OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/cell division

* INTERMEDIATE

### How do things grow?

We know that living things grow. A plant will get taller and produce new leaves and flowers. A baby will grow into a child and then an adult. Growing is a complex business. Growing is capable to a certain living organism.
Growth means getting larger in size, and for multi-cellular organisms this is done by making more cells.
Plants have special tissues called meristems where growth occurs. Root apical meristems grow down into the soil, and shoot apical meristems grow up. A third meristem found as a ring in the stem of some plants grows outward.
Animals, however grow by making new cells all over their body, and when an animal first develops as an embryo, almost all cells are dividing together. Later, as the animal reaches adulthood, most cells are not dividing. Some tissues, such as skin, divide constantly, while others, such as nerve cells, don't divide at all.
Single celled organisms increase their numbers by dividing and making more cells like themselves.

### Cell Division

When cells are dividing, they grow in size for a bit and then split in two. The cells must make copies of their chromosomes (the information storing part of the cell) before they split. Bacteria only have one chromosome. Therefore they can split very simply by making a copy of the chromosome, and making sure one chromosome ends up in each cell after it divides. This process is called binary fission.
Eukaryotic cells ( cells with a nucleus containing several chromosomes) can't be so casual about cell division. In order to make two cells containing all of the information found in the original cell, they must copy each chromosome and then divide. This more complex process is called Mitosis.
There is even another form of cell division that is reserved for sex cells. When humans reproduce, the mother gives half of her chromosomes and the father gives half of his chromosomes to the offspring. If the mother and father gave all of their chromosomes to their child, it would have twice as many chromosomes as it's parents. A special kind of cell division is used to make these haploid cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parents. This sexual cell division is called Meiosis.
# Celestia/Celx Scripting/CELX Lua Methods/CEL command setgalaxylightgain
### setgalaxylightgain

setgalaxylightgain { gain <gainnumber> }
Set the level of Galaxy light gain (brightness).
Notes:
* When visiting Galaxies outside of the Milky Way, boosting brightness can improve your view of distant Galaxies, while within the Milky Way, lowering the brightness can improve your view of stars, planets, moons etc..
* Galaxy brightness will also respond to setting the faintest visible magnitude of stars, using the setfaintestautomag45deg or setvisibilitylimit commands. These commands are linked.
Arguments:

#### gain <gainnumber>

    Number that defines the new level of Galaxy light gain (brightness). Must be between 0 (0%) and 1 (100%), otherwise it will be adjusted to the nearest valid value (0 or 1).
CELX equivalent:
Based on the 1.5.0 celestia:setgalaxylightgain method.
* Set the level of Galaxy light gain (brightness) to <gainnumber>.
Example: Enable the rendering of Galaxies and maximize their brightness.
CEL:
CELX:
Back to CEL command index
# Celestia/Celx Scripting/CELX Lua Methods/CEL command setactiveview
### setactiveview

setactiveview { view <viewnumber> }
Make the view with identifier <viewnumber> the actual active view within a Multi view.
Notes:
* Using this command only makes sense if there is at least one Muliti view left. This command has no effect on a Single view.
Arguments:

#### view <viewnumber>

    A number, identifying the view on the screen to be the actual active view. Default is 1. Must be a valid identifier, regarding the number of views on the screen, otherwise no change of active view will be performed.
CELX equivalent:
Based on the observer:makeactiveview method.
* Get observer instances of all views and make the view with identifier <viewnumber> the actual active view.
Example: Create a Muliview of 2 views, change active view to goto different planets and after 5 seconds delete view 1.
CEL:
CELX:
Back to CEL command index
# Celestia/Celx Scripting/CELX Lua Methods/CEL command setfaintestautomag45deg
### setfaintestautomag45deg

setfaintestautomag45deg { magnitude <faintestnumber> }
Set the lowest Magnitude of stars to be displayed when Auto-Magnitude is on.
Arguments:

#### magnitude <faintestnumber>

    The magnitude at which stars will become visible, when Auto-Magnitude is on. Default is 8.5. The Celestia user interface allows a range from about 1.0 to 15.0.
CELX equivalent:
Based on the celestia:setrenderflags and celestia:setfaintestvisible methods.
* Enable "AutoMag" and set the faintest magnitude of stars at 45°. <faintestnumber> is the new faintest magnitude of stars.
Example:
CEL:
CELX:
Back to CEL command index
# Celestia/Celx Scripting/CELX Lua Methods/CEL command setlabelcolor
### setlabelcolor

setlabelcolor { item <labelstring> color <vector> }
Set the color of labels to the given RGB color.
Arguments:

#### item <labelstring>

    A string describing the label of which the color must change. Must be one of:
   * asteroids
   * comets
   * constellations
   * dwarfplanets
   * eclipticgrid
   * equatorialgrid
   * galacticgrid
   * galaxies
   * globulars
   * horizontalgrid
   * locations
   * minormoons
   * moons
   * nebulae
   * openclusters
   * planetographicgrid
   * planets
   * spacecraft
   * stars

#### color <vector>

    Defines the components of the RGB values [Red Green Blue] of the color to be applied to the labels, as a vector. Values must be between 0 and 1. Default is [1 0 0].
CELX equivalent:
Based on the 1.5.0 celestia:setlabelcolor method.
* Set the color for labels of <labelstring> to the given RGB values in <vector>.
Example: Set the label color for stars to RED and turn star labels on.
CEL:
CELX:
Back to CEL command index
# Celestia/Celx Scripting/CELX Lua Methods/CEL command setlinecolor
### setlinecolor

setlinecolor { item <linestring> color <vector> }
Set the color of lines to the given RGB color.
Arguments:

#### item <linestring>

    A string describing the line of which the color must change. Must be one of:
   * starorbits
   * planetorbits
   * moonorbits
   * asteroidorbits
   * cometorbits
   * spacecraftorbits
   * constellations
   * boundaries
   * equatorialgrid
   * dwarfplanetorbits
   * minormoonorbits
   * planetographicgrid
   * planetequator
   * galacticgrid
   * eclipticgrid
   * horizontalgrid
   * ecliptic

#### color <vector>

    Defines the components of the RGB values [Red Green Blue] of the color to be applied to the lines, as a vector. Values must be between 0 and 1. Default is [1 0 0].
CELX equivalent:
Based on the 1.5.0 celestia:setlinecolor method.
* Set the color for lines of <linestring> to the given RGB values in <vector>.
Example: Set the color of the galacticgrid to CYAN and turn galacticgrid on.
CEL:
CELX:
Back to CEL command index
# Celestia/Celx Scripting/CELX Lua Methods/CEL command setframe
### setframe

setframe { ref <refstring> target <tarstring> coordsys <coordstring> }
Set the currently active Coordinate System.
Arguments:

#### ref <refstring>

    Defines the reference (first) object. No default.

#### target <tarstring>

    Is optional and defines the target (second) object, for 2-object coordinate systems, such as lock. No default.

#### coordsys <coordstring>

    Default "universal". Must be one of the following values:
   * 1.6.0 bodyfixed
   * chase
   * ecliptical
   * equatorial
   * geographic → (same as bodyfixed, maintained here for compatibility with older scripts)
   * lock
   * observer
   * universal
CELX equivalent:
Based on the celestia:newframe and observer:setframe methods.
* Find and select the reference object with name <refstring> and store in "objectname_ref". Not needed for frame type "universal".
* Find the target object with name <tarstring> which must be locked with "objectname_ref" and store on "objectname_tar". Only needed for frames of type lock.
* Create new reference frame and store in "frame". <coordstring> describs the type of frame and can be one of the following:
** "universal", "ecliptic", "equatorial", "planetographic", "observer", "lock", "chase", 1.6.0 "bodyfixed".
** In Celestia version 1.6.0, the name "bodyfixed" will replace "planetographic", although for compatibility reasons, the name "planetographic" will continue to work.
* Get observer instance of the active view and set the coordinate system of the frame of reference to "frame".
Summarized:
Example: The following example sets the Coordinate System to lock, which locks the Earth and Moon together on the display.
CEL:
CELX with the celestia:newframe and observer:setframe methods:
Back to CEL command index
# Celestia/Celx Scripting/CELX Lua Methods/CEL command set
### set

set { name <string> value <valuenumber> }
-- Or --
set { name <string> value <valuestring> }
Set one of the items listed below to the value specified in the value argument.
Arguments:

#### name <string>

    No default. Must be one of the following values:
   * MinOrbitSize This value is used when Celestia's render orbits option is turned on. In general, when an object is very distant its orbit path will not be shown. MinOrbitSize is the minimum radius (in pixels) which the orbit path must cover before Celestia will draw it.
   * AmbientLightLevel Equivalent to the setambientlight { brightness <valuenumber> } command. Set brightness level of Ambient Light to the specified <valuenumber>. Must be within the 0.0 (min) to 1.0 (max) range. Default is 0. Values specified outside the valid range are adjusted to the nearest valid value. For realism, this should be set to 0.0. Setting it to 1.0 will cause the side of a planet facing away from the Sun to appear as bright as the lit side.
   * FOV Field of View. Celestia computes this value relative to the size of the display window, in pixels.
   * StarDistanceLimit The furthest distance at which Celestia will display stars. The default value is 1,000,000, however, as of version 1.3.1, Celestia only uses a distance out to 16,000 light years.

#### value <valuenumber>

    The number value you want to assign to the name <string> parameter. Default is 0.0.
-- OR --
Arguments:

#### name <string>

    No default. Must be one of the following values:
   * StarStyle This allows you to set how Celestia displays stars on the screen. The StarStyle value must be one of the following:
   ** Fuzzypoints
   ** Points
   ** scaleddiscs

#### value <valuestring>

    The string value you want to assign to the name <string> parameter. Default is "".
CELX equivalents:
Based on five different celestia methods.
* Set the minimum size of an orbit to be rendered. The given <valuenumber> is the minimum size of an orbit in pixels.
* Set the level of ambient light. The given <valuenumber> is the new level of ambient light and must be between 0 and 1.
* Set the FOV (Field Of View) for this observer. Convert <valuenumber> from degrees in radians by multiplying <valuenumber> with math.pi (= 3.14159265) and divide by 180 and store in "fov_radians". The Lua math.rad( <valuenumber> ) function can also be used for this. Then get observer instance of the active view and set the FOV.
* Set the maximum distance of stars to be rendered. The given <valuenumber> is the maximum distance.
* Set the rendering style for stars. The given <valuestring> must be one of "fuzzy", "point", "disc".
Example:
CEL:
CELX with 5 different celestia methods:
Back to CEL command index
# Celestia/Celx Scripting/CELX Lua Methods/CEL command setambientlight
### setambientlight

setambientlight { brightness <valuenumber> }
Equivalent to the set { name "AmbientLightLevel" value <valuenumber> } command. Set brightness level of Ambient Light to the specified <valuenumber>.
Arguments:

#### brightness <valuenumber>

    A number, specifying the brightness level of Ambient Light. Must be in the 0.0 (min) to 1.0 (max) range. Values ouside the valid range are adjusted to the nearest valid value. Default is 0. For realism, this should be set to 0.0. Setting it to 1.0 will cause the side of a planet facing away from the Sun to appear as bright as the lit side.
CELX equivalent:
Based on the celestia:setambient method.
* Set the level of ambient light. The given <valuenumber> is the new level of ambient light and must be between 0 and 1.
Example: Set the brightness level of Ambient Light to 0.15.
CEL:
-- OR --
CELX:
Back to CEL command index
# Dutch Empire

    Introduction

## Pre-Independence (1543–1567)

    Origins of an Empire

## The Rise of the Dutch (1567–1652)

    The Dutch Revolt
    The Beginning of an Empire
    Asia
    The Atlantic
    Africa

## The Rise and Decline of the Dutch Republic (1652–1795)

    Dutch Culture During the Golden Age
    Anglo-Dutch Wars
    Wars With Sweden
    Later Wars

## Napoleonic Era (1795–1815)

    Batavian Republic
    Kingdom of Holland
    Under French Control and Waterloo

## Post-Napoleonic Era (1815–1942)

    The Belgian Revolution
    Expansion in the East Indies
    Suriname and the Caribbean

## Decolonization (1942–1975)

    German Invasion of the Netherlands
    Japanese Invasion of the East Indies
    Indonesian National Revolution
    Suriname Independence

## Legacy

    Language
    Place Names
    Architecture

## Appendices

    Dutch Kings and Queens
    Stadtholders of Holland
    Governors-General of the Dutch East Indies
    Director-Generals of New Netherland
    Governors of Cape Colony
    Authors
    Glossary
    Maps and Pictures of the Dutch Empire

