OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Engineering Acoustics/Beamforming

Microvariations in the density of any extant medium allows for the production of acoustic signals that 'tunnel'. Variations in the signal itself also allow promotion of the tunneling phenomena, i.e. satellite to earth info. transmission.
# Engineering Acoustics/Car Mufflers:Animation

The following picture shows how the pressure varies along the tube. The bleu color represents the low pressure and the color red the high pressure. X represents the place where the section of the tube changes.
Schema
Matlab code
Original data were picked from the course material from the Acoustical Engineering course from the Purdue University with the kind authorization of Prof. L. Mongeau.
Back to Muffler Page
# Guide tounik/commands/file system utilities

The cp command is used to copy files and directories. The copies become independent of the originals (i.e., a subsequent change in one will not affect the other).
# Guitar

The aim of this book is to introduce beginners to the basic concepts of the guitar. Important techniques are given their own sections with exercises and examples provided. It includes an extensive section on amplifiers and numerous tips and advice on all aspects of the guitar. Music theory concepts are clearly presented and explained.
Navigation: Guitar | Campfire Diploma Guitar/Campfire Diploma/ Navi I. Introduction: Before we start • Chord Diagrams & Tablatures • Accessories • Storing II. Lessons:  1) Forming the D chord • 4/4-beat • D-A 2) D-G • Major Cadence • Western Strumming • 3/4-beat 3) G-C-D • Fingering • Campfire Strumming 4) G-Em-C-D 5) Quick Chord Change 6) C-Am 7) Jumps Em-D / G-Am 8) Completion Guitar/Campfire Diploma/ Navi Repertoire
Repertoire: Expand your repertoire | Singing to the guitar | What is already playable

## Getting Started

* Different Types of Guitars
* Anatomy of a Guitar
* Buying a Guitar
* Buying an Amplifier
* Tuning the Guitar
* Tablature
* Lead Guitar and Rhythm Guitar

## Playing the Guitar
### For Beginners

* The Basics
* Open Chords
* Intervals and Power Chords
* Muting and Raking
* Learning Songs
* Technical Exercises

### Lead Guitar

* Scales
* Scale Theory
* Major Patterns
* Picking and Plucking
* Arpeggios and Sweep Picking
* Slides
* Hammer-ons, Pull-offs, and Trills
* Bending and Vibrato
* Harmonics
* Tremolo Bar Techniques
* Tapping
* Octaves

### Rhythm Guitar

* Chord Types
* Barre Chords
* Movable Chords
* Chord Progressions
* Alternate Picking
* Tremolo Picking
* Rhythm

### Playing Styles

* Folk Guitar
* Blues
* Slide Guitar
* Rock/Alternative Guitar
* Country and Western
* Metal
* Jazz
* Classical Guitar
* Flamenco
* Reggae

## General Guitar Theory

* Tone and Volume
* Singing and Playing
* Writing Songs
* Playing With Others
* Recording Music
* Tuning Your Ear
* Playing What You Hear

## Equipment

* Guitar Accessories
* Effects Pedals
* E-bow
* Cables
* Bass Guitar
* Harmonica and Guitar Combo

## Maintenance

* Guitar Maintenance and Storage
* Adjusting the Guitar
* Stringing the Guitar

## Appendices

* Alternate Tunings
* Scale Manual
* Chord Reference
* Blues Exercises
* Song Library
* Blanks - These are templates used for writing tabs and making scales in this book.

## About this Book

* Authors

## Links
### Music Theory Wikibook: The Basics

* Introduction
* Music Notation Systems
* Rhythm
* Scales and Intervals
* Modes
* Chords
* Chord Structures
* Consonance and Dissonance
# Guide to the Godot game engine/Your first game

Guide to the Godot game engine
<-- Signals and methods Your first game Input-->
Skip to bottom

## Creating a blank project

The basics of making your very first game (that has nothing in it) are placed below:
* Open Godot. Press "New Project":
* Choose a name for the game:
* Press "Create Folder", then "Create & Edit":

## First game tutorials

This book will not contain full game tutorials, as they have already written (and are more likely to be up-to-date). Instead, use the links below.
* Your first 2D game
* Your first 3D game - Note: it's a good idea to make a 2D game first, as making use of the extra dimension makes it four times harder to make games.

