OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Computer Revolution/Networks/LAN

LAN stands for local area network. A local area network represents a small or large area such as a building or even a class room . All the computers within a designated area are linked to the LAN and can access a common device such as a printer.
Local area networks are used in many different ways and in many different scenarios. For instance LAN can be within a large office building with more than thirty computers all in the same LAN. However LAN can be accommodated to smaller areas, such as setting up a LAN connection between two playstations for establishing a system link. This permits LAN to be used from small personal business's to large corporations. But requires proper installations and maintenance to allow LAN to properly run in a large scale operation.
As mentioned, LAN can be used within the home to not only connect several playstations together but also to link a number of personal computers in order to use the same periphery devices such as scanners, fax machines, and printers. Each of the personal computers can access data and other programs available on the LAN. Communication within the LAN can be done via e-mail or chat. Data transmission over the LAN is fast due to its relatively small geographic area allowing the units to be in close proximity as well as the limited number of units in the network.
LANs can be configured using cables and multiple LANs can be connected using routers.
Reference: Morely, Deborah and Charles Parker. "Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow" 13th Edition
LAN is used depending on the application that is needed. Using LAN for an entire company that is spread world wide is just not practical. However where LAN becomes useful is when it allows a certain number of computers to all belong to the same network and communicate within that network. This allows LAN to become a more accessible and quicker way of communication, with very little chance of any delay. Although this is not to say a user cannot experience delay through LAN. As the number of computers increases on a certain LAN, the speed of the resulting connection begins to become diluted.
An alternative to LAN would be WAN, WAN stands for wide area network and in principle works like LAN. But on a much larger scale. WAN also incorporates many LAN connections and can identify with the internet. However LAN and WAN do have there differences in speed, reliability and access.
# The Computer Revolution/Networks/Network Topologies
## What is a Topology?

Ring topology - Mesh topology - Star topology - Total Mesh or Full Mesh - Line topology - Tree topology - Bus topology - Hybrid topology
# The Computer Revolution/Networks/Connecting Devices and Networks

Routers
Routers are devices that are used to direct traffic flow between local computer networked together through radio waves or Ethernet cables. A network that uses Ethernet cables is a hard wire network. A network using radio waves is called a wireless network. Routers can connect both wireless and wired devices to a network and connect to an internet connection. Wireless routers can connect several different devices at one time such as your home printer and cellphone. There are several different companies that make wireless router. One of the most popular brand is Linksys. Routers can range from inexpensive to expansive depending on the brand and specs.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-wireless-router.htm
Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow 13th edition
# The Computer Revolution/Networks/Global Positioning System (GPS) Applications

A global positioning system (GPS) contains 24 Department of Defense GPS satellites that are used for location and navigation purposes. The receiver processes the distance between the receiver and four GPS satellites all together to establish the receiver’s precise geographic location. These receivers are exact within 3 meters, give or take. These receivers are used by persons to figure out their geographic location while hiking or to obtain driving directions. GPS technology is also used to locate and dispatch police cars, ambulance, and other emergency vehicles. One recent worry is the likelihood that the older GPS satellites might not work, before new ones can be launched. A current General Accountability Office (GAO) report established that there is an 80% chance that a full GPS service will be operational until 2014. Right now, there are 30 GPS satellites in orbit.
The Widespread Use of GPS Navigation
The GPS(or Defense Navigation Satellite System as it was first called) was created in 1973 by the United States Department of Defense and was exclusively used by the US military for their own personal needs. Civilian use of the GPS became available in 1994 but had limited accuracy(about 100m) while the military still held on to the highest quality signal. Over the years as technology evolved, so did the accuracy of the GPS and now days it is accurate to within 3 meters. On May 2nd, 2000, the "Selective Availability" was discontinued and civilians were allowed use of the highest quality GPS signals which started the whole navigation craze. Now GPS can be found standard in most cars and cell phones and the accuracy of the GPS is constantly improving as technology evolves.
Specific information was obtained from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gps
Types of GPS Receivers
    These devices are commonly used by individuals to determine their geographic location while hiking. Other uses for handheld devices might be used on the job by land surveyors, farmers, or fisherman.
    Car Mounted GPS Receivers are most commonly used today among civilians to help people navigate directions while driving. While car mounted GPS receivers can be purchased separately to be used with any car, almost all vehicles today offer an upgrade to include a GPS built into a car.
    Another option becoming more popular every day for directions while traveling are now being used via mobile phones. A lot of mobile phone include free GPS with their data plan while others can purchase it additionally. This allows easy access to a GPS at any time with out having to purchase an additional unit.
# The Computer Revolution/Networks/MAN
### Metropolitan Area Network

