OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/Safety

Some oils present specific dangers to people who are pregnant, or have medical conditions. In addition to the precautions below, if you are pregnant or have an existing medical condition, always check with your doctor before using essential oils or trying aromatherapy.

## Dosage

In every medicine field, both traditional and alternative, it is understood that there can be too much of a good thing. In both synthetic and all natural medicines, a dose too large becomes a poison rather than a medicine. In standard medicine, this is taken care of for you by a doctor. You may want to consider asking your doctor for advice before using essential oils.
Even if an oil has beneficial properties when used correctly, that same oil can cause harm when misused, or even simply overused. Furthermore, not all bodies react positively to every oil. If an oil makes you feel ill, regardless of what effects it is supposed to have, you should stop using it and talk to a doctor.

## Pregnancy

The following oils should not be used by pregnant women.
* Basil
* Bay Laurel
* Bergamot
* Black Pepper
* Carrot Seed
* Cinnamon
* Cedarwood, Atlas
* Cedarwood, Virginian
* Chamomile, German
* Chamomile, Roman
* Clary Sage
* Clove
* Dill
* Hyssop
* Jasmine
* Juniper Berry
* Marjoram
* Myrrh
* Neroli
* Nutmeg
* Oakmoss
* Oregano
* Parsley
* Peppermint
* Petitgrain
* Rose Geranium
* Rosemary
* Tagetes
* Thyme
* Yarrow

## Medical Disclaimer

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The medical information provided on Wikibooks is, at best, of a general nature and cannot substitute for the advice of a medical professional (for instance, a qualified doctor/physician, nurse, pharmacist/chemist, and so on). Wikibooks is not a doctor.
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Nothing on Wikibooks.org or included as part of any project of Wikimedia Foundation Inc., should be construed as an attempt to offer or render a medical opinion or otherwise engage in the practice of medicine.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Vanilla
## Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia)

Vanilla oil comes from the fruit ("beans") of the Vanilla planifolia plant. It has a sweet scent.

## Properties

Vanilla oil is often used in perfumery, but not often used in aromatherapy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/Carrier oils

Carrier oils (also called base oils) are oils used to dilute essential oils and enable them to be applied to the skin, through massage for example. Carrier oils are generally safe and non-toxic, although individuals may have specific allergies to particular oils (especially nut oils). Although they are used as a vehicle for essential oils, different carrier oils may have certain healing properties of their own.

## Most common carrier oils

* Almond oil
* Aloe vera oil
* Apricot kernel oil
* Avocado oil
* Calendula oil
* Coconut oil
* Evening primrose oil
* Grape seed oil
* Hazelnut oil
* Jojoba oil
* Macadamia oil
* Olive oil
* Peanut oil
* Pecan oil
* Pumpkin seed oil
* Rapeseed oil
* Rosehip oil
* Safflower oil
* Sesame oil
* Sunflower oil
* Walnut oil
* Wheatgerm oil
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Virginian Cedarwood
## Virginian Cedarwood (Juniperus virginiana)

Virginian cedarwood oil comes from the wood of the Juniperus virginiana tree. It has a woody scent.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes anxiety.

### Skin

Improves acne and soothes itchy skin.

## Caution

* Don't use Virginian cedarwood oil during pregnancy.
* It may irritate sensitive skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Yarrow
## Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Yarrow oil comes from the Achillea millefolium plant. It has a sweet, spicy scent. It has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Reduces high blood pressure. Improves hemorrhoids and varicose veins.

### Digestive

Relieves indigestion, flatulence and constipation.

### Gynecological

Regulates the menstrual cycle.

### Skin

Improves eczema, rashes and promotes healing of minor wounds and burns.

### Urological

Relieves cystitis.

## Caution

* Don't use yarrow oil during pregnancy.
* Yarrow oil may irritate sensitive skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/How to make perfumes

While making perfumes one should have an complete knowledge about Pheromones, Olfactory, our senses, mental balance and wide knowledge of plant, animals and of course a lot about nature says Suvesh Kumar.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Vetiver
## Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides)

Vetiver oil comes from the roots of the Chrysopogon zizanioides (Vetiveria zizanioides) plant. It has a woody, earthy scent.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress, nervousness, exhaustion and insomnia.

### Pain

Relieves arthritis, rheumatism and muscle pain.

### Skin

Improves acne and the appearance of aging.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Violet Leaf
## Violet Leaf (Viola odorata)

Violet leaf oil comes from the leaves of the Viola odorata plant. It has a floral, earthy scent.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Stimulates circulation.

