OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Optimal Classification/Rypka Method/Equations/Separatory/Elements
## Element Related Equations
### Order of elements

The elements are arranged in descending order according to their truth table value, i.e., the value calculated as the sum of each characteristic's logic state value times the highest value of logic raised to the power of the order of the characteristic. The element truth table value allows elements to be sorted and identified as unique or equivalent and the bounded class identified as a set or multiset.
    $e_{i}=\sum _{j=0}^{C}\left[v_{i,j}V^{(C-j)}\right]$, where:
      * e$_i$ is the element truth table value in the group,
      * V is the highest value of logic in the group,
      * v is the value of logic of each characteristic in the group,
      * j is the jth characteristic index, where:
          j = 0..C and where:
            * C is the number of characteristics in the group,
      * i is the ith element index, where:
          i = 0..G and where:
            * G is the number of elements in the bounded class.

### Maximum number of pairs of elements to separate

Maximum number of pairs of elements to separate refers to triangularization of the matrix to permit comparison of each element with every other element to determine the number of pairs that are separable or disjoint. Pairs are separable or disjoint whenever the logic values of the elements that make up a pair are different. In theory, therefore the maximum possible number of pairs that can be separated is determined by the following equation:
    $p_{max}={\frac {\left[{G(G-1)}\right]}{2}}$, where:
      * p$_{max}$ is the maximum number of pairs to separate, and
      * G is the number of elements in the bounded class.

## Notes

* ↑ See Number Systems - essentially using the characteristic values to compute a network or memory address, followed by sorting.
* ↑ See page 176 Table XI of the primary reference.
* ↑ Triangular Number
# MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook/Pages to watch

These are pages administrators may wish to add to their watchlist or check frequently on individual Wikimedia projects.

## In general

The administrators are the only contributors allowed to modify the MediaWiki and the protected pages (like Main Page). Consequently they should have a look on them to avoid any discouraging project immobilism.

## Wikibooks

* Bulletin Board - Wikibooks news, such as policy changes or new features.
* Reading Room - where people needing help or general discussions with administrators happen.
* Candidates for Speedy Deletion - frequently needs checked for pages that should be deleted, kept or changed to Requests for Deletion.
* Requests For Deletion - pages people think should be deleted, frequently needs checked to see if pages should be kept or deleted.

## Wikipedia

* WP:AN - Administrator's noticeboard, and its subpages
** WP:ANI - Administrator's noticeboard/Incidents
** 3RR noticeboard - Reports of 3RR violations
** Arbitration enforcement
* Administrator intervention against vandalism - Users reported persistent vandalism or spamming
* Deletion review - Reports improper deletion, or request undeletion
* Articles for deletion - pages nominated for deletion, nominations need to be closed daily
* Requests for page protection - Requests for protection, reports of improper protection or requests for unprotection
* BLP noticeboard - Biographies of living persons noticeboard

## Wiktionary

* Request pages - Listing of request pages (contains many that should be watched by administrators)
* Administrator mop-up tasks - Contains a list of all the administrative tasks and who does them
* Announcements
* Vandalism in progress
* Votes - Straw polls to measure community consensus
* Deletion-related pages
** Requests for verification - Verification and general deletion nominations and discussion
** Requests for deletion - Deletion for policy problems; request listings, questions and discussions
** Others - Special page deletion requests, questions and discussions

## Wikiquote

* Village pump - Wikiquote news, questions, and general discussion
* Administrators' noticeboard - Administrator notification and discussion
* Votes for deletion - Deletion nominations
* Vandalism in progress

## Wikinews

* Newsroom – the hub of operations; article help requests, community connection, tools and resources; help for new users
* Admin action alerts
* Water cooler - discuss the technical issues, policies, and operations of Wikinews
* Deletion requests

## Wikiversity

* Request custodian action
* Notices for custodians
# MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook/How to Handle Copyright Violations

Copyright Violations -- usually referred to as "Copyvios" for short -- occur when copyrighted text or files are added to a wikimedia project. How this is dealt with depends on the type of material that was copied.

## Copyright compatibility

Wikimedia projects are copyrighted using the GFDL. Some other copyrights are compatible with the GFDL for images and other files.
Copyrights that restrict the use of materials for any purpose are incompatible with the GFDL, and so including them in a GFDL document results in a violation of the material's copyright.

## Image copyrights

All images uploaded to wikimedia projects must have their copyright status announced using one of the provided templates.
Public Domain, GFDL, and most Creative Commons licences are permitted.
"Fair Use" images are permitted on some projects, but not others.

