OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Check Your Reservation

The "Check Your Reservation" (or "CYR") prompt is a confusing bit of text asking permission to change what's currently being viewed in order to start a second recording. This is sometimes necessary because the Toppy only has two tuners, so in order to make a second recording it may have to change the tuner being used for the currently viewed channel. If you value your choice of recordings then the correct answer is "Yes" to this prompt (or press Exit, or let it time out), which will cause the channel to be changed and the second recording will be started. If you choose "No" then the second recording will be cancelled.
However, there are bugs/features which mean that this message may interrupt your viewing for no good reason (sometimes you may find you can immediately resume what you were watching after choosing the "Yes" option). The [Xp] PlayNoCYR and [Xw] WatchNoCYR firmware patches fix these issues, leaving the CYR prompt to only those times when it is actually necessary.
# Topfield 5800/TAP Groups EPG

* MyStuff
* rt2mei Website, includes downloads and installation instructions. rt2mei enables you to download program data from the Radio Times website and copy it across to your Toppy so that MyStuff can use it instead of the over-the-air EPG data.
* Simple Install Guide For MyStuff_Extended_Info And XMLTV GUI Grabber Using Microsoft Windows
* Jags
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting
## Intro

Find the main category of your problem and then see if one of the links within it narrows it down. If you get really stuck, consider following CW's Guide to a Stable Toppy.

## Installation & Startup

Auto Scan (for channels): why is it so slow?
Duplicate Channels: can/should they be removed?
Main Menu: why do I get stuck in the Main Menu on startup?
Startup: does not start up properly
Firmware problems: why does my 5800 have problems that others don't?

## EPG Data

Duplicate Channels: can/should they be removed?
Missing Channels: why doesn't my Toppy show a particular channel any more?
Missing EPG Data or Gaps: on certain channels
Wrong Data: why is the end (or beginning) of the programme missing from my recording?

## Playback

Audio Dropouts: why do I lose audio momentarily, every minute or so?
Interruption (CYR): why is playback (or chase play) interrupted by this daft prompt when a recording starts?
Timeshifting: why did my timeshift suddenly stop (dropped to "Live"), or why can't I rewind to see something again?
Video Corruption: why do I get random glitches in the video, every 30 seconds or so?

## Recording

Interruption (CYR): why does a recording interrupt my TV viewing with this daft prompt?
Recording From Standby: why did the Toppy not wakeup from standby for a timer recording?
Short Recordings: why is the end (or beginning) of the programme missing from my recording?
Standby When Recording: can I put the Toppy into Standby when it's recording?
Timeshifting: why did my timeshift suddenly stop (dropped to "Live"), or why can't I rewind to see something again?
Twin Tuner (or "Record Two, Watch a Third"): why are some channels not available to watch, when they usually are?

## USB

why wont my PC recognise my Toppy?
why wont Altair etc connect to my Toppy?
why are downloads so slow?
why do my downloads fail?
why cant I upload firmware? It wont wort work with TFDN USB or TopSet 2.0 the Toppy just starts normally

## Other

Aspect Ratio: why does it keep changing, when nobody has adjusted that Setting in the Main Menu?
Audio Dropouts: why do I lose audio momentarily, every minute or so?
"Check Your Reservation" (or "CYR"): what on earth does that mean?
Front Display: why does it continue to show the time instead of the channel when not in standby?
Poor English: what do some of the badly worded or confusing options and prompts mean?
Standby When Recording: can I put the Toppy into Standby when it's recording?
Twin Tuner (or "Record Two, Watch a Third"): why are some channels not available to watch, when they usually are?
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Aspect Ratio

A "clever" feature of the Toppy is that the '0' button on the remote will cycle between various Aspect Ratios (when it's not being used to enter a channel number). This will override and update the Setting in the Main Menu. You can disable this feature by using the [Z] AspectRatio firmware patch (note that you will still be able to use the '0' button to stop TAPs loading during booting).
# School Science/Mercury cleanup

Mercury and most of its compounds are extremely toxic. Spillage requires specific cleaning procedures to avoid toxic exposure. Inhalation and contact with the skin are dangerous. If you are handling mercury in a school and you spill some you should follow your school's procedure. This will almost certainly involve immediately contacting a teacher or other member of the staff.
Under no circumstances should you try and clean up a spill with a broom or vacuum cleaner. These can cause the mercury to disperse into small droplets or become vapour - both of which are more dangerous.
# School Science/Making Charles' law tubes

