OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# SwisTrack/Components/InputCameraGigE
## Description

This component grabs frames from a Basler Vision gigabit ethernet camera (scout or pilot series, or a compatible model) using the Basler Pylon driver (version 2.0). Note that this component is not part of the standard distribution of SwisTrack and requires compiling SwisTrack by yourself.

## Input

A Pylon compliant GigE (Gigabit Ethernet) camera, such as the scout or pilot GigE cameras from Basler Vision.

## Output

A grayscale or a color image.

## Trigger Mechanism

If configured in software trigger mode, this component always accepts processing frames.
In all other trigger modes, the component vetoes execution until the next frame from the camera is ready.

## Parameters
### Camera

Choose the GigE camera you want to use to acquire images. The special entry "Any" takes any available camera (actually the camera that the driver lists as first camera).

### Mode

Color or grayscale mode. Note that you anyway need to add an input conversion component.

### Trigger mode

If you have an external trigger connected to your camera, select the trigger input line here. Acquisition will be triggered on the rising edge.
Timer uses the internal timer of the camera.
Software trigger sends the trigger signal over ethernet, which is not as precise as an external trigger or the internal timer. (In this configuration, the component does not act as a trigger.)

### Timer

Sets the internal timer trigger of the camera. Note that this field is only used if Trigger mode is set to Timer.

### Exposure time

Raw exposure time. This value is multiplied by the exposure time base of the camera to obtain the actual exposure time. Refer to the camera documentation for details.

### Analog gain

Analog gain. Refer to the camera documentation for details.

### Area of Interest (Offset and Size)

The image area to sample and transmit. Smaller areas will result in higher frame rates.

### Input buffer size

The number of input buffers (in number of frames) to provide to the camera driver. The camera driver will fill these buffers in case the computer is temporarily busy with other tasks and not able read the frames at the speed they arrive. Recommended values are:
* 1 - 4 for online processing (e.g. for live tracking of robots)
* 8 - 16 for offline processing (e.g. recording for post-experiment analysis)
# SwisTrack/Components/InputCameraUSB
## Description

This component allows you to grab images from any camera supported by OpenCV. The output images are grayscale or color images.

## Input

A camera supported by OpenCV.

## Output

A grayscale or a color image.

## Parameters
### Camera number

The number of the camera. The system usually enumerates them starting with 0 for the first camera. Set to -1 for "any camera". (Note that the iSight cameras built into MacBooks need this values to be 0.)
# TeX/dump

< TeX

## Synopsis

\dump

## Description

\dump is valid only when running INITeX, and most users of TeX will never have to use it. It essentially replaces \end when writing a format file, and tells TeX to output all previous coding in a .fmt file that TeX can quickly read in while processing a document.
# TeX/endgroup
## Description

End the current group. See also \begingroup.
# TeX/edef
## Synopsis

\edef <command> {<replacement-text>}

## Description

\edef is similar to \def in that it allows you to define new macros or replace an existing macro. The significant defining difference between \edef and \def is that \edef expands macros at definition time, rather than saving them for later. This difference allows \edef to be used to append new information to a macro, for example:
results in the output "ABC". Attempting to do this example with \def instead will result in the error "TeX capacity exceeded, sorry". This behavior can be useful in loops that compile a string of information, but do not end up outputting the information directly.
# TeX/end

< TeX

## Synopsis

\end

## Description

\end ends the current TeX document. \end is not recommended because it is low-level and conflicts with LaTeX.
Should I use \bye instead?
# TeX/endinput
## Description

* This command terminates the input process in the middle of a file. It is redundant at the end of a file.
* On encountering this command, TeX continues reading until the end of the line. This makes it possible to wrap \endinput in an \if oneliner.

## Example

If the \if statement cannot be a oneliner (for legibility reasons, say), then one can use \expandafter:
# TeX/definition/modes/Math mode

