OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rebol Programming/Language Features/Recursion
## Recursion

Rebol allows for recursive programming. This is when a function is able to invoke itself, and can be quite useful eg. for tracing through a tree structure such as spidering a website. However, if the number of times the function is invoked is too many, a stack error occurs. It is better to restrict the use of recursive functions to where the recursion is known to be limited.
However, it should be noted that the Rebol interpreter evaluates Rebol code in a recursive fashion.
For example of a recursive function, here we define read-dir to collect file and directory names from the directory given to it as an argument, and all the sub directories below that directory.
Starting with an empty file-list block, the function read-dir reads all the files in the current directory. If the file is a directory, it then calls itself to read that directory, returning to the calling version of itself on completion.
The question is often asked as to whether Rebol supports Tail recursion, and Continuations. The answer is, that it used to do so, but it was removed as it caused Rebol to consume large amounts of memory. Carl Sassenrath, Rebol's chief architect, has stated that at some stage tail recursion may be re-implemented, but it is not a priority. However, tail recursion would fix the problems sometimes seen with a stack overflow with the parse dialect, and allow deeply recursive functions.

## Examples

* wikichanges.r An example on crawling the Rebol Programming wikibook to see the latest changes
# Rebol Programming/Language Features/Parse/Simple splitting

String parsing involves simple splitting:
By providing NONE as the PARSE rule, we are asking PARSE to break a string into a block of string(s) based on whitespace:
and common delimiters:
To facilitate CSV splitting, quotation marks are handled specially (see the CSV example).
# Rebol Programming/Language Features/Parse/Parsing examples
## Simply split

This is an example of simple splitting using parse expression matching. As opposed to the NONE rule, this example does not treat the quotation marks specially. It can be modified easily to suit your needs.
The SIMPLY-SPLIT function behaves like the PARSE function obtaining the NONE rule (examples above) except for the CSV case:
# The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/Networks and Protocols/Ares
## Ares Network

Ares (software implementation) was developed in the middle of 2002, originally using the Gnutella network. After Six months of operation, it switched to its own network comprising the leaves-and-supernodes p2p architecture. Having a protocol that can be difficult to identify made Ares at times the only P2P client that could functions on restricted networks, such as some university campuses.

### Software Implementations

* Ares ( http://aresgalaxy.sourceforge.net/ ), a Chat/File Sharing P2P implementation in Delphi/Kylix. It's based on a Network organized into leafs and supernodes into a topology featuring broadcast-type searches. Ares can deliver a broader search horizon by means of the DHT technology, using a mime filter to DHT engine. Ares users can also join chat rooms or host a channel. It is for 32-bit MS Windows Operating Systems (NT/2000/XP) and Open Source under the GPL License (GNU General Public License). From version 1.9.0, data sharing was enabled between two peers behind a firewall. From version 1.9.4, Ares included support for the BitTorrent protocol. From version 1.9.9, Ares Galaxy has support for the SHOUTcast internet radio stations.

#### Discontinued Implementations

* Warez P2P was a proprietary P2P filesharing service that uses the Ares network, and offers a service similar to that of Kazaa. Up to version 1.6, Warez P2P was a clone of Ares Galaxy, created by Italian developer Alberto Trevisan, but since then has been developed independently by Neoteric Ltd until recently when it was discontinued.
# The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/Networks and Protocols/Napster
## Napster

The Napster network was created at application-level using a client-server protocol over point-to-point TCP. The server was in this case a centralized directory that would hold an index of all files offered (MP3/WMA). The clients would connect to the server, identify themselves to the server (users had an account on the server) and send a list of MP3/WMA files they were sharing to it enabling other clients to search that central repository for any file on the network and then request it from any available source.
Napster protocol specifications

#### Software Implementation

* OpenNap ( http://opennap.sourceforge.net ), a Napster based peer-to-peer, created as open source (GPL), in C using Win32, and so for Windows. Intended to extend the Napster protocol to allow sharing of any media type, and adding the ability to link servers together. Discontinued.
* audioGnome ( http://www.audiognome.com ), closed source but as freeware for Windows.
* JNerve ( http://jnerve.sourceforge.net ), an open source (GPL) Java Napster Server Protocol implementation with a goal of cross-platform compatibility.
* Napsack ( http://napsack.sourceforge.net ) is a specialized multi-threaded client for broadcasting Napster queries across multiple servers; the list of target servers is retrieved from www.napigator.com, and is user-filterable (based on the number of users, files, or gigs indexed). Opensourced (GPL) using Java.
# The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/Foreword
## Foreword

