OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English in Use/Time and Date

English in Use :
| General | Contents • Introduction |
| Parts of speech | Articles • Nouns • Verbs • Gerunds and participles • Pronouns • Adjectives • Adverbs • Prepositions, Conjunctions and Interjections |
| Other topics | Orthography • Punctuation • Syntax • Figures of Syntax • Glossary |
| External | Resources |
Here are some hints on how to express the date and time in English:

## Date

* The day of the month, the month, and the year:
** Use on + ordinal of the day. On the 1st of June.
** Use in + only and the month. In June.
** Use about the + date (for approximate dates). About the 25th of December.
* Day of the week: precedes on. Example: open on Sundays.
* Ask the date: what's the date and what day is it (or today)?.
* Answer a date asking: today's the + ordinal. Today's the 16th.
* Century: in the + the ordinal of the century. Example: in the 20th century.
* Decade:
** Precedes in with the number in plural: in the 1990s.
** Follows something for undetermined year of the decade, in other words: in 1980 something.
* Era:
** A.D. = Anno Domini, Latin for in the year of the Lord, in other words the Christian Era.
** B.C. = Before Christ, in other words before Christian Era.

## Time

* Ask the time: What time is it? and What is the time?
* Answer: It is and the part of the hour or the minutes, seconds: It is five o'clock.
* Parts of the day:
** morning: in the morning
** afternoon: in the afternoon
** evening: in the evening
** night: at night
** Halves:
*** AM
*** PM
* Parts of the hour:
** O'clock, for example: It is one o'clock (1:00).
** Past and to:
*** It is 4 minutes past 5 (5:04) (or 4 minutes after 5 in USA).
*** It is 20 to 5 (4:40) (or 20 before 5 in USA).
** Quarter:
*** A quarter past, for example: It is a quarter past 9 (9:15) (or a quarter after 9 in USA).
*** A quarter to, for example: It is a quarter to 12 (11:45) (or a quarter before 12 in USA).
** Half past, for example: It is half past 9 (9:30).
* Answer to when?:
** Certain time: At, for example: At 5 p.m..
** Proximity:
*** Nearly, about : It is about 10 o'clock.
*** Just after: It is just after 10 (a few minutes past 10).
* Synonyms for times:
** Noon, Midday: 12:00 in the 24 hour clock. It is 5 past noon (12:05).
** Midnight: 0:00 in the 24 hour clock. Half past midnight (00:30).
# Exercise as it relates to Disease/Arrhythmia in Athletes

Arrhythmia is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. During an arrhythmia, the heart can beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or with an irregular rhythm (fibrillation). It is believed that regular endurance athletes are inducing changes in their right ventricle, almost like a form of ventricular dysplasia (scar tissue on the heart). This may eventually lead to ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death. Furthermore, for individuals who already have underlying arrhythmia or other similar heart issues, it appears that with endurance exercise the risk is heightened even further. Sinus bradycardia and AV block can frequently be observed in athletes, but they do not require attention as long as they are asymptomatic or do not produce pauses exceeding 4 seconds.

## Treatment Options

At the moment there is no conclusive study that can directly link intense exercise as a cause of arrhythmia, but there is enough cases to warrant concern. Particularly in individuals who have a family history of premature cardiovascular disease, it is recommended that they undergo ECG screening prior to undertaking physical activity. Medical therapy includes beta blockers or antiarrhythmics, including sotalol, amiodarone, or others. Patients at high risk of sudden death may benefit from the protection of an implanted defibrillator.

## Treatment goals

* Prevent blood clots from forming to reduce stroke risk
* Control your heart rate within a relatively normal range
* Restore a normal heart rhythm, if possible
* Treat heart disease/condition that may be causing arrhythmia
* Reduce other risk factors for heart disease and stroke

## References

* ↑ "Arrhythmia". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
* ↑ Mont, Lluís; Brugada, Josep (2003). "Endurance athletes: Exploring the limits andbeyond". European Heart Journal. 24 (16): 1469–70. doi:10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00324-5. PMID 12919768.
* ↑ "Prevention & Treatment of Arrhythmia". American Heart Association. September 2016.
* ↑ Sharma, S; Whyte, G; Elliott, P; Padula, M; Kaushal, R; Mahon, N; McKenna, W. J (1999). "Electrocardiographic changes in 1000 highly trained junior elite athletes". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 33 (5): 319–24. doi:10.1136/bjsm.33.5.319. PMC 1756199. PMID 10522633.

