OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Economic Sophisms/217

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"Template:Hwe of having sacrificed our own interests to those of the masses, as every good magistrate ought to do. (Loud and long-continued cheers.)
A VOICE: I have heard much talk of the poor; but under pretext of affording them employment, you begin by depriving them of what is more valuable than employment itself, namely, butter, firewood, and meat.
PETER, PAUL, and JOHN: Vote, vote! Down with Utopian dreamers, theorists, generalizers! Vote, vote! (The three motions are carried.)
SON: Father, make up your mind ; we must leave Paris. Nobody can any longer live there — ^no work, and everything dear.
FATHER: You don't know, my son, how much it costs one to leave the place where he was born.
SON: The worst thing of all is to perish from want.
FATHER: Go you, then, and search for a more hospitable country. For myself, I will not leave the place where are the graves of your mother, and of your brothers and sisters. I long to obtain with them that repose which has been denied ine in this city of desolation.
SON: Courage, father ; we shall find employment somewhere else—in Poitou, or Normandy, or Brittany. It is said that all the manufactures of Paris are being removed by degrees to these distant provinces
FATHER: And naturally so. Not being able to sell firewood and provisions, the people of these provinces have ceased to produce them beyond what their own wants call for. The time and capital at their disposal are devoted to making for themselves those articles with which we were in use to furnish them.
SON: Just as at Paris they have given up the manufacture of elegant dress and furniture, and betaken themselves to the planting of trees, and the rearing of pigs and cows. Although still young, I have lived to see vast warehouses, sumptuous
quarters of the city, and quays once teeming with life and Template:Hws
# Economic Sophisms/221

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"pay high wages to the workmen, it is not even because you make exorbitant profits; it is solely because Paris is ill-adapted for that branch of industry; it is because you wish to make in the town what should be made in the country, and in the country what should be made in the town. The people have not more employment—only they have employment of a different kind. They have no higher wages; while they can no longer buy commodities as cheaply as formerly.
THE PEOPLE: Vive, vive LE BON MARCHÉ!
PETER: This man seduces you with fine words. Let us place the question before you in all its simplicity. Is it, or is it not, true, that if we admit firewood, meat, and butter freely or at a lower duty, our markets will be inundated? Believe me there is no other means of preserving ourselves from this new species of invasion but to keep the door shut, and so maintain the prices of commodities by rendering them artificially rare.
SOME VOICES IN THE CROWD : Vive, vive LA RARETÉ!
JACQUES BONHOMME: Let us bring the question to the simple test of truth. You cannot divide among the people of Paris commodities which are not in Paris. If there be less meat, less firewood, less butter, the share falling to each will be smaller. Now there must be less if we prohibit what should be allowed to enter the city. Parisians, abundance for each of you can be secured only by general abundance.
THE PEOPLE: Vive, vive L'ABONDANCE!
PETER: It is in vain that this man tries to persuade you that it is your interest to be subjected to unbridled competition.
THE PEOPLE: A bas, à bas LA CONCURRENCE!
JACQUES BONHOMME: It is in vain that this man tries to make you fall in love with restriction.
THE PEOPLE: A bas, à bas LA RESTRICTION!
PETER: I declare, for my own part, if you deprive the poor cowfeeders and pig-drivers of their daily bread, I can no longer be answerable for public order. Workmen, distrust that man. He is the agent of perfidious Normandy, and derives his inspiration from the provinces. He is a traitor; down with him! (The people preserve silence)
JACQUES BONHOMME: Parisians, what I have told you to-day, I told you twenty years ago, when Peter set himself to work the octroi for his own profit and to your detriment. I am not, then, the agent of Normandy. Hang me up, if you will, but that will not make oppression anything else than oppression. Friends, it is not Jacques or Peter that you must put an end to, but liberty if you fear it, or restriction if it does you harm.
THE PEOPLE: Hang nobody, and set everybody free.
# Economic Sophisms/219

