OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Oracle Database/Restricting and Sorting Data
## Limiting the rows that are retrieved by a query

* Write queries that contain a WHERE clause to limit the output retrieved
** Character strings and date values are enclosed with single quote
** Character values are case-sensitive and date values are format-sensitive
** The default date display format is DD-MON-YY
** An alias cannot be used in the WHERE clause
* List the comparison operators and logical operators that are used in a WHERE clause
| Operator | Meaning |
| = | Equal to |
| > | Greater than |
| >= | Greater than or equal to |
| < | Less than |
| <= | Less than or equal to |
| <> | Not equal to (can also use != or ^=) |
| BETWEEN ... AND ... | Between two values (inclusive) |
| IN (set) | Match any value in a list |
| LIKE | Match a character pattern '%' - zero or many; '_' - one character |
| IS NULL | is a null value |
| AND | returns TRUE if both conditions are true |
| OR | returns TRUE if either condition is true |
| NOT | returns TRUE if the condition is false |
* Describe the rules of precedence for comparison and logical operators
| Precedence | Operators | Description |
| 1 | parenthesis | Expression within parenthesis always evaluate first |
| 2 | /, * | Division and Multiplication |
| 3 | +, - | Addition and subtraction |
| 4 | || | Concatenation |
| 5 | =, <, >, <=, >= | Equality and inequality comparison |
| 6 | [NOT] LIKE, IS [NOT] NULL, [NOT] IN | Pattern, null, and set comparison |
| 7 | [NOT] BETWEEN | Range comparison |
| 8 | <>, !=, ^= | Not equal to |
| 9 | NOT | NOT logical condition |
| 10 | AND | AND logical condition |
| 11 | OR | OR logical condition |

## Sorting the rows that are retrieved by a query

* Write queries that contain an ORDER BY clause sort the output of a SELECT statement
* Sort output in descending and ascending order

## Using ampersand substitution to restrict and sort output at runtime

Use substitution variables to:
* Temporarily store values with single-ampersand (&) and double-ampersand (&&) substitution
Use substitution variables to supplement the following:
* WHERE conditions
* ORDER BY clauses
* Column expressions
* Table names
* Entire SELECT statements
# Oracle Database/SELECT Statement
## Listing the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements

A SELECT statement retrieves data from database. With a SELECT statement, you can use the following capabilities:
* Projection: select the columns in a table that are returned by a query.
* Selection: select the rows in a table that are returned by a query using certain criteria to restrict the result.
* Joining: bring together data that is stored in different tables by specifying the link between them.

## Executing a basic SELECT statement

* SQL statements are not case-sensitive.
* SQL statements can be entered on one or more lines.
* Keywords like SELECT, FROM cannot be abbreviated or split across lines.
* In SQL Developer, SQL statements can optionally be terminated by a semicolon (;). Semicolons are required when you execute multiple SQL statements.
* In SQL*Plus, you are required to end each SQL statement with a semicolon (;).
* Select All Columns
* Select Specific Columns
* Exclude duplicate rows
* Use Arithmetic Operators
** The operator precedence is the same as normal mathematics, (ie. / * + -)
** Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null
* Use Column Heading Defaults
** SQL Developer:
*** Default heading display: Uppercase
*** Default heading alignment: Left-aligned
** SQL*Plus:
*** Default heading display: Uppercase
*** Character and Date column headings: Left-aligned
*** Number column headings: Right-aligned
* Use Column Alias
** Renames a column heading
** AS keyword between the column name and alias is optional
** Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces, special characters, or case-sensitive
* Literal Character Strings
** Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single quotation marks
** Each character string is output once for each row returned
* Escape the single quote character use two single quotes
* Escape the single quote character use alternative quote (q) operator
* Learn the DESCRIBE command to display the table structure

## Describing various types of conversion functions that are available in SQL

Implicit data type conversion
Implicit conversion occurs when Oracle attempts to convert the values, that do not match the defined parameters of functions, into the required data types.
Explicit data type conversion Explicit conversion occurs when a function like TO_CHAR is invoked to change the data type of a value.

