OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people

Photographing homeless peopleis a sub-genre of portrait photography, where the author depicts people who dont have permanent housing, in their own particular environment.

## General information

Officially, such a style, direction, subgenre does not exist - there is no mention of it in photography textbooks and encyclopedic articles, but since there are works related to this topic (see examples below, in the gallery), it can be considered as subgenre of photography, belonging to the "Portrait".
In addition to homeless people, the shoot may include the depiction of down-and-out people who have housing (in ru: бич), as there is often no visual distinction between the former and the latter. In addition to images of homeless people, the shoot may include the depiction of down-and-out people who have housing (in ru: бич), as there is often no visual distinction between the former and the latter.
A photographer who specializes in this sub-genre may be shooting homeless people in the area of his residence (city, region, country), or around the world (like the author of this textbook, combining photography and non-standard travel).
Photography of the homeless is in close contact with straight photography, intersects with street, genre and documentary photography; is often an candid photography.

## Ways of implementation

To create a realistic photograph of homeless person, you must use the shooting techniques described in the "Realism" chapter of this textbook.
Combining work in this creative direction with traveling around the planet — in addition to all the genres and styles listed above, you will learn the intricacies of travel photography, and if objects (i.e. homeless people) are captured in situations that suggest reflection, then you will master one more genre — narrative photography.

## It's interesting that...

* In Cuba, India, Bolivia and some other developing countries, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between person who has a dwelling and a homeless.
* The author of this textbook, wandering around the globe, himself often looked like a homeless (image). You can get acquainted with the adventures of a hobo tourist in Wikisource by clicking on the link below.

## Gallery

* Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (2006) Photo taken on first African trip
* Tokyo, Japan (2012) Photo from a bum tour of winter Japan
* Manila, Philippines (2019) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
* São Paulo, Brazil (2015) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
* Taipei, Taiwan (2018) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania

## Wikisource

* Viktor Pinchuk "Notes of an international tramp"

## See also

* Interior photography in hobo tours
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/The Documentary Story/Summary of the suggestions provided by the Monitor

Summary of the suggestions provided by the Monitor
Summary of the suggestions provided by the Monitor'
For the Lead Partner:
* to record the outcome of the Grosseto Round Table in a short document addressing the issues raised for the way forward, and circulate to all partners to establish a consensus;
* to finalise the project partnerships so that allocation of responsibilities could be decided firmly;
* to update and detail the work plan and ensure that each partner has a corresponding work plan;
* to describe the procedures of cooperation and establish regular partner teleconferences; ⇒ besides skype conferences for regular internal communication we are using the
* to inform the EC Task Manager about the project progress, request approval for the updated work plan and clarify questions on administrative issues.
For all Project Partners: to take more initiative in the development of the project outputs.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/The Documentary Story/The motorcycle journey back to Rome

The motorcycle journey back to Rome
Vrinda had completed her job in Beirut and we decided to return to Rome overland, more or less on the same road that I took at the beginning of the video production.
In August 2011 when we passed through Syria in journey back to Italy, political tensions were raising. Foreign journalist had been asked to leave the country. But we were not officially journalists, and it was still safe to move around in Syria.
With Paolo dall'Oglio, the Jesuit father founder of the monastic community of Mar Musa, we went to Aleppo, to meet it Dr. Abul-Huda Alhussainy, a sufi master who is the head of an Islamic NGO working internationally for increasing dialogue amongst nations.
In Aleppo we stayed in the house of Hend, a young Syrian Christian woman who had recently returned from Canada, where she had been living for 9 years, in order to take a role in the political confrontations that were boiling up in Syria.
After we left Syria, the situation there quickly deteriorated.
After six months, in February 2012, father Paolo was exiled from Syria on accusations of criticizing the Government. In July 2013 he entered again in Syria from Turkey, but was soon kidnapped by the rebels. The reports that he was executed by the fighters of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had never been officially confirmed.
Mahmoud Abul-Huda Alhussainy has remained in Aleppo and his NGO has been very active in assisting the civil population of Aleppo and in trying to defuse tensions between the different communities who still leave there. He sided with the freedom movement against the Government of Bashar al-Assad.
Hema returned to Canada when Christians started to be persecuted in rebel controlled localities.
We left Syria and entered In Turkey. We stayed in Antakia and Izmir.
From Greece we decided to take the ferry to Italy in Albania and we crossed Bulgaria and Macedonia.
It was a beautiful journey that gave me the possibility of thinking over again at the whole project.
Finally we arrived to Rome. Now it was the time for the postproduction.
Next ⇒ RAI1 broadcasts the Speciale TG1 with the news documentary on our project