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"of Paris is an incontestable fact. Is there no means, then, of counteracting this singular measure that Peter and his colleagues got adopted twenty years ago?
FATHER: I am going to tell you a secret. I remain in Paris on purpose. I shall call in the people to my assistance. It rests with them to replace the octroi on its ancient basis, and get quit of that fatal principle which was engrafted on it, and which still vegetates there like a parasitical fungus.
Son: You must succeed in this at once.
Father: On the contrary, the work will be difficult and laborious. Peter, Paul, and John understand one another marvellously. They will do anything rather than allow firewood, butter, and butchers' meat to enter Paris. They have on their side the people, who see clearly the employment which these three protected branches of industry afford. They know well to what extent the cowfeeders and wood-merchants give employment to labour; but they have by no means the same exact idea of the labour which would be developed in the open air of liberty.
Son: If that is all, you will soon enlighten them.
Father:At your age, my son, no doubts arise. If I write, the people will not read; for, to support their miserable existence, they have not much time at their disposal. If I speak, the magistrates will shut my mouth. The people, therefore, will long remain under their fatal mistake. Political parties, whose hopes are founded on popular passions, will set themselves, not to dissipate their prejudices, but to make merchandise of them. I shall have to combat at one and the same time the great men of the day, the people, and their leaders. In truth, I see a frightful storm ready to burst over the head of the bold man who shall venture to protest against an iniquity so deeply rooted in this country.
Son: You will have truth and justice on your side.
Father: And they will have force and calumny on theirs. Were I but young again! but age and suffering have exhausted my strength.
Son: Very well, father; what strength remains to you, devote to the service of the country. Begin this work of enfranchisement, and leave to me the care of finishing it.
# Economic Sophisms/220

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"
JACQUES BONHOMME: Parisians, let us insist upon a refonn of the octroi duties; let us demand that they be instantly brought down to the former rate. Let every citizen be free to buy his firewood, butter, and butchers' meat where he sees fit.
THE PEOPLE: Vive, vive LA LIBERTÉ!
PETER: Parisians, don't allow yourselves to be seduced by that word, liberty. What good can result from liberty to purchase if you want the means—in other words, if you are out of employment? Can Paris produce firewood as cheaply as the Forest of Bondy? meat as cheaply as Poitou? butter as cheaply as Normandy? If you open your gates freely to these rival products, what will become of the cowfeeders, woodcutters, and pork-butchers? They cannot dispense with protection.
THE PEOPLE: Vive, vive LA PROTECTION!
JACQUES BONHOMME: Protection! but who protects you workmen? Do you not compete with one another? Let the wood-merchants, then, be subject to competition in their turn. They ought not to have right by law to raise the price of firewood, unless the rate of wages is also raised by law. Are you no longer in love with equality?
THE PEOPLE: Vive, vive L'EGALITÉ!
PETER: Don't listen to these agitators. We have, it is true, raised the price of firewood, butchers' meat, and butter; but we have done so for the express purpose of being enabled to give good wages to the workmen. We are actuated by motives of charity.
THE PEOPLE: Vive, vive LA CHARITÉ!
JACQUES BONHOMME. Cause the rate of wages to be raised by the octroi, if you can, or cease by the same means to raise the prices of commodities. We Parisians ask for no charity—we demand justice.
THE PEOPLE: Vive, vive LA JUSTICE!
PETER It is precisely the high price of commodities which will lead, par ricochet, to a rise of wages.
THE PEOPLE: Vive, vive LA CHERTÉ!
JACQUES BONHOMME: If butter is dear, it is not because you
# Economic Sophisms/215

