OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paint.NET/Simple Round Glass Buttons

This tutorial demonstrates how to create simple round web-browser buttons using Paint.NET.
To complete this tutorial you will need to download and install the Drop Shadow plugin.
Download and install the Drop Shadow plugin from http://users.telenet.be/krisvandermotten/Downloads/PaintDotNetEffects.html. Open the zip file and run the Install.exe program.
Begin with an 800 x 600 (default) canvas.
Use the Ellipse Select tool and (holding the SHIFT key) drag a circle that has a Bounding Rectangle size of 400 x 400 pixels.
IMAGE > Crop to Selection
Set your Secondary Colour to completely transparent.
IMAGE > Canvas Size: Select By Percentage with a setting of 125% (ensure the Anchor is set to 'Middle')
You should now have a circle that is perfectly centred on your canvas.
Set your Primary Colour to Dark Green - I used Hex: 00660A - and your Secondary Colour to White.
Use the Magic Wand tool to select your white circle and use the Gradient tool, set on Radial, and use the right-mouse button to draw a gradient starting about 1/3 from the bottom of the circle up to the top.
Duplicate the Background layer twice. Call the top layer 'Top' and the middle layer 'Middle'.
Start with the 'Top' layer and choose the Move Selection tool (your circle should still be selected) and grab the top of your circle selection and begin dragging down until the height of the elipse is 350px.
Press Delete.
Go to the 'Middle' Layer and use the Magic Wand to select the area outside the circle and CTRL+I to invert selection.
Choose the Move Selection tool again and grab the top of the circle and drag down until the height of the elipse is 250px. Delete.
Go back to the 'Top' layer and EFFECTS > BLURS > Median Blur: Radius 10, Percentile 0.
$_{EDIT1InneverversionsofPaint.Net:EFFECTS>NOISE>Median.}$
Use the Magic Wand to select the outside area and CTRL+I to invert.
Set your Primary Colour to White and Secondary Colour to Dark Grey.
Fill the crescent White. Press CTRL+D to deselect then EFFECTS > BLURS > Radial Blur: Amount 2.
Go to the 'Middle' layer and EFFECTS > BLURS > Median Blur: Radius 10, Percentile 0.
On the 'Top' layer set the blending mode to Screen and adjust the Opacity to 100 (F4 to access Layer
Repeat this on the 'Middle' layer.
Create a new layer and call it 'Control'. Move the 'Control' layer down to above the background and below the 'Middle' layers.
This is where you are going to put the text or image that relates to your button.
I am going to make this a 'Refresh' button and will be using the "Webdings" font - letter 'q'.
Select the Text tool and change the font to 'Webdings'. Increase the font size to 200 (you can do this by typing directly into the font size control).
Click onto your image and type the letter 'q'. This should give you a 'Refresh' symbol. Use the control arrow to position the symbol in the centre of your button.
EFFECTS > Drop Shadow: Offset-X 0, Offset-y 10, Blur Radius 10.
$_{EDIT2ForDropShadow:EFFECTS>OBJECT>DropShadow}$
Flatten the image and EFFECTS > Drop Shadow: same settings again.
# Paint.NET/Layers Example

Layers, the lifeblood of any image manipulation program worth its salt, may be confusing to some who are not familiar with how they operate. This is intended as a quick primer to the tool.
When viewed in the graphics editing software, you may see something similar to the following:
Notice that there are several places in which you can see a "checkerboard" pattern. However, if you could see the image from a side angle, you might see the following:
Note that the checkerboard pattern is the "tabletop" on which the image is built. In addition, there is no perspective inherent in layers - layers at the bottom of the image do not appear any further away from the viewer. Each layer may be viewed as a transparency upon which the image is painted. The layer's transparency may be adjusted, as well as the manner in which it interacts with the layers below it ("blending modes").
Once the image is saved (In this case, as a .PNG file) this is the result.
For more information, including a description of blend modes, visit the Layers page.
# Paint.NET/Realistic Fire

This tutorial is a simple, but effective way to make a realistic fire.
Make a new image with dimensions 1000x500
Draw a gradient like so (with white at the bottom and black at the top):
Make a new layer.
Double-click Layer 2 to edit its properties
Set the Blending Mode to 'Overlay', then hit OK.
Go to the 'Effects' menu under 'Render' and choose 'Clouds'. Change the blending mode to 'Difference', then hit OK.
Push CTRL+F to repeat the effect. Do this about a dozen times.
On the 'Image' menu, choose 'Flatten'. This will give you a single layer with some nice black-and-white clouds.
On the 'Adjustments' menu, choose 'Curves...'.
Choose 'RGB' under 'Transfer map', then uncheck the 'Red' and 'Green' checkboxes so you're only modifying the blue channel, add a control point as shown below. Do the same for the green channel so you have the curves shown below.
Voila!