## Bibliography

    Bibliography
# Dutch Empire/Authors

Original Author-Red4tribe

## Looking to Expand

I am looking to expand the following sections-
Batavian Republic Kingdom of Holland Surinamese Independence
If you have any useful information at all, either contact me or feel free to add it into the article yourself. Also, if you wish to add your name to this list, you may, and become a full-time contributor to this book.
# Dutch Empire/Batavian Republic

The Batavian Republic was proclaimed on January 19, 1795, a day after the fled to England. The invading French revolutionary army, however, found quite a few allies in the Netherlands. Eight years before, the Orange faction had won the upper hand in a small, but nasty civil war. Many of the revolutionaries, who were full of the ideals from the American and French revolutions, had fled to France and now returned eager to realize their ideals.
The new republic took its name from the Batavi, a Germanic tribe who had lived in the area of the Netherlands in Roman times and who were then romantically regarded as the ancestors of the Dutch nation.
The new republic did not experience a reign of terror or become a dictatorship. Changes were imposed from outside after Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power. In 1805 Napoleon installed the shrewd politician Schimmelpenninck as raadspensionaris ("Grand Pensionary", president of the republic) to strengthen the executive branch.
In 1801, Napoleon imposed a new constitution on the republic, which was financially drained by French requisitions.
As a French vassal state, the Batavian Republic was an ally of France in its wars against Great Britain. This led to the loss of most of the Dutch Empire and a defeat of the Dutch fleet in the Battle of Camperdown in 1797. South Africa (cape colony), Sri Lanka, India and Berbice were occupied by the British between 1795 and 1802. After peace was made between Britain and France in 1802, Berbice and South Africa were returned to the Dutch. However, after the outbreak of war again in 1803, Berbice was occupied and South Africa followed a few years later, in 1806. The collapse of Dutch trade caused a series of economic crises. Only in the second half of the 19th century would Dutch wealth be restored to its previous level.
In 1806 Napoleon forced Schimmelpenninck to resign and declared his brother, Louis Bonaparte, King, of the new Kingdom of Holland.
# Dutch Empire/Asia

The VOC began immediately to take away the string of coastal fortresses that at the time comprised the Portuguese Empire. The settlements were isolated, difficult to reinforce if attacked, and prone to being picked off one by one, and the Dutch enjoyed great success attacking these forts. Amboina was captured from the Portuguese in 1605, but an attack on Malacca the following year narrowly failed in its objective to provide a more strategically located base in the East Indies with favorable monsoon winds.
The Dutch found what they were looking for in Jakarta, conquered by Jan Coen in 1619, later renamed Batavia after the Latin name for Holland, and which would become the capital of the Dutch East Indies. Meanwhile, the Dutch continued to drive out the Portuguese from their bases in Asia. Malacca succumbed in 1641 (the first attempt had failed), Colombo in 1656, Ceylon in 1658, Nagappattinam in 1662 and Cranganore and Cochin in 1662. Goa, the capital of the Portuguese Empire in the East, was attacked by the Dutch twice in 1603 and 1610, on both occasions unsuccessfully.
While the Dutch were unable in four attempts to capture Macau from where Portugal monopolised the lucrative China-Japan trade, the Japanese shogunate's increasing suspicion of the intentions of the Catholic Portuguese led to their expulsion in 1639. Under the subsequent sakoku policy, for two hundred years the Dutch were the only European power allowed to operate in Japan, confined in 1639 to Hirado and then from 1641 at Deshima.
In 1624 the VOC established Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan. The Dutch originally sought to use their castle Fort Zeelandia at Tayowan (Anping) as a trading base between Japan and China, but soon realized the potential of the huge deer populations that roamed in herds of thousands along the alluvial plains of Taiwan's western regions.
The Dutch built a second administrative castle on the main island of Taiwan in 1633 and set out to turn Taiwan into a Dutch colony. They suppressed the villages who resisted them. In 1661, a naval fleet of 1000 warships, led by the Ming loyalist Koxinga, landed at Lu'ermen to attack Taiwan in order to destroy and oust the Dutch from Zeelandia.
Following a nine-month siege, Koxinga captured the Dutch Fort Zeelandia and defeated the Dutch. Koxinga then forced the Dutch Government to sign a peace treaty at Zeelandia on February 1, 1662, and leave Taiwan.
By the middle of the seventeenth century, the Dutch had overtaken Portugal as the dominant player in the spice and silk trade, and in 1652 founded a colony at Cape Town on the coast of South Africa, as a way-station for its ships on the route between Europe and Asia.
# Dutch Empire/Architecture

