OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Economic Sophisms/208

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"Template:Hwe development, civilizing tendency; and tell me honestly if it is possible to hesitate a moment.
"I shall not stop to enlarge on each of these considerations—I give you the headings of twelve chapters, which I leave blank, persuaded that no one can fill them up better than yourself.
"But since there is one objection—namely, revenue—I must say a word on that head.
"You have constructed a table in order to show that even at twopence the revenue would suffer a loss of £880,000.
"At a penny, the loss would be £1,120,000, and at a half-penny, of £1,320,000; hypotheses so frightful that you do not even formulate them in detail.
"But allow me to say that the figures in your report dance about with a little too much freedom. In all your tables, in all your calculations, you have the tacit reservation of cœteris paribus. You assume that the cost will be the same under a simple as under a complicated system of administration—the same number of letters with the present average postage of 4½d. as with the uniform rate of twopence. You confine yourself to this rule of three : if 87 millions of letters at 4½d. yield so much, then at 2d. the same number will yield so much; admitting, nevertheless, certain distinctions when they militate against our proposed reform.
"In order to estimate the real sacrifice of revenue, we must, first of all, calculate the economy in the service which will be effected; then in what proportion the amount of correspondence will be augmented. We take this last datum solely into account, because we cannot suppose that the saving of cost which will be realized will not be met by an increased personnel rendered necessary by a more extended service.
"Undoubtedly, it is impossible to fix the exact amount of increase in the circulation of letters which the reduction of postage would cause, but in such matters a reasonable analogy has always been admitted.
"You yourself admit that in England a reduction of seven-eighths in the rate has caused an increase of correspondence to the extent of 360 per cent.
"Here, the lowering to 5 centimes (a halfpenny) of the
rate which is at present at an average of something less than
# Economic Sophisms/21

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"all the vines in the world except our own: this is the theory of scarcity. Are we iron-masters? Our wish is, that there should be no other iron in the market but our own, however much the public may be in want of it; and for no other reason than that this want, keenly felt and imperfectly satisfied, shall ensure us a higher price: this is still the theory of scarcity. Are we farmers? We say with M. Bugeaud, Let bread be dear, that is to say, scarce, and agriculturists will thrive: always the same theory, the theory of scarcity.
Are we physicians? We cannot avoid seeing that certain physical ameliorations, improving the sanitary state of the country, the development of certain moral virtues, such as moderation and temperance, the progress of knowledge tending to enable each man to take better care of his own health, the discovery of certain simple remedies of easy application, would be so many blows to our professional success. In as far as we are physicians, then, our secret wishes would be anti-social. I do not say that physicians form these secret wishes. On the contrary, I believe they would hail with joy the discovery of a universal panacea; but they would not do this as physicians, but as men, and as Christians. By a noble abnegation of self, the physician places himself in the consumer's point of view. But as exercising a profession, from which he derives his own and his family's subsistence, his desires, or, if you will, his interests, are anti-social.
Are we manufacturers of cotton stuffs? We desire to sell them at the price most profitable to ourselves. We should consent willingly to an interdict being laid on all rival manufactures; and if we could venture to give this wish public expression, or hope to realize it with some chance of success, we should attain our end, to some extent, by indirect means; for example, by excluding foreign fabrics, in order to diminish the supply, and thus produce, forcibly and to our profit, a scarcity of clothing.
In the same way, we might pass in review all other branches of industry, and we should always find that the producers, as such, have anti-social views. "The shopkeeper," says Montaigne, "thrives only by the irregularities of youth; the farmer by the high price of corn, the architect by the destruction of
# Economic Sophisms/211

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"to invoke the equilibrium of budgets. It would indeed be upset, but upset in such a way that the receipts should exceed the expenses. This is no affair of theory, of system, of statistics, of probability, of conjecture; it is an offer, an offer like that of a company which solicits the concession of a line of railway. The Treasury tells me what it derives from postages, salt-tax, and customs. I offer to give it more. The objection, then, cannot come from the Treasury. I offer to reduce the tariff of salt, postages, and customs; I engage not to raise it; the objection, then, cannot come from the taxpayers. From whom does it come, then? From monopolists? It remains to be seen whether their voice shall be permitted in France to drown the voice of the Government and the people. To assure us of this, I beg you to transmit my proposal to the Council of Ministers. float:right;width:Jacques Bonhomme.%
"P.S.—Here is the text of my offer:—
"I, Jacques Bonhomme, representing a company of bankers and capitalists, ready to give all guarantees and deposit whatever security may be necessary,
"Having learnt that the Government derives only 280 millions of francs from customs duties, postages, and salt-tax, by means of the duties at present fixed;
"I offer to give the Government 300 millions from the gross produce of these three sources of revenue;
"And this while reducing the salt-tax from 30fr. to 10fr.;
"Reducing the rate of postage from 42½ centimes, at an average, to a uniform rate of from 5 to 10 centimes,
" On the single condition that I am permitted not to raise (which will be formally prohibited), but to lower as much as I please the duties of customs. Jacques Bonhomme."
"You are a fool," said I to Jacques Bonhomme, when he read me his letter. "You can do nothing with moderation. The other day you cried out against the hurricane of reforms, and here I find you demanding three, making one of them the condition of the other two. You will ruin yourself."
"Be quiet," said he, "I have made all my calculations; I only wish they may be accepted. But they will not be accepted."
Upon this we parted, our heads full, his of figures, mine of reflections which I forbear to inflict upon the reader.
# Economic Sophisms/206