## Further reading

* Zehender, Manfred; Meinertz, Thomas; Keul, Joseph; Just, Hansjörg (1990). "ECG variants and cardiac arrhythmias in athletes: Clinical relevance and prognostic importance". American Heart Journal. 119 (6): 1378–91. doi:10.1016/S0002-8703(05)80189-9. PMID 2191578.
# Philidor Defence: Exchange Variation

The Exchange Variation of the Philidor Defense is a well-known response from Black in the game of chess, aiming to immediately address the central tension.

### Overview
#### Initial Moves

* e4 e5
* Nf3 d6
* d4 exd4 Black elects to take White's d4 pawn using the e5 pawn, instigating the Exchange Variation.

#### Initial Moves

* By taking on d4, Black instantly relieves the central tension.
* White has a choice: recapture the pawn with the Knight (Nxd4) or the Queen (Qd4). Both options carry their implications:
** Queen Recapture (Qxd4): This move exposes the Queen to potential tempo gains from Black, particularly the 4...Nc6 move.
** Knight Recapture (Nxd4): This seems more logical, positioning the Knight centrally. In response, Black often plays 4...Nf6, directly attacking the e4 pawn. To counter this, White usually defends with 5. Nc3.

#### Initial Moves

* By opting for the Exchange Variation, Black sacrifices considerable center control, particularly White's well-positioned pawn and Knight.
* The immediate and most common response from Black, 3...exd4, eases the central tension but at the cost of central control.

#### Initial Moves

* The Exchange Variation tends to be less advantageous for Black. Unlike other variations, Black neither retains a strong grip over the e5 square nor effectively counters White's central pawns.
* Novices frequently use this move to swiftly resolve central tension and steer clear of advanced variations, especially those leading to Queen exchanges.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. . 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 d6 3.d4 exd4
| 4 |
| Nxd4 - | = |
| Qxd4 - | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

Bibliography
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* Kaufman, Larry (2004). The Chess Advantage in Black and White. ISBN 0-8129-3571-3.
* Panov, Vasily (1973). Teoría de Aperturas, Tomo I: Aperturas Abiertas - Aperturas Semiabiertas. ISBN 84-270-0132-0.
* Schiller, Eric (2002). Standard Chess Openings. ISBN 1-58042-048-6.

#### External links

* ChessBase (2023). Philidor Defence.
* Chess Openings for Beginners (2009). Philidor Defense: General Information.
* ChessPathways (2019). PHILIDOR DEFENSE.
* ChessPathways (2019). The Philidor Defense.
* Chess Simplified (2019). Philidor Defence.
* HangingPawns (2019). Introduction to the Philidor Defense.
* Marsh, Sean (ChessAble) (2021). Chess Opening Basics: The Philidor Defense.
* Prem, Krishna (2012). Chess openings - Philidor Defence.
* The Chess Website (2012). Philidor Defense - Chess Openings.
* Solomon, Ruddell (TheChessGiant) (2021). Chess Openings: Learn to Play the Philidor Defense!.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...exd4/5. Nxd4/5...Be7/6. Bxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Ne6/7...Ngf6
## 7...Ngf6

This is better than 7...Kxe6, but this is still losing anyway.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...exd4/5. Nxd4/5...Be7/6. Bxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Ne6/7...Kxe6/8. Qd5/8...Kf6/9. Qf5
## 9.Qf5

