OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction to Latin American Studies
## Table of Contents
### Introduction

* Introduction for Students
* Teacher's Guide

### Geography

* Introduction
* What is Latin America?
* A Land of Extremes
* Virtual Field Trips and Web Links
* Teacher's Guide

### American Origins

* Introduction
* The First Americans
* The Olmec
* The Maya
* The Toltecs
* The Aztecs
* The Inca
* North American Cultures
* Art, Music, and Literature
* Virtual Field Trips and Web Links
* Teacher's Guide

### Conquest and Colonialism

* Introduction
* Gold, God, and Glory
* Columbus: Hero or Villain?
* Conquest of Mexico
* Conquest of the Andes
* American Genocide
* American Slavery
* Colonialism: Then and Now
* Art, Music, and Literature
* Virtual Field Trips and Web Links
* Teacher's Guide

### Hopes and Dreams

* Introduction
* Dictators and Dirty Wars
* Poverty
* Drugs
* Guerrilas
* Free Trade: American Dream?
* Nature in Jeopardy?
* Art, Music, and Literature of Contemporary Latin America
* Virtual Field Trips and Web Links
* Teacher's Guide

### American Neighbors

* Introduction
* Al Norte
* Amérixa
* Coming Home: The Mexicans
* Wetback and Green Cards: Crossing the Border
* Cuba:Problems in America's Backyard
* Cuban Americans
* Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Central Americans
* American Incursions
* America Facing the Future
* Latin Art, Music, and Literature in the United States
* Virtual Field Trips and Web Links
* Teacher's Guide

### Appendices

* Authors and Contributors
# Introduction to Latin American Studies/Contents

| Introduction | Introducción |
| Introduction for Students Teacher's Guide | Introducción para Alumnos Guía para Profesores |
| Geography | Geographía |
| Introduction What is Latin America? A Land of Extreems Virtual Field Trips and Web Links Teacher's Guide | Introducción ¿Qué es la América Latina? Una Tierra de Extremos Excursiones Virtuales y Links Guía para Profesores |
| American Origins | Orígenes de la América |
| Introduction The First Americans The Olmec The Maya The Toltecs The Aztecs The Inca North American Cultures Art, Music, and Literature Virtual Field Trips and Web Links Teacher's Guide | Introducción Los Primeres Americanos Los Olmec Los Maya Los Toltecas Los Aztecas Los Inca Las Culturas de la América del Norte Arte, Música, y Literatura Excursiones Virtuales y Links Guía para Profesores |
| Conquest and Colonialism | Conquista y Colonialismo |
| Introduction Gold, God, and Glory Columbus: Hero or Villain? Conquest of Mexico Conquest of the Andies American Genocide American Slavery Colonialism: Then and Now Art, Music, and Literature Virtual Field Trips and Web Links Teacher's Guide | Introducción Oro, Diós, y Gloria Col&oacuten: ¿Héroe o Bandido? Conquista del México Conquista de los Andes Genocidio Americano Esclavitud Americano Colonialismo: Entonces y Ahora Arte, Música, y Literatura Excursiones Virtuales y Links Guía para Profesores |
| Hopes and Dreams | Esperanzas y Sueños |
| Introduction Dictators and Dirty Wars Poverty Drugs Guerrillas Free Trade: American Dream? Nature in Jeopardy? Art, Music, and Literature of Contemporary Latin America Virtual Field Trips and Web Links Teacher's Guide | Introducción Dictaduras y Guerras Sucias Pobresa Drogas Guerrillas Libre Comercio: ¿Sueño Americano? ¿La Naturaleza en Peligro? Arte, Música, y Literatura Contemporanea de la América Latina Excursiones Virtuales y Links Guía para Profesores |
| American Neighbors | Vecinos Americanos |
| Introduction Al Norte Amérixa Coming Home: The Mexicans Wetbacks and Greencards: Crossing the Border Cuba: Problems in America's Backyard Cuban Americans Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Central Americans American Incursions America Facing the Future Latin Art, Music, and Literature in the United States Virtual Field Trips and Web Links Teacher's Guide | Introducción Al Norte Amérixa Revuelta a su Hogar: Los Mexicanos Mojados y Greencards: Cruzando el Borde Cuba: Problemas a lado de los E.E.U.U. Cubano Americanos Puertorriqueños, Dominicanos, and Central Americanos Incursiones Americanos América Frente el Futuro Arte, Música, y Literatura Latina en los Estados Unidos Excursiones Virtuales y Links Guía para Profesores |