Math mode, represented by $...$ in the code file, is a mode used by TeX compilers to specify the spacing between various glyphs. To this end, TeX has math glue, which functions almost identically to text glue, except that there are more nuances to the spacing interactions.
There are eight math styles, which affect scaling, subscripts and exponents, etc.: -display (D) -text (T) -script (S) -scriptscript (SS) and their cramped counterparts, D', T', S', SS'.
There are eight CLASSES of math objects, which behave differently from one another in math mode: 0. ordinary (\mathord, or {...}) is "just symbols," e.g. numbers -- not italicized 1. large operator (\mathop) is centered vertically on the axis, changes in size and placement of subscript and superscript depending on D or T -- can be controlled by \limits\displaylimits or \nolimits\displaylimits -- e.g. \sum and \lim 2. binary operator (\mathbin) e.g. + and \pm 3. relation (\mathrel) e.g. = and < (note that : is a relation, whereas \colon is punctuation) 4. opening symbol (\mathopen) -- note that this refers only to spacing, and that delimiter sizing is controlled by other means 5. closing symbol (\mathclose) 6. punctuation (\mathpunct) e.g. , and \colon 7. variable family (\fam) e.g. letters -- italicized
# TeX/definition/modes/Restricted horizontal mode

Once an \hbox has been declared that can grow arbitrarily wide, the mode that is invoked is the Restricted Horizontal Mode.
One example of being within a restricted horizontal mode occurs when you use \multirow command from within a table. No use of any symbols or escape sequences or even attempt to type parentheses or other special characters. for example if one was to try to type (?>blah) into this using \verb#(?>blah)# there's an error or \begin{verbatim}(?>blah)\end{verbatim} which makes this difficult to insert symbols into that first column of a multirow. I have also searched many text references to find the answer to this, and have come up empty handed.
# TeX/divide
## Description

The form <register> must be a register that contains either a number, dimension, or glue; and <nonzero-integer> is any integer except zero. The value in <register> is divided by <nonzero-integer> and the result is stored in <register> overwriting the original value. When both numerator and denominator are integer valued, the division is modular. In the case of glue, all three parts are divided by <nonzero-integer>.
# TeX/else
## Description

The \else command is used to include the optional else construct of TeX's many if-then-else control structures which include:
* \if
* \ifcase
* \ifcat
* \ifdim
* \ifeof
* \iffalse
* \ifhbox
* \ifhmode
* \ifinner
* \ifmmode
* \ifnum
* \ifodd
* \iftrue
* \ifvbox
* \ifmode
* \ifvoid
* \ifx
The use of each of these take the form
where \if* is one of the commands listed above, <arguments> are all the arguments, if any, required by \if*, and <TeX code 1> and <TeX code 2> are each a piece of TeX code. The code "\if*<arguments>" either evaluates to true of false; if true then TeX processes <TeX code 1> and ignores <TeX code 2>; if false then TeX ignores <TeX code 1> and processes <TeX code 2>.

## Examples

Consider the code
\ifmmode tests whether TeX is in one of the math modes; it does not require any arguments, and so <arguments> is blank. If TeX is in one of the math modes then \ifmmode evaluates to true. So if the above code were used in math mode, then the expression as a whole would reduce to "\mathcal{A}", otherwise "$\mathcal{A}$".
Now consider
In this case \ifodd requires an argument that evaluated to an integer. "\ifodd2" evaluates to false, and so the TeX will typeset the word "even".
# TeX/endcsname
## Description

Used with \csname. Ends the currently to be constructed command name. Please take note, that \csname/\endcsname enjoy special treatment by \expandafter
# Solutions to Hartshorne's Algebraic Geometry/Projective Morphisms

