OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Algorithm Implementation/Pseudorandom Numbers

* Blum Blum Shub
* Blum–Micali
* Chi-Square Test
* Complementary-multiply-with-carry
* Counter-based random number generator (CBRNG)
* Inversive congruential generator
* ISAAC
* KISS
* Lagged Fibonacci generator
* Linear congruential generator
* Linear feedback shift register
* Maximal periodic reciprocals
* Mersenne twister
* Middle-square method
* MIXMAX generator
* Multiply-with-carry
* Naor–Reingold pseudorandom function
* Park–Miller
* RC4 PRGA
* Well equidistributed long-period linear
* Wichmann-Hill (1982) PRNG
* Xorshift
* Xoroshiro128+
* Yarrow
# AVCE Information and Communication Technology/Presenting information
## Contents

* Styles of writing and use of language
* Accuracy and readability
* Styles of presentation
* How organisations gather and present information
* Standard ways of working
# ATS: Programming with Theorem-Proving/Installing and operating the ATS compiler
## Installing ATS

NOTE: these instructions have been tested on Ubuntu Linux, and may need to be changed for other distributions.
On Linux, the first step is to download the stable version of the current ATS compiler, ATS/Anairiats. The filename should be along the lines of "ats-lang-anairiats-x.x.x.tar.gz", where "x.x.x" stands for version. Then you can install either into /usr/share/atshome/ or into some directory under your home directory.

### Installing into /usr/share/atshome/

Open a terminal and invoke
Now add this to the environment:

### Installing into home directory

If you choose to install in a different directory, say ~/FOO, untar into some temporary directory first:
Then move /tmp/usr/share/atshome to ~/FOO:
And then add the following to ~/.bashrc:
An explanation of the meaning of the two environment variables is in order. Both are assumed to be non-empty.
* ATSHOME is an absolute path to the ATS installation directory
* ATSHOMERELOC is a version of the installed ATS compiler, and is used for name mangling in the generated code

## The first program

For testing, please write the following in your favorite text editor:
implement main = print "hello, world!\n"
and save it into a file named hello.dats. Then please issue the following command-line:
If everything goes fine, then ./hello is a newly generated executable, which should print the string "Hello, world!" and a newline onto the console when executed.

## File extensions

There are two major types of files you'll be interested in:
* files containing module interface, having the extension .sats (the first letter comes from "statics")
* files containing implementation of interface, with the extension .dats (the first letter comes from "dynamics")
The meaning of "statics" and "dynamics" will be explained later.
# ATS: Programming with Theorem-Proving

ATS is a programming language that unifies specification and implementation. It is equipped with a highly expressive type system rooted in the framework Applied Type System, which also gives the language its name. In ATS, a variety of programming paradigms are supported, including functional programming, imperative programming, (a restricted form of) object-oriented programming, modular programming, etc. In addition, ATS contains a theorem-proving component ATS/LF that allows proofs to be constructed as total functions. With this component, ATS advocates a programmer-centric approach to program verification that combines programming with theorem proving: How do we know that a program is correctly implemented? We ask the programmer implementing the program to also construct a proof attesting to that the program meets its specification. Furthermore, the theorem-proving component ATS/LF may be used as a logical framework for encoding various deduction systems and their (meta-)properties.
What makes ATS distinctive is its emphasis on employing types and proofs to ensure program safety. For example, dereferencing null-pointers can be ruled out in ATS statically, i.e., at compile-time; out-of-bounds array subscripting can be ruled out statically; improper handling of memory such as leaking and double-freeing can be ruled out statically; etc. More importantly, ATS offers the programmer a great deal of flexibility in designing a type-based approach to capturing specific safety violations that he or she is interested in.
This wikibook is aimed to introduce you to the ATS programming language, from the basics to the most advanced features and is positioned be an alternative presentation of the official tutorial. We do not aim to teach you programming, for which you should consult other books (e.g. HtDP).

