OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# World Stamp Catalogue/Bolivia
## Bolivia

* Postage stamps and postal history of Bolivia
# World Stamp Catalogue/Boyacá
## Boyacá (Columbia)

* Postage stamps of Boyacá
# World Stamp Catalogue/British Antarctic Terr

The quantity of water released by the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean is enormous: up to 300,000 cubic metres per second (11,000,000 cu ft/s) in the rainy season, with an average of 209,000 cubic metres per second (7,400,000 cu ft/s) from 1973 to 1990.[8] The Amazon is responsible for about 20% of the Earth's fresh water entering the ocean.[6] The river pushes a vast plume of fresh water into the ocean. The plume is about 400 kilometres (250 mi) long and between 100 and 200 kilometres (62 and 124 mi) wide. The fresh water, being lighter, flows on top of the seawater, diluting the salinity and altering the color of the ocean surface over an area up to 1,000,000 square miles (2,600,000 km2) in extent. For centuries ships have reported fresh water near the Amazon's mouth yet well out of sight of land in what otherwise seemed to be the open ocean.[4]
# World Stamp Catalogue/Botswana
## Botswana

* Postage stamps and postal history of Botswana
# World Stamp Catalogue/Brazil
## Brazil

* Postage stamps and postal history of Brazil
# World Stamp Catalogue/Bhutan
## Bhutan

* Postage stamps and postal history of Bhutan
# World Stamp Catalogue/Bolívar
## Bolí­var

* Postage stamps and postal history of Bolí­var
# World Stamp Catalogue/Bosnia and Herzegovina
## Bosnia & Herzegovina

* Postage stamps and postal history of Bosnia & Herzegovina
# World Stamp Catalogue/Neuchâtel (Switzerland)

    See also: World Stamp Catalogue/Switzerland
Revenue stamps of the canton and city of Neuchâtel (Switzerland), by type.

## Canton of Neuchâtel

The Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel is a canton of French-speaking western Switzerland. In 2007, its population was 169,782. The capital is city of Neuchâtel. Stamps were issued for 6 different purposes. Special issues exist.

### Court taxes

Arms of Neuchâtel.

#### 1879

Perforated 11 (A), 11.5 (B) or 12.75-13 (C). Stamps watermarked with 2 or 3 letters of 'ANNONAY', exist (a).
* 50c used (C)

#### 1879

Imperforate (A), perforated 11.5 (B) or 12.75-13 (C). Stamps with a watermark depicting a beaver, exist.
* 10c used (C)
* 25c used (C)
* 30c used (C)
* 10c used (bC)
* 70c used (C)
* 80c used (B)
* 1Fr used (C)
* 1.50Fr used (C)
* 2Fr used (C)

#### 1879, special issue

Imperforate.
* 10c
* 25c
* 30c
* 50c
* 80c
* 1Fr

#### 1890

Perforated 11.5 (A), 11.75 (B) or 12.75-13 (C).
* 20c used (C)

#### 1925

Redrawn. Perforated 10.75-12 (A), 11.25 (B) or 11.5 (C).
* 50c used (C)
* 60c used (C)
* 80c used (B)
* 80c used (C)
* 1Fr used (C)
* 1.50Fr used on fragment (C)

### Administrative tax
#### 1921

Perforated 10.5-10.75 (A), 11 (B), or 11.25 (C), 11.5 (D - most common) or mixed (E). 20c - 5Fr yellow (y) or white (w) paper.
* Gratis unused (D)
* Gratis unused (D)
* Gratis unused (D)
* 10c used (C)
* 20c used (D)
* 50c used (D-y)
* 50c used (D-w)
* 1Fr used (D-y)
* 1Fr used (D-w)
* 1.50Fr used (D-w)
* 1.80Fr used (D)
* 2Frs used (D-w)
* 3Frs used (D-w)
* 3Fr used (D-y)
* 3Fr used (D-w)
* 5Frs used (D-y)
* 5Frs used (D-w)
* 50c on 1929 permit to purchase arsenic

## City of Neuchâtel

Neuchâtel is the capital of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel on Lake Neuchâtel. Stamps were issued for communal tax from 1891 to 1975. Special issues exist.