## Using the TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, and TO_DATE conversion functions

* Nest multiple functions
* Apply the NVL, NULLIF, and COALESCE functions to data

## Applying conditional expressions in a SELECT statement

* Use conditional IF THEN ELSE logic in a SELECT statement

## Describing various types of functions available in SQL

* Describe the differences between single row and multiple row functions
Single row functions return one result per row.
Single row functions:
Character functions

## Using character, number, and date functions in SELECT statements

* Manipulate strings with character function in the SELECT and WHERE clauses
* Manipulate numbers with the ROUND, TRUNC and MOD functions
* Perform arithmetic with date data
* Manipulate dates with the date functions
# Oracle Database/Performance Monitoring

On the oracle database Web administration tool, there is a usage monitor shown on the right-hand side of the screen. This displays both the Storage used by Oracle and the current Memory in use. It also lists the total sessions and users.
For a more detailed view of server settings, Enter the Administration section, and open the Monitor.
* Sessions displays a list of users currently connected to the database.
* System Statistics displays the current resources used by the database. It can also be set to display changes within the statistics from a given reference point.
* Top SQL displays a list of previous SQL statements that are the most resource intensive.
* Long Operations displays the status of operations that are taking more than 6 seconds.
# Pharmacology/Steroids
### Introduction

Steroids in popular culture have a negative connotation due to the fact that they are often discussed within the context of athletes taking drugs to enhance their performance. However, steroids are simply a class of biomolecules that have a characteristic structure. Furthermore, there are many steroids that occur naturally in the body and they are necessary for normal body functions such as glucose regulation, ion absorption, and normal development.

### Structure

Steroids are considered a type of lipid, which immediately suggests that its structure is dominated by carbon-based functionality and large chains of aliphatic groups. In addition, what characterizes a lipid as a steroid is the presence of four connected ring structures. All steroids have four fused rings, which are connected to various other functional groups. Of the four rings, three are six-membered rings and one is a five-membered ring.

### Cholesterol

Out of all the steroids in the body, cholesterol is certainly the most abundant. The reason behind this is the various functions that it serves. One of the main roles that it serves in the body is as a precursor to other steroids, steroids such as the hormone steroids testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol, which are crucial in the normal development process. Cholesterol is also involved in the production of bile in the liver, which helps with digestion.

### Steroids as Supplements

There are two types of steroids that people ingest as a supplement. The first type of steroids are known as anabolic steroids. Anabolic steroids help build muscle, which is why they are often used by athletes and weight lifters. There are many legal anabolic steroids available online that are used by bodybuilders and weight lifters. The second type of steroid supplement are known as corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are used as a therapeutic treatment for arthritis, and asthma, due to its role as an anti-inflammatory.
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/556steroids.html Steroids
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/steroids.html Corticosteroid Treatment
http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/steroids.html Steroids
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm Lipids: Fat, Oils, Waxes, etc
http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/steroid-hormones.php Introduction to the Steroid Hormones
# Philately

* Preface
* Introduction

## Philately as a Passion

* From Stamp Collecting to Philately
* Tools of the Trade

## Technical Aspect of Philately

* Introduction
* Printing
* Philatelic Terms

## Specialization

* Introduction
* Pioneers
* Areas of Specialization

## References

* Review of Philatelic Literature
* Finding Help on the Internet

## Related Wiki Articles and Resources

* w:Philately
* w:Portal:Philately
* w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Philately
* commons:Category:Philately
* Philately in Wikisource
* Philately in Wikiquote

## Authors

* Rey Adel
# Philately/Introduction

From 1800s to the present era, paper-based books, as well as electronic books, have been published about this subject. Most are dedicated to the hobby of Stamp Collecting, the older sibling of Philately, through a list of stamp catalogues issued by popular publishing houses such as Scott, Linn's, Michel, Stanley-Gibbons, among others. Philatelic books, however, came later when stamp collectors diversified their efforts to learn more about their collection or a particular stamp.
The objective of this book is to introduce Philately as a Hobby, as opposed to Stamp Collecting. While starting a stamp collection is easy as there are a number of books published for beginners, the same cannot be said for Philately. The tools of trade might be the same, but it takes passion to pursue Philately. Furthermore, philatelists must know the technology of stamp-making, have a good background in world history [or a particular country], and the cunning of a detective!
The prospective readers of this book are stamp collectors who having amassed large collections in stamp albums, spent large sums of money, and want to show-off their collection to the public, learn more on the next step to stamp collecting.
# Pharmacology/NSAIDs
### Introduction

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in the treatment of a variety of symptoms and conditions, ranging from mild to moderate pain-reliever to their use in the reduction of heart attacks and strokes. The long name associated with NSAIDs might be a bit intimidating at first, but it does give a good indication of both the structure and function of NSAIDs, as explained below.

