# Quenya/U-stems
## Nouns in -o that keep -o in all cases

They are declined as follows (we use aD6qY carpo "frog"):
| | Singular | Plural | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural | Partitive Plural |
| Nominative | aE6qY carpo | aE6qY6 carpor | aE6qY6 carpor | aE6qY1 carpot | aE6qYj% carpoli | aE6qYj% carpoli |
| Genitive | aE6qY carpo | aE6qY7Y5 carporon | aE6qY7Y5 carporon | aE6qY1Y carpoto | aE6qYj%`N5 carpolion | aE6qYj%`N5 carpolion |
| Possessive | aE6qYyE carpova | aE6qlY carpoiva | aE6qlY carpoiva | aE6qY1nE carpotwa | aE6qYj~ByE carpolíva | aE6qYj~ByE carpolíva |
| Dative | aE6qY5 carpon | aE6qlY5 carpoin | aE6qlY5 carpoin | aE6qY4 carpont | aE6qYj%5 carpolin | aE6qYj%5 carpolin |
| Ablative | aE6qYj°^ carpollo | aE6qYj°^5 carpollon | aE6qYj°^6 carpollor | aE6qYj1Y carpolto | aE6qYj%j°^5 carpolillon | aE6qYj%j°^6 carpolillor |
| Allative | aE6qY5"# carponna | aE6qY5"#6 carponnar | aE6qY5"#6 carponnar | aE6qY4# carponta | aE6qYj%5"# carpolinna | aE6qYj%5"#6 carpolinnar |
| Locative | aE6qY,F carpossë | aE6qY,F5 carpossen | aE6qY,F5 carpossen | aE6qY1R+ carpotsë | aE6qYj%,F carpolissë | aE6qYj%,F5 carpolissen |
| Instrumental | aE6qY5$5 carponen | aE6qlY5$5 carpoinen | aE6qlY5$5 carpoinen | aE6qY4$5 carponten | aE6qYj~B5$5 carpolínen | aE6qYj~B5$5 carpolínen |
| Respective | aE6qY8 carpos | aE6qlY8 carpois | aE6qlY8 carpois | aE6qY1R8 carpotes | aE6qYj%8 carpolis | aE6qYj%8 carpolis |
The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use `N2^ ondo "stone"):
| Case | Nominative | Genitive | Possessive | Dative | Ablative | Allative | Locative | Instrumental | Respective |
| Dual Form | `N2& ondu | `N2&`N onduo | `N2&yE onduva | `N2&5 ondun | `N2&j°^ ondullo | `N2&5"# ondunna | `N2&,F ondussë | `N2&5$5 ondunen | `N2&8 ondus |

## Nouns in -u that keep -u in all cases

There also exist words that end in the nominative in \`M –u, these are however not U-stems. They differ from the U-stems in the nominative and the genitive plural. These nouns due to retaining the \`M –u, the dual forms are always distinguished with the \1 –t dual form.
They are declined as follows (we use 9R7U heru "lord"):
| | Singular | Plural | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural | Partitive Plural |
| Nominative | 9R7U heru | 9R7U6 herur | 9R7U6 herur | 9R7U1 herut | 9R7Uj% heruli | 9R7Uj% heruli |
| Genitive | 9R7U heru | 9R7U7Y5 heruron | 9R7U7Y5 heruron | 9R7U1Y heruto | 9R7Uj%`N5 herulion | 9R7Uj%`N5 herulion |
| Possessive | 9R7UyE heruva | 9R7lUyE heruiva | 9R7lUyE heruiva | 9R7U1nE herutwa | 9R7Uj~ByE herulíva | 9R7Uj~ByE herulíva |
| Dative | 9R7U5 herun | 9R7lU5 heruin | 9R7lU5 heruin | 9R7U4 herunt | 9R7Uj%5 herulin | 9R7Uj%5 herulin |
| Ablative | 9R7Uj°^ herullo | 9R7Uj°^5 herullon | 9R7Uj°^6 herullor | 9R7Uj1Y herulto | 9R7Uj%j°^5 herulillon | 9R7Uj%j°^6 herulillor |
| Allative | 9R7U5"# herunna | 9R7U5"#6 herunnar | 9R7U5"#6 herunnar | 9R7U4# herunta | 9R7Uj%5"# herulinna | 9R7Uj%5"#6 herulinnar |
| Locative | 9R7U,F herussë | 9R7U,F5 herussen | 9R7U,F5 herussen | 9R7U`R+ herutsë | 9R7Uj%,F herulissë | 9R7Uj%,F5 herulissen |
| Instrumental | 9R7U5$5 herunen | 9R7lU5$5 heruinen | 9R7lU5$5 heruinen | 9R7U4$5 herunten | 9R7Uj~B5$5 herulínen | 9R7Uj~B5$5 herulínen |
| Respective | 9R7U8 herus | 9R7lU8 heruis | 9R7lU8 heruis | 9R7U`R8 herutes | 9R7Uj%8 herulis | 9R7Uj%8 herulis |