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"the oft-repeated declaration of the Anti-Corn-Law League: 'Without the penny postage we should never have had developed that public opinion which has overturned the system of protection.' All this is confirmed by what we read in a work emanating from an official source:—
Template:Fs90/s "'The rates of postage should be regulated, not with a view to revenue, but for the sole purpose of covering the expense.' Template:Fs90/e
"To which Mr Macgregor adds : —
Template:Fs90/s "'It is true that the rate having come down to our smallest coin, we cannot lower it further, although it does yield some revenue. But this source of revenue, which will go on constantly increasing, must be employed to improve the service, and to develop our system of mail steamers all over the world.' Template:Fs90/e
"This brings me to examine the leading idea of the commission, which is, on the other hand, that the rate of postage should be a source of revenue to government.
"This idea runs through your entire report, and I allow that, under the influence of this prejudice, you could arrive at nothing great or comprehensive, and you are fortunate if, in trying to reconcile the two systems, you have not fallen into the errors and drawbacks of both.
"The first question we have to consider is this: Is the correspondence which passes between individual citizens a proper subject of taxation?
"I shall not fall back on abstract principles, or remind you that the very essence of society being the communication of ideas, the object of every government should be to facilitate and not impede this communication.
"Let us look to actual facts.
"The total length of our highways and departmental and country roads extends to a million of kilometres (625,000 miles). Supposing that each has cost 100,000 francs (£4000), this makes a capital of 100 milliards (£4,000,000,000) expended by the State to facilitate the transport of passengers and goods.
"Now, put the question, if one of your honourable colleagues asked leave of the Chamber to bring in a bill thus conceived:
Template:Fs90/s "'From and after 1st January next, the Government will levy upon all travellers a tax sufficient not only to cover the expense of maintaining the highways, but to bring back to the Exchequer four or five times the amount of that expense.…' Template:Fs90/e
# Economic Sophisms/207

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh""Would you not feel such a proposal to be anti-social and monstrous?
"How is it that this consideration of profits, nay, of simple remuneration, never presents itself to our minds when the question regards the circulation of commodities, and yet appears so natural when the question regards the circulation of ideas?
"Perhaps it is the result of habit. If we had a postal system to create, it would most assuredly appear monstrous to establish it on a principle of revenue.
"And yet remark that oppression is more glaring in this case than in the other.
"When Government has opened a new road it forces no one to make use of it. (It would do so undoubtedly if the use of the road were taxed.) But while the Post-office regulations continue to be enforced, no one can send a letter through any other channel, were it to his own mother.
"The rate of postage, then, in principle, ought to be remunerative, and, for the same reason, uniform.
"If we set out with this idea, what marvellous beauty, facility, and simplicity does not the reform I am advocating present !
"Here is the whole thing nearly put into the form of a law.
Template:Fs90/s "'ARTICLE 1. From and after 1st January next there will be exposed to sale, in every place where the Government judges it expedient, stamped envelopes and covers, at the price of a halfpenny or a penny.
"'2. Every letter put into one of these envelopes, and not exceeding the weight of half an ounce, every newspaper or print put into one of these covers, and not exceeding the weight of … will be transmitted, and delivered without cost at its address.
"'3. All Post-office accounting is entirely suppressed. "'4. All pains and penalties with reference to the conveyance of letters are abolished.' Template:Fs90/e
"That is very simple, I admit—much too simple; and I anticipate a host of objections.
"That the system I propose may be attended with drawbacks is not the question; but whether yours is not attended with more.
"In sober earnest, can the two (except as regards revenue) be put in comparison for a moment?
"Examine both. Compare them as regards facility, convenience, despatch, simplicity, order, economy, justice, equality, multiplication of transactions, public satisfaction, moral and Template:Hws
# Economic Sophisms/213

