OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rhetoric and Composition/Logical Fallacies

Logical fallacies are also known as "verbal fallacies." In establishing a grounded argument one needs to have a claim supported by evidence. Reasoning is used to make the evidence as relevant in making the claim valid. But sometimes due to faulty reasoning that leads to failure to provide sufficient claim makes the argument weak. Here are some of the most common examples of fallacies:
Faulty Cause and Effect Relationship Also known as "Post Hoc fallacy." It assumes sequence of events for a casual relationship, holding that the chain of events are closely linked to one another where the first event caused the second and so on.
False Analogies Analogies always compare two or more situations that reflect some degree of resemblance. In this case two situations are wrongly made to resemble each other leading to false analogies.
Bandwagon Appeal This stems from the wrong reasoning that everyone is doing it, so why shouldn't you? But in reality everyone is not actually involved in the act and it holds wrong reasons to do it.
Either-or It suggests that there are only two choices in binary opposition for a given complex situation. This is rarely the case in actual situation.
Ad Hominem Literally means "to the person." This form of faulty reasoning aims toward personal attacks against an individual as opposed to rational reasoning.
Ad Populum Literally means "to the people." It is based on using readers' prejudices and biases instead of sound reasoning.
Begging the Question It occurs when the claim is passed off as an evidence by assuming as stated in fact what is supposed to be proved.
Slippery Slope It follows that certain chain of events will happen anyways and will lead to another.
Strawman Setting up the counterarguments as weak so that they can be easily rejected.
Red Herring It is a tactic that introduces a false or irrelevant claim to distract the readers from the main argument.
Polarization It resorts to exaggerations of positions or groups by situating their claims as extreme or irrational.
Disclaimer: the examples under quotes are taken from "The Brief Penguin Hand Book" (2nd ed.).
# Pinyin/Brussels

See also
# Pinyin/Burn

See also
# Pinyin/Budget

Search budget
# Pinyin/Brussels sprout

See also Brussels sprout
See also sprout
# Pinyin/Bullet

A bullet is a small metal object that is fired from a gun.
ziidahn shih corng qiang fasheh d xiaao d jinshuu wuhtii.
# Pinyin/Burning

Burning
The thought is burning, The human brain is like the sun, Burning is happiness.
Ránshāo
Sīxiǎng zài ránshāo, rénnǎo jiù xiàng tàiyáng, ránshāo jiùshì xìngfú.
# Rhetoric and Composition/Unclear demonstrative pronoun reference
## What's wrong?

The example uses a demonstrative pronoun (such as this, these, or those), but there are two or more possible antecedents. To which does the pronoun refer?
Consider this example:
Which is surprising? The fact that the equipment arrived, or that it was in working order, or both?

## How to fix this problem

Supply a clarifying noun:
# Rhetoric and Composition/Unnecessary tense shift
## What is a tense shift?

Verbs are action words. “Tense” refers to the time when an action takes place: past, present, or future. Necessary tense shifts simply make it clear to your reader when actions have taken, are taking, or will take place. When you “shift tense unnecessarily,” however, it means you change the times when actions are taking place within a chunk of text in a way that doesn’t seem to make sense. Notice how the tense changes cause confusion in the following examples.