Checkmate!
# Philidor Counter-Gambit

The situation is getting complicated. Black deliberately weakened his king-side to keep chances at the center.
    4. dxe5 isn't the best solution. After 4...fxe4, the knight is forced to move to d4 or d2, blocking queen's attack against the Black pawn. Then, Black can rebuild his center with d5. A few games have been tried with 5. Ng5 where Black development is made harder by the White pawn.
    4. exf5 may lead to weird pawn structures in both camps. If 4...exd4 5. Nxd4 White has only an advanced pawn on f file left, while Black has still his d6 pawn (but with a weakened king side).
    4. Bc4 poses the Ng5 threat and Black should remain vigilant for any attempt to launch a Qh5+ attack.
    4. Nc3 defends the attacked pawn and prepares a deadly trap. If 4...fxe4 5. Nxe4 d5 6. Nxe5 dxe4 7. Qh5+ g6 8. Nxg6 and the situation is bad for Black.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 d6 3.d4 f5
| 4 |
| exf5 - | = |
| dxe5 - | = |
| Nc3 - | = |
| Bc4 - | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...exd4/5. Nxd4/5...Be7/6. Bxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Ne6
## 7.Ne6!!

This move appears to lose a knight, but it wins Black's queen.

## Theory table

| 7 | 8 | 9 | |
| Ne6 Kxe6? | Qd5+ Kf6 | Qf5# | 1-0 |
| Ne6 Qe8 | Nxc7 Qd8 | | |
| Ne6 Ngf6 | | | |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...exd4/5. Nxd4/5...Be7/6. Bxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Ne6/7...Kxe6/8. Qd5
## 8.Qd5+

There is one legal move and that is 8...Kf6
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...exd4/5. Nxd4/5...Be7/6. Bxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Ne6/7...Kxe6/8. Qd5/8...Kf6
## 8...Kf6

After this, Qf5# is checkmate.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...exd4/5. Nxd4/5...Be7/6. Bxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Ne6/7...Kxe6
## 7.Kxe6

This move avoids losing the queen, but gets mated. Better was 7...Ngf6, though the game was lost in any case.

## Theory table

| 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Ne6 Kxe6? | Qd5+! Kf6 | Qf5# |
# FOSS Localization/Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge their debt of gratitude to the following:
Phet Sayo, the Programme Specialist for Building Capacities and Partnerships at UNDP-APDIP, for getting us started; Kenneth Wong, the Programme Consultant for the International Open Source Network, UNDP-APDIP; Tan Wooi Tong, the Programme Specialist for the International Open Source Network, UNDP-APDIP, for their patience and hard work. Managing and working on this large-scale project with them as our colleagues has made our lives less complicated. The team not only facilitated the project but also provided the feedback and input that makes this primer unique.
Sarmad Hussain, M Sasikumar and Javier Solá, the coordinator of KhmerOS, the Khmer (Cambodia) Software Initiative, for reviewing this primer and providing invaluable input. We want to specially thank Javier for his contribution on pages 12–15 on free/open source software and its benefits and the case study of Khmer localization.
Vorasone Dengkayaphichith, Vincent Berment, Alberto Escudero-Pascual, Pramod Raghavendra and Guntapalli Karunakar, who read and critiqued this primer.
Arthit-Thai OpenOffice team member, Indian and Vietnamese participants for their responses to the surveys.
Fred Williams, for his invaluable input, advice and suggestions.
PAN Localization Project ( http://www.panl10n.net ), PAN programme of IDRC and Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing (CRULP, http://www.crulp.org ) at National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences ( http://www.nu.edu.pk ), for providing information from the survey during the "Fundamentals of Local Language Computing" training used in the second section.
Anousak dedicates this work to his family and his late parents.
# FOSS Localization/About the Authors