## Appendices

* Authors and Contributors

## Notes for Contributors

This is a wiki textbook -- feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential. To find out more about wikis, see the Wikipedia main page.
# Introduction to Latin American Studies/Authors and Contributors
## Original Organization & Compilation
   ### Jonathan Loomis

    2001: BA Spanish/Latin American Studies & Secondary Education - American University, Washington, DC
    2001-2003: Teacher - Wilson Senior High School, Washington, DC
    2003-2005: Teacher - Dole Middle School, Honolulu, HI
    2005- : Teacher - Washington Middle School, Honolulu, HI
# Honda Nighthawk/Links/Performance
## External Links

* Circletrack.com
# Honda Nighthawk/Starting

A General Guide to Trouble Shooting - Starting
contributed by author: doclockwood...700S rider/revivifyer)
HI, it looks like there's a lot of Nighthawk starting issues (on the list) right now. No doubt, it's mostly from all the winterized bikes coming out of hibernation and from plain old gettin' old, the bikes, I mean. If we have some common tips for starting woes, we could all post 'em to the same page and maybe save someone a little time and work by looking for help (t)here. Many many thanks to all who contribute.
Anyway, I have had my share of starting trouble lately, (I sure have a lot to learn about starters) but if there's one thing I'd check first, it would be:
1) Clean the grounds to frame and engine. Shine 'em up, coat 'em w/ something or other(not biting on THAT one...dielectric grease) and then follow up by cleaning all the contacts in the starting/charging circuit. Test 'em all with an Ω meter (couldn't "resist") and a manual. This includes the kill switch and starter button.
2) Make absolutely sure there's a fully charged battery. It may be necessary to buy a new one every season but that would indicate a charging issue. Even if it's just recently charged, it may lose it's cranking ability after just a few seconds when you hit the start button due to the age/inefficiencies of other components. Take a jump from a car and see if it's appreciably stronger(faster spinning starter) than the bike alone. Cleaner contacts and a "known" strong battery work wonders.
3) Install new plugs and wires. This makes an easier path for the battery juice...new plugs every oil change, even if the bike is running great? I dunno...to each his/her own. But it eliminates a variable if it won't start...new plugs can't hurt.
4) A rusty tank? Bad petcock? Got to be clean. And use fresh gas...my suspicion is that Sta-bil may inhibit restarting in the Spring for folx above the Mason-Dixon line...good stuff to keep the water out of the gas tank, but makes for hard starts initially. Another rookie mistake is to use Stabil in the tank but turn off the bike before it's had a chance to get all the way into the carbs and pistons...I'm certainly guilty of this one.
5) Carbs need to be clean, too. Just from the numerous posts on this topic, it's likely the carbs will gum up or clog sometime during your watch so it has to be considered a chronic problem for Nighthawks, esp. the older models. Lo-speed jets need attention here. Bad idle indicates clogged jets, but it may be electrical, too.
6) The starter should be in good condition. It seems like a no-brainer, but if all the above conditions are favorable, then a bad starter may be the problem. No duh, right?:) There are eBay starters out there and folk who refurbish them, so don't despair.
7) If the starter sounds good/performs well and the bike STILL doesn't start, it MAY be a bad coil, though it's a long shot. My bike was firing on cyls 2 and 4 only so I suspected the 1-4 coil as bad, but it was just a cruddy ground. A meter will confirm coil health.
Lots more tips are in the troubleshooting section in the NH 700S manuals in ignition/starting sections.
# Hong Kong Cantonese/Examples/creamy
## Example sentences

* D湯好creamy。
** The soup is creamy.
# Hong Kong Cantonese/Examples/fit
## Example sentences

* 佢嘅身材幾fit喎。
** Her/his body is quite fit.
# Hong Kong Cantonese/Examples/OK

OK is a word commonly used in Hong Kong Cantonese.

## Example sentences

* O唔OK？
** Is it OK?
* OK喇。
** It is OK.
# ILife/iTunes/The iPod

You probably know that the iPod is Apple's popular portable digital music player. These days, you can spot the signature white earbuds everywhere you go, and you've probably know that the latest models can play movies and photos in addition to music. But can you handle using an iPod, or should you let the technically inclined have all the fun? One of the reasons the iPod is so successful is that it's very easy to use. If you ever feel uncertain, just use this chapter.