## Text copyrights

These can be harder to ferret out.
Text that is copied and pasted from other websites is the most common problem. In many cases the user who contributed the material will add a link to the source website. Most users are not familiar with how the copyright laws apply, so they should be dealt with kindly (but firmly).
Text from printed materials is less common, but much harder to catch.
Text copied from other wikimedia projects can be very difficult to catch.
# MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook/Introduction

Sysops, more commonly known on various projects as administrators or custodians are users that have access to restricted software tools used for maintenance. These tools are not available to all editors because the tools can be used to create a rather more serious level of disruption than the generally-available editing tools. It's important that a track record of good-faith editing be established first before granting adminship.
The different Wikimedia projects have different ways of vetting users who request the tools. On most projects this is done through an election process, but new projects (which do not have any bureaucrats, who have use of the "makesysop" tool) need to make the requests on Meta, and at least some projects (such as en.Wikiversity) use a mentoring system rather than open elections.
Getting to know how the tools work is fairly easy, as for the most part they're quite intuitive thanks to our thoughtful developers and years of trial and error. Knowing how and when they should be used is a different issue, since there are a lot of things that should not be done, and each wikimedia project will have different policies and guidelines regarding their use.
The golden rule is simple: never use an administrative tool unless you are sure it's the right thing to do. If in doubt, just leave it to a more experienced administrator, or just ask for advice.
# MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook/Protect

Protect prevents changes to a page by users below a certain user level.
* Default: anyone can edit
* Autoconfirmed: No IP editing, no editing by the newest accounts
* Sysop: only editable by administrators
Pagemove permissions are "locked" by default to match the edit permissions, but can be unlocked to allow editing without allowing pagemoves, or in theory vice-versa (though there's rarely any reason to set it that way). This is often done to project namespace pages which should be editable by anyone, but should not be moved around.
Protecting the main page does not automatically protect the talk page.
What should be protected depends on the project, but generally:
* Project and help namespace pages should generally be protected against pagemoves.
* Policy pages may be protected
* Widely used templates
* Frequent vandal or spam targets (the different projects have vastly different rules governing when this should be done)
* User namespace pages, on request of the user.
* For a more general discussion, see Protected pages considered harmful (on meta).

## Local Policies

* en.wikipedia -- Wikipedia:Protection policy
* en.wikibooks -- Wikibooks:Semi-protection policy
* en.wikiversity -- Wikiversity:Page protection templates
* commons.wikimedia -- Commons:Protected page
* en.wiktionary -- Wiktionary:Protected page guidelines
* en.wikisource -- Wikisource:Protection policy
* en.wikiquote -- Wikiquote:Protected page
* en.wikinews -- Wikinews:Protection policy
# MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook/Page Protection

Sometimes it is necessary to protect a page against vandalism or other unwanted edits.
First of all visit the page in question and click the protect tab. You will be presented with one of two boxes, depending on the version of MediaWiki your wiki is running. Both methods are presented below. For the record, Wikicities is currently running MediaWiki 1.4 while Wikimedia projects are running 1.5.

## Page Protection in MediaWiki 1.4 and earlier

At this screen simply check "Confirm protection". If you only want to prevent people moving the page check that box (by default the page will be protected from both). In this version of MediaWiki you cannot choose to protect solely against page moves while leaving editing access open.

## Page Protection in MediaWiki 1.5 and later

By default the left and right options both move to the same place when you change the left-hand one. If you check "Unlock move permissions" each may be adjusted independently. You can for example decide to allow only sysops to edit the page, but for non-sysops--the "(default)" category--to move the page if they choose to do so. In most cases you will want to protect against both, which is why this is the default. Some wikis also have a "new users" option (not shown).
If the page has been protected in the past, a "Protection log" will be displayed beneath the prompt.

## Unprotecting in MediaWiki 1.4 and earlier

Simply give a reason and tick "Confirm unprotection", then click "Confirm". When using MediaWiki 1.4 this results in all protection restrictions being removed from the page.

## Unprotecting in MediaWiki 1.5 and later

For this just see above and set the access type you're re-enabling to "(default)". You can also subjectively turn the two different permissions on and off at will.
If the page has been protected in the past, a "Protection log" will be displayed beneath the prompt.

## Things to note

Note that the talk page of the page you are protecting will NOT be protected along with its sibling, and vice versa. If this is necessary you will need to do it separately.
# MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook/Preface

