OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HSK Guide/HSK 5 Vocab/H M/H

| 哈 hā | laughter; yawn; abbr. for Kazakhstan |
| 海关 hǎi guān | customs (i.e. border crossing inspection); CL:个 |
| 海鲜 hǎi xiān | seafood |
| 喊 hǎn | to yell; to call; to cry; to shout |
| 行业 háng yè | industry; business |
| 豪华 háo huá | luxurious |
| 好客 hào kè | hospitality; to treat guests well; to enjoy having guests; hospitable; friendly |
| 好奇 hào qí | inquisitive; curious |
| 何必 hé bì | there is no need; why should |
| 何况 hé kuàng | much less; let alone |
| 合法 hé fǎ | lawful; legitimate; legal |
| 合理 hé lǐ | rational; reasonable; fair |
| 合同 hé tong | (business) contract; CL:个 |
| 合影 hé yǐng | joint photo; group photo |
| 合作 hé zuò | to cooperate; to collaborate; to work together; cooperation; CL:个 |
| 和平 hé píng | peace |
| 核心 hé xīn | core; nucleus |
| 恨 hèn | to hate; to regret |
| 猴子 hóu zi | monkey; CL:只[zhi1] |
| 后背 hòu bèi | the back (human anatomy); the back part of sth; |
| 后果 hòu guǒ | consequences; aftermath |
| 呼吸 hū xī | to breathe |
| 忽然 hū rán | suddenly; all of a sudden |
| 忽视 hū shì | to neglect; to ignore |
| 壶 hú | pot; classifier for bottled liquid |
| 糊涂 hú tu | muddled; silly; confused |
| 胡说 hú shuō | to talk nonsense; drivel |
| 胡同 hú tòng | lane; alley; CL:条[tiao2] |
| 蝴蝶 hú dié | butterfly; CL:只[zhi1] |
| 花生 huā shēng | peanut; groundnut; CL:粒[li4] |
| 华裔 huá yì | ethnic Chinese; non-Chinese citizen of Chinese ancestry |
| 滑 huá | to slip; to slide; smooth; slippery; cunning; |
| 划 huà | to row; to paddle; profitable; worth (the effort); it pays (to do sth); |
| 化学 huà xué | chemistry; chemical |
| 话题 huà tí | subject (of a talk or conversation); topic |
| 怀念 huái niàn | to cherish the memory of; to think of; reminisce |
| 怀孕 huái yùn | pregnant; to have conceived; gestation; pregnancy |
| 缓解 huǎn jiě | to ease; to help relieve (a crisis) |
| 幻想 huàn xiǎng | delusion; fantasy |
| 慌张 huāng zhāng | confused; flustered |
| 黄金 huáng jīn | gold |
| 恢复 huī fù | to reinstate; to resume; to restore; to recover; to regain; to rehabilitate |
| 挥 huī | to wave; to brandish; to wipe away; to command; to conduct; to scatter; to disperse |
| 灰 huī | ash; dust; lime; gray; discouraged; dejected |
| 灰尘 huī chén | dust |
| 灰心 huī xīn | lose heart; be discouraged |
| 汇率 huì lv4 | exchange rate |
| 婚礼 hūn lǐ | wedding ceremony; wedding |
| 婚姻 hūn yīn | matrimony; wedding; marriage; CL:次[ci4] |
| 活跃 huó yuè | active; vigorous |
| 伙伴 huǒ bàn | partner; companion; comrade |
| 火柴 huǒ chái | match (for lighting fire); CL:根[gen1] ,盒[he2] |
| 或许 huò xǔ | perhaps; maybe |
# HSK Guide/HSK 5 Vocab/H M/K