## Determining your iPod's model

There are six different models of Apple's flagship iPod. While their branding refers to them all simply as "iPod", Apple's support team refers to them by most important new trait in each new model:
* iPod with Scroll Wheel - This iPod's wheel actually moves under your finger. It is white.
* iPod with Touch Wheel - This iPod's wheel is white and touch sensitive, but its buttons are not. It is white.
* iPod with Dock Connector - This iPod has four touch-sensitive buttons lined up above the wheel. It is white.
* iPod with Click Wheel - This iPod has its buttons inside the wheel, which is grey. It has a black and white screen. It is white (except U2 edition, see below).
* iPod with Color Display - This iPod is identical to the iPod with Click Wheel, but has a color screen. It is white (except U2 edition, see below)
* iPod with Video Playback (current) - This iPod supports video playback, and has a large color screen. It comes in black or white (plus U2 edition, see below),
In addition, Apple has produced three spin-off iPods:
* iPod mini - This iPod is made of silver, blue, pink, green, or gold-colored aluminum. It has a black-and white screen.
* iPod shuffle (current) - This iPod does not have a screen.
** First Generation - White, and about the size of a stick of gum.
** Second Generation (current) - Made of silver, blue, pink, green, or orange-colored aluminum. It has a built-in clip.
* iPod nano (current) - This iPod is as thin as a pencil and has a color screen.
** First Generation - White or black front with a mirror-like back.
** Second Generation (current) - Made of silver, blue, pink, green, or black-colored aluminum.
It is important to know your iPod's model when setting it up or using it with iTunes.

## iPods with a Screen

The iPods with a screen are the iPod, iPod Video And the iPod Nano. The first iPod was released in 2003. A computer is needed to use an iPod (if you have an iPod, but no software you can download iTunes Now at http://www.apple.com/itunes/overview/
The 30g iPod Video holds 7,500 songs & 40 videos, The 80g iPod Video holds 15,500 songs & 60 videos, The 1g iPod Nano holds 100 songs & 1 12min video and The 2g iPod Nano holds 180 songs & 2 12min videos.
# IRule

iRule is an app that may be used to control a variety of home electronics including amplifiers, preamps and processors, TV, projectors, satellite dishes and cable boxes, and just about any other device that can be controlled with either infrared (IR), RS 232, or Ethernet networks. The app itself is free of charge and may be downloaded from the Apple App Store and is compatible with both the iPhone and the iPad.

## Contents

   * iRule Introduction & Definitions
   * The Gateway and Hardware
   * iRule Builder Interface Basics
   * iRule Builder Advanced Topics
   * The Gateway and Hardware
   * Setting Up iRule
   * Using iRule
* Advanced Topics
* Appendix A. Device IR Code Base
* Appendix B. Device RS232 Code Base
* Appendix C. Additional Resources
# IRule/iRule Introduction & Definitions
## What is iRule?

IRule is an app for the iPhone/iPad - from now on iPad and iPhone will be used interchangeably. The iRule App is free of charge and may be downloaded from the Apple App Store. Because everyone has different needs and desires, the interface used by the app is customizable and must be designed by the user before it can be used to control any device. Don't worry. This guide will take you step by step on the path to creating your iRule interface. The interface is designed online with an application called iRule Builder and is accessible at the iRule website, www.iruleathome.com. Pictured below is a sample interface that may be used to control a Blu-ray player in a home theater.
# ILife/iTunes/Organizing Media
## Organizing your Media

iTunes was the first application to introduce Apple's famous "Library/Collections" method for organizing items. All music you add to iTunes is stored in a central storage area called your "Library". You can then create lists of music called playlists, which include only links to songs that live in your library.

### Playlists

To create a new blank playlist, press the + button below the sidebar.

### Smart Playlists
## Folders

Folders are a convenient way of keeping playlists organized. They also act like playlists themselves, becoming a sort of playlist of playlists. Selecting a folder in the sidebar will display every song in every playlist contained within it in the contents pane. With a little imagination this can prove to be a powerful feature.
# ITIL v3 (Information Technology Infrastructure Library)
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Service Strategy
* Service Design
* Service Transition
* Service Operation
* Continual Service Improvement
# Judaism/Jewish Population

