OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mitosis and Meiosis Laboratory
## Mitosis

To do the Mitosis lab, you must have access to microscopes and have a set of mitosis slides.
Students should observe and draw diagrams of the slides, labeling each by phase.

#### Recommended slides are:

Animal Mitosis: Whitefish Blastula
Plant Mitosis: Onion Root Tip(Allum)
These are the standard slides that have been used to teach mitosis and meiosis for decades.
Onion Root tip has large cells with clear easy to see chromosomes. Whitefish Blastula, when dyed properly, clearly shows the spindle.
Use the two to point out the differences between Animal and Plant cell division.
* Animals have visible centromeres and plants do not.
* Animal cytokinesis involves pinching off. Plant cells form a cell plate.
* In animal embryos all of the cells are dividing at once, in plants they divide only in certain regions at the tips called meristems.
Remind the students that although the slides are frozen in place, the cells are constantly moving. If possible show a slide of living cells dividing.

## Meiosis

It is not usually possible to see all of the steps of meiosis under the microscope, for this reason, it is recommended that you only ask the students to observe tissues of organs containing cells dividing by meiosis.

#### Recommended slides:

Grasshopper testis Human ovaries
For Grasshopper testis, point out that you can clearly see chromosomes in many of the cells showing that the cells are dividing.
Also point out the tails of sperm which are clearly visible in testis samples.
In the ovary samples, point out the large egg cells surrounded by many small follicle cells. Tell the students that egg cells result from uneven division of the cytoplasm during meiosis so that one cell gets almost all of the cytoplasm, and the other cells are very small structures called polar bodies.
Point out that Meiosis is necessary to keep the number of chromosomes from rising every time diploid organisms reproduce.

## Advanced options

If possible, you can try to obtain live dividing cells. Please note that cell division takes from about 20 minutes in bacteria to several hours in some animals.
Good candidates include,
* Bacterial cells - If your microscope is big enough you can observe cells dividing by binary fission. You will not however be able to see the chromosomes.
* Yeast cells - Yeast samples will easily grow under the microscope, but it is sometimes difficult to locate a budding cell among the thousands of non-budding ones. Try to get living cells in the log stage of growth.
* Although I have never done it, it is theoretically possible to make slides of living root cells. The hard part will be to dye the chromosomes in a way that will not fix the cell.
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Index
## Topic Index

A Atoms
B
C Cells Cell division
D
E
F
G Genetics
H
I/J
K
L
M Metabolism Microscopes Meiosis Mitosis N
O
P Photosynthesis
Q
R
S Science
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

## Question Index

A
    What is an Atom?
B
C
    What is a cell?
    Why is chlorophyll green?
    Why do plants change color in the fall?
D
E
F
    Why do plants change color in the fall?
G
    Why are plants green?
    How do things grow?
H
I/J
K
L
    What is life?
    What is light?
M
N
O
    What are Organelles?
P
    What is photosynthesis?
    Why are plants green?
    How do plants capture light and use it?
Q
R
S
    What is Science?
    Which science studies Life?
T
    What is a Scientific Theory?
U
V
W
    What is the world made of?
X
Y
Z
# The Biology Lab

Biology is about studying life. We study life first and foremost by observing it.
In the biology laboratory, we observe life, and use the principles of the Scientific Method to learn how life works.

## Tools

Your primary tools for the Biology lab, are your senses, and your mind. You must learn how to observe details about living things. Watch, listen, and document what exists, and what is happening. You will also need to describe things both qualitatively (using words about qualities and characteristics) and quantitatively (using numbers and measurements).
For this reason, you should expect to document whatever you observe in this lab.
The simplest way is to create a laboratory notebook that contains the notes for each set of experiments that you do. You can do this on paper or digitally, but be sure that the notebook is easy for you to access, and that you record the date and time of each experiment.