[Hartshorne 5.14]
Proof:
Proof: \textbf{ Claim I}: $S$ is a domain.\\ It is easy!\\
Let $S_{x_{i}}, 0\leq i\leq r,$ be a localization of $S$. It is a graded ring. For any element $x\in S_{x_{i}}$ we define the degree of x, $deg(x)$, by the degree of the lowest homogeneous part of $x.$ Construct a ring $\Gamma=\{x|x\in \cap_{0\leq i\leq r}S_{x_{i}}, deg(x)\geq 0\}$,
\textbf{ Claim II}: $\Gamma$ is integral over $S$, and $\Gamma_{\geq n}=S_{\geq n}$ for sufficiently large enough $n$.\\
Let $y\in \Gamma.$ Then by the definition of $\Gamma,$ we have for any $x_{i}, 0\leq i\leq r,$ there exists an integer $n_{i}$, such that $x_{i}^{n_{i}}y\in S.$ Thus there is an integer $N,$ such that $ yS_{\geq N}\subseteq S.$ Especially, we have $x_{0}^{N}y\in S.$ On the other hand, since the degree of $y,$ $deg(y)\geq 0,$ we have for any integer $r$, $x^{N}_{0}y^{r}\in S.$ Thus we have $S[y]\subseteq S\frac{1}{x_{0}^{N}},$ where $S\frac{1}{x_{0}^{N}}$ is a finite generated $S$ module. So $y$, and furthermore the whole $\Gamma$ is integral over $S.$\\
Further, since $S$ is a finite generated domain over a filed $k$, we have that $\Gamma$ as a $S$ module, must be finite. And from the method we have used above, we could prove that for any $y\in \Gamma,$ there is an integer $N$, such that $yS_{\geq N}\subseteq S.$ Thus, we get for sufficiently large enough $n,$ $\Gamma_{\geq n}=S_{\geq n}.$ \\
Construct rings $^{i}\Gamma=\{x|x\in S_{x_{i}}, deg(x)\geq 0\}$, $0\leq i\leq r.$
On the other hand, it is easy to see that $^{i}\Gamma$ equals to the ring $S_{(x_{i})}[x_{i}]$, which are polynomial rings over $S_{(x_{i})}$, respectively. Since $S_{(x_{i})}$ are integral closed domains, so $^{i}\Gamma$, and further more $\Gamma$ are also integral closed domains. \\
Since $k$ is algebraic closed, we have $\Gamma^{(d)}=S^{(d)}$ for sufficiently large enough $d$. \\
Now let $y\in Q(\Gamma^{(d)}),$ the quotient filed of $\Gamma^{(d)}$, which is integral over $\Gamma^{(d)}.$ Then since $\Gamma$ is integral closed, we have $y\Gamma.$ On the other hand, since $y$ is almost integral over $\Gamma^{(d)},$ it is easy to see that $y\in \Gamma^{(d)}.$ So we proved that for sufficiently large $d$, the -uple embedding $S^{(d)}$ is integral closed.--
# IIT JEE 1996, CHEMISTRY
## Instructions

* The time limit is three hours.
* Maximum marks - 100.
* There are Twenty questions in 'this paper. Answer to each new question should begin on a new page.
* Answer all questions.
* Answer must be written only in the language of your choice as shown on the Admit Card.
* Use of only Indo-Abrabic numerals, (0, 1, 2, 3 ............ 9) is allowed in answering the questions irrespective of the language in which you answer.
* There is no negative marking.
* Numbers in brackets on the right hand margin indicate the marks for the corresponding question.
* Answer all parts of a question at one place.
* Use of logarithmic table is permitted.
* Use of slide rule/calculator is not permitted.

## Useful Data for interested students
### Question 1

(i) A mixture of ideal gases is cooled up to liquid helium temperature (4.22 K) to form an ideal solution. Is this statement true or false ? Justify your answer in not more than two lines.
(ii) Calculate the wave number for the shortest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
(iii) The rate constant, the activation energy and the Arrhenius parameter of a chemical reaction at 25󿼇C are 3.0x 10$^{-4}$ s$^{-1}$, 104.4 kJ mo1$^{-1}$ and 6.0 x 10$^{14}$s $^{-1}$ respectively. The value of the rate constant as T → &infin is:
    (a)2.0 x 10$^{18}$s $^{-1}$
    (b)6.0 x 10$^{14}$s $^{-1}$
    (c)Infinity
    (d)3.6 x 10$^{30}$s $^{-1}$
(iv) The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is:
    (a)${\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {h}{2\pi }}$
    (b)${\frac {h}{2\pi }}$
    (c)Zero
    (d)${\sqrt {2}}{\frac {h}{2\pi }}$

### Question 2

5 marks A 3.0 g sample containing Fe$_3$0$_4$, Fe$_2$0$_3$ and an inert impure substance, is treated with excess of KI solution in presence of dilute H$_2$SO$_4$. The entire iron is converted into Fe$^{2+}$ along with the liberation of iodine. The resulting solution is diluted to 100 mL. A 20 mL of the diluted solution requires 11.0 mL of 0.5 M Na$_2$S$_2$0$_3$ solution to reduce the iodine present. A 50 mL of the diluted solution, after complete extraction of the iodine required' 12.80 mL of 0.25 M KMnO$_4$ solution in dilute H$_2$SO$_4$ medium for the oxidation of Fe$^{2+}$.