### Nonsteriodal Structure

In the world of biochemistry, one thing that readily becomes apparent about biological molecules is that a given molecule's structure determines its function. As we will see, it is the nonsteroidal structure that allows NSAIDs to function as an anti-inflammatory drug.
Tersely stated, steroids are long hydrocarbon-based lipids characterized by four fused rings. To say that the NSAIDs are nonsteroidal, is to to relay a large piece of information about their structure. Given the structure of aspirin (a common over-the-counter NSAID) and cholesterol (a biologically-present steroid) the large difference in size is readily apparent. As seen in the pictures above, steroids can be roughly four to five times larger than the average NSAID. The relatively small size of NSAIDs in comparison to biological macromolecules allow molecules classified as NSAIDs to act as substrates that bind to the active site of specific enzymes, inhibiting the enzyme from participating in catalytic reactions. This is an example of competitive inhibition, in which the substrate (an NSAID, in this case) blocks the enzyme's active site, reducing its activity.

## Anti-inflammatory Function

In this case the enzyme that is being blocked is an enzyme that is involved in inflammation. By blocking the enzyme involved in the inflammatory response, NSAIDs are able to reduce inflammation, resulting in their wide spread clinical use as pain-relievers. In order to understand how NSAIDs reduce inflammation it is important to understand how the normal, uninhibited mechanism of inflammation works.
In short, the enzyme cyclooxygenase converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which act as chemical messengers, stimulating vasodilation. The increase in blood to a particular area or to a damaged tissue causes swelling along with what we perceive as pain. Normally, damaged tissues release prostaglandins, requiring the effective catalytic work of cyclooxygenase. As in the case of other enzymes, cyclooxygenase increases the rate of production of prostaglandins by stabilizing the high-energy intermediate involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins.
http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00284 What are NSAIDs?
http://www.medicinenet.com/nonsteroidal_antiinflammatory_drugs/article.htm Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/features/how-anti-inflammatory-drugs-work Pain Relievers: How NSAIDs Work
http://cat.middlebury.edu/~chem/chemistry/class/bio/ch314/presentations/amrita How NSAIDs Work
# Philately/Passion/From Stamp Collecting to Philately
## Introduction

Although stamp collecting is the most popular hobby, the natural progression of a stamp collector is to become a philatelist, ultimately. One doesn't just stop collecting stamps, mount them in philatelic albums, then just let them gather dust.
# Philately/Preface

Stamp collecting came first and eventually evolved into the study of the Movements of Mails, including technical, infrastructural and historical aspect of the mail management. The holistic approach to this is called philately. Though, micro segments of the hobby have their different nomenclature too, like collecting stamps is called Stamp Collecting, collecting postmarks is called Markophily and study & collection of items related to management and movements of mails of mails is called Postal History and so on.
The word " Philately" "phila" comes from the Greek, meaning "love"; while "atelia" means " without costs". {citation needed} Philately, actually was started from collecting the used stamps affixed on the letters received by the people. These stamps did not cost anything as these were available free on received mails. Hence, collecting these stamps was "Love Without Costs".
# Philippine History

Welcome to this book on the history, culture, tradition and government of the Philippines from ancient times until the present day.

