OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Equilibrium constant
## Equilibrium Constant

The equilibrium constant, K, reflects the ratio of the activities of the products versus the reactants, and represents the extent to which a reaction goes to completion.
In general, a reaction with a
* LARGE K, K > 103, is said to favor the products and thus forms more products than reactants
* SMALL K, K < 10-3, favors reactants and thus very little product is formed. Intermediate values of K, form similar amounts of both products and reactants.
The equilibrium constant is a thermodynamic property and thus the size of K does not indicate anything about the rate at which products form, only the amount. The equilibrium constant for the reaction:

#### aA + bB <--> cC + dD

can be calculated by,

#### K = a$_C$$^c$a$_D$$^d$/(a$_A$$^a$a$_B$$^b$)

where a$_I$ represents the activity of species I. The activities of the reaction species are raised to their corresponding stoichiometric coefficient.
The equilibrium constant can be very closely approximated by using concentrations for aqueous solutions and pressures for gasses, in place of activities. Solids and pure liquids are not factored into K and are given a value of 1.
The equilibrium constant is related to the standard gibbs free energy, delta G, by

#### delta G$^0$ = -RTlnK

Kd is defined as dissociation constant that accounts for amount of reactant that dissociates reversibly to form component products; the constant deals with half of binding site of enzyme that binds for concentration of ligands, or the concentration for ligands that bind enzyme to be equal to that that are not; the unit of the constant is in molarity or M; it is a measurement that is indirectly proportional to affinity constant, for example, between enzyme and ligand; or the smaller dissociation constant means higher affinity constant as the stronger the bond between the enzyme and ligand, which is more difficult to be separated to two components.
# The Information Age/Introduction

Imagining the future is always a chancy proposition. For the future almost always turns out differently from how it was imagined. Just think of all the movies made about the present 20 or even 10 years ago. They hardly got it right.
The reason we fail to anticipate the future is simple enough—the many variables that affect the unfolding of history are never fully captured by analysts, activists, artists and scientists.
Yet, we persist in imagining the future. We persist because we are motivated by what could be as much as by what has been. We persist because we have a stake in the future—we intend to live in it.
Imagining a future is affirming a particular account of it. We imagine a future we want to live in. In looking at trends, in extrapolating, we make choices. Even when we take into account all variables, we give some variables more weight than others. Even when all outcomes are anticipated, we deem some outcomes more likely than others. This is not intellectual dishonesty. It is simply how things are. (To say otherwise is to be dishonest.)
This primer on the information age, as well as the other primers in this series on the Information Economy, Society and Polity, is an act of imagination and affirmation of a future that is being shaped by information and communication technologies (ICTs).
This particular primer begins with a review of the digital and the ICT revolutions and how these profound technological transformations are changing the economy, business, and the workplace. The primer also outlines the impact of the pervasiveness of ICTs on the individual, the family and society. The effects of technological change on the global order—the nation-state system and governance—are likewise considered. Finally, the primer charts the challenges arising from the widening divide between those who have access to ICT and those who do not.
Ultimately, we imagine the information age in order that we can affect its becoming.
# The Information Age/The Challenge Ahead

Developing countries recognize the need to harness ICTs for development. However, the ICT uptake has been largely unequal. The digital divide is a problem that both government and the private sector must work together to address. Without doubt, the ICT revolution is changing the course of history, and developing countries must equip themselves with better information and policies that would enable them to join the digital revolution. The aim of this primer and the series on the Information Economy, Society and Polity is to provide policy makers and opinion leaders in developing countries of the Asia-Pacific with a clear understanding of the various terminologies, definitions, trends and issues surrounding the information age. The other primers in the series are:
* Nets, Webs and Information Infrastructure
* E-commerce and E-business
* Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy.
* E-Government
* ICT and Education
* Genes, Technology and Policy: An Introduction to Biotechnology
It is our hope that these primers will spur the continuing efforts of developing countries to prepare for the information age.
Much has been written about the information revolution. Many initiatives have been undertaken and some are to be applauded for their success while others need further support and guidance. The signs of the times—digitization, convergence, globalization, as well as their various impacts on politics, economics, social structures and culture—all foreshadow a future in which information is the key component. We must heed these signs if the future, the new era of information and progress, is to be ours.
# The Information Commons