## Contents

* Preface
* Language Basics
* Installing the ATS programming language system
* Installing and operating the ATS compiler
* The compilation commands: atsopt and atscc
* Tail-call and Tail-recursion
# ATS: Programming with Theorem-Proving/Tail-call and Tail-recursion

Tail-recursion is of crucial importance for programming in ATS.
Suppose that a function foo calls a function bar, where foo and bar may be the same one. If the return value of the call to bar is also the return value of foo, then this call to bar is often referred to as a tail-call. If foo and bar are the same, then this is a (recursive) self tail-call. For instance, there are two recursive calls in the body of the function f91 defined as follows:
fun f91 (n: int): int = if n >= 101 then n - 10 else f91 (f91 (n+11))
The outer recursive call is a self tail-call while the inner one is not.
If each recursive call in the body of a function is a tail-call, then this function is a tail-recursive function. For instance, the following function sum2 is tail-recursive:
fun sum2 (n: int, res: int): int = if n > 0 then sum2 (n-1, n+res) else res
In ATS, the single most important optimization is probably the one that turns a self tail-call into a (local) jump. This optimization effectively turns every tail-recursive function into the equivalent of a loop. Although ATS provides direct syntactic support for constructing for-loops and while-loops, the preferred approach to loop construction in ATS is through the use of tail-recursive functions.
# ATS: Programming with Theorem-Proving/Installing the ATS programming language system

In this article we provide instructions on installing the ATS compiler on your system. At the end, a very simple program is provided to help you test your installation.

## Installing ATS

NOTE: these instructions have been tested on Ubuntu Linux, and may need to be changed for other distributions.
On Linux, the first step is to download the stable version of the current ATS compiler, ATS/Anairiats. The filename should be along the lines of "ats-lang-anairiats-x.x.x.tar.gz", where "x.x.x" stands for version. Then you can install either into /usr/share/atshome/ or into some directory under your home directory.

### Installing into /usr/share/atshome/

Open a terminal and invoke
Now add this to the environment:

### Installing into home directory

If you choose to install in a different directory, say ~/FOO, untar into some temporary directory first:
Then move /tmp/usr/share/atshome to ~/FOO:
And then add the following to ~/.bashrc:

## The first program

For testing, please write the following in your favorite text editor:
implement main = print "hello, world!\n"
and save it into a file named hello.dats. Then please issue the following command-line:
If everything goes fine, then ./hello is a newly generated executable, which should print the string "Hello, world!" and a newline onto the console when executed.

## File name extensions

There are two major types of files you'll be interested in:
* the extension .sats (the first letter comes from "statics") is for files containing module interface, and
* the extension .dats (the first letter comes from "dynamics") is for files containing implementation of interface.
The meaning of "statics" and "dynamics" will be explained later.
# AVCE Information and Communication Technology
## Course Structure

The AVCE is an advanced level vocational qualification aimed at students in the 17 - 19 age range. To be awarded an AVCE (Double Award) qualification in ICT, a student must complete a total of twelve modules, to include the six compulsory modules and any six optional modules.

## Modules
### Compulsory Modules

* Presenting information
* ICT serving organisations
* Spreadsheet design
* System installation & configuration
* System analysis
* Database design

### Optional Modules

* Programming
* Communications & networks
* Multimedia
* Graphics
* Computer-aided design & manufacture
* The internet: systems & services
* Managing & developing websites
* Project management
* Numerical modelling & simulations
* The human-computer interface
* ICT & business accounts
* User support
* Impact of computers on society & the environment
* Animation, sound & video
* Data logging, computer control & robtics
* Programs: specification to product
* Operating systems & systems architecture
* Artificial intelligence & knowledge-based systems
* Local area networking technologies
* Wide area networking & routing technologies
# ATRIAS 2.1 Handbook/Technical Specifications/Toe Cell

