OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Portuguese/Contents/Common adjectives

<< Portuguese:Contents

### Size

* Large - grande
* Huge - enorme
* Small - pequeno
* Tiny - minúsculo

### Appearance

* Beautiful/Handsome - bonito
* Pretty - lindo
* Ugly - feio

### Age

* Young - novo / jovem
* Old - velho
* Ancient - antigo

### Colors

* red - vermelho
* green - verde
* yellow - amarelo
* brown - castanho (In Portugal) marron (In Brazil)
* black - preto
* white - branco
* blue - azul
* purple - roxo
* pink - rosa

### adjectives

* Smart/Intelligent - inteligente
* Stupid - estúpido / burro
* High/tall - alto
* Low/short - baixo
* Long - longo
* Short - curto
* Thin - magro
* weak - fraco
* Fat - gordo
* Hot - quente / calor
* Cold - frio
* Frozen - congelado
* New - novo
* delicious - delicioso
* bitter - amargo
* soft - suave
* hard - duro
* horrible - horrível
* perfect - perfeito
* possible - possível
* calm - tranquilo
* good - bom
* bad - mau
* awful - ruim
* excellent - excelente
* wide - largo
* narrow - estreito
* heavy - pesado
* light (weight) - leve
* light (color) - claro
* bright - brilhante
* happy - feliz
* sad - triste
* proud - orgulhoso
* embarrassed - envergonhado / com vergonha

## See also

colours in a file for learning
# Portuguese/Contents/Regular verbs

<< Portuguese:Contents
Regular verbs are verbs that have a normal pattern used in giving tense to the verbs. This is as apposed to irregular verbs, which have their own individual ways of adding tense.

## Verb endings

Verbs in Portuguese end in 3 different suffixes. These suffixes are -ar, -er, and -ir. These suffixes determine how the verb's tenses are handled.

## Tenses

The following are sections dedicated to the different tenses used for regular verbs:
* Present tense regular verbs
* Future tense regular verbs
* Imperfect tense regular verbs
* Preterite tense regular verbs (Simple Past)

## Regular verbs

Here is a list of some common regular verbs, along with their meanings:
* amar - to love
* beber - to drink
* cantar - to sing
* chegar - to arrive
* comer - to eat
* comprar - to buy
* conhecer - to know (as in being acquainted with)
* correr - to run
* dormir - to sleep
* estudar - to study
* falar - to speak
* ficar - to become, to stay, or to remain
* partir - to leave
* vender - to sell
* viver - to live
# Portuguese/Contents/Rooms of the House

<< Portuguese:Contents
As divisões da casa - Rooms of the House :
| o quarto - the bedroom | a cozinha - the kitchen | a sala de estar - the living room |
| o banheiro - the bathroom | a lavanderia - the laundry | a sala de jantar - the dining room |
| as escadas - the staircase | a despensa - the pantry | o jardim - the garden |
# Portuguese/Contents/Pluperfect tense regular verbs

The pluperfect tense is used to show temporal relationships in the past. It shows that one event happened before another, as in "I had already eaten dinner before you called". All regular verbs follow the one pattern, except for an accent in the "we" and "you" (plural) forms of the verbs, which change depending on whether the verb is "-ar", "-er" or "-ir".
The regular pluperfect tense is formed as follows:
| I had spoken | Eu falar | a | | | |
| You had spoken | Tu falar | as | | | |
| He had spoken (also ela, você) | Ele falar | a | | | |
| We had spoken | Nós falár | amos | BUT | Nós comêramos | Nós partíramos |
| You (p) had spoken | Vós falár | eis | BUT | Vós comêreis | Vós partíreis |
| They were speaking (also elas, vocês) | Eles falar | am | | | |
# Portuguese/Contents/Possessive Pronouns and adjectives
## Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives

| | Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Masculine Plural | Feminine Plural |
| eu | o meu | a minha | os meus | as minhas |
| tu | o teu | a tua | os teus | as tuas |
| ele/ela/você | o seu | a sua | os seus | as suas |
| nós | o nosso | a nossa | os nossos | as nossas |
| vós/vocês | o vosso | a vossa | os vossos | as vossas |
| eles/elas | o seu | a sua | os seus | as suas |

## Gender

The gender in these words is of the object possessed, not the possessor (as in English). For example
* Ele vai para a sua casa - He goes to his house.
* Even though 'ele' is masculine, we use the feminine 'a sua' because 'casa' is feminine.

