OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radiation Oncology/Prostate/Workup

| Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials | Edit this |
| Prostate: Main Page | Prostate Overview | Screening and Prevention | Workup | Natural History | External Beam RT | IMRT | Androgen Suppression Therapy | Brachytherapy | Protons | Prostatectomy | Adjuvant RT after Prostatectomy | Salvage RT | Chemotherapy | Localized prostate cancer | Node Positive | Advanced disease | Recurrence after RT | Cryotherapy | RTOG Prostate Trials | Randomized Evidence | |

## Endorectal Magnetic Resonance Imaging

* On axial T1 gland appears homogeneous and the zonal anatomy is not well appreciated
* Postbiopsy hemorrhage is evident on T1-weighted images as high T1 signal intensity (important because hemorrhage may mimic tumor on T2 and greatly interferes with assessment of ECE)
* zonal anatomy is best seen on axial and coronal T2 as are the vas deferens and SV
* neurovascular bundles best seen on axials
* penile root is better imaged on T2 coronals
* peripheral zone is hyperintense whereas tumor appears is HYPOINTENSE (other causes of low T2: hemorrhage, prostatitis, hormone treatment, and RT)
* Hemorrhage: high T1, low T2

## Bone Metastases Detection

* Brussels, 2007 (Belgium) PMID 17664475 -- "Magnetic resonance imaging of the axial skeleton for detecting bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: diagnostic and cost-effectiveness and comparison with current detection strategies." (Lecouvet FE, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 1;25(22):3281-7.)
** Prospective. 66 patients with high-risk PCA (newly diagnosed PCA with GS >=8 and PSA >=20; PSA recurrence after RP with PSADT <12 months; on ADT and PSADT <12 months). Evaluated by bone scan + targetedplain films (BS/TXR) vs. bone scan + targeted plain films + MRI-on request (BS/TXR/MRIor) vs. axial MRI (MRIas)
** Outcome: 62% bone mets. MRIas more sensitive than current sequence of sequential workup (bone scan, targeted XR, MRI of area at risk)

## Role of Bone Scan

* ""Columbia University, 2000"" PMID 11121646 -- "Which patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer need a radionuclide bone scan? An analysis based on 631 patients" (Lee, N, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 vol. 48 (5) pp. 1443-6)
** Retrospective review of 631 consecutive patients treated at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center between 1990-1996 who had both a Gleason score and a bone scan. Reviewed clinical factors associated with positive bone scan.
** Results: 14% with positive bone scan. Multivariate analysis: only Gleason 8-10, PSA>50, and clinical T-category >T2b predicted positive bone scan. All 237 patients with Gleason 2-7, PSA<15 and T-category<T2b had negative scans. 1% of those with Gleason 2-7, PSA<=50, <=T2b had positive bone scan. In those with PSA>50, 49.5% had positive bone scan.
# Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/0117

RTOG 01-17 (NSCLC)
    RTOG Lung Trials
* Title: A Phase I/II Dose Intensification Study using Three Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy and Concurrent Chemotherapy for Patients with Inoperable, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
* Objective:
** 1) For the Phase I portion of the study, the primary objective is to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of radiotherapy, in terms of Gy per fraction, that can be delivered using three-dimensional conformal radiation treatment (3D-CRT) concurrently with Taxol and carboplatin chemotherapy.
** 2) For the Phase II portion of the study, the primary objective is to estimate the percentage of patients that survive at least 12 months.
* Protocol:
** Concurrent weekly paclitaxel (50 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC 2) x 7 weeks
| Dose level | Original Protocol | Amended Protocol | Cohort |
| 1 | 75.25 / 35 fx 2.15 Gy per fx | | 1 |
| 2 | 80.5 Gy / 35 fx 2.3 Gy per fx (Amended, since Dose Level 1 was too toxic) | 74 Gy / 37 fx 2.0 Gy per fx (de-escalation dose) | 2 (MTD) |
| 3 | 79.5 Gy / 30 fx 2.65 Gy per fx (Amended, since Dose Level 1 was too toxic) | 70 Gy / 35 fx 2.0 Gy per fx (de-escalation dose) Not necessary since Dose Level 2 was safe | |
| 4 | 75 Gy / 25 fx 3.0 Gy per fx (Amended, since Dose Level 1 was too toxic) | N/A | |
* Eligibility:
** NSCLC Stages I-IIIB
** Total lung V20 must be ≤ 30%, mean esophageal dose ≤ 34 Gy, esophageal V55 ≤ 30 Gy
* Treatment Details:
** No elective nodal irradiation
** Prescription dose at ICRU reference point. The 93% isodose line must cover the entire PTV.
** Dose calculated without heterogeneity corrections
* Enrollment Target: 73 patients maximum
* Activation: July 13, 2001
* Closed: November 27, 2007
* Conclusion:
** Phase I: 2010 PMID 20457350 A phase I/II radiation dose escalation study with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with inoperable stages I to III non-small-cell lung cancer: phase I results of RTOG 0117. (Bradley JD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010) Conclusion: The maximum tolerated dose was determined to be 74 Gy/37 fractions (2.0 Gy per fraction) using three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy with concurrent paclitaxel and carboplatin therapy. This dose level in the Phase II portion has been well tolerated, with low rates of acute and late lung toxicities.
* Publications:
** 2010 PMID 20368547 Primary analysis of the phase II component of a phase I/II dose intensification study using three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy for patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer: RTOG 0117. (Bradley JD, J Clin Oncol. 2010) Conclusion: The median survival time and OS rate at 12 months for this regimen are encouraging. These results serve as projection expectations for the high-dose radiation arms of the current RTOG 0617 phase III intergroup trial.
# Software Engineering with an Agile Development Framework/Iteration Three/Project evaluation and completion