### Video clips

⇒ Mahmoud Abul-Huda Alhussainy
⇒ Paolo Dall'Oglio

### Interviews

⇒ Mahmoud Abul-Huda Alhussainy
# English-Hanzi/Walking lowers disease risk

Walking can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by 60% and reduce the risk of large intestine cancer, breast cancer or womb cancer by 20%.
走路 可 降低 2型糖尿病 的 风险 60％，减少 大肠癌，乳癌 或 子宫癌 的 风险 20%。
# English-Hanzi/Waste

A waste is a useless thing, but it can be reused through recycling.
废物 是 无用的 东西，但 可以 通过 循环再造 来 重新利用。
# English-Hanzi/Walking prevents dementia

Older people walking 6 miles or more per week can avoid brain shrinkage and keep memory. Because 1/14 of people over 65 years of age and 1/6 of people over 80 years of age suffering from dementia, therefore walking is a very good idea.
每周 走路 6英里 或 以上 的 老年人 可以 避免 大脑 萎缩 并 保持 记忆。因为 1/14 的 65岁 以上 的 人，1/6 的 80岁 以上 的 人 患有 痴呆症，因此 走路 是 一个 很 好 的 主意。
# English-Hanzi/Walking strengthens your heart

Special:search/walking prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/heart strength prefix:English-Hanzi/
Reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke by walking regularly. It’s great aerobic exercise, lowering levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol while increasing levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. The Stroke Association says that a brisk 30-minute walk every day helps to prevent and control the high blood pressure that causes strokes, reducing the risk by up to 27 percent.
经常 走路 可 降低 心脏病 和 中风 的 风险。这 是 很 好 的 有氧运动，降低 低密度脂蛋白（坏）胆固醇，提高 高密度脂蛋白（好）胆固醇。中风协会 说，每天 30分钟 的 步行 有助于 预防 和 控制 引起 中风 的 高血压，将 风险 降低 高达 27％。
# English-Hanzi/Walking tones up legs, bums and tums

Often walking can exercise calf muscles, limbs, hamstrings, and buttocks. Adding walking stairs will be more effective. At the same time pay attention to walking posture, because it will adjust the outlook of the body.
经常 走路 可 锻炼 小腿 肌肉，四肢，腿筋，和 臀部。添加行走楼梯会更有效。同时要注意行走姿势，因为也会调整体态。
# English-Hanzi/Watching the screen for a long time is harmful

Watching the screen for a long time is harmful to your health.
长时间观看屏幕对您的健康有害。
# English-Hanzi/Waffle

Special:search/waffle prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/cake prefix:English-Hanzi/
Waffle is a kind of flat cake. There are all deep grids on its both sides. Its toppings can be peanut butter, jam, fish, meat, vegetables, fruits, and etc.
waffle 是 一种 扁平 的 饼。它的 两面 全是 很 深 的 网格。其 浇头 可以 是 花生酱，果酱，鱼，肉，蔬菜，水果 等。
# English-Hanzi/Walking gives you energy

Energy to make work more efficient. Walking is one of the best ways to promote energy, which promotes the body's circulation, increasing the oxygen supply of each cell, and making people energetic. Walking after lunch can make you more energetic in the afternoon.
精力 使 工作 效率 更高。漫步 是 最佳 促进 精力 的 方法 之一，它 促进 身体 循环，增加 每个 细胞 的 氧气 供应，使 人 精力充沛。午饭 后 漫步 可 使 在 下午 更 有精力。
# English-Hanzi/Walking helps you lose weight