The Information or Knowledge Commons is a new phenomenon made possible by the creation of the Internet. The following short book will describe what this phenomenon is, and will trace its history. This text is a group class project for a class with the same name. While studying the Information Commons, we felt it would be useful to actually add content to it in the form of a short Wikibook.

## Table of Contents

* Defining The Commons
* A Brief History of the Commons & Information Commons
* Some Prominent Examples of the Information Commons
* Differing Governance Structures of the Information Commons
* Problems and Legal Issues
* The Future of the Information Commons
# The Information Age/Preface
## Preface to the First Edition

One of the many challenges facing the countries in the Asia-Pacific today is preparing their societies and governments for globalization and the information and communication revolution. Policy-makers, business executives, NGO activists, academics, and ordinary citizens are increasingly concerned with the need to make their societies competitive in the emergent information economy.
The e-ASEAN Task Force and the UNDP Asia Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) share the belief that with enabling information and communication technologies (ICTs), countries can face the challenge of the information age. With ICTs they can leap forth to higher levels of social, economic and political development. We hope that in making this leap, policy and decision-makers, planners, researchers, development practitioners, opinion-makers, and others will find this series of e-primers on the information economy, society, and polity useful.
The e-primers aim to provide readers with a clear understanding of the various terminologies, definitions, trends, and issues associated with the information age. The primers are written in simple, easy-to-understand language. They provide examples, case studies, lessons learned, and best practices that will help planners and decision makers in addressing pertinent issues and crafting policies and strategies appropriate for the information economy.
The present series of e-primers includes the following titles:
* The Information Age
* Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure
* e-Commerce and e-Business
* Legal and Regulatory Issues for the Information Economy
* e-Government;
* ICT and Education
* Genes, Technology and Policy: An Introduction to Biotechnology
These e-primers are also available online at http://www.eprimers.org. and http://www.apdip.net.
The primers are brought to you by UNDP- APDIP, which seeks to create an ICT enabling environment through advocacy and policy reform in the Asia-Pacific region, and the e-ASEAN Task Force, an ICT for development initiative of the 10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations. We welcome your views on new topics and issues on which the e-primers may be useful.
Finally, we thank all who have been involved with this series of e-primers-writers, researchers, peer reviewers and the production team.
| Roberto R. Romulo Chairman (2000-2002) e-ASEAN Task Force Manila, Philippines | Shahid Akhtar Program Coordinator UNDP-APDIP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia http://www.apdip.net |
# VirtualBox/Setting up a Virtual Machine/macOS High Sierra
## Installation script

The following installation script:
* ...is free and open-source
* ...requires only VirtualBox with its Extension Pack and dependencies that can be easily installed in a single command with most open-source package managers
* ...downloads macOS Catalina, Mojave and High Sierra directly from Apple's servers
* ...installs macOS without modifying the original Apple binaries and without third-party bootloaders
* ...creates a VM that is compatible with OpenCore and can be exported (with manual modifications) to KVM/QEMU for near-native performance
* ...runs on Linux, Windows (WSL, Cygwin), and macOS
https://github.com/myspaghetti/macos-guest-virtualbox - Push-button installer of macOS on VirtualBox
# VirtualBox/Setting up a Virtual Machine/macOS Mojave
## Installation script