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"the commune to raise the duty to £4, £8, £12,—in short, sufficiently high to prevent the entry of a single log. Now, do you follow me ? If the good people are not to die of cold, they have no alternative but to come to my woodyard. They will bid against each other for my wood, and I will sell it for a high price ; and this act of charity, successfully carried out, will put me in a situation to do other acts of charity.
PAUL: A fine invention, truly ! It suggests to me another of the same kind.
JOHN: And what is that? Is philanthropy to be again brought into play?
PAUL: How do you like this Normandy butter?
JOHN: Excellent.
PAUL: Hitherto I have thought it passable. But do you not find that it takes you by the throat? I could make better butter in Paris. I shall have four or five hundred cows, and distribute milk, butter, and cheese among the poor.
PETER and JOHN: What ! in charity?
PAUL: Bah! let us put charity always in the foreground. It is so fine a figure that its very mask is a good passport. I shall give my butter to the people, and they will give me their money. Is that what is called selling?
JOHN: No; not according to the Bourgeois Gentilhomme. But, call it what you please, you will ruin yourself. How can Paris ever compete with Normandy in dairy produce?
PAUL: I shall be able to save the cost of carriage.
JOHN: Be it so. Still, while paying that cost, the Normans can heat the Parisians.
PAUL: To give a man something at a lower price—is that what you call beating him?
JOHN: It is the usual phrase; and you will always find yourself beaten.
PAUL: Yes; as Don Quixote was beaten. The blows will fall upon Sancho. John, my friend, you forget the octroi.
JOHN: The octroi ! What has that to do with your butter?
PAUL: To-morrow, I shall demand protection, and induce the commune to prohibit butter being brought into Paris from Normandy and Brittany. The people must then either dispense with it, or purchase mine, and at my own price, too.
# Database Design/Database Users
## End Users

End users are the people whose jobs require access to a database for querying, updating and generating reports.

### Application user

The application user is someone who accesses an existing application program to perform daily tasks.

### Sophisticated user

Sophisticated users are those who have their own way of accessing the database. This means they do not use the application program provided in the system. Instead, they might define their own application or describe their need directly by using query languages. These specialized users maintain their personal databases by using ready-made program packages that provide easy-to-use menu driven commands, such as MS Access.

### Application Programmers

These users implement specific application programs to access the stored data. They must be familiar with the DBMSs to accomplish their task.

### Database Administrators (DBA)

This may be one person or a group of people in an organization responsible for authorizing access to the database, monitoring its use and managing all of the resources to support the use of the entire database system.

## Key Terms
### application programmer

    user who implements specific application programs to access the stored data

### application user

    accesses an existing application program to perform daily tasks.

### database administrator (DBA)

    responsible for authorizing access to the database, monitoring its use and managing all the resources to support the use of the entire database system

### end user

    people whose jobs require access to a database for querying, updating and generating reports

### sophisticated user

    those who use other methods, other than the application program, to access the database

## Exercises

There are no exercises provided for this chapter.

## References

* BCOpenCampus: Database Design
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/The Documentary Story/Integrating KFI programme development in the Handbook

Vrinda is writing this !!

## See in the handbook

⇒ Designing and Managing Programmes
⇒ Learning to share learning
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/The Documentary Story/Italian civilian-military cooperation in Lebanon

Italian civilian-military cooperation in Lebanon
Sometimes Italy lacks self confidence and is not even capable of appreciating its own success stories. The Italian intervention in the last conflict in Lebanon has been a considerable success. Especially if compared to the failures of others, particularly the "peace making" efforts by the US army.
I also wanted to talk about the interaction of civil and military international cooperation. And the role of development cooperation in foreign policies.
Fabio, the officer responsible of international cooperation at the Italian Embassy, was really a guru on the subject. And a very open and cooperative person. Then in Beirut there was the permanent RAI foreign correspondent, who was also the brother in law of Franco, the cameramen. So we got all we needed. (Then we forgot to bring the papers in the military areas …. we could have been arrested for that! But we did the entire job nevertheless).
We visited the Italian army base in South Lebanon, at the border with Israel. We visited a solid waste disposal centre, where we hold some interviews with Fabio and other International cooperators. We then went to Baalbek, a magical town near the Syrian border, where the ancient Roman temples were still majestically standing, and where the new city had just been rebuilt after the intense bombing by Israel air force in retaliation for the kidnapping of one of its soldiers.
The sweet face of the major of Baalbek was not in line with the general image of the terrible members of the Hezbollah party as they are normally portrayed in the Western media. And we must give credit to Francesco for having used it and so have silently broken a stereotype. But may me too silently. Too timidly. He should have said it explicitly. But he did not.
Next ⇒ More recording in Syria