| 卡车 kǎ chē | truck; CL:辆[liang4] |
| 开发 kāi fā | exploit (a resource); open up (for development); to develop |
| 开放 kāi fàng | to lift (a ban or restriction); to open to the outside world (politics); to open for public use; to come into bloom (of flowers) |
| 开幕式 kāi mù shì | opening ceremony |
| 开水 kāi shuǐ | boiled water; boiling water |
| 砍 kǎn | to chop; to cut down; to throw sth at sb |
| 看不起 kàn bu qǐ | to look down upon; to despise |
| 看望 kàn wàng | to visit; to pay a call to |
| 靠 kào | to lean against or on; to stand by the side of; to come near to; to depend on; to trust; to fuck (vulgar); traditional military costume drama where the performers wear armor (old); |
| 颗 kē | classifier for small spheres, pearls, corn grains, teeth, hearts, satellites etc |
| 可见 kě jiàn | it can clearly be seen (that this is the case); it is (thus) clear; clear; visible |
| 可靠 kě kào | reliable |
| 可怕 kě pà | awful; dreadful; fearful; formidable; frightful; scary; hideous; horrible; terrible; terribly |
| 克 kè | to be able to; to subdue; to restrain; to overcome; gram |
| 克服 kè fú | (try to) overcome (hardships etc); to conquer; to put up with; to endure |
| 刻苦 kè kǔ | hardworking; assiduous |
| 客观 kè guān | objective; impartial |
| 课程 kè chéng | course; class; CL:堂[tang2] ,節[jie2] ,门[men2] |
| 空间 kōng jiān | space (astronomy); CL:个 |
| 控制 kòng zhì | control; to exercise control over; to contain |
| 空闲 kòng xián | idle; free time; leisure |
| 口味 kǒu wèi | a person's preferences; tastes (in food); flavor |
| 夸 kuā | to boast; to exaggerate; to praise |
| 夸张 kuā zhāng | to exaggerate; overstated; exaggerated; hyperbole; (coll.) excessive; extreme; ridiculous; |
| 会计 kuài jì | accountant; accountancy; accounting |
| 宽 kuān | wide; broad; lenient |
| 昆虫 kūn chóng | insect; CL:只[zhi1] ,群[qun2] ,堆[dui1] |
| 扩大 kuò dà | to expand; to enlarge; to broaden one's scope |
# HSK Guide/HSK 5 Vocab/A G/E

| 恶劣 è liè | vile; nasty; of very poor quality |
| 耳环 ěr huán | earring; CL:只[zhi1] ,对[dui4] |
# HSK Guide/HSK 5 Vocab/H-M

* H
* J
* K
* L
* M
# DEF APNDLNG Statement
## DEF APNDLNG
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF APNDLNG(longExpr , handle&)

### Description

Appends the long-integer expression given by longExpr to the end of the relocatable block specified by handle&. This increases the size of the block by 4 bytes.

#### Note

This statement could cause a system error if heap memory is very low or very fragmented. You can use the MEM(_maxAvail) function periodically to de-fragment memory.

### See Also

DEF CLEARHANDLE; DEF DISPOSEH; MEM, Inside Macintosh: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos8/mac8.html, Memory: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Memory/Memory-2.html
# DEF BTNRECT Statement
## DEF BTNRECT
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF BTNRECT({rect | #rectAddr&}, buttonID%)

### Description

If buttonID% is the ID number of a button or scroll bar in the current window, then this statement returns the button's (or scroll bar's) bounding rectangle into rect (which should be an 8-byte variable such as a RECT type), or into the 8 bytes starting at address rectAddr&. A button's ID number is assigned by the BUTTON statement; a scroll bar's ID number is assigned by the SCROLL BUTTON statement.

#### Example

image res/cd.gif CD Example: DEF BTNRECT.BAS

#### Note

If the specified button does not exist, then the rectangle (0,0)-(0,0) is returned.

