# Spanish by Choice/Novelas Cortas 07/Print version
## Novelas Cortas: El Afrancesado
### Introduction

The short story “El Afrancesado” appears in the book “Novelas Cortas” by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón with notes by W.F. Giese. LibriVox recording read by Karen Savage.

### Text
#### I

En la pequeña villa del Padrón, sita en territorio gallego,$^{[33-1]}$ y
allá por el año$^{[33-2]}$ del 1808, vendía sapos y culebras y agua llovediza,$^{[33-3]}$ a fuer$^{(114)}$ de legítimo boticario, un tal$^{(115)}$ GARCÍA$^{[33-4]}$ DE PAREDES, misántropo solterón, descendiente acaso, y sin acaso,$^{[33-5]}$ de aquel
varón$^{[33-6]}$ ilustre que mataba un toro de una puñada.
Era una fría y triste noche de otoño. El cielo estaba encapotado por densas nubes, y la total carencia de alumbrado terrestre dejaba a las tinieblas campar por su respeto$^{[33-7]}$ en todas las
calles y plazas de la población.
A eso de las diez de aquella pavorosa noche, que las lúgubres circunstancias de la patria hacían mucho más siniestra, desembocó en la plaza que hoy se llamará$^{[33-8]}$ de la Constitución un silencioso
grupo de sombras, aun más negras que la obscuridad de cielo y tierra, las cuales avanzaron hacia la botica de García de Paredes, cerrada completamente desde las Ánimas,$^{[33-9]}$ o sea$^{(116)}$ desde las ocho y media en punto.$^{(117)}$
—¿Qué hacemos?$^{[33-10]}$—dijo una de las sombras en correctísimo gallego.
—Nadie nos ha visto....—observó otra.
—¡Derribar la puerta!—propuso una mujer.
—¡Y matarlos!—murmuraron hasta quince voces.
—¡Yo me encargo$^{(118)}$ del boticario!—exclamó un chico.
—¡De ése nos encargamos todos!
—¡Por judío!$^{[33-11]}$
—¡Por afrancesado!
—Dicen que hoy cenan con él más de$^{(119)}$ veinte franceses....
—¡Ya$^{(120)}$ lo creo! ¡Como saben que ahí están seguros, han acudido en montón!
—¡ Ah! Si fuera en mi casa! ¡Tres alojados llevo echados$^{[34-1]}$ al pozo!
—¡Mi mujer degolló ayer a uno!...
—¡Y yo... (dijo un fraile con voz de figle) he asfixiado a
dos capitanes, dejando carbón encendido en su celda, que antes era mía!$^{[34-2]}$
—¡Y ese infame boticario los protege!
—¡Qué expresivo estuvo ayer en paseo con esos viles
excomulgados!
—¡Quién lo había de esperar$^{[34-3]}$ de García de Paredes! ¡No hace un mes que era el más valiente, el más patriota, el más realista del pueblo!
—¡Toma! ¡Como que$^{[34-4]}$ vendía en la botica retratos del príncipe Fernando!$^{[34-5]}$
—¡Y ahora los vende de Napoleón!
—Antes nos excitaba a la defensa contra los invasores....
—Y desde que vinieron al Padrón se pasó a$^{(121)}$ ellos....
—¡Y esta noche da de cenar$^{(122)}$ a todos los jefes!
—¡Oíd qué algazara traen!$^{[34-6]}$ ¡Pues no gritan ¡viva el
Emperador!
—Paciencia.... (murmuró el fraile.) Todavía es muy temprano.
—Dejémosles emborracharse.... (expuso una vieja.) Después entramos$^{[34-7]}$... ¡y ni$^{(123)}$ uno ha de quedar vivo!
—¡Pido que se haga cuartos$^{[34-8]}$ al boticario!
—¡Se le hará ochavos,$^{[34-9]}$ si queréis! Un afrancesado es más
odioso que un francés. El francés atropella a un pueblo extraño: el afrancesado vende y deshonra a su patria. El francés comete un asesinato: el afrancesado ¡un parricidio!

