OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters/Bronze serpent

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game, the bronze serpent is a type of fictional monster for player characters to encounter.

## Description

The golem-like bronze serpents were first seen in tropical lands, serving as guardians to temples of the gods they resemble. They appear as twenty-foot long serpents made of articulated bronze rings and with impressive fangs armed with electricity instead of venom.

## Publication history

The bronze serpent appeared in the third edition in Monster Manual II (2002).

## References

* ↑ Monster Manual II v 3.0, page 40-41
# Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters/Bodak

The Bodak is an undead creature in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game that comes from the Infinite Layers of the Abyss.

## Description

A bodak is humanoid in shape, with smooth grayish-black skin and a featureless face. Its gaze kills living creatures.
A bodak is always chaotic evil. It is said that humanoids who die in some of the most evil places of the Abyss return as bodaks.

## Publication history

The bodak appeared in the following publications:
* It was introduced to the D&D game in the first edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons with the module Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth (1982),
* It appeared in the first edition Monster Manual II (1983).
* For the 2nd edition, it appears in the Monstrous Compendium Outer Planes Appendix (1991).
* It was further detailed in the first Planescape Monstrous Compendium Appendix (1994).
* The Third edition Monster Manual(2000).
* In Dragon #307 (May 2003), which introduced the bodak template, with the five-headed hydra bodak as a sample creature.
* For 3.5 edition in the revised Monster Manual (2003).
* With the 4th edition, it appears in the Monster Manual (2008).

## Other games

In the D20 Modern setting, bodaks are said to be an undead form of greys.

## References

* ↑ Gygax, Gary. The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth (TSR, 1982)
* ↑ W:Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual II (TSR, 1983)
* ↑ Varney, Allen, ed. Planescape Monstrous Compendium Appendix (TSR, 1994)
* ↑ Cook, Monte, Jonathan Tweet, and Skip Williams. Monster Manual (Wizards of the Coast, 2000)
* ↑ Mearls, Mike, Stephen Schubert, and James Wyatt. Monster Manual (Wizards of the Coast, 2008)
# Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters/Bonesnapper

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the bonesnapper is a type of monster.

## Description

A bonesnapper is descended from the dinosaurs, a small carnivorous beast about 5 feet in height that decorates its lair with human jawbones.

## Publication history

The bonesnapper has appeared in the following publications:
* It first appeared in White Dwarf #6 (April 1978).
* The first edition Fiend Folio (1981).
* The second edition for the Greyhawk setting in the Monstrous Compendium Greyhawk Appendix (1990).
* The Tome of Horrors (2002) from Necromancer Games.

## References

* ↑ Turnbull, Don, ed. Fiend Folio (TSR, 1981)
* ↑ Breault, Mike, ed, et al. Greyhawk Monstrous Compendium Appendix (TSR, 1990)
* ↑ Green, Scott; Peterson, Clark (2002). Tome of Horrors. Necromancer Games. p. 28. ISBN 1-58846-112-2.
# Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters/Buckawn

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the buckawn is a type of fey creature.

## Description

A buckawn is related to the brownie, and appears similar to the brownie but are slender with dusky skin. A buckawn is less friendly but far more tricky than a brownie, but shuns human contact and does not regularly associate with brownies either. A buckawn is typically armed with a small dagger and quivers of darts which may be drugged or poisoned. Buckawn also have magical spell-like abilities.

## Publication history

The buckawn has appeared in the following publications:
* It first appeared in the first edition Monster Manual II (1983).
* The second edition for the Greyhawk setting under the "brownie" heading in the Monstrous Compendium Greyhawk Appendix (1990).
* The Tome of Horrors (2002) from Necromancer Games.

## References

* ↑ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual II (TSR, 1983)
* ↑ Breault, Mike, ed, et al. Greyhawk Monstrous Compendium Appendix (TSR, 1990)
* ↑ Green, Scott; Peterson, Clark (2002). Tome of Horrors. Necromancer Games. pp. 30–31. ISBN 1-58846-112-2.
# Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters/Bloodsilk spider

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the Bloodsilk spider is a magical beast.

## Publication history

The bloodsilk spider appeared in the Monster Manual IV (2006).