Measurements resulting from these cells should be accurate to within 5 Newtons.
| Unit Letter | Sensitivity [N/bit] | Offset [N] |
| A | 0.2883 | 1872.2 |
| B | Example | Example |
# American Sign Language/Lesson 1

Welcome to Lesson One of the American Sign Language wikibook! Before we even begin the alphabet, which will teach us many of the handshapes required for the rest of this lesson, we must learn where to sign. The area where one produces signs is called the signing space. Most of your signs will be produced in this space - very few are produced elsewhere, though this is sometimes done for effect.
The signing space includes the area in front of your face, your shoulders and the upper chest, and extends about a foot both left and right. It is important to sign in this space, as this allows others to see both your signs and your face simultaneously. Since your facial expression conveys grammatical information (non-manual markers) in addition to emotional affect, it is important that this is possible. If you sign too low, or make very large signs which leave this space, it will be awkward to watch you.

## Content

* Fingerspelling 1
* Vocabulary 1
* Basic Grammar 1
* Simple Sentences 1
# American Sign Language/Linguistics
## Linguistics

ASL is a natural language as proved to the satisfaction of the linguistic community by William Stokoe, and contains phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax and pragmatics just like spoken languages. It is a manual language or visual language, meaning that the information is expressed not with combinations of sounds but with combinations of handshapes, palm orientations, movements of the hands, arms and body, location in relation to the body, and facial expressions. While spoken languages are produced by the vocal cords only, and can thus be easily written in linear patterns, ASL uses the hands, head and body, with constantly changing movements and orientations. Like other natural sign languages, it is "three dimensional" in this sense. ASL is used natively and predominantly by the Deaf and hard-of-hearing of the United States and Canada.

### Iconicity

Although it often seems as though the signs are meaningful of themselves, in fact they can be as arbitrary as words in spoken language. For example, a child may often make the mistake of using the word "you" to refer to themselves, since others use that word to refer to him or her. Children who acquire the sign YOU (pointing at one's interlocutor) make similar mistakes – they will point at others to mean themselves, indicating that even something as seemingly explicit as pointing is an arbitrary sign in ASL, like words in a spoken language.
However, Edward Klima and Ursula Bellugi have modified the common theory that signs can be self-explanatory by grouping signs into three categories:
* Transparent: Non-signers can usually correctly guess the meaning
* Translucent: Meaning makes sense to non-signers once it is explained
* Opaque: Meaning cannot be guessed by non-signers
Klima and Bellugi used American Sign Language in formulating that classification. The theory that signs are self-explanatory can be conclusively disproved by the fact that non-signers cannot understand fluent, continuous sign language. The majority of signs are opaque.
Generally, signs that are "Transparent" are signs of objects or words that became popular after the basics of ASL were established. There are, of course, exceptions to this.

## References

* ↑ Tennant, Richard (1998). The American Sign Language Handshape Dictionary. Clerc Books. ISBN 1563680432.
* ↑ (2005), Downs, Sharon. Make A Difference. University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
# American Sign Language/Idioms

American Sign Language (ASL) is the main language of members of the Deaf community in the United States. One major component of their language is the use of idioms. The validity of these idioms have often been questioned or confused with metaphorical language. It is important to first define the term idiom as "A speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements," (Idiom, 2007). The following examples are written in ASL glossing. These idioms further validate ASL as a language unique and independent of English. Idioms in ASL bond people in the Deaf community because they are expressions that only members of the in-group can understand.

## Examples

"TRAIN-GO-SORRY" is one of the most widely-used idioms and is similar to the English idiom You missed the boat,(Cohen, 1995). Another variation of this idiom is "CIGARETTE-GONE" (Vicars, 2005).
"COW-IT" is roughly translated into I don't care for [something], (Schmidt, 2007).
"FINISH-TOUCH" is the ASL idiom that is similar to the English phrase, Been there, done that, (Vicars, 2005).
"I-I-I" signed repeatedly on the chest is an idiom that is translated into the English word egotistical, (Duncan et al.).