### Guide to the Godot game engine

    Getting started
       Installation
       What is a node?
       Programming
       Resources and importing
       Signals and methods
       Your first game
    Making it work
       Debugging
       Input
       Physics
       Saving and loading
       Multiplayer
    Making it look good
       UI skinning
       Animation
    Advanced help
       Servers (singletons)
       Platform specific
       Optimisation
       Encryption
       Exporting
       Plugins
    Miscellaneous
       Helpful links
       Authors and contributors
       Print version
<Binance Lock Delfi screen Trade Mororing Screen type debugging skills Scheme account Shared screen Trade
<-- previous back to top next -->
# Guidelines

| bad | good |
| Introduction | Organic Chemistry/Introduction |
| Overview of Functional Groups | Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Groups |
| Authors | Organic Chemistry/Authors |
# HKDSE Geography/E1/Geological Resources

Many materials from the land can serve economic and industrial purposes. Most of these revolve around rocks and minerals. They can also be used for tourism and educational purposes.
Read the three pages of this subsection for more.
# HKDSE Geography/E1/Geological Tourism and Education

How does Geopark promote sustainable development?
- allowing geological research
- promoting ecotourism
Evaluation of the effectiveness of setting up the Hong Kong Geopark in conserving the geological resources in the High Island area
Effective
* development is forbidden within the park
→ laws related to the Geopark can prohibit improper behaviours (e.g. graffiti / water / solid waste pollution)
→ help protect the geological resources
* public has low awareness towards geological resources protection in Hong Kong
→ the establishment of geopark provides an opportunity for educating the public about the unique geology of Hong Kong
→ provides suitable educational resources and field study destination for the students and the general public
→ encourage scientific research on geosciences
→ conserves the completeness of the natural environment for scientific research + gains further support for conservation
* designating the area as the Geopark encourages small-scale eco-tourism
→ helps maintain the carrying capacity of the area
→ increases the attractiveness of Hong Kong as a tourist spot
Limitations
* the setting up of the Geopark may attract more tourists
→ large influx of tourists, leading to various problems, e.g. by littering, taking away rocks/gravels, climbing and engraving/drawing graffiti on rocks
→ cause disturbance to the local residents
→ minor damage to geological features will occur
→ solid waste pollution will become more serious
→ since the location is relatively remote, it is costly and difficult to monitor visitors’ behavior → the landform cannot be properly protected
* construction of infrastructure, such as pavilions/ roads, footpaths, toilets, etc. may damage the natural environment
* the extent of the Geopark is limited: private land and villages are excluded from the Geopark
* local people may oppose to the setting up of the Geopark/it may lead to social conflicts
Other measures to conserve the geological resources
* stricter law enforcement to prevent removal or destruction of geological resources
* education to promote public awareness and participation in the conservation of geological resources
* eco-tourism in the Geopark to ensure minimal impact on the area
# HKDSE Geography/E1/Geological Hazards

Geological hazards include landslides, mudflows, earthflows, avalanches. Landslides are discussed here.
* The Two Worst Landslides of 1972
* The two worst landslides in Hong Kong are the Sau Mau Ping landslide (71 killed) and the Po Shan landslide (67 killed).

## Distrubution

Landslides exhibit clear temporal and spatial distribution.

### Temporal

Landslides concentrate in summer. About 78% of Hong Kong's rainfall falls in summer. Wet southeasterly monsoons and typhoons bring rainstorms from the ocean. (See E2)

### Spatial

Landslides occur more often on granite slopes than tuff slopes. Granite slopes have lower resistance. They are more prone to weathering, so they are disintegrated into smaller fragments and particles. The internal cohesion of the slope materials is weaker. Also, more granite slopes have gone through human development than tuff slopes. For example, the two sides of Victoria Harbour, an exposed granite batholith, has gone through the most urban development. This leads to more landslides, discussed on the next page.
# HKDSE Geography/E1/Chemical Weathering

You guessed it - another definition!