## Nouns in -o with a U-stem

These are the real U-stems. But there are two exceptional categories: the nouns in \aH -co and the nouns in \s^ -ngo.
The others are declined as follows (we use t#j^ malo, t#j&\ malu- "pollen"). Note that these nouns don't follow the normal rule for the formation of the plural: they get \`B -i as extension instead of the \6 -r that ordinarily follows vowels.
| | Singular | Plural | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural | Partitive Plural |
| Nominative | t#j^ malo | t#jlU malui | t#jlU malui | t#j&1 malut | t#j&j% maluli | t#j&j% maluli |
| Genitive | t#j&`N maluo | t#jlU`N5 maluion | t#jlU`N5 maluion | t#j&1Y maluto | t#j&j%`N5 malulion | t#j&j%`N5 malulion |
| Possessive | t#j&yE maluva | t#jlUyE maluiva | t#jlUyE maluiva | t#j&1nE malutwa | t#j&j~ByE malulíva | t#j&j~ByE malulíva |
| Dative | t#j&5 malun | t#jlU5 maluin | t#jlU5 maluin | t#j&4 malunt | t#j&5 malulin | t#j&5 malulin |
| Ablative | t#j&j°^ malullo | t#j&j°^5 malullon | t#j&j°^6 malullor | t#j&j1Y malulto | t#j&j%j°^5 malulillon | t#j&j%j°^6 malulillor |
| Allative | t#j&5"# malunna | t#j&5"#6 malunnar | t#j&5"#6 malunnar | t#j&4# malunta | t#j&j%5"# malulinna | t#j&j%5"#6 malulinnar |
| Locative | t#j&,F malussë | t#j&,F5 malussen | t#j&,F5 malussen | t#j&1R+ malutsë | t#j&,F malulissë | t#j&,F5 malulissen |
| Instrumental | t#j&5$5 malunen | t#jlU5$5 maluinen | t#jlU5$5 maluinen | t#j&4$5 malunten | t#j&j~B5$5 malulínen | t#j&j~B5$5 malulínen |
| Respective | t#j&8 malus | t#jlU8 maluis | t#jlU8 maluis | t#j&1R8 malutes | t#j&j%8 malulis | t#j&j%8 malulis |
The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use iG1Y sito, iG1U\ situ- "habit"):
| Case | Nominative | Genitive | Possessive | Dative | Ablative | Allative | Locative | Instrumental | Respective |
| Dual Form | iG1U situ | iG1U`N situo | iG1UyE situva | iG1U5 situn | iG1Uj°^ situllo | iG1U5"# situnna | iG1U,F situssë | iG1U5$5 situnen | iG1U8 situs. |
Note that these forms are, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.
The noun 1U`N tuo "muscle" behaves rather strangely because its Old-Elvish stem was 1~M`M\ 'túu'-. This long ~M ú appears when the ending begins in a single consonant; when the ending starts in a consonant cluster or a vowel, we find `M u instead of ~M ú, e.g.
* Dative singular: 1~M5 tún
* Ablative singular: 1Uj°^ tullo