## Examples of confusing tense shifts

* In February 2003, the Sefton City Council passed an ordinance that limited the number of dogs city residents could keep on their property to three. Several residents objected and formally petitioned the council to repeal the ordinance, but the council upheld it. Their reasoning is that having more than three dogs creates potentially dangerous situations. In November 2004, however, changes in the Council’s membership resulted in the ordinance being repealed.
* While St. Cloud struggles with keeping rental housing from dominating the housing market, other communities in central Minnesota undertook several initiatives to build more apartments and condominiums.
The best way to find unnecessary tense shifts is to read a piece of writing through one time just looking for tense and asking yourself whether each verb tense accurately reflects the time period it took place, takes place, or will take place in. Start by using a highlighter to mark each verb, and then ask yourself if the “time” is correct for each one.
The correction:
* In February 2003, the Sefton City Council passed an ordinance that limited the number of dogs city residents could keep on their property to three. Several residents objected and formally petitioned the council to repeal the ordinance, but the council upheld it. Their reasoning was that having more than three dogs creates potentially dangerous situations. In November 2004, however, changes in the Council’s membership resulted in the ordinance being repealed.
(No reason exists to believe that those who then thought that three or more dogs in a household created a dangerous situation have changed their minds or that dogs' behavior in a group of three or more has changed. The composition of the council had changed, and the composition of the city council having changed, the city council voted differently).
* While St. Cloud struggled with keeping rental housing from dominating the housing market, other communities in central Minnesota undertook several initiatives to build more apartments and condominiums.
if referring to a situation in the past -- or --
* While St. Cloud struggles with keeping rental housing from dominating the housing market, other communities in central Minnesota undertake several initiatives to build more apartments and condominiums.
if referring to a current situation.
# Rhetoric and Composition/Use of the correct pronoun case

Be sure to use the correct pronoun case in your writing. Decide whether the pronoun you want to use serves the function of a subject or object in the sentence.
Subject Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, who, whoever
Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them, whom, whomever
Often, the confusion occurs when there is more than one noun or pronoun in your sentence.
Example: The boy was in a bad mood all day because early that morning his mother and him were arguing.
Who was arguing? Since the boy was, the subject pronoun he must be used.
Example: My husband and me love to go shopping for new clothes.
You wouldn't say "Me love to go shopping" so the subject pronoun I must be used.
Example: The sarcastic professor seemed to be criticizing my friend John and I. You wouldn't say the professor was criticizing I -- the object pronoun me must be used.
The major problem with pronoun case occurs with the use of who and whom. But if you follow the rules above, you won't make a mistake. Just figure out whether the pronoun is being used as a subject or object in the sentence. [Tip: If you can substitute he or she, use who. If you can substitute him or her, use whom.]
Example: The winner of the contest will be the person who guesses the number of jelly beans in the jar.
The subject of the verb "guesses" must be a subject pronoun.
Example: You are the person whom I love the most in all the world.
The person you love is the object of your love -- "I love him" -- so the object pronoun whom must be used.
[Tip: If you can delete the pronoun without changing the meaning, as in the sentence above, then the correct pronoun is the object pronoun whom. It makes just as much sense to say, "You are the person I love the most in all the world."]
# Rhetoric and Composition/Useful Links
## Useful Links

Here is another interesting wikibook about Writing for the Web:
* Authoring Webpages/How to write for the web
← Evaluation · Advanced Topics →
* Usability Tesing
** Usability Testing
* Basic copyright guidelines
** http://www.thecopyrightsite.org/faq.html
* Royalty-free music:
** http://www.royaltyfreemusic.com/free-music-resources.html
** MP3.com
* Royalty free photo
** Flickr Creative Commons
** morgueFile
--ErinSchaefer (discuss • contribs) 22:19, 18 October 2012 (UTC)
# Practical Electronics/IC/4046

4046 :
| Logic Type | Analogue Digital Mixed |
| Function Family | PLL IC |
| Description | VCO, 2 Phase Comparators and Zener diode |
| Pins | 16 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
| File:4046 Functional Diagram.svg ||
The 4046 contains one Voltage Controled Voltage that require external capacitor and two resistors, two differents phase comparators and a zener diode of 5.2V. Is used like a low frequency synthesizer, frequently used with 4020, 4022, 4024 and others frequency dividers.
Used in applications like FM and FSK demodulators, VCOs, etc.
# Practical Electronics/IC/4068