## Five Processes

Favourable conditions: Waterlogging (for hydration and reduction), exposure to air (for oxidation), rocks made of soluble minerals (for solution and carbonation), hot and wet climate
There are five processes involved in chemical weathering, which may appear simultaneously:
| Name | Description | Example |
| Hydration | Water seeps into rocks and wets it. This weakens the rock's structure. | Feldspar in granite |
| Hydrolysis | Hydrogen in water reacts with rocks. This weakens the rock's structure. | |
| Oxidation | Oxygen in air reacts with metals in rocks to form oxides (generally reddish brown). This weakens the rock's structure. | Iron oxide, aluminium oxide |
| Reduction | The inverse process of oxidation. It occurs in waterlogged areas. Reddish brown rocks are discoloured into grey or blue. The amount of oxygen is reduced in the rock. | |
| Solution | Sulphur and nitrogen react with rainwater to form acids. The acids attack rocks. Vegetation secretes organic acids during growth. The acids attack rocks. Vegetation produces humic acid when it dies and is decomposed. The acid attacks rocks. | Sulphuric acid, nitric acid |
| Carbonation | Carbon reacts with rainwater to form acids. The acids attack rocks. | Carbonic acid |

## Two Forms

There are two important 'forms' of chemical weathering - i.e. the shape that the rocks look like after weathering.

### Honeycomb weathering

Favourable conditions: Found in rocks with minerals of different resistance.
* Salt sprays from the sea dissolve minerals in rocks.
* The minerals are removed by solution on the rock face, weakening the rock to produce pits.
* This creates a honeycombed effect.

### Spheroidal weathering

Favourable conditions: Well-jointed and exposed rocks (e.g. granite), heavy rainfall
* Rainwater seeps into cracks and joints.
* Chemical weathering takes place mainly on the surface and along the joints.
* Gradually, the rainwater works its way to the interior part of the rock.
* The rocks are reduced to small and round boulders surrounded by concentric weathering layers. The boulder in the centre is a corestone.
* The corestone gets smaller and rounder as time goes by.
* When the weathered layers are removed by wind or rain, corestones will be exposed on the ground. They pile up to form tors.
Note: When the bedrock is covered by a very thick layer of regolith already, furthering weathering will be restricted.

## Effect of Climate on Weathering Occurrence

TODO: The rectangle with four corners diagram
# HKDSE Geography/E1/External Processes and the Landscape
## Erosion
### Fluvial

waterfall, rapids at Lam Tsuen River

### Rain
## Mass movement

In badlands, the weathered granitic rocks are very loosely packed. Thus the shear strength contributed by the cohesiveness of soil particles is very weak. The area also lacks vegetation, so no plant roots hold the soil particles together. The slope is therefore more prone to failure.
# HKDSE Geography/E1/Hong Kong's Landscape

In this chapter, we will look at how various factors shape Hong Kong's landscape. Let's look at Hong Kong's general landscape first.
| Relief | Hilly |
| Slopes | Steep |
| Highest point | Tai Mo Shan |
| Ridges | NE to SW; disjointed with abrupt height changes |
| Points of high altitude | East NT, central Lantau |
| Natural lowlands | Rare; found as narrow coastal plains and river valleys |
| Floodplains | Largest extent of lowland: Yuen Long, Kam Tin, Faling, all floodplains |
| Coastal plains | In bay areas and reclaimed lowlands (both sides of Victoria Harbour) |
| Rivers | Numerous |
| Longest river | Sham Chun River |
| Other rivers | Short and lack a middle course |
| Gradient | Steep until they reach lowlands |
| Section before lowlands | Upper course |
| After that | Lower course |
| Rivers | Straight |
| Rivers drain into | Small lowland basins like Sha Tin Valley, Mui Wo |
| Stream order | 3 to 4 |
| Most common drainage patterns | Dendritic is the most common, followed by radial and rectangular |
| Coastline | Long and indented |
| Landforms | Bays, headlands, peninsulas, offshore islands |
| Largest island | Lantau |
| Submerged landscape | In East NT; created in the last glacial age when the sea level rose* |
*Hills became islands. Spurs and ridges became headlands. Valleys became water inlets like Tolo Channel.
In later parts, we will discuss how Hong Kong's landscape is affected by rock type, internal and external processes, and human activities.
# HKDSE Geography/E1

HKDSE Geography
* Objectives
* Living with our physical environment
** M1: Opportunities and Risks
** M2a: Rivers
** M2b: Coasts
* Facing changes in the human environment
** M3: Industry
** M4: Sustainable City
development mutually exclusive?
* Confronting global challenges
** M5: Famines and Agriculture
** M6: Tropical Rainforests
** M7: Global Warming
* Elective modules
** E1: Dynamic Earth
** E2: Climate
** E3: Transport
** E4: Zhujiang Delta

## Important Note

This book will remove the system part (which your textbook does cover) and add parts your textbook does not cover (i.e. details on internal and external processes).

