OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/SABERTOOTH
## SABERTOOTH

SABERTOOTH uses structural profiles to perform structural alignments. The underlying structural profiles express the global connectivity of each residue. Although the vectorial representation is extremely condensed, this program recognizes the structural similarities with accuracy and quality comparable to established alignment tools based on coordinates. Also, the algorithm has favorable scaling of computation time with chain length. Since the algorithm is independent of the details of the structural representation, the framework can be generalized to sequence-to-sequence and sequence-to-structure comparisons within the same setup, and is therefore more general than other tools. SABERTOOTH can be accessed online via this website.
# Structural Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/TOPOFIT
## TOPOFIT

The TOPOFIT method analyzes protein structures using three-dimensional Delaunay triangulation patterns derived from backbone representation. Structural related proteins have been found to have a common spatial invariant part, a set of tetrahedrons, mathematically described as a common spatial sub-graph volume of the three-dimensional contact graph derived from Delaunay tessellation (DT). Due to this property of protein structures, a novel common volume superimposition (TOPOFIT) method is presented to produce structural alignments of proteins. The superimposition of the DT patterns allows the common number of equivalent residues to be objectively identified. In other words, TOPOFIT identifies a feature point on the RMSD/Ne curve, a topomax point, until which two structures correspond to each other including backbone and inter-residue contacts, while the growing number of mismatches between the DT patterns occurs at larger RMSD (Ne) after the topomax point. The topomax point is present in all alignments from different protein structural classes. Therefore, the TOPOFIT method identifies common, invariant structural parts between proteins. The TOPOFIT method introduces new opportunities for the comparative analysis of protein structures and for more detailed studies on understanding the molecular principles of tertiary structure organization and functionality. This helps to detect conformational changes, topological differences in variable parts, which are particularly important for studies of variations in active/binding sites and protein classification.
# Structural Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/Combinatorial Extension
## Combinatorial Extension

The combinatorial extension (CE) method is like the DALI method in that it breaks each structure into a series of fragments and attempts to reassemble them into a complete alignment. Pairwise combinations of fragments, named aligned fragment pairs, or AFPs, are used to make a similarity matrix where an optimal path is generated to identify the final alignment. To reduce the amount of searching and increase efficiency, only AFPs that meet a criteria for local similarity are used in the matrix. The first CE method only included structural superpositions and inter-residue distances but has been grown to include local environmental properties like secondary structure, solvent exposure, hydrogen-bonding patterns, and dihedral angles. An alignment path is the optimal path that is calculated through a similarity matrix by linear progression through the sequences and extending the alignment with a possible high-scoring AFP pair. The initial AFP pair that nucleates the alignment can occur at any place in the sequence matrix. This is then extended with AFPs that meet the given distance criteria which restricts the alignment to low gap sizes. The size of each AFP and maximum gap size are required input parameters that are usually set to the empirically determined values of 8 and 30, respectively. An all-to-all fold classification database from known protein structures in the PDB has been constructed using CE.
# Structural Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/GANGSTA+
## GANGSTA+

GANGSTA+ is a combinatorial algorithm for non-sequential structural alignment of proteins and similarity search in databases. This method uses a combinatorial approach on the secondary structural level to find similarities between two protein structures based on contact maps. Different SSE (Secondary Structure Element) assignment modes can be used for this program. This assignment of SSEs can be performed with respect to the sequential order of SSEs in the polypeptide chain of the considered protein pair (sequential alignment), or by ignoring this order completely (non-sequential alignment). SSE pairs can also be aligned in reverse orientation if desired. The highest ranking SSE assignments are transferred to the residue level by a point matching approach. In order to obtain an initial common set of atomic coordinates for both proteins, pairwise attractive interactions of the alpha carbon atom pairs are defined by inverse Lorentzians and the energy is minimized. The GANGSTA+ database can be found here.
# Structural Biochemistry/Bioinformatics/Structural Alignments/Programs Used For Structural Alignment/SSAP
## SSAP

SSAP stands for Sequential Structure Alignment Program. SSAP method uses double dynamic programming to produce structural alignment based on atom to atom vectors in structure space. SSAP constructs the vectors using the beta carbons for all residues by glycine, instead of the alpha carbons typically used, which thus takes into account the rotameric state of each residue and its location along the backbone. SSAP first constructs a series of inter-residue distance vectors between each residue and its nearest non-contiguous neighbors on each protein. A series of matrices is then constructed containing the vector differences between neighbors for each pair of residues for which the vectors were constructed. Using dynamic programming on each resulting matrix determines a series of optimal local alignments, which are then mixed together into a "summary" matrix to which dynamic programming is again used to determine overall structural alignment. SSAP originally gave only pairwise alignments, but can now provide multiple alignments. It has been used to produce a hierarchical fold classification known as CATH (Class, Architecture, Topology, Homology) through an all-to-all comparison of proteins. This has then been used to put together a CATH protein structure classification database. The constructed database can found here.
# United States Government/Colonial Government in America

