OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Sebastopol Geese

Sebastopol Goose :
* Description: The Sebastopol is a medium-sized goose with long, white curly feathers. The feathers of the neck are greyish-brown and smooth. Feathers on the breast may be curly or smooth. It is best to avoid breeding two specimens both having curly breast feathers, as they will develop abnormal wings. The gander weighs 12-14 lbs while the goose weighs 10-12 lbs. The legs and shanks are orange and the eyes bright blue. The breed was developed in Europe along the Danube and the Black Sea. Sebastopols cannot fly well due to the curliness of their feathers. They need plenty of water in order to keep themselves clean. For photos, see the following:
* http://feathersite.com/Poultry/Geese/BRKSebastopol.html
* http://www.domestic-waterfowl.co.uk/seb.htm
* http://hometown.aol.com/wonderswaterfowl/home.html
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Orpington

Orpington :
* Description: The Orpington is a large bird from the English class of chickens. It is a bold, upright breed with a wide chest, broad back, and smallish head and tail. The Orpington was bred as a dual-purpose breed (meat production and eggs), but its popularity grew as a show bird rather than a utility breed. Their large size and soft appearance together with their rich color and gentle contours make them very attractive. Orpingtons lay between 110 and 160 eggs a year. They do not stop laying in the winter. The eggs are tinted and range from small to large depending on the heredity of the breed.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Chinese Geese

Chinese Goose :
* Description: The Chinese Goose is a domesticated version of the Swan Goose. Sexes are similar, although the male is larger. The voice is a loud honking. It grazes on sedges, and rarely swims. It forms small flocks outside the breeding season. Some domesticated, introduced, or feral populations may be completely white. Some variations have a "bump" or "knob" at the top of the beak, which is more prominent on males than females. By 6–8 weeks of age, the knob is already pronounced enough that it can be used for sexing. A female goose usually lays 50–60 eggs over the course of the breeding season (February through June), although there are reports of Chinese geese laying up to 100 eggs during that time.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Pekin Duck

Pekin duck :
* Description: A Pekin duck is a breed of domesticated duck used primarily for egg and meat production. Bred from the Mallard in China, nine ducks were imported to the United States in 1873. It is the most popular commercial duck breed in the United States. These ducks are ready for butchering at 6 to 8 weeks of age and produce more meat that is desirable for eating than other breeds of duck. Its meat is very tender and mild and well-suited for many menu options. The eggs are slightly larger than a large chicken egg, and tend to have a more durable shell and stronger membrane which makes them harder to crack open than a chicken egg. Duck eggs have more protein, calcium and many vitamins, as well as more fat and cholesterol, per gram than a chicken egg. Duck eggs are very similar in flavor and texture to a chicken egg. They can usually be substituted for large or jumbo eggs in recipes. The mascot of the insurance company Aflac is a Pekin duck.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Rhode Island Red

Rhode Island Red :
* Description: Its feathers are a Mahogany dark red/brown lustre, bordering on black. Some have purple spots or green stripes. They have red/orange eyes and yellow feet. Chicks are a light red to tan color with two dark brown bars running down their backs. Rhode Island Reds are tough birds, resistant to illness, good at foraging and free ranging, and are typically docile, quiet and friendly. Though males can be considerably aggressive. Rhode Island Reds are excellent egg layers, producing up to 250 to 300 large, light brown eggs per year. Rhode Island Reds are also bred for meat, with Cockerels weighing in at around four kilograms, and Hens slightly less.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Toulouse Goose

Toulouse goose :
* Description: The Toulouse goose has greyish-brown feathers on top, with white feathers underneath. The most distinguishing characteristic is a pronounced dewlap, which is a flap of loose skin beneath the chin. The bird is of a very trusting nature and has a very placid disposition, with the consequence that these birds do not thrive in flocks of mixed breeds. The more active and aggressive breeds will greatly distress the bird, putting them of mating and sometimes resulting in them losing out at the feeding trough. They are very domestic birds and will easily be bewildered by more active breeds if mixed. They do not need water or a pond and the geese never mate in water. They rarely have problems producing fertile eggs, although problems can occur during severe weather in the winter and spring, which is the case with most breeds of geese. The breed is a good layer of eggs and will equal the best of any goose breed. A good goose will lay up to 100 eggs a year. However the birds are not good sitters, the sitting habit having been breed out of some birds. The breed makes an excellent table bird. The geese are not great wanderers and preferring to stay close to home making them ideal for a large garden or an orchard where the birds will thrive.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Leghorn

