OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Economic Sophisms/200

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"JOHN: We have every sign by which the public satisfaction can be testified. The nation, following the lead of Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Russell, have given Rowland Hill, in true British fashion, substantial marks of the public gratitude. Even the poorer classes testify their satisfaction by sealing their letters with wafers bearing this inscription: "Public gratitude for postal reform" The leaders of the Anti-Corn-Law League have proclaimed aloud in their place in Parliament that without cheap postage thirty years would have been required to accomplish their great undertaking, which had for object the removal of duties on the food of the poor. The officers of the Board of Trade have declared it unfortunate that the English coin does not admit of a still greater reduction! What more proofs would you have?
JACQUES: But the Treasury?
JOHN: Do not the Treasury and the public sail in the same boat?
JACQUES: Not quite. And then, is it quite clear that our postal system has need to be reformed?
JOHN: That is the question. Let us see how matters now stand. What is done with the letters that are put into the post-office?
JACQUES: The routine is very simple. The postmaster opens the letter-box at a certain hour, and takes out of it, say, a hundred letters.
JOHN: And then?
JACQUES: Then he inspects them one by one. With a geographical table before him, and a letter-weigher in his hand, he assigns each letter to its proper category, according to weight and distance. There are only eleven postal zones or districts, and as many degrees of weight.
JOHN: That constitutes simply 121 combinations for each letter.
JACQUES: Yes; and we must double that number, because the, letter may, or may not, belong to the service rural.
JOHN: There are, then, 24,200 things to be inquired into with reference to every hundred letters. And how does the postmaster then proceed?
JACQUES: He marks the weight on one corner of the letter, and the postage in the middle of the address, by a hieroglyphic agreed upon at headquarters.
# Economic Sophisms/203

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"JACQUES: What remains is to pay the postage. The servant is sent to the grocer for change. After a delay of twenty minutes he returns, and the postman is at length set free, and rushes from door to door, to go through the same ceremony at each.
JOHN: Go on.
JACQUES: He returns to the post-office. He counts and recounts with the postmaster. He returns the letters refused, and gets repayment of his advances for these. He reports the objections of the parties with reference to weight and distance.
JOHN: Go on.
JACQUES: The postmaster has to refer to the registers, letter-bags, and special slips, in order to make up an account of the letters which have been refused.
JOHN: Go on, if you please.
JACQUES: I am thankful I am not a postmaster. We now come to accounts in dozens and scores at the end of the month; to contrivances invented not only to establish, but to check and control a minute responsibility, involving a total of 50 millions of francs, made up of postages amounting on an average to 43 centimes each (less than 4½d.), and of 116 millions of letters, each of which may belong to one or other of 242 categories.
JOHN: A very complicated simplicity truly! The man who has resolved this problem must have a hundred times more genius than your Mons. Piron or our Rowland Hill.
JACQUES: Well, you seem to laugh at our system. Would you explain yours to me?
JOHN: In England, the government causes to be sold all over the country, wherever it is judged useful, stamps, envelopes, and covers at a penny apiece.
JACQUES: And after that?
JOHN: You write your letter, fold it, put it in the envelope, and throw it into the post-office.
JACQUES: And after that?
JOHN: "After that"—why, that is the whole affair. We have nothing to do with distances, bulletins, registers, control, or accounting; we have no money to give or to receive, and no concern with hieroglyphics, discussions, interpretations, etc., etc.
# Economic Sophisms/204