According to Wikipedia "As of 2020, the world's "core" Jewish population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 14.8 million, 0.19% of the 7.95 billion worldwide population. This number rises to 18 million with the addition of the "connected" Jewish population, including those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish backgrounds from at least one Jewish parent, and rises again to 21 million with the addition of the "enlarged" Jewish population, including those who say they have Jewish backgrounds but no Jewish parents and all non-Jewish household members who live with Jews. Counting all those who are eligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return, in addition to Israeli Jews, raised the total to 23.8 million."
# Judaism/Torah Readings

The Rabbis divided the Torah into 54 Torah readings.
Bereishit, Genesis
* Bereishit, Genesis 1:1-6:8
* Noach, Genesis 6:9-11:32
* Lech-Lecha, Genesis 12:1-17:27
* Vayeira, Genesis 18:1-22:24
* Chayei Sarah, Genesis 23:1-25:18
* Toledot, Genesis 25:19-28:9
* Vayetze, Genesis 28:10-32:3
* Vayishlach, Genesis 32:4-36:43
* Vayeshev, Genesis 37:1-40:23
* Miketz, Genesis 41:1-44:17
* Vayigash, Genesis 44:18-47:27
* Vayechi, Genesis 47:28-50:26
Shemot, Exodus
* Shemot, Exodus 1:1-6:1
* Va'eira, Exodus 6:2-9:35
* Bo, Exodus 10:11-3:16
* Beshalach, Exodus 13:17-17:16
* Yitro, Exodus 18:12-0:23
* Mishpatim, Exodus 21:1-24:18
* Terumah, Exodus 25:1-27:19
* Tetzaveh, Exodus 27:20-30:10
* Ki Tisa, Exodus 30:11-34:35
* Vayakhel, Exodus 35:1-38:20
* Pekudei, Exodus 38:21-40:38
Vayikra, Leviticus
* Vayikra, Leviticus 1:1-5:26
* Tzav, Leviticus 6:1-8:36
* Shemini, Leviticus 9:1-11:47
* Tazria, Leviticus 12:1-13:59
* Metzora, Leviticus 14:1-15:33
* Acharei, Leviticus 16:1-18:30
* Kedoshim, Leviticus 19:1-20:27
* Emor, Leviticus 21:1-24:23
* Behar, Leviticus 25:1-26:2
* Bechukotai, Leviticus 26:3-27:34
Bamidbar, Numbers
* Bamidbar, Numbers 1:1-4:20
* Naso, Numbers 4:21-7:89
* Behaalotecha, Numbers 8:1-12:16
* Shlach, Numbers 13:1-15:41
* Korach, Numbers 16:1-18:32
* Chukat, Numbers 19:1-22:1
* Balak, Numbers 22:2-25:9
* Pinchas, Numbers 25:10-30:1
* Matot, Numbers 30:2-32:42
* Masei, Numbers 33:1-36:13
Devarim, Deuteronomy
* Devarim, Deuteronomy 1:1-3:22
* Va'etchanan, Deuteronomy 3:23-7:11
* Eikev, Deuteronomy 7:12-11:25
* Re'eh, Deuteronomy 11:26-16:17
* Shoftim, Deuteronomy 16:18-21:9
* Ki Teitzei, Deuteronomy 21:10-25:19
* Ki Tavo, Deuteronomy 26:1-29:8
* Nitzavim, Deuteronomy 29:9-30:20
* Vayelech, Deuteronomy 31:1-31:30
* Haazinu, Deuteronomy 32:1-32:52
* V'Zot HaBerachah, Deuteronomy 33:1-34:12
# Judaism/What Is Judaism?

Judaism is a monotheistic religion just like Islam, or a religion believing that one God exists, the Source of all. It has three essential elements, found in all historical forms of Judaism, namely, Torah revelation,
The Torah ("Teaching," in Hebrew) is not only the revelation of God to the Jews that was revelated from Moses. Explicitly described as the eternal covenant that links both to each other, it also presents the fundamental paradigms for all later historical interaction of God. The Torah consists first of all of the Five Books of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy), and secondly the entire Hebrew Scriptures (the Mosaic books of "Teaching" to which are added the "Prophets" and associated historical books, and the "Writings" of wisdom: Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim). These works are together traditionally termed the "Written Torah." There is also thirdly the "Oral Torah" or interpretative tradition, said to extend from the time of Moses with further elaborations down through the ages (even up to the present time) by sagely and inspired exegetes. These oral teachings were eventually consolidated, according to mainstream Judaism, in the Talmud and later Rabbinic writings and commentaries including the mystical writings of the Kabbalah. However, Ethiopian Jewry never knew of the Talmud and followed its own exegetical traditions, and Karaite Judaism quite intentionally developed its own separate oral traditions.
God is understood as the one source of the entire universe, transcendent of both space and time, but, although undifferentiated unity in itself, ever present and sustaining every moment and place in the universe, past, present and future, as Creator, Loving Ruler and ultimate Savior. Creation, i.e., the entire universe, arises out of divine wisdom and mirrors its Creator, God; humanity is also in the divine image, insofar as human beings can actualize the divine attributes of wisdom, love and mercy, justice, etc., in their own lives. In particular the nuclear family is stated in the first chapter of the Bible to reflect the divine image as a whole, since it unites male and female to each other with sustaining love, and creates out of this and nurtures together new life in their children.
# Internet and Society/Dangers/Web Browsing