## Confusion

Unfortunately, confusion can arise with the forms seu, sua, seus and suas. This is because they can mean his, her, your and their. We therefore use the following forms frequently.
| a casa dele | his house |
| a casa dela | her house |
| a casa deles | their (m) house |
| a casa delas | their (f) house |
Note: The gender of these words refers, unlike the words above, to the possessor, not the object(s) possessed.
# Portuguese/Contents/Slang (Portugal)

In Portugal there are several slang expressions (expressões informais) which are very common.
Fixe! (fisch)
* Cool!
* Nice!
Fogo! (fo-goh)
* Goodness!
* Wow!
Pá! (pah)
Porreiro (por-rei-ro)
* Great!
* Excellent!
# Portuguese/Contents/Practise Definite and Indefinite Articles

| << Previous | Contents | Next >> |
You should have already had a look at the page Definite and Indefinite Articles. If you haven't, have a look over it. Now it's time to have a little practice, as well as learn some vocabulary. It might be best to print this page out or copy it to fill out in a word processing application.
Note that when a word ends in an -s it is plural: to determine whether it is masculine or feminine, take off the -s (or sometimes -es if the word ends in -res, -ses or zes) to determine gender. Pay attention to the real meaning of the word because the way to determine gender needs it.
| Fill in with the correct definite article (a, o, as, os): ___ filhos - sons ___ filha - daughter ___ mulher - woman ___ homem - man ___ irmãos - brothers ___ irmã - sister ___ casa - house ___ jogos - games | Fill in the correct indefinite article (um, uma, uns, umas) ___ cão - dog ___ amigos - male friends ___ amiga - female friend ___ nome - name (masculine) ___ dias - days (masculine) ___ semanas - weeks ___ rapazes - boys ___ rapariga - girl |
Click here to find the answers.
# Portuguese/Contents/Present tense regular verbs

<< Portuguese:Regular verbs
Regular verbs have a invariable radical (falar - to speak) and are easy to memorize. Each conjugation follows a different, but a regular pattern.

## -ar present tense regular verbs

All regular verbs ending in -ar are conjugated the same way. The conjugation is dependent on the subject that the verb is in reference to. Here is an example conjugation for the verb falar:
| I speak | Eu fal | o |
| You (s,inf) speak | Tu fal | as |
| He speaks (also ela, você) | Ele fal | a |
| We speak | Nós fal | amos |
| You (p) speak | Vós fal | ais |
| They speak (also elas, vocês) | Eles fal | am |

## -er present tense regular verbs

| I eat | Eu com | o |
| You (s,inf) eat | Tu com | es |
| He eats (also ela, você) | Ele com | e |
| We eat | Nós com | emos |
| You (p) eat | Vós com | eis |
| They eat (also elas, vocês) | Eles com | em |

## -ir present tense regular verbs

Regular tense verbs ending in -ir are handled very similarly to -er verbs. The only difference is the conjugation for nós and vós. Here is an example conjugation for the verb partir (to leave):
| I leave | Eu part | o |
| You (s,inf) leave | Tu part | es |
| He leaves (also ela, você) | Ele part | e |
| We leave | Nós part | imos |
| You (p) leave | Vós part | is |
| They leave (also elas, vocês) | Eles part | em |
# Portuguese/Contents/Preterite tense regular verbs
## Preterite (Simple Past) Tense

This tense is used to describe an action that has happened in the past and which is now finished.
To form the preterite tense, use the following guide for regular verbs. The endings in bold can be put on the stem of the regular "AR", "ER" and "IR" verbs you wish to conjuagate.

## -ar preterite tense regular verbs

| I spoke | Eu fal | ei |
| You (s,inf) spoke | Tu fal | aste |
| He spoke (also ela, você) | Ele fal | ou |
| We spoke | Nós fal | ámos |
| You (f) spoke | Vós fal | astes |
| They spoke (also elas, vocês) | Eles fal | aram |

## -er preterite tense regular verbs

| I ate | Eu com | i |
| You (s,inf) ate | Tu com | este |
| He ate (also ela, você) | Ele com | eu |
| We ate | Nós com | emos |
| You (f) ate | Vós com | estes |
| They ate (also elas, vocês) | Eles com | eram |

## -ir preterite tense regular verbs

| I opened | Eu abr | i |
| You (s,inf) opened | Tu abr | iste |
| He opened (also ela, você) | Ele abr | iu |
| We opened | Nós abr | imos |
| You (f) abr | Vós abr | istes |
| They opened (also elas, vocês) | Eles abr | iram |
# Nanotechnology/Organic Nanomaterials