## Lab Reports and Papers

When you are ready to tell others about your experiments, you will write a lab report or scientific paper discussing your findings. Scientific reports usually follow a consistent format and have some or all of the following sections.
    Introduction
    Materials and Methods
    Results
    Discussion and Conclusion
    References
A scientific paper is not meant to be RIGHT all of the time. It is an exploration of questions. You discuss the question that lead you to do the experiment including your HYPOTHESIS if any in the INTRODUCTION. Then you list the tools and instructions that you used to do the experiment in the MATERIALS AND METHODS section. This allows others to reproduce your experiment. Next you list any data found as descriptions, images, recordings, tables, graphs, and/or diagrams in the section marked RESULTS. At the end you discuss your conclusions, such as whether your hypothesis was supported by the data in DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS section of the report. Any outside sources that you used in your paper should be listed at the end in the REFERENCES section so that people can look up what background is needed to understand the work, and to find the context of your work among others.
A scientific paper is necessary, because no matter how great the things you discover, if you never tell anyone about it, no one else can learn from it. Science is a collection of knowledge passed down from person to person from the earliest humans to you. By observing science, you are helping to greater validate scientific theories, and you are adding to the collective work of all of those who went before you, and preparing the way for those that will come after you.
Welcome to the world of Science!
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Metabolism

Previous < Up > Next : Index

## Metabolism

* EASY

## What is energy?

In order to live, organisms need to get Energy. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Animals like you and me get energy by eating food.
Both a wagon rolling down a hill, and a boy chasing after the wagon are using energy. This kind of energy is called kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
If the boy catches the wagon and sits it on top of the hill again, the wagon has what we call potential energy. Potential energy is stored energy. Just a little push and the wagon will roll down the hill again.
The food we eat also has potential energy. The energy is stored and just a little push will release that energy so that we can use it to power ourselves.

## What is metabolism?

Every living organism is made up of chemicals. When we grow we must make ourselves bigger by putting those chemicals together to make larger molecules that we call macromolecules. Hair is made of a macromolecule called a protein. When we grow hair, we are building those hairs inside the cells of our body. Making hair requires energy and raw materials. We get those by breaking down the molecules in the food that we eat.
Therefore in every cell of our body, molecules are being broken down to provide energy and built up to make parts of ourselves every moment of every day. All of these reactions together are called our metabolism.

## Metabolism = Catabolism + Anabolism

Metabolism is made of the reactions that tear molecules apart called catabolism, and reactions that build larger molecules called anabolism. Catabolic reactions tend to release energy, while anabolic reactions require energy to work. Living organisms use the power of catabolic reactions (such as breaking down food) to drive their anabolic reactions ( such as making hair). This happens even on the small scale where individual anabolic reactions are coupled together with catabolic reactions that will drive them.

## Where do cells get energy?

The major food of cells is the sugar glucose. Cells break down sugar to make energy. Organisms that can make food are called autotrophes which means "self feeders". Organisms that eat other organisms are called heterotrophes.
intermediate
Advanced
* EASY
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Foreword
## Foreword

What attracts people to Biology and Science? I think it's curiosity. As a child we question the world around us constantly. We ask adults about it. We test and experiment. In fact children are the first scientists. But as we age, we learn not to question, and some of the big questions of our childhood may never be answered.
I think the best way to teach science is to rekindle the spirit that asks those big questions, and to endeavor to awaken the heart that wants to explore the universe and discover what rules govern it.
This material is based on lectures that I presented to students in introductory college Biology courses presented at Navarro Community College. That doesn't mean that you have to be taking a college course to understand this work. I have tried to make this book easily readable and browseable by anyone interested. This is a work in progress. Hopefully I will be able to update the book as I find which parts of it work and which parts do not.
I would like to say first that I make mistakes, and sometimes I say things that are completely wrong. I write this book as an open book partially in the hope that others will find my mistakes and correct them.
I hope that this work will be useful and help to awaken an interest in Science and a love of Biology.

