# Radiation Oncology/Plant Irradiation

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Plant Irradiation

## Photon

* Brookhaven National Laboratory; 1962 -- "Prediction of the sensitivity of plants to chronic gamma irradiation" (Sparrow AH, Radiation Botany, 1962;2(1):9-12)
** https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003375606280091X
** Plants with low chromosome numbers and large nuclear volumes more sensitive, while polypoids and plants with high chromosome number resistant. 500-fold sensitivity
** Lethal dose for Pinus strobus ~600 r

## Proton

* Chonnam National University, Korea
** Cowpea legume irradiated to 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy and 500 Gy of Cobalt gamma rays and proton 57 MeV
** 2021 -- A Comparison of the Transcriptomes of Cowpeas in Response to Two Different Ionizing Radiations" (Kang R, Plants, 2021;10(3):567
*** Differential transcription changes between photon and proton; proton significantly higher differentially expressed genes
*** https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/3/567
** 2020 -- "Radio Sensitivity of Cowpea Plants after Gamma-Ray and Proton-Beam Irradiation" (Kang R, Plant Breed. Biotech. 2020;8:281-292
*** https://www.plantbreedbio.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.9787/PBB.2020.8.3.281
*** Lethal Dose 50 ~200-300 Gy for both proton and photon.
*** Antioxidant enzymes reacted to proton beams more, chlorophyll responded more to photons
* Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania; 2020 -- "Impact of Proton Beam Irradiation on the Growth and Biochemical Indexes of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seedlings Grown under Salt Stress" (Oprica L, Plants. 2020;9(9):1234
** https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/9/1234
** Barley seeds irradiated with proton 3 Gy and 5 Gy, then grown in presence of NaCl (100 mM and 200 mM)
** Proton 3 Gy irradiation can alleviate harmful effects of 100 mM NaCl salinity
* University of Louisiana; 2018 PMID 30482278 -- "Irradiation effects of MeV protons on dry and hydrated Brassica rapa seeds" (Deoli NT, Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2018 Nov;19:24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.08.004. Epub 2018 Aug 21.
** Brassica rapa (turnip, bok choy) irradiated with 1-3 MeV proton ions
** Outcome: Germination varied based on incident ion energy and dose; decreased with increasing dose for ions that could penetrate the seed coat (>1 MeV). Hydrated seeds more sensitive to radiation than dry seeds. Damage to the seed coat led to faster germination and initial seedling growth
* Chonnam National University, Korea
** Proton 57 MeV irradiation to doses 50 - 400 Gy to evaluate mutagenesis
** 2017 -- "Effects of proton beam irradiation on seed germination and growth of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)" (Im J, Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 2017; 71:752-757
*** https://link.springer.com/article/10.3938/jkps.71.752
*** Germination rates >95%; survival rates reduced >300 Gy; plant height, fresh weight of shoots/roots reduced >100 Gy
*** Optimal dosage for proton mutation breeding between 250 - 300 Gy
** 2017 -- "Biochemical Responses of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) to Proton Beam Irradiation" (Im J, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology. 2017; 5:97-105
*** https://www.plantbreedbio.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.9787/PBB.2017.5.2.97
*** Proton beams induce plant membrane damage and oxidative stress, and reduce chlorophyll content
* Peking University; 2007 PMID 17457755 -- "Biological effects of protons targeted to different ranges in Arabidopsis seeds" (Qin HL, Int J Radiat Biol. 2007 May;83(5):301-8. doi: 10.1080/09553000701283824.)
** Arabidopsis seeds, dry or hydrated. Irradiated with 1.1 MeV, 2.6 MeV, or 6.5 MeV protons
** Outcome: Survival reduced with increasing dose. Hydrated seeds more sensitive. Shoot apical meristem malformation observed after all proton irradiations
** Conclusion: Radiation induced damage produced at different ranges; hydrated seeds more sensitive

## Carbon

* Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2020 PMID 31692404 -- "Genetic polymorphisms in mutagenesis progeny of Arabidopsis thaliana irradiated by carbon-ion beams and γ-rays irradiations" (Chen X, Int J Radiat Biol. 2020 Feb;96(2):267-275. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1688412. Epub 2019 Nov 18.)
** Arabidopsis irradiated with photons (LET 0.2 kev/um) and carbon (LET 50 kev/um)
** Outcome: Carbon introduced higher polymorphism than photon
** Conclusion: Both carbon and photon induce genetic polymorphisms, but carbon mutation breeding is more advantageous than photons
* Kobe University, Japan, 2013 PMID 23728320 -- "Mutational effects of γ-rays and carbon ion beams on Arabidopsis seedlings" (Yoshihara R, J Radiat Res. 2013 Nov 1;54(6):1050-6. doi: 10.1093/jrr/rrt074. Epub 2013 May 31.)
** Arabidopsis seedlings irradiated with photon and 320 MeV carbon ions.
** Outcome: Mutant base substitution frequency increased after photon but not carbon.

## Review

* University of West England, 2018 -- "Ionizing Radiation, Higher Plants, and Radioprotection: From Acute High Doses to Chronic Low Doses" (Caplin N, Front. Plant Sci., 26 June 2018)
** https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.00847/full