So you've become an administrator on a MediaWiki project, or you just want to know what the differences are between an administrator and a normal MediaWiki user? This Wikibook is intended to help with the job and try to explain the special functions available to an administrator. It also covers some of the things you need to avoid when trying to do your job.
This book is not a policy manual, although links to existing policies on several Wikimedia projects have been provided for reference purposes. This book is about How-to admin in the general sense and is appropriate to any project using the MediaWiki software.
An important point to note here is that while most Wikimedia sister projects use the term administrator or admin to mean a person who has been granted "Sysop" privileges with the MediaWiki software, most MediaWiki documentation usually uses the term Moderator instead. This Wikibook is not dealing with any of the software configuration issues that are associated with low-level operating system commands and configuration files directly associated with the use of the MediaWiki software. Most MediaWiki documentation calls these individuals administrators, but with Wikimedia sister projects these individuals are usually called developers instead, as the MediaWiki software developers also do the low-level software configuration for Wikimedia projects. Instead, the term administrator is going to apply to the project moderators and following Wikimedia sister project conventions and hierarchies.
The specific permissions granted to an administrator on a MediaWiki project can differ. This book covers the full set of permissions that might be granted but on the particular project you are interested in you may find that some functions listed here are unavailable.
See the MediaWiki Developer's Handbook for a book on how to "hack" Mediawiki to customize the software, add an extension, or contribute to Mediawiki development.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Combustion

Combustion is the simplest and most basic organic reaction, so simple that it is often overlooked or taken for granted in organic chemistry texts and classes.
* Combustion
* Hydrocarbon + O$_2$ → H$_2$O + CO$_2$
Combustion is the breakdown of a compound in combination with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. Water and carbon dioxide are both very stable and low-energy, and the atoms that make up these molecules go to form them releasing energy. This energy is heat and light that is the source for campfires and internal combustion engines.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Drawing reactions

<< Functional groups in reactions | Rates and equilibria >>

## Drawing reactions

There are various techniques you will run across for notation of organic reactions.

## Arrows

Curved arrows are used to show movement of electrons. They are not used to show where atoms, ions, or molecules move, just electrons. A curved arrow with two "hooks" on the end indicated movement of a pair of electrons. A curved arrow with one "hook" indicated movement of one electron.
Double-headed arrows are used to represent equivalence between resonance structures.
Two-way double half arrows are represent a reaction that can go forward or reverse. If one of the half arrows is longer than the other it means that the reaction pathway favors that direction with the longer arrow.
<< Alkanes | << Functional groups in reactions | Drawing reactions | Rates and equilibria >> | Introduction to functional groups >>
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Energy diagrams

> Introduction to reactions
Energy diagrams are used to show the favorability of a reaction. They show how energy gained or lost in the different stages of a reaction and show which stages are the slow and fast steps (slow steps have high potential energy). We can also compare the energies of one reaction to another in order to see which reaction will be favored.
Transition states are high peaks in an energy diagram.
If the end of the diagram is lower than the beginning, the product of the reaction is more stable and/or lower in energy than the starting materials, and the overall reaction is energetically favorable. If the tail end of the energy diagram is higher than the front, then the product is less stable or energetically favorable than the starting materials, and the overall reaction is energetically unfavorable. Any high peaks in the diagram indicate difficult points to pass and will slow down the reaction.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Bond dissociation energy

> Introduction to reactions
* Bond dissociation energy
* is the energy needed to break a chemical bond. Also known as the Bond Enthalpy.
The bond dissociation energy, or bond enthalpy, for a diatomic molecule X-Y is defined as the energy required to break one mole of X-Y bonds, as illustrated in the following process...
    X-Y(g) → X(g) + Y(g)
Bond enthalpies always refer to breaking bonds under gaseous conditions.
The mean molar bond enthalpy is an average value that is quoted for a bond that can occur in different molecular environments. An example is methane, CH$_4$
    CH$_4$(g) → C(g) + 4H(g)
Bond enthalpy values are used in Hess's Law Calculations.
The standard enthalpy of a reaction can be found by considering the bond enthalpies of the products and reactants of the reaction -
    Standard Enthalpy = Σ Enthalpy of formation of the products - Σ Enthalpy of formation of reactants
For stronger bonds, bond dissociation energy is higher as more energy is needed to break the bond.
A carbon-carbon double bond is stronger than a single bond and requires more energy to be broken. However, a carbon-carbon double bond is not twice as strong as a single one, it is only 1.5 times stronger.
All chemical bonds need an input of energy to be broken, as bonds allow a lower energy state for the component atoms. If a bond did not offer a lower energy state for the atoms that form it, a bond would not form.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Diels-Alder reaction

The Diels-Alder reaction, named after the German chemists who developed it, is a method for producing simple ring compounds.
In the Diels-Alder reaction, a conjugated diene reacts with a dienophile. The dienophile is named for its affinity to react with the diene.
Because dienes and dienophiles are often gases, this reaction usually takes place in a sealed container at elevated pressure and temperature. The temperature required by this reaction can be reduced by the presence of electron-witdrawing groups attached to the dienophile.
In some cases, such as furan and maleic anhydride, or cyclopentadiene and acrolein, the reaction will take place at room temperature in an ethoxyethane solution.
The reaction shown above is highly unlikely due to the lack of substituents on the diene and dienophile. The dienophile will usually have a carbonyl, nitro, or other electron-withdrawing group attached. Any substituents attached to the diene or dienophile will end up in the final product.
Alkynes can also react as dienophiles.
Diels-Alder reactions can sometimes reverse themselves through Retro-Diels-Alder reactions. For example, dicyclopentadiene can be cracked to form 1,3-cyclopentadiene by thermal dissociation. Retro reactions occur under situations where the fragments are stable by themselves.
Read more about Kurt Alder and Otto Diels in the Wikipedia.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Free-radical halogenation
## Free-radical halogenation