##### About the Author

Rosalyn Hunter received her Bachelors Degree from the University of Texas and her Masters Degree from the University of Arizona. She has helped manage a research lab, taught high school science, and has taught Biology at the college level at both Navarro Community College, and Hill College where she is currently a professor. She embraces open source, and was excited to start this collaborative textbook.
Previous < Up > Next : Index
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Lipids lab

LIPIDS LAB
The borders of cells and organelles are made of lipids. To understand how membranes can work, we will mix oil and water and show that they don't mix. Then we will use detergent to show how oil and water can be mixed. This is how soap is used to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microbes. It is also how membrane proteins like channels and pumps can fit themselves into membranes for membrane transport.
SUPPLIES Small bottles with cap oil water food coloring hand dish soap
INSTRUCTIONS 1. Pour oil the bottles. 2. Add food coloring to the water 3. Pour water into the bottle. 4. Shake the bottles to mix the oil and water. 5. Observe the formation of micelles and lipid bilayers. 6. Watch how oil and water separate. 7. Add 3 drops of detergent to one of the two bottles. 8. Mix the two bottles and watch as both begin to separate.
# Basic Book Design/Right of Privacy

Invasion of privacy has three forms.

## Intrusion Upon Seclusion

You may not take photographs or record a person in his or her home without his or her consent. This legal concept sometimes extends to other private places, to photos of the inside of the person’s home, or to "hidden camera" or "hidden microphone" use anywhere.

## Private Facts

Details of an individual's sexual relationships, personal hygiene, contents of personal letters, etc., are off limits to the news media, except when such facts are "newsworthy."

## False Light Publicity

Inventing quotes or ﬁctional events to portray a person falsely to the public, or using photos out of context to imply scandalous activity, is unlawful.
# Basic Book Design/Spaces Between Sentences

Type one space between sentences.
LaTeX automatically puts in a wider space between sentences. One LaTeX manual says that this is traditional for English and American typesetters, and that French typesetters don't use the wider space between sentences. The Chicago Manual of Style doesn't say anything about this issue.
I.e., the "keep out of trouble" rule is one space. I'm not certain of the traditional rule. The "word processor rule" is easy: Microsoft Word can't put wider spaces between sentences.
# Basic Book Design/Spelling and Grammar Checkers

Microsoft Word autocorrects many mistyped words. It underlines in red words that it doesn't recognize. This is helpful.
Microsoft Word doesn't recognize ligatures (two letters joined, usually ﬁ or ﬂ). E.g., it thinks that ofﬁce is misspelled.
Microsoft Word underlines grammatical errors in green. If you don't understand why your grammar checker ﬂagged a sentence, click on Tools…Spelling and Grammar and it will tell you. If you don't understand its explanation, look it up in a grammar book (e.g., The Chicago Manual Of Style).
The Grammarian grammar checker (made by Casady & Greene, http://www.casadyg.com) is more powerful than Microsoft Word’s built-in grammar checker. If your writing is worth money, it’s worth $19.95.
# Basic Book Design/Straight Quotes vs. Curly Quotes
## Keep out of Trouble Rules

* Use prime marks for measurements (single prime for feet, double prime for inches).
* Use curly quotes for quotations
* Use a curly apostrophe (backwards C shape) for contractions, regardless of where in the word the missing letters fall.
* Use curly single quotes (open and closed apostrophes) for quotes within quotes.
* In American English, virtually all punctuation marks fall within the quotation marks; in British English, the only punctuation marks that fall within quotation marks are those that occur in the original material being quoted. The American standard seems gradually to be giving way to the more rational British one.
# Basic Book Design/Pre-Printing Checklist
## Pre-Printing Checklist