MAN is a network designed to be used by a metropolitan area, such as a city or a county; therefore, most MANs are owned by the city that has sole discretion over its operation. Wireless MANs are also known as municipal Wi-Fi projects and benefit the area residents of a city or large organization because it is free of charge. Funding for these networks usually comes from the local taxes of the residents. With technology progressing, more and more service providers are experimenting with creating MANs in various cities so that way their users are able to access the internet when they are on the move.
# The Computer Revolution/Networks/Four Types of Wireless Communications

          'Advantages'
            * no cords
          'Disavantages'
            * Line-of-sight communication is required-there must be an unobstructed view between transmitter and receiver
          'Examples'
             http://www.computer-accessories.biz/mouse/wireless_mouse.htm
* Broadcast Radio- a wireless transmission medium that sends data over long distances (regions, states, countries) at up to 2 megabits per second (AM/FM Radio)
* Microwave Radio- Transmission of voice and data through the atmosphere as super high-frequency radio waves called microwaves. These frequencies are used to transmit messages between ground-based stations and satellite communications systems. (Williams & Sawyer, 2007).
* Communications Satellites- are microwave relay stations in orbit around the earth.
A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications.
Reference: Williams B. & Sawyer, S. (2007). Italic textUsing Information Technology-A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
# The Computer Revolution/Networks/Intranet
## What is an Intranet and what are its benefits?

An intranet is a privately maintained computer network that can be accessed only by authorized persons, especially members or employees of the organization that owns it.
The main purpose of an intranet is to share company information and computing resources among employees. An intranet can also be used to facilitate working in groups and for teleconferences over long distances. It is similar to the internet as users search for information, however it is rarely used to store information outside the scope of the users occupation and industry.

### Benefits

* Simple routine question and answers can be kept on the intranet to cut down on interoffice chatter.
* Form Finding. Do your employees spend time chasing paper ? trying to hunt down paper forms, reports, documents? How much time would be saved if each form is saved on the internet and is with a few key strokes of everyone's fingertips!
* Company Growth and targets. Having such information as the company's targets and goals for each employee can educate employees on how their jobs affect the company's targets and ultimately bottom line.
* Training. By having on-line training materials. Employees can learn during their work hours right at their own desks.

### So Who has Intranets?

Surprisingly enough, a lot of corporations use intranets. Most education system use them to provide on-line courses,registration information, administration steps for current students. Banks are connected to show current account information from branches across the globe. Airline have on-line booking of ticket schedules for travel agents around the world.

### Ethernet crossover cable network

A simple, two-computer network between two computers can be created using an Ethernet crossover cable. As in any other TCP/IP network, each computer needs to be assigned a unique IP address. In this network configuration, a default gateway is not used and can be unspecified.
Example crossover network configuration using arbitrary unique IP addresses :
| | Machine 1 | Machine 2 |
| IP address | 192.168.0.1 | 192.168.0.2 |
| Subnet Mask | 255.255.255.0 | 255.255.255.0 |
Information on how to deploy such network on Windows systems can be found here
# DESCRIPTION:

Coerces any type of string into a string! datatype without copying it.
AS-STRING is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* string -- (Type: any-string)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE if value or string is in ASCII character range (below 128).
ASCII? is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: string file email url tag issue char integer)
# DESCRIPTION:

Ask the user for input.
ASK is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* question -- Prompt to user (Type: series)

# REFINEMENTS

* /hide -- mask input with *
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the series at the specified index.
AT is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* series -- (Type: series port)
* index -- Can be positive, negative, or zero. (Type: number logic pair)
# DESCRIPTION:

Tries to evaluate and returns result or NONE on error.
ATTEMPT is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: any)

# (SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES)

* throw
# Rebol Programming/backslash

BACKSLASH is a char of value: #"\"
# Rebol Programming/backspace

BACKSPACE is a char of value: #"^H"
# Rebol Programming/bar-color

BAR-COLOR is a tuple of value: 100.120.100
# DESCRIPTION:

Assert that condition is true, else throw an assertion error.
ASSERT is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* conditions -- (Type: block)

# REFINEMENTS

* /type -- Safely check datatypes of variables (words)

# (SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES)

* catch
* throw
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the series at its previous position.
BACK is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* series -- (Type: series port)
# Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim/Verbs with prefixes and זיך

Lots of verbs in Yiddish have associated adverbs attached to them. For equivalent English example, take and take on have quite different meanings, as do pay and pay back. These added words are usually added on to the beginning of the word in infinitive form, and to the end in conjugated form. Here are a few examples.
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אָנהײבּן | begin |
| Example | קענען מיר אָנהײבּן? | Can we begin? |
| Example | דער ריטבֿ"א הײבּט אָן מיט אַ קשיא. | The Ritva begins with a question. |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | צולײגן | add |
| Example | איך װיל צולײגן אַ ביסל צו דײַן װאָרט. | I would like to add a bit to your explanation. |
| Example | דער רשבּ"א ברענגט דעם רמבּ"ן און לײגט צו אַ פּאָר װערטער. | The Rashba quotes the Ramban and adds a few words. |
Another word which is commonly added to Yiddish verbs is the word זיך (pronounced zach or zich). It is always the next word after a verb, and it makes the verb before it passive. For example, עסן means to eat. עסן זיך means to be eaten.
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | זיך (pronounced זאַך) | (passive verb) |
| Example | װאָס הערט זיך? | What's up? (literally, what is heard, which is the source of the Hebrew expression מה נשמע?) |
| Example | דאָס רופֿט זיך אָן גירי דיליה. | This is called (from the verb אָנרופֿן, to call) his arrow (see the second Perek of Bava Basra). |
# Yoga

Yoga is a path of health, beauty and relaxation.

## Contents

* What is Yoga
* How to practice Yoga?
* Dynamic Exercises
* Basic Yoga Series
* Chair Yoga
* Meditation
* The Ten Principles of Yoga
* The Five Principles of Health
* Positive Thinking
* Yoga Tales
* Trimurti-Yoga
* Yoga Masters
* Yoga and Christianity
* Spiritual Almanac
* Laughter Yoga with exercises, jokes and spiritual stories
* Miscellanea

## See also

* God and Religious Toleration/Hinduism
* Spirituality
* Rune Yoga
* Relaxation techniques

## External links

* Yoga (Wikipedia)
* List of asanas (Wikipedia)
* How to Find God Through the Path of Enlightenment
* How to Do the Yoga of Love
* Yoga and the dance of life (PDF, Epub, Kindle).
# Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim/Reading Yiddish