### Emotional

Soothes stress and insomnia.

### Pain

Eases rheumatism.

### Respiratory

Relieves bronchitis and sore throat.
# Cognitive Science: An Introduction/Philosophy Methods

Philosophers think carefully, analyze, and write papers. This chapter describes the methods they use in their papers for persuasion.
Argumentation
Using Commonsense Observations
Conceptual Analysis
    Drawing Distinctions Between Words
    Investigation Into the Meaning of Words
Bringing Together Scientific Data Into A Scientific Theory
Thought Experiments
# Cognitive Science: An Introduction/Psychology Methods

Psychology's primary methodology is hypothesis testing through empirical experiments on participants.
There are several methods you should be familiar with.

## Economic Games
### The Dictator Game

In the Dictator Game, one participant is given some amount of a resource (say, $100), and they decide how much of it they get to keep, and how much of it some other participant gets to keep.
If people were completely selfish, they would not give the other person any money. However, experiments find that people tend to give something to the other person in the Dictator Game.

### The Ultimatum Game

In the Ultimatum Game, one participant is given some amount of a resource (say, $100), and they give an offer of some amount of that resource to the other participant. That other participant then gets to either accept the offer, which results in both people getting the money offered in the deal, or rejecting the offer, which results in nobody getting any money at all.
If people were completely selfish, they would accept any offer given to them, even if it was just $1. Chimpanzees do this. But studies of human beings consistently show that people get insulted by very low offers and will reject them. This is usually interpreted as a desire to self-sacrifice in order to reinforce prosocial norms or morality.

### The Public Goods Game

In the Public Goods Game, several participants (say, four) are given some amount of some resource (say, $5). They are given an opportunity to put some of their resource toward a common project. Whatever goes into the project gets doubled and then distributed equally among the participants—regardless of their contribution.
What's best for everyone is if everyone puts in all of their own resource. But what someone can do is keep their $5 and benefit from everyone else putting their money in. As such, this game is intended to be a representation of real-life situations such as donating blood, paying taxes, or caring for a public park.
Undergraduat participants tend to donate 40-60% into the common project, but many people give 100% (cooperators), and many contribute 0% (free riders). The faster people are required to make a decision, the more they tend to give.

### The Prisoner's Dilemma

tk

## References

* 1 2 Henrich, J. (2017). The Secret of Our Success: How Culture is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating our Species, and Making Us Smarter. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Page 192.
# Cognitive Science: An Introduction/Practical Applications of Cognitive Science
## Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is a clear practical use for cognitive science. Today, artificial intelligences, or AIs, do an enormous amount of work in our day-to-day world. Some of this work is doing things that a person could do, and much of it is doing things that no person could do, or could not do as quickly or as well.
It could be that human minds, without augmentation of some kind, are too simple to figure out some of the fundamental things about the universe. Even the behavior of artificial neural networks, themselves AIs, can be too complex to understand, and we need yet other computer tools to help us. Noam Chomsky as suggested that some of today's brightest minds are going into biology rather than physics because the problems of physics might be beyond the reach of the best geniuses of today.

## References

* ↑ Hsu, S. (2015). Don't Worry, Smart Machines Will Take Us With Them. Nautilus, Sept/Oct 2015, 77--80. http://nautil.us/issue/28/2050/dont-worry-smart-machines-will-take-us-with-them
# Cognitive Science: An Introduction/Non-Human Communication
## Communication in Plants

Plants have primitive ways to communicate with each other. When one tree gets attacked by caterpillars, it releases a chemical into the air that nearby trees smell through holes in the leaf (called stomata). They respond by increasing the amount of certain chemicals in their leaves to make them unpalatable. Trees can warn each other. Trees release different chemicals, depending on whether they are under a bacterial or a bug attack, and nearby trees respond accordingly.
Many insect-eating arthropods also respond to this warning signal so that they can come eat the insects devouring the leaves. We have no reason to believe the trees are intending to communicate with each other, or with the arthropods. A system of communication simply evolved.
Fruit ripens in the presence of ethylene in the air—even very minute amounts of it. This can be interpreted as a primitive sense of smell. Ripening fruits also emit ethylene, resulting in many fruits on the same tree ripening at once. What's happening here is that fruits are communicating with each other to make ripening simultaneous.