Charles' law tubes allow the demonstration of Charles' law in a school lab.
Heat the tube in boiling water, drying oven or with a hot air gun and place open end in clean mercury. Allow tube and the air in it to cool, drawing a thread of mercury about 5mm long up into the tube. Allow all to cool to room temperature. To move the thread of mercury further down the tube, to ensure it is not expelled when the tube is heated to 100°C during the experiment, pass a short length of nylon fishing line (approx 0.5mm diameter) down the tube and through the mercury. This allows the air below the mercury to leak out around the line and when the mercury has fallen to the required position, remove the nylon line. This should ONLY be done if one has proper safety training regarding the hazards of mercury and the school is equipped with proper mercury spill kits for containing and cleaning any potential spills.
# School Science/OHP coil

A large coil that can be placed on a overhead projector.
# School Science/Hydraulics demonstration

This article explains how to demonstrate the principles of hydraulics.
A good way of demonstrating the basic principles of hydraulics is to join two syringes together with rubber tubing to make an watertight seal [see figure 1]. The syringes can be filled with water, oil, or just air. Pushing plunger A causes plunger B to move out and pushing plunger B in causes plunger A to move out. This works even if the syringes are not in the same plane. i.e. if the tubing is bent by 90° as long as there is no kink in the tube that prevents the free flow of fluid.
With syringes of different sizes it is possible to demonstrate how to multiply force [see figure 2]. A small mass on a small syringe can lift a much larger mass if it is resting on a bigger syringe. This is because the pressure in the two syringes is equal, but the surface areas of the two pistons are different, and force = pressure × area.

## See Also

* Hydraulics
# School Science/How to prepare an onion cell slide

Tissue from an onion is a good first exercise in using the microscope and viewing plant cells. The cells are easily visible under a microscope and the preparation of a thin section is straight forward. An onion is made of layers, each separated by a thin skin or membrane. In this exercise, you will make a wet mount on a microscope slide and look at the cells of the onion membrane magnified by the high power, compound microscope.

## Method

* First add a few drops of water or solution on the microscope slide to avoid dryness and wilting
* Take a small piece of onion and using tweezers, peel off the membrane from the underside (the rough side).
* Place the membrane flat on the surface of the slide.
* Add a drop of Iodine solution to the onion skin
* Using a pin, lower the thin glass cover slip or cover glass onto the slide. Make sure there are no air bubbles (Fig. 1).
* Make sure the lowest power objective lens (the shortest lens if there are several present) is in line with the optical tube, and the microscope light is turned on. Then place the prepared slide onto the stage of the microscope.
* Looking from the side (NOT through the eyepiece), lower the tube using the coarse focus knob until the end of the objective lens is just above the cover glass. Do this carefully so as not to crack the cover glass (and possibly damage the objective lens).
* Now look through the eyepiece and turn ONLY the smaller, fine focusing knob to move the optical tube upwards until an image comes into focus. The cells should look something like lizard skin.
* Swap the objective lens for a higher powered one so that you can see the cells at greater magnification. You should be able to make out a nucleus in each cell.
* Be very careful; these dyes can stain your skin and clothes. Could be dangerous if it is on you.
Proper use of the microscope - intended to prevent damage to the objective lenses - requires that the following techniques be followed:
* Never use the coarse focus knob while looking through the eyepiece. The point of focus will be very near the cover glass. Looking from the side, lower the optical tube until the objective lens is as close as you can get it to the cover glass without actually touching it. Starting with the low power objective lens is the fastest way to achieve proper focus.
* Initially, slowly focus back (turn the fine focus knob to raise the optical tube) while looking through the eyepiece. Once the specimen comes into focus, you can make fine adjustments up or down with the fine focus knob without fear of damaging the slide or the microscope.
* If the specimen does not focus, raise the tube a little with the coarse focus knob and attempt to focus again with the fine focus knob. Once the object is in focus, switching objective lenses should be possible without any further coarse adjustments.
Return to laboratory exercise for Chapter 2
# School Science/Osmosis demonstration

In biology, the osmosis effect can be demonstrated in a number of ways. In schools, there is a standard apparatus for demonstrating osmosis with visking tubing. However, osmosis can also be demonstrated using household ingredients, as described below.

## Demonstrating with eggs

An egg contains a semipermeable membrane underneath the shell, which can be used to demonstrate osmosis. The eggshell is mostly made of calcium carbonate that will dissolve in acid. Vinegar or hydrochloric acid are suitable. Stronger acids will dissolve the shell faster, but are more corrosive. Vinegar takes several days.