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"JACQUES: Truly this is very simple. But is it not too much so? An infant might understand it. But such reforms as you describe stifle the genius of great administrators. For my own part, I stick to the French mode of going to work. And then your uniform rate has the greatest of all faults. It is unjust.
JOHN: How so?
JACQUES: Because it is unjust to charge as much for a letter addressed to the immediate neighbourhood, as for one which you carry three hundred miles.
JOHN: At all events you will allow that the injustice goes no further than to the extent of a penny.
JACQUES: No matter—it is still injustice.
JOHN: Besides, the injustice, which at the outside cannot extend beyond a penny in any particular case, disappears when you take into account the entire correspondence of any individual citizen who sends his letters sometimes to a great distance and sometimes to places in the immediate vicinity.
JACQUES: I adhere to my opinion. The injustice is lessened—infinitely lessened, if you will; it is inappreciable, infinitesimal, homœopathic; but it exists.
JOHN: Does your government make you pay dearer for an ounce of tobacco which you buy in the Rue de Clichy than for the same quantity retailed on the Quai d'Orsay?
JACQUES: What connexion is there between the two subjects of comparison?
JOHN: In the one case as in the other, the cost of transport must be taken into account. Mathematically, it would be just that each pinch of snufif should be dearer in the Rue de Clichy than on the Quai d'Orsay by the millionth part of a farthing.
JACQUES: True; I don't dispute that it may be so.
JOHN: Let me add, that your postal system is just only in appearance. Two houses stand side by side, but one of them happens to be within, and the other just outside, the zone or postal district. The one pays a penny more than the other, just equal to the entire postage in England. You see, then, that with you injustice is committed on a much greater scale than with us.
JACQUES: That is so. My objection does not amount to much; but the loss of revenue still remains to be taken into account.
# Economic Sophisms/201

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"JOHN: And then?
JACQUES: He stamps the letters, and arranges them in ten parcels corresponding with the other post-offices with which he is in communication. He adds up the total postages of the ten parcels.
JOHN: And then? JACQUES: Then he enters the ten sums in a register, with counterfoils. JOHN: And then? JACQUES: Then he writes a letter to each of his ten correspondent postmasters, telling them with what sums he debits them. JOHN: And if the letters are prepaid? JACQUES: Then, I grant you, the service becomes somewhat complicated. He must in that case receive the letter, weigh it, and consign it to its proper category as before, receive payment and give change, select the appropriate stamp among thirty others, mark on the letter its number, weight, and postage; transcribe the full address, first in one register, then in a second, then in a third, then on a detached slip; wrap up the letter in the slip; send the whole, well secured by a string, to the correspondent postmaster; and enter each of these details in a dozen columns, selected from fifty other columns, which indicate the letter-bag in which prepaid letters are put.
JOHN: And all this for forty centimes (4d.)!
JACQUES : Yes, on an average.
JOHN: I see now that the despatch of letters is simple enough. Let us see now what takes place on their arrival.
JACQUES: The postmaster opens the post-bag.
JOHN: And then?
JACQUES: He reads the ten invoices of his correspondents.
JOHN: And after that?
JACQUES: He compares the totals of the invoices with the totals brought out by each of the ten parcels of letters.
JOHN: And after that?
JACQUES: He brings the whole to a grand total to find out with what sum, en bloc, he is to debit each letter-carrier.
JOHN: And after that ?
JACQUES: After that, with a table of distances and Template:Hws
# Economic Sophisms/202

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"Template:Hwe in hand, he verifies or rectifies the postage of each letter.
JOHN: And after that?
JACQCTES: He enters in register after register, and in column after column, the greater or less results he has found.
JOHN: And after that?
JACQUES He puts himself in communication with the ten postmasters, his correspondents, to advise them of errors of 10 or 20 centimes (a penny or twopence).
JOHN: And then?
JACQUES: He collects and arranges all the letters he has received, to hand them to the postman.
JOHN: And after that?
JACQUES: He states the total postages that each postman is charged with.
JOHN: And after that?
JACQUES: The postman verifies, or discusses, the signification of the hieroglyphics. The postman finally advances the amount, and sets out.
JOHN: Go on.
JACQUES: The postman goes to the party to whom a letter is addressed, and knocks at the door. A servant opens. There are six letters for that address. The postages are added up, separately at first, then altogether. They amount to 2 francs 70 centimes (2s. 3d.).
JOHN: Go on.
JACQUES: The servant goes in search of his master. The latter proceeds to verify the hieroglyphics. He mistakes the threes for twos and the nines for fours. He has doubts about the weights and distances. In short, he has to ask the postman to walk upstairs, and on the way he tries to find out the signatures of the letters, thinking it may be prudent to refuse some of them. JOHN: Go on. JACQUES: The postman when he has got upstairs pleads the cause of the post-office. They argue, they examine, they weigh, they calculate distances—at length the party agrees to receive five of the letters, and refuses one. JOHN: Go on.
# Economic Sophisms/20