## Other things to try

* Use different shapes for the Layer 1 Gradient. Round gradients make neat looking explosions
* Tweak with the Curves, the general shape of them should be preserved to keep good saturation, but the channels don't need to go in the above order. *Try Green, Red, Blue (instead of Red, Green, Blue) for a copper flame (copper burns green).
* Play with the 'scale' setting of Clouds for finer or Coarser clouds
* Play with the Roughness setting for clouds for softer or sharper fire
* Just try things out, you never know what you'll get.
# Paint.NET/Tools

In this section, you will learn how to use the tools in Paint.NET
The Tools toolbar:
Click on the tool you want to learn about! If you're a beginner, you should start from the top left.

## The tools menu and window

To access your tools, you can
1. Use the pull-down menu on the upper-left hand corner of your screen
or
2. Use the Tools window
or
3. Use keyboard shortcuts

## Selection tools
### Selection creation tools
#### Rectangle Select

* This tool allows you to select a particular portion of an image in a rectangular shape. Click, hold and drag to use this tool.

#### Lasso Select

* The lasso tool allows you to select portions of an image any way you would like. In order to use this tool also click, hold and drag.

#### Ellipse Select

* The ellipse tool allows you select a portion of an image in an elliptical way. You also click, hold and drag to use this tool.
-image soon to come-

#### Magic Wand

* The magic wand will select an area in one click. Adjust the tolerance to select more or less. If your image is not ‘leak free’, then the tool will select as much as it can.
-image soon to come-
# Pakistani History

* Pakistani History
* A Concise History of Pakistan
* Flag of Pakistan

## Table of Contents

* Introduction

### Prehistoric times

* Palaeolithic age
** Riwatian people (1,900,000 BC)
** Soanian people (500,000 BC)
* Neolithic age
** Mehrgarh culture (7000–3300 BC)
* Bronze age
** Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 years BC)
* Iron age
** Vedic period (1750–500 years BC)
** Kingdom of Gandhara (1500-500 years BC)
** Achaemenid Empire (550–330 years BC)
** Macedonian Empire (335–323 years BC)
** Maurya Empire (322–252 BC)

### Classical period (230 BC–1187 AD)

* Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC)
* Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (252–125 years BC)
* Indo-Scythian Kingdom (200 BC-102 AD)
* Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC-10 AD)
* Indo-Parthian Kingdom (21–130 AD)
* Kushan Empire (30–375 AD)
* Sasanian Empire (224–641 AD)
* Indo-Sasanians (240–410 AD)
* Gupta Empire (320–600 AD)
* Rajput dynasties (7–20 century AD)
* Hephthalite Empire (420–567 AD)
* Rai dynasty (489–632 AD)
* Kabul Shahi dynasty (500–1100 AD)
* Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 AD)
* Pala Empire (770–850 AD)
* Ghaznavids (963–1187 AD)

### Late medieval period (1206–1526 AD)

* Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290 AD)
* Khilji dynasty (1290–1320 AD)
* Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413 AD)
* Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451 AD)
* Lodi dynasty (1451–1526 AD)

### Early modern period (1526–1849 AD)

* Mughal Empire (1526–1858 AD)
* Bombay Presidency (1618–1947 AD)
* Durrani Empire (1747–1823 AD)
* Misls (1733–1805 AD)
* Maratha Empire (1758–1760 AD)
* Sikh Empire (1799–1849 AD)

