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## Grammar · -aître verbs

Verbs ending in -aître, such as connaître, meaning to know (personally), are conjugated irregularly.

### Formation

| connaître /kɔ.nɛtʁ/ (koh-nehtr) | to know |
| je connais /kɔ.nɛ/ (koh-neh) | I know |
| tu connais /kɔ.nɛ/ (koh-neh) | you know |
| il connaît /kɔ.nɛ/ (koh-neh) | he knows |
| nous connaissons /kɔ.nɛ.sɔ̃/ (koh-neh-soh$^{(n)}$) | we know |
| vous connaissez /kɔ.nɛ.se/ (koh-neh-say) | you know |
| ils connaissent /kɔ.nɛs/ (koh-nehs) | they know |
| connu /kɔ.ny/ (koh-new) | known |

### Supplementary vocabulary · Related words

The noun la connaissance /kɔ̃.ne.sɑ̃s/ (koh$^{(n)}$-nay-sah$^{(n)}$s) means knowledge or acquaintance:
    Michel a une bonne connaissance des animaux.$^{Michelhasagoodknowledgeofanimals.}$
    Faire la connaissance de quelqu'un.$^{Tobecomeacquaintedwithsomeone/togettoknowsomeone.}$
The derived adjective connu /kɔ.ny/ (koh-new) means known or famous and the derived noun le connu means the known or a well-known person. Likewise, inconnu /ɛ̃.kɔ.ny/ (a$^{(n)}$-koh-new) means unknown or strange and l'inconnu (m) means stranger:
    Pour procéder méthodiquement, il faut aller du connu à l’inconnu.$^{Toproceedmethodically,wemustgofromtheknowntotheunknown.}$
    Le hurling est un sport inconnu en dehors de l’Irlande.$^{ThesportofhurlingisunknownoutsideIreland.}$
    L’inconnu au bar m’a souri.$^{Thestrangeratthebarsmiledatme.}$

### Supplementary vocabulary · Other -aître verbs

$^1$Naître has an irregular past participle (né) and takes être as its auxiliary verb in perfect tenses.

## Grammar · To know · Savoir

| savoir /sa.vwaʁ/ (sah-vwahr) | to know |
| je sais /sɛ/ (seh) | I know |
| tu sais /sɛ/ (seh) | you know |
| il sait /sɛ/ (seh) | he knows |
| nous savons /sa.vɔ̃/ (sah-voh$^{(n)}$) | we know |
| vous savez /sa.ve/ (sah-vay) | you know |
| ils savent /sav/ (sahv) | they know |
| su /sy/ (sew) | known |

## Usage notes · Connaître and savoir

Connaître is used to say that you know someone, or are acquainted with someone or something:
    Ce chien connaît bien son maître.$^{Thisdogknowsitsmaster.}$
    Ce cheval connaît le chemin.$^{Thishorseknowstheway.}$
Savoir is used to say that you know a fact or piece of information:
    Il est difficile de savoir si elle ment.$^{It'sdifficulttoknowifshe'slying.}$
Savoir is also used to say that you know how to do something:
    Savez-vous nager?$^{Doyouknowhowtoswim?}$

### Examples
## Usage notes · Téléphoner and appeler

Téléphoner (à) is used to say that you are calling (to) someone. In French, you call to someone, so the verb is used with indirect, and not direct, objects:
    Je téléphone à Jacques.$^{I'mcallingJacques.}$
    J'ai téléphoné à mon ami.$^{Icalledmyfriend.}$
Appeler is also used:
    J'ai appelé Marcel sur son mobile.$^{IcalledMarcelonhismobile.}$

## Grammar · To say · Dire

Dire , meaning to say or to tell, is conjugated irregularly.

### Formation

| dire /diʁ/ (deer) | to say |
| je dis /di/ (dee) | I say |
| tu dis /di/ (dee) | you say |
| il dit /di/ (dee) | he says |
| nous disons /di.zɔ̃/ (dee-zoh$^{(n)}$) | we say |
| vous dites /dit/ (deet) | you say |
| ils disent /diz/ (deez) | they say |
| dit /di/ (dee) | said |
The related verb redire /ʁə.diʁ/ (ruh-deer) means to repeat, to restate, or to retell. The related phrase vouloir dire /vu.lwaʁ diʁ/ (voo-lwahr deer) means to mean.