| Contents | Colonial America - Articles of Confederation - The Constitutional Convention - Ratification - The Three Branches - The Federal System - General Provisions - The Bill of Rights - The Later Amendments - Legislative Branch - Executive Branch - Judicial Branch |
Under the Kingdom of Great Britain, the American colonies experienced five situations which would guide them in creating a constitution. The British Parliament believed that it had the right to impose taxes on the colonists; it had virtual representation over the entire empire, while the colonists believed Parliament had no such right, as they had no direct representation in Parliament. By the 1720s all but two of the colonies had a locally elected legislature and a British appointed governor. Often, these two branches of government would clash, with the legislatures imposing their "power of the purse" to control the British governor. Thus, Americans viewed their legislative branch as a guardian of their liberty, while the executive branches was deemed tyrannical.
There were several examples of royal actions that upset the Americans. For example, taxes on the importation of lead, paint, tea, paper, spirits, rum, wine, molasses, sugar, and other products were imposed at various times. Also, the Parliament provided for a duty to be paid on court documents, certificates, licenses, deeds, other legal documents, playing cards, pamphlets, books, calendars, newspapers, and other papers, as well as dice. The variety of taxes imposed, as well as other causes, led to the Americans' disdain for the British system of government.
After the Boston Tea Party, the Parliament of Great Britain and the King passed Acts that outlawed the Massachusetts legislature. The Parliament also provided for special courts in which British judges, rather than American juries, would try colonists. The Quartering Act and the Intolerable Acts required Americans to provide room and board for British soldiers. Americans especially feared British actions in Canada, where civil law was once suspended in favor of British military rule.
American distaste for the system of British government would lead to revolution. Americans had formed their own local institutions which were not British at all, but American. The political ideas of the Americans actually had their root in the British radicals of the early 18th century. England had passed beyond those ideas by 1776 and the resulting conflict resulted in the first American attempts at a national government.
| Contents | Colonial America - Articles of Confederation - The Constitutional Convention - Ratification - The Three Branches - The Federal System - General Provisions - The Bill of Rights - The Later Amendments - Legislative Branch - Executive Branch - Judicial Branch |
# United States Government/Constitution Preamble
## THE PREAMBLE

We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America.

## Purpose and Effect of the Preamble

       Although the preamble is not a source of power for any department of the Federal Government, the Supreme Court has often referred to it as evidence of the origin, scope, and purpose of the Constitution. "Its true office," wrote Joseph Story in his Commentaries, "is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the Constitution, and not substantively to create them. For example, the preamble declares one object to be, ‘provide for the common defense.’ No one can doubt that this does not enlarge the powers of Congress to pass any measures which they deem useful for the common defence. But suppose the terms of a given power admit of two constructions, the one more restrictive, the other more liberal, and each of them is consistent with the words, but is, and ought to be, governed by the intent of the power; if one could promote and the other defeat the common defence, ought not the former, upon the soundest principles of interpretation, to be adopted?"

## Notes

* ↑ Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 22 (1905).
* ↑ E.g., the Court has read the preamble as bearing witness to the fact that the Constitution emanated from the people and was not the act of sovereign and independent States. McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. (17 U.S.) 316, 403 (1819) Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 419, 471 (1793); Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1 Wheat. (14 U.S.) 304, 324 (1816), and that it was made for, and is binding only in, the United States of America. Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901); In re Ross, 140 U.S. 453, 464 (1891).
* ↑ 1 J. STORY, COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 462 (1833). For a lengthy exegesis of the preamble phrase by phrase, see M. ADLER & W. GORMAN, THE AMERICAN TESTAMENT 63-118 (1975).
# United States Government/Constitutional Issues

Discussing The Constitution
# United States Government/Foreign Policy
## War

This definition of war is problematic. Typically a declaration of war can only be made between nations, states, or specific entities. War is also understood as the continuation of policy by other means, so labeling an actual policy as war seems to indicate the refusal to come to any political understanding about the subjects in question.

### North Korea (China)

Respecting a ceasefire of the Korean War since 1953. Both Koreas are still technically at war and so by proxy it constitutes an ongoing war between China and the United States.