#### II

Mientras ocurría la anterior escena en la puerta de la botica,
García de Paredes y sus convidados corrían la francachela$^{[34-10]}$ más alegre y desaforada que os podáis figurar. Veinte eran, en efecto, los franceses que el boticario tenía a
la mesa, todos ellos$^{(124)}$ jefes y oficiales.
García de Paredes contaría$^{[35-1]}$ cuarenta y cinco años; era alto y seco y más amarillo que una momia; dijérase$^{[35-2]}$ que su
piel estaba muerta hacía mucho tiempo; llegábale la frente a la nuca, gracias a una calva limpia y reluciente, cuyo brillo tenía algo de fosfórico; sus ojos, negros y apagados, hundidos en las descarnadas cuencas, se parecían a esas lagunas encerradas entre montañas, que sólo ofrecen obscuridad, vértigos y muerte al que las mira; lagunas que nada reflejan; que rugen sordamente
alguna vez,$^{[35-3]}$ pero sin alterarse; que devoran todo lo que cae en su superficie; que nada devuelven; que nadie ha podido sondear; que no se alimentan de ningún río, y cuyo fondo busca la imaginación en los mares antípodas.
La cena era abundante, el vino bueno, la conversación
alegre y animada.
Los franceses reían, juraban, blasfemaban, cantaban, fumaban, comían y bebían a un mismo tiempo.
Quién$^{[35-4]}$ había contado los amores secretos de Napoleón;
quién la noche del 2 de Mayo$^{[35-5]}$ en Madrid; cuál$^{[35-6]}$ la batalla de las Pirámides;$^{[35-7]}$ cuál otro la ejecución de Luis XVI.$^{[35-8]}$
García de Paredes bebía, reía y charlaba como los demás, o quizás más que ninguno;$^{[35-9]}$ y tan elocuente había estado en favor de la causa imperial, que los soldados del César$^{[35-10]}$ lo habían
abrazado, lo habían vitoreado, le habían improvisado himnos.
—¡Señores! (había dicho el boticario): la guerra que os hacemos los españoles es tan necia como inmotivada. Vosotros, hijos de la Revolución, venís a sacar a España$^{[35-11]}$ de su tradicional
abatimiento, a despreocuparla, a disipar las tinieblas religiosas, a mejorar sus anticuadas costumbres, a enseñarnos esas utilísimas e inconcusas «verdades de que no hay Dios, de que no hay otra vida, de que la penitencia, el ayuno, la castidad y demás virtudes católicas son quijotescas$^{[35-12]}$ locuras, impropias de un pueblo
civilizado, y de que Napoleón es el verdadero Mesías, el redentor de los pueblos, el amigo de la especie humana.... ¡Señores! ¡Viva el Emperador cuanto yo deseo que viva!
—¡Bravo, vítor!—exclamaron los hombres del 2 de Mayo.
El boticario inclinó la frente con indecible angustia.
Pronto volvió a alzarla, tan firme y tan sereno como antes.
Bebióse un vaso de vino, y continuó:
—Un abuelo mío, un García de Paredes, un bárbaro, un Sansón,$^{[36-1]}$ un Hércules, un Milón de Crotona,$^{[36-2]}$ mató doscientos
franceses en un día.... Creo que fué en Italia. ¡Ya veis que no era tan afrancesado como yo! ¡Adiestróse en las lides contra los moros del reino de Granada; armóle caballero el mismo$^{(125)}$ Rey Católico,$^{[36-3]}$ y montó más de una vez la guardia en el Quirinal,$^{[36-4]}$
siendo Papa nuestro tío Alejandro Borja!$^{[36-5]}$ ¡Eh, eh! ¡No me hacíais tan linajudo!—Pues este DIEGO GARCÍA DE PAREDES, este ascendiente mío..., que ha tenido un descendiente
boticario, tomó a Cosenza y Manfredonia; entró por asalto en Cerinola, y peleó como bueno$^{[36-6]}$ en la batalla de Pavía!$^{[36-7]}$ ¡Allí hicimos prisionero a un rey de Francia, cuya espada ha estado en Madrid cerca de tres siglos, hasta que nos la robó
hace tres meses ese hijo de un posadero que viene a vuestra cabeza, y a quien llaman Murat!$^{[36-8]}$
Aquí hizo otra pausa el boticario. Algunos franceses demostraron querer contestarle; pero él, levantándose, e imponiendo a todos silencio con su actitud, empuñó convulsivamente un
vaso, y exclamó con voz atronadora:
—¡Brindo, señores, porque maldito sea mi abuelo, que era un animal, y porque se halle ahora mismo$^{(126)}$ en los profundos infiernos!—¡Vivan los franceses de Francisco I$^{[36-9]}$ y de Napoleón
Bonaparte!
—¡Vivan!...—respondieron los invasores, dándose por$^{(127)}$ satisfechos.
Y todos apuraron su vaso.
Oyóse en esto$^{[36-10]}$ rumor en la calle, o, mejor dicho, a la puerta de la botica. —¿Habéis oído?—preguntaron los franceses.
García de Paredes se sonrió.
—¡Vendrán$^{[37-1]}$ a matarme!—dijo.
—¿Quién?
—Los vecinos$^{[37-2]}$ del Padrón.
—¿Por qué?
—¡Por afrancesado!—Hace algunas noches que rondan mi
casa....—Pero ¿qué nos importa?—Continuemos nuestra fiesta.
—Sí... ¡continuemos! exclamaron los convidados. ¡Estamos aquí para defenderos!