## References

* ↑ Chamovitz, D. (2012). What a plant knows: A field guide to the senses. Scientific American: New York. Pages 30--45.
# Cognitive Science: An Introduction/Philosophy Methods/Thought Experiments

Einstein's Thought Experiments: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/01/opinion/sunday/the-light-beam-rider.html?_r=0
# Cognitive Science: An Introduction/Proprioception

Proprioception, or kinesthesis, is how you know where your body is and how it moves in space. Because it has to do with bodily-perception, it is considered a part of the "somatosensory system."
It is controlled by the cerebellum.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nc3

Nc3 is the Closed Scandinavian Defense, it may transpose to a Reversed Nimzowitsch/ Caro Kann or a Van Geet opening, this is a solid response but very rare nowadays.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...dxe4
## 2...exd5

Black accepts the gambitted pawn.
# Caro-Kann Panov-Botvinnik Attack

Nf6 is almost always played, with e6 having a particularly bad record.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. c4
| | 4 |
| 1 | Nf6 |
| 2 | e6 |
| 3 | dxc4 |
| 4 | Nc6 |
| 5 | g6 |
| 6 | Bf5 |
| 7 | e5 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# 2. d3

2. d3 is a timid reply, usually played only for surprise value or by beginners. After dxe4 3.dxe4 4.Qxd1+ 4.Kxd1, white can't castle anymore. It doesn't put any pressure on black, either. This is never seen in master play.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. e4 d5 2. d3
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5/2. Bb5

2. Bb5+?!
The Greg Variation. This is considered bad, as Black can halt the check with 2...c6! gaining a tempo on the Bishop with a lead in development.
# Caro–Kann Defence: Fantasy Variation
## 3. f3

White bolsters their e-pawn and hopes to obtain a full pawn centre and a half-open f-file should Black take on e4. It has been used by Alexander Morozevich, the second-highest ranked player in the world (July 2008), with success. It can lead to original positions or transpose to the Steinitz Variation of the French Defence with the moves 3...e6 4. Nc3 Nf6 5. e5 Nfd7 6. f4 c5. The main independent line is 3...dxe4 4. fxe4 e5 5. Nf3 Bg4 6. Bc4 Nd7. Here Black's sixth move is essential; any move which fails to defend the e5 pawn would be a mistake due to Bxf7+ followed by Nxe5+ and Nxg4. If Black wishes to avoid taking on e4, other independent tries include 3...Qb6 (without or with a delayed ...e6) and 3...g6.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# 2. Nf3 - Tennison Gambit

White sacrifices a pawn in the hopes of a potential lead in development. Black will generally make the move 2...dxe4, accepting the gambit. White typically responds with 3. Ng5, hoping for 3...Nf6, at which point they can achieve a lead in development and may play for an opening trap jokingly named the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Variant: 4. d3 exd3 5. Bxd3 h6?? 6.Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Bg6+ Kxg6 8. Qxd8, winning the queen.
Black can avoid this trap and other tricky lines by immediately returning the pawn with 3...e5 4. Nxe4 f5. After White moves the knight, Black may play 5...Be6 protecting the a2-g8 diagonal (else Bc4, preventing Black from castling, poses problems). Black achieves easy development, control of the center and an easy game.
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* ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2xNlzsnPCQ
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation

This common line awaits its researchers and champions!

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2 e6 9. Ngf3 Bxf3 10. Nxf3 Bd6
| | 11 |
| O-O |
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# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Nodes

| previous module: "Color Map Normal Mapping" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Texture Nodes" |
Blender’s Node Editor lets you assemble various processing blocks (nodes) into combinations which feed data to one another along connections that you specify to produce complex effects. These effects can be used in three different ways: as textures, as materials, or for compositing. The Node Editor makes different kinds of processing blocks available, depending on which of the three kinds of effects you are producing:
* Texture nodes
* Material nodes
* Compositing nodes
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Normal Mapping

| previous module: "Bump Mapping" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Texture Normal Mapping" |
Noob Warning: This technique is best used for models and animation, and is not well used and applied in the Blender Game Engine
Normal Mapping in 3D graphics development is the process of using an RGB color-map to create a three-dimensional relief on a two-dimensional plane. The source for the normal map in blender can either be a texture already installed in Blender, or using an external picture-file (.jpg, .jpeg, .bmp, and so on) and loading it as a normal map. One great aspect of Blender and normal maps is that Blender can very easily be used to create normal maps that can be turned around and used in blender to reduce poly count. This tutorial will show the various ways to create a normal map and how to apply different normal maps to your model in Blender.
Sections within Chapter:
* Texture Normal Mapping
* Color Map Normal Mapping
| previous module: "Bump Mapping" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Texture Normal Mapping" |
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Nav Demo Page 3

| previous module: "Nav Demo Page 2" | • Table of Contents • Glossary |
This is the last page of this sample Blender wikibook, and therefore does not link to a Next Page.
| previous module: "Nav Demo Page 2" | • Table of Contents • Glossary |
# Computer Programming Principles/The Problem/Trial And Error

