OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# National Etiquette Differences in Europe/Introduction

Etiquette in Europe is not uniform. Even the regions of Europe do not have common manners. For example, a Dane will prefer direct speech while a Finn will tend to prevaricate. Even within a single country there may be different customs, especially when there are different linguistic groups, as in Switzerland where there are French, German and Italian speakers.
Age and social context may determine the level and details of the customs which are followed. The age issue is clearly observable in countries that have passed through some historical event, a war, revolution of a change in political systems, like previous satellites of the ex-USSR where there is a huge generational divide between those who grew up in the 'Communist era' and those who did not, the same is also valid to those under Fascist regimes, these deep social changes have an impact in what is deemed appropriate behavior in a society.

## European etiquette globally

Many customs regarding good behavior have been exported to places with cultural traditions based in Europe, including America, Oceania, South Africa and so on. Therefore, much of this article is limited to the discussion of etiquette which is peculiar to only a particular part of Europe.

## Generalizations

While Europe contains a wide variety of social traditions, it is also (excluding Russia) relatively compact, well-traveled and urbanized compared to many other continents or cultural areas. As such many expectations regarding etiquette are shared across Europe.
Avoid stereotypes and generalizations, because you are likely to cause offense to the country you are visiting and shows your country in a negative way.
Generalizations are never good, e.g. all British people drink tea with biscuits at least once a day etc. Just as not all Americans chew "spitting' tobacco" and wear cowboy hats there are cultural variations and you should never make an assumption asking is the safest thing to do.

## Consideration

Etiquette begins with some sensitivity to the perceptions and feelings of others and the intention not to offend. Failing to thank and compliment a host, using a mobile phone in a theater, taking the last bit of a dish without offering it to others and many other examples of bad manners fall into this category.
* ↑ Leo Hickey, Miranda Stewart (2005). Politeness in Europe. ISBN 1853597376.
# Natural Disasters/Algal Bloom

An Algal Bloom can present a variety of dangers. The two primary dangers are ingestion and contact of contaminated waters.
# Natural Disasters
## Table of Contents
### Common Events
#### Weather

* Flood
* Flash Flood
* Thunderstorm
* Tornado
* Derecho

##### Warm Weather

* Wildfire
* Very Warm Temperature

##### Cold Weather

* Blizzard
* Ice Storm
* Very Cold Temperature

##### Coastal Weather

* Hurricane
* Tsunami

#### Geological

* Landslide
* Earthquake
* Sinkhole
* Volcanic Eruption

### Uncommon Events

* Limnic Eruption
* Algal Bloom

### Mitigation & Response

* Mitigation
* Preparation
* Evacuation

## Disclaimer

PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ANY INFORMATION YOU MAY FIND IN WIKIBOOKS MAY BE INACCURATE, MISLEADING, DANGEROUS, ADDICTIVE, UNETHICAL, OR ILLEGAL.
Some information on Wikibooks may create an unreasonable risk for readers who choose to apply or use the information in their own activities or to promote the information for use by third parties.
None of the authors, contributors, sponsors, administrators, vandals, or anyone else connected with Wikibooks, in any way whatsoever, can be responsible for your use of the information contained in or linked from these web pages.
Please take all steps necessary to ascertain that information you receive from Wikibooks is correct and has been verified. Check the references at the end of the page. Read the page's talk page and revision history to see if there are outstanding disputes over the contents of the page. Double-check all information with independent sources.
If a book contains suggestions regarding dangerous, illegal or unethical activities, remember that anyone can post this information on Wikibooks. The authors may not be qualified to provide you with complete information or to inform you about adequate safety precautions and other measures to prevent injury, or other damage to your person, property or reputation. If you need specific advice (for example, medical, legal, financial, marital, or risk management) please seek a professional licensed or knowledgeable in that area.
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DO NOT RELY UPON ANY INFORMATION FOUND IN WIKIBOOKS WITHOUT INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION.
# Natural Disasters/Derecho
## During

Derechos hit quickly, leaving you minimal time to react once one is inbound - you must seek shelter immediately.

