OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ring/Lessons/Features
## Features

The Ring language comes with the next features
.. tip:: One of the main goals behind the first release is creating a useful language ready for production!
* Free Open Source (MIT License)
* Interpreter - Hybrid Implementation (Compiler+VM)
* Declarative programming on the top of Object-Oriented programming
* No explicit end for statements (No ; or ENTER is required)
* A small language (Around 100,000 lines of code)
* The compiler + The Virtual Machine are 15,000 lines of C code * The other 85,000 lines of code are related to libraries! * 10,000 lines of C code * 50,000 lines of C++ code * 25,000 lines of Ring code
* Written in ANSI C (The code is generated)
* Developed using Visual Programming (PWCT)
* Optional Printing for Tokens/Grammar/Byte-Code during execution
* Portable (Windows, Linux & Mac OS X)
* Comments (One line & Multi-lines)
* Not Case-Sensitive
* Dynamic Typing
* Weakly typed
* Lexical Scoping (Global, Local & Object State)
* Default scope for variables inside functions (Local)
* Default scope for variables outside functions (global)
* Garbage Collector - Automatic Memory Management (Escape Analysis and Reference Counting)
* Structure Programming
* Rich control structures & Operators
* For in get item by reference not value, you can read/edit the item
* Use exit to go outside from more than one loop
* Procedures/Functions
* Main Function (optional)
* Call Function before the definition
* Recursion
* Multi-line literals
* Access (read/write) string letter by index
* The list index start by 1
* No keyword to end Functions/Classes/Packages
* Range operator ex: 1:10 and "a":"z"
* First Class Variables, Lists, Objects and Functions
* Store/Copy Lists/Objects by value (Deep Copy)
* Pass Lists/Objects by reference
* Native Object-Oriented Support
* Encapsulation * Setter/Getter (optional) * private state (optional) * Instantiation * Polymorphism * Composition * Inheritance (Single Inheritance) * Operator Overloading * Packages
* using { } to access objects and use attributes/methods as variables/functions
* Reflection and Meta-programming
* Clear program structure (Statements then functions then packages & classes)
* Exception Handling
* Eval to execute code during run-time
* 8-bit clean, work on binary data directly
* I/O commands
* Math functions
* String functions
* List functions
* File processing functions
* Database support (ODBC & MySQL)
* Security Functions (OpenSSL)
* Internet Functions (LibCurl)
* CGI Library (Written in Ring)
* HTTP Get * HTTP Post * File upload * Cookies * URL Encode * HTML Templates * HTML Special Characters * HTML Generation using Functions * HTML Generation using Classes * CRUD Example (using MVC) * Users Example (Register, Login and Check)
* Extension using C/C++ (Simple API)
* Embedding the language in C/C++ programs
* Comes with code generator (Written in Ring) to quickly wrap C/C++ Libraries
* Used to Support Allegro by creating RingAllegro * Used to Support Qt by creating RingQt
* Create 2D Games (Using the Allegro Library)
* Create GUI Applications for Desktop and Mobile (Using the Qt Framework)
# Ring/Lessons/Functional Programming
## Functional Programming

In previous chapters we learned about Functions and Recursion.
In this chapter we are going to learn about more Functional Programming (FP) concepts like
* Pure Functions
* First-class functions
* Higher-order functions
* Anonymous and nested functions.
* Equality of functions

## Pure Functions

We can create pure functions (functions that doesn't change the state) by the help of the assignment operator to copy variables (Lists & Objects) by value to create new variables instead of working on the original data that are passed to the function by reference.
Example:
Output:

## First-class Functions

Functions inside the Ring programming language are first-class citizens, you can pass functions as parameters, return them as value or store them in variables.
We can pass/return the function by typing the function name as literal like "FunctionName" or :FunctionName for example.
We can pass/return functions using the variable that contains the function name.
We can call function from variables contains the function name using the Call command
Syntax:
Example:
Output:

## Higher-order Functions

Higher-order functions are the functions that takes other functions as parameters.
Example:
Output:

## Anonymous and Nested Functions

Anonymous Functions are functions without names that can be passed as parameters to other functions or stored in variables.
Syntax:
Example:
Output:
Example:
Output:

## Equality of functions

We can test if function = function or not using the '=' or '!=' operators
Example:
Output:
# Ruby Programming/Reference/Objects/GC/Profiler

This is a class in 1.9 MRI
Note that the outputs "invoke Time(sec)" is actually the sum of user cpu time until that invoke occurred—i.e. a sleep 1 will result it is increasing by 0, but a busy loop for one second will result in it increasing by 1.
# Ruby Programming/Reference/Objects/IO

The IO class is basically an abstract class that provides methods to use on streams (for example, open files, or open sockets).
Basically, you can call several different things on it.