The following installation script:
* ...is free and open-source
* ...requires only VirtualBox with its Extension Pack and dependencies that can be easily installed in a single command with most open-source package managers
* ...downloads macOS Catalina, Mojave and High Sierra directly from Apple's servers
* ...installs macOS without modifying the original Apple binaries and without third-party bootloaders
* ...creates a VM that is compatible with OpenCore and can be exported (with manual modifications) to KVM/QEMU for near-native performance
* ...runs on Linux, Windows (WSL, Cygwin), and macOS
https://github.com/myspaghetti/macos-guest-virtualbox - Push-button installer of macOS on VirtualBox

## See also

* macOS Catalina
# VirtualBox/Installation/macOS
## Supported Mac OS hosts

As of 2024, VirtualBox supports several macOS hosts, including:
* 12 (Monterey)
* 11 (Big Sur)
* 10.15 (Catalina)
As of 2024, only Intel hardware is officially supported for VirtualBox on Mac OS hosts. A version of VirtualBox for Apple Silicon CPUs (macOS/Arm64) is available as an unsupported Developer Preview.

## Download

The VirtualBox installer can be downloaded from the official VirtualBox website. You might want to compare the checksums to verify the integrity of downloaded packages. The SHA256 checksums should be favored as the MD5 algorithm must be treated as insecure!
* 1 2 "Supported Host Operating Systems".
# VisSim

VisSim is a visual block diagram language for simulation of dynamical systems and model based design of embedded systems. It is developed by Visual Solutions of Westford, Massachusetts.
VisSim is most often used to write embedded applications. Based on diagrams, the language has a different look and feel to traditional text-based programming languages based on the English language. For this reason, a VisSim manual comprises many pictures, rather than textual paragraphs.
VisSim contains a large library of mathematical formulas, as well as built-in support for many popular chip technologies. VisSim is an extensible language, giving the user great flexibility to extend it, in the sense of adding routines to a library. It can also import ".m" files from MATLAB.

## Lessons

* Introduction
* The Viewer
* The Plot Block
* Manipulating blocks
* Control Structures
* Handling Files

## Appendices

* Block Reference
* State Diagrams
* Student Version

## Further Reading

* VisSim Embedded Control Designer With Texas Instruments Piccolo
* VisSim Embedded Development from VisSim, Inc.
# VirtualBox/Setting up a Virtual Machine

    Windows
    Ubuntu
    Mac OS X (macOS Catalina, Mojave, High Sierra)
    Other
Prevent malware infection by downloading software only from its licensed distributor. Avoid ready-made installation images or virtual disk images, as they may contain malware.
# VirtualBox/Setting up a Virtual Machine/macOS Catalina
## Compatibility

macOS Catalina 10.15.2 and 10.15.3 (and possibly every later version) are only compatible with VirtualBox version 6.1.4 or greater.

## Installation script

The following installation script:
* ...is free and open-source
* ...requires only VirtualBox with its Extension Pack and dependencies that can be easily installed in a single command with most open-source package managers
* ...downloads macOS Catalina, Mojave and High Sierra directly from Apple's servers
* ...installs macOS without modifying the original Apple binaries and without third-party bootloaders
* ...creates a VM that is compatible with OpenCore and can be exported (with manual modifications) to KVM/QEMU for near-native performance
* ...runs on Linux, Windows (WSL, Cygwin), and macOS
https://github.com/myspaghetti/macos-guest-virtualbox - Push-button installer of macOS on VirtualBox
# Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Protein Acetylation by Lipids

Protein acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is incorporated a protein. Protein acetylation is crucial in the processes of chromatin structure regulation and transcriptional activity.
# Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Protein Functions