This book intends to explain to you the overall utilization that P2P (Peer-to-Peer) technologies have in today's world, it goes deeper into as many implementations as it can and compares the benefits, problems even legal implications and changes to social behaviors and economic infrastructures. We explain in detail about the technology and how works and try to bring you a vision on what to expect in the future.

## Guide to Readers

This is a wikibook (en.wikibooks.org), as such you should learn a bit about what it is and how it does its magic.
The book is organized into different parts, but as this is a work that is always evolving, things may be missing or just not where they should be, you are free to become a writer and contribute to fix things up...

## Reader Comments

If you have comments about the technical accuracy, content, or organization of this document, please tell us (e.g. by using the "discussion" pages or by email). Be sure to include the section or the part title of the document with your comments and the date of your copy of the book. If you are really convinced of your point, information or correction then become a writer (at Wikibooks) and do it, it can always be rolled back if someone disagrees.

## Guide to Writers

Authors/Contributors should register if intending to make non-anonymous contributions to the book (this will give more value and relevance to your opinions and views on the evolution of the work and enable others to talk to you) and try to follow the structure. If you have major ideas or big changes use the discussion area; as a rule just go with the flow.

### Conventions

    A set of conventions have been adopted on the creation of this book please read about them before you contribute any content on the book's talk page.
# The World of Peer-to-Peer (P2P)/Networks and Protocols/IM
## Instant Messaging

Instant messaging can be considered a subtype of P2P, in simple terms it consists on the act of instantly communicating between two or more people over a network (LAN or WAN) mostly using text. This requires the use of a client program so that when a message is sent, where a notification is shown a short time after on the destination application, enabling it's user to reply to the original messages. IM protocols can be centralized or distributed or a mix of the two.
Instant messaging allows users to send quick notes or reminders to other users in almost real time. IM can, but may not, include any P2P implementation or support extra P2P services like, file-sharing, VoIP or Video Conference the broad definition is that IM is the almost instantaneous trading of messages, whatever form it takes.
Since any P2P network depends on participation, supporting some kind of IM implementations is very important as a way to create a community and sustain the network.

### IM Software Implementations

* Gaim/Pidgin ( http://pidgin.im/pidgin/home/ ) OpenSource (GPL) instant messaging client supporting Windows, GNU, BSD, and many Unix derivatives and compatible with AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo!, IRC, Jabber, Gadu-Gadu, SILC, GroupWise Messenger, and Zephyr networks.
* Trillain ( http://www.ceruleanstudios.com/ ) skinnable chat client that supports AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo!, and IRC, it also includes many features not included in those chat programs.
* BitWise IM (http://www.bitwiseim.com), Encrypted Cross-Platform (Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux) Instant Messaging, free but closed source, uses wxWidgets. Also supports a Whiteboards, Voice Chat.
* digsby (http://www.digsby.com), a closed source, windows only, multiprotocol IM client that lets you chat with all your friends on AIM, MSN, Yahoo, ICQ, Google Talk, and Jabber with one simple to manage buddy list.
* Google Talk (http://www.google.com/talk/), Windows XP+ only, closed source, supports IM and interacts with the Gmail (google WEB mail) platform.
# Sonic R/Reactive Factory

Collect all the coins on this course to unlock Metal Knuckles.

## Coins

* At the start keep going forward down the "runway". The coin is on the submarine.
* Take the first right after the start line to find the coin.
* - Go along the track until the road splits into an upper road and a lower road. The lower one has the coin.
* - After you get the third coin continue until you reach a wide open area. Turn left.
* - Near the start/finish line is a 20 ring door. The coin is behind it.

## Emeralds

* Just after the loop is a door. Go through it and the Emerald will appear just behind it. (Red)
* Turn left at the speed-up panel and go through the 50 ring door. The Emerald will appear on the yellow submarine. (Gray)
# Sonic R/Regal Ruins

Collect all the coins on this course to unlock Egg Robo.