Special:search/walking prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/weight loss prefix:English-Hanzi/
Walk 30 minutes, 2 miles per hour, can consume 75 calories; 3 miles per hour, consume 99 calories; and 4 miles per hour is 150 calories (equivalent to 3 Jaffa cakes and 1 jam donut!). To walk as more as possible in daily life, you can lose weight unknowingly.
走路 30分钟，时速 2英里，可 消耗 75 calorie；时速 3英里，消耗 99 calorie；而 时速 4英里 是 150 calorie（相当于 3个 Jaffa 蛋糕 和 1个 果酱 donut！）。日常 生活 尽量 走路，可 在 不知不觉 中 减肥。
# English-Hanzi/Walking stairs exercise

Special:search/walking stairs exercise prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/walking stairs prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/exercise prefix:English-Hanzi/
Walking stairs exercise, walking up and down stairs, can keep fit, and strengthen legs and spine.
行楼梯运动，上落楼梯，可保持身体健康，强化腿部和脊柱。
# C++ Language/Indirection/SmartPointers/OwnershipCycle

The std::weak_ptr<> type is for situations where you need access to the shared memory payload that is being collectively managed by several std::shared_ptr<>, but you don't want this std::weak_ptr<> to affect the reference count. A cyclic data structure is one example where that is needed.
Additional information about weak_ptr (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Indirection/SmartPointers

A "smart pointer" is an object which manages an allocation of memory, so that memory gets deallocated at the appropriate time.
* Risk from Raw Pointers
* Unique Ownership
* Shared Ownership
* Ownership Cycle
* Owning an Array
* Pointer to Base-Class
* Returning this
* Smart Compiler-Temporary
* Custom Destruction
* Template-Parameter
# C++ Language/Indirection/SmartPointers/OwningAnArray

A smart pointer can own an array (e.g., std::unique_ptr<int> piUnique(new int[32]);). When the time comes, it will use the correct destructor (delete).
Additional information about smart pointers owning an array (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Indirection/SmartPointers/RiskFromRawPointers

When implementing one of your functions, you might want to dynamically allocate memory (using CRType* poRaw = new CRType;) which you intend to deallocate at the end of your function (using delete poRaw;). But this will leak memory if an unhandled exception gets thrown during the middle of your function.
Instead of your local variable's type being a raw pointer, it could be a local object variable (initialized as CRSmart poSmart(new CRType);). Whenever poSmart goes out of scope (even if because of an exception), that local object's destructor will get called. So we can move the responsibility of doing delete from our manually-programmed function, into the destructor of this CRSmart "smart pointer" class.
C++ provides several built-in smart pointer classes that work like this.
Additional information about the risk from using a raw pointer
# C++ Language/Indirection/SmartPointers/SharedOwnership

Multiple std::shared_ptr<> variables can collectively manage a shared memory allocation, due to built-in reference-counting. C++ will automatically call delete on the underlying memory once all of the smart pointer variables have released their shared-ownership of it.
Additional information about shared_ptr (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Indirection/RvalueReferences/PerfectForwarding

If both move-semantics and copy-semantics exist in both a base class and a derived class, then you might need to maintain the choice of move-or-copy when a derived class' function delegates up to the base class' function. To maintain that move-or-copy choice, std::forward<> is used.
Additional information about perfect forwarding (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Indirection/SmartPointers/PointerToBaseClass

The pointer-type managed by a smart pointer can be a base class of the actual memory allocation (i.e., std::unique_ptr<CRBase> poUnique(new CRDerived);).
Additional information about using smart pointers in a class hierarchy (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Indirection/SmartPointers/ReturningThis

Traditional C++ code might sometimes have wanted to do return this; (returning a CRType* raw pointer).
To instead return std::shared_ptr<CRType>, derive your class from std::enable_shared_from_type<CRType> (so that an internal std::shared_ptr<> will start owning this object), and return shared_from_this instead of this.
Additional information about returning the this pointer as a smart pointer (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Indirection/SmartPointers/CustomDestruction

Normally you rely on a smart pointer to decide both "when" and "how" to deallocate. But it is possible for you to provide a custom callable-object for the "how" part.
Additional information about smart pointers using custom destruction (includes interactive examples)
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Metabolic Basic/Rickets

Rickets is a disorder of infancy and early childhood of multiple etiologies. Rickets, causing soft bones, may occur if enough vitamin D is not present to assist in calcium absorption. When enough calcium is not absorbed by the bone, it does not harden properly, and is too soft to support the weight of the growing body properly. The disease of rickets takes its name from the Greek word for spine, rhakhis.