### Modern history (1947–present)

* Dominion of Pakistan
* Islamic Republic of Pakistan

## See Also

* Pakistani Studies
# Pinyin/Atom

Atom :
Lithium atom model Showing nucleus with four neutrons (blue), three protons (red) and, orbited by three electrons (black). :
Classification :
* Smallest recognized division of a chemical element
Properties :
| Mass: | 1.66 x 10$^{(−27)}$ to 4.52 x 10$^{(−25)}$ kg |
| Electric charge: | zero |
An atom is the basic unit that makes up all matter.
yuarnzii shih yiqieh wuhzhih d jibeen danweih.
There are many different types of atoms, each with its own name, mass and size.
yuarnzii yoou heenduo zhoong, geh yoou mirngcheng, zhihliahng her dahxiaao.
These different types of atoms are called chemical elements.
zhehxie butorng d yuarnzii jiaohzuoh huahxuer yuarnsuh.
The chemical elements are organized on the periodic table, such as hydrogen and gold.
huahxuer yuarnsuh biaao liehchu geh'g huahxuer yuarnsuh, rur qingqih her jin.
Atoms are very small, but the exact size changes depending on the element.
yuarnzii heen xiaao, err meeigeh yuarnzii d dahxiaao dou bu yiyahng.
Atoms range from 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers in width.
yuarzii d kuanduh 0.1 zhih 0.5 nanometer.
One nanometer is around 100,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair.
1 nanometer dahyue shih 10,0000 fenzhi 1-tiaor tourfah d kuanduh.
This makes atoms impossible to see without special tools.
meiryoou tehshu shehbeih bu keenerng kahndaoh yuarnzii.
Equations must be used to see the way they work and how they interact with other atoms.
yuarnzii yuu qirta yuarnzii d huahxuer faanyihng yaoh yohng fangcherngshih biaaoshih.
# Pinyin/Attacker

Search Pinyin attack
# Pinyin/At least

See also
# Pinyin/Attempt

See also
# Pinyin/Australia

The Commonwealth of Australia is a country in the continent of Oceania.
Australia Liarnbang shih zaih Dahyarng Zhou d 1'g guorjia.
# Pinyin/Atlantic Ocean

Search Atlantic
Search ocean
The Atlantic Ocean borders the Americas and the Pacific Ocean to the west; Europe, Africa and the Indian Ocean to the east; the Arctic Ocean to the north; and the Southern Ocean to the south.
Dahxi Yarng xibuh yuu Meeizhou her Taihpirng Yarng; dongbuh yuu Ouzhou, Feizhou her India Yarng; Beeibuh yuu Beeibing Yarng; narnbuh yuu Narnbing Yarng xiangliarn.
The Atlantic Ocean is the world's second largest ocean after the Pacific Ocean.
Dahxi Yarng zaih Taihpirng Yarng houh shih shihjieh dih-2 dah haaiyarng.
With an area of about 106,400,000 km2, it covers about 20% of the Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface.
miahnji 1'0640'0000km2, zhahn Dihqiur biaaomiahn yue 20%, shuiimiahn yue 29%.
# Pinyin/Attack

Search Pinyin attack
# Pinyin/Visit

See also
# Pinyin/Virus

See also
A virus is a tiny parasite which can infect living organisms. It is made only of a nucleic acid + a protein coat. Usually the nucleic acid is RNA; sometimes it is DNA.
Bìngdú shì wēixiǎo de jìshēngchóng, kě chuánrǎn huó de shēngwùtǐ. Tā zhǐ yóu yīgè nucleic acid + yīgè dànbáizhì wàiké zǔchéng. Nucleic acid tōngcháng shì RNA, yǒushí shì DNA.
# Pinyin/Vitamin

Search Pinyin vitamin
# Pinyin/Visa-Free

Search Pinyin visa
# Pinyin/Viral

See also
# Practical Electronics/Oscillators

Crystal Oscillator provides an Oscillator
    f = nfo
Using LS tuned tank
    $f_{o}={\frac {1}{2\pi }}{\sqrt {\frac {1}{LC}}}$
The "negative resistance test" measures the oscillation allowance of a crystal oscillator circuit. Most manufacturers recommend that the oscillation allowance of the circuit be at least five times the maximum resistance value of the quartz crystal unit used in the circuit.
* ↑ "MSP430 32-kHz Crystal Oscillators". p. 5.
* ↑ "Oscillator Theory of Operation". p. 109.
* ↑ "Oscillation Circuit Design Overview".
* ↑ "AVR4100: Selecting and testing 32kHz crystal oscillators for Atmel AVR microcontrollers". p. 12.
* ↑ "Oscillator Circuit Design Considerations". p. 8
# Practical Electronics/PCB

* Layout
* Manufacture
* Soldering
* Desoldering
* Breadboard
# Practical Electronics/Overlays, Grids and Guides

This page lists some useful blank grids, guides, overlays and graph papers.
# Practical Electronics/PCB Layout/Trace Current Capacity

Because PCB traces have resistance, they will heat up as current flows through them. As any heat buildup is continuously being removed by the air and the PCB substrate, the trace will heat up to a point where the heating effect of the current is balanced by the cooling. The amount of resistive heating is governed by:
* The width of the track
* The thickness of the copper
* The resistivity of the copper (generally fixed - this page deals with a "standard" value only).
This page gives information on the maximum current that can be passed through a trace of a certain width and thickness in order that the temperature does not rise above certain levels.