## Table of contents

    Preface

### Unit 1: Prehistory and Ancestral Heritage

* Prehistory
* Before The Coming of Spanish Colonialists

### Unit 2: The Spanish Colonial Era

* The Spanish Conquest
* The Impact of Spanish Rule
* The Disunited Resistance
* The Propaganda Movement
* The Philippine Revolution
* The Spanish-American War

### Unit 3: The American Colonial Era

* The Philippine-American War
* American Rule
* The Commonwealth of the Philippines

### Unit 4: The Philippines in World War II

* The Japanese Invasion
* The Japanese Occupation
* The Liberation

### Unit 5: The Modern-Day Philippines

* The Third Philippine Republic
* The Recognition of the Tao
* The Year of Discontent
* The Marcos Dictatorship
* The EDSA Revolution & the Fifth Republic
* The New Tiger of Asia
* EDSA II and III
* Contemporary Philippines

### Appendices

* Presidents of the Philippines
* Vice-Presidents of the Philippines

## See also
### Wikipedia links

* History of the Philippines
* Philippines
# Pharmacology/History of Pharmacology
## National Institute of General Medical Sciences

NIGMS was established in 1962. NIGMS is one of the promising pharmacology research institutes that go beyond the research in chemistry, genetics, cell biology, physiology, and engineering. In the course of answering basic research questions, NIGMS produces outstanding scientists who increase our knowledge about the mechanisms and pathways involved in certain diseases. In addition, they develop new tools and skills which is being used in medical applications.
NIGMS is organized into divisions and a center that support research and research training in a range of scientific fields.
* Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics
* Division of Genetics and Developmental Biology
* Division of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biological Chemistry
* Division of Minority Opportunities in Research
* Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
The Pharmacology Research Associate Program is designed to help postdoctoral scientists receive training in Food/Drug Administration laboratories. Medical Scientist Training Program trained M.D. – Ph.D. holder to become investigators in both scientific and clinical research. Biotechnology and behavior sciences are also the emerging divisions that aim to train the future generations. The majority of funding go into grants to scientists at universities, medical schools, hospitals and other research institutions throughout the country. NIGMS has supported approximately 4,500 research grants; some examples of the funding research are how cell communicate, how our body use energy, and how we respond to medicines. The program also encourages minorities and underrepresented scholars to join and pursue research careers with NIGMS.
# Portuguese/Contents/Future tense regular verbs
## The Future Tense

In Portuguese you can use the future tense by saying 'I am going to' or 'I will,' by adding an ending. Ir + infinitive is the first way, and see below for the other way with all the verb endings required.

## Using ir

In Portuguese, we often use the construction "going to".
ir + infinitive
You conjugate "ir" as normal, and then add the verb in the infinitive form.
For example, the verb "andar" (to walk):
Eu vou andar
Você/Ele/Ela vai andar
Nós vamos andar
Eles/Elas/Vocês vão andar

## Simple Future

It is still possible, but slightly formal, to say "I will eat" or "I will swim". This is the simple future tense. This tense is one of the easiest to form in Portuguese. Just conjugate as below.
FALAR - To Speak
| I will speak | Eu falar | ei |
| You (s,inf) will speak | Tu falar | ás |
| He will speak (also ela, você) | Ele falar | á |
| We will speak | Nós falar | emos |
| You (p) will speak | Vós falar | eis |
| They will speak (also elas, vocês) | Eles falar | ão |
EXCEPTIONS - Trazer, dizer, fazer. See how to conjugate these in the future tense
Note that this construction works even if the verb is usually irregular. Ser, ter and ir, for example, can all be made into the future this way.

## Splitting of Stem and Ending

When using indirect and direct object pronouns, the future stem and ending must be split. The stem is (except for the irregular verbs mentioned above) simply the infinitive. The indirect or direct object pronoun goes between the stem and the ending, as in these examples:
* Eu falar-lhe-ei - I will speak to him/her/you
* Você beijar-me-á - You will kiss me.
However, this construction is rare in spoken Portuguese. When an object pronoun is used, we usually use ir and the infinitive (see above).
* Eu vou falar-lhe - I am going to speak to him/her/you.
* Você vai beijar-me - You are going to kiss me.
# Portuguese/Contents/Irregular verbs