Anousak Souphavanh is a computer scientist, an ICT consultant and a GNU/Linux enthusiast. He obtained his B.S. in Computer Science from Binghamton University's Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, The State University of New York and his Masters in Computer Science from the Rochester Institute of Technology, New York. He was a senior systems administrator, technical lead person and network specialist for IBM in Rochester from 1995 to 2003. In 2003, he was an IT project manager for Jhai Foundation, managing a rural area IT project in Lao PDR. He is currently an IT consultant. He is an author of Laonux (Laonux.muanglao.com), the Lao version of GNU/Linux (KDE). He is also working on several other projects for Lao language: OpenOffice.org, PHPNuke, and Mozilla. He is an active member of the Lao Open Source community. His interest in GNU/Linux led him to initiate the Lao Linux User Group in Vientiane, Laos in 2003. He developed the Lao locale definition for GNU C library. He is also a leading voice on Lao support in GNU/Linux desktops with several working groups.
Theppitak Karoonboonyanan is a member of the Thai Linux Working Group (TLWG). He obtained his B.Eng. (Honors) in Computer Engineering from Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, in 1993.
He has contributed significantly to Thai GNU/Linux localization. His first contribution was an enhanced version of Thai string collation rules based on the Royal Institute's model. He then developed the Thai locale definition for GNU C library based on it. He has contributed to many FOSS projects to establish Thai support infrastructure for GNU/Linux desktop, including XFree86, Pango, GLib, and GTK+.
As a TLWG member, he helped the LibThai project to collect and develop routines for basic Thai Language processing, and currently maintains the Thai LaTeX project and contributes to thaifonts-scalable, a Thai font development project. Also, he tracks the overall status of Thai support in GNU/Linux desktops and occasionally updates the group to keep up the momentum of development.
He was a member of Linux TLE and was among the founding members of GNU/Linux localization project at the National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC). Currently, he freelances and has contributed advice and experience to the development of Laonux, a Lao KDE-based GNU/Linux desktop, and developed solutions for other clients.
# FOSS Localization
## Table of Contents

* Foreword
* Acknowledgements
* Introduction
* Localization Efforts in the Asia-Pacific
* Recommendations
* Annex A: Key Concepts
* Annex B: Technical Aspects
* Further Reading
* Resources and Tools
* Glossary
* About the Authors
* About APDIP
* About IOSN

## Information

This book is donated by the International Open Source Network and UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) to the community. The original publication by:
Author: Anousak Souphavanh and Theppitak Karoonboonyanan © UNDP-APDIP, Elsevier, 2005, 58 pages ISBN 81-8147-754-5
is located at http://www.iosn.net/l10n/foss-localization-primer/foss-localization-primer.pdf
This wikibook is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution License 2.5
# FOSS Localization/About IOSN

The International Open Source Network (IOSN) is an initiative of UNDP’s Asia-Paciﬁc Development Information Programme (APDIP). Its overall objective is to serve as a Center of Excellence and a Clearinghouse for Information on Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in the Asia-Paciﬁc region. In order to accelerate the world-wide adoption of FOSS, IOSN seeks to raise awareness, facilitate networking of people, strengthen capacities, and conduct R&D.
The beneﬁciaries of IOSN are governments, IT professionals, software developers, the FOSS R&D community, academics and the NGO community. IOSN serves as a resource center to help policy-makers and decision-makers in the public sector, educational institutions, businesses and others develop policies and plans for the use of FOSS in their respective organizations. Much of IOSN’s activities are undertaken online and the IOSN portal has been developed for this purpose and serves as a comprehensive online resource center on FOSS. The IOSN portal also provides a means for the FOSS community in the region to contribute to its efforts and to interact with each other.
http://www.iosn.net
# FOSS Localization/About APDIP

The Asia-Paciﬁc Development Information Programme (APDIP) is an initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that aims to promote the development and application of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for poverty alleviation and sustainable human development in the Asia-Paciﬁc region. It does so through three core programme areas, namely, Policy Development and Dialogue; Access; and Content Development and Knowledge Management.
In collaboration with national governments, APDIP seeks to assist national and regional institutions in the Asia-Pacific through activities that involve awareness-raising and advocacy, building capacities, promoting ICT policies and dialogue, promoting equitable access to tools and technologies, knowledge sharing, and networking. Strategic public-private sector partnerships and opportunities for technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC) are APDIP's key building blocks in implementing each programme activity
http://www.apdip.net
# Disim Highway Simulator/Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the following:
* http://zarb.org/~gc/html/libpng.html: for providing a good example on how to use the libpng
* http://www.hazelwhorley.com/textures.html: for providing good skybox textures
* http://www.vwi.tu-dresden.de/~treiber: for providing some inspiration
If you feel that you deserve an acknowledgment (which is possible), feel free to make a request here.
# Disim Highway Simulator