### See Also

BUTTON statement; BUTTON&; DIALOG statement
# DEF APNDSTR Statement
## DEF APNDSTR
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF APNDSTR(string$, STR#resourceHndl&)

### Description

This statement adds the specified string$ to the end of the relocatable block specified by STR#resourceHndl&. STR#resourceHndl& should be a handle to an existing "STR#" resource, or a handle to a block which you intend to save as an STR# resource. To create a new, empty handle for use with DEF APNDSTR, you should create it like this:
myHandle& = FN NEWHANDLE _clear (2)
After you have added strings to the new handle, you can save it as a resource by calling the ADDRESOURCE routine (http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/MoreToolbox/MoreToolbox-64.html).
To get a handle to an existing "STR#" resource for use with DEF APNDSTR, you can use any of a variety of Resource Manager functions such as GETRESOURCE: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/MoreToolbox/MoreToolbox-50.html.

#### Note

Never use DEF APNDSTR on a purgeable resource, unless you first call FN HNOPURGE (str#handle&) (http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Memory/Memory-91.html) to (temporarily) make it unpurgeable. If you think the resource may have been purged before you had a chance to call FN HNOPURGE, then you should also CALL LOADRESOURCE (str#handle&) (http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/MoreToolbox/MoreToolbox-56.html) to make sure it's loaded into memory.
If you are using DEF APNDSTR to update an existing "STR#" resource, then use CALL CHANGEDRESOURCE (str#handle&) (http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/MoreToolbox/MoreToolbox-63.html) after using DEF APNDSTR, to cause your changes to be written to disk when the resource file is closed or updated.
DEF APNDSTR could cause a system error if heap memory is very low or very fragmented. You can use the MEM(_maxAvail) function periodically to de-fragment memory.

### See Also

STR#; DEF REMOVESTR; "Resource Manager" chapter (http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/MoreToolbox/MoreToolbox-9.html) in Inside Macintosh: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos8/mac8.html, More Macintosh Toolbox: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/MoreToolbox/MoreToolbox-2.html.
# DATE$ function
## DATE$
### Function

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

dateString$ = DATE$

### Description

The DATE$ function reads the system clock and returns the current date as a string in the format: MM/DD/YY (that is, the string returned contains two digit numerals each for month, day and year, separated by slash marks).
You can use the Toolbox routine IUDATESTRING to get a date string that is formatted according to the international specifications set in the "Date & Time" control panel. See the sample program IUDATESTRING.BAS to see how this is done.

#### Example

res/cd.gif image CD Example: IUDATESTRING.BAS

#### Note

The DATE$ function only returns the last two digits of the year. To get the complete 4-digit year value, you can use the SECONDSTODATE Toolbox function (previously SECS2DATE - both are supported in FutureBasic), as follows:
DIM dateRec AS DateTimeRec DIM secs& DIM theMonth%,theDay%,theYear%,theWeekday% CALL GETDATETIME( secs& ) CALL SECONDSTODATE(secs&,dateRec) theMonth% = dateRec.month theDay% = dateRec.day theYear% = dateRec.year 'Full 4 digits theWeekday% = dateRec.dayOfWeek '1=Sunday, 7=Saturday PRINT theMonth% PRINT theDay% PRINT theYear% PRINT theWeekday%

### See Also

TIME$; TIMER statement
# DEC statement
## DEC
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEC(intVar) numericVariable -- numericVariable -= valueToSubtract

### Revised

May 30, 2000 (Release 3)

### Description

This statement decrements intVar by 1 (or by valueToSubtract); that is, it subtracts 1 from the value of intVar, and stores the value back into intVar. intVar must be a (signed or unsigned) byte variable, short-integer variable or long-integer variable. If intVar is already at the minimum value for its variable type, then DEC(intVar) will cycle it back to its maximum value. As of Release 3, FB supports the use of -= to decrease the value of a variable by a specified amount.

#### Example

DEC(x&)
and...
x& -= 1
and...
x& --
...are all equivalent to:
x& = x& - 1
The following expressions are also equivalent:
x& = x& - 100 x& -= 100

#### Note

The -= syntax may not be used for arrays of strings, containers, or records where arrays are involved, only numeric values may take advantage of this syntax.