Free-radical halogenation is "a way to do a substitution other than by nucleophilic substitution."
* RH (hydrocarbon) + X$_2$ (halogen) -> RX (haloalkane) + HX (byproduct)
or, simplified:
* RH + X$_2$ → RX + HX
H's come off as H$^+$ not H$^-$, making nucleophilic substitution impossible.
* CH$_4$ Br$^-$/-> No reaction
We must first remove a H$^+$ to perform the reaction.
Free radicals as a rule violate the octet rule and are highly reactive, reacting even with strong bonds.
* Creating a free radical
* Br$_2$ heat or light/-> 2Br° free radicals
* Bromine radical reacting with (relatively unreactive) methane
* Br° + CH$_4$ -> HBR + H$_3$C°
then
* H$_3$C° + Br$_2$ -> CH$_3$Br + Br°
* (and radical produced continues reacting with surrounding molecules)
The reaction continues happening in a chain mechanism called a free radical chain reaction.

## Free radical chain reaction

This has three steps:
* Initiation step: this generates radicals
* Propagation step: this is where the bulk of the action lies. Chain carriers generate reaction products.
* Termination step: anything that consumes the free radicals.
* Termination step examples
* Br + CH$_3$Br -> BrCH$_3$ + Br
* Note
* Fluorine gas is too reactive and does not undergo this sort of reaction as it explodes. Iodine doesn't work very well either as it is too unreactive. So the reaction works only for Cl and Br, the reaction with Cl running a bit faster than with Br.
Running free radical chain reactions with Chlorine and Bromine yield their respective end products in different proportions, a quality that can be useful in the laboratory.
(insert image here)
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Electrophilic additions

Electrophilic additions are also referred to as addition reactions.
* An addition
* CH$_2$=CH$_2$ + HX → CH$_3$-CH$_2$X
* Its reverse, an elimination
* CH$_3$-CH$_2$X + base, Δ → CH$_2$=CH$_2$
Electrophilic additions are essentially the reverse of an E1 elimination reaction, sometimes exactly the microscopic reverse.
* Microscopic reverse
* This means that the mechanism of the reaction follows each and every step of the related reaction in reverse order, without deviation.
* Sometimes, a reaction can be reversed but using a different series of tiny steps. When that happens, it is NOT called a microscopic reverse.
Addition reactions involve carbocations. This intermediate carbocation can rearrange.
Addition reactions follow Markovnikov's rule. (The higher priority substituent adds to the more highly substituted carbon of the carbon-carbon double bond).
(Series of sample reactions here)
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Functional groups in reactions

<< Redox reactions | Drawing reactions >>
Functional groups in reactions make your life easier as an organic chemist because they draw your attention right to where the action is. Any time a reaction is going to occur, you can be almost certain that it is going to take place at a functional group.
There are many functional groups of interest to organic chemists. Here are a few:
1. Halides
These groups are all made up of a single atom in Group 17 of the Periodic Table, which is known as the halogen group, bonded to a carbon atom. They include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Astatine is also a halogen, but it is rarely discussed because it is not readily found in nature and is radioactive. Their electronegativities vary from fluorine with 4.0 to iodine with 2.5, which is approximately the same value that carbon has. Each of these atoms are able to form a single bond with a carbon atom, replacing hydrogen in alkanes and adding across multiple bonds in alkenes and alkyne. Of the four, fluorine is the most reactive and iodine is the least. Because of their intermediate reactivity, chlorine and bromine are often more useful in many reactions.
2. Carbonyl
This group consists of an oxygen atom doubly bonded to a carbon atom. Carbonyl groups are important because the oxygen atom, with an electronegativity of 3.5, shifts electron density away from the rest of the molecule and towards itself. Carbonyls are a key ingredient in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides.
3. Hydroxyl
This group consists of a hydrogen atom singly bonded to an oxygen atom. The electronegativity difference between hydrogen, which has an electronegatity of 2.1, and oxygen, 3.5, pulls electrons away from the hydrogen and makes it somewhat acidic. This acidic character varies depending on the composition of the rest of the molecule. Hydroxyl groups are found in alcohols, phenols, enols, and carboxylic acids.
<< Redox reactions | Functional groups in reactions | Drawing reactions >>