### U-stems in -co

The special feature here is that the combination aJ`B cui changes in zG qui. As an example we look at `M6aH urco, `M6aJ\ urcu- "bogey":
| | Singular | Plural | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural | Partitive Plural |
| Nominative | `M6aH urco | `M6zG urqui | `M6zG urqui | `M6aJ1 urcut | `M6aJj% urculi | `M6aJj% urculi |
| Genitive | `M6aJ`N urcuo | `M6zG`N5 urquion | `M6zG`N5 urquion | `M6aJ1Y urcuto | `M6aJj%`N5 urculion | `M6aJj%`N5 urculion |
| Possessive | `M6aJyE urcuva | `M6zGyE urquiva | `M6zGyE urquiva | `M6aJ1nE urcutwa | `M6aJj~ByE urculíva | `M6aJj~ByE urculíva |
| Dative | `M6aJ5 urcun | `M6zG5 urquin | `M6zG5 urquin | `M6aJ4 urcunt | `M6aJj%5 urculin | `M6aJj%5 urculin |
| Ablative | `M6aJj°^ urcullo | `M6aJj°^5 urcullon | `M6aJj°^6 urcullor | `M6aJj1Y urculto | `M6aJj%j°^5 urculillon | `M6aJj%j°^6 urculillor |
| Allative | `M6aJ5"# urcunna | `M6aJ5"#6 urcunnar | `M6aJ5"#6 urcunnar | `M6aJ4# urcunta | `M6aJj%5"# urculinna | `M6aJj%5"#6 urculinnar |
| Locative | `M6aJ,F urcussë | `M6aJ,F5 urcussen | `M6aJ,F5 urcussen | `M6aJ1R+ urcutsë | `M6aJj%,F urculissë | `M6aJj%,F5 urculissen |
| Instrumental | `M6aJ5$5 urcunen | `M6zG5$5 urquinen | `M6zG5$5 urquinen | `M6aJ4$5 urcunten | `M6aJj~B5$5 urculínen | `M6aJj~B5$5 urculínen |
| Respective | `M6aJ8 urcus | `M6zG8 urquis | `M6zG8 urquis | `M6aJ1R8 urcutes | `M6aJj%8 urculis | `M6aJj%8 urculis |
The u-duals are just as in the example of iG1Y sito, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.
Two nouns behave irregularly:
* 7.DaH rauco "demon" is only a U-stem in the singular, partitive plural and dual. The plural is formed with the stem 7.DaD\ rauca-.
* 1RjaH telco "leg, stem" is only a U-stem in the plural and the dual. The singular and partitive plural are formed with the stem 1RjaH\ telco- (see above for nouns that end in \`N -o).

### U-stems in -go

The special feature here is that the combination s& ngu + `B i changes in x% ngwi. As an example we look at `Cs^ ango, `Cs&\ angu- "snake":
| | Singular | Plural | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural |
| Nominative | `Cs^ ango | `Cx% angwi | `Cx% angwi | `Cs&1 angut | `Cs&j% anguli | `Cs&j% anguli |
| Genitive | `Cs&`N anguo | `Cx%`N5 angwion | `Cx%`N5 angwion | `Cs&1Y anguto | `Cs&j%`N5 angulion | `Cs&j%`N5 angulion |
| Possessive | `Cs&yE anguva | `Cx%yE angwiva | `Cx%yE angwiva | `Cs&1nE angutwa | `Cs&j~ByE angulíva | `Cs&j~ByE angulíva |
| Dative | `Cs&5 angun | `Cx%5 angwin | `Cx%5 angwin | `Cs&4 angunt | `Cs&j%5 angulin | `Cs&j%5 angulin |
| Ablative | `Cs&j°^ angullo | `Cs&j°^5 angullon | `Cs&j°^6 angullor | `Cs&j1Y angulto | `Cs&j%j°^5 angulillon | `Cs&j%j°^6 angulillor |
| Allative | `Cs&5"# angunna | `Cs&5"#6 angunnar | `Cs&4# angunta | `Cs&5j%5"# angulinna | `Cs&5j%5"#6 angulinnar |
| Locative | `Cs&,F angussë | `Cs&,F5 angussen | `Cs&1R+ angutsë | `Cs&j%,F angulissë | `Cs&j%,F5 angulissen |
| Instrumental | `Cs&5$5 angunen | `Cx%5$5 angwinen | `Cx%5$5 angwinen | `Cs&4$5 angunten | `Cs&j~B5$5 angulínen | `Cs&j~B5$5 angulínen |
| Respective | `Cs&8 angus | `Cx%8 angwis | `Cx%8 angwis | `Cs&1R8 angutes | `Cs&j%8 angulis | `Cs&j%8 angulis |
The u-duals are just as in the example of iG1Y sito, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.
>> Neo-Quenya >> Nouns >> U-stems