## Gallery

* A Derecho can easily blow out windows, turing them into hazardous debris.
* Derechos can cause damage to buildings, making taking proper shelter critical.

## References

* ↑ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "NWS JetStream - Derechos: Keeping Yourself Safe" (in EN-US). www.weather.gov. https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/derecho_safety.
# Natural Disasters/Earthquake

Severe earthquakes tend to happen in geologically active areas, though they may also occur more rarely elsewhere.
In the event of an earthquake, the safest way to move is the get down and crawl.

## References

* ↑ "Where do earthquakes occur? | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
* ↑ "Stay Safe During an Earthquake | Natural Disasters and Severe Weather | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
# Natural Disasters/Blizzard
## Preperation

* Maintain a good stock of food and water on hand when blizzards are likely.
* Have a way to stay warm with no power.

## During

Minimize exposure of skin to the cold.

## Gallery

* CDC Winter Safety Infographic
* Winter Emergency Car Kit guide.
# DESCRIPTION:

(undocumented)
HIDE-POPUP is a function value.

# REFINEMENTS

* /timeout
# Rebol Programming/history-file

HISTORY-FILE is a file of value: %/c/documents%20and%20settings/max/dati%20applicazioni/rebol/desktop/history.r
(depends of the machine and OS)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the series at its head.
HEAD is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* series -- (Type: series port)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE if a series is at its head.
HEAD? is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* series -- (Type: series port)
# DESCRIPTION:

(undocumented)
HILIGHT-TEXT is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* face -- (Type: any)
* begin -- (Type: any)
* end -- (Type: any)
# DESCRIPTION:

(undocumented)
HILIGHT-ALL is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* face -- (Type: any)
# DESCRIPTION:

Prints information about words and values.
HELP is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* word -- (Type: any-type)
# Rebol Programming/help.gif

HELP.GIF is an image of value:
# DESCRIPTION:

Hides a face or block of faces.
HIDE is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* face -- (Type: object block)

# REFINEMENTS

* /show -- Refreshes the area under the face being hidden.
# Practical Electronics/Amplifiers/Common emitter
## Transistor - Common_Emitter_amplifier

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
* Current Gain: ..... HIGH
* Voltage Gain: ..... HIGH
* Power Gain: ..... HIGH
* Input Impedance: ... AVERAGE
* Output Impedance:... AVERAGE
QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Input Resistance(base): Zb=β×re'
-> β: Current Gain (Ic/Ib), where 'Ic' is Colector DC current and 'Ib' is DC Base current; -> re': Base-Emitter (Ut/Ie), where Ut is thermal voltage(≈25mV at 25°C) and 'Ie' is DC emitter current;
Input Resistance(general): Zg= Zb || R1 || R2, where R1 and R2 are the same as the picture above.
# Practical Electronics/74 Series

| Code | Meaning |
| Texas Instruments ||
| 165 | Parallel to serial 8 bit synchronous shift registers with complementary output |
| 165A | Parallel to serial 8 bit asynchronous shift registers with complementary output |
| 166 | Parallel to serial 8 bit synchronous shift registers with clear pin |
| 166A | Parallel to serial 8 bit asynchronous shift registers with clear pin |
| 673 | Serial to parallel 16 bit shift registers |
| 674 | Parallel to serial 16 bit shift registers |
# Practical Electronics/AD and DA Converters
## DAC

DAC stands for Digital Analog Converter

## ADC

ADC stands for Analog Digital Converter
# Practical Electronics/Alternating current

Alternating current or AC refers to current that has amplitude varies sinusoidally and can be expressed mathematically

   ## Vac = V Sin(ωt + θ)

The highest voltage is V . One cycle of Sin wave has one highest positive value at θ = π/2 and one highest negative value at θ = -π/2

   ## Vac = ±V at θ = ± π/2
## The Peak to Peak Value

The value between ±V or in scalar equals to 2V

## The Average Value

The Average Value is denoted as V$_a$ is defined as

   ### V$_a$ = 0.6 V
## The Root Mean Square Value

The Root Mean Square Value is denoted as V$_{rms}$ is defined as
# Rhetoric and Composition/Apostrophes
## Use
### Apostrophes are used to indicate possession and in contractions.