### Method

* Place three eggs in a beaker, cover them with acid and weigh them down so they don't float above the surface.
* Allow them to remain in the acid until the shells completely dissolve.
* Then place each of the eggs in a different liquid:
** Place one in water
** Place one in an isotonic sucrose solution, [about 0.3M]
** Place one in a 1M sucrose solution
* Leave overnight.
* The next day remove the eggs and compare their size.
You will find that the egg in water will have swollen considerably. If you carefully pierce the membrane with a needle a jet of water will shoot into the air. The egg in an isotonic solution will be approximately the same size, while the egg in 1M solution will have shrunk.

## Demonstrating Osmosis with Potato Slices

There are a number of variations on this demonstration. Potato slices can be used, as also can raw potato 'chips' (English) or 'French fries' (North American) Consistency of sample can be ensured by using a commercial potato chipper, or by using a cork borer of selected diameter. Other vegetables or fruit may, of course, be used. The changing dependent variable may be weight or length.

### Materials

* Potatoes
* Knife, cork borer, commercial chipper
* Cutting board
* Dilutions of sugar (sucrose), suggested range 0 - 0.6M
* Suitable containers (beakers or test tubes or potato cylinders) to match selected dilution range
* Weighing balance / millimetre ruler
* Paper towel
* Marking pen/pencil
* Forceps
Solutions of sodium chloride can be used instead of sugar. Sucrose solutions ranging from 0 to 3.0M give a more convincing range of results.

### Method

* Cut suitably sized slices or cylinders of potato. As far as is practical, all pieces should be the same length, width, and thickness, the actual size depending on the chosen container (beaker or test tube).
* Mark each container, pour in the appropriate dilution of sucrose.
* Pat each piece of potato dry, and a) weigh it or b) measure its longest length. Note the measurement.
* When the piece has been measured, immerse it in one of your solutions.
* Leave the potato in the sugar solutions for at least half an hour.
* Use the forceps take out each chip in turn, carefully blot it dry without squeezing, and remeasure the piece.
* Plot a graph of either absolute change or percentage change in weight/length v molarity of the sugar dilution.

## See also

* Apparatus for demonstrating osmosis
# School Science/Paper chromatography of amino acids

This is a description of how to use paper chromatography of amino acids (to identify amino acids).
* To demonstrate separation of amino acids by paper chromatography
* To use chromatography to identify amino acids

## Materials

* Chromatography tank and lid
* Chromatography paper (or filter paper), to fit tank
* Capillary tubes or pasteur pipettes
* Amino acid samples in 1 molar hydrochloric acid (IRRITANT)
* Unknown samples (e.g. 'unknown' mix or filtered fruit juice)
* Solvent (BAW): Butan-1-ol : Acetic acid : Water 60 : 15 : 25 (FLAMMABLE, TOXIC)
* Hairdryer or heating tray
* Spray can of Indanetrione (Ninhydrin) 1% in butan-1-ol (FLAMMABLE, TOXIC)
* Latex gloves
* Access to fume cupboard
* Drying oven at 100 °C

## Methods

BAW solvent should be made up fresh on the day
Using a pencil, lightly draw a line 1.5–2 cm above the bottom of the chromatography paper. Make small marks at 1.5 cm intervals along the line.
Fill a capillary tube or pipette by capillary action with your first sample. Touch the tip of the capillary to the first mark and pull it away. You should leave a small (>5 mm) wet spot. Let this dry and apply the sample again. Make a note of which sample is placed on the spot (you can lightly write on the paper beneath the mark, using a pencil). Repeat for each sample or mixture, on a different mark and using a fresh tube or pipette each time. Let the paper dry.
Put 1 cm or less of BAW into the chromatography tank. The sample spots should not dip into the solvent. Place the tank in a cool place out of direct sunlight. Stand the chromatography paper in the tank so that the bottom edge is in the solvent but the remaining paper does not touch the tank. Place the lid on the tank and leave for about 1 hour.
Wearing gloves, remove the damp paper and mark where the solvent has reached. Dry the paper in the fume cupboard. Still in the fume cupboard, spray the whole of the paper with ninhydrin in butanol. Dry the paper and transfer it to the drying oven for 1–2 min.
Mark the position of each spot that develops. Note the colour and Rf (or travel distance) of each standard and hence find the amino acid composition of the unknown samples.