### Question 4

(i) A metallic element crystallises into a lattice containing a sequence of layers of ABABAB ......... Any packing of spheres leaves out voids in the lattice. What percentage by volume of this lattice is empty space? (ii) The standard molar enthalpies of formation of cyclohexane (1) and benezene (1) at 25󿼇C are -156 and + 49 kJ mol -! respectively. The standard enthallW of hydrogenation of cyc. lohexene (1) at 25󿼇C is-119 kJ tool -1 . Use these data to estimate the magnitude of the resonance energy of benzene.
# Solutions to Hartshorne's Algebraic Geometry/Riemann-Roch Theorem
## Exercise IV.1.1

Let $X$ have genus $g$. Since $X$ is dimension 1, there exists a point $Q\in X$, $Q\neq P$. Pick an $n>\max(g,2g-2,1)$. Then for the divisor $D=n(2P-Q)$ of degree $n$, $l(K-D)=0$(Example 1.3.4), so Riemann-Roch gives $l(D)=n+1-g>1$. Thus there is an effective divisor $D'$ such that $D-D'=(f)$. Since $(f)$ is degree 0 (II 6.10), $D'$ has degree $n$, so $D'$ cannot have a zero of order large enough to kill the pole of $D$ of order $2n$. Therefore, $f$ is regular everywhere except at $P$.
# Solutions to Hartshorne's Algebraic Geometry/Glossary of notation

$\mathbb {A} ^{n}$ - affine $n$-space $\mathbb {C}$ - the complex numbers ${\mathfrak {m}}$ - a/the maximal ideal $\mathbb {N}$ - the natural numbers ${\mathcal {O}}_{X}$ - the sheaf of rings on a ringed space $X$. $\mathbb {P} ^{n}$ - projective $n$-space ${\mathfrak {p}}$ - a prime ideal ${\mathfrak {q}}$ - another prime ideal $\mathbb {Q}$ - the rational numbers $\mathbb {R}$ - the real numbers $\mathbb {Z}$ - the integers
# Solved Question Papers - IIT JEE
## 1996

* Physics Question Paper
    Solutions
* Chemistry Question Paper
    Solutions
* Mathematics Question Paper
    Solutions

## 2005

* Mathematics Question Paper
    Solutions

## 2009

* PAPER 1
* MathsQP2009
# The Computer Revolution/E commerce/Overview

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, ecommerce, eCommerce or e-comm, refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.

## Top 10 Traits of Successful E-Commerce Websites

There are many pieces to creating an effective e-commerce website, but there are a few traits that can be seen used over and over again by the most successful dot-com companies. Below are the top 10:
1. A clear vision and goal – helps to portray conviction and be less confusing to the customer.
2. Patience and a long-term view – understanding that there are small stepping stones.
3. Taking calculated risks – ready to invest but focusing on areas that will generate growth.
4. A commitment to a continuous improvement – understanding it can always be made better.
5. Employ good advisors – understand that there is a need for expertise.
6. Make decisions quickly – being first is critical.
7. The consumer is King – customers drive the business.
8. Embrace technology and change – these can help grow the business.
9. Be fair and honest with customer and suppliers – money is made on repeat business.
10. There is no such thing as easy money – treat an online business the same as any other.
This is not an all-encompassing list, but these are several of the key traits and mind sets that successful e-commerce companies employ.

### Categories of E-Commerce Sites

There are a variety of different E-Commerce sites, all tailored to fit different wants and needs when it comes to making purchases on the Internet. The most widely used “e-tailer” websites include; subscription sites (charge a fee to access the online material), online auction sites (i.e. ebay) and brokerage sites (these bring the buyers and the sellers together to set up financial transactions between them). While E-Commerce has surged in popularity over recent years, the technology itself in private networks has been around for several years. An example of a private network form of E-Commerce is electronic funds transfer (EFT) performed by banks. A new form of E-Commerce that has become widely used is M-Commerce, which is the same as E-Commerce just done via a mobile phone instead of the computer.
# The Computer Revolution/E commerce/Paypal

PayPal is a third party e-commerce company. They are capable of debiting and crediting credit cards and bank accounts for those with an account. Although credit card or banking information is not required for all services PayPal provides, they are required for many of them. PayPal is one of the world's primary methods of online payment with more than 100 million accounts worldwide.
PayPal allows for online payments for individuals and businesses to transfer funds electronically and securely. There is powerful encryption software that is used to allow people to make these financial transactions. The funds that are transferred by PayPal are held in a PayPal account until the person with control of the account specifies what are to be done with the balance. They can be credited to the credit cards or bank accounts set up with the PayPal account, or can be used for other purchases and transactions through the PayPal system.
PayPal is especially good for use on online auctions, purchases of goods and services, or to make donations. It is a secure third party operator which limits the amount of personal information that must be passed around for normal internet transactions. The only information that is given is a PayPal account number and all financial transactions are accomplished by PayPal. It can even sent cash.
There is now some competition to PayPal such as "C2it" and "Certa Pay" (A Canadian company).
# The Computer Revolution/E commerce/M-commerce