* Case study Golfswing
* Group: Peter McCabe, Peter Irvine and Brendan McNeill
* The solution provides practicising golfers with real-time feedback concerning critical aspects of their swing technique.
# Software Engineering with an Agile Development Framework/Iteration One/Management document

* title
* Bite
* 2 hours
* Inputs
* Evidence
* Stakeholders
You are expected to have considered group management issues. We suggest that you use the BPP given in software engineering as a template.

## Problem statement

* Case study Marine Quest
* Group: Alastair Nicholl, Liz Coup and Janey Labes for Portobello Aquarium
* School children visit the Marine Studies Centre, but often have trouble retaining their knowledge once they go back to school. Children are taught by the Marine Studies Centre educator, Steve Cutler. They are involved in a hands-on learning experience where they are taught an area of Marine Science appropriate to their age. Content is matched to the NZQA curriculum achievement objectives for each level. The majority of learning materials are currently paper based.
* The planned CD will benefit the business by providing the teachers with a learning aid to help reinforce children’s learning. A CD will benefit the Marine Studies Centre by enhancing their professional image and extending their Marine Science programme into the school classroom. This will help all those involved to interact with modern technology and learning methods.
# Software Engineering with an Agile Development Framework/Iteration Three/Deployment and packaging

* Case study Virtual Butterfly - Metamorphamatic
* Group: Naz Taylor, Adrian van Leeuwen and Brendon Mills
* The interactive 3-D project will allow museum visitors to design their own digital butterfly using a touch-screen interface, watch it move through the life-cycle then fly above a digital world.
* Case study Data projector control system
* Group: Jim Campbell, Mark Allen and Don Brewer
* The bane of the presenters life, the projector. How many times have you been in a flash lecture and had a pause in proceedings while the lecturer fumbles with the remote, turns the lights off and accidentally turns the projector off when they meant to advance a slide. This project has developed software and hardware solutions that work with a range of data projectors so that the control of the system is driven by simple icons on the projectors computer. No longer will you have to "talk among yourselves" while a frustrated lecturer runs for a technician.
* The project saw the delivery of a working system in institutional theatres. This though is only a part of the deliverables. In addition to the application, commented source code was supplied. The system was also designed to cater for new and different projectors, with configuration data separately managed. As part of the delivery the group also ran an extensive training campaign for academics using the new system, including signs and videos.
* Client satisified: "A real problem with the benefits of a simple solution" , "I was impressed that they were focussed on a simple practical solution. My initial concern was that we would get an expensive prototype but instead I got a production system. I enjoyed the team's enthusiasm…their positive attitude always gave the impression that they would produce a result"
* Case study Timed Lapse
* Group: Daniel Himburg and Jade Thomlinson for Lloyd Godman
* “Timed Lapse” is the result of a collaboration with a photographer, Lloyd Godman. We have worked with Lloyd for six years, developing various exhibition pieces mostly involving plants and light controlled via a computer according to either the state of the plants or the visitors. For an international exhibition “Accelerating Sequence” (at MOCA, Atlanta Georgia), artists were challenged to explore time and aging. Timed Lapse is a combination of plants growing (and dying) while the images of visitors are collected and displayed in an ever increasing time lapse sequence.
* The project students didn't get to go to the States. Instead they had to prepare the exhibit to a stage where Lloyd could set up the work himself. As he was purchasing much of the equipment remotely, the system had to be designed to be configurable by him. When a camera failed at the last minute, the project team wrote code and remotely fixed it from a distance.
# Software Engineering with an Agile Development Framework/Iteration Three/Paired programming