4068 :
| Logic Type | Combinatorial |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | 8-Input NAND/AND Gate |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
| File:4068 Functional Diagram.svg ||
The 4068 is a member of the 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains a single 8-input NAND gate, and, on some models the inverted output (i.e. an AND gate). The pinout diagram, given on the right, is the standard eight-input CMOS logic gate IC layout:
   * Pin 7 is the ground supply (GND)
   * Pin 14 is the positive supply (V$_{DD}$)
   * Pins 2-5 and 9-12 are gate inputs for the gate
   * Pin 1 and 13 are gate outputs. Pin 1 is not always available.
   * Pin 6 and 8 are not connected.
The NAND gate gives a high output for any combination of inputs, except when all inputs are high. The AND gate only gives a high when all inputs are high.
       $Q={\overline {A\cdot B\cdot C\cdot D\cdot E\cdot F\cdot G\cdot H}}$
       ${\overline {Q}}=A\cdot B\cdot C\cdot D\cdot E\cdot F\cdot G\cdot H$
This chip is widely available, and usually comes in a DIL-14 or SOIC-14 package.
An 8-input NAND gate is available as the TTL 7430, but no AND gate is available.
# Practical Electronics/IC/4024

4024 7-bit (÷128) ripple counter The 4024 is a ripple counter so beware that glitches may occur in any logic gate systems connected to its outputs due to the slight delay before the later counter outputs respond to a clock pulse. The count advances as the clock input becomes low (on the falling-edge), this is indicated by the bar over the clock label. This is the usual clock behaviour of ripple counters and it means a counter output can directly drive the clock input of the next counter in a chain. Output Qn is the nth stage of the counter, representing 2n, for example Q4 is 24 = 16 (1/16 of clock frequency) and Q7 is 27 = 128 (1/128 of clock frequency). The reset input should be low for normal operation (counting). When high it resets the count to zero (all outputs low).
# Practical Electronics/IC/4025

4025 :
| Logic Type | Combinatorial |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | Triple 3-Input NOR Gate |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
# Practical Electronics/IC/4066

4066 :
| Logic Type | Analogue |
| Function Family | Bilateral switch |
| Description | Quad bilateral switch |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
The 4066 contains 4 analogue bilateral switches, each with an active-high enable input (A) and two input/outputs (X and Y). When the enable input is set high, the X and Y terminals are connected by a low impedance; this is the on condition. When the enable is low, there is a high impedance path between X and Y, and the switch is off.
The 4066 is pin-compatible with the 4016, but has a significantly lower on impedance and more constant on resistance over the full range of input voltage. Therefore, the 4066 is preferable to the 4016 in most cases.
# Practical Electronics/IC/4070

4070 :
| IC Family | CMOS |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | Quad 2-Input XOR Gate |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
| Basic TTL Counterpart | 7486 |
| Truth Table (One Gate) ||
| AB Q 00 0 01 1 10 1 11 0 ||
# Practical Electronics/IC/4071

4071 :
| IC Family | CMOS |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | Quad 2-Input OR Gate |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
| Basic TTL Counterpart | 7432 |
| Truth Table (One Gate) ||
| AB Q 00 0 01 1 10 1 11 1 ||
The 4071 is a member of the 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains four independent CMOS OR gates, each with two inputs. The pinout diagram, given on the right, is the standard two-input CMOS logic gate IC layout:
* Pin 7 is the negative supply
* Pin 14 is the positive supply
* Pins 1&2, 5&6, 8&9, 12&13 are gate inputs
* Pins 3, 4, 10, 11 are gate outputs
The truth table for one of the four gates is shown to the right. For more information about the OR gate in general, see this module. The arrangement of the CMOS components is shown below:
This chip is widely available, and usually comes in a DIL-14 or SOIC-14 package.
This chip is different in pinout to the TTL 7432, but can fulfill the function of its counterpart if the wiring is modified.

## Alternative Construction

If a 4071 is not available, there are several ways to achieve an OR gate. The first is to use a NOR gate and invert the output. This can be done with a NOT gate or another NOR gate. The first method will require two ICs to implement, but a total of four gates can be made. The second will require only one IC, but only two gates can be made. Incidentally, due to the nature of CMOS devices, this gate actually produces the OR function by inverting the output of a NOR gate (see above).
NAND gates can also be used in the configuration below to make an OR gate.

## Similar ICs

As well as the standard 2-Input OR Gate, 3-, 4- and 8-Input OR Gates are also available:
* 4075: Triple 3-Input OR Gate
* 4072: Dual 4-Input OR Gate
OR gates with more inputs can be made up from the 4071 or any of the above ICs by cascading them together. This is discussed on this page.