## Encoding

Note that with 1.9, each call will return you a String with an encoding set, based on either how the connection was established, ex:

## gets

gets reads exactly one line, or up to the end of the file/stream (and includes the trailing newline, if one was given). A blocking call.

## recv

recv(1024) reads up to at most 1024 bytes and returns your the String. A blocking call. Reads "" if a socket has been closed gracefully from the other end. It also has non blocking companions.

## read

read reads up to the end of the file or up to when the socket is closed. Returns any number of bytes. Blocking. For information on how to avoid blocking, see Socket.
# Marshal

The Marshal class is used for serializing and de-serializing objects to disk:
ex
With 1.9, each dump also includes an encoding, so you *must* use Marshal's stream read feature if you wish to read it from an IO object, like a file.
# File::Stat

A File::Stat object is one that contains a file's status information.
Example:
You can also get a stat object for open file descriptors.
# Ruby Programming/Reference/Objects/Numeric

Numeric provides common behavior of numbers. Numeric is an abstract class, so it should not be instantiated.
Included Modules:
Instance Methods:
+ n
- n
n + num n - num n * num n / num
n % num
n ** num
n.abs
n.ceil
n.coerce( num)
* Returns an array containing num and n both possibly converted to a type that allows them to be operated on mutually. Used in automatic type conversion in numeric operators.
n.divmod( num)
n.floor
* Returns the largest integer less than or equal to n.
n.integer?
n.modulo( num)
n.nonzero?
n.remainder( num)
* Returns the remainder obtained by dividing n by num and removing decimals from the quotient. The result and n always have same sign.
n.round
n.truncate
n.zero?
# Ruby Programming/Reference/Objects/IO/Fiber

A Fiber is a unit of concurrency (basically a manually controlled thread). It is a new construct in 1.9
1.8 basically used green threads similar, to fibers, but would pre-empt them, which 1.9 does not do.
See its description.
Several useful things have been built using fibers, like neverblock, the revactor gem, et al.
# File

The file class is typically used for opening and closing files, as well as a few methods like deleting them and stat'ing them.
If you want to manipulate a file, not open it, also check out the Pathname class, as well as the FileUtils class.
To create a directory you'll need to use the Dir.mkdir method.

## File#chmod

Here's how to do the equivalent of "chmod u+x filename"
Although there's no error checking and the return value could probably be something better (like themode).
So after defining that, your 'u+w' would be: @File.addmod(0200, 'filename')@ from http://www.ruby-forum.com/topic/196999#new

## File#grep

This is actually Enumerable#grep, and I believe it just works piece-wise, like File.each_line{|l|yield l if l=~ /whatever/ }

## File.join

This is useful for combining objects that aren't (or might not be) strings into a path. See here.
# Ruby Programming/Reference/Objects/Numeric/Integer

Integer provides common behavior of integers (Fixnum and Bignum). Integer is an abstract class, so you should not instantiate this class.
Inherited Class: Numeric Included Module: Precision
Class Methods:
Integer::induced_from(numeric)
Instance Methods:
Bitwise operations: AND, OR, XOR, and inversion.
~i i & int i | int i ^ int i << int i >> int
i[n]
i.chr
i.downto( min) {| i| ...}
i.next i.succ
i.size
i.step( upto, step) {| i| ...}
i.succ
i.times {| i| ...}
i.to_f
i.to_int
i.upto( max) {| i| ...}
# Ruby Programming/Reference/Objects/FalseClass

The only instance of FalseClass is false.
Methods:
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Gallbladder Meridian