### Video Clips

On Youtube ⇒ Diffusing Conflicts - playlist On Youtube ⇒ Heritage and Community playlist

### Stories

⇒ Diffusing Conflicts
⇒ Balbek - Heritage and Community
⇒ Managing Waste

### Interviews

Fabio Melloni
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/The Documentary Story/Francesco’s work in India with Fausto

Francesco’s work in India with Fausto and Gauri
Fausto had been extremely efficient in providing logistical and organizational support to Francesco in India. And he had been more patient and efficient of me to patiently bring Francesco in line, as much as possible, with the project objectives.
Francesco followed an editorial line that he already started in Sierra Leone with father Berton: presenting the hero. In South India he followed the Sadguru; in North India Tiziano Terzani. In both the stories the narrative was showing “special men”. That was not an approach I liked as I wanted to focus on the collective nature of international cooperation projects. And Fausto had difficult times to collect footage which was showing the cooperative element of work, and not the leader greatness.
Even in the reportage he did on Kautilya Society in India he tended to talk more of Vrinda as the hero, rather than focusing on the policy issues of heritage protection. Anyway that is what is commonly used in news making: heroes and devils; good and bad guys. So I had it on camera. Now the question is is I would be able to criticize that approach. Or rather, more difficult, to find an alternative approach which could be in line with the dimension of cooperation and dialogue.
Next ⇒ Working at the manual

### Stories

⇒ Corporate Social Responsibility
⇒ Green Hands
⇒ Weaving Empowerment

### Video clips

On YouTube ⇒ Weaving Empowerment - playlist
On YouTube ⇒ Isha Foundation, Project Green Hands - playlist
On YouTube ⇒ Sadhguru - playlist
On YouTube ⇒ Corporate Social Responsibility - playlist

### Interviews

Francesco talks to Gauri - How was the patnership of RAI with Kautilya
Francesco talks to Gauri - Your Impressions on India

### Backstage

Backstage ⇒ Dialogues between Stefano and Fausto in India Francesco talks to Gauri about the work done in India
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/The Documentary Story/In Syria to understand which projects we can cover there

In Syria to understand what we can cover there
I had another 2 weeks before the RAI team arrived in Syria. I took again the motorbike and went to Damascus to prepare the ground, as much as possible.
I went to the Syrian institutional partner, the one that was not answering to the latest e-mails, and discovered that it had been suddenly closed. Probably the Director had some sort of confrontation with the establishment. Or was found guilty of some misappropriation. No one will ever know. The institution was closed. We had lost our partner.
However the Delegation of the European Union in India and the Italian Embassy were very positive and supporting attitude. They gave us the list of the cooperation projects in progress in Syria and their suggestions on which are the most relevant. We were invited to the EU-Syria day at the University where we had the opportunity to meet many project leaders.
Among all the projects two were the ones that seemed to me most interesting. One was the Business Simplification programme. The other was the Public Decentralization programme. But there were at least other 5 interesting projects.
I had all what I needed. Now it was the time for the team from Italy to arrive. And we would have started shooting in Syria.
Next ⇒ Environmental awareness in Syria
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Production Period

In manufacturing, the planning period for production. Commonly, a production period is a week but it can shorter or longer depending on the size and type of manufacturer.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Provincial Sales Tax

A sales tax levied by a provincial government in Canada. Most but not all provinces have such taxes.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Quarter

A group of accounting periods such that there are four quarters of approximately equal length. If the accounting period is a month, there are three months in each quarter.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Progress Payment

A payment made by a customer to the enterprise before the entire job is completed. It is often made when a specified percentage has been completed or a milestone is reached.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Raw Materials

An inventory item (such as sheet aluminum) that must receive work before it can be incorporated in a product that can be sold to a customer. Contrast with Part and Finished Good.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Record of Employment

A form that must be submitted to the Canadian government when an employee is terminated. It includes a code (the ROE code) indicating why the person was terminated.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Purchase Order

A Purchase Order authorizes a supplier to ship products to or perform services for the enterprise and invoice them for it.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Quotation

A document presented to a potential customer that guarantees prices. Contrast with Estimate.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Receiving

The department of the enterprise that receives goods from suppliers. Receiving and Shipping normally happen at the same physical location.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Request for Proposal

A document sent to potential suppliers requesting a document specifying how they will meet complex requirements. Contrast with RFQ.
# Electronics Fundamentals/Electromagnetic Devices/Relay
## Relay

Relay is an Electromagnetic switch . It operates on the principle of Electromagnetic Force that creates from a current conducting coil that push or pull the switch contacts to open or close the circuit.Relay is used in many applications like as vehicle indicator etc.

## Reference

* Relay