### 1891 - c. 1930

* 1891, group 1, 50c
* 1930, group 6, 2Fr
* 1930, group 6, 3Fr
* c. 1930, group 7, 5Fr
* c. 1930, group 10, 60c - (B)

## Municipalities

There are the 31 municipalities of the canton of Neuchâtel, as of 2018., of which some issued revenue stamps.

## Chaux-de-Fonds, La

La Chaux-de-Fonds is a municipality in the canton of Neuchâtel. 60 different revenue stamps were issued from 1889.
* 1929 2Fr used on fragment

### Locle, Le

Le Locle is a municipality in the Le Locle District in the Canton of Neuchâtel. 22 different stamps were issued between 1892 and 1950.
* 1892, 5c unused
* 1892, 20c used
* 1892, 50c used
* 1892, 1Fr used

### Ponts-de-Martel, Les

Les Ponts-de-Martel is a municipality in the district of Le Locle in the canton of Neuchâtel. 14 different tax stamps were issued from 1892.
* 1892 group 1, 5c unused
* 1892 group 1, 20c used
* 1892 group 1, 50c used
* 1892 group 1, 1Fr used

## References

* ↑ "Liste officielle des communes de la Suisse - 01.01.2008". Office fédéral de la statistique. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
# Postzegels van Nederland
## 1852
### Aantal uitgaven

1

### Aantal zegels

3
| 1852 | Koning Willem III | Koning Willem III | Koning Willem III |
| Afbeelding | Catalogus Nummer | Omschrijving | Waarde |
| 5 cent - Blauw | 1 | 5 cent - Blauw | x |
| 10 cent - Rood | 2 | 10 cent - Rood | x |
| 15 cent - Oranje | 3 | 15 cent - Oranje | x |

## 1864 2e emissie
### Aantal uitgaven

1

### Aantal zegels

3
| 1852 | Koning Willem III | Koning Willem III | Koning Willem III |
| Afbeelding | Catalogus Nummer | Omschrijving | Waarde |
| 5 cent - Blauw | 4 | 5 cent - Blauw | x |
| 10 cent - Rood | 5 | 10 cent - Rood | x |
| 15 cent - Oranje | 6 | 15 cent - Oranje | x |
# World Stamp Catalogue/New Brunswick
## Canada

* Postage stamps and postal history of Canada
# World Stamp Catalogue/Newfoundland
## Canada

* Postage stamps and postal history of Canada
# World Stamp Catalogue/North America
## List of stamp-issuing entities in North America

* Canada – CAN
** British Columbia and Vancouver Island
** New Brunswick
** Newfoundland
** Nova Scotia
** Prince Edward Island
* Mexico – MEX
* United States – USA
# World Stamp Catalogue/New South Wales
## New South Wales

* Postage stamps and postal history of New South Wales
# World Stamp Catalogue/O
### O

* Oman
* Orange River Colony
# AQA Information and Communication Technology/ICT1/10.1 Knowledge, Information and Data
## What is data, information and knowledge?

Data -Data are raw facts or figures, or a set of values, facts, figures, measurements, records of transactions
Information -Information is data, which has been processed or converted to give it meaning
Knowledge -Knowledge is a “set of rules or concepts” used to interpret/make use of information
# AQA Information and Communication Technology/ICT4/Corporate IS Strategy

The IS strategy is part of the business strategy. The business strategy is a long-term plan showing where the business is going. It provides the long-term objectives for the business. Planning is very important for business survival.
A business strategy should consist of:
* The business objectives in the mission statement
* A SWOT analysis of the business (this shows the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a business)
* Substrategies for separate parts of the business (marketing, sales, operations, IS, etc.)
Obviously, we'll be focussing on the IS strategy. The IS strategy should be allocated resources and should be needs-led, not technology-led. (This means the IS strategy should be fulfilling the needs of the business, not just supplying the latest technology).
The IS strategy should consider:
* Resources
** People
** Technology
** Organisation
* Threats to the business (as identified in the SWOT analysis)

## Information flow

We can deduce 3 types of information flow in an organisation:
* Strategic
* Tactical
* Operational
Many organisations rely on a constant flow of information, both up and down the layers of hierarchy. Information can flow either:
* Formally (through meetings, etc.) – where the information flow is standardised and consistent
* Informally (phone calls, discussions over the water cooler, etc.) – this is where the information flow does not follow a set of rules and can be inconsistently distributed, and therefore unreliable.
How information is dealt with is dependent on where the end-user is in the hierarchy.
Unless information has a free flow, there can be constraints on the way the information flows and it could be limited.