Lung Meridian | Large Intestine Meridian | Stomach Meridian | Spleen Meridian | Heart Meridian | Small Intestine Meridian | Urinary Bladder Meridian | Kidney Meridian | Pericardium Meridian | San Jiao Meridian | Gallbladder Meridian | Liver Meridian | Ren Mai | Du Mai | Head And Neck Acupuncture Points | Chest And Abdomen Acupuncture Points | Back Acupuncture Points | Upper Extremities Acupuncture Points | Lower Extremities Acupuncture Points
The acupuncture points of the Gallbladder Meridian (足少阳胆经) include:
| Chinese Name | Pinyin | Acupoint |
| 瞳子髎 | tong zǐ liáo | GB 1 |
| 听会 | tīng huì | GB 2 |
| 上关 | shàng guān | GB 3 |
| 颔厌 | hán yàn | GB 4 |
| 悬颅 | xuán lú | GB 5 |
| 悬厘 | xuán lí | GB 6 |
| 曲鬓 | qū bìn | GB 7 |
| 率谷 | shuài gǔ | GB 8 |
| 天冲 | tiān chōng | GB 9 |
| 浮白 | fú bái | GB 10 |
| 头窍阴 | tóu qiào yīn | GB 11 |
| 完骨 | wán gǔ | GB 12 |
| 本神 | běn shén | GB 13 |
| 阳白 | yang bái | GB 14 |
| 头临泣 | tóu lín qì | GB 15 |
| 目窗 | mù chuāng | GB 16 |
| 正营 | zhèng yíng | GB 17 |
| 承灵 | chéng líng | GB 18 |
| 脑空 | nǎo kōng | GB 19 |
| 风池 | fēng chí | GB 20 |
| 肩井 | jiān jǐng | GB 21 |
| 渊腋 | yuān yè | GB 22 |
| 辄筋 | zhé jīn | GB 23 |
| 日月 | rì yuè | GB 24 |
| 京门 | jīng mén | GB 25 |
| 带脉 | dài mài | GB 26 |
| 五枢 | wǔ shū | GB 27 |
| 维道 | wéi dào | GB 28 |
| 居髎 | jū liáo | GB 29 |
| 环跳 | huán tiào | GB 30 |
| 风市 | fēng shì | GB 31 |
| 中渎 | zhōng dú | GB 32 |
| 膝阳关 | xī yáng guān | GB 33 |
| 阳陵泉 | yáng líng quán | GB 34 |
| 阳交 | yáng jiāo | GB 35 |
| 外丘 | wài qiū | GB 36 |
| 光明 | guāng míng | GB 37 |
| 阳辅 | yáng fǔ | GB 38 |
| 悬钟 | xuán zhōng | GB 39 |
| 丘墟 | qiū xū | GB 40 |
| 足临泣 | zú lín qì | GB 41 |
| 地五会 | dì wǔ huì | GB 42 |
| 侠溪 | xiá xī | GB 43 |
| 足窍阴 | zú qiào yīn | GB 44 |
back to: Acupuncture
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Gan Lu Xiao Du Dan

The formula Gan Lu Xiao Du Dan, designed to induce diuresis, resolve turbidity, clear away heat and remove toxic substances, to address damp-warm disease or summer-heat and dampness, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Huang Qin | 黄芩 | 9 |
| 2 | Lian Qiao | 连翘 | 6 |
| 3 | Bo He | 薄荷 | 6 |
| 4 | She Gan | 射干 | 6 |
| 5 | Bei Mu | 贝母 | 6 |
| 6 | Hua Shi | 滑石 | 15 |
| 7 | Mu Tong | 木通 | 6 |
| 8 | Yin Chen | 茵陈 | 9 |
| 9 | Huo Xiang | 藿香 | 6 |
| 10 | Chang Pu | 菖蒲 | 9 |
| 11 | Bai Dou Kou (cardamon seed) | 白豆蔻 | 6 |
back to :
* Clearing Away Heat And Dispelling Dampness
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Gao Ben

Chinese lovage root, ligusticum root
(Chinese name: 藁本)
Taste & Temperature:
* Xin-Spicy
* Wen-Warm
Channels:
Actions & Indications:
* disperse Wind-Cold (Warm & Spicy)
* Expel Wind-Cold-Damp
* Stop headache
* Jue Yin headache (vertex)
Contraindications:
* Qi & Yin deficiency causing excessive sweating
* Blood/Yin deficiency, because it's drying
Caution:
* Yin syndrome
* Blood deficiency
* chronic skin infection
Dosage:
Similar Actions to:
* Qiang Huo - specialist Tai Yang headache; upper body Wind-Damp Bi pain
* Bai Zhi - specialist Yang Ming headache, toothache, nasal congestion
back to:
* TCM Materia Medica
* Xin Wen Jie Biao
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Fu Fang Yu Quan Wan

The formula Fu Fang Yu Quan Wan (复方玉泉丸), designed to clear away heat, promote the production of body fluid, and eliminate pathogenic factors and toxin, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Tian Hua Fen | 天花粉 | 30 |
| 2 | Ge Gen | 葛根 | 9 |
| 3 | Sheng Di Huang | 生地黄 | 15 |
| 4 | Wu Wei Zi | 五味子(北五味子) | 9 |
| 5 | Sheng Gan Cao | 生甘草 | 9 |
| 6 | Guan Ye Jin Si Tao | 贯叶金丝桃 | 15 |
| 7 | Ling Zhi | 灵芝(赤芝) | 15 |
| 8 | Tu Fu Ling | 土茯苓 | 15 |
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Fu Ping