## Etiology

Vitamin D is made by the body when it is exposed to ultraviolet light (which is found in sunlight). Vitamin D is also added to milk, milk products, and multi-vitamin pills through a process originally patented by Harry Steenbock. Some people who do not get enough sun exposure, milk products, or green vegetables may also develop the disease. Deficiency of calcium can also cause rickets, particularly in some developing countries where the intake of calcium-rich products such as leafy greens, nuts, and seeds is low.
Hereditary rickets, is caused by an inherited disease that interferes with the resorption of renal tubular phosphate in the kidney. Rickets can also be caused by certain liver diseases.
A similar disorder can occur in adults, and is called osteomalacia. Then, it is caused by the inability of bone cells to calcify, or harden. Less frequently, nutritional shortage of calcium or phosphorus may produce rickets.

## Manifestations of disease

Rickets causes bone pain, slowed growth in children, dental problems, muscle loss and increased risk of fractures (easily broken bones). Medical problems seen in children with rickets are
* Vitamin D deficiency,
* Skeletal deformity,
* Growth disturbance,
* Hypocalcemia (low level of calcium in the blood),
* Tetany (uncontrolled muscle spasms).
The X-ray, or radiograph, in the article is the classic image of advanced rickets sufferers: bow legs (outward curve of long bone of the legs) and a deformed chest. Changes in the skull also occur causing a distinctive "square headed" appearance. These deformities persist into adult life.

## Treatment and prevention

Treatment involves increasing dietary intake of calcium, phosphates and Vitamin D. Exposure to sunshine, cod liver oil, halibut-liver oil, and viosterol are all sources of vitamin D.
A sufficient amount of sunlight each day and adequate supplies of calcium and phosphorus in the diet can prevent rickets. Darker-skinned babies need to be exposed longer to the ultraviolet rays. The replacement of Vitamin D may correct rickets using these methods of ultraviolet light and medicine.
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Normal Features

A. Sequence of ossification at joints (e.g., elbow)
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Trauma/Jumpers Knee

Also known as patellar tendinitis. Relatively common cause of pain in the inferior patellar region in athletes. Begins as inflammation in the patellar tendon where it attaches to the patella and may progress by tearing or degenerating the tendon. Overuse injury from repetitive overloading of the extensor mechansism of the knee. Microtears exceed the body's healing mechanism unless the activity is stopped. Occurs in many athletes, but is most common in sports such as soccer, volleyball, or basketball which require explosive movements. Early stages may be treated conservatively. Uncommonly may require surgery to remove myxoid degeneration in the tendon. This is reserved for patients with debilitating pain for 6–12 months despite conservative measures.

## Radiologic Findings

Thickening of the proximal patellar tendon with high signal in/around the proximal patellar tendon on T2W images.

## References

* Jumper's Knee by Bridget Mikysa, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology.
* Kaplan, Helms, Dussault, Anderson, and Major Musculoskeletal MRI 2001 .
* Patellar tendinosis (jumper's knee): findings at histopathologic examination, US, and MR imaging. Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group. Radiology, 1996;200:821-827.
* Jumper's Knee Hughston Sports Medicine Foundation. Author: Garrett Hyman, MD, MPH, Sports, Spine, and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Fellow, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry at New Jersey.
* Long-term prognosis for Jumper's knee in male athletes: a prospective follow-up study, American Journal of Sports Medicine, Sept-Oct, 2002 by Jyrki A. Kettunen, Martti Kvist, Erkki Alanen, Urho M. Kujala.
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Techniques