## Description

They are small, compact, short-legged creatures, far from terrifying and gigantic monstrous spiders, but their silk has an unusual property. Those caught in it gradually have their blood drained by it so the spider can feed by sucking on the webs later. This is very important to the Bloodsilk spider, as without these vampire webs, they have virtually no means of defense or catching food.
They cannot speak, being technically animals.
They are regarded as neutral in alignment.

## References

* ↑ Kestrel, Gwendolyn F.M. [[W:Monster Manual|]] IV (Wizards of the Coast, 2006)
# Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters/Boneclaw

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the boneclaw is an undead creature which can be used by Dungeon Masters as allies or enemies of the player characters. In the game, they resemble humanoids who are half skeletal and half without skin, with their sinew and muscle exposed. The most prominent feature of the boneclaw are its claws; its three, bony fingernails seem to grow and shrink randomly between two to ten feet long, and are razor sharp. They are constructed using a secret magical ritual to hunt and kill living creatures

## Publication history

The boneclaw first appeared in the third edition in Monster Manual III (2004).
The boneclaw appeared in the fourth edition Monster Manual (2008).

## Society

Whether to sadistically end the lives of the innocent, or due to being in the service of a necromancer or such who commands them to do so, the purpose of boneclaws in the Dungeons & Dragons game is to eviscerate the living with their claws. Though they often grow and retract as they please, the Boneclaw can take full control of the length of its claws, and attacks by sneaking into the range of a foe and then lashing out with a claw growing at the speed of lightning, and skewering them through the heart.
Boneclaws speak Common and, in 3rd edition, Abyssal. They are evil in alignment.

## Campaign settings

Boneclaws in the Forgotten Realms were created by Szass Tam to protect Thayan enclaves.
Boneclaws in Eberron were created by Droamite necromancers working for the daughters of Sora Kell from ogre magi.

## Miniatures

Two Dungeons & Dragons miniatures represent boneclaws. The first, simply called "Boneclaw", was a Rare miniatures in the Deathknell expansion. The second, also a rare, was the "Boneclaw Impaler" in the Against the Giants expansion.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 Monster Manual 4th edition, by Mike Mearls, Stephen Schubert, and James Wyatt, copyright 2008 Wizards of the Coast.
* 1 2 3 4 Monster Manual III, 3rd edition, copyright 2004 Wizards of the Coast.
* ↑ Deathknell miniatures gallery at Wizards of the Coast's website.
* ↑ Against the Giants miniatures gallery at Wizards of the Coast's website.
# Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters/Brownie

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the brownie is a type of fey.

## Description

The brownie is a distant relative of the halfling that dwells in quiet, pastoral areas.

## Publication history

The D&D brownie has appeared in the following publications:
* The first edition Monster Manual (1977).
* As a player character class for the D&D basic game in Tall Tales of the Wee Folk (1989).
* The DMR2 Creature Catalog (1993).
* The second edition in the Monstrous Compendium Volume One (1989),
* Reprinted in the Monstrous Manual (1993).
* The third edition in the article "Adventure Locales: The Silent Manse" on the Wizards of the Coast web site in 2004.
* A player character race in White Dwarf #29 (Feb. 1982).
* The Tome of Horrors (2002) from Necromancer Games.
* As a type of sprite in Dangerous Denizens: The Monsters of Tellene (2003), for the Kingdoms of Kalamar setting.

## References

* ↑ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual (TSR, 1977)
* ↑ Nephew, John. Creature Catalog (TSR, 1993)
* ↑ Cook, David, et al. Monstrous Compendium Volume One (TSR, 1989)
* ↑ Stewart, Doug, ed. Monstrous Manual (TSR, 1993)
* ↑ Wizards of the Coast web site (Adventure Locales: The Silent Manse)
* ↑ White Dwarf. Games Workshop (29): 24. February 1982. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
* ↑ Green, Scott; Peterson, Clark (2002). Tome of Horrors. Necromancer Games. p. 30. ISBN 1-58846-112-2.
* ↑ Dangerous Denizens: The Monsters of Tellene. (Kenzer & Company, Wizards of the Coast, 2003)
# Business English/English Proverbs

A fool and his money are soon parted. - Franklin
The early bird gets the worm. - Franklin
Waste not, want not. - American proverb
Rome was not built in a day. - American proverb
Necessity is the mother of invention. - American proverb
If you want something done right, you have to do it yourself. - American saying
Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. - Benjamin Franklin, an American writing in Poor Richard's Almanac
Cheaters never prosper. - American proverb
It's not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game. - American proverb
Nice guys finish last. - American proverb
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. - American proverb
It's Greek to me. - Shakespeare
There's a sucker born every minute. - P.T. Barnum, American
# Business English/Grammar