## Personnel

As we discussed earlier on, most hierarchies can be broken down into 3 types.
As such, we have the following levels of the hierarchy making different decisions:
* Senior management make the strategic decisions
* Middle management make the tactical (or implementation) decisions
* The workers make the operational decisions.
Or, what we're going to do, how we're going to do it, and the specifics of production.
# AQA Information and Communication Technology/ICT2

How can data be captured?
manually by typing into the keyboard or capturing the data by some sort of automatic method such as OMR, OCR, Barcode reader or MICR.
Data is not just entered into the traditional computer (PC) but is used in many ways by other devices.
For example many areas use sensors to inform motorists that they are over the speed limit. These do not issue speeding ticket but act as a deterrent in order to reduce accidents. Motorways such as the M6 use an average speed limit calculation to issue tickets to motorist who slow down as they approach a speed camera but then increase their speed as they pass it. Traditional speed cameras used film to record a speeding car majority have now moved to digital meaning they can store many more images and do not need to be replaced.
# AQA Information and Communication Technology/ICT3

ICT 3 is a compulsory module in AQA AS syllabus. It is a coursework unit whereby candidates should approach a 'problem' that they can solve via the use of ICT software.

## Sections

The coursework unit is marked according to a number of different sections, listed below.

### Specification

In this section, the candidate is expected to explain the requirements of the end user and produce a list of requirements. At this state, they should also develop a test plan.

### Implementation

This is when the candidate should produce the working system that should meet the end users requirements, if designed correctly. This section should contain screen prints to document the candidates work, partly to prove that it is their own work.

### Testing

For this stage of the coursework the candidate is required to use their test plan, which may have been altered or extended as necessary for this stage, to test whether their system meets requirements of the user and functions properly. Testing generally includes the use of valid, invalid and extreme data.

### Evaluation

This is where the candidate should critically analyse their solution in accordance with the requirements of the end user- 'does the system do what the end user required?'.

### User Guide

The user guide section may vary greatly in its depth and layout depending on each individual's problem that they are solving. However, essentially the user guide is like an instruction manual for the end users of the candidates solution. It should include information on how the user should use the system as well as including a list of common problems, and how the user can solve them.
# AQA Information and Communication Technology/ICT4/Information and the Professional

ICT professionals should act ethically.
(That means no stealing software or hacking people, guys!)

## Codes of practice and conduct

This is defined by AQA after they contradicted themselves in previous specifications, so you're best referring there. (Can't copy the content due to their copyright restrictions).
# AQA Information and Communication Technology/ICT1

10.1 Knowledge, Information and Data
# AQA Information and Communication Technology/ICT4

ICT4 is assessed by a 2 hour written paper consisting of a series of short, structured questions and a longer essay question, making up 15% of the total A-Level marks. The UMS for this paper is 90 marks.
ICT4 aims to cover the subject of "Information Systems Within Organisations" and has 9 topics.
13.1 Organisational Structure 13.2 IS Within Organisations 13.3 Corporate IS Strategy 13.4 Information and Data 13.5 The Management of Change 13.6 Legal Aspects 13.7 User Support 13.8 Project Management 13.9 Information and the Professional
# A-level Computing/CIE/Advanced Theory/Hardware

* Specification link
* Logic Gates and Circuit Design
* produce truth tables for common logic circuits including half adders and full adders
* derive a truth table for a given logic circuit
* Boolean algebra
* show understanding of Boolean algebra
* show understanding of De Morgan’s Laws
* perform Boolean algebra using De Morgan’s Laws
* simplify a logic circuit/expression using Boolean algebra
* Karnaugh maps
* show understanding of Karnaugh maps
* show understanding of the benefits of using a Karnaugh map
* solve binary logic problems using Karnaugh maps
* Flip-flops
* show understanding of how to construct a flip-flop (SR and JK)
* describe the role of flip-flops as data storage elements
* Reduced instruction set computing processors (RISC)
* show understanding of the differences between reduced instruction set computing processors (RISC) and complex instruction set computing processors (CISC)
* show understanding of the importance/use of pipelining and registers in RISC processors
* show understanding of interrupt handling on CISC and RISC processors
* Parallel processing
* show awareness of the four basic computer architectures: single instruction, single data (SISD), single instruction, multiple data (SIMD), multiple instruction, single data (MISD), multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD)
* show awareness of the characteristics of massively parallel computers