This page hosts the complete user manual for Disim: a new open source educational and research tool for teaching and understanding highway traffic and the effect of different driving behaviors.
Disim is a lightweight microscopic highway traffic simulator that enables the emulation of a complete traffic over several kilometers. It allows the definition of a specific road network under variable entry rates and road conditions. Disim also offers the possibility to add road sensors to measure the density, speed and traffic flow and log this data. Variable speed limits as well as ramp metering are supported natively.
This simulator display is based on OpenGL and FLTK which make it particularly fast and enjoyable to use. Another particularity is that the simulator can be run without a graphical interface to gather quantitative data more efficiently.
Disim offers a powerful scripting API enabling everyone to modify the individual car behavior and use the intelligent traffic management using the LUA programming language. As LUA is interpreted it requires no compilation and allows quick prototyping of behaviors.

## Contents

* Download
* Installation
** Linux
** Mac OS X
** Windows
* Introduction
* Creating the Highway Network
* Creating a New Car Behavior
* Creating an Infrastructure Controller
* The LUA API
* A Complete Tutorial
* License, Contributions and Bugs
* Acknowledgments
# Dishwashing/Techniques
## Scraping

Unless your dish pit or sink is specifically equipped to handle it, all food or significant debris should be removed from the items before any water is used. To do this manually, simply scrape the debris into a trash bin, taking care not to brush any sharp edges against yourself. This ensures kitchen sponges and other cleaning items will not become saturated with debris and grease.

## Hand Washing

The classic form of dishwashing. Fully hand washing isn't efficient in either time or resource use. However hand washing plays an important role. Light handwashing prior to entry into a machine can double as an inspection, to help ensure that the machine isn't given an item it can't clean.
Hand washing also plays another important role, if no dishwashing machine is present or operational, it becomes the only option for dishwashing.

## Soaking

Sometimes it is desirable to soak items in cleaning liquid and/or water to help release some of the debris firmly attached to the items. By letting items soak for a while, it may become easier to clean them. This is useful when there is a large volume of items with few to no additional hands, allowing more efficient use of time. That said soaking is not a substitute for actually cleaning an item.
For cleaning especially dirty dishes like hardened layers of fat or similar, soaking in hot water may help to melt the remains, allowing them to be scraped easily.
# Dishwashing
## Table of Contents

* Safety
* Tools
* Cleaning liquids
* Techniques
# Disim Highway Simulator/Creating an infrastructure controller
## Simple Example

Disim allows the creation of totally arbitrary infrastructure control without having to modify its internal code. To illustrate this, let us start by a simple example: imagine that a ramp meter is present on the network and we want to increase the entry rate on the corresponding ramp when the density of the traffic measured by a sensor on the same highway is too low. The script would look like this:

## What is the scripting language?

This script was made using LUA (http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html): Lua is an extension programming language designed to support general procedural programming with data description facilities. It also offers good support for object-oriented programming, functional programming, and data-driven programming. Lua is intended to be used as a powerful, light-weight scripting language for any program that needs one. Lua is implemented as a library, written in clean C (that is, in the common subset of ANSI C and C++).
Disim allows anyone to create and redefine the infrastructure behavior using LUA as a scripting language. Creating your infrastructure controller in LUA has several advantages: compilation is not needed, a simplified API is available and you benefit from all the LUA capabilities (tables, anonymous functions, dictionaries, ...). As we can observe from the example above, each script should provide the following 3 functions:
This function takes as input a single variable. This variable is a LuaInfrastructure pointer on the current highway network. This function does not return any values, but it might be useful to save some pointers on the different sensors and actuators in the network that we plan to use.
This function takes three variables as input:
* self: Just like the input function, this is a pointer to the infrastructure controlled.
* t: This is the absolute time elapsed since the beginning of the simulation.
* dt: This is the time-step duration in seconds since the last call to that function.
This function does not return any values.
This function takes as input a single variable. This variable is a pointer on the current infrastructure. In this function you should clean up any variable that has been initialized by init.

## The API

As seen above, all the functions provided take as an argument a pointer to the current infrastructure being controlled. This pointer describes an object in LUA: the LuaInfrastructure. To see what you can do with this object, check out the LUA API of Disim available here.

## What's next?

In the next section, we are going to see how one can combine all that we have seen so far to gather data from a fictitious highway.