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"PAUL and JOHN {leaving): Upon my word, that is a clever fellow.
PAUL: Mes chers collégues, Every day there are brought to Paris great masses of firewood, which drain away large sums of money. At this rate, we shall all be ruined in three years, and what will become of the poorer classes? (Cheers) We must prohibit foreign timber. I don't speak for myself, for all the wood I possess would not make a tooth-pick. In what I mean to say, then, I am entirely free from any personal interest or bias. (Hear, hear) But here is my friend Peter, who possesses a park, and he will guarantee an adequate supply of fuel to our fellow-citizens, who will no longer be dependent on the charcoal-burners of the Yonne. Have you ever turned your attention to the risk which we run of dying of cold, if the proprietors of forests abroad should take it into their heads to send no more fire- wood to Paris? Let us put a prohibition, then, on bringing in wood. By this means we shall put a stop to the draining away of our money, create an independent interest charged with supplying the city with firewood, and open up to workmen a new source of employment and remuneration. (Cheers)
JOHN: I support the proposal of my honourable friend, the preceding speaker, which is at once so philanthropic, and, as he himself has explained, so entirely disinterested. It is indeed high time that we should put an end to this insolent laissez passer, which has brought immoderate competition into our markets, and to such an extent that there is no province which possesses any special facility for providing us with a product, be it what it may, which does not immediately inundate us, undersell us, and bring ruin on the Parisian workman. It is the duty of Government to equalize the conditions of production by duties wisely adapted to each case, so as not to allow to enter from without anything which is not dearer than in Paris, and so relieve us from an unequal struggle. How, for example, can we possibly produce milk and butter in Paris, with Brittany and Normandy at our door? Remember, gentlemen, that the agriculturists of Brittany have cheaper land, a more abundant
supply of hay, and manual labour on more advantageous terms.
# Economic Sophisms/216

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"Does not common sense tell us that we must equalize the conditions by a protective octroi tariff? I demand that the duty on milk and butter should be raised by 1000 per cent., and still higher if necessary. The workman's breakfast will cost a little more, but see to what extent his wages will be raised! We shall see rising around us cow-houses, dairies, and barrel chums, and the foundations laid of new sources of industry. Not that I have any interest in this proposition. I am not a cowfeeder, nor have I any wish to be so. The sole motive which actuates me is a wish to be useful to the working classes. {Applause)
PETER: I am delighted to see in this assembly statesmen so pure, so enlightened, and so devoted to the best interests of the people. (Cheers) I admire their disinterestedness, and I cannot do better than imitate the noble example which has been set me. I give their motions my support, and I shall only add another, for prohibiting the entry into Paris of the pigs of Poitou. I have no desire, I assure you, to become a pig-driver or a pork-butcher. In that case I should have made it a matter of conscience to be silent. But is it not shameful, gentlemen, that we should be the tributaries of the peasants of Poitou, who have the audacity to come into our own market and take possession of a branch of industry which we ourselves have no means of carrying on? and who, after having inundated us with their hams and sausages, take perhaps nothing from us in return? At all events, who will tell us that the balance of trade is not in their favour, and that we are not obliged to pay them a tribute in hard cash? Is it not evident that if the industry of Poitou were transplanted to Paris, it would open up a steady demand for Parisian labour? And then, gentlemen, is it not very possible, as M. Lestiboudois has so well remarked, that we may be buying the salt pork of Poitou, not with our incomes, but with our capital? Where will that land us? Let us not suffer, then, that rivals who are at once avaricious, greedy, and perfidious, should come here to undersell us, and put it out of our power to provide ourselves with the same commodities. Gentlemen, Paris has reposed in you her confidence; it is for you to justify that confidence. The people are without employment; it is for you to create employment for them; and if salt pork shall cost
them a somewhat higher price, we have, at least, the Template:Hws
# Consciousness Studies/Contributors

Contributors:
* RobinH, a physiologist (retired).
* JWSchmidt, a biologist.
Many thanks to Dr Alex Green who has allowed the use of any work for which he holds the copyright. About 50% of the original book was taken or adapted from Green's material which got us off to a flying start.
Dr. Angell O. de la Sierra's published "Neurophilosophy of Consciousness" is made available at http://delaSierra-Sheffer.net
# Consciousness Studies/Index

This is an alphabetical index of the book.

## C

* Classification

## D

* Dream

## E

* Extension

## F

* Functionalism

## I

* Intension
* Imagination

## M

* Memory

## P

* Perception

## Q

* Qualia

## R

* Realism
** Direct realism
** Indirect realism
** Naive realism
* Referent
* Reification

## S

* Sense
* Sign
* Space

## T

* Time
# Consciousness Studies

Consciousness studies embraces the neuroscience and philosophy of consciousness.