## Datasheets

These are available from manufacturers. A selection of different manufacturers' datasheets is given below:
* Philips Semiconductor
* Fairchild Semiconductor
* ON Semiconductor
* Texas Instruments
# Practical Electronics/IC/4072

4072 :
| Logic Type | Combinatorial |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | Dual 4-Input OR Gate |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
The 4072 is a member of the 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains two independent OR gates, each with four inputs. The pinout diagram, given on the right, is the standard four-input CMOS logic gate IC layout:
   * Pin 7 is the ground supply (GND)
   * Pin 14 is the positive supply (V$_{DD}$)
   * Pins 2-5 and 9-12 are gate inputs for the two gates
   * Pin 1 and 13 are gate outputs
   * Pin 6 and 8 are not connected
The truth table for one of the two gates is shown below. For more information about the OR gate in general, see this module.
| A | B | C | D | Q |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
This chip is widely available, and usually comes in a DIL-14 or SOIC-14 package.
# Practical Electronics/IC/4030

4030 :
| IC Family | CMOS |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | Quad 2-Input XOR Gate |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| File:4030 Pinout.svg ||
| Functional Diagram ||
| File:4030 Functional Diagram.svg ||
| Basic TTL Counterpart | 7486 |
| Truth Table (One Gate) ||
| AB Q 00 0 01 1 10 1 11 0 ||
This IC is identical in pinout and function to the more modern 4070 Quad 2-Input XOR Gate. The 4070 completely obsoletes the 4030.
# Practical Electronics/IC/4049

4049 :
| IC Family | CMOS |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | Hex 1-Input NOT Gate |
| Pins | 16 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
| Basic TTL Counterpart | 7400 |
| Truth Table (One Gate) ||
| AB Q 00 {{{q00}}} 01 {{{q01}}} 10 {{{q10}}} 11 {{{q11}}} ||
The 4049 is a member of the 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains six independent NOT gates, each with two inputs. The pinout diagram, given on the right, is the standard two-input CMOS logic gate IC layout:
* Pin 1 is the positive power supply
* Pin 8 is the ground
* Pins 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 14 are gate inputs
* Pins 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, and 15 are gate outputs
# Radiation Oncology/Kaposi's sarcoma/Randomized

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Randomized Evidence for Kaposi's Sarcoma
# Radiation Oncology/Lacrimal Gland Tumor

* Only 1 out of 1 million people diagnosed with this type of tumor each year
* About half of lacrimal gland tumors benign, and half malignant
* Malignant epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland account for 2% of all orbital (eye socket) tumors
* Types of Lacrimal Gland Tumor:
** Benign mixed epithelial tumor
** Malignant mixed epithelial tumor
** Lymphoma
** Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) of the lacrimal gland
* Surgery to the eye common in the treatment of a lacrimal gland tumor
* During surgery, parts of the affected eye removed, or, if necessary, the entire eye (enucleation) will be removed, depending on the size and spread of the tumor
* Adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy required for close margins, perineural invasion, or adenoid cystic histology (doses of radiotherapy approaching 60 Gy)
# Radiation Oncology/Liver/Liver Mets

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials

## Overview

* Liver is the second most frequently metastatic organ, after lymph nodes
** Rich dual vascular supply and cell-promoting humoral factors
* In US/Europe, liver mets are much more frequent than primary liver tumors
* Primaries most commonly going to liver:
** Adults: the eye, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and lung
** Children: neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and leukemia
* Seeding: 77% both lobes, 10% single lesions. Multiple mets often vary in size, suggesting seeding from primary in waves
* Imaging: With an equivalent specificity, PET is the most sensitive (vs. U/S, CT, MRI)
* Treatment options:
** Surgery
** Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE)
** Ablation (Cryoablation, Microwave ablation, EtOH ablation, RF ablation, Laser ablation
** RT historically not used due to low median liver tolerance, but now increasing interest with conformal therapy and stereotactic radiotherapy
* Survival:
** Colorectal primary: resection can offer cure, 5-year survival 20-40%
** Breast, lung, pancreas primary: poor due to usually widespread metastatic disease outside of liver

## Treatment

Most studies include both mets and primary liver cancer; for now they are kept together.
Please see the Liver/Treatment page.