    Add an "'s" when the noun does not end in an "s" (driver's) or when the noun is singular and ends in an "s" (Lois's).
       However, if the pronunciation of a word would be awkward with the "s" added, it is acceptable not to use the extra "s".
    If the noun is plural and ends in "s", you don't need to add an apostrophe (diplomas' instead of diploma's).

### Joint Possession

    If there is a compound noun, add the possessive apostrophe to the last noun.
       Example: I went to see Anthony and George's new apartment. (The apartment belongs to both Anthony and George.)
    If the compound noun indicates individual possession, add the apostrophe to both nouns.
       Example: Mary's and Brian's sense of style was quite different. (Mary and Brian have individual senses of style.)

### Compound Nouns

    If a compound noun uses dashes, place the apostrophe after the last nouns.
       Example: My brother-in-law's house

## Common Misuses

* Do not use apostrophes in nouns that are not possessive. Example: Some parent's are more strict than mine. (Apostrophe is not necessary)
* Do not use an apostrophe in possessive pronouns such as its, whose, his, hers, ours, yours, and theirs.
← Colons · Quotation Marks →
# Rhetoric and Composition/Bibliography

The books on rhetoric, composition, style, grammar and mechanics include the following.
# Rhetoric and Composition/Colons

Colons are used to draw attention to certain words. They are used after an independent clause to direct attention to a list, appositive or quotation, between independent clauses when the second clause summarizes or emphasizes the first clause, or after the greeting in a formal letter. Some examples follow.
Use of Colons :
| Case | Example | Note |
| List | I have three sisters: Catherine, Sarah and Mary. Sandwich requires several ingredients: bread, butter, cheese, ham and tomatoes. | |
| Appositive | My mom has three pets: two cats and a dog. | |
| ? | There was only one possible explanation: The train had never arrived. | |
| Quotation | In the words of Homer: "Doh!" | |
| Between independent clauses | Life is like a box of chocolates: you never know what you're going to get. | |
| Introduction of a definition | Hypernym of a word: a word having a wider meaning than the given one. | Is a special case of appositive. |
| After salutation | Dear Sir or Madam: | |
| In a dialogue | Patient: Doctor, I feel like a pair of curtains. Doctor: Pull yourself together! | |
| Separation of title from subtitle | Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope | |
| Separation of the chapter and the verse numbers of religious scriptures | John 3:14–16 (or John III:14–16) The Qur'an, Sura 5:18 | |
| Separation within time of the day | The concert finished at 23:45. This file was last modified today at 11:15:05. | |
Common Misuse of Colons :
| Case | Example | Note |
| Between a verb and its object | Some important computer programs are: Word, Excel and Publisher. Sandwich requires: bread, butter, cheese, ham and tomatoes. | By omitting the colon, the example becomes correct. |
| Between a preposition and its object | My cars of choice consist of: Honda Accord and Ford GT. | By omitting the colon, the example becomes correct. |
| After "such as", "including" or "for example" | | |

## Bibliography

* W:Colon (punctuation)
← Semicolons · Apostrophes →
# Rhetoric and Composition/Capitalization

Capitalize means to use uppercase for the first letter of a word.

## Basic Principles

* Proper nouns: Capitalize nouns that are the unique identification for a particular person, place or thing.
    Example: Michael, Minnesota, North America.
* Proper names: Capitalize common nouns like party only when they are part of the full name for the person, place or thing.
    Example: I am a member of the Democratic Party.
    Example: Are you going to the party?
They are also lowercased when being used in a plural setting:
    Example: The Democratic and Republican parties.
* Sentences: Capitalize the first word of every sentence including quoted statements and direct questions.
* Composition: Capitalize the main words in the names of books, movies, plays, poems, operas, songs, radio and television programs, etc.
    Example: Family Guy.
* Titles: Capitalize formal titles only when used in front of a name, not when used after the name.
    Example: Associate Professor John Doe / John Doe, associate professor.
* Academic titles: Capitalize and spell out formal titles only when they precede a name.
    Example: Chancellor David Nachriener.