* Case study Racecar monitoring system
* Group: Ashley Benson, Sachin Rao, Rachel Mclean and Jason Reid for Wallace Racing Team
* The team developed an embedded system to capture vehicle performance, timing and positional information for real time visualisation and analysis of race car. All the programming was performed using paired programming.
* "the team has been enthusiastic and genuinely interested in producing a system that would meet WRL's requirements for capturing and enabling analysis of data from the race car. They have conducted themselves professionally, to a high standard and completed the work within our required timeframes."
# Social Research Methods
## Table of Contents

    Introduction
* Theory
* Ethics
* Research Design, Conceptualization, Operationalization, Measurements
* Indexes, Scales, Typologies
* Surveys
* Quantitative Research
* Statistical Analysis
* Unobtrusive Research
* Qualitative Research
* Experiments
* Evaluation Research
* Reading and Writing Social Research
# Social Research Methods/Introduction

There are several main methods that sociologists use to gather empirical evidence, which include Questionnaires, Interviews, Participant Observation, and Statistical Research.
The problem with all of these approaches is that they are all based on what theoretical position the researcher adopts to explain and understand the society he sees in front of him. If he is a functionalist like Émile Durkheim, he is likely to interpret everything in terms of large-scale social structures. If he is a symbolic interactionist, he is likely to concentrate on the way people understand one another. If he is a Marxist, or a neo-Marxist, he is likely to interpret everything through the grid of class struggle and power relations. Phenomenologists tend to think that there is only the way in which people construct their meanings of reality, and nothing else. One of the real problems is that sociologists argue that only one theoretical approach is the "right" one, and it is theirs. In practice, sociologists often tend to mix and match different approaches and methodologies, since each method produces particular types of data.
This page will be expanded.
# Raising Cattle/why get started
## Motivation

The first question is: why do you want to raise cattle? What is your objective? Maybe you just love cows. Perhaps you're trying to fulfill a childhood fascination with cowboys and the Old West. Some more practical reasons could be to provide a source of healthy more natural food (either dairy or beef) for your family, or to start a small side business to provide additional income. There are many valid reasons, and you most likely have a combination of motivations.
Regardless of what your motivation is, it will be helpful in making future decisions and working through problems if you honestly know why you are trying to raise cattle.

## Acreage

There are many horse facilities that have limited acreage and are well suited for cattle raising. However, there is no economic advantage to raising cattle on small acreage unless you have evolved your operation into one where you are selling embryos at a very nice premium. However, a small ranching property that is too large to economically mow (such as 40 acres) may benefit from having cattle graze on it. Many rural municipalities require that property owners control the weeds growing on their properties. Having a small cattle operation can help in this. Also some places having a minimum amount of cattle can qualify you for farming taxation which can be cheaper than leasing the property alone.
Because forage plays such a large part of the feeding regimen, cattle require two to three acres per animal on the small side in the southeast where temperatures allow for a spring and fall forage growing program. Going in any other geographical direction requires even larger land to cattle ratios and the feeding program becomes a financial drain that can be unmanageable.
# Raising Chickens

This book is intended for small scale raising of chickens often referred to as "Hobby Farming". Raising chickens can be very entertaining. They also make a good environmentally friendly way of disposing of organic waste; there is very little that a chicken won't eat. Chickens are flock birds and you'll probably get more than one.
Since this is a wiki, editing is allowed and indeed encouraged. If you don't feel comfortable about editing but would still like to contribute please see the discussion page for this book.