## Guiding Questions

From the curriculum and assessment guide:
* How should we look at the Earth as a system?
* What is the overall structure of the Earth?
* How is rock formed?
* What is the general geomorphology and geology of Hong Kong?
* What are the major landform features in Hong Kong?
* How can people manage the geological resources and geological hazards in Hong Kong?
# Engineering Acoustics/Filter Design Outline

NOTE: The wikibook page will not necessarily follow this format. This is just a preliminary outline to get the project started.
INTRODUCTION:
1 - What Are They
2 - Examples
BASIC WAVE THEORY:
1 - Background
2 - Assumptions
BASIC FILTER DESIGN:
1 - Low Pass
2 - High Pass
3 - Bandpass
ACTUAL FILTER DESIGN:
1 - Problems
2 - Examples (refer to muffler page)
3 - Absorptive vs. Reactive mufflers
4 - Performance
BRIEF REVIEW of web sites for those interested in acoustic filters, links to other pages with relative information
CONCLUSION
Back to Acoustic Filter Design & Implementation
# Engineering Acoustics/Forced Oscillations (Simple Spring-Mass System)
## Spring-mass system

When a spring is stretched or compressed by a mass, the spring develops a restoring force. Hooke's law gives the relationship of the force exerted by the spring when the spring is compressed or stretched a certain length:
    $F\left(t\right)=-kx\left(t\right)$
where F is the force, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement of the mass with respect to the equilibrium position.
This relationship shows that the distance of the spring is always opposite to the force of the spring.
By using either force balance or an energy method, it can be readily shown that the motion of this system is given by the following differential equation:
    $F(t)=-kx(t)=m{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}}{\mathrm {d} {t}^{2}}}x\left(t\right)=ma.$
...the latter evidently being Newton's second law of motion.
If the initial displacement is A, and there is no initial velocity, the solution of this equation is given by:
    $x\left(t\right)=A\cos \left({\sqrt {k \over m}}t\right).$
Given an ideal massless spring, $m$ is the mass on the end of the spring. If the spring itself has mass, its effective mass must be included in $m$.

### Energy variation in the spring-damper system

In terms of energy, all systems have two types of energy, potential energy and kinetic energy. When a spring is stretched or compressed, it stores elastic potential energy, which then is transferred into kinetic energy. The potential energy within a spring is determined by the equation $U=k{x}^{2}/2.$
When the spring is stretched or compressed, kinetic energy of the mass gets converted into potential energy of the spring. By conservation of energy, assuming the datum is defined at the equilibrium position, when the spring reaches its maximum potential energy, the kinetic energy of the mass is zero. When the spring is released, the spring will try to reach back to equilibrium, and all its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy of the mass.
# Engineering Acoustics/Filter Design Proposal

The design of acoustic filters will be reviewed along with 1-D wave propagation in pipes. For 1-D wave propagation, information required to understand filter design will only be covered. Also, along with covering filter design for ideal long wavelength filters (using lumped element method); a number of practical filters which could be implemented will be covered. Real life examples will be shown to relate theory to practice. Other topics briefly touched upon could include impedance relations, power transmission, resonance, attenuation, or lumped elements.
Back to Acoustic Filter Design & Implementation
# Environmental theory and collection of ideas/Ideas to politicians