## Hazards

* Acetic acid
   * Irritant vapour. On skin; flood with water. Ventilate area.
* Butan-1-ol
   * Highly flammable. Remove ignition sources
   * Harmful by inhalation. Irritant vapour. Use fume cupboard.
* Hydrochloric acid 1 molar
   * Irritant, may cause burns. On skin; flood with water. Spills, neutralise with sodium bicarbonate.
* Indanetrione
   * Irritant. Wear gloves. Indanetrione, spilt on the skin, is not immediately noticeable. It stains skin purple, slowly, and even seems to work through gloves. Wash frequently to remove it.
* Hot Oven; also produces Butan-1-ol fumes.
   * Remove papers wearing gloves, or use forceps. Ventilate area
# Antibiotic versus bacteria

In 1928, scientist Sir Alexander Fleming discovered an antibiotic, Penicillium, that is used to destroy bacteria colonies. The structure of Penicillium is C$_6$H$_5$CH$_2$ and contains the β-lactam ring that activates the antibiotic attack against the bacteria. However, some bacteria cannot be destroyed by the antibiotic because they have an enzyme, penicillinase, that can resist the β-lactam ring. Another antibiotic called Tigecycline can overcome the bacteria's enzyme to allow the attack against the bacteria. Hence this antibiotic can resist infections on the skin and internal organs. Hence, new antibiotics are created every year to help eliminating infections.

# Reference

Vollhardt, Peter. Schore, Neil. Organic Chemistry 6th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York. 2011
# Structural Biochemistry/Application of the Virial Equations
## Application of the Virial Equations

2 forms of virial expansion are infinite series.
* Z=1+B^' P+C^' P^2+D^('P^3 )+⋯
* Z=1+B/V+C/V^2 +D/V^3 +…
* B^'= B/RT
* C^'=(C-B^2)/〖(RT)〗^2
* D^'= (D-3BC+2B^3)/〖(RT)〗^3
When we derive the relations, set Z = PV/RT and solve for P.

## Reference

Smith, J. M., and Ness H. C. Van. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987. Print.
# Structural Biochemistry/Antibodies that target tumor cells

By understanding how antibodies work scientists have developed ways to prevent the spread of cancer cells. Two therapeutic monoclonal antibody have been developed that has aided in the fight against cancer.
1. Rituxan
Rituxan was the first therapeutic monoclonal antibody that targets tumor cells passed by the FDA. It targets the tumor fingerprint on the surface of immune cells known as B cells in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
2. Herceptin
Heceptin is the other therapeutic monoclonal antibody that targets breast cancer cells. How it works is that it binds to the cell receptors of the breast cancer and acts as a signal to lure immune cells to kill the cancer cell. This function helps prevent breast cancer from spreading to other organs.

## Reference

1. Medicine by Designs NIH Publication No. 06-474 Reprinted July 2006 http://www.nigms.nih.gov
# Turkish/Geography/Turkey/Ege bölgesi
### Ege bölgesi

One of the places you will find here is the city of İzmir. İzmir is the third biggest city in Turkey, and, like İstanbul, is by the sea. Because there isn't as much industrialisation or "hustle 'n bustle" as there is in İstanbul, İzmir is actually a very nice place indeed. Sexual minorities are also quite tolerated here compared to other, more conservative parts of Turkey. It's also known with its clear seas. Taking a stroll along the pier and taking in the fresh sea air is something you should most definitely put on your to-do list if you ever intend on visiting İzmir. Many festivals and events take place there a lot, too.
There are many other nice places in the Ege bölge, aswell. Holiday resorts such as Bodrum, Çeşme, Dalyan, Fethiye, Kuşadası, and Ölüdeniz are extremely popular amongst tourists, Turkish and foreigners.
Many historical sites can also be found here. Efes (what is referred to in English as "Ephesus") is one of Turkey's biggest tourist hotspots for it's historical sites. Selçuk, although not as major as Efes, also hosts some very important historical sites, too. I can't remember exactly where it was, but Mary, Mother of Jesus' grave can be found very close to Efes, and is incredibly popular.