M-commerce is e-commerce preformed via a mobile phone or other mobile device. This means using your mobile phone to conduct business transactions, like paying a bill or buying goods. This is usually conducted through a web page or a text message. For instance, after natural disasters in the world there are commercial saying you can text a certain number and donate 10 dollars to the cause. An emerging technology in the m-commerce field is Near Field Communications, which uses RFID technology to facilitate communications between devices. One example of NFC technology would be credit card readers on vending machines instead of using coins or bills, or paying bills via your mobile phone.
Basically m-commerce is like e-commerce except m-commerce transactions typically take place through a mobile Web page or a text message. These can show up as barcodes on mobile phones. M-commerce and e-commerce have advantages and disadvantages to customers. Advantages consist of the convenience, easier to compare shopping, higher degree of selection, potential cost savings, and customized products. Disadvantages for customers would be potential fraud, buying goods without seeing them in person first and possible expensive returns.
A very recent trend in m-commerce is the ability to deposit checks into your bank account using the camera on your smartphone. Select banks have set up applications that allow their customers to make a deposit simply by taking a picture of the front and back of the check. This technology, known as remote-deposit capture, started as a convenient way for corporations to deposit a large amount of checks, it has slowly worked its way to everyday consumers trying to eliminate one more errand from their life.
Associated Press, "Deposit Checks Using Your Cellphone Camera." Digital Trends.com., 2012<http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/deposit-checks-using-your-cellphone-camera/>
In addition to ordering and making payments with your mobile phone, there are companies that are designing technology that would allow coupons to be redeemed by using your phone. According to internetretailer.com, the new Samsung Galaxy S4 smartphone will be able to store and convert loyalty cards, gift cards, coupons and credit card information to be used at the checkout. Mobeam the developer of this technology says retailers will not have to install new equipment or scanners, the new technology works with the current store scanners. A light source already built into smartphones can imitate the standard bar code.
Square
Another new product that has made m-commerce much more popular and accessible to small business is Square. Square is a credit card service that allows businesses to accept credit cards and are charged on a per transaction basis. This has opened the doors for more businesses to accept credit cards, via a mobile device, and offer that option to their customer without having to pay a monthly fee on top of the transaction fees that average companies charge. It is very easy to sign up and the company provides the business with a square reader that attaches to the top of the device.
# The Computer Revolution/E commerce/Security
### Security Seal

Security seals (SSLs) are issued by the Certificate Authority. An SSL or an EV SSL certificate is designed to show users that the particular website is secure and protected. When performing any financial transactions over the Internet it’s important to make sure that the web page is safe. Security certificates can be accessed by clicking the security icon in the address bar at the top of the web page..

### Tips

With consumers looking to find that “good deal” at times can get carried away and not realize what they bought is not what they are going to get. It is important to know what you are really buying before you submit a payment; a good rule of thumb is “if it’s too good to be true, then it probably isn't.” Websites like e-bay were notorious for the “bait and switch” so as a consumer it is important to do a full research on an item that you are buying before you actually pull the trigger. It is also important to know that some of the reviews on a seller may be fake in order to give the illusion that the seller is “legit.”
If at all possible, pay for your purchase with a credit card. By paying for your online purchases with a credit card, you are protected by the Fair Credit Billing Act. This act allows purchasers to dispute charges (example- never received the ordered item or item was damage in transit). Most credit card companies have zero liability for card holders regarding unauthorized purchases. It is recommend if you have problems with a transactions or purchases online to first contact the merchant. If contacting the site operator does not resolve issue, file a complaint with the • Federal Trade Commission-https://www.ftccomplaintassistant.gov • State Attorney General-http://www.naag.org • Better Business Bureau-www.bbb.org
* ↑ "What is SSL?". instantssl.com. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
* ↑ Montaldo, Donna L. About.com. 12 04 2012. Print. 25 10 2012.