OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ETD Guide/Training the Trainers/Initiatives and Projects

Collectives:
* NDLTD
** Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (http://www.ndltd.org/)
* Cyberthèses
** Université de Montréal (http://www.cybertheses.org/)
** Université de Lyon (http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/index.html)
** Universidad de Chile (http://www.cybertesis.cl/)
** Université de Genève (http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/)
* ADT
** Australian Digital Theses Program (http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/thesis/adt-ADT/info/info.html)
* Dissertationen Online (http://www.educat.hu-berlin.de/diss_online/)
* Humboldt University of Berlin (http://dochost.rz.hu-berlin.de/epdiss/))
* Duisburg University (http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/dissonline/eindex.html)
* Oldenburg University (http://elfikom.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/dissonline/olengl.html)
* Erlangen University
* Göttingen University
* The Joint Electronic Theses & Dissertations Project (http://www.fis.utoronto.ca/etd/)
* University of Toronto (http://www.cybertheses.org/)
* York University (http://www.univ-lyon2.fr/sentiers/edition/)
* Individual university projects:
** Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin [Germany]
*** Projekt Digitale Dissertationen der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (http://dochost.rz.hu-berlin.de/epdiss/)
** Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) [United States]
*** Electronic Theses and Dissertations Initiative (http://etd.vt.edu/)
** North Carolina State University [United States]
*** ETD Electronic Theses & Dissertations (http://www2.acs.ncsu.edu/grad/ETD/)
** West Virginia University [United States]
*** Electronic Theses and Dissertations (http://www.wvu.edu/~thesis/)
** Massachusetts Institute of Technology [United States]
*** MIT Theses Online (http://theses.mit.edu/)
** University of South Florida [United States]
*** Electronic Theses and Dissertations (http://www.lib.usf.edu/virtual/etd/)
** Université de Montréal [Canada]
*** Cyberthèses (http://www.cybertheses.org/)
** Université de Lyon [France]
*** Cyberthèses (http://www.univ-lyon2.fr/sentiers/edition/)
** Universidad de Chile [Chile]
*** Cyberthèses (http://www.cybertesis.cl/)
** Université de Genève [Switzerland]
*** Cyberdocuments (http://www.unige.ch/cyberdocuments/)
Add for Collectives:
* (http://elfikom.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/dissonline/PhysDis/dis_europe.html) PhysDis - a large collection of Physics Theses of Universities across Europe
* (http://www.iwi-iuk.org/dienste/TheO/) TheO - a collection of theses of different fields of 43 Universities in Germany, in as much as the Theses do contain Metadata.
* (http://MathNet.preprints.org/) MPRESS - a large collection of European Mathematical Theses. Which also contains the next entry as a subset.
* (http://mathdoc.ujf-grenoble.fr/Harvest/brokers/prepub/query.html#math-prepub) Index nationaux prépublications, thèses et habilitations - a collection of theses in France in Mathematics
Next Section: Guidelines and Tutorials for ETDs
# Chemistry Friends

This book outlines the content students are expected to know in Alberta Education Chemistry 20 (11th grade) Chemistry. Though much of its content will appear in other related Chemistry wikibooks, this Chemistry book will organize it and include the principles required in this particular curriculum.
Matter Chemical Bonding Gases Solutions Acids and Bases Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Changes

## Contents

* Scientific Method applied to Chemistry
* Matter
* Chemical Bonding
* Gases
* Solutions
* Acids and Bases
* Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Changes
# Standards
## STP

STP is an acronym for "Standard Temperature and Pressure". STP is 100 degrees Celcius, or 373 degrees Kalvin, and 101.3 kPa.

## SATP

SATP is an acronym for " Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure", which is, simply put, room temperature. It is 25 degrees Celsius (298 degrees Kalvin), and 100 kPa.
# Ionic bonds

An Ionic bond is a bond where one element give away electrons to another element. This makes one element positively charged and the other negatively charged. Ions are elements who have gotten rid of or gained electrons. For instance, sodium has one electron in its valiant cell. This electron is very inconvenient so the sodium just gets rid of the extra electron. Then, sodium has 11 protons and 10 elections. This makes sodium 1+.