Leghorn :
* Description: Leghorns, and leghorn crossbreeds, are one of the most popular commercial breeds of chicken worldwide, and while the majority are white, a number of colored breeds also exist. Leghorns are excellent layers of white eggs (around 300 per year), but they can be noisy, flighty, easily excited, and aggressive. Because of their aggression, they are not recommended for backyard-operations. Leghorns mature quickly, but are generally neither considered to be large birds nor suitable for meat.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Mammoth Bronze Turkey

Mammoth Bronze turkey :
* Description: The Mammoth Bronze is similar to the wild turkey, but it is quite a bit larger. Its feathers are an iridescent black with hints of green. The feathers of the rump have bronze coloring (thus the name), while the feathers in the front have hints of red and green.
* It is calmer than most other breeds which makes them quite a bit easier to handle. Some people even use them as pets, though it is more common for them to be used for meat production. Toms weigh between 25 and 40 pounds, while hens weigh between 14 and 26 pounds.
* The broad-breasted is more common than the "unimproved" variety. The large breast interferes with natural mating, so they must be artificially inseminated.
* For images of the Mammoth Bronze, see the following
* http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/poultry/turkeys/bronze/
* http://www.centralpets.com/animals/birds/domestic_birds/dbd4875.html
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Plymouth Rock

Plymouth Rock :
* Description: The Plymouth Rock is a chicken breed that originated in the United States in the 19th century and is still popular to this day. John C. Bennett (1804-1867) has been credited with either creating or popularizing the breed. They were developed in New England in the early 1800's by crossing Dominiques and Black Javas. It was bred as a dual-purpose fowl, meaning that it was valued both for its meat and the hens' egg-laying ability. A hen will lay between 50 and 100 eggs per year. It is a cold-hardy bird and therefore makes a great breed for the small farm or backyard flock owner. There are seven varieties of Plymouth Rock chickens: barred, blue, buff, Columbian, partridge, silver-penciled and white.
# Cg Programming/Unity/Displacement Maps

This tutorial introduces displacement maps as an example of an application of texture lookups in vertex shaders.
This tutorial requires some knowledge about texture mapping as described in Section “Textured Spheres”.

## Texture Lookups in Vertex Shaders

Most tutorials in this wikibook use texture lookups only in fragment shaders because texture lookups in vertex shaders are a Shader Model 3.0 feature, i.e., it is not supported by all GPUs (see Unity's description of platform-specific rendering differences).
However, displacement mapping requires a lookup of a texture value for each vertex, which is used to displace, i.e., move, each vertex to a new position. For technical reasons, we cannot use the standard tex2d command. Instead we have to use the command tex2dlod with a four-dimensional vector specifying the texture coordinates where the 4th component is 0. (This makes sure that we always read the value from the finest mipmap level and we don't request an automatic computation of the mipmap level, which is impossible in a vertex shader.) The command could look like this:
where i.texcoord.xy are the two texture coordinates.

## Displacement of Vertices

The example below converts the resulting color dispTexColor to a gray value and scales it with a user-specified uniform _MaxDisplacement:
This displacement value is then used to move each vertex along its surface normal vector, i.e., we add the vertex position in object coordinates (i.vertex in the example) to the surface normal vector (i.normal) multiplied with the displacement value.
Note that i.normal is a three-dimensional vector; thus, we have to append a 0.0 coordinate to form a four-dimensional vector before we can add it to the vertex position.