### War on Terrorism

The USA has also declared itself to be to fighting a "war on terrorism". This bring to the table the concept of "terrorism" and "terrorist", there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism. But the term imparts a negative light on an opposing group. On the other end of the spectrum it would be the label of "resistance", "freedom fighters", etc.
A more neutral definition would be "violent non-state actor", meaning a group constituted by irregular forces, with typically no formal organization, that is engaged in asymmetric and clandestine paramilitary operations against a given state or state interest.
A declaration of war in these terms cannot be formally made. As such a statement that there is a "war on terrorism" is insufficient to clearly define what the USA policy on terrorism actually is. It can reasonably be inferred from current behavior that this one sided state of open, armed and prolonged conflict, not against all "terrorists groups" as the USA is only taking action against groups that block or create difficulties to its national interests. This also makes it extremely hard to define the achievement of goals and creates an impossibility to reach a status of submission from the opposing forces.
# Tennis

Tennis is a game played between two single players, in the singles game, or two teams of two players each, in the doubles game. To play, the players use a strung racquet to hit the tennis ball and send it over the net into the opponent's court. The purpose of the game is to send the ball fairly into the opponent's court in such a way that the opponent cannot return it fairly into your own court. This would include not being able to return it at all, causing the opponent to return it low and into the net, or returning it outside of the boundaries of your own court. The game is played all over the world, professionally and by amateurs. The simplicity of the game makes it possible for anyone who can hold a racquet, including those in wheelchairs and the very old and very young, to participate.

## Table of Contents

* The court
* The equipment
* Forehand
* Backhand
* Volley
* Serve
* Spin
* Tennis drills
* Basic rules
* A singles game
* A doubles game
* Local tournaments
* Professional competition
* Terminology
# Tennis/Professional competition

Professional Tennis Leagues
There are three different professional Tennis leagues. They are the Association of Tennis Players (ATP), the Womens' Tennis Association (WTA), and the International Tennis Federation (ITF).
Current top players of the games (2008)
Men
Roger Federer (SUI), Rafael Nadal (ESP)
Women
Justine Henin (BEL), Maria Sharapova (RUS)
# Tennis/The court

The tennis court is a flat rectangle surface with a low net stretched across the center. It is generally covered in grass, clay, concrete, or a synthetic compound. The courts dimensions are 78 feet by 27 feet for singles courts, and 78 feet by 36 feet for doubles courts.
# Tennis/A doubles game

Singles and Doubles
doubles-played with 4 people, 2 on each side
# Tennis/Basic rules
## Tennis Rules

1. When serving the ball must land in the opposite service box diagonally towards your opponent.
2. You get two attempts to get the ball in play when serving. If the ball goes directly out or hits the net and lands out, the first serve is lost and you have a second serve attempt. If the 2nd serve does not land in play, the receiver gets the point. If either the 1st or 2nd serve hits the net but goes over and lands in the correct service box, it is a "let" and the serve is taken over again.
3. When rallying, in order to get a "point," the ball can either bounce at least twice in the court, once in the court and once anywhere else (including stationary objects not on the court), or the hitter can may hit the ball directly out or into the net and lose the point.
4. No double hitting; one player cannot hit the ball more than once or two doubles partners cannot each hit the ball. It would result in the opposing player gaining a point.
5. If a player's racket or other equipment hits the net or net posts, the opposing player gains a point.

## Scoring System

All scores are announced with the server's score first. Thus, a 0-40 score means the server has 0 points, the receiver has 40 and could win on the next point. If both players have equal point amounts, the score is announced with the amount of points each player has followed by "all", with the exception of 40-40. For example, instead of saying "15-15", one would say "15 all". Under normal circumstances, the point after 40 wins the game, unless both players have 40 ("deuce"), in which case advantage scoring starts.
0 (announced as "love") 15 30 40 - "Deuce" if both players have 40 Ad - Short for "advantage." If the server scores a point from deuce, the score is Ad-In or Advantage-In. If the receiver scores the point, the score is Ad-Out. The first player who scores from their advantage wins the point. If the opposite player scores, the score goes back to deuce. Some people play with no-ad scoring where the next point after deuce wins.
# United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/Sub-group ND – Francotyp-Postalia, bird in oval
#### Sub-group ND – Francotyp-Postalia, Frank contains head of bird in oval

* Meter model unidentified.
* First seen in 2000.
Type QA1 in 2001 edition
ND1.
    Frameless design with head of an eagle inside an oval at top left and "U.S. POSTAGE" above the value figures at top right.
    Town line in center band.
    At bottom, between two parallel vertical lines, are the date and a numeric code above the meter number and an alpha-numeric code.
    Meter number with "FP05" prefix.
    Town line with or without ZIP code.
    V/F: $00.00 (Range: 00.00$^1$ to 99.99$^9$. The tenths of a cent figure does not print unless it is above zero.)
       a. Town line reads "POWELIGNED METER"
# United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/Sub-group PC-F – ePostage
#### Sub-group PC-F: Franks with "E-postage" or variant in the frank