* Navigate
* << Prev: Metallic Nanostructures/
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Nanosystems

## References

See also notes on editing this book Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
# Nanotechnology/Physical Chemistry of Surfaces

* Navigate
* << Prev: Modelling Nanosystems
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Background Material

# Physical Chemistry of Surfaces

* Introduction to Surface Chemistry

# Hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces

* Wetablility
* wetting
* Hydrophobe
* Hydrophile
* Super hydrophilicity

# Surface Energy

* Surface energy

# Surface Diffusion

* Diffusion

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
# Nanotechnology/Nanosystems

* Navigate
* << Prev: Organic Nanomaterials
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Nano-optics
* <<< Prev Part: Nanomaterials
* >>> Next Part: Nanoengineering
This part describes the subfields of nanotechnology with a very technological aim:
* Nanomechanics
* Nano-optics and Nanophotonics
* Nanofluidics
* Nanoelectronics

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
# Nanotechnology/Overview of Production methods

* Navigate
* << Prev: Nanomaterials
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Semiconducting Nanostructures
* Chemical vapor deposition
* Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE)
* Arc discharge where an electical arc is made between rods of the precursor materials.
* Physical vapor deposition
* Molecular beam epitaxy using solid sources and Chemical beam epitaxy using gaseous sources.
* Epitaxy in general.
* Atomic layer epitaxy where only a few monolayers are deposited and bond to chemisorption sites on the surface.
* Self-assembled monolayers
* metal organic chemical vapor deposition abbreviation as MOCVD
* atomic layer deposition, for depositing uniform thin films one atomic layer at a time (By [http://www.fmnt.fi/index.pl?id=2913&isa=Category&op=show Dr. Tuomo Suntola and co-workers in Finland.)

# Types of nanometal synthesis

The most common types of nanometal synthesis deal with 'wet' methods in which metal nanoparticles are produced in a colloid with an organic material of some sort.
Gold nanoparticles can be produced by either:
1) Reduction of HAuCl$_4$ in a solution of sodium citrate, then boiling it, causing gold nanoparticles to form in a wine-red solution.
2) Mixing HAuCl$_4$ in water, which produces a solution that is subsequently transferred into toluene using tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB), a phase transfer catalyst. Phase transfer catalysts help reactants dissolve in organic (carbon-containing) material where the reactant otherwise couldn't w/o the PTC. Afterwards, the solution is stirred with sodium borohydride, in the presence of certain alkanes, which bind to the gold in the solution, allowing for the formation of gold nanoparticles.
Synthesis of other metal nanoparticles can possibly be achieved by reducing metal salts in organic solvents such as ethanol, or by variations of the above methods which synthesize gold nanoparticles.

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
* ↑ Luis M Liz-Marzán. "Nanometals formation and color", Materials Today, February 2004, page 27.
* ↑ Phase transfer catalyst-Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transfer_catalyst
# Nanotechnology/Reaching Out

* Navigate
* << Prev: About
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Seeing Nano

# Teaching Nanotechnology

Teachers' Toolbox is a Wikibook on teaching methods and ways to improve teaching. The toolbox is intended to give you an overview of methods you can use when teaching in general.
If you know of places that have teaching material available on the net, please add a link to the list below:
* Nanotechnology
* Nano-to-Macro Transport Processes, Fall 2004
* nanostructured materials and interfaces

# Outreach projects

There are several nanotechnology related outreach projects. Here are some examples to give ideas:
* Nanoscale Science Education
* Citizens school of nanotechnology
* Webcast outreach lecture
* Exploring the nanoworld
* K-14 outreach
* Cornell Museum

# Demonstration experiments

There is a dedicated section for nanotechnology in the Wikiboook on Science Show, which is a cross disciplinary collection of demonstration experiments. The is growing steadily and we will begin to add to the English version soon. Please add to these books with any demonstration experiments and ideas you have!
There are others available on the net:
* Nano-Tex: Testing New Nano Fabrics
* Nano kits and for instance the exercise moving a wall

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
# Programming in 1L a

Programming in the minimal two-dimensional esoteric programming language 1L_a is pretty difficult, as there are only a few instructions. However, using some creative strategy, 1L_a has been proved to be Turing-Complete.

## History

1L_a was designed by Scott Feeney. Released in 2005, it is the first member to be implemented in the 1L_a family. It's well known due to its simplicity.