## Bibliography

* W:Capitalization
← Parentheses
# PBASIC Programming/Labels and GOTO
## Control Flow

Computers are only able to perform one action at a time. This means that if we write up a large program with many instructions, that the BasicStamp will execute those instructions one at a time, starting at the top and moving to the bottom. The order in which the BasicStamp executes instructions is called the control flow. There are several tools that we can use to change the control flow, so that it doesnt just start at the top and move to the bottom.

### Tokens and the Instruction Pointer

When we compile our program, the computer changes the code that we have written into a series of tokens that the BasicStamp can understand. This process is very complicated, so we won't discuss it any further in this book. When we upload our program to the BasicStamp, all of the tokens from the program are stored, in order, in the BasicStamp's FLASH memory unit. The tokens are stored in an array. A special address variable, called the instruction pointer points at the different elements in the token array, and whatever the instruction pointer points at is the instruction that the BasicStamp will perform at that moment.

## Labels

We can create special tags called labels that are like addresses or anchors. If we create a label in our code, we can jump to it from other parts of our program by using special instructions called GOTO, GOSUB, or branches called IF / THEN. Labels must have a name, just like a variable. They must:
* Start with a letter
* Contain letters or numbers
* End with a colon ":"

## GOTO

The most simple way to jump to a label that we have defined is through the use of the GOTO command. The GOTO command causes the instruction pointer to point at the label, instead of the next instruction.
# PBASIC Programming/PULSIN and PULSOUT
## Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) is the use of the length of an electric signal to represent a value, instead of a large bit pattern. To display the number 12, as an example, we could send a +5V pulse for 12 milliseconds (ms), instead of sending out the binary number 1100. The most common use for PWM is in digital servo motors, especially for robotics. However, other external devices operate using PWM communications as well. To send a PWM signal, instead of a regular binary signal, we use the PULSIN and PULSOUT commands.

### Clock Speed

The units of time for PULSIN and PULSOUT are 2 microseconds (μs). A microsecond is 10$^{-6}$ seconds. For instance, if we sent a PULSOUT with a value of 25, we would have the length of the pulse be:
    $25\times 2\mu s=25\times (2\times 10^{-6})=50\times 10^{-6}=50\mu s=0.05ms$
The reason why we make the conversion above from microseconds to milliseconds is that many devices display their requirements in terms of milliseconds. It is always important for the programmer to be able to convert between different units.

## PULSOUT

To send a PWM signal, you need to specify the port and the amount of time. For example, to send a pulse on port 10 with a length of 4 microseconds, we would write:

### Length Between Pulses

The PAUSE function, as we have seen before, can be used to delay operation of the next command. When using PAUSE to insert a delay between PWM pulses, keep in mind that it uses milliseconds, not Microseconds (μs). Remember that PAUSE 1 takes the same amount of time as PULSOUT 12, 500.

## PULSIN

In a similar manner to sending a PWM signal, we can also read a PWM signal from an external device. We must specify which port we are reading from, and we must also provide a variable to receive the length of the pulse. For instance, if we wanted to read a PWM pulse on port 5, we could write:
Like with PULSOUT, the units of time are 2 μs.
One common device that uses PWM input like this is the Parallax ultrasonic sensor. These sensors return a pulse for a length of time equal to the amount of time it takes sound waves to travel to an object and bounce back. Using some simple arithmetic, if we know the speed of sound and if we know the amount of time, we can calculate the distance of the object.
# PBASIC Programming/Introduction
## BasicStamp

The BasicStamp family of microcontrollers is manufactured by Parallax. The BasicStamps contain a Microchip PIC microcontroller unit preloaded with a PBASIC interpreter program, a voltage regulator, and a flash memory unit. The benefits are the power and small size of the PIC controller, with the added benefits of extended memory and the PBASIC instruction language, which is easier to understand and use then the PIC assembly language.

## About this Book

This book is written both as an introduction to PBASIC programming, but also to embedded programming in general. For a more in-depth look at embedded systems and embedded programming, see Embedded Systems.

