# Practical Electronics/Finding component information/Resistors
## Identifying resistors

Most axial resistors use a pattern of colored stripes to indicate resistance. Meanwhile, SMD resistors follow a numerical pattern.
* A through-hole mounted (axial) resistor with untrimmed leads. This is a 10kΩ, 5% tolerance resistor.
* SMD resistor which the 3 digit code represents 56kΩ

## Resistor colour code

Resistors are labelled to allow you to see what their nominal value is. A "standard" through-hole mounted resistor has coloured bands painted onto it. These bands denote the value. Depending on the tolerance of the resistor, these my be 4, 5, or 6 bands on a resistor.

### 4 - digits resistor code table

4 band identification is the most commonly used color coding scheme on all resistors. It consists of four colored bands that are painted around the body of the resistor. The scheme is simple: The first two numbers are the first two significant digits of the resistance value, the third is a multiplier, and the fourth is the tolerance of the value. Each color corresponds to a certain number, shown in the chart below. The tolerance for a 4-band resistor will be 2%, 5%, or 10%
| Colour | Significant figures | Multiplier | Tolerance | Tolerance | Temp. Coefficient (ppm/K) | Temp. Coefficient (ppm/K) |
| Black | – | ×10$^0$ | – | – | 250 | U |
| Brown | 1 | ×10$^1$ | ±1% | F | 100 | S |
| Red | 2 | ×10$^2$ | ±2% | G | 50 | R |
| Orange | 3 | ×10$^3$ | – | – | 15 | P |
| Yellow | 4 | ×10$^4$ | – | – | 25 | Q |
| Green | 5 | ×10$^5$ | ±0.5% | D | 20 | Z |
| Blue | 6 | ×10$^6$ | ±0.25% | C | 10 | Z |
| Violet | 7 | ×10$^7$ | ±0.1% | B | 5 | M |
| Gray | 8 | ×10$^8$ | ±0.05% | A | 1 | K |
| White | 9 | ×10$^9$ | – | – | – | – |
| Gold | – | ×10$^{−1}$ | ±5% | J | – | – |
| Silver | – | ×10$^{−2}$ | ±10% | K | – | – |
| None | – | – | ±20% | M | – | – |
| Any temperature coefficient not assigned its own letter shall be marked "Z", and the coefficient found in other documentation. For more information, see EN 60062. |||||||

### 5 / 6 - digits resistor code table

For 5-band identification is used for higher tolerance resistors (1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1%), to notate the extra digit.
The first three bands represent the significant digits, the fourth is the multiplier, and the fifth is the tolerance.
For 6-band identification is used in case of high precision resistors, there is an extra band to indicate the temperature coefficient. The first 5 bands are same as five band resistors.
The most common color used for sixth band is black which represents 100ppm/K. This indicates that for a change of 100C in temperature, there can be a change of 0.1% in the value of resistance. Generally the sixth band represents temperature coefficient. But in some cases it may represent reliability and failure rate.
    Color1st band2nd band3rd bandMultiplierToleranceTemp. Coefficient Black000×10$^0$  Brown111×10$^1$±1% (F)100 ppm Red222×10$^2$±2% (G)50 ppm Orange333×10$^3$ 15 ppm Yellow444×10$^4$ 25 ppm Green555×10$^5$±0.5% (D)  Blue666×10$^6$±0.25% (C)  Violet777×10$^7$±0.1% (B)  Gray888×10$^8$±0.05% (A)  White999×10$^9$  Gold ×0.1 (10$^{−1}$)±5% (J)  Silver ×0.01 (10$^{−2}$)±10% (K)  None ±20% (M)
There are some mnemonics to remember the sequence of color code in the above table. A few of them are as follows:
   * Bad Boys Race Our Young Girls, But Violet Generally Wins.
   * Better Be Ready, Or Your Great Big Venture Goes West.
   * B. B. ROY of Great Britain has a Very Good Wife.

## Number codes

Surface mount resistors are too small for coloured bands to be easily read, but they have a flat surface instead, so the value is usually marked un the top surface of the device. This code is much the same as the colour code above, but explicitly written.
There are 3 types of number codes for resistor
(a) 3 digit codes
(b) 4 digit codes and;
(c) EIA 96 codes
So, the code is written as two or three (depending on the tolerance of the device) numbers, followed by a multiplier digit, giving a three- or four-digit designation.

### 3 digit codes

In three digit coding, the first two numbers indicate the significant value of the resistance and the third number indicates the multiplier like 10 in case the digit is 1, 100 in case the digit is 2 or 1000 in case the digit is 3 and so on.
For example as seen on the picture on the right there are SMD resistors labelled 270 and 0 :
* The label 270 can be read as 27 * 10$^0$ = 27*1 = 27Ω
* The label 0 can be read as 0Ω (It is also known as "jumper resistor" and are used to bypass tracks on a PCB.
See the picture on the left .If the resistance value is less than 10Ω, the numbering will include letter R to denote decimal placing.
* The label 4R7 can be read as 4.7Ω
* The label 101 can be read as 10*10$^1$=10Ω
* The label 100 can be read as 10*10$^0$=1Ω

### 4 digit codes

For 4 decimal points , a four digit code is marked on them.
The calculation is similar to three digit code. The first three numbers indicate the significant value of the resistance and the fourth number indicates the multiplier.
* The label 2211 can be read as 221*10$^1$= 221Ω
* The label 1002 can be read as 100*10$^2$=10,000Ω

### EIA 96 codes

The EIA 96 code usually have 3 digits , first two are to indicate the three significant digits of the value of resistance (See table EIA 96 Resistor Marking Code) and third alphabet is to indicate multiplier (See table EIA 96 Multiplier Marking Code)
As example, the picture below shows a resistor of marking 85A which is read as
    85 = 750Ω (See table EIA 96 Resistor Marking Code)
    A = 1 (See table EIA 96 Multiplier Marking Code)
750Ω*1 = 750Ω
Another example is marking 01C which is read as
    01 = 100Ω (See table EIA 96 Resistor Marking Code)
    C = 100 (See table EIA 96 Multiplier Marking Code)
100Ω *100 = 10,000Ω