## Contents

* The language
* Flattened 1L_a
* Simple statements
* Making larger programs
# Programming for Palm OS/Small fonts
## trade-offs

For a font to appear neat, the minimum size is guided by a few difficult characters:
"e" and "s" both need five rows for clear definition. "i" and "j" both benefit from two rows above the mean line while "g" and "y" look best when using two rows below the baseline.
Pushing glyphs with descenders up from the baseline or pushing glyphs with ascenders below the mean line is possible but not so tidy:
Using less than four rows for "e" and "s" is also possible but definition is lost:

## examples

An example of a 9 pixel high bitmap font:
..and pushing the limits of legibility: a 5 pixel high bitmap font:
# Programming in 1L a/Flattened 1L a

A way to create 1L_a programs is to write the corresponding Brainf*** program first, and then convert it into 1L_a. So it's time for a new language, Flattened 1L_a, which took place between 1L_a and Brainf***.

## Brainf*** and its minimalizations

As you might know, Brainf*** is a well-known and one-dimensional programming language. Like 1L_a, there's DP and IP too, yet the DP only moves in a line, and the DP moves on a character array instead of a bit array. It is Turing complete and has 8 instructions. Here are them:
| Instruction | Operation |
| > | Move the DP to the right |
| < | Move the DP to the left |
| + | Increment the memory cell the DP is pointing at |
| - | Decrement the memory cell the DP is pointing at |
| . | Output the character pointed by DP |
| , | Input a character and store it in the cell at the DP |
| [ | Jump past the matching ] if the cell at the DP is 0 |
| ] | Jump back to the matching [ if the cell at the DP is 0 |
Yet, as a Turing-Tarpit(languages that are designed to be both have only a few instructions and is Turing-Complete), 8 instructions are a bit too much. So we may create Brainf*** equivalents that have less instructions.
We call a language Brainf*** equivalent if you can implement every instructions in the language in Brainf*** and implement every instructions in Brainf*** in the language.

### Boolf***

It's pretty much obvious that we can reduce Brainf*** to 7 instructions by operating on an array of bits(like 1L_a!) instead of an array of characters, so that the instruction + and - become one: the toggle operation, notated as @. It is possible to use our powerful flow control to simulate a character array, but it would be bulky and I'm too lazy to do that. Luckily, someone have already done it for us:
We call this language Boolf***. Since Brainf*** is Turing-Complete, and you can translate any Brainf*** program into Boolf*** program, Boolf*** is Turing-Complete too.
# Programming for Palm OS/SuperWaba
## Download the SuperWaba SDK

You can download it from here: http://www.superwaba.com.br/en/downloads.asp *404 error
If it requires you to log in, either create an account (free) or use an account from BugMeNot.com.

### Unpacking the SDK

If you're running Linux, you can rename the .exe to .rar and use unrar to unpack the SDK.

## Setting Up Eclipse

Create a new Java Project in Eclipse "from existing source", with the directory: $SUPERWABA/src/java/
Add an External Archive to the Build Path: $SUPERWABA/lib/SuperWaba.jar.
After some fiddling, my .classpath ended up like this:

### Running the Samples

Run:Run... Java Application
* Main class: waba.applet.Applet
* Arguments: superwaba.samples.ui.gadgets.UIGadgets

## Our First Program

Run this program the same way you would one of the sample applications.
# OpenOffice.org/Calc/Formulas

A formula is a spreadsheet function entered in a cell, complete with its arguments. You can enter formulas in several ways.
The quickest way to enter a formula is to start typing, either in the cell itself, or at the input line. If you are typing in the cell, as soon as you type an operator, such as an equal sign or less than sign (<), then the formula tools become active on the Formula bar.
The trouble with both these methods is that typos are easy to make. Also, unless you are entering a formula that you use all the time, you may not remember its structure. For this reason, manual input of a formula is best for basic formulas or ones that you use all the time.
A more reliable method is to use the Function List. Available from the Insert menu, the Function List automatically docks as a pane on the right side of the Calc editing window. If you wish, you can Control+double-click on a blank space at the top of the pane to undock this pane and make it a floating window.
The Function List includes a brief description of each function and its arguments; highlight the function and look at the bottom of the pane to see the description. If necessary, hover the cursor over the division between the list and the description; when the cursor becomes a two-headed arrow, drag it upwards to increase the space for the description. Double-click on a function’s name to add it to the current cell, together with placeholders for each of the function’s arguments.
Using the Function List is almost as fast as manual entry, and has the advantage of not requiring that you memorize a formula that you want to use. In theory, it should also be less error-prone. In practice, though, some users may fumble when replacing the placeholders with values. Another handy feature is the ability to display the last formulas used.
This part describes the use and options of the Data Pilot in detail.
# OpenMP/Setup
## Setting up your compiler