## Contents
### Introduction

* Introduction
* A note on Naive Realism
* Intended audience and how to read this book

### Part I: Historical review

* Early Ideas
* Medieval Concepts
* Seventeenth And Eighteenth Century Philosophy
* Nineteenth To Twenty First Century Philosophy

### Part II: The problem of consciousness

* What needs to be explained: the description and definition of phenomenal consciousness
* The conflict - where, when and what?
** The regression argument
** The subject-object paradox
** The homunculus argument
** Phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness
** Direct Realism
** Indirect Realism
** Dualism
** Idealism
** Panpsychism
* Breaking down the philosophical and scientific problems
** The philosophical problem of phenomenal consciousness
** Epiphenomenalism and the problem of change
** The problem of time
** The problem of space
** The problem of qualia
** Elementary Information and Information Systems Theory
*** Classification, signs, sense, relations, supervenience etc.
** Qualia and Information
*** Absent and fading qualia
*** Putnam's twin earth thought experiment
*** The Inverted Qualia Argument
*** The Knowledge Argument
** The problem of machine and digital consciousness
* Measurement in physics and the preferred basis problem

### Part III: Neuroscience of consciousness

* The neuroscience of consciousness
** Introduction
** The substrate of experience
** Neuroanatomy
** Topological mapping and cortical columns
* The neurophysiology of sensation and perception
** Vision
** Depth perception
* The cortex and thalamus
** The cortex and consciousness
** Perception, Imagination, Memory and Dreams
** More about Models
** Blindsight
** The Role of the Thalamus
** General Anaesthesia and the Thalamus
** The function of consciousness
* Perceptual "filling in"
* Rivalries and synchronisation
** Binocular Rivalry, Pattern Rivalry and Binocular Fusion
** Synchronisation of Neural Processes
** EEG and synchronisation
** Event related potentials
** The integration delay
* Global Workspace Theory
* The "cognitive map" and the neural basis of perceptual space
* Behaviourism And Consciousness
* Models Of Access Consciousness
** Neural networks
** Quantum information processing

### Part IV: Explanations of Consciousness

* Contemporary explanations of consciousness
** The identity theory of mind
*** Scientific theories
** Functionalism
** Dualism
** Intentionalism
** Higher order thought
** Eliminativism
** Mysterianism
** Idealism and panpsychism
* Other explanations of consciousness
** Consciousness-only
** BioPsychoSociology Model 1 BPS Model

### Appendices

Some physical science for consciousness studies:
* Ontology of Newtonian physics: kinetic energy and magnetism
* The origin of the metric tensor
* Action, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics
* Index
* Notes for the Contributors
* Contributors
# Consciousness Studies/Behaviourism And Consciousness

References
* Behaviourism. Graham, G. (2002) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* Watson, J.B. (1907) Studying the Mind of Animals The World Today, 12, 421-426.
* Watson, J.B. (1913) Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177
* Lektorsky, V.A. (1980)Subject Object Cognition.
* Vygotsky L.S. (1925) “Consciousness as a problem in the psychology of behavior” Undiscovered Vygotsky: Etudes on the pre-history of cultural-historical psychology (European Studies in the History of Science and Ideas. Vol. 8), pp. 251-281
* Gibson, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin
* Gibson, J. J.(1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin
* Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin.
# Choose Your Own Pyventure/Example of Not Right Code for CYOA

When looking at the following code, try to answer these questions:
* What is wrong with this code?
* What are some ways to fix it?
* What is it doing right and what is the big picture about how to put this all together?
* If you copy and paste and save it as a .py file and run it from the command line, what happens? Why?
# Choose Your Own Pyventure/Random and PRNGs