## Who is This Book For?

This book is for anybody interested in learning to program embedded systems. One of the primary uses of the BasicStamp, at least in terms of education, is robotics. Parallax sells a number of robotics kits that are based off the BasicStamp architecture. Beyond the use in robotics, there are a number of other areas where BasicStamps can be used with great success.
An accompanying course at Wikiversity, Introduction to Robotics will be using this textbook and the BasicStamp architecture to teach students about robotics.

## What are the Prequisites?

Students should have a basis of understanding in elementary algebra. No prior programming experience is required. The use of and interpretation of graphs will also be a useful skill, but is not strictly required. A background in chemistry or physics where mathematics is used to model physical phenomena will also be helpful. The reader should be able to read and understand metric system units, and be able to make simple conversions between units. For instance, the reader should know that 1000 microseconds are in 1 millisecond.

## What Will This Book Cover?

This book will attempt to look at the PBASIC programming language as it is used in practice: in an embedded application. Therefore, we will need to discuss certain things that aren't purely software, such as voltage and electric circuits, sensors and actuators, etc. We attempt to keep discussions on these subjects as simple as possible, so that the reader can use the concepts in their project, but don't get weighted down with complicated mathematical theory. We do, however, need to provide enough explanation of certain concepts that the reader can employ them safely and effectively.

## Are There Any Aides for This Book?

There is a robotics course at Wikiversity that uses the BasicStamp and the PBASIC language to operate simple robots. That course uses this book as its primary text. If the reader is interested in robotics, and would also like some hands-on assignments to help demonstrate the concepts learned in this book, it is recommended that they also participate in the Wikiversity course. The course is located here:
* Introduction to Robotics
Because of its focus on robotics, the Wikiversity course may present information in a slightly different order from the way it is present here, and it may also focus more or less of different topics.
# PBASIC Programming/Loops
## Looping

There are times when we want to repeat a certain portion of code several times. For small numbers of repeats, we could use something simple like Copy + Paste in our editor. However if we want to repeat an action many times, or even if we want to repeat infinitely, we need to use special techniques called loops. Using our GOTO function we have already seen a basic type of loop, but there are other types of loops that we can use. In some cases there are many ways to perform the same task.

## Infinite Loops

We have already seen a simple loop using the GOTO function. Here is a good example:
Instead of having to create a new label and then jump to it, we can use a specialized structure called DO / LOOP that performs the same task, but is easier for people to read and understand.

### DO / LOOP

A DO / LOOP structure is an infinite loop, but it doesnt require us to create a label. To use a DO / LOOP, we write:

## FOR / NEXT

If we have a certain piece of code that we want to repeat a finite number of times, we can't use an infinite loop, we need to use a counter variable to count the number of loops. We have already seen a basic implementation of this concept in the chapter on branches, but now we are going to look at a better structure for this, the FOR / NEXT loop. A FOR / NEXT loop allows us to do several things in a very simple and clean way:
* Initialize our counter variable
* Increment our counter variable every loop
* Check the counter variable to see if it has reached a final value. If it has reached the final value we exit the loop.
A FOR / NEXT loop looks like this:

## Nested Loops

We can put one loop inside another loop. This is useful for many complicated programs that need to repeat sets of loops. Loops that are inside other loops are called nested loops. Also, the outer-most loop is typically called the parent loop, and the inside loops are called the child loops. Each child loop must have a different counter variable from its parent loop, or the system will not work correctly.
# Pinyin/Hefei

Hefei is the largest city in the east part of China. It is the provincial capital of Anhui province. It is a prefecture-level city. It is a political, economic and cultural center of Anhui province. It is situated in the central part of Anhui. It borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Chaohu to the southeast, and Lu'an to the west. It has an area of 11,434.25km2, with a population of 7,600,000+.
Herfeir shih ZG dongbuh zuihdah cherngshih. ta shih Anhui-sheeng sheenghuih. ta shih dihjirshih. ta shih Anhui d zhehngzhih, jingjih her wernhuah zhongxin. ta weihyur Anhui d zhongbuh. ta d beeimiahn yuu Huairnarn, dongbeei yuu Churzhou, dongnarn yuu Chaorhur, ximiahn yuu Luh`an jieraang. ta d miahnji 1'1434.25km2, rernkoou 760'0000+.