Y chocando ya botellas contra botellas, que no$^{[37-3]}$ vasos contra vasos.
—¡Viva Napoleón! ¡Muera Fernando!$^{[37-4]}$ ¡Muera Galicia!$^{[37-5]}$—gritaron
a una voz.
García de Paredes esperó a que$^{[37-6]}$ se acallase el brindis, y murmuró con acento lúgubre:
—¡Celedonio!
El mancebo$^{[37-7]}$ de la botica asomó por una puertecilla su cabeza pálida y demudada, sin atreverse a penetrar en aquella caverna.
—Celedonio, trae papel y tintero—dijo tranquilamente el
boticario.
El mancebo volvió con recado de escribir.$^{[37-8]}$
—¡Siéntate! (continuó su amo.)—Ahora, escribe las cantidades que yo te vaya diciendo. Divídelas en dos columnas.
Encima de la columna de la derecha, pon: Deuda,$^{[37-9]}$ y encima de la otra: Crédito.
—Señor... (balbuceó el mancebo.)—En la puerta hay
una especie de motín.... Gritan ¡muera el boticario!... Y ¡quieren entrar!
—¡Cállate y déjalos!—Escribe lo que te he dicho.
Los franceses se rieron de admiración al ver al farmacéutico
ocupado en ajustar cuentas cuando le rodeaban la muerte y la ruina. Celedonio alzó la cabeza y enristró la pluma, esperando cantidades que anotar.
—¡Vamos a ver,$^{(128)}$ señores! (dijo entonces García de Paredes,
dirigiéndose a sus comensales.)—Se trata de resumir nuestra fiesta en un solo brindis. Empecemos por orden de colocación.
—Vos,$^{[38-1]}$ Capitán, decidme: ¿cuántos españoles habréis matado$^{[38-2]}$ desde que pasasteis los Pirineos?$^{[38-3]}$
—¡Bravo! ¡Magnífica idea!—exclamaron los franceses.
—Yo.... (dijo el interrogado, trepándose en la silla y retorciéndose el bigote con petulancia.) Yo... habré matado... personalmente... con mi espada... ¡poned unos diez o doce!
—¡Once a la$^{(129)}$ derecha!$^{[38-4]}$—gritó el boticario, dirigiéndose al mancebo.
El mancebo repitió, después de escribir:
—Deuda... once.
—¡Corriente! (prosiguió el anfitrión.)—¿Y vos?...—Con vos hablo, señor Julio....
—Yo... seis.
—¿Y vos, mi Comandante?
—Yo... veinte.
—Yo... ocho.
—Yo catorce.
—Yo... ninguno.
—¡Yo no sé!...; he tirado a ciegas$^{(130)}$....—respondía cada cual,$^{(131)}$ según le llegaba su turno.
Y el mancebo seguía anotando cantidades a la derecha.
—¡Veamos ahora, Capitán! (continuó García de Paredes.)—Volvamos
a empezar$^{[38-5]}$ por vos. ¿Cuántos españoles esperáis matar en el resto de la guerra, suponiendo que dure todavía... tres años?
—¡Eh!... (respondió el Capitán.)—¿Quién calcula$^{[38-6]}$ eso?
—Calculadlo...; os lo suplico....
—Poned otros once. —Once a la izquierda....—dictó García de Paredes.
Y Celedonio repitió:
—Crédito, once.
—¿Y vos?—interrogó el farmacéutico por el mismo orden$^{[39-1]}$ seguido anteriormente.
—Yo... quince.
—Yo... veinte.
—Yo... ciento.
—Yo... mil—respondían los franceses.
—¡Ponlos todos a diez, Celedonio!... (murmuró irónicamente el boticario.)—Ahora, suma por separado$^{[39-2]}$ las dos columnas.
El pobre joven, que había anotado las cantidades con sudores de muerte, vióse obligado a hacer el resumen con los dedos, como las viejas. Tal era su terror.
Al cabo de un rato de horrible silencio, exclamó, dirigiéndose a su amo:
—Deuda..., 285.—Crédito..., 200.
—Es decir$^{(132)}$... (añadió García de Paredes), ¡doscientos ochenta y cinco muertos, y doscientos sentenciados! ¡Total,
cuatrocientas ochenta y cinco víctimas!!!
Y pronunció estas palabras con voz tan honda y sepulcral, que los franceses se miraron alarmados.
En tanto,$^{(133)}$ el boticario ajustaba una nueva cuenta.
—¡Somos unos héroes!—exclamó al terminarla.—Nos hemos bebido$^{[39-3]}$ setenta botellas, o sean$^{[39-4]}$ ciento cinco libras y media de vino, que, repartidas entre veintiuno, pues todos hemos
bebido con igual bizarría, dan cinco libras de líquido por cabeza.—¡Repito que somos unos héroes!
Crujieron en esto las tablas de la puerta de la botica, y el mancebo balbuceó tambaleándose:
—¡Ya entran!...
—¿Qué hora es?$^{(134)}$—preguntó el boticario con suma tranquilidad. —Las once. Pero ¿no oye usted que entran?
—¡Déjalos! Ya es hora.$^{[40-1]}$
—¡Hora!... ¿de qué?—murmuraron los franceses, procurando levantarse.
Pero estaban tan ebrios, que no podían moverse de sus sillas.
—¡Que entren!$^{[40-2]}$ ¡Que entren!... (exclamaban, sin embargo,
con voz vinosa, sacando los sables con mucha dificultad y sin conseguir ponerse de pie.)$^{(135)}$ ¡Que entren esos canallas! ¡Nosotros los recibiremos!
En esto,$^{[40-3]}$ sonaba ya abajo, en la botica, el estrépito de los
botes y redomas que los vecinos$^{[40-4]}$ del Padrón hacían pedazos,$^{(136)}$ y oíase resonar en la escalera este grito unánime y terrible:
—¡Muera el afrancesado!