How can a computer make a random number? There are sources of (probably) true randomness in the world of natural phenomena, such as radioactive decay, but most computers don't use them. Instead computers rely on mathematical functions that produce pseudorandom numbers, called Pseudorandom Number Generators (PRNGs).
Given the last generated number, and some configuration parameters (collectively, the state), they deterministically generate another number. In a good PRNG, these numbers will appear unpredictable, unless you know the 'secret sauce' (the state of the generator). For most purposes, pseudorandom is good enough.
As it turns out, the Python random module, uses a good PRNG called the Mersenne Twister. When you ask for a random number, the Twister generates the next in its series. If you asked for enough numbers, they would repeat.
Astute readers might see a flaw in this plan. How does it figure out the first number to start generating from? As it turns out, Python seeds the generator with some combination of the time, the machine name, yesterday's baseball scores, Hollywood box office receipts, and other unlikely to repeat arcana.
Let's explore the random module a bit. Along the way, we'll learn about range, for loops and the seed.
* ↑ 2^(19937 − 1) or 4.3 x 10e6001, which is a lot.
* ↑ Actually, I don't know how it seeds it, but it is likely to use things like the time, MAC addresses, IP address and other unique-ish things
# Choose Your Own Pyventure/Wandering Grue

Functions Case Study: Wandering Grue
Let's say you'd like to have a wandering Grue in your Mysterious House that randomly pops up in a room (or rooms).
One way to do this is to make a function that decides whether the Grue is in the room or not:
Test Frameowrk
Later in our complete code, we will see code similar to:
Here we introduce a new python data type: boolean. Python booleans can take two values True and False. These code fragments are
equivalent:
The "if" syntax implies if predicate is True. In Python, most things evaluate to True, except: None, False, 0 (0.0, etc.), empty strings, zero-length lists, dicts, and few other oddities.
Variation 1: not very random
Our not very random grue always appears.
Exercise: Make the reverse -- a grue that never appears. The signature of the function should be grue_never -> False
Variation 2: the 50/50 Grue
So what does the random_grue function do? Let's try it. In the Python interpreter:
The first command is to import the random module, the second is to define the function and the third is to actually call the function. The 1 is the return of the function. You may get a 1 or a 0 depending on the number random generated. (Hint: try running it several times)
> A digression on pseudorandom numbers, and tips for getting the same ones every time!
Variation 2: the Moody Grue
Note that we simplified down the function quite a bit by returning the boolean value directly (especially in 'grue_moody2'), rather than doing any conditional logic to get a 1 or 0. Also notices that we specified a default value for the argument cutoff.
Exercises
* Predict the behaviour of these functions calls. Then try them.
** grue_moody
** grue_moody(-1)
** grue_moody(1)
** grue_moody("a")
** grue_moody([1,2,3])
* Fix the code so that it prints an angry message and returns None if n is outside the interval (0,1).
* try help(grue_moody). What do you see?
* what are the types of random, random.random, random.random
Variation 3: the location, location, location Grue
In our final variation, we want a grue that:
* has different percentages of appearing based on which page
* should have zero chance of appearing in the main room "foyer"
* should have a default chance of appearing of 5% in rooms that aren't otherwise described
Exercises

## References

* ↑ http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing
# Choose Your Own Pyventure/Additional Resources
## Additional Resources
### Python

* In the Python command line, type help
* Online Books
** Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist by Allen Downey
** Dive Into Python by Mark Pilgrim
* Python Documentation
** Guido's original tutorial
** index of all Python modules in the Standard Library (i.e., come bundled with Python)
* wikibooks about Python. Of particular quality:
** Think Python
* Stack Overflow -- read and answer programming related questions.
** Newest 'Python' 'Beginner' questions
** Newest Python Questions
* Doug Hellmann's Python Module of the Week
* http://showmedo.com/videos/python - video tutorials
* Invent Your Own Computer Games With Python -- one of the inspirations for this book
* Programmer's Competency Matrix

### Hacker Culture

* The Hacker Jargon File -- Hacking culture has a long and um, checkered storied history. There are lots of expressions, like grok that pepper programmer talk.

## References

* ↑ Guido: Guido van Rossum, creator of Python, and Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL) of the Python project
* ↑ stack overflow: jargon. a famous class of programming error.