## Disclaimer

The information presented here is for guidance only. Please exercise caution when calculating current limits. No liability is taken for any damage caused by the information presented below being incorrect. Always leave a comfortable margin of error.
Also please note that this information does NOT take into account things like PCB composition, air flow, humidity, air pressure, and so does not necesarily give accurate results for your application. It is not advised to extrapolate the data beyond that given.

## Equations

The graphs that follow are based on the equations below:
For external traces:
       $I_{max}=0.0647\times \Delta T^{0.428}\times A^{0.673}$
For internal traces:
       $I_{max}=0.0150\times \Delta T^{0.545}\times A^{0.735}$
* A is the cross-sectional area of the trace, in units of mils$^2$;
* I$_{max}$ is the maximum Amperes allowable in the trace in order not to exceed ΔT temperature rise in Celsius degrees.
The values for internal traces are lower because the PCB substrate is a good thermal insulator, so the energy is not dissipated as fast.
The equations are based on

## Graphs
### Current vs. Trace Width

This section contains graphs that show the maximum current allowable for given trace thicknesses. The maximum currents are given for changes in temperature of 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 100 and 110 degrees Celcius.

## Trace Tinning

It is common on commercial consumer through-hole PCB's (typically PSU's) to leave the solder mask off PCB traces in order to have the traces coated with solder during the wave soldering process. This coating of the traces with solder increases the current handling capability of the trace, effectively "for free" compared to to higher cost of thicker copper substrate. The solder coating thickness can vary widely, so the exact reduction in resistance cannot be reliably calculated. But empirical testing shows roughly a 50% reduction in trace resistance.

## further reading

* The CircuitCalculator.com Blog includes a JavaScript PCB Trace Width Calculator and a discussion of current vs. trace thickness
* ANSI Trace Width Calculator An on-line calculator for determining trace widths to the ANSI guidelines.
* ↑ "EEVBlog #317 - PCB Tinning Mythbusting"
# Practical Electronics/Packages

Many electronic components are made of the functioning electronic part and a package to protect and support the working bit. There are hundreds of different packages, each with specific uses, advantages and disadvantages.
All packages have a "body", usually made of plastic or ceramic and occasionally metal, and "pins" to connect the internal workings to an external circuit.
This page lists packages by components type, with basic dimensions and links to more specific pages with package dimensions, PCB footprints, etc.

## Passive Components

| Package | SMT/THM | Diagram | Dimensions (mm) | Dimensions (mm) | Dimensions (mm) |
| Package | SMT/THM | Diagram | Length | Width | Height |
| 0805 | SMT | File:0805 VWF.svg | 2 | 1.25 | 1.2 |

## Semiconductor Devices

Semiconductor devices are labelled according to the JEDEC prefix convention:
* MO: microelectronic outline
* TO: transistor outline
* DO: discrete outline
Where applicable, the alternative names for the same package as given by JEITA or the common abbreviation (for example, DIL for dual in-line) will be noted, as well as the category of package (for example, "flange mounted, rectangular base").

### Transistors

Transistors also have a column for the kind of lead. Axial leads are lead which follow the axis of the transistor, that is, perpendicular to the seating plane. Flat leads are parallel to the seating plane.
| Package | Package | Package | SMT/THM | Diagram | Pins | Lead Type |
| JEDEC | JEITA | Abbrv. | SMT/THM | Diagram | Pins | Lead Type |
| TO-92 | | | THM | | 3 | Axial |
| TO-220 | | | THM | File:TO-220 Front.svg | 2-3 | Axial |

### ICs

| Package | Package | SMT/THM | Diagram | Pins | Pitch | Pitch |
| Abbrv. | Name | SMT/THM | Diagram | Pins | mm | inches |
| CBGA | Ceramic Ball Grid Array | SMT | File:BGA VWF.svg | - | 1.27 | 0.05 |
| PDIP | Plastic Dual In-Line | THM | | 8-48 | 2.54 | 0.1 |

## further reading

* Electronics/Component Identification
* "Guide to IC packages"
* "Howto identify computer chips or integrated circuits on circuit boards"
# Programming with Moose/Type system
## Gotchas

* Overloading
* Maybe[Foo] 'Foo | Undef': One permits coercing to Undef, one doesn't.
# Programming with Moose/Syntax/override

To override a function use the Moose keyword override.