#### III

Levantóse García de Paredes, como impulsado por un resorte, al oír semejante clamor dentro de su casa, y apoyóse en la mesa para no caer de nuevo sobre la silla. Tendió en torno suyo
una mirada de inexplicable regocijo, dejó ver$^{(137)}$ en sus labios la inmortal sonrisa del triunfador, y así, transfigurado y hermoso, con el doble temblor de la muerte y del entusiasmo, pronunció las siguientes palabras, entrecortadas y solemnes como las campanadas del toque de agonía:$^{[40-5]}$
—¡Franceses!... Si cualquiera de vosotros, o todos juntos, hallarais ocasión propicia de vengar la muerte de doscientos ochenta y cinco compatriotas y de salvar la vida a otros doscientos más; si sacrificando vuestra existencia pudieseis desenojar la indignada sombra de vuestros antepasados, castigar a los
verdugos de doscientos ochenta y cinco héroes, y librar de la muerte a doscientos compañeros, a doscientos hermanos, aumentando así las huestes del ejército patrio con doscientos campeones de la independencia nacional, ¿repararíais ni$^{[40-6]}$ un momento en vuestra miserable vida? ¿Dudaríais ni un punto
en abrazaros, como Sansón,$^{[41-1]}$ a la columna del templo, y morir, a precio de matar a los enemigos de Dios?
—¿Qué dice?—se preguntaron los franceses.
—Señor..., ¡los asesinos están en la antesala!—exclamó
Celedonio.
—¡Que entren!... (gritó García de Paredes.)—Ábreles la puerta de la sala.... ¿Qué vengan todos... a ver$^{(138)}$ cómo muere el descendiente de un soldado de Pavía!$^{[41-2]}$
Los franceses, aterrados, estúpidos, clavados en sus sillas por insoportable letargo, creyendo que la muerte de que hablaba el español iba a entrar en aquel aposento en pos de$^{(139)}$ los amotinados, hacían penosos esfuerzos por levantar los sables, que yacían sobre la mesa; pero ni siquiera conseguían que sus flojos dedos
asiesen las empuñaduras: parecía que los hierros$^{[41-3]}$ estaban adheridos$^{[41-4]}$ a la tabla por insuperable fuerza de atracción.
En esto inundaron la estancia más de cincuenta hombres y mujeres, armados con palos, puñales y pistolas, dando tremendos
alaridos y lanzando fuego por los ojos.
—¡Mueran todos!—exclamaron algunas mujeres, lanzándose las primeras.
—¡Deteneos!—gritó García de Paredes con tal voz, con
tal actitud, con tal fisonomía, que, unido este grito a la inmovilidad y silencio de los veinte franceses, impuso frío terror a la muchedumbre, la cual no se esperaba$^{[41-5]}$ aquel tranquilo y lúgubre recibimiento.
—No tenéis para qué$^{[41-6]}$$^{(140)}$ blandir los puñales.... (continuó el boticario con voz desfallecida.)—He hecho más que todos vosotros por la independencia de la Patria.... ¡Me he fingido afrancesado!... Y ¡ya veis!... los veinte Jefes y Oficiales
invasores... ¡los veinte!—no los toquéis$^{[41-7]}$...—¡están envenenados!...
Un grito simultáneo de terror y admiración salió del pecho de los españoles. Dieron$^{(141)}$ éstos un paso más hacia los convidados,
y hallaron que la mayor parte estaban ya muertos, con la cabeza caída hacia adelante, los brazos extendidos sobre la mesa, y la mano crispada en la empuñadura de los sables. Los demás agonizaban silenciosamente.
—¡Viva García de Paredes!—exclamaron entonces los españoles,
rodeando al héroe moribundo.
—Celedonio.... (murmuró el farmacéutico.)—El opio se ha concluido.... Manda por opio a la Coruña$^{[42-1]}$....
Y cayó de rodillas.
Sólo entonces comprendieron los vecinos del Padrón que el boticario estaba también envenenado.
Vierais$^{[42-2]}$ entonces un cuadro tan sublime como espantoso.—Varias
mujeres, sentadas en el suelo, sostenían en sus faldas y en sus brazos al expirante patriota, siendo las primeras en colmarlo de caricias y bendiciones, como antes fueron las primeras en pedir su muerte.—Los hombres habían cogido todas las luces de la mesa, y alumbraban arrodillados aquel grupo de patriotismo
y caridad....—Quedaban, finalmente, en la sombra veinte muertos o moribundos, de los cuales algunos iban desplomándose contra el suelo con pavorosa pesantez.
Y a cada suspiro de muerte que se oía, a cada francés que venía a tierra, una sonrisa gloriosa iluminaba la faz de García
de Paredes, el cual de allí a poco$^{(142)}$ devolvió su espíritu al cielo, bendecido por un Ministro del Señor y llorado de sus hermanos en la Patria.
Madrid, 1856.