## Table of contents

* Editing instructions

### Starting up

* Building a shelter (chicken/hen house)
* Building a pen
** Pen maintenance
* Choosing a breed
* Finding a hatchery
* Local regulations

### Taking care of your chickens

* Chicks (specific to chicks)
* Feeding
* Watering
* Winters
* Keeping your chickens happy
* Dealing with death (unfortunately, it happens)
** Butchering chickens

### Other information

* Information that doesn't fit elsewhere

## Links

* Urban chickens A great poultry web site
* Chicken House Plans Build your own easy to build backyard chicken coop
# Raising Cattle/Space

Floor space requirements for different livestock :
| Type of animal | Floor space requirement (m$^2$) | Floor space requirement (m$^2$) | Maximum number of animals/pen | Height of the shed (cm) |
| Type of animal | Covered area | Open area | Maximum number of animals/pen | Height of the shed (cm) |
| Cattle and Buffaloes |||||
| Bulls | 12.0 | 24.0 | 1 | 175 cm in medium and heavy rain fall and 220 in dry areas. |
| Cows | 3.5 | 7.0 | 50 | 175 cm in medium and heavy rain fall and 220 in dry areas. |
| Buffaloes | 4.0 | 8.0 | 50 | 175 cm in medium and heavy rain fall and 220 in dry areas. |
| Down – calver | 12.0 | 12.0 | 1 | 175 cm in medium and heavy rain fall and 220 in dry areas. |
| Young – calves | 1.0 | 2.0 | 30 | 175 cm in medium and heavy rain fall and 220 in dry areas. |
| Old – calves | 2.0 | 4.0 | 30 | 175 cm in medium and heavy rain fall and 220 in dry areas. |
| Sheep and Goat |||||
| Ewe/Nanny | 1.0 | - | 60 | 300 cms in dry areas and 220 in heavy rain fall areas |
| Lamb/kid | 0.4 | - | 75 | 300 cms in dry areas and 220 in heavy rain fall areas |
| Ram/buck | 3.4 | - | - | 300 cms in dry areas and 220 in heavy rain fall areas |
| Milch doe | 1.4mx1.2m | - | Single stall | 300 cms in dry areas and 220 in heavy rain fall areas |
| Pigs |||||
| Boar | 6.0 – 7.0 | 8.8 –12.0 | - | 200 – 250cm |
| Farrowing sow | 7.0-9.0 | 8.8 – 12.0 | - | 200 – 250cm |
| Weaner/fattening pig | 0.9 – 1.8 | 0.9 – 1.8 | 30 | 200 – 250cm |
| Dry sow/gilt | 1.8 – 2.7 | 1.4 – 1.8 | 3 – 10 | 200 – 250cm |
Feeding and watering space :
| Type of animal | Space/animal (cm) | Total manger length in a pen for 100 animals(cm) | Total water tank length in a pen for 100 animals (cm) |
| Adult cattle and buffaloes | 60 – 75 | 6000 – 7500 | 600 – 750 |
| Calves | 40 – 50 | 4000 – 5000 | 400 – 500 |
| Adult sheep and goat | 40 – 50 | 4000 – 5000 | 400 – 500 |
| Lambs and kids | 30 – 35 | 3000 – 3500 | 300 – 500 |
| Adult pigs | 60 – 75 | 6000 – 7500 | 600 – 750 |
| Growing pigs | 25 – 35 | 2500 – 3500 | 250 – 350 |
# Raising Chickens/Building a Pen/Maintenance

| Raising Chickens (Discussion) | View Edit History |
Starting Up:
Building a shelter | Building a pen
Choosing a breed | Pen Maintenance
Finding a Hatchery | Local Regulations
Taking care of your Chickens:
Chicks | Feeding | Watering | Winters
Dealing with death | Butchering Chickens
Keeping your chickens happy
Other:
Information that doesn't fit elsewhere
Some people use old fish aquariums to house baby chicks, they are easy to clean and act as a wind breaker so the chicks don't get cold. In order to make cleaning the cage or pen easier, you can put some hardwear screen or window screen on the floor of the pen and newspaper under the screen. The screen will act as a good traction for baby chicks but also all you have to do is lift, rinse off, change newspaper, dry, and put back in for re-using over and over again. You'll want to clean the pen every day or two so that the chicken is comfortable and doesn't have to lay in its own waste.
# Raising Chickens/Choosing a breed