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"not an end, but a means; and that it would be absurd to reject the result for fear of doing injury to the means by which that result was accomplished. He would perceive that if he devotes two hours a day to providing for his wants, any circumstance (machinery, fertility, gratuitous gift, no matter what) which saves him an hour of that labour, the result remaining the same, puts that hour at his disposal, and that he can devote it to increasing his enjoyments; in short, he would see that to save labour is nothing else than progress.
But exchange disturbs our view of a truth so simple. In the social state, and with the separation of employments to which it leads, the production and consumption of a commodity are not mixed up and confounded in the same individual. Each man comes to see in his labour no longer a means but an end. In relation to each commodity, exchange creates two interests, that of the producer and that of the consumer; and these two interests are always directly opposed to each other.
It is essential to analyze them, and examine their nature.
Take the case of any producer whatever, what is his immediate interest? It consists of two things: 1st, that the fewest possible number of persons should devote themselves to his branch of industry; 2dly, that the greatest possible number of persons should be in quest of the article he produces. Political economy explains it more succinctly in these terms, Supply very limited, demand very extended; or in other words still, Competition limited, demand unlimited.
What is the immediate interest of the consumer? That the supply of the product in question should be extended, and the demand restrained.
Seeing, then, that these two interests are in opposition to each other, one of them must necessarily coincide with social interests in general, and the other be antagonistic to them.
But which of them should legislation favour, as identical with the public good—if, indeed, it should favour either?
To discover this, we must inquire what would happen if the secret wishes of men were granted.
In as far as we are producers, it must be allowed that the desire of every one of us is anti-social. Are we vine-dressers? It would give us no great regret if hail should shower down on
# Economic Sophisms/205

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"Here I ceased to listen to the two interlocutors. It turned out, however, that Jacques Bonhomme was entirely converted; for some days afterwards, the Report of M. Vuitry having made its appearance, Jacques wrote the following letter to that honourable legislator:—
Template:Dent
"MONSIEUR,—Although I am not ignorant of the extreme discredit into which one falls by making oneself the advocate of an absolute theory, I think it my duty not to abandon the cause of a uniform rate of postage, reduced to simple remuneration for the service actually rendered.
"My addressing myself to you will no doubt be regarded as a good joke. On the one side appears a heated brain, a closet-reformer, who talks of overturning an entire system all at once and without any gradual transition; a dreamer, who has never, perhaps, cast his eye on that mass of laws, ordinances, tables, schedules, and statistical details which accompany your report,—in a word, a theorist. On the other appears a grave, prudent, moderate-minded legislator, who has weighed, compared, and shown due respect for the various interests involved, who has rejected all systems, or, which comes to the same thing, has constructed a system of his own, borrowed from all the others. The issue of such a struggle cannot be doubtful.
"Nevertheless, as long as the question is pending, every one has a right to state his opinions. I know that mine are sufficiently decided to expose me to ridicule. All I can expect from the reader of this letter is not to throw ridicule away (if, indeed, there be room for ridicule), before, in place of after, having heard my reasons.
"For I, too, can appeal to experience. A great people has made the experiment. What has been the result? We cannot deny that that people is knowing in such matters, and that its opinion is entitled to weight.
"Very well, there is not a man in England whose voice is not in favour of postal reform. Witness the subscription which has been opened for a testimonial to Mr Rowland Hill. Witness
the manner in which John Bull testifies his gratitude. Witness
# Economic Sophisms/198