Name Means:
* Fu-Float
* Ping-Duckweed
English Name:
* spirodela
* duckweed
Chinese Name:
Latin Name:
Taste & Temperature:
* Xin-Spicy
* Han-Cold
Channels:
* Foot Tai Yang of Urinary Bladder
* Hand Tai Yin of Lung
Actions & Indications:
Contraindication:
Caution:
* Yin syndrome
* Blood deficiency
* chronic skin infection
back to:
* Xin Liang Jie Biao
* TCM Materia Medica

## Notes

* ↑ ZHOU Jing, WANG Bo-chu, WANG Yang. "Determination and Evaluation of Saccharides Content in Extract of Herba Spirodelae Seu Lemnae Polysaccharides", Journal of Chongqing University(Natural Science Edition) October, 2005.
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Gan-Sweet

Gan-Sweet:
* tonifies
* balances
* moderates
* tonifies Deficiency
* stops pain

## Lists of Gan-Sweet Herbs

Spicy-Warm Herbs:
* Gui Zhi
* Fang Feng
Spicy-Cool/Cold Herbs:
* Chan Tui (not Xin-Spicy, just in category)
* Sang Ye (not Xin-Spicy, just in category)
* Ju Hua (not Xin-Spicy, just in category)
* Dan Dou Chi (not Xin-Spicy, just in category)
* Mu Zei (not Xin-Spicy, just in category)
* Ge Gen
* Sheng Ma
Clear Heat & Purge Fire:
* Shi Gao
* Dan Zhu Ye
* Lu Gen
* Jue Ming Zi
Clear Blood-Heat:
* Sheng Di Huang
* Xuan Shen (玄参)
* Di Gu Pi (地骨皮)
* Zi Cao (紫草)
back to:
* Taste & Temperature
* TCM Materia Medica
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Fu Ling

CHINESE THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS
1. Promotes Urination and Resolves Dampness
2. Strengthens the Spleen
3. Calms the Shen (Spirit)
AUTHORS' COMMENTS
Fu Ling is a fungus that may be thinly sliced, in typical white ‘curls,' or cut into blocks approximately 2 cm thick. For decoctions, select the thin cut: the greater exposed surface area of the curls permits maximum extraction of active constituents. The dense nature of the block cut prevents full penetration by the water during cooking. Even after cooking, a block of Fu Ling may be completely dry in the center. Fu Ling and Zhu Ling (Polyporus) both are commonly used to regulate water. Fu Ling dispels dampness and benefits the Heart and Spleen; therefore it is often added to tonic herbs to promote restored organ function. Zhu Ling has a stronger diuretic function than Fu Ling but does not serve as a tonic. It is used mostly to dispel dampness but does not restore the body's ability to regulate water. In the past, Fu Ling was coated with Zhu Sha (Cinnabaris) at times for the purpose of calming the shen (spirit). However, this is rarely done now.
# The Descent of Man/Chapter VI

Darwin lists the similarities between man and lower animals which argue against special creation. He also dismisses the idea expressed by some naturalists of his day that the natural world be divided into human, animal, and plant kingdoms. He criticizes the classification systems that use only one or two points of comparison, even if brains are compared.
Darwin then briefly explains the classes and orders of vertebrates in general and gives examples of similarities between dinosaurs and birds, reptiles and mammals, and animal embryos across the spectrum. He reiterates that there are animals still living like the echidna that link classes of animals together. He mentions new information on the lancelet embryo which helped scientists to classify it as a worm and points to that class, ascidians, as the likely group where the vertebrates began.
Finally Darwin also mentions the rudimentary female sex organs found in males which point to a hermaphroditic ancestor, probably belonging to a class lower than mammals. Again in a footnote Darwin gives credit for this idea to another scientist, a comparative anatomist. He also lists four scientists who have written on hermaphroditism in lower animals. As further evidence Darwin discusses the development of the nipple from marsupials and retained by both sexes in the higher mammals. He further points to male animals that take care of the eggs and young and cases of male lactation.
In the final paragraph, once again Darwin traces the evolution of vertebrates from ancient marine worms to man. He adds that humans should not be ashamed of their humble origins because even the lowest animals are marvelous in their structure.
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers

    Original Author: Jeff Albro
    Contributing Authors: Rich Hail
* Introduction
* Planning
* Location
* Redundancy
* Electrical
* Air Conditioning
* Fire Protection
* Security Systems
* Layout Considerations
* Contractors
* Racks and Cabinets
* Wiring
* Outfitting
* Documentation
* Appendix A - Calculations
* Appendix B - Other Resources
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Documentation
## Labeling

Neatness begets neatness.
Use a label maker. It means your labels look neat, uniform, and are easy to read.
Label front and back of machine with name, IP address, & MAC Address. This means you are less likely to pull the wrong cable or shut down the wrong machine.
Label multiple NICS on a single machine.
Document VLANs on switches to allow installation without a network engineer.