| Raising Chickens (Discussion) | View Edit History |
Starting Up:
Building a shelter | Building a pen
Choosing a breed | Pen Maintenance
Finding a Hatchery | Local Regulations
Taking care of your Chickens:
Chicks | Feeding | Watering | Winters
Dealing with death | Butchering Chickens
Keeping your chickens happy
Other:
Information that doesn't fit elsewhere
Staring at an unsurmountable list of chicken breeds can be a dizzying experience, but not to worry. The intended use of the chicken can narrow the list considerably. Two basic categories are meat birds (bred to grow quickly to harvest weight) and egg layers (bred to lay lots of eggs). Deciding what will be expected from the chickens is half the battle, the other half is mostly preference. Breeds differ by appearence, general size, temperment, egg color for layers (white, cream, green, blue or brown), and quality of meat/eggs produced. Choosing the exact breed is up to the person raising the chickens.
More information can be found from any good hatchery. In the discussion page for this section you can find recommend breeds as well as problem breeds as found by other Wikibooks users.
Meat Breeds Many people buy hybrids that are bred to grow to slaughter weight by around 8 weeks of age. These are commonly marketed under the names of Cornish Cross and Ross Cobb. There are also many pure breeds that are classified as meat breeds, such as the Sussex and Jersey Giant.
# Raising Cattle/Water

Depending on where you live there are many ways to supply water to your cattle.

## Dugouts, Slough, Ponds and other natural sources of water

There are several methods of handling this. You can let the cattle drink from the water source naturally. However, this will cause erosion and change the shape of the pond. This can be beneficial at times especially for a dugout where minor erosion around the dugout will speed the process of naturalization and increase holding capacity. However, this is often more harmful than beneficial and it is recommended by many sources that if you can afford it you install a solar or wind powered pump and fence off your water source. With this set up you can water your herd from a trough and in northern climates can water them from this water source all year round (as long as the pump is below the maximum ice depth).

## Watering them in from a well or other man made source

For this you will need a trough and a hydrant or other form of a tap connected to a well. If you are lucky and have a deep well or a separate well for your cattle then you can constantly water your herd without running out. However, if you are sharing a shallow well with your herd and household water supply then you might run out of water if you need to supply too much. If this is the case you may need to limit the size of your herd even more than local regulations may dictate.
# Raising Chickens/Death

| Raising Chickens (Discussion) | View Edit History |
Starting Up:
Building a shelter | Building a pen
Choosing a breed | Pen Maintenance
Finding a Hatchery | Local Regulations
Taking care of your Chickens:
Chicks | Feeding | Watering | Winters
Dealing with death | Butchering Chickens
Keeping your chickens happy
Other:
Information that doesn't fit elsewhere

## Sudden Death from Heart Attack

This is uncommon for chickens, but if it does happen, there is nothing you can do. it will not "spread through the flock". There are a few rumors about it. But try to pull yourself together and move on.

## Predation

In the UK, and many other countries, foxes pose a major threat to chicken stocks. Also, many of the larger birds of prey have been known to attack live chickens.
Known Chicken/Egg Eaters
* Skunks (also eat eggs)
* Weasels and mink (can go into killing frenzy and devastate a flock in a single night)
* Hedgehogs
* Bobcats
* Coyotes
* Foxes (can take one bird at a time over a long period of time)
* Dogs
* Cats (usually small chicks only)
* Hawks
* Peregrine Falcons
* Owls
* Magpies and crows (mostly eggs and young chicks)
* Humans
* In South America there is a type of spider that will prey on chickens
* Opossum (will eat the head and guts)
* Raccoons

## Disposal of Bodies (legally) when your chickens die from "unusual" causes

In the UK, there is a legal requirement that you have your birds incinerated by DEFRA. However, this law is usually ignored by small poultry producers. Birds may be buried, incinerated or thrown out with the rubbish. However, if your chicken died of disease then it is imperative that you do not feed it to any other animal, due to the risk of a disease being passed on.

## Other

If you want to butcher your own chickens then go to the Butchering Chickens section.
# Sonic the Hedgehog 2/Oil Ocean Zone

Oil Ocean Zone is a zone where Robotnik dumps his oil

## Act 1

Watch out for flying sea-horses who shoot plasma at you, and the spikes, and those green things that blow you up to the air

## Act 2

Keep moving to avoid drowning in the oil.

## Boss

He's easy. All you have to do is hit him frequently and dodge his spiky arm he throws from the oil and a laser that will set the platform you are on ablaze.
# Sonic the Hedgehog 2/Sky Chase Zone

A stage with no boss, Sonic flies on the wings of the Tornado, piloted by Tails, and defeats badniks while chasing after Robotnik's flying fortress.
# Sonic the Hedgehog 2/Wing Fortress Zone

Robotnik's aerial fortress. It is a large stage with weapons, rotors, and the like. Falling off the stage is possible. The boss is a machine on the ceiling that regularly shoots lasers, coupled with three flying spiked platforms. Laser barriers prevent Sonic from leaving the enclosure the fight is in.