Check out this grammatical information while we write new content for the Business English book.
# Business English/Links

Web resources on business English:
* Arlyn Freed's ESL/EFL English for Specific Purposes (ESP) - Business English links
* Language tools for learners - Dictionary, Idioms, and Phrasal Verbs search
* English dictionary, translator and Idioms search
* ESL Business News - a weekly podcast of international business news read in slow, clear English. Listen to the podcast and follow along in the accompanying script.
* Business English Exercises: Michael's ESP-EFL British Civilisation Home Page
* Free Business English Exercises - A collection of exercises arranged by topic.
* Free Business English Podcast Lessons - Business English lessons by podcast for intermediate and advanced learners featuring useful phrases and vocabulary. Transcripts and online exercises available.
# Business English/Getting More Practice

If you live in the United States, the UK, Canada, Australia or another English-speaking country it is easy for you to practice all of the time watching TV, going to the store, making new friends. If you do not live in an English-speaking area, it may be harder to get practice.
Several magazines are published internationally and will help you practice your reading and listening skills.
    English2Go, published by Reader's Digest
    Speak Up, published in Brazil and in Italy.
    Hot English, this one is OK too
You can also try listening to podcasts - free MP3 lessons you can download to you computer or MP3 player:
Business English Pod - Business English lessons by podcast for intermediate and advanced learners featuring useful phrases and vocabulary. Listening quizzes, transcripts and online exercises available for extra practice.
# Business English/Idioms
## Business Acronyms

ASAP : As Soon As Possible
COB : Close Of Business
COP : Close Of Play
EOD. : End Of Day
PO : Purchase Order
GR : Goods Receipt
IR : Invoice Receipt
R/E : Rate of Exchange (also called FX exchange)
TOR : Terms of Reference
P/C : Price, Current
O/S : Out of Stock, differs from...
OS : ...On Sample
EBIT : Earnings Before Interests and Taxes; Shows the result of the company before Interest expenditures and Income Taxes. It differs from...
EBITDA : Earnings Before Interests, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization; ...that gives a more precise idea of final result (earnings or loss). It takes into account these two aspects of business in addition.
BOY : Beginning Of the Year; Generally January, but in any case is considered the beginning of the financial year (for statements purpose).
EOY : End Of the Year; Generally December, but in any case is considered the end of the financial year (for statements purpose).
SOP : Standard Operating Procedures
YTD : Year To Date; term generally used to indicate all the expenses a firm incurred in during a year (P&L)
WIP : Work In Progress; Especially used for assets under construction.
Company Departments - Functional Areas
MKT : Marketing R&D : Research and Development H&S : Health and Security M&R : Maintenance and Repair HR : Human Resources IT : Information Technology AR : Account Receivable
SG&A : Selling, General & Administrative (regroups many depts. generally excluding manufacturing only, or manuf. + R&D)

## Common English idioms

Black Tie - Not a true idiom; however, it can be misleading. It does not mean 'Wear a black tie', but rather a 'DJ' or dinner jacket and bow tie (alternatively a tuxedo)
e.g. or eg. - exempli gratia, for example
et al. - et alii, and others
i.e. or ie. - id est, that is; in other words
NB - Nota Bene, note well
PS - Post Script, Written after the end of an informal letter. Used in order to include a piece of information forgotten to be included at the beginning of the letter
RSVP - Repondez s'il vous plait, is an abbreviation for ‘répondez s’il vous plaît’, which means ‘please reply’. It is written on the bottom of a card inviting you to a party or special occasion.
CV - Curriculum Vitae, Latin expression meaning "course of life" in other words, a resumee.
N/A - Not Applicable
RGDS - Regards
# Business English/Interviewing

It is great practice to do one-on-one conversations on specific topics. Here is a starter list of interview questions and conversational topics.

### Interview Questions

* Where do you work?
* What is the best part of your job?
* What's the worst part?
* What are three adjectives that describe you?
* Why do you want to study Business English?
* What is your dream job and why?
* What is your competency?