## References

Cohen, L. (1995). Train Go Sorry. New York, NY: Vintage.
Duncan et al. "ASL Idioms." ASL Pro. Retrieved October 6, 2007 from
idiom. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved October 6, 2007, from
Schmidt, M. (2007). ASL Story. Oh, I see. Retrieved October 6, 2007, from
Vicars, W. (2005). "Idioms in ASL." American Sign Language University. Retrieved October 6, 2007, from
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Primitive Technology
## Making Gun Flints

On the manufacture of gun-flints, the methods of excavating for fling, the ... By Sydney Barber Josiah Skertchly

## See also

* Bow and Arrows
* Flint Knapping
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Measurements
## Land Measurements

9 square feet = 1 square yard
30 1/4 square yards = 1 square rod
40 square rods = 1 rood
1 acre = 4 roods = 160 rods = 4840 square yards = 43,560 square feet
1 acre = 208.71X208.71 feet = 43,560 square feet = 10 square Gunter's chains
1 acre = 220X198 feet
A square 1/2 acre = 147.58X147.58 feet = 110X198 feet
A square 1/4 acre = 104.355X104.355 feet = 55X198 feet
A section of land = 640 acres = 1 square mile
Useful information for practical men compiled for E. I. Du Pont de Nemours ... By E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Metal Alloys
## Metal Alloy Percentages

In one hundred parts.
Babbit's metal - Tin 89, copper 3.7, antimony 7.3
Fine yellow brass - Copper 66, zinc 34
Gun metal, valves, etc. - Copper 90, tin 10
White brass - Copper 10, zinc 80, tin 10
German silver - Copper 33.3, zinc 33.4, nickel 33.3
Church bells - Copper 80, zinc 5.6, tin 10.1, lead 4.3
Gongs Copper - 81.6, tin 18.4
Lathe bushes - Copper 80, tin 20
Machinery bearings - Copper 87.5, tin 12.5
Muntz metal - Copper 60, zinc 40
Sheathing metal - Copper 56, zinc 44
Useful information for practical men compiled for E. I. Du Pont de Nemours ... By E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Seeds
## Estimated Quanties of Seed Required for the Space Given

Asparagus—1 ounce produces 1,000 plants, and requires a bed 12 feet square.
Asparagus Roots—1,000 plants a bed 4 feet wide and 225 feet long.
English Dwarf Beans—1 quart plants from 100 to 150 feet of row.
French Dwarf Beans—1 quart plants 250 to 350 feet of row.
Beans, pole, large—1 quart plants 100 hills.
Beans, pole, small—1 quart plants 39 hills, or 250 feet of row.
Beets—10 pounds to the acre; 1 ounce plants 150 feet of row.
Broccoli and Kale—1 ounce plants 2,500 plants, and requires 40 square feet of ground.
Cabbage—Early sorts same as broccoli, and require 60 square feet of ground.
Cauliflower—the same as cabbage.
Carrot—1 ounce to 150 feet of row.
Celery—1 ounce gives 7,000 plants, and requires 8 square feet of ground.
Cucumber—1 ounce for 150 hills,
Cress—1 ounce sows a bed 16 feet square.
Egg Plant—1 ounce gives 2,000 plants.
Endive—1 ounce gives 3,000 plants, and requires 80 feet of ground.
Leek—1 ounce gives 2,000 plants, and requires 60 feet of ground.
Lettuce—1 ounce gives 7,000 plants, and requires seed bed of 120 feet.
Melon—1 ounce for 120 hills.
Nasturtium—1 ounce sows 25 feet of row.
Onion—1 ounce sows 20.) feet of row.
Okra—1 ounce sows 200 feet of row.
Parsley—1 ounce sows 200 feet of row.
Parsnip—1 ounce sows 250 feet of row.
Peppers—1 ounce gives 2,500 plants.
Peas—1 quart sows 120 feet of row.
Pumpkin—1 ounce to 150 hills.
Radish—1 ounce to 100 feet.
Salsify—1 ounce to 50 feet of row.
Spinach—1 ounce to 200 feet of row.
Squash—1 ounce to 75 hills.
Tomato—1 ounce gives 2,500 plants, requiring seed bed of 80 feet.
Turnip—1 ounce to 2,000 feet.
Watermelon—1 ounce to 50 hills.
Our pocket compendium of practical information: a library in a nut-shell By Chrome Steel Works, Brooklyn
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Travel, Primitive
## Dangers of Travel under Primitive Conditions