### Coins

* Turn left just after the start line and go up the ramp. The coin is just after the bridge.
* Just after the start line there is a hill on the right hand side. The coin is on top of this hill.
* After the bridge take the left instead of going up the hill. The coin is above the spring in the corner.
* At the same place as above go right (through the tunnel), then take the left at the junction to find this coin.
* This coin is on the main track.

### Emeralds

* Same place as coin 1 above. Go through the ring door to get the Emerald. (Orange)
* After you go up the ramp near the start of the course, go through the ring door to find the Emerald. (Yellow)
# Sonic the Hedgehog 2

Sonic the Hedgehog 2, or simply Sonic 2, is a platform game developed and published by Sega for the Mega Drive/Genesis. It is the sequel to Sonic the Hedgehog, and was originally released in November of 1992. The game introduced Miles "Tails" Power for the first time as a playable character.

## Contents
### Zones

* Emerald Hill Zone
* Chemical Plant Zone
* Aquatic Ruin Zone
* Casino Night Zone
* Hill Top Zone
* Mystic Cave Zone
* Oil Ocean Zone
* Metropolis Zone
* Sky Chase Zone
* Wing Fortress Zone
* Death Egg Zone

### Other

* Cheats
# Sonic R/Resort Island

The first level of the game.

## Coins

Collect all the coins on this course to unlock Metal Sonic.
* On top of the rock, just after the first corner.
* Under the waterfall.
* This coin is behind the 20 ring door near the village.
* On the hairpin turn, just after the village, keep going forward. The coin is located on one of the islands.
* On the hairpin at the very bottom of the map.

## Emerald

There is only one Emerald on this course (Blue). It is located behind the 50 ring door.

## Glitches

Inside the rock tunnel, there is a point where two walls meet. If you move into that point you should be able to go through it and run around the outside of the course.
# Sonic the Hedgehog 2/Aquatic Ruin

An ancient ruin located in a forest valley partially submerged in water.

## Act 2
### Boss

Two pillars rise out of the ground trapping Sonic between them. Dr. Robotnik flies above them and hammers them, causing arrows to shoot out from them. Robotnik flies too high to be hit by Sonic, you must stand on the arrows and jump from them to hit Robotnik.

#### Tips

* As the pillars rise from the ground, jump on them to reach Robotnik.
# Sonic the Hedgehog 2/Cheats
## Stage Select

In the options screen play music 19, 65, 09, 17, then press Start. This should return you to the title screen. Hold A and press Start again and a level select menu should appear.

## Receive All Chaos Emeralds

In the level select screen, play music 04, 01, 02, 06. 06 will be the sound heard when you receive a Chaos Emerald instead of what it normally is, if the cheat was done properly. Now you may go to any level. To turn into Super Sonic, collect fifty (50) rings and then jump.
# Sonic the Hedgehog 2/Casino Night Zone

A city that never sleeps, full of pinball rooms, flashing lights, and slot machines.

## Items
### Slot Machine

The slot machines give out different prizes depending on when the reels land (Sonic, Tails, Ring, Bar, Jackpot or Robotnik). In addition, a Jackpot or two can also act as a wild card or wild cards, rewarding rings even though the other reel(s) are not Jackpots. One Jackpot and two icons give out the standard prize, but two Jackpots will double the standard prize for the third icon. A Bar will also give out rings depending on how many there are. Note that in this case, Jackpots only act as doublers in the case of only Jackpots and Bars, i.e., two Bars with one Jackpot is worth 40 rings, and one Bar with two Jackpots is worth 80 rings, but one Bar and one Jackpot is only worth 2 rings.

## Act 2
### Boss

Dr. Robotnik tries to defeat Sonic with his neon spike-ball machine.
# Transportation Planning Casebook/About

This Casebook contains a set of case studies. It was initially developed as part of CE5212/PA5232 Transportation Policy, Planning, and Deployment at the University of Minnesota taught by Prof. David Levinson. The cases themselves are developed by students.