## polyatomic ions

These are ions that work together like one ion. If you had NaNO$_3$, The Na would have bonded with NO$_3$ and not three Os and an N. This is because these elements work together lie one ion.

## Ions of Multi-Valiant Metals

When working with an ion that can have different numbers of protons, the valences need to be taken into account. If you have an iron oxide compound, it could either be FeO or Fe$_2$O$_3$. When the iron has a charge of 2+, then it bonds with the oxygen (which has a charge of 2-) with one of each. This makes FeO. If the iron has a charge of 3+, then it has to from with the oxygen with two irons and three oxygens. Thus creating Fe$_2$O$_3$.

# Covalent bonds

Covalent bonds are elements that borrow electrons. Oxygen needs two more electrons to fill his valiant shell. When he bonds with another oxygen he solves this problem. The first oxygen borrows two of the second oxygen's electrons some of the time and the second oxygen uses two of the first oxygen's electrons. This isn't as strong of a bond as an ionic bond.

## polar covalent bonds

When oxygen forms with two hydrogens, it forms water. Oxygen is more negative than hydrogen. Since opposites attract and things with the same charge repel each other, the hydrogens are on opposite sides of the oxygen. The different poles on a covalent bond make it interact differently with other compounds like itself. When water is in liquid form, the molecules slip by without too much difficulty. The opposites of different compounds do attract a bit, but nothing crazy happens. However, when the compound freezes, something crazy happens! Usually elements bunch up together and become more dense than the liquid, but that is not the case with polar covalent bonds. The elements with the same charge refuse to be bunched together. Instead, they form this large, intricate matrix where the opposites touch but nothing else does. There is lots of empty space in between the elements so the solid is much less dense than the liquid. That is why ice floats in water and iron sinks in molten iron.
# Chemistry for Idiots, Humans and Rebels
## Mission

* To be a free text on Chemistry, comprehensive in the content.
* To make the best use of Wikimedia Commons
* Address the issues of students not being able to relate with the most basic of all concepts. (for idiots)
* To serve as the "Go To" text for all students serious about pursuing chemistry. (for humans)
* To establish a connection between textbook chemistry and real life and thereby motivating students to understand their takeaway from this course! (for rebels)

## Contents
### The Basics

** Periodic Table of Elements
** Mole Concept
# Chemistry Friends/Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Changes

In quantitative relationships, you can use a balanced chemical equation and knowledge about how much of a substance there is to find out what substance you will have too much of, what you will run out of and how much of a substance you will need. Limiting Reagent is the substance that runs out, and excess reagent is the substance you have leftovers of.

# Gravimetric Stoichimetry

Gavemeter is determining solid reactants by weight.

# Gas Stoichimetry

When using gas stoichmetry determine the amount of gas used by volume. The STP (standard temperature and pressure) is 22.4 L/mol. The SATP (standard ambient temperature and pressure) is 24.8 L/mol. A formula you can use with gas stochimetry is pv=nRT. 'p' is pressure, 'v' is volume, n is moles (not moler mass) 'R' is the constant (8.31 kPa×L/mol × Kalvin) and 'T' is the temperature in Kalvin. You use this formula to find any one of the reactants.