In the Surinamese Capital of Paramaribo, the Dutch Fort Zeelandia still stands today. In the centre of Malacca, Malaysia, the Stadhuys Building and Christ Church still stand. There are still some archaeological remains of Fort Goede Hoop (modern Hartford) and Fort Orange (modern Albany).
Dutch architecture is easy to see in Aruba, Curaco, and Bonaire. The Dutch style buildings are especially visible in Willemstad, with its steeply pitched gables, large windows and soaring finials.
# Dutch Empire/Bibliography

* Wedgwood, C.V. (1944). William the Silent. Weidenfeld & Nicolson History.
* Boxer, C.R. (1965). The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600-1800. Hutchinson.
* Boxer, C.R. (1969). The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. Hutchinson.
* Davies, K.G. (1974). The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century. University of Minnesota.
* Schama, Simon (1987). The Embarrassment of Richies. Vintage Books.
* McEvedy, Colin (1988). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the North America. Viking.
* McEvedy, Colin (1998). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Pacific. Penguin.
* Ostler, Nicholas (2005). Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World. Harper Collins.
* Rogozinski, Jan (2000). A Brief History of the Caribbean. Plume.
* SarDesai, D.R. (1997). Southeast Asia: Past and Present. Westview.
* Scammel, G.V. (1989). The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion c. 1400-1715. Routledge.
* Shipp, Steve (1997). Macau, China: A Political History of the Portugese Colony's Transition to Chinese Rule. McFarland.
* Taylor, Alan (2001). American Colonies: The Settling of North America. Penguin.
* Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
# First Aid/Appendix C: Sources
## Print Resources

* Wyatt, Jonathan (2005). Oxford Handbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198526237. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* Preston, Gilbert (1997). Wilderness First Aid. Falcon Publishing. ISBN 1-56044-579-3.
* Lifesaving Society (2006). Canadian First Aid Manual, 2nd ed. Toronto, ON: Lifesaving Society. ISBN 0-9735660-5-1.
* Lifesaving Society (2006). Award Guide: First Aid. Toronto, ON: Lifesaving Society. ISBN 0-9690721-6-3.
* Limmer, Daniel (2005). Emergency Medical Responder. Pearson Education Canada. ISBN 013127824X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* Limmer, Daniel (2004). Emergency Care, 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, Prentice Hall. ISBN 013114233X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* Limmer, Daniel (2007). Emergency Care, 10th Edition Update. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-159390-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* St. John Ambulance (2000). First Aid: First on the scene: activity book. Ottawa, ON: St. John Ambulance. ISBN 1-894070-20-8.
* St. John Ambulance NS/PEI Council. Marine First Aid Supplement. St. John Ambulance.
* St John Ambulance, St Andrew's First Aid and British Red Cross (2014). First Aid Manual - 10th Edition. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-4093-4200-7.

## External links
### Journals

* The 2005 standards from ILCOR in Circulation
* The 2005 standards from ILCOR in Resuscitation
* The 2005 standards from AHA in Circulation

### Legislation & Government regulations

* Good Samaritan Act, S.O. 2001, c. 2
* First Aid Requirements, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 1101

### First Aid Training Organizations

* National Guidelines for First Aid Training in Occupational Settings | PDF
* Mayo Clinic: First Aid & Self Care
* Lifesaving Society | PDF
* American Heart Association | PDF

### Other

* Tick removal section initially based on public domain text from the US military.
** Lyme Disease Foundation recommends the same procedure
** Evaluation of Three Commercial Tick Removal Tools describes several folk remedies that are useless, and a few tools that are slightly better than tweezers.
* National Highway Traffic Safety Administration | First Responder: National Standard Curriculum PDF
* First Aid Basic
* eMedicine: Wilderness and Travel Medicine
* What to put in your medical Kit
* Expedition Medical Kits
* A free transparent reality simulation of the self-inflating manual resuscitator (Ambu bag)
* ERC CPR protocols in PDF format
* How to Use an EpiPen