### Supplementary grammar · Verbs conjugated similarly to dire

The following verbs are conjugated like dire, except that the second person plural form is -dissez, not -dites.
maudire$^{tocurse}$ /mo.diʁ/ is also conjugated in this way, except that the third person plural is maudissent.

## Supplementary grammar · To send · Envoyer
### Formation

| envoyer /ɑ̃.vwa.je/ (ah$^{(n)}$-vwah-y$^{uh}$ay) | to send |
| j'envoie /ɑ̃.vwa/ (ah$^{(n)}$-vwah) | I send |
| tu envoies /ɑ̃.vwa/ (ah$^{(n)}$-vwah) | you send |
| il envoie /ɑ̃.vwa/ (ah$^{(n)}$-vwah) | he sends |
| nous envoyons /ɑ̃.vwa.jɔ̃/ (ah$^{(n)}$-vwah-y$^{uh}$oh$^{(n)}$) | we send |
| vous envoyez /ɑ̃.vwa.je/ (ah$^{(n)}$-vwah-y$^{uh}$ay) | you send |
| ils envoient /ɑ̃.vwa/ (ah$^{(n)}$-vwah) | they send |
| envoyé /ɑ̃.vwa.je/ (ah$^{(n)}$-vwah-y$^{uh}$ay) | sent |
The verb renvoyer /ʁɑ̃.vwa.je/ (rah$^{(n)}$-vwah-y$^{uh}$ay), meaning to resend or to send back, is conjugated in the same way as envoyer.

### Usage notes · Renvoyer
## Supplementary grammar · -cevoir verbs

Verbs ending in -cevoir, such as recevoir, meaning to receive, are conjugated irregularly.

### Formation

| recevoir /ʁə.sv.waʁ/ (ruh-sev-wahr) | to receive |
| je reçois /ʁə.swa/ (ruh-swah) | I receive |
| tu reçois /ʁə.swa/ (ruh-swah) | you receive |
| il reçoit /ʁə.swa/ (ruh-swah) | he receives |
| nous recevons /ʁə.sv.ɔ̃/ (ruh-sev-oh$^{(n)}$) | we receive |
| vous recevez /ʁə.sv.e/ (ruh-sev-ay) | you receive |
| ils reçoivent /ʁə.swav/ (ruh-swahv) | they receive |
| reçu /ʁǝ.sy/ (ruh-sew) | received |

### Examples
## Supplementary vocabulary · Computers and the Internet
## Supplementary grammar · To call · Appeler

Appeler means to call or to call out.
Appeler is also used to say what your name is. Je m'appelle... literally means I call myself…, but in English you would say My name is…. Appeler is a regular -er verb, but is also stem changing.

### Formation

| appeler /ap(.ə).le/ (ahp(uh)-lay) | to call |
| j'appelle /a.pɛl/ (ah-pehl) | I call |
| tu appelles /a.pɛl/ (ah-pehl) | you call |
| il appelle /a.pɛl/ (ah-pehl) | he calls |
| nous appelons /ap(.ə).lɔ̃/ (ah-puh-loh$^{(n)}$) | we call |
| vous appelez /ap(.ə).le/ (ah-puh-lay) | you call |
| ils appellent /a.pɛl/ (ah-pehl) | they call |
| appelé /ap(.ə).le/ (ah-play) | called |
Rappeler /ʀa.ple/ (rah-play), meaning to call back, recall, or remind, is conjugated in the same way as appeler. The reflexive form se rappeler means to remember.

### Related words

The related masculine noun l'appel /a.pɛl/ means call or appeal:
    J'ai entendu votre appel.$^{Iheardyourcall.}$
    Les femelles blattes produisent des phéromones lors de l'appel du mâle.$^{Thefemalecockroachproducepheromonesduringthecallofthemale.}$
The noun le rappel /ʀa.pɛl/ means reminder or recall:
    Cet ambassadeur a obtenu son rappel.$^{Theambassadorhasreceivedhisrecall.}$
    Il a obéi par la crainte du rappel.$^{Heobeyedbythefearoftherecall.}$
    J’ai été obligé de lui faire un discret rappel pour l’amener à me rembourser.$^{Iwasobligedtomakeadiscreetremindertohimtoreimburseme.}$

### Examples
## Exercises

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