Though a typical yeshiva bachur doesn’t need to read Yiddish too often, this lesson is essential so that you’ll be able to read the Yiddish words found in the remaining lessons.
Yiddish is written with the Hebrew alphabet. However, its rules of spelling are quite different. Unlike Hebrew, all vowels are written as full letters. Nekudos aren’t written, with a few exceptions, which are always written. Also, consonant blends are allowed. In other words, two consonants in a row are pronounced together, unlike in Hebrew where there must be a vowel or shva in between. For example, בּענטש is pronounced bentsh.
Words which come from Hebrew are spelled as they are in Hebrew, though they are pronounced the way Ashkenazim would pronounce them in everyday conversation (as opposed to the more correct pronunciation used for davening and layning). For example, יום טובֿ is pronounced yontiff; שלש סעודות is pronounced shalashudes; תּוספֿות is pronounced toysfis; ײשר כּח is pronounced shkoyach.
Pronunciation cannot always be determined exactly from the way it is spelled. For example, ער is sometimes pronounced like the English word air (such as in the word ער which means he) and sometime like the er in the English word her (such as the word שטאַרקער, stronger).
There are several different pronunciation systems for Yiddish; for convenience the Litvish and Polish systems are given here.
Following is a list of letters in the Yiddish alphabet, and how they differ from their Hebrew equivalents.

## Vowels

Some vowels are preceded by a silent א when they appear at the beginning of a word.
* אָ, אַ – pronounced the same as in Ashkenazi Hebrew (Polish: אָ is often oo as in too)
* ו – Litvish: oo as in too (Polish: usually pronounce ea as in read)
* ױ – This represents two distinct vowels. 1 Litvish: ay as in say (Polish: oy); 2 Litvish: oy as in boy (Polish: sometimes oy and sometimes ow as in bowl);
* י – i as in him (Polish: also ee as in green)
* ײ – Litvish: ay as in say (Polish: y as in by)
* ײַ – Litvish: y as in by (Polish: a as in car)
* ע – e as in bed (Polish: also ey as in prey)

## Consonants

* א, ע – never used as a consonant in Yiddish, except for words that originate from Hebrew
* ב – always pronounced as a b, except in words originating from Hebrew. In these words, it may be pronounced with a v, in which case a line may be added on top (בֿ).
* ג, ד, ה, ז, ט, ל, מ, נ, ס, צ, ק, ר – same as Hebrew
* װ – when used as a v sound, a vov is always doubled
* ח, ת, כּ – used mostly in words originating from Hebrew
* י – same as in Hebrew, when used as a consonant. If a yud sound comes at the beginning of a word, it may be changed into an א (as in the word אידיש).
* כֿ – generally pronounced like a chof. In Hebrew words with a כּ, a dot is written.
* פֿ, פּ – f when written with a line, and p when not. If a p appears at the end of a word, it does not change into a ף (as in כֿאַפּ, catch).
* ש – when written without a dot (which is usually), it is pronounced sh. It has a dot for Hebrew words with a sin.
# Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim/Questions

אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | װאָס | what/which |
| Example | װי הײסט איר? | What is your name? |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | פֿאַרװאָס | why |
| Example | פֿאַרװאָס האָט רש"י צוגעלײגט די װערטער? | Why did Rashi add these words? |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | װער/װעמען | who |
| Example | װער װײסט װאָס װעט זײַן? | Who knows what will be? |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | װען | when |
| Example | װען דאווענט מען מעריבֿ? | When is Maariv? |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | װי (אַזױ) | how |
| Example | מען דאַרף װיסן װי תּוספֿות האָט געלערנט די סוגיא. | One has to know how Tosfos taught the sugya. |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | װוּ (vi) | where |
| Example | װוּ איז זײַן מקור? | What is his source? |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | װיפֿל | how much |
| Example | װיפֿל קען מען טאָן? | How much can one do? |
# Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim/Some very common words