* Search for "there are" and rewrite these sentences.
* Search for ", and". Consider breaking these sentences into two sentences.
* Search for just, very, really, and actually, and remove.
* Search for "ly-" and remove the hyphen.
* Consistently use either "for example" or "e.g."
* Consistently use either "in other words” or "i.e."
* Search periods following quotations marks.
* Search for two spaces after periods, question marks, and exclamation marks.
* No hidden index entries in the front or back matter (e.g., title page, table of contents).
* Use a grammar checker to ﬁnd passive voice sentences, and rewrite in active voice.
* Check capitalization in all chapter and section titles.
* Search for repeated carriage returns, and remove.
* Replace ﬁ and ﬂ with ligatures (also ff, ffi and ffl if you have access to the expert set).
* M-dashes breaking at line breaks.
* Ellipses breaking at line breaks.
* Automated hyphenation on. No too-short or too-long word divisions.
* First paragraph of chapters, sections, and subsections not in-dented.
* Chapter titles in running headers correct.
* First page of chapters don't have headers, instead have drop folios (page number in footer).
* Title page, ﬁrst page, etc. on recto (right-hand) pages.
* No widows.
* Number of pages fits into signatures (e.g., 224 pages).
* Graphics neither too dark not too light.
* Table of contents page numbers correct.
* Index page numbers correct.
* Crop PDF ﬁle pages to page size.
* Bar code price correct. The price is the smaller bar code to the right. Above you'll see a number. It will start with a 5, if your price is in American dollars. Ignore the ﬁrst digit. The rest of the number is your price. E.g., “51995” means US$19.95.
* Canadian Price. Use the latest exchange rate to check this.
# Basic Book Design/Punctuation in Quotations

Question marks and exclamation marks go inside or outside quotations, depending on whether the quoted text used the punctuation mark.
    She asked me, "Is this the train to Altoona?" (Correct)
    Do you really call that "borscht"? (Correct)
If you're novice, always put periods and commas inside quotation marks.
    "Go on," he said, "I'm listening." (Correct)
The Chicago Manual of Style (5.11-13) has a page and half about when to put a period outside quotation marks. If you understand these rules, follow them. E.g.,
    Yes, this is what they call "borscht". (Correct)
# Basic Book Design/Spine

For example if your are designing a 120 pages book plus cover on 100# gloss book for inside pages and 100# gloss cover for cover, the spine size of the cover of this perfect bound book is: 120 Pages / 2 = 60 sheets, 60x0. 005"= 0.3".
# Basic Book Design/Quotations and Extracts

Consider rewriting long quotations in your own words. Your writing is likely easier to read, and takes up less space. Plus you’ll have no worries about copyrights or permissions.
But sometimes another author writes something better than you can write.
    I felt like a punk who’d gone out for a switchblade and come back with a tactical nuke.
    “Shit,” I said, “screwed again. What good’s a tactical nuke in a streetfight?”
    — William Gibson, Burning Chrome
Set apart long quotations with a different font family, font size, margins, and leading.
If you’re using a serif font (e.g., Times Roman) for your text, the most different font would be sans-serif (e.g., Helvetica). But sans-serif fonts are difﬁcult to read. Instead, use a readable serif font, distinct from your text font. I like Rockwell (used in the above William Gibson quotation). In contrast, Palatino (below) doesn’t look different enough from Times Roman):
    I felt like a punk who’d gone out for a switchblade and come back with a tactical nuke.
    “Shit,” I said, “screwed again. What good’s a tactical nuke in a streetﬁght?”
    — William Gibson, Burning Chrome
OK, to you it looks different, and Palatino is a beautiful font. But some idiot reader won’t notice that you’ve changed fonts, margins, and leading, and think that you wrote the quotation. Don’t be subtle. Make things very clear to your readers.
Use a font size one point smaller than the text. Use single-spaced leading. Move the margins in one-quarter or one-half inch on both sides.
Add space above and below the quote. Don’t add space between a new section heading and the quotation (your section heading should already have space above and below). Don’t add space if the quote is at the top or bottom of a page.
Quotations have one problem I don’t know how to solve. If you change the leading, the lines on the verso and recto pages (left-hand and right-hand pages) won’t align.
A page break should never break a quotation (or an extract) with one line above the page break.