One can easily imagine the dangers and difficulties of travel under primitive conditions. Land and sea are infested with robbers and murderers. He who goes from settlement to settlement must run the risk of facing outlaws, wild beasts, severity of weather, and starvation. The one taking such chances should be entitled to special consideration in order that intercourse might be promoted. The best classes of men would encourage punishment to outlaws, for the safety of the itinerants. Through travelers, people receive information regarding what is going on in the outside world. There would probably be in such lands no written language. News must be passed from mouth to mouth. Wayfarers must depend upon the clemency and generosity of people along the road, or intercourse must cease. The typical mode of carrying on business in such society is by means of barter. Many classes have no medium of exchange, or, if they have, it is of such a nature that it cannot easily be handled and transported. Stones for hatchet-making, colored clay for paints, skins for clothing, animals, especially oxen and sheep, shells, corn, tobacco, and various other substances have been used extensively, either in primitive America or elsewhere; so to offer these in payment for lodging would be usually inconvenient and often impossible.
The American Indian as a product of environment: with special reference to ... By Arthur John Fynn
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Vinegar
## See also

Acetic Acid; Acids; Cooking

## Cider Vinegar, Making

If you have a good barrel that has had vinegar in it before, it will always be desirable to keep it for the express purpose of containing it, and never to use it for anything else. The advantage of this will be, that your cask will be well seasoned, which will materially increase the acidity, promote the quality, and accelerate the progress of the vinegar, so as to bring it to perfection, and give it a superior strength and flavour.
Take any quantity of cider that is old, strong, harsh, or of an inferior quality, and add to it the same quantity of cider from the wring, or press; rouse it up well, and fix it in a warm place, or in the sun, which is certainly the best for its progress; stir it well till the acetous or second fermentation be brought on, after which it should remain in that state till it becomes quite sour; then remove it to the cellar for use, leaving open the bung at the time of making, and when settling after the fermentation. Stop it only with a slate or tile afterwards ; the vinegar will soon arrive at full flavour and perfection.
The vintner's, brewer's, spirit merchant's, and licensed victualler's guide ... By Vintner
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Tags

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Tags is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Tags in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Tags in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* 3.9: Tagged Types and Type Extensions

#### Ada 2005

* 3.9: Tagged Types and Type Extensions

#### Ada 2012

* 3.9: Tagged Types and Type Extensions

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-tags.ads
* Body: a-tags.adb
drake
* Specification: a-tags.ads
* Body: a-tags.adb
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Tags.Generic Dispatching Constructor

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Tags.Generic_Dispatching_Constructor is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Tags.Generic_Dispatching_Constructor in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Tags.Generic_Dispatching_Constructor in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* 3.9: Tagged Types and Type Extensions

#### Ada 2012

* 3.9: Tagged Types and Type Extensions
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Wide Maps

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Maps is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada
* Ada Programming/Strings

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Maps in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Maps in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-stzmap.ads
* Body: a-stzmap.adb
drake
* Specification: strings/a-stzmap.ads
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Wide Maps.Wide Wide Constants

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Maps.Wide_Wide_Constants is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Maps.Wide_Wide_Constants in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Maps.Wide_Wide_Constants in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-szmzco.ads
drake
* Specification: strings/a-szmzco.ads