There are several different words which all translate to the English word "the". There are rules when to use each word, but if your goal is just to know basic Yiddish, it's not so important to actually know these rules.
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | דער, די, דאָס, דעם | the |
| Example | זאָגט דער רמבּ"ן אַזױ. | The Ramban says the following: |
| Example | די ראשונים מאַכֿן אַ חילוק. | The Rishoinim differentiate. |
| Example | דאָס עסן אין ישיבֿה איז ניט גוט. | The food in Yeshivah isn’t good. |
| Example | ער האַלט פֿון דעם הסבּר. | He approves of the explanation. |
These words are also used to mean "this". When it means this, more emphasis is given to the word.
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | דער, די, דאָס, דעם | this |
| Example | די סוגיא איז געשמאַק. | This subject is enjoyable. |
Another common word, which has already been used in some of the examples, is איז. It is usually pronounced exactly like the English word is, but sometimes the ז at the end is left unpronounced. It means the exact same thing as the English word is.
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | איז | is |
| Example | ער איז גערעכֿט. | He is correct. |
Here are a few more common words:
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | יאָ | yes |
| Example | עס איז יאָ שװער. | It is indeed difficult. |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | נײן | no |
| Example | נײן! װאָס איז שװער? | No? What’s problematic? |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | ניט (usually pronounced נישט) | not |
| Example | עס איז ניט שװער בּכֿלל. | It is not difficult at all. |
The word ניט is very often used together with קײן, which is somewhat hard to translate. It usually replaces the word אַ or אַן before a noun.
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | קײן | not |
| Example | איך האָבּ ניט קײן צײַט. | I don't have time. |
| Example | קײן עין הרע (usually pronounced keNAYne horo) | May there be no evil eye. |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אָדער | or |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אָבּער | but |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | דען | then |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | עס איז דאָ (usually shortened to ס'איז דאָ) | there is (literally: it is here) |
| Example | עס איז דאָ אַ פּני יהושע אױף דעם. | There is a Pnei Yehoshua about this. |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אַז | that |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אַזױ | so |
| Example | װי אַזױ? | How so? |
# Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim/Prepositions

There are quite a few prepositions in Yiddish, and they don't all quite correspond to an equivalent English expression. It takes a while to get used to all of their different uses. Here are a few examples of some common ones.
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | בּײַ | by, and all sorts of other words |
| Example | בּײַ רעק"א איז עס גאָר פּשוט. | That's very clear to Rebbi Akiva Eiger. |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | פֿון | from, of |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אין | in |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אױף (pronounced אַף) | on |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | צו | to |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | בּיז | until |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | פֿאַר | before |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | נאָך | after |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | מיט | with |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אָן | without |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אַקעגן | opposite |
# Yiddish for Yeshivah Bachurim/Verbs

אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | רעדן | speak |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אױסרעדן | speak out; say explicitly |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | זאָגן | say |
| Example | זאָגט די משנה: | The Mishnah says: |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | גײן | go |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | בּלײַבּן | remain |
| Example | רעק"א בּלײַבּט שװער. | Rebbi Akiva Eiger leaves it as difficult (unresolved) question. |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | צושטעלן | compare |
אַ נײַ װאָרט - A new word :
| The word | אױספֿירן | finish |
| Example | פֿירט אױס ר' חיים מיט אַן אינטערעסאַנטער הערה. | R' Chaim finishes off with an interesting insight. |
# Starting and Running a Business/Other business laws and regulations
## Other business laws and regulations

As noted at the beginning, it is impossible to enumerate all of the types of laws and regulations that impact on business today. In fact, these laws have become so numerous and complex, that no business lawyer can learn them all, forcing increasing specialization among corporate attorneys. It is not unheard of for teams of 5 to 10 attorneys to be required to handle certain kinds of corporate transactions, due to the sprawling nature of modern regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, healthcare law, securities law, M&A law (who specialize in acquisitions), tax law, ERISA law (ERISA in the United States governs employee benefit plans), food and drug regulatory law, intellectual property law (specializing in copyrights, patents, trademarks and such), telecommunications law, and more.
Businesses often have important "intellectual property" that needs protection from competitors in order to stay profitable. This could require patents or copyrights or preservation of trade secrets. Most businesses have names, logos and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property.