## Shader Code

The rest of the code applies the standard vertex transformations and colors the surface with a unlit texture map. Make sure to use it on meshes with relatively many vertices - otherwise the displaced surface will appear quite "blocky."
Note that edges of the surface mesh might not match up if the colors at the edges of the texture image do not match or if the surface normal vectors of corresponding vertices do not match.

## Summary

Congratulations, you have reached the end of this tutorial. You saw:
* How use texture mapping in vertex shaders.
* How to move vertex positions along surface normal vectors.

## Further reading

If you still want to learn more
* about texture mapping, you should read the description in Section “Textured Spheres”.
* about tex2dlod, you could read Unity's description of platform-specific rendering differences and Microsoft's description of tex2dlod.
< Cg Programming/Unity
# Cg Programming/Unity/Curved Glass

This tutorial covers refraction mapping and its implementation with cube maps.
It is a variation of Section “Reflecting Surfaces”, which should be read first.

## Refraction Mapping

In Section “Reflecting Surfaces”, we reflected view rays and then performed texture lookups in a cube map in the reflected direction. Here, we refract view rays at a curved, transparent surface and then perform the lookups with the refracted direction. The effect will ignore the second refraction when the ray leaves the transparent object again; however, many people hardly notice the differences since such refractions are usually not part of our daily life.
Instead of the reflect function, we are using the refract function; thus, the fragment shader could be:
Note that refract takes a third argument, which is the refractive index of the outside medium (e.g. 1.0 for air) divided by the refractive index of the object (e.g. 1.5 for some kinds of glass). Also note that the first argument has to be normalized, which isn't necessary for reflect.

## Complete Shader Code

With the adapted fragment shader, the complete shader code becomes:

## Summary

Congratulations. This is the end of another tutorial. We have seen:
* How to adapt reflection mapping to refraction mapping using the refract instruction.

## Further reading

If you still want to know more
* about reflection mapping and cube maps, you should read Section “Reflecting Surfaces”.
* about the refract instruction, you could look it up in appendix E of Nivida's Cg Tutorial.
< Cg Programming/Unity
# CCNA Certification/Appendix E - Material removed from course

As of this writing (May 2, 2008), it appears that in Cisco's most recent revision to the CCNA exam coverage, they have removed the requirement for the candidate to have extensive knowledge of ISDN.
# Advanced Addressing Topics

* IP Addressing
* IPv4 Addressing Types
* Subnetting
* Variable Length Subnet Mask(VLSMs)
* Network Address Translation
* Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

## Internet Protocol

Internet Protocol(IP) is basically the Internet layer. The other protocols in this layer exist to support the IP. IP uses the packet address and looks up the address in its routing table and decides where to send the packet by selecting the best possible path. IP receives segments from the Host-to-Host layer and fragments them into datagrams (packets) if necessary.IP then reassembles datagrams back into segments on the receiving side. Each datagram is assigned the IP of the sender and of the recipient. Each router (layer-3 device) that receives a datagram makes routing decisions based on the packets destination I address.
An IP header is made up of the following fields.
* Version: IP version number.
* Header length: Header length (HLEN) in 32-bit words.
* Priority and Type of Service: Type of Service tells how the datagram should be handled. The first 3 bits are the priority bits which is now called the differentiated service bits.
* Total Length:- Length of the packet including header and data.
* Flags: Specifies whether fragmentation and reassembly if the packet is too large to put in a frame. It allows different maximum transmission units (MTUs) on the internet.
* Time To Live: The time to live is set into a packet when it is originally generated. If it doesn't get to where it wants to go before the before the TTl expires, the packet is dropped from the network. This stops IP packets from continuously circling the network looking for a home.
* Protocol: Port of upper-layer protocol (TCP is port 6 or UDP is port 17). Also supports Network layer protocols, Like ARP and ICMP (this can be called Type Field in some analyzers).
* Header Checksun: Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) on header only.
* Source IP address: 32-bit IP address of the station this packet is destined for.
* Destination IP address: 32-bit IP address of the station this packet is destined for.
* Options: Used for network testing, debugging, security, and more.
* Data: After the IP option field will be the upper-layer data.