### See Also

INC; DEC LONG/WORD/BYTE; DEF CYCLE
# DEC LONG/WORD/BYTE statements
## DEC LONG/WORD/BYTE
### Statements

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEC {LONG|WORD|BYTE} (addr&)

### Description

This statement decrements the long integer, short integer or byte which begins at the specified address in memory; that is, it subtracts 1 from the value in memory and stores the result back into the addressed location. If the long integer, short integer or byte is already at its minimum possible value, then the statement will cycle it back to its maximum value.

#### Example

DEC LONG (myAddr&)
...is equivalent to:
POKE LONG myAddr&, PEEK LONG(myAddr&) - 1
Also:
DEC WORD (myAddr&)
...is equivalent to:
POKE WORD myAddr&, PEEK WORD(myAddr&) - 1

### See Also

DEC; INC; INC LONG/WORD/BYTE
# DEF BLOCKFILL & DEF LONGBLOCKFILL Statements
## DEF BLOCKFILL & DEF LONGBLOCKFILL
### Statements

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF BLOCKFILL(startAddr&, numBytes&, byteValueExpr) DEF LONGBLOCKFILL(startAddr&, numBytes&, byteValueExpr)

#### Revised

July 26, 2000 (Release 3)

### Description

Fills each byte in a range of memory with the value specified in byteValExpr. The startAddr& parameter indicates the first memory address to fill, and numBytes& indicates the number of bytes in the range. DEF BLOCKFILL and DEF LONGBLOCKFILL are identical.

#### Example

image res/cd.gif CD Example: DEF BLOCKFILL.BAS

### See Also

BLOCKMOVE; STRING$; SPACE$
# DEF BORDER Statement
## DEF BORDER
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF BORDER(twoPixelBorder, {rect | #rectAddr&})

### Description

Draws a double border (in the current color and pattern) around the outside of the rectangle which is specified by rect (which should be an 8-byte variable such as a RECT type), or pointed to by rectAddr&. If twoPixelBorder is "true" (nonzero), then the outer border is drawn with a 2-pixel pen width; otherwise it's drawn with a 1-pixel pen width.

#### Example

image res/cd.gif CD Example: DEF BORDER.BAS

#### FB Lite Behavior

When you use the "FB Lite" runtime, DEF BORDER switches to the Graphics Window before executing.

### See Also

DEF TITLERECT; DEF SHADOWBOX; DEF <just>BOX
# DEF BUTTONHELPDISPLAY
## DEF BUTTONHELPDISPLAY
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF BUTTONHELPDISPLAY ( bntID )

#### Revised

May, 2003 (Release 8)

### Description

In non Carbon applications, help balloons are used to display the help message associated with a given button. Unlike Help tags in Carbon, Help balloons related to FutureBASIC buttons will not show up magically on screen. Your application must determine when the Help balloon must be displayed. You will generally intercept a _cursOver event in you dialog handler to retrieve the btnID over which the mouse pointer is located. Help balloons must be enabled at the system level in order to see effectively the Help balloons on screen.
This command is ignored in Carbon applications.
You must include "Subs Help tags.Incl" in your project to make this command available to your program.

### See Also

DEF BUTTONHELPSETTEXT; DEF BUTTONHELPSHOW
# DEF BUTTONHELPSETTEXT
## DEF BUTTONHELPSETTEXT
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF BUTTONHELPSETTEXT ( btnID%|& , helpMessage$ )

#### Revised

May, 2003 (Release 8)

### Description

This routine associates the helpMessage$ string with the button specified by bntID.