macromolecules in living organisms; they are what act out the duties that are encoded in genes. In humans they help our bodies to repair, regulate, and protect themselves. Proteins help in the building and repair of tissues, and in body processes such as water balancing, nutrient transport, and muscle contractions. Many essential enzymes and hormones are proteins. Proteins are basically essential for life. The reason that proteins can carry out such a diverse set of functions is because they are able to bind to other proteins specifically and tightly. Their binding ability can be contributed to their tertiary structure that creates a binding or active site; the chemical properties of the surrounding amino acids' side chains also have a large influence on the binding ability of proteins.
Proteins acting as enzymes are probably their most important function. Enzymes are the biological catalysts that are essential for almost all the biological systems in our bodies to work, they are what catalyze reactions in processes like metabolism, DNA replication, and digestion. Enzymes are extremely specific and will only catalyze certain reactions. The high specificity is related to the structure of the substrate and the enzyme. The enzyme will bind only to an active site only in the substrates which is complementary to its structure, like a key in a lock. Protein-protein interactions regulate this enzymatic activity.
Proteins are also essential for cell signaling and molecular transport systems. Because a protein produced by one cell can bind with a protein from another cell, they provide good cell signal and molecular transport pathways. An example of a protein that acts in this fashion is hemoglobin. Hemoglobin binds iron molecules and transports them from the lungs, through the blood stream, to all the essential organs and tissues. This examples shows how essential proteins are in living systems.
There are also structural proteins such as actin and tubulin that polymerize to form the cytoskeleton of a cell. The essential motor proteins such as myosin, kinesin, and dynein are also structural proteins.
# Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Protein Modification

Proteins are capable of executing numerous functions based on the versatility of their 20 different amino acids. Proteins are also covalently modified to change their functions via attachment of other groups besides amino acids. For example, to make proteins more resistant to degradation, acetyl groups can attach to the amino termini of proteins. Also, hydroxyl groups can attach to different proline residues which stabilizes fibers of newly synthesized collagen. Furthermore, many proteins, specifically those present on the surfaces of cells, acquire carbohydrate units from attachment of specific asparagine residues. Carbohydrates in the form of aspargine-linked (N-linked) or serine/threonine (O-linked) oligosaccharides are major structural components of many cell surface and secreted proteins. The process of attachment of sugar molecules (such as carbohydrate) to the protein is called glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is known as one of the major post-translational modifications with significant effects on protein folding, conformation distribution, stability and activity. This addition of sugars makes the protein more hydrophilic and therefore able to better participate in protein-protein interactions. Besides the addition of certain groups to amino acids, other special groups can also be generated by chemical rearrangements of side chains and the peptide backbone, for example by spontaneous formation and oxidation.
Reference: Berg, Jeremy M., John L. Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer, eds. "Biochemistry." New York: W.H. Freeman and Co., 2007: 57-58.
http://www.piercenet.com/Proteomics/browse.cfm?fldID=7CE3FCF5-0DA0-4378-A513-2E35E5E3B49B
# Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Protein O-GlcNAcylation by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine
## O-GlcNAc

β-linked N-acetylglucosamine is also known as O-GlcNAc. It is an intercellular carbohydrate that dynamiclly modifies proteins in the nucleolus and cytoplasm on the Serine and Threonine residues (Hart). The regulation of O-GlcNAc is dependent on only two enzymes OGT and O-GlcNacase (Hart). The difference between O-GlcNAc and many forms of protein glycosylation are: a.O-GlcNAcylation occurs only in the cytoplasm and nuclease b.It is not an elongated structure c.It is attached and removed several times in the life of a (Hart. It was discovered in 1983 (Hart). It is present all multicellular organisms, but not in yeast, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hart).

## O-GlcNAcylation

O-GlcNAcylation shares more similarities to phosphoylation than other forms of protein phosphorylation. The interplay between O-GlcNAc and O-phosphate is fact, that protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1c). The enzyme that removes O-phosphate also regulates OGT. This suggests that the enzyme can remove the phosphate group and attach the O-GlcNAc.

## O-GlcNAc Transferase

The catalyst that attaches O-GlcNAc from the UDP-GlcNAc substrate to either a Serine or Theronine residue forming a β-glycosidic linkage is the O-GlcNAc tranferase(OGT) (Hart). Mammals seem to have only one gene that catalysis the OGT. There is a dependent relationship between OGT and viability of the embryonic stem cells. In the absence O-GlcNacylation in the mammalian cells is lethal (Hart). The complex regularion of OGT has not been clearly defined. But, it has been discovered that OGT is O-GlcNAcylated and phosphorylated (Hart).