### Extracts

An example is called an extract.
    This is an example of an extract.
Again, make your extracts look distinctive from your text. If your book has both quotations and extracts, use distinctive fonts, e.g., Rockwell for quotations and Helvetica for extracts.

### Indentation after Quotations and Extracts

Some typesetters don’t indent the ﬁrst paragraph after a quotation or extract. This is a good idea if the left margin of your quotation/extract is close to your paragraph indentation. E.g., you set your paragraph indentation at 0.2”, and your extract left margin at 0.25”. This book has those settings. Because the extracts and paragraphs nearly line up, you might think that the paragraph after an extract was part of the extract. If you make your quotations/extracts and text look distinct, indent the paragraph after a quotation or extract. If your text, quotations, and extracts look similar, don’t indent the ﬁrst paragraph after a quotation or extract.
# Basic Book Design/Table of Contents

Most word processors will automatically generate a table of contents.
A table of contents should be one or two pages. Readers should be able to glance through it and see what the book is about. If your table of contents is too short, increase the number of levels. If it's too long, reduce the number of levels. You can put a detailed table of contents after the primary table of contents if necessary. The detailed table of contents can be as long as you wish.

## Chapter Summaries

A table of contents should include a one- or two-line chapter summary after each chapter title. The summary makes readers want to read the chapter (like the title and subtitle of the book). E.g.,
    Chapter 3: The Announcement………..…....……36
    Brad and Carol always wanted kittens—but for lunch?
Microsoft Word can't do chapter summaries automatically. You'll have to run your table of contents, and then type in each chapter summary. This is tedious, if you have to run your table of contents several times (e.g., you add or move a chapter).
Before sending your book to the printer, check the table of contents page numbers. Nothing makes a book look more amateurish than a table of contents that doesn't match the page numbers. E.g., Chapter Three is supposed to start on page 36, but actually starts on page 37.
# Analytical Forensic Pharmacology/Sources

Andrews, "Peptide Mapping." Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins. B.D. Hames and D. Rickwood. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
"Beers' Law - Theoretical Principles." Sheffield Hallam University . 2002. Sheffield Hallam University School of Science and Mathematics.. 15 Aug 2006 <http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/sci/chem/tutorials/molspec/beers1.htm>.
Bell, Suzanne. Forensic Chemistry. 1st. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.
Deakin, Anna. "A Study of Acids Used for the Acidified Cobalt Thiocyanate Test for Cocaine Base." US Department of Justice http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/journal_v1/mjournal_v1_pg6a.html
Ehlenger, JR. "Geo-location of Heroin and Cocaine by Stable Isotope ratios." Forensic Science International 106(1999): 27-36.
"Evident Crime Scene Products." Evident Crime Scene Products. 15 Aug 2006 <http://www.evidentcrimescene.com/>.
Fanga , C, L, Ju-Tsug, & Lin, C-H (2002). Determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by. Forensic Science Center, Taiwan.
"Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry." Frank A. Settle. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997.
(Miyamoto and Bird David Miyamoto, public presentation, August, 2006)
O'Brien, R, & Cohen, S (1984). The Encyclopedia of Drug Abuse. .New York, New York: Facts on File, Inc..
O’Neal, C. "Validation of Twelve Chemical Spot Tests for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse." Forensic Science International 109(2000): 189-201.
Rubinson, K, & Rubinson, J (2000). Contemporary Instrumental Analysis.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Tortora, G, Funke, B, & Case, C (2001). Microbiology: An Introduction. New York: Benjamin Cummings.
Touchstone, J, & Dobbins, M (1978). Practice of Thin Layer Chromatography.New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons..
Williamson, Kenneth. Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments . 1st. Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath, 1989.