## Network Address Translation

Network address translation (NAT) is used to connect hosts from a private network to the public internet.
Cisco NAT configuration require three settings:
* Set one or more interfaces inside the private network
* Set one or more interfaces outside the private network (i.e. the public internet).
* Set one or more ACLs for the NAT and indicate its type (static, dynamic, PAT, or overload).
# Cisco Router Commands and their Usages
### User Mode Commands

These commands can only be entered from user mode.
| Command | Syntax | Description |
| SHOW | show ? | This is used to view the available commands set to this layer, use this to learn and navigate the Router/Switch. |
| OSPF | show ip ospf nei | This is used from the basic user prompt to view neighbor details for WAN connection. To view details, use the "det" after the original command. This is a very helpful trouble shooting command for user level access. |

### Privileged Mode Commands

These commands can only be entered from privileged mode. To enter privileged mode, use the enable command.
| Command | Syntax | Description |
| enable | enable | Switches to privileged mode. If the enable password has been set, you will be prompted to enter it. |
| disable | disable | changes to user mode |
| configure terminal | conf[igure] t[erminal] | switches to config mode, this will allow you to make critical changes to the Router/Switch |
| terminal editing | terminal editing | enabled special unix-style editing commands |
| show | show ? | This is used to help the enabled user see the available commands on that specific layer. You may use this on each layer and after any command to help view the next part of syntax. |
| show | sh? | This will show options of what is available to you that has "sho" for the beginning of a command, in this case it will have "show" as it's only option. Try using other letters or beginnings to see more variety such as: "s?" or "a?" These will give you a larger list. |
| cdp | show cdp nei det | this will show all used connections to your ports and whom they are connected to. This is very helpful when drawing out a system diagram. |

### Config Commands

These commands can only be entered from config mode. To enter config mode, use the "conf t" command.
| Command | Syntax | Description |
| Enable | enable secret Justin | This will set a Password to get to enable mode so others cannot make changes with out proper access. In this case we are making the password Justin (case sensitive). |
| config-register | config-register 0xnnnn | This command modifies the boot settings on the router. Example settings are: 0x2100 - ROM Monitor 0x2101 - ROM Boot 0x2102 - Boot from NVRAM (default) 0x2142 - Boot from NVRAM but ignore startup-config file |
| hostname | hostname NAME | changes the router name to NAME |
| router rip | router rip | enables the RIP routing protocol and switches to router configuration mode |
| int | int s0 | Switches to interface configuration mode (s0 stands for Serial 0 but interfaces naming may vary). It is possible to use other interfaces such as Consoles (local), vty 0 ? (telnet), and much more.. You may also create passwords within those layers for more security using the "password" command at that interfaces layer. |
# CCNA Certification/Appendix D - Recommended Lab Equipment

It is recommended to obtain a copy of Cisco Packet tracer. This is simulation software that comes with several labs and would assist the user with configuring routers and switches.
# CCNA Certification/Appendix F - Abbreviated Commands and Keyboard Shortcuts

| Abbreviation | Command |
| sh | show |
| conf t | configure terminal |
| en | enable |
| int | interface |
| fa | fastinterface |
| shut | shutdown |
| run | running-config |
| start | startup-config |
| wr | write (copy running-config startup-config) |
| shipro | show ip route |
| shver | show version |
| encap | encapsulation |
| frame | frame-relay |
| show cdp nei | show cdp neighbor |
# Advanced Inorganic Chemistry/Pi Donor and Acceptor Ligands