#### Behavior for Carbon applications

Help tags are meant to replace help balloons in Carbon. They should provide concise and precise information about the action of the button located under the mouse pointer. Help tags are displayed automatically by the system when no event of a higher priority is pending and they disappear from the screen as soon as an input from the user must be handled.
Because Help tags are much more subtle than the outdated Help balloons their visibility status defaults to on. You can toggle the display of the Help tags with DEF BUTTONHELPSHOW(visibilityFlag).
The helpMessage$ string parameter may contain escape codes to setup the alignment of the help tag displayed on screen and the extra message that usually appears when the Command key is held down. The string might be formatted like so: "helpmessage[\§[+]additionalMessage][@alignmentCode]" where: \§ indicates the ending of the first help message and the beginning of the second. Optionally, you can add the second message to the first using the + symbol. \@ alignmentCode indicates the position of the help tag relative to the button specified. You can use one of the following alignement codes (T, L, B, R and C) standing for top, left, bottom, right and center respectively:
T; L; B; R; LC(CL); RC(CR); TL; TR; LT; LB; BL; BR; RT; RB.
For example, the string below would display a help tag at the top of the button. Holding down the Command key would append A carriage return + more info.
message = "Close the demo\§+and I could have a rest\@T"

#### Behavior for PPC (starting with Mac OS 8.5)

PPC applications use the Help balloons mechanism to display the message associated with a given button. However, an extra step is required to make the balloon show up effectively on screen. When your dialog handler intercepts a cursor event, you must call DEF BUTTONHELPDISPLAY if the mouse is over a button located in the active window. If Help balloons are enabled at the system level then the help message is displayed. Note that the second help message is ignored in PPC.
You must include "Subs Help tags.Incl" in your project to make this command available to your program.
DEF BUTTONHELPSETTEXT (_quitBtn, "Shutdown the application")

### See Also

DEF BUTTONHELPSHOW; DEF BUTTONHELPDISPLAY (PPC)
# Historical Rhetorics/Should We Read Quintilian?/*Nash Smith, Jessica. “(Dis)membering Quintilian’s Corpus: Ramus Reads the Body Rhetoric.”

Nash Smith, Jessica. “(Dis)membering Quintilian’s Corpus: Ramus Reads the Body Rhetoric.” Exemplararia 11.2 (1999): 399-429. Print.
Nash Smith explores how Quintilian’s creation of a rhetorical body metaphorically directs his entire project.
Nash Smith discusses Ramus's desires to “[unravel] the social web from which Quintilian sees rhetorical acts suspended” (403); Quintilian’s text emphasizes the power of social forces to transform language, and, consequently, the principles of Institution oratoria threaten Ramus’s view of a “firm” truth that “cannot be refuted or disproved” (qtd. In Nash Smith 407).
By casting rhetoric in language of the body, Quintilian expands the role of rhetoric to include human growth and development. Nash Smith refers to Quintilian’s argument for a more holistic rhetoric in Book I. There Quintilian describes rhetoric’s current condition with words, such as “impair,” “cripple,” “lifeblood,” “bare bones,” and “ligaments,” clearly establishing a body-rhetoric link. As a child grows, so does language.
In conclusion, Nash Smith posits that Ramus and Quintilian are, in some ways, after the same thing—a type of stabilized meaning delivered with emotion and beauty. For Quintilian, the "de-stabilizer" is the vir bonus. For Ramus, it is a truth "disentangled" from social order.
# Historical Rhetorics/Rhetoric During the Birth of the Modern University
## Chapter Ten: Rhetoric (and Composition?) During the Birth of the Modern University

* ed. Golden and Corbett, The Rhetoric of Blair, Campbell, and Whatley
* Van den Berg, Sara, and Thomas M. Walsh, eds. Language, Culture and Identity: The Legacy of Walter J. Ong, S.J. New York, NY: Hampton Press, 2011. Print.
Relevant Secondary Sources
* Verene, Donald Phillip. "Philosophy, Argument and Narration." Philosophy & Rhetoric. 22.2 (1989): 141-144. Print.
* Mailloux, Steven. “Humanist Controversies: The Rhetorical Humanism of Ernesto Grassi and Michael Leff.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 45.2 (2012). 134-147.
* Bevilacqua, Vincent M. “Campbell, Vico, and the Rhetorical Science of Human Nature.” Philosophy & Rhetoric 18.1 (1985): 23-30.
# Historical Rhetorics/Rhetoric During the Birth of the Modern University/Verene, Donald Phillip. "Philosophy, Argument and Narration." Philosophy & Rhetoric. 22.2 (1989): 141-144. Print.