### Surgery

* MSKCC; 2007 (1985-1994) PMID 17925551 -- "Actual 10-year survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases defines cure." (Tomlinson JS, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 10;25(29):4575-80.)
** Retrospective. 612 consecutive patients, 102 10-year survivors
** Outcome: If survive 10 years, 97% DSS; if survive 5 years, 66% DSS
** Initial factors: 50% N+, 39% >1 met, 35% tumor size >5cm, 25% bilobar mets, 7% synchronous disease
** Conclusion: Almost 20% cure in well-selected patients with CRC liver mets
# Radiation Oncology/Liver

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Overview
Disease Information
* Hepatocellular Carcinoma
* Liver metastases
* (Intrahepatic) Cholangiocarcinoma
Treatment
Normal tissue tolerance
RTOG Liver Trials

## Review Articles

* PMID 15143976 -- Radiotherapy of liver malignancies. From whole liver irradiation to stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy. (2004 Greco, Tumori. 2004 Jan-Feb;90(1):73-9.)
* PMID 14648782 -- Conformal chemoradiation for primary and metastatic liver malignancies. (2003 Dawson, Semin Surg Oncol. 2003;21(4):249-55)
# Radiation Oncology/Liver/HCC/Protons

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Proton Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
# Open Broadcaster Software

This book is a guide for video directors using Open Broadcaster Software (OBS).
Open Broadcaster Software is a free and open source professional suite able to handle audio and video sources in realtime. This can be useful to register a video from realtime sources or to stream a realtime source to a social network (or both).

## Contents

* Quick start
** Quick start with simple screen capture - how to register or stream what you see from an app and what you listen from your headphones (quick guide)
* Advanced setups
** Advanced selective audio management with PulseAudio - how to selectively capture the audio of a single application (on the widely adopted PulseAudio technology)
** Advanced selective audio management with PipeWire - how to selectively capture the audio of a single application (with most modern PipeWire technology)
# Open Broadcaster Software/Quick start with simple screen capture

This is your quick start with simple screen capture with Open Broadcaster Software.

## Use cases

* quick streaming an online conference from your browser web or other tools
* quick sharing your presentation from LibreOffice or other tools

## Features

* really simple setup

## Disadvantages

* you should mute audio notifications from other applications

## Requirements

* 5 minutes
* an operating system with modern audio support
** GNU/Linux operating distributions are OK
*** PulseAudio is OK
** OK Microsoft Windows
** no macOS
* Open Broadcaster Software (install)

## Quick Setup

This guide is for OBS 25 (2021). Please update if it will be needed.
* Open Open Broadcaster Software
* Plug headphones
* Close any other app playing sounds (but BBB) and disable all notifications
    Tip: important to don't send OnAir the dlin of your e-mails / Telegram messages...
* File > Settings > Audio > Disable everything
    Tip: you don't want to send OnAir any audio as default
* first scene "Welcome"
** Image: pick a start splash image
** Media source: weird jingle (in loop)
** Text: write something like "Welcome, starts at ...."
* second scene "OnAir"
** window capture on BigBlueButton
** audio output capture
* third scene "Pause"
** Image: pick a splash image
** Media source: another weird jingle (in loop)
** Text: write something like "Welcome, starts at ...."
* fourth scene "Final"
** Image: pick a splash image
** Media source: another weird jingle (in loop)
** Text: write something like "Thank you! That was really long but I'm still alive dehydrated and tired! Now let's go out to see the sunlight! asd"
* Edit > Advanced Audio Properties
** Test each scene
*** if you do not ear something in your headphones, select "Monitor and output" on that element
    Enable for "Media"
*** if you do not want to ear something in your headphones, select "Monitor off"
    Eventually disable for "Monitor output"
That's all!

## Notes

* ↑ File:Open Broadcaster Software 25 - Audio settings - General - Devices disabled.png
# Open Culture
## Contents

* Introduction
* Information
* Technology
* Media
* Politics
* Work
* Authors
* Glossary

## Links

* History of Technology