The nature of ligands coordinated to the center metal is an important feature of a complex compound along with other properties such as metal identify and its oxidation state. More specifically, it is the identity and consequently the ability of the ligand to donate or accept electrons to the center atom that will determine the molecular orbitals.
The spectrochemical series shows the trend of compounds as weak field to strong field ligands. Furthermore, ligands can be characterized by their π-bonding interactions. This interaction reveals the amount of split between e$_g$ and t$_{2g}$ energy levels of the molecular orbitals that ultimately dictates the strength of field of the ligands.
Examples of Weak Field Ligands X$^-$, OH$^-$, H$_2$O ; Examples of Strong Field Ligands H$^-$, NH$_3$, CO, PR$_3$
In a π-donor ligand, the SALCs of the ligands are occupied, hence it donates the electrons to the molecular σ σ* and π π* orbitals. The orbitals associated to eg are not involved in π interactions therefore it stays in the same energy level (figure 1). On the other hand, the occupied ligand SALC t$_{2g}$ orbitals that would form molecular orbitals with the metal t$_{2g}$ orbitals (ie. d$_{xy}$, d$_{xz}$, d$_{yz}$) are lower in energy than its metal counterparts. The resulting MO has π* orbitals that are energetically lower than the σ* orbitals that are formed from the non bonding orbitals (e$_g$). The difference between the t$_{2g}$ π* and e$_g$ σ orbitals is denoted as Δ, split. In the π-donor case, the Δ is small due to the low π* level.
Conversely, the t$_{2g}$ SALCs of a pi accepting orbitals are higher in energy than the metal t$_{2g}$ orbitals because they are unoccupied. The resulting t$_{2g}$ π* orbitals are higher than the σ* orbitals. This creates a larger Δ between the e$_g$ and t$_{2g}$ π orbitals, making these π-accepting orbitals high split ligands.
Finally, the magnitude of Δ as influenced by the identify of the ligand will dictate how electrons are distributed in the metal d orbitals (figure 2). Weak field ligands produce a small Δ hence a high spin configuration. Strong field ligands produce a large Δ hence a low spin configuration on the d electrons.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Background Images

| previous module: "The Empty Object" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Aligning Vertices with a Guide Image" |
You will often need to use reference photos to guide your modeling. Among the many things you can do with photos and other images in Blender, it is possible to use them just as guides in the 3D view, such that they do not appear in the final render. Furthermore these images will only be visible when the view is orthographic and exactly aligned to one of the X, Y or Z axes (or the camera view). This way, they can be used as a precise reference for positioning elements of the model.
In the 3D view, make sure the Properties Shelf N is visible. Look for the Background Images panel; it will most likely be collapsed, so expand it. Initially it will look like at right, with no background images in your view.
Check the box at the top. Click the “Add Image” button once, and this will add one entry to the list of background images, as at right. Initially there is no image opened in this entry; you will need to click the “Open” button and select an image file.
Once you have chosen an image file, the list entry expands with additional options.
Clicking on the eye icon lets you temporarily hide a reference image, without actually removing it from the document. Or you can uncheck the box at the top of the Background Images panel to temporarily hide all reference images; just check it to make them visible again. Click the X to delete an entry from the list of background images.
If you have multiple scenes in your document, the document’s background image settings apply to all of them.
If you don’t have an image handy to experiment with, how about downloading this simple 2D one from Wikimedia Commons. Flat images with no perspective work best for use as a precise modelling reference.
Having loaded your image, it might not immediately appear in the 3D view. For it to show, you must be in a perfect (axis-aligned) view (i.e. one of NUM1 , NUM3 , NUM7 , CTRL + NUM1 , CTRL + NUM3 or CTRL + NUM7 ) which is in orthographic, not perspective, mode (use NUM5 to toggle between these), or alternatively it will show in NUM0 the camera view.
You may not want the same reference image visible in all views. For example, you might have one reference image for top view, another for a side view, and so on. The Axis menu lets you choose which view this image is visible in.

## Other Ways To Bring In Reference Pictures

Maybe you don’t want to use a reference image for precise, axis-aligned modelling, but only as a rough guide. There is a standard Blender addon called “Import Images As Planes”, which will create a plane object and apply an imported image to it as a texture. This can then be aligned whichever way you want in the scene.
In Blender 2.58 or later, an empty with the type of image can be created. In the object data pane an image can be selected. Like the image plane, the image will be present in the 3D view and can be aligned in any orientation.
| previous module: "The Empty Object" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Aligning Vertices with a Guide Image" |