## Flip-flops

Flip flops are an application of logic gates with the aim of creating memory.
SR Flip-flops
They can be formed using NAND or NOR gates.
JK Flip-flops
Modified SR type where the J & K inputs are the same as the S & R inputs. The values of Q and Q' are returned to inputs K & J respectively.

## RISC Processors
### CISC Processors

•Complex Instruction Set Computing
•Emphasis on hardware
•Transistors store complex instructions
•Executing a set of instructions may take more than one cycle
•Aim is to complete a task in as few lines as possible
•Processor is able to understand and execute a series of operations
•Has pre-defined instructions that allow processes to be more efficient e.g. using a MULTIPLY command that knows how to take 2 numbers and multiply them together
•Short code= less RAM required

### RISC Processors

•Reduced Instruction Set Computing
•Emphasis on software
•Executing a set of instructions only takes one cycle
•Aim is to complete cycles as fast as possible
•Simplified instructions e.g. using the MULTIPLY example, it would have to load the values to be multiplied, multiply them and then store the answer
•Longer sequences = more RAM required
•Can take advantage of pipelining
•Cheaper to produce due to needing fewer transistors
•RISC compliers are more complex as they generate extra instructions

## Parallel Processing
### Massively Parallel Computers

* This refers to a large number of processors.
* They all work together to process a program simultaneously.
* They all communicate with one another using a messaging interface.
# A-level Computing/CIE/Advanced Theory/Security

* Specification link
* Asymmetric keys and encryption methods
* show understanding of the terms: public key, private key, plain text, cipher text, encryption and asymmetric key cryptography
* show understanding of how the keys can be used to send a private message from the public to an individual/organisation\
* show understanding of how the keys can be used to send a verified message to the public
* Digital signatures and digital certificates
* show understanding of how a digital certificate is acquired
* show understanding of how a digital certificate is used to produce digital signatures
* Encryption protocols
* show awareness of the purpose of Secure Socket Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS)
* show awareness of the use of SSL/TLS in client-server communication
* show awareness of situations where the use of SSL/TLS would be appropriate
* Malware
* show understanding of malware: viruses, worms, spam, phishing, pharming
* describe vulnerabilities that the various types of malware can exploit
* describe methods that can be used to restrict the effect of malware
# A-level Computing/CIE/Computer systems, communications and software/Components of a computer system and modes of use/Types of hardware

Hardware components are often categorised as being either input, output, storage or processing components. Devices which are not an integral part of the CPU are referred to as being peripherals. Peripherals are usually used for either input, storage or output (such as a hard disk, keyboard or printer). A device does not necessarily have to be outside the same physical box as the CPU. The best example of this is the hard disk, which is a peripheral even though it is not usually housed within the main case.
Input devices are hardware devices which take information from the user of the computer system, convert it into electrical signals and transmit it to the processor. The primary function of input devices is to allow humans to interact with the computer system. For instance a mouse allows the user to control the movement of the pointer (a common element in user interface design).
Output devices take data from the computer system and convert it to a form that can be read by humans. For instance a monitor creates a visual electronic display to output information created by the processor to the user.
Processing devices are the components responsible for the processing of information within the computer system. This includes devices such as the CPU, memory and motherboard.
Storage devices are components which allow data to be stored within a computer system. This includes devices such as hard disk drives and compact disk drives.
Exercise: Types of hardware
How many different hardware components can you list? Label each one with the labels "input", "output", "processing" or "storage" as appropriate.
Answer:
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
keyboard
mouse
joystick
graphics tablet
trackball
touchpad
touchscreen
microphone
sensor
processor (CPU)
processor (GPU)
memory
motherboard
printer
monitor
touchscreen
plotter
speakers
headphones
motor
data projector
hard disk drive :
# A-level Computing/CIE/Advanced Theory/Monitoring and control systems