## Exports to override
### super

Super passes the original @_. If you want to alter the args (@_), see around.
# Programming with Moose/Syntax

A big problem with the CPAN docs thus far is they utilize (abuse) the fact that Moose is an application of Class::MOP. Class::MOP is Meta Object Protocol building framework - and that is usually about where the cryptic confusion sets in.. There is a very blurry distinction between Class::MOP and Moose, because Moose is the only known application of Class::MOP.
Essentially what we have in Class::MOP is an archive of hacks that allow Moose to be terse and non-pearlish. Moose makes a few of these hacks available with out much sugar but generally speaking candy coats them to a comfortable level.
In this syntax compendium of Moose we promise to never mention Class::MOP again.

## Table of Contents

Keywords exported with use Moose;:
* has
* before, after, around
* blessed
* override
* augment
* extends
* with
* meta
* Other functions - Non-polluting fully-qualified syntax

### Use of 'no Moose'
## Footnotes

^ Class::MOP, last time, I swear.
# Programming with Moose/Syntax/extends

Use the extends keyword to clobber the inheritance chain setting only that which you've specified. Extends both eliminates and causes problems and should be used often, but with caution when migrating from Non-Moose to Moose.

## Gotcha

One thing to look out for when using extends is the use of use base. The CORE module "base" does not clobber (overwrite) the inheritance chain but instead adds to it. Steven the author of Moose identified this as a problem area, even though functionality some times depends on the "problem." Extends forces a linear unless otherwise specified inheritance chain, this means the last module in the chain by definition must either use Moose, or push @ISA,'Moose::Object'. If either of these citera are not met you will get obfuscated errors informing you the keywords (plain Perl5 functions) are not defined.
The directive to use Moose instructs Moose to automagically set up @ISA to inherit from Moose::Object. @ISA is clobbered with the use of extends.

### Example

* A extends B
* B extends C
* C must either use Moose or use base 'Moose::Object'

### Class::Accessor

Often the culprit of extends problems is Class::Accessor, or legacy junk as the Moose team refers to it. Class::Accessor is often used in base classes as in the following
This has the result of pushing onto @ISA (the inheritance chain) Class::Accesssor but it still leaves Moose out of the picture. Moose expects Moose::Object to be at the base of the inheritance chain.
# Programming with ooc

Welcome to the Programming with ooc book. This is the first comprehensive effort to cover the entirety of the ooc language, among with a collection of idioms, in order to allow the general public to discover the language.

## About ooc

ooc is a modern, self-hosting, object-oriented, functional-ish, high-level, low-level sexy programming language, starring closures, interfaces, enums, garbage collection.. It strives to be powerful, modular, extensible, portable, yet simple and fast.
The main implementation ooc is rock, a self-hosting compiler which translates ooc sources to C source code, and then use a C compiler to produce an executable.

### Getting Started

Where to get a compiler, how to compile the source, all answered here:
* Basic ooc — Read Me First!
* Finding and Installing ooc
* Building an ooc program

### Language Features

* Control Structures
* Type System
* Strings
* Modules and packages
* Input Output
* Classes
* Interfaces
* Covers
* Exceptions
* Generics
* Memory Management
* Coding Standards

## External Resources

* ooc-lang — official ooc website
* crowbar central — everything ooc, the author's blog
* mailing list — the ooc mailing list
* rock — rock, an ooc compiler
# Programming with ooc/Basic

ooc is an object-oriented programming language. We will start programming in ooc by looking at a simple class: Dog.
The first line declares a class, with a name : Dog. Classes names start with an uppercase letter.
You will notice here, that every declaration starts with the identifier (name) and is followed by a colon, then the type declaration.
After the class keyword, a block (between braces) follows. It is the body of our class. Then a member variable, the dog's name which is a String (the type of the variable) and a constructor.
Every variable in ooc has a Class. Variables and methods names start with a lowercase letter.
The init method, which is our constructor, seems to do nothing. In fact, it takes a String as parameter and assigns it to the instance variable. We can call our constructor by invoking new:
The := thing does assign the new instance to a new variable, with type inference. (we do not need to declare the type of fido) Then, we can print fido's name by getting it and invoking println on it:
And finally, let us store everything in a file named Dog.ooc :
Then, invoke the compiler:
That's it!
# Programming with Moose/Syntax/Non-polluting fully-qualified syntax

Moose does a lot of what it does by requiring other stuff. This is common in the perl world, here we will document some of the functions these other modules use that might be of interest to you.

## Class::MOP

Class::MOP is the framework that Moose is built upon, check out a list of their functions on the official docs.

### Class::MOP::load_class($class_name)

    This function is awesome no more going to filenames from module names, let Class::MOP (Moose's underpinning) do it for you! load_class returns the meta for the loaded class.