# Chemical Analysis By Titration(Solution Stoichimetry)

Titration is determining liquid reactants by mol/L. In titration, we know the concentration of one the reactants. One way of finding the concentration of one of the reactants is by adding the reactant with the known concentration to the reactant with the unknown concentration a little bit at a time using a buret. When the reactant with the unknown concentration fully reacts with the other reactant, you can check the buret to see how much known reactant you used. then look at the balanced chemical equation to calculate the concentration of the reactant.
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Cases/Drug Trafficking (Schedule III)
## Schedule III - MDMA / Ecstasy

high level dealers
* R. v. Ling, 2012 ONSC 654||ON ||SC|| 10 to 14 years || ||production and trafficking of Ketamine and MDMA
mid level dealers
| Case | Cite | Pv. | Ct. | Sentence | Amount |
| Regina v. Christie | 2009 BCPC 97 | BC | PC | 2 years | |
| R. v. Kaasa | 2008 ABPC 146 | AB | PC | 6 months | 21 ecstacy pills |
| R. v. C.B. | 2006 ABPC 167 | AB | PC | 2 years less a day CSO | marijuana, resin, valium, ecstacy |
| R. v. Toor | 2006 BCCA 347 | BC | CA | 32 month sentence | 500 pills of ecstasy |
| R. v. Gallant (2006) | 2006 NBQB 380 | NB | SC | 2 years less a day | 890 ecstasy pills |
| R. v. Sigurdson | 2005 CanLII 46573 (MB P.C.) | MB | PC | 3 months | 54 gr methamphetamine and 69 ecstasy pills |
| R. v. Russell & Grenfal | 2000 BCSC 27 | BC | SC | 4 years | 943 Ecstasy pills |
low level dealers
| Case | Cite | Sentence | Amount | Summary |
| R. v. Kaasa | 2008 ABPC 146 | 6 months | 21 pills in possession; sold 2 to undercover | some record; 27 years old |
| R. v. Idris | 2007 ABPC 211 | CD and 30 mo probation | 6 pills of ecstasy | summary conviction offence; crown sought 12 months CSO |
| R. v. Houle | 2007 ABCA 407 | 12 months imprisonment | | |
| R. v. Buzzell | 2006 ABQB 272 | 6 mo after 1.5 years remand credit | | 8 occasions of trafficking meth ranging from 3.5 grams to 5 ounces |
| R. v. Ferguson | 2005 ABPC 37 | 3.5 years | ecstasy and K | |
| R. v. Bercier (T.J.) | 2004 MBCA 51 | | | |
| R. v. Bedford | (2000) N.S.J. No. 277 (NSCA) | | | |
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Cases/Drug Production
## Schedule I
### Meth production

| Case | Cite | Sentence | Summary |
| R. v. Nguyen | 2011 ONSC 6229 | 5 years | age 23; also charged w arson; lab |
| R. v. Durette | 1992 CanLII 2779 (ON CA), (1992), 9 O.R. (3d) 557 | 5-9 years | biker gang-related |
| R. v. Lukaniuk | 1989 34 O.A.C. 321 (C.A.) | 6 years | lab |