## Organizing your documentation

Keep documentation where it is needed.
Make sure it is easy to update.
Self adhesive vinyl pockets - great for walls and cabinets
Folder pockets - great for three ring binders
Consider a wiki or FAQ-o-matic, but have paper backups printed regularly.
Understanding of a problem leads to quicker resolution. Documentation can be part of that.

## List of documentation to have

* Phone lists - near phones
** Company phone list
** Tech support phone list with contact numbers
** Loading dock height/ doorway dimensions
* Computer and network documents
** Network Diagram
** Start up/Shut down directions
** machine instructions
* Mechanical
** buttons/switches labeled by contractor
** Equipment maintenance schedules - air conditioning
** Start up/Shut down directions
** Permits posted securely
# The Descent of Man/Chapter IV

Darwin states that the most important difference between man and the lower animals is conscience and that in this chapter he will attempt to answer the question posed by the philosopher Immanuel Kant,"Duty!...whence thy original?" Darwin mentions that at least thirty British authors have written on the origin of man's moral sense.
Darwin lists four reasons why any animal with social and /or parental instincts would develop some kind of moral sense as its intellect developed. First of all the "social instincts" make an animal enjoy the company of its own kind and compel it to help them. Secondly, with intellectual development memories of social activities would mix with more basic needs for food and shelter. Thirdly, the development of language enabled members of a society to discuss their common needs and encourage the members to work for the common good. Finally, the actions taken for the good of all would become habits over time. Thus, Darwin confirmed the view that humans are social animals.In addition he notes that John Stuart Mill's failure to acknowledge the importance of inherited intelligence in the development of conscience will be "...judged as a most serious blemish on [his] work..."
Darwin describes a number of anecdotes of social behavior in a variety of animals. He also mentions cases where instincts overpower other instincts as when a swallow abandons its young to migrate, and he notes similar conflicts in human behavior. He also discusses various virtues and their usefulness to "savage" versus "civilized" societies. He attributes immorality among "savages" to social instincts like sympathy that do not extend beyond the tribe, weak "self-command", and insufficent powers of reason.
Darwin concludes by differentiating his concept of the social instinct from earlier philosophies that said that morality originated from selfishness or the "Greatest Happiness Principle". He states that people ought to recognize all other people as members of the same society although he laments that history shows otherwise. Then the extension of that feeling to all other animals can spread through "instruction and example to the young" and into public opinion. He quotes Marcus Aurelius in comfirming his belief that we should not dwell on past sins of history. Finally he reiterates his belief in the inheritance of morality or lack of it among all classes.
# The Descent of Man/Chapter V

Darwin begins this chapter by explaining Wallace's views on man's evolution, i.e, that with the development of human intellect allowing him to make tools and shelters against a variety of climates, man would not have been as exposed to natural selection except as it related to his intellect. The more intelligent and creative people were more likely to survive.
Darwin restates the point that the desire for the praise of peers led to habitual social behavior. This can be seen in animals like dogs as well as "savages" and probably helped to naturally select those who worked with others of their species. He also touches on the question of the beginning of civilization and why some cultures progress and others don't.
Under "Natural Selection and Civilized Nations" Darwin points out that civilization has led to activities that enable the weaker members of society to survive and multiply while war carries off the fittest. He also discusses the relative merit of primogeniture and inheriting wealth.
In the subsection on "Hereditary Genius" Darwin states that the more intelligent will have a greater effect on society through their works as well as their children. He quotes statistics on the mortality rates of married and unmarried men and contradictory evidence on the effect of moral behavior on population growth. He also warns that natural checks to population increase among the morally inferior will not always keep them from overwhelming and reversing the progress of a society.
Looking at ancient Greece or sixteenth century Spain, he wonders what had stopped those cultures from taking over Europe. The United States appears to Darwin as a very good example of natural selection. At the same time Darwin acknowledges that progress comes from education of the young and "a higher standard of excellence...embodied in the laws, customs and traditions of [a] nation..." This in turn comes from a desire for approval which is a social instinct.
Finally Darwin holds that all "civilized" societies arose from "barbarous" ones. As examples he points to ways of writing, superstitions and trials by combat which have persisted through the ages.