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"
WE expected some time ago to see our representative machinery produce an article quite new, the manufacture of which had not as yet been attempted—namely, the relief of the taxpayer.
All was expectation. The experiment was interesting, as well as new. The motion of the machine disturbed nobody. In this respect, its performance was admirable, no matter at what time, in what place, or under what circumstances it was set agoing.
But as regarded those reforms which were to simplify, equalize, and lighten the public burdens, no one has yet been able to find out what has been accomplished.
It was said: You shall soon see; wait a little; this popular result involves the labours of four sessions. The year 1842 gave us railways; 1846 is to give us the reduction of the salt-tax and of the rates of postage; in 1850 we are to have a reformation of the tariff and of indirect taxation. The fourth session is to be the jubilee of the taxpayer.
Men were full of hope, for everything seemed to favour the experiment. The Moniteur had announced that the revenue would go on increasing every quarter, and what better use could be made of these unlooked-for returns than to give the villager a little more salt to his eau tiéde, and an additional letter now and then from the battle-field, where his son was risking his life?
But what has happened? Like the two preparations of sugar which are said to hinder each other from crystallizing, or the Kilkenny cats, which fought so desperately that nothing remained of them but their tails, the two promised reforms have swallowed up each other. Nothing remains of them but the tails; that is to say, we have projets de lois, exposés des motifs, reports, statistical returns, and schedules, in which we have the comfort of seeing our sufferings philanthropicaUy appreciated
and homœopathically reckoned up. But as to the reforms Template:Hws
# International Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/Bibliography
## Bibliography

Listed here are some of the publications used in the preparation of this catalog. Also used were the journals of the meter stamp collecting organizations listed under "Meter Stamp Collecting Societies" on the main page and also linkable here: Meter_Stamp_Collecting_Societies
* The International Postage Meter Stamp Catalog, by Joel Hawkins and Richard Stambaugh, 2005; self published, Goodyear, Arizona, and its Supplement, 2008.
* The Meter Postage Stamp Catalogue, by S.D. Barfoot and Werner Simon, 1953; Universal Postal Frankers Ltd., London, England.
* Catalogue des Affranchissements Mecaniques provenant des Machines Francaises, and Supplement, A.C.E.M.A. (Association des Collectionneurs d'Empreints de Machines a Affranchir).
* Gibbons Stamp Monthly, “GB Meter Franking History with a Future”, Jack Peach. Serialized May through December, 2001.
* Catalog of Meter Slogans, by Walter M. Swan; William R. Stewart, 9, S. Clinton Street, Chicago, Ill. (U.S.A.)
* The Meter Stamp Bulletin of the Meter Stamp Study Group of Great Britain. Editor A. A. Dewey, 46, Chester Drive, North Harrex, England.
* Meter Stamp Bulletin. Newfield, N.J., U.S.A.
* The Philometrist, monthly publication of the Philometer Society of Chicago, U.S.A.
* Frequent notes in “The Postage Stamp”, Walter M. Swan. Editor : Arthur L. Caraway, Bethany, Mo. U.S.A.
* Meter Stamps column in “Stamps”, Werner Simon. Published by H. L. Lindquist, 153, Waverly Place, New York 14, N.Y., U.S.A.
* Illustrierter Katalog der Barfteimachungs und Frankostempeln nach dem 8.5-1945, Curt Paul. Julius Muller, Berlin-Spandau Postfach 4. Contains an interesting section on provisional meter stamps used after the German defeat in World War 2.
* Classification of United States Postage Meter Prints, The Meter Stamp Society and Meter-Slogan Associates.
* Freistempel-Spezialkatalog Schweiz-Liechtenstein, Heiner Dürst, 1946.
* Spezialkatalog der Absenderfreistempel des Deutschen Reiches, by Heiner Dürst, 1944, and addendum 1949.
# British Indian Ocean Territory

* This British Protectorate is in the center of the Indian Ocean. Postage meters are used at a refueling station leased by the United States Navy on the island of Diego Garcia. The stamps are United States types with town mark containing “DIEGO GARCIA”.
* Until 1965 Diego Garcia was a dependency of Mauritius, and a commercial meter of Mauritius was reportedly used during that period with town mark “DIEGO-GARCIA”.
# British Virgin Islands

All stamps inscribed "BR. VIRGIN IS.” in the frank. The earliest seen is from 1976.
* 1. Neopost “405/505” (MV).      [$20]
* Square frank with single-line border.
* “BR. VIRGIN IS” and “POSTAGE PAID” vertical outside border at left and right of frank.
* Crown above value figures.
* Two meters seen, 002 and 010.
* TM: BIC
* V/F:      000      00•00
* 2. Neopost “205” and “2205” (MV).      [$20]
* As Type 1 but much narrower frank.
* Meters 003, 005, 006 and 008 seen.
* Meter 008 has tall date figures (Model “205”) while the others have short date figures (Model “2205”).
* TM: BIC
* V/F:      0.00
# How to Ace FYLSE/June 2002 Exam
## Introduction

There is an extra criminal law question.
* June 2002

## Torts
### Fact Summary
### Fact Summary

A visitor is mugged and sues the mugger, the village, the gallery and the inn.