* Foreign currency loans are like gambling. Even if we do not speak about the alleged tricks of the banks with the rates of exchange at the end of months, we should mention the ethical issues about the availability of this service to the people. Those who get these loans may not possess enough mental capabilities to judge whether these loans will be good to them or not. That is why it should be regulated more who can get such loans, and on what conditions. This is important not only for the persons who would get these loans, but for the persons' competitors and for the persons' families too. The competitors would have less chance to win in a sustainable (loan-free) way, and there would be more burden on the children than on the their parents with loans. Paternalism, sustainable competition, family matters and population control can all be reasons for regulating foreign currency loans, not to mention the Islamic or the early Christian laws that prohibit all loans with interest. In short, people should not owe more money than a specified amount, and this amount of money, or the maximal value of the loans should be specified by the state, and not by the banks. This would imply that loans should not be foreign currency loans.
* If every kind of laptops used the same kind of recharger, then it would be easier to reuse these rechargers for laptops. This would, in one hand, diminish the harm to the environment, and in the other hand, it would make it easier for a firm producing solar cells to produce laptop-rechargers with solar cells. Apart from laptops, it can be worth standardizing the recharger equipments for other electronic gadgets too, and maybe even the accumulators belonging to them as well. This way the mass usage of cheap solar cells would become possible. If we go further, it might be worth standardizing some parts of computers and other electronic gadgets too, to make more use of the older or not functioning machines. If we go even further, we can extend this principle to many other machines, moreover, even for such things as the packaging of yoghurt. It is possible that it is not in the interest of the vendors. If the vendors do not agree to do this, then the realization of the plan is the task of politicians. However, we should take care of not restricting the people's liberty unnecessarily because of this: it is only worth standardizing if it's really reasonable, and a significant improvement can be achieved along with an insignificant amount of inconvenience; so if we do more good than harm.
Call for more ideas presented as shortly as these!

## Further reading

A.C. Grayling - What is good? (2003; Phoenix, London, 2004)
Robert Van De Weyer - Against Usury: Resolving the Economic and Ecological Crisis (SPCK Publishing, 2010)
Rohan D'Souza - Environment, Technology and Development: Critical and Subversive Essays (2012)
# Environmental theory and collection of ideas/Ideas about what not to do

Passive, but radical environmentalism is probably the wisest way for those who are poor and do not have an environmentalism-related profession. Here're some one-liner ideas for passive environmentalism, or in other words, ideas about what we should not do, in order to protect the environment better (summary of other parts of this book is also included):
* Those who are poorer than the average should not beget more than two children.
* Those who want to reduce carbon emissions should probably not eat meat on Mondays or Saturdays, for example.
* Environmentalists should not waste electricity and gas, so keep away from TV and gas stoves, for example.
* Environmentalists should not publish technological research too harmful to the environment.
* Environmentalists should not vote for parties too harmful to the environment.
* Environmentalists should not buy products or services too harmful to the environment.
* Environmentalists should not borrow money if it is not really needed.
* Deodorant sprays and similar materials are only worth using when needed, it is not worth smoking, etc.
* There is an idea to put our waste in the packaging material of what we have bought.
These could be appended by more later, or explained in more detail.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Conflict resolution
## Conﬂict resolution (alpha = 0.90)
### Items

* If there is a conﬂict, a solution is found during discussions. (-)
* In this buyer-seller relationship, both parties contribute to constructive conﬂict resolution. (-)
* In this buyer-seller relationship, conﬂicts are solved to the mutual advantage of both parties. (-)

### Source

* Hammervoll (2009): Channel cooperation: a reﬂective scale. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 301-321. Based on: Kaufmann/Dant (1992), Haugland/Reve (1996).
# Handbook of Management Scales/Consensus on appropriation
## Consensus on appropriation (alpha = 0.85)
### Description

The research note develops a consensus on appropriation (COA) instrument in the context of electronic meeting systems use. Initial item development, statistical analyses, and validity assessment (convergent, discriminant, and nomological) were conducted.

### Definition

Consensus on appropriation (COA) is the extent to which group participants perceive that they have agreed on how to adopt and use a technology.

### Items

* Our group members were able to reach consensus on how to apply the EMS to our task.
* Overall, members of our group agreed on how we should use the EMS for our work.
* There was no conflict in our group regarding how we should incorporate the EMS into our work.
* Our group reached mutual understanding on how we should use the EMS to perform our task.
* Our group was able to reach consensus on how we should use the EMS to perform our task.
The items were measured on seven-point Likert scales anchored by the following: strongly disagree, quite, slightly, neither, slightly, quite, strongly agree.

### Source

* Salisbury et al. (2002): Research Report: Better Theory Through Measurement - Developing a Scale to Capture Consensus on Appropriation. Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 91-103.

### Comments

Allport and Kerler (2003) have published A Research Note Regarding the Development of the Consensus on Appropriation Scale. They suggest an opportunity to further refine the measurement of this construct.

### Related Scales

* Ease of use
* Faithfulness of appropriation
* Usefulness