### Notes

(The first figures refer to the original pages of text, and second figures to the reference figures in text).
33-1: gallego: Galician. The province of Galicia lies in the northwest corner of Spain.
33-2: allá por el año: back in the year.
33-3: sapos y culebras y agua llovediza: i.e. popular remedies not recognized in the legitimate materia medica.
33-4: un tal García: a certain García.
33-5: acaso, y sin acaso: quite certainly.
33-6: varón ilustre: a Greek athlete, Milo of Crotona (in southern Italy), frequent victor in the Olympic games. By lifting and carrying a bull-calf daily, he was able, so the legend runs, ultimately to carry the full-grown bull. He came to his death by trying to pull asunder a split tree, which, reacting, held him fast until devoured by the wolves.
33-7: campar por su respeto: (to be absolute master of one's own actions) to have everything one's own way; to have full sway.
33-8: se llamará: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
33-9: las Ánimas: cf. note Ánimas, p. 21, 1.
33-10 ¿Qué hacemos?: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.
33-11: Por judío: for (i.e. as being) a Jew (often used as a term of reprobation).
34-1: llevo echados: llevar and tener are sometimes used as auxiliaries with a past participle governing (and agreeing with) a direct object. Cf. the Latin consilium captum habeo.
34-2: era mía: observe that the article is usually omitted when the verb ser is followed by the possessive adjective (contrary to the French usage).
34-3: había de esperar: cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
34-4: ¡Toma! Como que vendía: Why! (cf. note ¡calla! p. 31, 5)
didn't he sell (como que, inasmuch as).
34-5: Fernando VII: a weak and tyrannical monarch who began to reign in 1808, but yielded his crown to Napoleon I. Restored to power in 1814, he reigned till 1833. Cf. also note p. 51, 7.
34-6: qué algazara traen: what a noise they are making.
34-7: entramos: cf. note me matan, p. 3, I.
34-8: cuartos... ochavos: the cuarto (1/4) was a small copper coin (obsolete) worth four maravedís. Cuarto is also, however, a (fourth) part of a lacerated body—cf. the English draw and quarter.
Hacer cuartos may be translated by this phrase and hacer ochavos by make mincemeat.
34-9: ochavo: (1/8) half a cuarto.
34-10: corrían la francachela: were carousing.
35-1: contaría: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
35-2: dijérase: in either member of a conditional sentence (i.e. condition or conclusion) the simple tense may be substituted for the compound one. Thus dijérase = se hubiera (or habría) dicho.
35-3: alguna vez: sometimes. Vez is often used in the singular with plural value. Cf. rara vez, rarely.
35-4: Quién... quién: are used as correlatives: this one... that one. Cuál... cuál are used in the same way. They then bear the accent— which otherwise is used only when quién and cuál are interrogative or exclamatory.
35-5: 2 de Mayo: the 2d of May, 1808, is one of the great days in the annals of Spain. Out of loyalty to the royal family, an insurrection of the populace of Madrid took place, which was put down by the French only after the most desperate and heroic resistance by the ill-armed Spaniards.
35-6: cuál: supply había contado, as after quién.
35-7: batalla de las Pirámides: won by General Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1798, in the neighborhood of the Pyramids of Ghizeh, in Egypt. The French pretended to be defending Egypt against the Turks.
35-8: Luis XVI: (diez y seis— cf. note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2) Louis was guillotined in 1793 by the republican government (la Convention) which had usurped his power.