* Specification link
* show understanding of the difference between a monitoring system and a control system
* show understanding of the hardware (sensors, actuators) that are required to build these systems
* show understanding of the software requirements of these systems
* show understanding of the importance of feedback in a control system
* Bit manipulation to monitor and control devices
* show understanding of how bit manipulation can be used to monitor/control a device
* carry out bit manipulation operations: test a bit and set a bit (using bit masking) using the instructions from Section 1.4.3 and those listed below
* show understanding of how to make use of appropriate bit manipulation in a monitoring/control system
Please note that this section is likely to be moved to AS level in 2021.
# A-level Computing/CIE/Computer systems, communications and software/Components of a computer system and modes of use/Types of software

Software components of a computer system have no physical presence, they are stored in digital form within computer memory. There are different categories of software, including system software, utilities and applications software. Software can also be described as being either generic or bespoke.
System software is the software used to manage and control the hardware components and which allow interaction between the hardware and the other types of software. The most obvious type of system software is the computer's operating system but device drivers are also included within this category.
Utility software is software such as anti-virus software, firewalls, disk defragmenters and so on which helps to maintain and protect the computer system but does not directly interface with the hardware.
Applications software (also known as 'apps') are designed to allow the user of the system complete a specific task or set of tasks. They include programs such as web browsers, office software, games and so on. They are usually the reason you bought the computer system in the first place and aren't concerned with the management or maintenance of the system itself.
Any individual software package, whichever of the above types it falls into, can be either generic (or 'off-the-shelf') or it can be bespoke (custom-built). Generic software is mass produced with the intention that it will be used by a wide variety of different users in a range of different situations. Bespoke software is created for a specific purpose which will be used in a known environment.
Often generic software is used when there is a package available that meets the needs of the user. Because it is used by many more people the cost of creating it is spread over a greater number of people or organisations and so the cost to the individual is much lower. It also has the advantage that it is available immediately there's no waiting time involved while the software package is designed, created and tested. Bespoke software has the advantage that it can be tailor made to exact specifications but it significantly more expensive and will take time to create.
* Exercise: Types of software
* Create a table to show what software packages of each type are installed on your computer.
# Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth/Turnabout Visitor

Two figures are standing in what Ace Attorney veterans will recognize as Edgeworth's office. After a conversation between the two, one person shoots the other. As the camera pans up, we get a brief view of the murderer's face.

## Case Information

* Time of Crime: March 14, 1:16AM
* Location: High Prosecutors' Offices - Room 1202
* Victim: Buddy Faith
* Cause of death: Gunshot
* Murder weapon: Detective's Revolver

## Characters
### Prosecution Lawyer

Miles Edgeworth
The character you control in this game, Edgeworth is a prosecutor who strives for the truth. He is very intelligent and has very intimidating tactics of interrogation. He tends to be a bit of a perfectionist.

### Victim

Buddy Faith
A detective in this precinct, and the victim. Why was he killed?

### Suspects

Dick Gumshoe
Homicide detective at the local precinct. In charge of the initial investigation.
Maggey Byrde
Gumshoe knows her from when she was a police officer. She now works as a night-time security guard.

### Witness

Jacques Portsman
A high prosecutor with this prosecutors' office. He is a friend of Buddy Faith.

## Locations

* Prosecutor's Building - 12th Floor HallwayThis is the Hallway which leads to the Prosecutors' offices.Prosecutor's Building - 12th Floor Hallway This is the Hallway which leads to the Prosecutors' offices.
* High Prosecutors Offices - Room 1202This is the office of Prosecutor Edgeworth, and also where the victim is found.High Prosecutors Offices - Room 1202 This is the office of Prosecutor Edgeworth, and also where the victim is found.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Elaborated
## Description

The prefix of the 'Elaborated attribute must be a unit name. The value is a Boolean which indicates whether or not the given unit has been elaborated. This attribute is primarily intended for internal use by the generated code for dynamic elaboration checking, but it can also be used in user programs. The value will always be True once elaboration of all units has been completed. An exception is for units which need no elaboration, the value is always False for such units.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Epsilon
## Description

The Epsilon attribute is provided for compatibility with Ada 83. See the Ada 83 reference manual for an exact description of the semantics of this attribute.