<< Portuguese:Contents
Irregular verbs are verbs that don't follow the normal pattern used in giving tense to verbs (as is the case with regular verbs). Instead, they have their own individual ways of adding tense.
For instance, in English we would end most past tense verb usages with the letters ED ("work", "clean", and "thank" become "worked", "cleaned", and "thanked"). But with irregular verbs, we make much different changes to them ("see", "think", and "do", become "saw", "thought", and "did"). The Portuguese language has instances such as these, and we will explore them in this section.
There are several levels of irregularity in Portuguese verbs. Most irregular of all are the so-called anomalous verbs, which are only two: ser and ir. These two verbs present stem change within the Present Indicative tense, which means that not all persons begin the same way:
Furthermore, curiously, in several tenses (the Perfect and Plus-quam-perfect Preterites Indicative, the Imperfect and Future Subjunctive) the conjugation is exactly the same for these two verbs:
There is also stem change in the Present Subjunctive, but the stems remain the same for all persons and numbers and they differ in each verb:

## Tenses

The following are sections dedicated to the different tenses used for irregular verbs:
* Present tense irregular verbs
* Future tense irregular verbs
* Imperfect tense irregular verbs
* Preterite tense irregular verbs

## Irregular verbs

Here is a list of the most common irregular verbs, along with their meanings (the links refer to the wiktionary project):

### -ou verbs

* ir - to go
* ser - to be (as in a state of being)
* estar - to be (as in location or temporary state)
* dar - to give

### -zer/-der (so/ço-go) verbs

* dizer - to say
* fazer - to do
* trazer - to bring
* poder - can/to be able to

### -nho verbs

* ter - to have, to exist (Brazil)
* vir - to come
* pôr - to put

### ler/ver

* ler - to read
* ver - to see

### -air verbs

* cair - to fall
* sair - to exit

### Only irregular in P.I.

* crer - to believe
* fugir - to run away
* rir - to laugh
* subir - to climb

### Only/mostly irregular in P.P.S.

* caber - to fit
* querer - to want
* saber - to know (about)

### Only irregular in first person P.I.

* dormir (eu durmo) - to sleep
* medir (eu meço) - to measure
* ouvir (eu ouço) - to hear
* pedir (eu peço) - to ask for
* perder (eu perco) - to lose/to miss
* seguir (eu sigo) - to follow
* servir (eu sirvo) - to serve
* sentir (eu sinto) - to feel
* valer (eu valho) - to be valid/to be worth

### Only 1-2 exceptions

* requerer - to request/require

### Haver

* haver - very irregular verb, auxiliar and sometimes with the meaning "to exist"
# Portuguese/Contents/L1
## Level One - Learn To Speak Portuguese

Bem vindo! Welcome to this Portuguese Language Course. This is a collaborative effort by many contributors and so please feel free to edit these pages to improve as you see fit. This chapter is intended for the absolute beginner in Portuguese. No prior experience nor grammatical knowledge is required. Boa sorte! (Good luck!)
* Lesson One - Saying Hello Learn how to say hello, plus one of the ways to say "I am", "You are" etc.
* Lesson Two - I Like... How to say you like something, how to describe things and how to say "the"
* Lesson Three - What Are You Going To Do? Tell people what you're going to do, and on what day of the week.
* Lesson Four - Where Do You Come From? A bit more on describing things, plus nationalities.
* Lesson Five - Going Shopping Clothes, how to sound polite, plus how to say you want something.
* Lesson Six - The Train Learn how to ask a question in Portuguese
* Lesson Seven - What Time Is It? Tell the time and count to ten!
* Lesson Eight - Meeting People Knowledge - how to say "I know",
* Lesson Nine - Getting The Groceries 'This' and 'that' and 'those', more numbers, plus comparing things.
* Lesson Ten - My House How to say "I have" or "There is"
# Portuguese/Contents/L1/Lesson Eight - Meeting People

Return to Portuguese – Return to Contents – Go to Lesson Nine
* Desculpe, eu conheço você? - Excuse me, do I know you?
* Você não conheces me. Sou João. Prazer em conhecer você - No, you don't know me. I'm João. Nice to meet you.
* Prazer em conhecer você também - Nice to meet you, too.
In this case ( Do I know you? = Eu conheço você?)
I know how is it. ( Eu sei como é isso)
    Who are you? Quem é você?
    What is your name? Qual o seu nome?
    Where are you from? De onde você é?
    What are you working in? No que você trabalha?
Remember
    What is this? O que é isso?
    What is your name? Qual o seu nome?
    Who is he? Quem é ele?
    How can I help you? Como posso ajudar você?
Espero ter ajudado, qualquer coisa editem pessoal.