#### Links

* İzmir travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Bodrum travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Çeşme travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Dalyan travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Efes travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Fethiye travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Ölüdeniz travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Pamukkale travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Selçuk travel guide on Wikivoyage
# Turkish/Grammar/Alphabet and Pronunciation

a is pronounced /o/
b is pronounced /b/
c is pronounced /j/
ç is pronounced /ch/
d is pronounced /d/
e is pronounced /e/
f is pronounced /f/
g is pronounced /g/
ğ is pronounced silent
h is pronounced /h/
i is pronounced /u/
j is pronounced /zh/
k is pronounced /k/
l is pronounced /l/
m is pronounced /m/
n is pronounced /n/
o is pronounced /aw/
p is pronounced /p/
q or qu is pronounced /k/
r is pronounced /tt/ and /r/
s is pronounced /s/
ş is pronounced /sh/
t is pronounced /t/
u is pronounced /oo/
v is pronounced /v/
w is pronounced /v/
x is pronounced /eks/ and /z/
y is pronounced /y/
z is pronounced /z/
# Turkish/Kinship

Anne:Mother
Baba:Father
Amca:Uncle (father's brother)
Dayı:Uncle (mother's brother)
Hala:Aunt (father's sister)
Teyze:Aunt (mother's sister)
Dede:Grandfather
Anneanne:Grandmother (mother's mother)
Babaanne:Grandmother (father's mother)
Nine:Grandmother (general)
# Turkish/Geography/Turkey/Marmara bölgesi
### Marmara bölgesi

The region, named after the Marmara Sea, is located in the northwestern corner of Turkey. In the Marmara bölgesi, which is regarded as the industrial centre of the country especially on the İstanbul-Bursa-İzmit axis, tourism is also an important means of livelihood along with industry and trade.
Processed food, textiles, ready-to-wear clothing, cement, paper, petrochemical products, automobiles and spare parts, durable household items, railway cars and ships are the leading industrial goods produced in the region.
The region has a distinct privilege by the fact that the shortest land and maritime routes connecting Europe to Asia and the Black Sea countries to the Mediterranean pass through there, and this has led to development, increasing of the population and enrichment of the area. As a region which has hosted many civilisations throughout the centuries, it has become one of the most important culture, arts and tourism centres of the world with its antiquities and scenic wonders.
This region of Turkey hosts the biggest city in Turkey, and one of the biggest cities in the world: İstanbul. İstanbul is, in many peoples' opinions, the most beautiful city on Earth. There's so much to do, and so much to see (and eat) here. With its historical monuments, museums, palaces, city walls, waterside mansions, bazaars, scenic wonders and houses of worship which are the heritage of an 8000 year old past, blended in with its modern life, industry, pop culture, pastimes, and shopping (Cevahir Mall, located in İstanbul, is the biggest shopping mall in Europe and one of the largest in the world; Nişantaşı and Bağdat Avenue also boast the most expensive of things on sale in the city), is an elegant centre of tolerance and a synthesis where all senses of taste and desires could be met. It is the bridge between Europe and Asia, and is known as the "Capital of Empires", bearing the traces of the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empires.
If you ever visit Turkey, İstanbul is an absolute must.
For all the reasons stated above, the Marmara bölgesi is a very important part of Turkey, and is one of the things that make Turkey beautiful.
It is made up of 11 counties, called iller (the plural form of il):
* İstanbul
* Edirne
* Kırklareli
* Tekirdağ
* Çanakkale
* Kocaeli
* Yalova
* Sakarya
* Bilecik
* Bursa
* Balıkesir

#### Links

* İstanbul travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Bursa travel guide on Wikivoyage
* Çanakkale travel guide on Wikivoyage
# Turkish/Geography/Turkey/Karadeniz bölgesi
### Karadeniz bölgesi

Kara - black deniz - sea
Karadenizliler are famed in other parts of Turkey for being, erm...different. However, they are incredibly nice, cheerful people. They have their own distinct music, dances, style, cuisine...culture! Just think of Karadenizlis in Turkey as Osakans in Japan. Tourism here is very good, as the Karadeniz region is of course on the Black Sea coast. It is particularly frequented by Arab tourists.
Trabzon is known for it's very nice scenery, architecture...and it's football team. Trabzonspor is one of the Büyük Dört (i.e. Big Four, the others being Galatasaray, Beşiktaş and Fenerbahçe - all three of them in İstanbul), previously beating teams like Inter Milan, Liverpool, Aston Villa and Barcelona.
Karadeniz'in illeri:
* Amasya
* Artvin
* Bartın
* Bayburt
* Bolu
* Çorum
* Düzce
* Giresun
* Gümüşhane
* Karabük
* Kastamonu
* Ordu
* Rize
* Samsun
* Sinop
* Tokat
* Trabzon
* Zonguldak