### Conversation Topics

* Sports
* Television
* Entertainment (movies, music, celebrities and books)
* Business ethics
* Food and drinks
* Money
* The rich
* Current events
* Business trends
* Work
* Branding
* Marketing
* Finance
* Big business
* Home office
* Computers and technology
* Engineering
* Business books and magazines
* Cold calling
* Starting your own business
* American culture
* American business culture♠
* Time management
* Bad news letters
* Routine and good news letters
# Business English/Phrasal Verbs

English is filled with phrasal verbs, which are phrases made of one verb with one or more other words (usually prepositions) that work together to form a single, multi-word verb. You need to learn these in order to speak English naturally as well as to understand natural English.
    Be
    Come
    Get
    Go
    Keep
    Make
    Turn
    Up
    Miscellaneous phrasal verbs
# Conphilosophy

One of the major defining characteristics of a nation, and, arguably, a world, is philosophy. Philosophy comes from many sources, but usually there are people looked up to as "philosophers," or lovers of knowledge. There are few well-known modern-day philosophers, but some of the better known and recent ones include Mohandas Gandhi and Albert Einstein. However, you are not interested in the philosophers of this world — you want to create your own philosophy. To do this, you must first understand how philosophy comes about.

## Table of contents

* First, understand what makes up Philosophy.
* Next, we'll cover the various branches of philosophy.
* Then, we'll cover some interesting schools of philosophy.
* Now you've got a complete round shot in almost everything philosophical, we'll shoot up history.
* Finally, we'll round off with some topics in philosophy.

### Appendices

* A list of all lists you need to list on your lists.
* More references to go to.
# Conphilosophy/Branches/Metaphysics

So, I suppose what you are all thinking is 'what is Metaphysics!?' Well, metaphysics is part of theology that examines the key nature of reality. For, example, it examines the difference between possibility and reality and about the relationship of the mind and real stuff. It tries to find answers to what existing is and the different types of reality by answering 'what is real' and 'what is real stuff like'.

## Existence

Probably one of the most important questions in philosophy is 'what is real?'
There is no right or wrong answer, but the answer will probably change your world.
One needs to decide;
* what do my people believe is actually there?
to decide this, consider;
* are things they think real?
* do they think objects are just imaginary?
* do they think they are just an object? A dream? If not, what do they think they are?
* How do they group stuff; what is real/imaginary/semi-real etc.?
For example, one could decide 'nothing is real, it is all a dream' or 'everything is real only because we feel/see/hear /taste/smell it'.
Now, you have to decide; what are the 'real' things; why are they real why other things are not?
# Conplanet/Space

Here, we'll be dealing with a Physics-correct planet in a universe with very similar physics laws.
If you want to drastically change the laws of physics, see some tips on different physics.
If you want to change some laws of physics (like having warp drives - which are theoretically possible in our universe), read on, but take a peek at tweaking and nudging physics into shape.
We'll touch on the basic things on space and what can, can't and maybe possible for you to do with your universe.
* Stars and Sun
* Solar matters
* Lunar matters
* Days, years, and time

## External links

* http://history.nasa.gov/SP-345/sp345.htm : NASA's analysis of our solar system.
# Conplanet/Space/Solar System

Our solar system has, err.... 11, no..... 9..... ah! 8 planets, a Sun and plenty of asteroids and moons.

## Distance approximation formulas

You have 2 to choose from. Take your pick.

### Titius-Bode law

Wikipedia Article
Refers the distance of the planets from the sun.
$R_{i}=0.4+0.3\times 2^{i-2}$
with the exception of $i=1$, where $R_{1}=0.4$
The distance of the i-th planet is given by this formula.
Relative to our solar system:
| Planet | $2^{i-2}$ | T-B rule distance | Real distance |
| Mercury | 0 | 0.4 | 0.39 |
| Venus | 1 | 0.7 | 0.72 |
| w:Earth | 2 | 1.0 | 1.00 |
| Mars | 4 | 1.6 | 1.52 |
| w:Ceres (Dwarf Planet) + w:Asteroid field | 8 | 2.8 | 2.77 |
| Jupiter | 16 | 5.2 | 5.20 |
| Saturn | 32 | 10.0 | 9.54 |
| Uranus | 64 | 19.6 | 19.2 |
| Neptune. Pluto (Dwarf Planet) exists at this point, though. | 128 | 38.8 | 30.06 |
| Pluto (Dwarf Planet) | 256 | 77.2 | 39.44 |
The law works on the fact that planets settle in relative ratios to each other, however, the problem with Neptune has discredited this formula.