### Outline
##### P v. D1

* assault
* battery
* trespass to chattels
* conversion

##### P v. D2

* Negligence
* special duty- land occupier

##### P v. D3

* Negligence

##### P v. D4

* Negligence
* assumption of risk
* comparative negligence
* contribution

## Criminal Law
### Fact Summary
##### Q1. Gasoline Murder

At the gas station, D found her lover cheating and sprained gasoline over V. V accidentally burned to death.

##### Q2. Fire Insurance

D1 solicited D2 to have D3 commit arson for insurance fraud. V died in the process. D1 and D2 don't proceed with the fraud.

### Outline
##### Q1. Gasoline Murder

* Assault
* Battery
* Murder(first and second degrees)
    causation(actual and proximate causes)
* Voluntary manslaughter
* Involuntary manslaughter

##### Q2. Fire Insurance

State v. D1
* solicitation
* Conspiracy
    Pinkerton's Rule
* Attempted Insurance Fraud
* Arson
* Murder
State v. D2
* Conspiracy
* Solicitation
* Attempted Insurance
* Arson
* Murder
State v. D3
* Conspiracy
* Attempted Insurance Fraud
* Arson
* Murder
# How to Ace FYLSE/June 2006 Exam
## Introduction

* June 2006

## Torts
### Fact Summary
### Outline

NEGLIGENCE Duty
Breach Actual cause Proximate cause DEFENSES COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE ASSUMPTION OF THE RISK STRICT LIABILITY DUTY McPhersen v. Buick Breach Design Defect Warning Defect Manufacturing Defect 2. MILK CONSUMERS (MC) v. FARMER JONES PRODUCTS LIABILITY NEGLIGENCE Duty Proximate cause STRICT LIABILITY IN TORT Duty Defined Supra. DEFENSES ASSUMPTION OF THE RISK WARRANTY MILK CONSUMERS v. BIG FOOD PRODUCTS LIABILITY NEGLIGENCE STRICT LIABILITY DEFENSES FOR STRICT LIABILITY WARRANTY

## Criminal Law

State v. D1 Conspiracy Aggravated Assault Aggravated Battery Burglary Attempted Murder
Defenses Defense of others Adequate Provocation
State v. D2 Solicitation Conspiracy
# How to Ace FYLSE/June 2004 Exam
## Introduction

* June 2004

## Torts
### Fact Summary
### Outline

* thin skull plaintiff
* res ipsa loquitur
* invitee
Products Strict Liability proper plaintiff proper defendant
Defective manufacturing defect design defect warning
Negligence MacPhersonv. Buick Motor Co. Contributory negligence comparative negligence
indemnity
Jun 2004 A v. B trespass to chattels conversion D: necessity
Negligence fire truck
B. v. A negligence duty foreseeable plaintiff? brakes contributory negligence comparative negligence

## Criminal Law
### Outline

State v. D1
* Conspiracy to commit robbery
    Pinkerton rule
* Burglary of store
    common law
    modern statutory
State v. D2
* Kidnapping
* Battery
* Murder/2nd degree
* Voluntary manslaughter
* Attempted murder
* intoxication
# How to Ace FYLSE/June 2005 Exam
## Introduction

* June 2005

## Torts

0605

### Fact Summary

Delivery Man hit a car and left a package which causes an injury to a person. He also fails to warn a speeding car.

### Outline

P v. D Negligence Duty Standard of care Hand's Formula Breach Causation
Assumption of risk Contributory negligence Comparative negligence

## Criminal Law
### Outline

* attempted robbery
* attempted larceny
* attempted murder
* arson
* attempted arson
* impossibility