## Schedule II
### Grow ops / Cultivation

| Case | Citation | Sentence | Amount | Summary |
| R. v. Nguyen | 2012 MBCA 72 | 2 years less a day | 690 plants | |
| R v Lo | 2012 SKQB 239 | 2 years less a day CSO | 572 plants | |
| R. v. St. Germain | 2012 ABCA 198 | 12 months | 2.2 pounds of plants | |
| R. v. Bick | 2012 ONCJ 233 | 1 year | 2,074 plants | |
| R. v. Konstantakis | 2011 BCPC 319 | 12 months | 1,216 plants | |
| R. v. Lam and Vo | 2011 BCPC 321 | 18 months | 1,264 marihuana plants | |
| R. v. Emonts | 2011 ONCJ 544 | 18 months CSO | 532 plants | |
| R. v. Chen | 2011 BCPC 297 | 12 mo CSO | 1,139 plants | gardener for a grow-op |
| R. v. Vu | 2011 BCPC 269 | 9 months | 786 plants | |
| R. v. Bi | 2011 BCCA 204 | 9 mo | | |
| R. v. Evers | 2011 BCCA 330 | 12 mo probation | | |
| R. v. Day | 2011 ONSC 1148 | 2 years less a day CSO | 3.9kg | 385g mushrooms and 27 g cocaine as well |
| R. v. Hann | 2011 NLTD 66 | 15 mo CSO | 4813.7 grams | limited record; joint recommendation |
| R. v. Horkoff | 2010 SKCA 79 | 30 months | 323 plants | |
| R. v. Giang | 2010 BCSC 1016 | 15 mo CSO | | |
| R. v. Hobbs | 2009 NSSC 258 | 30 mo jail | | |
| R. v. Wetherill | 2009 BCPC 356 | 18 mo CSO | | |
| R. v. Simpson | 2008 NSSC 57 | 1 day | | |
| R. v. Nannan | 2007 SKCA 50 | CSO | 237 plants | |
| R. v. Hoang | 2007 SKPC 19 | 2 years less CSO | 348 plants | |
| R. v. Tanasichuk | 2007 BCSC 1028 | 18 mo CSO | | |
| R. v. Siek | 2007 NSCA 23 | 2 years | | |
| R. v. Koenders | 2006 BCSC 1045 | 2 years less | | |
| R. v. Wong | 2005 NBQB 150 | 2 years | | |
| R. v. MacIvor | 2003 NSCA 60 | 4 months | | joint recommendation; lukemia; no record |
| R. v. McCurdy | 2002 NSCA 132 | 3 years | 500 plants | sophisticated operation |
| R. v. Shacklock | 2000 NSCA 120 | 18 months | 214 marijuana plants | |
| R. v. Brass | 2000 BCSC 988 | 12 mo CSO | | |
| R. v. Connolly | [1998] N.S.J. No. 375 | 14 months | million dollar grow-op | related record; on probation at time |
| R. v. Booth | 1996 CanLII 5020 (SK CA) | 3 years | 400 plants | |

## Schedule III - Meth

| Case | Cite | Sentence | Amount | Summary |
| R. v. Reid | 2008 NSPC 41 | 48 months | 30,000 ecstasy pills | before remand credit; |
| R. v. Iverson | 2007 BCCA 3 | 5 years | | ecstasy lab |
| R. v. Scott | 2006 BCSC 678 | 4 years | | ecstasy lab |
| R. v. Ma | 2005 BCSC 493 | 6 years | 76 kg of ecstasy | meth lab |
| R. v. Lau | 2003 SKPC 92 | 3 and 4 years | 100,000 pills of ecstasy | |
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Cases/Extortion

| Case | Citation | Sentence | Summary |
| R. v. Violette | 2013 BCCA 31 (CanLII) | 4 years | Offender also sentenced for possession of firearm (2 years). He was a member of the Hells Angels criminal organization. |
| R. v. Ste. Marie | 2009 ABCA 177 | 15 months | |
| R. v. Vonhiltgen | 2007 BCSC 601 | 9 months | extortion |
| R. v. Rode | 2007 ABCA 393 | 2 years less a day CSO | also charged with assault , unlawful confinement; Joint Rec sentence |
| R. v. R.L.B. | (1992), 131 A.R. 216 (Alta C.A.) | 9 months | age 47; offender threatened to publish sexually explicit photographs of his ex-wife to extort forgiveness of child support; appealed from 2 years; images acquired through trust |
| R. v. Li (Y.H.) | (1996), 184 A.R. 395 (Alta. C.A.) | 2.5 years | offender threatened serious bodily harm and death to the complainant, his wife and child, over 1.5 years, in order to extort $22,000; offender claimed to legitimately be owed the money. |
| R. v. Adrian | 2001 ABPC 40 | 4.5 years | offender entered the hotel room of the victim and demanded $700 owed for drugs; The offender and an accomplice took the victim to where they might get money; at each location, the victim was beaten for failing to get the money; victim taken back to hotel, beat him and stabbed him in hand |
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Cases/Drug Trafficking
## Schedule I - Cocaine, Opiates, etc

* Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Cases/Drug Trafficking (Schedule I)

## Schedule II - marijuana, hash, etc

* Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Cases/Drug Trafficking (Schedule II)