### Dermott's Law

The little-known Dermott's Law. I can only quote Wikipedia, one of the few web references on the subject (all other references are essensially repetitions of the same text):

#### Wikipedia Entry on Dermott's Law, accessed on 24th Feb 2007

Dermott's Law is an empirical formula for the sidereal period of major satellites orbiting planets in the solar system. It was identified by the celestial mechanics researcher Stanley Dermott in the 1960s and takes the form:
T(n) = T(0).C$^n$
where T(n) is the sidereal period of the nth satellite, T(0) is of the order 0.46 and C is a constant of the planetary system. Specific values are:
* Jovian system: T(0) = 0.444; C = 2.03
* Saturnian system: T(0) = 0.462; C = 1.59
* Uranian system: T(0) = 0.488; C = 2.24
Such power-laws may be a consequence of collapsing-cloud models of planetary and satellite systems possessing various symmetries; see Titius-Bode Law. They may also reflect the effect of w:resonance-driven commensurabilities in the various systems.

## Orbital period

One option.

### Kepler's third law

T$^2$ ∝ R$^3$
Basically: Period is proportional to distance from sun to the power of 1.5, or:
$Period\propto {\sqrt {Distance^{3}}}$

## Tweaking to make more physics-compatible

Okay, so you have your basic numbers now. Tweakin' time!

#### Preventing Orbital Disturbance

First off, we'll need to prevent one planet's orbit from disturbing another planet's orbit (so it'll remain stable for more than a few years after its birth).
This means that ...
Section is U/C.

## External links

* http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Orbital_resonance : A very good page on ratios between planets - use these in your solar system!
* w:Titius-Bode law
* w:Dermott's Law : Hardly any information, includes 4 useful ratios for 4 systems (including our own) though.
* Non-titius but regular spacing of moons: http://www.floridastars.org/9605cohe.html
* w:Orbital period : Skim through this, you'll pick something up.
# Conphilosophy/Branches

* Metaphysics
* Epistemology
* Ethics
* Philosophical logic
* Mathematical logic
# Conplanet

If you want to create your own cultures and societies, they will need a ConPlanet, or at least a local geography, to influence their beliefs, culture, and interactions. The materials provided in this section deal with how to create a realistic world for your peoples to inhabit.
Geoff Eddy has an excellent guide for creating planets , which can be extremely helpful. Another website that deals with the scientific side of creating worlds is Anne Viau's World-Builders.org.
The members at Unilang started a wiki online called ConPlanet allowing users to participate and interactively construct their con-nation alongside others in the conworld.
Table of Contents
* Introduction
* Astronomy
** Stars and Sun
** Solar matters
** Lunar matters
** Days, years, and time
* Geography
* Climate and Weather
* Life
** Plants
** Animals
** Sentient Species
# Conplanet/Climate

Creating a reasonable and internally consistent Con-climate for your world is both a very challenging and very rewarding experience which makes possible great realism when using this planet as a backdrop for a story. Knowing the climate can also help with forming a culture for the people who live there.
Before you start working on how weather moves on your planet, however, it's a good idea to map out your world and get an idea of major geographical features (for example, mountains and large bodies of water), for these have an effect on the weather, and thus the climate, of your world.

#### Some useful tools, once you've gotten everything marked out and are ready to start mapping weather, are:

* http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/countryall.php3?refer=
Weatherbase is a fantastic tool which contains information on the weather of regions around the world (real Earth). If you aren't opposed to taking a cue from real-world situations (and your planet is similar enough to Earth), then you can select a city in a region which is similar to your own, and get a good idea of what goes on there.
# Digital Re-Discovery of Culture
## Contents

* Prologue
* Cultural Context
* The Play and Game
* Edutainment
* The DrDC Game
* The Play Ethic
* Back Cover

## Invitation to re-discover the culture

Each one is born into a specific culture. Such culture is often characterized by one or more natural languages. It may happen that one loses one's (original) culture due to emigration, either voluntary or forced. It is often beneficial to become re-connected to that "first" culture.
In today's internet world, the re-discovery of one's culture is greatly facilitated. This book addresses such re-discovery.