A. Radiography
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Metabolic Basic/Subperiosteal resorption

Subperiosteal resorption is virtually pathognomonic for hyperparathyroidism and is typically seen at the radial aspect of the middle phalanx of the index and middle fingers.
Subperiosteal resorption as well as acroosteolysis, the next sign of hyperparathyroidism
Fig. 1 Subperiosteal resorption as well as acroosteolysis, the next sign of hyperparathyroidism.
Subperiosteal resorption in a child
Fig. 2 Subperiosteal resorption in a child
File:Subperi3.jpg File:Subperi4.jpg
Fig. 3 Compare the finger on a patient with hyperparathyroidism, to his normal appearing finger after treatment

## References

* Hyperparathyroidism by Adam Myhre, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology
* Cooper KL. Radiology of metabolic bone disease. Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America. 1989; 18(4): 955-76.
* Manaster BJ, et al. Musculoskeletal Imaging: the Requisites. Second Edition. Mosby, 2002.
* Weissleder R, et al. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging. Second Edition. Mosby, 1997.
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Trauma

A. General principles
B. Trauma in adults
C. Trauma in children
D. Fracture healing
E. Post-surgical imaging
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Soft Tissue Lesions

1. Adipose tissue
# Canadian History/First Settlers

‹ Back to the Introduction
The Coming of the First Settlers
As there are no written records maintained from the era prior to the coming of Europeans to North America, there is no exact information on how the people now referred to as First Nations came to the continent. There have been theories proposed to explain the coming of the people, with one being generally accepted as the most plausible; the Landbridge Theory.
During the most recent of the Ice Ages large portions of the northern hemisphere were coated in ice. This ice covered much of what is now Canada. As all of this ice was formed the water levels around the world lowered, causing land masses previously inaccessible to become available. One such landmass was located where the Bering Strait is today: Beringia which formed a link between what is now Siberia and Alaska. This newly formed landmass is estimated to have been 1000 kilometres wide and 90 kilometres long (the modern distance between the two continents).
With the increasing cold, plant life in the northern lands was dwindling and causing an exodus of wildlife. Animals began roaming farther in search for sustenance. As the people of the time were dependent on both, they were forced to follow or die. Those that moved across Beringia were a nomadic people which followed their prey into the previously untapped lands which now include Alberta and parts of the Yukon and British Columbia. This migration of people happened some time between 100,000 and 30,000 years ago.
About 17,000 years ago the temperatures in North America began to increase once more, and the ice, which is thought to have been upwards of 3 kilometres thick in locations over the Rocky Mountains and Hudson's Bay, began to melt off. With the receding of the ice at the end of this time, the scars in the land carved by the coming of the glaciers and their movement were filled with the water produced by the melting. This is used to explain the creation of what is now the Great Lakes of Ontario and the myriad of other small bodies of water through Canada.
Beringia, the Bering Strait landbridge, ceased to exist approximately 10,000 years ago with the rising of water levels.
A secondary theory that is accepted to a lesser degree is the Watercraft Theory, which states that Asian people could have created rafts in order to travel on the ice-free Pacific Ocean into what is now California.
The reason that these two theories are accepted over theories of Africans moving to South America and then into North America is the links between Asian and North American species and the physical resemblances between Asians and Native Americans. All three of these theories of American infusion have since been correlated via genetic sampling, as well as archaeological evidence. Genetically, Native North Americans are almost entirely Asian in origin, while Native South Americans are largely African in origin. The archaeological evidence is illustrated by technological jumps reached by the North American tribes and nations via the Pacific at various times.
Forward to the Land Prior to the Europeans ›
# Canadian History/Introduction

‹ Back to the Preface
An Introduction to Canada
Canada is a land of vast distances and rich natural resources. Canada was founded in 1867 and retains ties to the United Kingdom through the Commonwealth agreement. Canada has strong historic ties with both France and the United Kingdom and has traditionally supported and sided with these nations during international conflicts. Recently however, Canada tends to side with the United States of America when international issues arise. Such a relationship with the United States results from the strong economic ties between these two neighboring nations.
Major social and political issues within the nation include funding of the armed forces, taxation levels, healthcare and education funding and the relationship between the province of Quebec, known nationwide for its uneasy political relationship with the federal government.
Forward to the First Settlers ›