## O-GlcNAcase

Nucleocytoplasmic β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase) is the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc from a protein (Hart).

## References

1. Hart, Gerald and Akimoto, Yoshihiro. Essentials of Glycobiology. 2009.
# Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Preparation of Polyclonal Antibody
## Introduction

An antibody (which is a protein itself), is also called an immunoglobulin. It is synthesized by an animal’s body when there is a foreign substance (called an antigen). The synthesis of antibodies has high and specific affinities. An antibody can recognize a specific group or cluster of amino acids on a specific molecule (called an antigenic determinant or epitope).

## Techniques

To collect antibodies that recognize a specific protein, a protein is injected once into a rabbit, then a second time about three weeks later. The protein will then stimulate the reproduction of cells and produce antibodies that recognize it. When the blood is taken from the immunized rabbit several weeks later, it is centrifuged to separate the blood cells from the supernatant. Antibodies can be found in the supernatant (also called the serum) to all the antigens the rabbit was exposed to. Only some of them will actually be antibodies to the protein that was originally injected. The indication that cells produce many different antibodies that each recognizes a different surface feature of the same antigen means that the antibodies are heterogeneous, or polyclonal.
# The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages/Cheats
## GameShark

General :
| 91152BD0 | Invincible |
| 9140AAC6 | Max health |
| 9140ABC6 | Infinite health |
| 9199ADC6 9109AEC6 | Infinite rupees |
| 9103B2C6 | Have master sword |
| 91FF9FC6 91FFA0C6 91FFA1C6 91FFA2C6 91FFA3C6 91FFA4C6 91FFA5C6 91FFBFC6 | Have all secondary items |
| Special ||
| 010604D0 | Beta World code: This allows you to access off-map rooms in dungeons and on the overworld. Sometimes you'll get stuck on doors and people and unable to move at all. This is not a code for everyday use. |

## External links

* Password generator: this is a downloadable program. Use at your own risk.
# The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages

The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages (ゼルダの伝説 ふしぎの木の実 時空 (じくう)の章, Zeruda no Densetsu: Fushigi no Ki no Mi: Jikū no Shō, The Legend of Zelda: Fruit of the Mysterious Tree: Chapter of Time and Space) is a The Legend of Zelda game for the Game Boy Color, developed by Capcom and published by Nintendo in 2001. It was simultaneously released alongside another title, The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons, sort of like how the mainline Pokémon games always consist of two simultaneous releases. To further this connection, both Oracle titles can interact with each other. This feature allows many hidden items, locations, antagonists, and secrets to be revealed, and causes the plots of both games to merge, continuing to a double ending.
Called by the Triforce, Link travels to the shrine of the sacred relic. He is beckoned by the sacred triangles, and they transport him to a world in need of help, Labrynna. The main feature of this game is that Link can time travel to the past and back, which is the primary means of progression.

## Table of contents
### Gameplay

* Controls
* Items

### Walkthrough

* Arrival
* Yoll Graveyard — Spirit's Grave
* Western Woods — Wing Dungeon
* Crescent Island — Moonlit Grotto
* Simmetry City — Skull Dungeon
* West Rolling Ridge — Crown Dungeon
* East Rolling Ridge — Mermaid's Cave
* Zora Seas — Jabu-Jabu's Belly
* Sea of No Return — Ancient Tomb
* Black Tower

### Linked Game

* Secrets to and from Holodrum
* Room of Rites

### Side Quests

* Heart Pieces
* Trading Sequence
* Gasha Seeds
* Magic Rings
* Minigames

### Appendices

* Maple
* Enemies
* Cheats
* Glitches
* Continuity forks