35-9: ninguno: cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5.
35-10: del César: of the emperor. Cf. the manner in which the name of Caesar has become a fixed title in Czar and Kaiser.
35-11: a España: a geographical name (not preceded by the article) is preceded by the preposition a when it is the direct object of a verb.
35-12: quijotescas: quixotic, extravagantly romantic.
36-1: Sansón: cf. note Sansón, p. 41, 1.
36-2: Milón de Crotona: cf. note varón ilustre, p. 33, 6.
36-3: Rey Católico: Ferdinand V of Spain, husband of Isabella I, the patroness of Columbus. He occupied the throne after her death.
36-4: Quirinal: the Italian royal palace, formerly the summer residence of the popes.
36-5: Alejandro Borja: Rodrigo Borgia, a Spaniard, became pope in 1492. Died 1503.
36-6: como bueno: like a hero.
36-7: Cosenza... Pavia: the first three cities are in southern Italy; Pavia is a town of northern Italy (near Milan), the scene of a battle in which Francis I of France was defeated by the Spanish in 1525. He remained a prisoner in Spain till 1526.
36-8: Murat: the apothecary is not quite able to repress his hatred of Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law and commander at Madrid, particularly detested because of his barbarous massacre of the Madrileños after the dos deMayo (cf. note 2 de Mayo, p. 35, 5).
36-9: Francisco I: (primero) cf. note on Pavía above. Cf. also remark on doce in note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2.
36-10: en esto: hereupon; at this moment.
37-1: vendrán: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
37-2: vecinos: (lit. neighbors) citizens; townspeople.
37-3: que no: = y no (used adversatively).
37-4: Fernando: cf. note Fernando VII, p. 34, 5.
37-5: Galicia: cf. note gallego, p. 33, 1.
37-6: a que: cf. note a que, p. 2, 1.
37-7: mancebo: clerk, especially a drug clerk.
37-8: recado de escribir: writing materials.
37-9: Deuda: debit.
38-1: Vos: cf. note Vos, p. 27, 4.
38-2: habréis matado: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
38-3: Pireneos: Pyrenees Mountains, dividing Spain from France.
38-4: a la derecha: in this phrase, and in a la izquierda (to the left), the feminine is always used. Cf. the French usage.
38-5: Volvamos a empezar: cf. note se volvió a reír, p. 2, 3.
38-6: ¿Quién calcula eso?: who can calculate that? (a vivid form).
39-1: orden: denoting a succession or arrangement, is masculine; denoting a command, it is feminine.
39-2: suma por separado: add up separately.
39-3: nos hemos bebido: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
39-4: o sean: (followed by a singular substantive, o sea) or.
40-1: Ya es hora: it is time now.
40-2: ¡Que entren: cf. note que... muera, p. 3, 6.
40-3: En esto: cf. note en esto, p. 36, 10.
40-4: vecinos: cf. note vecinos, p. 37, 2.
40-5: toque de agonía: passing bell; knell for the dying.
40-6: ni: even. Observe that ni, like many of the Spanish negative pronouns and adverbs, sometimes loses its negative value. Cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5, and the use of ninguno, p. 35, line 23.
41-1: Sansón: Samson, who destroyed the Philistines by pulling down the column of their temple. Vide Book of Judges, xiii-xvi.
41-2: Pavía: cf. note Cosenza... Pavía, p. 36, 7.
41-3: hierros: here used poetically for espadas, swords.
41-4: adheridos: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.
41-5: no se esperaba: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
41-6: no tenéis para qué: you have no reason.
41-7: no los toquéis: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.
42-1: la Coruña: the principal port of Galicia (cf. note gallego, p. 33, 1).
42-2: Vierais: cf. note dijérase, p. 35, 2.