## Schedule III - MDMA, Ecstasy

* Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Cases/Drug Trafficking (Schedule III)

## Schedule IV

* Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Cases/Drug Trafficking (Schedule IV)
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Cases/Drug Possession
## Simple Possession

| Case | Citation | Sentence | Drug / Quant. | Comments |
| R. v. Collins | 2009 NJ No 61 | 3 months | 12.3 g cocaine | simple possession; valued at $80 to 100 / gram; |
| R. v. Kubbernus | 2008 ABQB 471 | 9 months | 7.3 grams of meth-amphetamine | |
| R. v. McClure | 2002 ABCA 304 | $1,000 fine | marijuana and cocaine | trial judge overturned Joint Recommendation gave jail sentence |
| R. v. Cote | 2002 BCCA 29 | 14 days | < 2 gr meth | long criminal record; no past drug offences |
| R. v. Gonzalez | 1990 BCCA 2019, 1990 CanLII 2019 | 3 months | 1/2 pound of cocaine | |

## Proceeds of Crime

* R. v. Daluro, 2011 ABCA 312 -- 6 months -- couriering $183k as part of drug dealing
# Dutch Empire/Suriname Independence

In 1954, under the "Statute of the Realm", the Netherlands, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles (at the time comprising Aruba) became a composite kingdom. The former colonies were granted autonomy save for certain matters including defense, foreign affairs and citizenship, which were the responsibility of the Realm. In 1969, unrest in Curaçao led to Dutch marines being sent to quell rioting. In 1973, negotiations started in Suriname for independence, and full independence was granted on November 25, 1975. Henk Arron became the first Prime Minister of Suriname. 60,000 immigrants took the opportunity of moving to the Netherlands because many feared Suriname could not survive as an independent country.
# Dutch Empire/Suriname and the Caribbean

The Dutch West India company was abolished in 1791, and its colonies in Suriname and the Caribbean brought under the direct rule of the state. The economies of the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean had been based on the smuggling of goods and slaves into Spanish America, but with the end of the slave trade in 1814 and the independence of the new nations of South and Central America from Spain, profitability rapidly declined. Dutch traders moved en masse from the islands to the United States or Latin America, leaving behind a small populations with little income and which required subsidies from the Dutch government. The Antilles were combined under one administration with Suriname from 1828 to 1845. Slavery was not abolished in the Dutch Caribbean colonies until 1863, long after those of Britain and France, though by this time only 6,500 slaves remained. In Suriname, slave holders demanded compensation from the Dutch government for freeing slaves, whilst in Sint Maarten, abolition of slavery in the French half in 1848 led slaves in the Dutch half to take their own freedom. In Suriname, after the abolition of slavery, Chinese workers were encouraged to immigrate as indentured labourers, as were Javanese, between 1890 and 1939.
# E-Commerce and E-Business
## Table of Contents

* Preface
* Introduction
* Concepts and Definitions
* E-Commerce Applications: Issues and Prospects
* E-Commerce in Developing Countries
* About the Author
* For Further Reading
* Notes
* Acknowledgment

## Information

This book is donated by UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) to the community. The original publication by:
Author: Zorayda Ruth Andam © UNDP-APDIP, 2003, 47 pages
ISBN 81-312-0076-6 Invalid ISBN ISBN 978-81-312-0076-6
is located at http://www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-ecom.pdf
This wikibook is available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution License 2.5

## Notes

Numbers that are just placed in the middle of the sentence are citations, and should be linked to the Notes page. Do not delete these citation numbers! Use the {{ecebcite}} template to link them instead.
# Dutch Empire/The Beginning