To do any useful OpenMP programming, you will need a compiler that supports it.
* The GNU C Compiler (GCC) has OpenMP 3.1 support since version 4.7. This compiler comes with practically any Linux system; for instance, on Ubuntu you can install it (and a set of related tools) with sudo apt-get install build-essential. To find out the version of GCC that you have installed, issue gcc --version on the command line.
* The Intel C Compiler supports OpenMP.
* The Clang compiler, shipped with Apple's Xcode, does not support OpenMP as of April 2014, but an experimental version by Intel does.
* Microsoft Visual C++ apparently has limited support for OpenMP, depending on the version.
* The LLVM-GCC compiler, shipped with older versions of Apple's Xcode, does not support OpenMP.
The OpenMP website has a more complete list of compilers with OpenMP support.
Apart from a compiler, we'll also be using the make tool in this book. You can do without if you want to use a different build system.
# OpenOffice.org

OpenOffice.org is a free, open source alternative to Microsoft Office and WordPerfect. It provides almost all of the functionality at no cost to the end user. You can read more about the creators and the project's goals here.
This manual also works for early versions of LibreOffice.

## Introduction

* Introduction
* Installation
* Applications Overview

## Applications

OpenOffice.org is as an office suite, is divided into several related sub-applications. These applications are designed to work together but can also work like a stand alone programs:
* Writer: word processor
* Calc: spreadsheet
* Impress: presentation program
* Draw: vector graphics editor
* Base: database management program
* Math: formula editor

## General Features

* Macro: OpenOffice.org can be scripted through OpenOffice.org Basic, Python, Beanshell, and Javascript, this feature is more widely known as using Macros.
* Find & Replace: OpenOffice.org's Find and Replace Function, from simple search and replace to the use of Regular Expressions.

## Technical

* OASIS File Format

## Miscellaneous topics

* Performance Tips
* Quickstarter
* Prelink
* Some useful template
* Giving and Contributing

## Derived Works (Forks)

An up-to-date list is kept at http://wiki.services.openoffice.org/wiki/DerivedWorks.

## References and external links

* ↑ Wikibooks: Microsoft Office
* OpenOffice.org User Guide (2.0 Draft 11). Note that this is a 470 page PDF file and may take a few moments to download/open depending on your connection speed.
* OpenOffice.org data recovery Hopefully it never happens, but if it does use these steps to recover data from corrupted or problem files in OpenOffice.org.
* OpenOffice.org 2.0 lessons in Flash format
* How to install OpenOffice.org in Windows XP
* Using C++ with OOo's SDK

## Contributors

* T.R. Darr - Responsible for the bulk of the content (at the time of this writing; feel free to change that).
* Roger Que - Information on OpenOffice.org being pre-installed with Linux distributions
* Klingoncowboy4 - Added version, writer, and additional windows download info. Started Writer Tutorial.
* Gesiwuj - Added descriptions and images of each application.
* User: BLibrestez55 - Added description http://wiki.services.openoffice.org/wiki/User:Blibrestez55/Books/BLibrestez_Certification_Writer]
# OpenOffice.org/Draw

"DRAW - from a quick sketch to a complex plan, DRAW gives you the tools to communicate with graphics and diagrams." --Draw Website
Draw is a vector-based graphic program, similar to Inkscape. It can be used to insert graphics into the other OOo programs.
# OpenOffice.org/Impress

Impress is a open office tool to create presentations. It's very similar to Microsoft's PowerPoint. Impress can handle both Microsoft's PowerPoint format (ppt) as well as its own open standard format called open document presentation format (odp) which is internationally recognized.

## Working with impress

Launch impress and you will be presented with the following screen
This is nothing but the presentation wizard which eases the job of creating presentations. You can either choose Empty Presentation or a template or you can choose to open a existing presentation.

## Viewing slideshow

The slideshow shortcut is "F5". When launched with the "Rehearse Timings" instead, it will record the time between each slide, in order to allow to replay it later.

## Saving the document

To save the Document, you simply go to File, and press Save As. A pop-up window will come up, and from there you can name your spreadsheet and specify its location. Also, there is a button on the toolbar to save the current spreadsheet.