## Cases

Written Case Study Report should include
* Summary,
* Annotated List of Actors,
* Timeline of Events,
* Maps of Locations,
* Clear Identification of Policy Issues,
* Narrative of the Case,
* Discussion Questions.
* Complete References of Cited (primary and secondary) Documents). (with hyperlinks as appropriate)
It should be written from a Neutral Point-of-View. Online encyclopedias are not acceptable sources for citation (feel free to read to get background information, but they are at best tertiary sources).
The report should be on the order of 3000-5000 words. It should be fully referenced. Additional readings on the order of 30 -100 pages should be assigned with the case, these will be linked on the case web page or handed out in class.
# Transportation Planning Casebook
## Introduction

* About
* Introduction

## Cases
### 2024

* IPART Fare Setting in New South Wales
* Melbourne Metro and Suburban Rail Loop
* Cross-River Rail
* F6/M6 in NSW
* Metronet Western Australia
* Westconnex - What Went Wrong

### 2023

* Sydney Trains Labour Relations
* Fast(er) Rail in NSW
* Bays Precinct Transformation
* Transport Asset Holding Entity
* Sydney Airport Link Train (T8)
* Brisbane Airportlink (M7) toll road

### 2022

* New South Wales Inland Rail
* Melbourne Orbital Rail
* Parramatta Road

### 2021

* Stop de kindermoord (updated and revised from 2015 Bike_Lanes_in_Amsterdam)
* COVID-19 and Popup Cycleways and Road Space Reallocation
* COVID-19 and International Aviation
* Sydney Monorail
* COVID-19 and Public Transport

### 2020

* Western Harbour Tunnel / Beaches Link (updated and revised from 2018)
* Western Sydney Airport
* Sydney Metro-Greater West
* Liverpool Trackless Tram

### 2019

* B-Line Bus Service (Sydney)
* Sydney Metro (CBD and Southwest)
* Sydney F6 Motorway

### 2018

* New Public Transport Timetables for Sydney
* Stationless Bikesharing in Sydney
* Sydney Metro (Northwest)
* Sydney LRT (CBD and Southeast)
* Western Sydney Airport (and City Deal)
* Westconnex
* Western Harbour Tunnel
* Northern Beaches Freeway
* Port of Botany Bay
* 30-Minute City
* Sydney West Metro
* Road User Charging in Australia
* Sydney Ferries
* Asset Recycling

### 2015

* Crossrail 2 in London
* Road Pricing in Singapore
* Bike Lanes in Amsterdam
* Alaska Way Viaduct in Seattle
* Rio 2016 Olympics Transportation Planning

### 2014

* Transportation Network Companies
* Transit Plans in Toronto
* Transmilenio
* Melbourne Trams
* Autonomous Cars

### 2013

* Hyperloop
* Airline Merger
* St. Paul Streetcars vs. Arterial BRT
* Gateway Corridor: LRT v. Freeway BRT

### 2012

* Northeast Corridor High speed Train
* Twin Cities Bike Networks
* Stockholm Cordon Tolls
* London Bus Deregulation
* The emergence of Self-Driving Vehicles

### 2011

* Vancouver Skytrain
* London Crossrail
* China High-Speed Rail
* I-69
* Transantiago

## Related Wikibooks

* Fundamentals of Transportation
* Transportation Economics
* Transportation Geography and Network Science
* Transportation Deployment Casebook
# United Nations History/Boutros Boutros-Ghali

← Javier Pérez de Cuéllar | Kofi Annan →

## Boutros Boutros-Ghali

Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Arabic: بطرس بطرس غالي, Coptic: Bουτρος Βουτρος-Γαλι) (November 14, 1922 – February 16, 2016) was an Egyptian diplomat who was the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1992 to December 1996.

## Nagorno-Karabakh War

The Nagorno-Karabakh War refers to the armed conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the small ethnic enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the predominantly ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan. As the war progressed, Armenia and Azerbaijan, both former Soviet Republics, became enveloped in a protracted, undeclared war in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb a secessionist movement in Nagorno-Karabakh. The enclave's parliament had voted in favor of uniting itself with Armenia and a referendum was held with the vast majority of the Karabakh population voting in favor of independence. The demand to unify with Armenia, which proliferated in the late 1980s, began in a relatively peaceful manner; however, in the following months, as the Soviet Union's disintegration neared, it gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between the two ethnic groups, resulting in claims of ethnic cleansing by all sides.