Verene makes a claim for philosophy being about argument as long as the argument exists within a wider range of rhetorical elements, notably metaphor and narrative. He asserts that such forms of speech “are not part of argument’ arguments are part of them” (144), drawing on Grassi’s discussion of rational language as dependent on semantic language (Grassi 21) to ground his view of rhetorical speech as the “beginning point of reasoning” (142). The article assesses Grassi’s assertion that “rhetoric is a necessary moment in argument” (142), acknowledging that this places rhetoric within the realm of philosophical argument. Verene expands on Grassi’s claims by adding observations about philosophical systems which he feels are both compatible with the discussion of argument as well as useful in revealing additional roles for argument within these systems (142). These views incorporate what Verene refers to as “senses of speech” and recognizes that his view sees “philosophical reasoning as essentially meditation” in that philosophy is attempting the consider a problem “through a question to an answer” (143).
In this brief article, Verene begins his argument by mentioning the work of Johnstone, Passmore, Toulmin, Perelman and Meyer as he asserts his claim that philosophy is steeped in rhetorical speech and that logic/dialectic and rhetoric are forever connected as forms of thought. He questions the purpose and form of philosophy as well as how much argument factors into the truths of philosophy, among other things. He notes the work of humanist Ernesto Grassi who suggests that all speech comprised of argument and claims and that relies upon deduction “depends upon another form of speech that is non-rationalistic, non-argumentative, and non-deductive,” or the archai (142). The starting points of reasoning are not provided by the form of deduction, and because of this, Verene notes, Grassi believes that argument requires the use of rhetoric; in this equation, rhetoric allow reasoning to begin and is required for philosophical argument to begin. Verene also carefully notes the relationship between argument and narration as he discusses Vico and Grassi’s idea of fable in brief; in this metaphor, the archai is a narrative-based, as it “exists in the way the metaphor begins the speech of the argument” (143). He concludes by summarizing the connection between argument and narration and asserts that argument is a part of narrative, among other forms of speech.
# Historical Rhetorics/Rhetoric During the Birth of the Modern University/Mailloux, Steven. “Humanist Controversies: The Rhetorical Humanism of Ernesto Grassi and Michael Leff.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 45.2 (2012). 134-147.

Mailloux, Steven. “Humanist Controversies: The Rhetorical Humanism of Ernesto Grassi and Michael Leff.” Philosophy and Rhetoric 45.2 (2012). 134-147.
In this article, Steven Mailloux considers the work of Ernesto Grassi and Michael Leff as successful interpretations of rhetorical humanism in comparison to Martin Heidegger’s anti-humanism. He provides context for the work of both scholars by contrasting Heidegger and Grassi, followed by a comparison to Leff. Heidegger believes humanism boils down to the distinction between being and Being, while Grassi and Leff have a deeper interpretation. Grassi believes Heidegger’s stance is invalid and does not apply to Italian humanism (137-138). Mailloux presents Leff’s concerns with humanistic rhetoric and agency, saying there is a “productively ambiguous notion of agency” that creates space for the orator to be both a leader and member of the audience (141). Ultimately Mailloux argues Grassi and Leff “not only revitalize rhetorical humanism in the present age but also provide valuable resources for its extension into the foreseeable future” (144).
Questions: • Mailloux references Leff’s application of Abraham Lincoln’s speeches in which Leff states Lincoln used both agency and tradition in his rhetorical argument when he called the Declaration of Independence “immortal emblem of Humanity” to speak out against slavery (143).
Can we think of examples within our texts this semester that exemplify this interpretation of humanistic rhetoric?
* The article is concluded by drawing attention to this “foreseeable future” that we could apply his and Grassi/Leff’s work to (144). Although this was published fairly recently (2012), do we see the impacts of their work today? What are the implications of Grassi (and what we know about Leff) in our own writing? In our classrooms?