### Idiomatic Commentary

114. A fuer de legítimo boticario. — After the manner of a genuine apothecary.
115. Vino un tal García. — A certain García came.
116. Con el libro o sea con el manuscrito. — With the book or with the manuscript.
117. A las nueve en punto (cf. 39) — At nine o'clock sharp.
118. Yo me encargo de ello. — I will undertake it.
119. Tuvo más de veinte. — He got more than twenty.
120. Ya lo creo. — I quite believe it.
(Review 98, 9).
121. Nos pasamos a los carlistas. — We went over to the Carlist party.
122. Les dió de comer. — He gave them a dinner (or something to eat).
123. Ni uno vendrá. — Not one will come.
(Review 15, 9, 6, 46, 7, 23, 99, 80).
124. Diez franceses, todos ellos oficiales. — Ten Frenchmen, all of them officers.
(Review 12, 119, 101, 6, 61, 97).
125. Vino el mismo rey. — The king himself came.
126. Viene ahora mismo. — He is coming even now.
127. Me doy por vencido. — I acknowledge myself conquered.
(Review 17, 15, 99, 6, 75, 80, 21, 53).
(Review 28, 15, 83, 35, 88, 12).
128. Vamos a ver (cf. 138). — Let us see.
129. Estuvo a la izquierda. — He was on the left side.
130. Anduvo a ciegas. — He went blindly.
131. Cada cual seguía respondiendo. — Each one went on answering.
(Review 129, 54, 53, 116).
132. Es decir que vendré. — That is to say I will come.
133. En tanto que lo hacía. — While he was doing it.
En tanto. — During this time.
En esto. — At this moment.
134. ¿Qué hora es? — What time is it?
(Review 39, 97, 72, 133, 53, 48, 112).
135. Se puso de pie (cf. 143). — He stood erect.
136. Lo hicieron pedazos. — They tore it into pieces.
137. Se dejó ver. — He let himself be seen.
N.B. The dependent infinitive often has passive value.
(Review 53, 72, 32, 133, 119, 27, 124, 40).
138. A ver cómo lo hace (cf. 128). — Let us see how he does it.
¡A ver! — Let us see! Here! Come!
139. Vino en pos de mí — He came after me (or in my tracks)
140. No tengo para qué hacerlo. — I have no reason for doing it.
141. Dió un paso atrás. — He took a step backward.
(Review 23, 3, 9).
142. De allí a poco murió (cf. 49). — He died a little time after that.
(Review 32, 9, 78, 71, 39).

## License
# GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

## 0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

## 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

## 2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

## 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

## 4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
* Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
* List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
* State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
* Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
* Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
* Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
* Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
* Include an unaltered copy of this License.
* Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
* Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
* For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
* Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
* Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified version.
* Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
* Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

## 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".

## 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

## 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

## 8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

## 9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

## 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

## 11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

# How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
    Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.