### Security Council Resolutions

Four UN Security Council Resolutions have been passed during the Nagorno-Karabakh war.
| No. | Purpose | Date |
| 822 | Calls for the cessation of hostilities and withdrawal of occupying forces from Kelbajar district of Azerbaijan following its occupation on April 3, 1993. | April 30, 1993 |
| 853 | Calls on withdrawal of occupying forces from Agdam district of Azerbaijan occupied on June 23, 1993 and reaffirms UN Resolution 822. | July 29, 1993 |
| 874 | Calls on withdrawal of occupying forces from recently occupied Azerbaijani districts of Fizuli (August 23, 1993), Jabrayil (August 26, 1993), Qubadli (August 31, 1993) and reaffirms UN Resolutions 822 and 853. | October 14, 1993 |
| 884 | Calls on withdrawal of occupying forces from recently occupied Azerbaijani district of Zangilan, calls upon the Government of Armenia to use its influence on the occupying forces, and city of Goradiz and reaffirms UN Resolutions 822, 853, 874. | November 12, 1993 |

## Works

Boutros-Ghali has published two memoirs:
* Egypt's road to Jerusalem (1997), about the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.
* Unvanquished: A U.S.-U.N. Saga (1999), about his time as Secretary-General at the UN.
# United Nations/Trusteeship Council

When the United Nations Charter was signed in 1945, all Member States agreed to set up the International Trusteeship System, which called for the international supervision for 11 Non-Self-Governing Territories administered by seven Member States. A trusteeship is a situation in which one administers a Trust Territory.
The Charter states that "the membership of the Trusteeship Council must reflect a balance between members that administer Trust Territories and members that do not...". For this reason, the size of the Trusteeship Council varies. Over time, the number of Trust Territories has decreased, paralleling with the decreasing size of administering countries. The five veto power nations administer or have administered Trust Territories in the past. By 1985, few Territories were under Trust control, such as the Pacific Islands, under Trust jurisdiction of the United States of America.
Although China is part of the Trusteeship Council, it voluntarily chooses not to intervene in the Council's activities.

### Control and Controlled

The Trusteeship Council is like other organs of the UN but is different in some senses. The Council is actually under the jurisdiction of the General Assembly, and carries out the controlled powers of the UN regarding Trust Territories and current issues regarding them. While the Trusteeship Council assumes administration, it is the Security Council that is actually responsible for carrying out the plans of the Trusteeship Council.

### Community Action of the Council

Periodically, the Trusteeship Council will provide for formal visiting of Trust Territories. The Council takes action based on adhering to various Trusteeship Agreements and ensures that these Agreements are not treated loosely nor neglected by Member States.
Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall have one vote and decisions of the Trusteeship Council shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.

### The Council: When?

The Trusteeship Council meets annually for regular sessions. However, as of 2002, the Trusteeship Council no longer meets, but has the ability to be "revived" in the event that an issue regarding Trust Territories arises.
The U.N. Charter does not specify whether or not the Trusteeship Council may hold special emergency sessions like the General Assembly or Security Council can. The Council is not a UN body that may issue an resolution that calls for an immediate solution to a problem; (as the Charter says in Article 33, "The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties [the current Members of the Security Council] to settle..." ).
# United Nations/Organizations associated with the UN

The purpose of this section is to talk about some organizations that are either affiliated with the United Nations, under the jurisdiction of the UN itself. This section will not cover non-governmental organizations because NGO's are not permanently associated with UN.

## Organizations

The organizations fall under the UN network.
The Human Rights Commission (HRC) The International Labour Organisation (ILO) The World Health Organisation (WHO) The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) The United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) The United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNWRA)
# United Nations History
## Table of contents
### The League of Nations

* League Visualized
* League Formed
* Protocols of the League
* League Attacked

### United Nations

* UN Formed
* Gladwyn Jebb
* Trygve Lie
* Dag Hammarskjöld
* U Thant
* Kurt Waldheim
* Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
* Boutros Boutros-Ghali
* Kofi Annan
* Ban Ki-moon

### New World Order (Onus Mundi)

* Order Visualized
* Global Government
* League of Democracies

### Documents

* Treaties