As a result of the problems caused by intercompany rivalry, the Dutch East India Company (or VOC, from the Dutch Verenigde Oost-Indische) was founded in 1602. The charter awarded to the Company by the States-General granted it sole rights, for an initial period of twenty-one years, to Dutch trade and navigation east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. The directors of the company, the "Heeren XVII" were given the legal authority to establish "fortresses and strongholds", to sign treaties, to enlist its own army and navy, and to wage defensive war. The company itself was founded as a joint stock company, similarly to the English East India Company, that had been founded two years earlier. In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was set up and given a twenty-five year monopoly to those parts of the world that were not controlled by its East India counterpart: the Atlantic, the Americas and the west coast of Africa.
# Dutch Empire/Under the French

In 1810 the Kingdom of Holland was dissolved by Napoleon. The 1812 campaign in Russia proved to be calamitous for Napoleon, but it was a complete disaster for the Dutch army. Of the 20,000+ Dutch soldiers serving in Russia, only a few hundred returned home (most had served with the rearguard at the Beresina). As Russian troops crossed the Dutch borders in 1813, a full-scale rebellion against the French broke out and the son of William V (who had since died), Willam Frederik, returned and became Willam I of a new Kingdom of the Netherlands. He went to The Hague to be granted the title Sovereign of The Netherlands on 2 December 1813.
When Napoleon returned for the 100 Days, Dutch troops were sent to the front under control of William Frederick George Louis, future King of the Netherlands. During the Congress of Vienna, King William I successfully won the peace and completed his dream of a United Netherlands by uniting the Southern Netherlands in the Kingdom. Java and Dutch Guiana (Suriname) were both returned to the Dutch, but Berbice, today Guyana, was ceded to Britain.
# Dutch Empire/Wars With Sweden
## Dutch-Swedish War

The Dutch-Swedish War began with the 1658 Swedish invasion of Denmark, during which Copenhagen was put under siege. The Dutch, worried about their trade in the Baltic, sent a fleet of 75 ships to break the siege resulting in the Battle of the Sound. The Danish ships were unable to help their Dutch allies due to unfavorable wind conditions. The Dutch fleet sunk 4 Swedish ships and forced the Swedish to abandon the siege of the city. In 1659, the Dutch, led by Michiel De Ruyter, liberated the other Danish isles under Swedish control, once more guaranteeing the essential supply of grain, wood, and iron from the Baltic region.

## Scanian War

The Dutch were drawn into the Scanian War in 1676, when France asked for Swedish help in the Franco-Dutch War (see Anglo-Dutch Wars). In reply, the Dutch asked for Danish help. Denmark agreed and launched an invasion of Sweden.
At the Battle of Bornholm(1676), the Dutch-Danish fleet, half the size of the Swedish fleet, attacked and forced the fleet to retreat. The Dutch admiral Cornelis Tromp, with a squadron of 16 warships pursued the Swedish navy. The Swedish withdrew and tried to make it back to various Swedish ports but Tromp found the Swedish fleet near Öland. 14,000 Dutch-Danish troops were released from the ships and attacked the Swedish fortresses. At sea, the Swedish Navy was once again forced to withdraw. The Dutch and Danish troops soon captured the cities of Helsingborg and Landskrona, while taking other Swedish fortresses in the area within a month. These two battles gave control of the Baltic to the Dutch-Danish Navy.
After the Franco-Dutch war ended in 1678, the Dutch had a reduced role in the war. A French-dictated peace was negotiated at the Treaty of Fontainebleau on August 23, 1679, stipulating that all territory lost by Sweden be returned. Thus the terms formulated at the Treaty of Roskilde remained in force. It was reaffirmed by the Treaty of Lund, signed by Denmark-Norway and Sweden themselves.
# E-Commerce and E-Business/About the Author
## About the Author

Zorayda Ruth B. Andam is an incoming 5th year (senior) law student of the University of the Philippines. She has a bachelor's degree in Business Economics, also from the University of the Philippines. She is co-author of the e-primer: An Introduction to Electronic Commerce (2000) and SMEs and e-Commerce in Three Philippine Cities (April 2003). Ms. Andam was part of the USAID team that provided technical assistance to the Philippine Government in the development and passage of the country's e-Commerce Law.