* "E-Postage", "ePostage", "ePOSTAGE" and other variants are sometimes found in shipping labels generated by online commerce companies with business volumes large enough to justify special arrangements with shippers such as USPS, FedX, and USPS.
* E-Postage is a program developed by the USPS to accommodate the growth of ecommerce. Online merchants such as Amazon and Etsy use ePostage. In 2016 new company Shippo began operation as a shipping aggregator offering ePostage to any business.
* The stamps cannot be attributed to any one meter company although we do have a Specimen from Neopost (pictured below).
PC-F1. "ePostage" (digital), September 2011.
    The stamps are found only on address labels with the top section having an enclosed mail-service letter at left and a frank box at right above a panel containing the mail class.
    The central section contains the return address, date, and addressee.
    The stamps show no value figures or identification number.
    The labels do include a tracking bar code and number.
       A. With single-line border surrounding the complete design, printed on label 135 mm tall
       B. With no outer border, printed on smaller label, 115 mm tall
    Known variations:
       a. Mail class appears in the frank box
       b. Incomplete box around mail-service letter at upper left
       c. Mailer's name repeated at top outside the frank box
NOTES:
* Merchants have some control over the appearance of the stamp. The e-Postage designation is found in different fonts. The frank box is found in a variety of sizes with contents left justified or centered.
* When inaugurated in September 2011 only certain mail services were available through e-Postage system: Express Mail, Priority Mail, First-Class Mail parcels, Package Services (except Library Mail), and Parcel Select bar-coded non-presort.
* What is common to all e-Postage stamps is that the frank box contains e-Postage (or variant), U.S. POSTAGE PAID (or variant), and the mailer's identification.
# United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/Sub-group PC-G – easypost
#### Sub-group PC-G: Franks generated by "easypost" software, with "easypost" in the frank

* Easypost is a software company that provides companies with integrated shipping options through USPS and several private carriers.
* The company was founded in 2012 although the first stamp came to our attention in 2016.
PC-G1. "easypost" (digital), 2016 but possibly as early as 2012.
    The one stamp we have seen appears on a large address label.
    The stamp contains a PDF417 barcode which sits under "US POSTAGE AND FEES PAID" and {{font|size=5|easypost at the right of the stamp.
    Left of the barcode are the date, ZIP code, "CID" (number), and COMBASE (with no value figures).
    Along the bottom are the weight and identification number with "0901" prefix.
# United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/Sub-group PD-A – Thin arrow pointing right, inverted "POSTAGE DUE" above, inverted "COLLECT" below
#### Sub-group PD-A: Thin arrow pointing right, inverted "POSTAGE DUE" above, inverted "COLLECT" below

* One meter used in one location on four days in 1941.
* Printed in red on the first day and in orange on the remaining days.
Type PD-A-IA3 in 2001 edition
    Post Office Type PO-A6.1B with Postage Due slogan A.
    One meter only: 102973 BROOKLYN / N.Y.
    Used during a four day trial from February 26 to 29 in 1941.
    Impressions from February 26 are in red, subsequent impressions are in orange.
    V/F: . 00 :
NOTES:
* Nearly all known examples are philatelically prepared covers. Non-philatelic covers are extremely rare.
* Proofs on unaddressed covers are known as early as February 24, 1941.
* Postage Due slogan A is known with meter 104859 "NEW YORK / N.Y." dated June 4, 1941. The stamps are demonstration proofs. It was never used to frank actual mail. Only a couple examples are known. [RRRR]
# United States Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/Sub-group PD-B – Right-pointing outline arrow containing "POSTAGE DUE/PAID", barbs on pointed end
#### Sub-group PD-B: Right-pointing outline arrow containing "POSTAGE DUE/PAID", barbs on pointed end

* Three meters were used between 1948 and 1952.
Type PD-B-IA4A in 2001 edition
PD-B1. Pitney Bowes "R" series, September 1948.
    Post Office Type PO-A6.2B with Postage Due slogan B.
    Three meters were used in a trial that lasted a little more than three years, from September 1948 to the end of January 1952:
       A. 156057 NEW YORK / N.Y. (used at GPO New York, September to October 1948)[RRR for favor tape, unknown on non-philatelic cover]
       B. 169333 SAN FRANCISCO / CALIF. (used at Rincon Annex, San Francisco CA from December 7, 1949 to January 30, 1952)[R for favor tape, RRRR on non-philatelic cover]
       C. 170592 SAN FRANCISCO / CALIF. (used at Main P.O., San Francisco CA from December 8, 1949 to January 31, 1952)[R for favor tape, RRRR on non-philatelic cover]
    V/F: ≋ 00 :