If a computer is issued to you in the workplace, it is strictly meant for work-related use. The internet is a very powerful and helpful resource millions of people around the world each day. But at work, the use of it should be used with caution. The sites you browse are recorded and can be checked at any time. If the sites you are inappropriate and a superior finds out, then it could cost you your job.
# Internet and Society/Technological Infrastructure

* Network Infrastructure
* Search Technology
* Exercises
# Internet and Society/Technological Infrastructure/Exercises
## Assignment

* Run a series of traceroutes from a local IP address to a variety of IP addresses around the world.
** To run the traceroutes from your computer's IP address:
*** In Windows, open the command prompt (Start>Run, type in "cmd") and type "tracert [address]", where "address" is either an IP address (e.g. 129.64.99.138) or a domain name (e.g. www.brandeis.edu).
*** In Linux or Mac OS X, open a Terminal window and type "traceroute [address]".
*** Five columns will appear. The first is the line number, the second through fourth are the ping times from three attempts at each hop, and the last column is the IP address and/or name of the server hopped to. If there are stars instead of numbers in the middle columns, it means that the trace timed out on that hop and will try a different route.
** To run traceroute from a foreign IP address to a local one, visit www.traceroute.org for a list of international route tracers. Some will let you manually input the final destination; others automatically use your computer's address.
* Record these addresses in a list formatted like this: http://people.brandeis.edu/~tjhickey/map.dot and save it as a .dot file. (Note: this is the same extension as a Microsoft Word template file, so do not be alarmed if the icon changes accordingly.)
* Download the program Graphviz from www.graphviz.org and install it. Feel free to play around with the various options, but to end up with something like this http://people.brandeis.edu/~tjhickey/map.jpg:
** From the series of programs created by the install, run "dot."
** Set the input file as the .dot you created.
** Choose an output path, filename and file type.
** Click Do layout.
** Open your new graph!
* Upload your graph to your Web space.

## Optional fun

* As can be seen at http://people.brandeis.edu/~tjhickey/map3.dot and http://people.brandeis.edu/~tjhickey/map3.jpg, Graphviz can be customized and color-coded.
* There is a program called VisualRoute (www.visualroute.com) that will show your traceroute on a map and graph the relative latency between hops.
* The Web site Geobytes has both an IP locator (http://www.geobytes.com/IpLocator.htm) and a trace route locator (http://www.geobytes.com/traceroutelocator.htm), which will tell you the geographical location of any IP addresses in its databases.
# Internet and Society/Economics and the Internet

* Business models of "Web 2.0" (Twitter, Facebook, etc.)
* Intellectual property and piracy
* Net Neutrality
# Internet and Society/The Internet and the Law

* Copyright and Patent Law
* Privacy
* Censorship
* Defamation
# Internet and Society/Dangers/Viruses

Try to install all new anti-virus programs or threat programs that can update automatically via web connectivity. It's useful to overcome almost all threats in connectivity!
# Internet and Society/Demographics

* ICT use in the US
* Global ICT use
# Internet and Society/Introduction

This wikibook is being developed for the CS33b Internet and Society course which is offered at Brandeis University. It will be written and revised by the students and instructors of the course, but others are of course welcome to contribute. Given the rapid evolution of the interent, we expect this book to be a continually evolving work, always under construction.
# Handbook of epistemology/ Problem solving

This chapter has been transferred to Handbook of epistemology/Research and discovery
# Handbook of epistemology/ The intelligibility of reality

Parts of this old chapter have been transferred to 'Perception and imagination' and 'What is reason?'
# Handbook of epistemology/ The sources of science

This old chapter has been transferred to 'What is reason?'