) specifies the interval in ticks (a tick is approximately 1/60 second). Setting interval to zero does not initiate timer events; in this case, you can use the TIMER statement to initiate timer events later in your program.
After timer events have been initiated, FB checks its internal timer whenever a HANDLEEVENTS statement is executed. If FB checks its timer and finds that at least interval seconds (or ABS(interval) ticks) have elapsed since the last time your designated routine was called, it calls your designated routine again.
Timer events are queued. If the timer interval is one second and your program is otherwise occupied for a period of 10 seconds, you will receive 10 timer events as soon as the program becomes idle. You may flush this queue by using TIMER OFF or TIMER END.
Designating a timer-event routine is useful when your program needs to perform periodic activities at particular intervals. To ensure that your timer-event handling routine is called at the right moments, your program should execute HANDLEEVENTS as often as possible.
Note: You can use the TIMER statement to change the timing interval. You cannot disable timer events once they've been initiated.

### See Also

TIMER; HANDLEEVENTS
# General Biology/Additional Material

General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material
This page is links to modules that were not included in the original notes donated by Drs. Doerder and Gibson and need to be organized into the rest of the material in a logical way.

## Additional material

* Gallery of Biologists
* Glossary
* References
* Authors

## External links

* Biology article on Wikipedia
* EvoWiki wiki website devoted to biology and evolution
General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material
# General Biology/Cells/Cell-Cell Interactions

General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material

# Cell-cell interactions

Cells interact with the environment and with each other.

## Cell signaling

* Signaling requires
** Signal
** Cell receptor (usually on the surface of a membrane)
* Signaling is important in:
** Response to environmental stimuli
** Sex
** Development
* Major area of research in biology today

### Types of signaling

* Direct contact (e.g., gap junctions between cells)
* Paracrine: Diffusion of signal molecules in extracellular fluid; highly local
* Endocrine: Signal (hormone) molecule travels through circulatory system
* Synaptic: neurotransmitters

#### Types of signal molecules

* Hormones: chemically diverse
** Steroid
** Polypeptide
** Vitamin/amino acid derived
* Cell surface proteins/glycoproteins
* Ca$^{2+}$, NO
* Neurotransmitter
** Several hundred types
** Some are also hormones e.g. Estrogen, progesterone

#### Receptor molecules

* Intracellular
** Protein that binds signal molecule in cytoplasm
** Bound receptor may act as:
* Gene regulator
* Enzyme
* Cell surface
** Gated ion channels (neurotransmitter receptor)
** Enzymic receptors
** G protein-linked receptors

##### Cell surface protein

* Tissue identity
** glycolipids
** MHC proteins
* Immune systems
** distinguish self from not-self
* Intercellular adhesion
** permanent contact
** help form sheets of cells, tissues
** may permit signaling

###### Example: G proteins

* Transmembrane surface receptor binds signal molecule
* Conformational change allows binding of G protein on cytoplasmic side
* G protein binds GTP, becomes activated
* G protein activates intracellular signal cascade
** Change in gene expression
** Secrection
** Many other possible consequences

## Communicating junctions

* Gap junctions
** animals
** small molecules and ions may pass
* Plasmodesmata
** plants
** lined with plasma membrane
** permit passage of water, sugars, etc.

### Gap junctions

This text is based on notes very generously donated by Dr. Paul Doerder, Ph.D., of the Cleveland State University.
# General Biology/Authors

General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material
The majority of the modules making up this book are based on notes very generously donated by Paul Doerder, Ph.D. and Ralph Gibson, Ph.D. both currently of the Cleveland State University.
The book was initiated by Karl Wick, who donated many of his own class notes for other modules, and who is fleshing out the outline format of Dr. Doerder's notes into text.

## Users

Alsocal
Darren Hess MD/PhD recent grad, enjoys teaching, hopes to help work up the Nervous System Tissue section.
General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material
# General Biology
## Contents
### Getting Started

* Introduction
* Matter
* Chemical Building Blocks of Life
* History and Origin of Life

### Cells

* Cell Structure
* Membranes
* Cell-Cell Interactions
* Energy and Metabolism
* Respiration
* Photosynthesis
* How Cells Divide
* Sexual Reproduction

### Genetics

* Inheritance
* DNA, The Genetic Material
* Gene Expression
* Gene Regulation
* Mutation
* Recombinant DNA Technology

### Classification of Living Things

* Classification and Domains of Life
* General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Viruses
* Prokaryotes
* Eukaryotes
** Protists
** Plants
** Fungi
** Animals
*** Phyla
*** Chordates

### Evolution

* Introduction
* Evolution of Life
* Animal Evolution
* Human Evolution

### Tissues and Systems

* Tissues
** Epithelial tissue
** Connective tissue
** Muscle tissue
* Systems
** Digestive system
** Circulatory system
** Lymphatic system
** Respiratory system
** Nervous system
** Sensory systems
** Homeostasis

### Additional material

* Gallery of Biologists
* Glossary
* Authors

## External resources

* Biology article on Wikipedia
* EvoWiki wiki website devoted to biology and evolution
* wepapers Biology notes, courses and presentations
* Alphabetical list - Biosites.org
# General Biology/Cells

General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material
* Cell Structure
* Membranes
* Cell-Cell Interactions
* Energy and Metabolism
* Respiration
* Photosynthesis
* How Cells Divide
* Sexual Reproduction
General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material
# LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Continuous Time/StrongStabilizability
## The System

Consider the continous-time LTI system, $G:L_{2e}->L_{2e}$ with state-space realization (A,B,C,0)
    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t),\\y(t)&=Cx(t),\end{aligned}}$
where $A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, $B\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times m}$, $C\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\times n}$, and it and it is assumed that (A, B) is stabilizable, (A, C) is detectable, and the transfer matrix $G(s)=C(s1-A^{-1})B$ has no poles on the imaginary axis.

## The Data

The matrices $A,B,C$.

## The Optimization Problem

The system G is strongly stabilizable if there exist $P\in \S ^{n}$, $Z\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times p}$, and $\gamma \in \mathbb {R} _{>0}$, where $P>0$, such that
    ${\begin{aligned}PA+A^{T}+ZC+C^{T}Z^{T}<0\\{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}-P(A+BF)+(A+BF)^{T}P+ZC+C^{T}Z^{T}&&-Z&&XB\\*&&-\gamma I&&0\\*&&*&&-\gamma I\end{bmatrix}}<0\end{aligned}}}\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

where $F=-B^{T}X$ and $X\in S_{n}$ , $X\geq 0$ is the solution to the Lyapunov equation given by
    ${\begin{aligned}XA+A^{T}X-XBB^{T}X=0\end{aligned}}$
Moreover, a controller that strongly stabilizes G is given by the state-space realization
    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}_{c}=(A+BF+P^{-1}ZC)x(t)-P^{-1}Zu(t)\\y_{C}=-B^{T}Xx(t)\end{aligned}}$

## Implementation

(Link created but denied access)

## Related LMIs

Future Link - Discrete-Time Strong Stabilizability

## External Links

(Link created but denied access)