Suppose you have a function foo that takes the arguments a and b. However, there is an API bar available but the documentation is very vague. What needs to be passed to bar? Should b or a come first? Trying repeatedly, you find out that bar is almost completely undocumented. Worse, the code is closed. What are you going to do?
# Computer Programming Principles/Maintaining/Testing
## Introduction

Software testing is used to gain valuable information about a program's quality and can be used to uncover problems. Software testing is only as good at the conditions tested for. Untested conditions can still cause a program to function in unexpected ways. Knowing what requirements and priorities the program has is a major step in preparation for software testing. Software testing can help you find answers to:
* Are the requirements for the program satisfied?
* Are there any gaps in the program's requirements?
* Are there defects or failures in the program's designed?
* Are there any unexpected errors?
* Does the program work as expected?

## Build scripts

Try to set up "one-button testing". That makes it much more convenient to type a little, then hit that button which
* saves the file you just edited,
* compiles the application with all the appropriate options (such as "-fno-emit-frame", if necessary), and
* runs a few quick tests, to make sure your "improvements" don't accidentally break something else.
Spending an hour to code up a few tests and set up one-button testing may *seem* like it is more hassle than it is worth. Manually compiling the file, and manually run through the various parts of the application to make sure they work, may take far less than an hour. But trust me, most programs you are going to edit-compile-test many, many times. And a year from now, when you make just one tiny little change, wouldn't you much rather push-the-button and be done with it, rather than
* manually compile the file
* manually run through the application and see that it suddenly it doesn't work any more
* pull out your hair until
* hours later, you remember you needed to include "-fno-emit-frame"
* manually re-compile the file, this time with "-fno-emit-frame"
* start testing all over from the beginning.
There are lots of ways to set up an automated build system.
One-button testing is just one part of the continuous integration recommended by some programmers.
Even lawyers can see the advantages of automated build scripts.

## Further reading

* ↑ 'Avoid the “Build Guru”'
# Computer Programming Principles/Methodologies/Reverse Programming

Reverse Programming is a process of coding an initial application or functional portion without an upfront design through an inventive top down process.
The method can be demonstrated using a simple math tree. First you start with your answer, say 9. Then you decide how you would arrive at 9, of the many possibilities you choose 4+5. Now you have 9=4+5. You can proceed to replace the 4 and 5 with a further math function. Suppose 4=2*2 and 5 = 3+2, so now the final formula would be 9=(2*2)+(3+2). The process can continue indefinitely. The point being is that you did not know up front how you would arrive at 9 but were able to start immediately without planning.
In the case of software development it is possible to start with the end result, at each stage of working backwards you can use constants and then replace those constants with functions or objects, etc.
The nice thing about this process is that it helps not to "over design" as the choice of each step backwards is usually the simplest.
Reverse programming was developed by William Egge by video recording his code edits and then reviewing them. He was inspired by the difficulty and being overwhelmed by complex problems and wanted an easier method that "flowed" without having to design up front.
# Computer Programming Principles/The Problem
## The Problem

Most software programs are made because there is a problem that needs to be addressed or solved. Before a problem can be addressed, you need to clearly identify the problem or problems that need to be addressed. In this section you will learn basic skills to identifying problems.

### Problem Statement

A problem statement is a description of the issues that need to be addressed. A good problem statement answers:
* What is the problem? This should help explain why a program is needed.
* Who has the problem? This should help identify who is likely to use the program.
If the answers are too general, thinking and creativity may be required.
# Computer Science Design Patterns

The term Design Patterns can confuse you at first, or it can seem like something incredibly difficult. In fact it is nothing more than convenient ways of identifying, labelling and coding general solutions to recurring design problems.
So design patterns are nothing more than commonly occurring patterns in design that are repeatable and generalist enough to be written down and named as software design constructs that all can commonly identify and apply. Note however that a design pattern refers to the logical structure of the code, what it does and how it addresses the issues, not on direct code portability across projects, but in the portability of the way design issues can be addressed.
Imagine yourself working in a project team and someone just wrote a class and is trying to explain to you that only one instance is allowed. Instead the person could simply say "The class I just wrote is a Singleton".
Patterns can be classified in different categories, of which the main categories are: Creational Patterns, Structural Patterns and Behavioral Patterns.

## External links

* Java Design Patterns tutorial
* History of Design Patterns