# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Native American Lore

Native American Lore :
| Arts and Crafts General Conference See also Native American Lore - Advanced | Skill Level 1 |
| Arts and Crafts General Conference See also Native American Lore - Advanced | Year of Introduction: 1944 |

## 1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians.
### Vermilion

    Vermilion was used as a red pigment.

### Cedar

    Cedar planks were used for building longhouses. Red and yellow cedar was also used for totem poles, ceremonial masks, rattles, food containers, bentwood boxes, spoons, spindles, hats, capes, effigies.

### Rush

    Mats, skirts, hats, rattles, baskets, temporary dwellings were made from rush (tules).

### Dog & Mountain Sheep hair

    Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose, or mountain sheep was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese.

### Buffalo

    The inland tribes made tipis, clothing, bags and pouches, clothing, backrests, pictographs, parfletches, drums, rattles, moccasins, buffalo robes, padding out of the hides. Glue, needles & thread out of the sinew. Cooking pots from the stomach, rattles from hooves, brain tanning produces a high quality leather.

## 2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians.
### Food

    The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.

### Cordage

    The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including sandals, belts, rope ladders, and fishnets.

### Paintbrush

    The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.

### Shampoo

    The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds. (Soap plant is different from the Yucca and can be used to wash the finest linens and silks.)

### Basketry

    The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

## 3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians.

The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their canoes. Bark was also used for making bowls and tipis. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as tinder. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as firewood. Birch bark was also used for making torches which they used for night fishing.
The bark was also used for brewing a wintergreen tea high in vitamin C. Fans were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making armguards and quivers for archery, rattles, and for wrapping food.

## 4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today.

Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans (pinto, kidney, navy, black, pink, cranberry beans, etc.), and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds and deter animals. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.
Native Americans ate from about 1000 different species of plants. Now grocery stores sell food items made from about 100 species of plants. However the 1000 species do not all grow in the same area. Go to http://plants.usda.gov and see plant range maps of every known plant in North America.
The plant foods in the list below were introduced by the Native Americans. Items in bold are known to have retained their Native American names.
| Agave Achiote Avocado Bay leaf (Umbellularia californica) Blueberry (Vaccinium sp) Brazil nut Bell pepper Black Walnuts (Juglans sp.) Cashew Cassava Cherimoya (custard apple) Chia | Chicle (chewing gum) Chili pepper Cocoa Cranberry Green Bean Guava Hazelnut (Corylus sp.) Hickory nut (Carya sp.) Jerusalem artichoke Lambs quarters Maize (corn) Maple syrup | Papaya Pawpaw Peanut Pecan Pineapple Pine nuts (Pinus sp.) Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) Prickly pear Potato Pumpkin Quamash Quinoa ("keen-wa") | Squash Strawberry Sunflower Sweet Potato Tepary bean Tomato Vanilla Wild rice Wintergreen Yambean Yucca |
(Word origin of some of these verified at Etymology Online.)

## 5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking.

In order to come close to an animal, trackers must remain undetected not only by the animal, but also by other animals that may alert it. Moving as quietly as possible, trackers will avoid stepping on dry leaves and twigs, and take great care when moving through dry grass.
If the trackers are in close proximity to the animal, it is important that they remain downwind of it, that is, in a position where the wind is blowing away from the animal in the direction of the tracker. They must never be in a position where their scent could be carried in the wind towards the animal and thereby alert it. It is also important that the animal does not have the opportunity to cross their tracks, since the lingering human scent will alert it. Most animals prefer to keep the wind in their faces when traveling so that they can scent danger ahead of them. Trackers will therefore usually be downwind from them as they approach the animals from behind. The wind direction may, however, have changed. If the wind direction is unfavorable, the trackers may have to leave the spoor (tracks and other indications of an animal's presence) to search for their quarry from the downwind side.
As the trackers get closer to the animal, they must make sure that they see it before it sees them. Some trackers maintain that an animal keeps looking back down its own trail, always on the alert for danger coming from behind. When the spoor is very fresh, trackers may have to leave the spoor so that the animal does not see them first. Animals usually rest facing downwind, so that they can see danger approaching from the downwind side, while they can smell danger coming from behind them. An animal may also double back on its spoor and circle downwind before settling down to rest. A predator following its trail will move past the resting animal on the upwind side before realizing that the animal had doubled back, and the resting animal will smell the predator in time to make its escape.
When stalking an animal, trackers use the cover of bushes, going down on their hands and knees where necessary. In long grass they go down on their stomachs pulling themselves forward with their elbows. The most important thing is not to attract attention by sudden movements. Trackers should take their time, moving slowly when the animal is not looking, and keeping still when the animal is looking in their direction. When stalking an animal, trackers must also be careful not to disturb other animals. A disturbed animal will give its alarm signal, thereby alerting all animals in the vicinity, including the animal being tracked down.
Text from The Art of Tracking: The Origin of Science, by Louis Liebenberg, with permission from the author. Taken from Wikipedia:Tracking (hunting)

## 6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians.

* Obsidian arrowhead
* Pottery
* Turquoise pendant
* Turquoise and argillite tiles
* Flint, used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
* Obsidian, used the same way as flint.
* Clay, used for making pottery and effigies.
* Turquoise, used for adornment and ceremonies.
* Argillite, used in art.
* Vermilion, used as body paint, combined with "glue" was used for pictographs on hides and rawhides.
* Soapstone, used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
* Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate, used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

## 7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians.

A flintknapper is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.
Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product. For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.
There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

### Hard Hammer Precussion

Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles about the size of a baseball or softball of very hard stone, such as quartzite or hard granite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

### Soft Hammer Precussion

Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

### Pressure Flaking

Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.

## 8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them?

A pictograph is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A petroglyph is an image carved into a rock face. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
* Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
* Southern Utah, USA
* Southern Utah, USA
* Arches National Park
* Arizona, USA
* Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
* Pete's creek Belfast area of Lassen county California, USA
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo León, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona
* Pete's creek Belfast Lassen county California BLM (Shamans cave with solar calender)
* Anza-Borrego State Park California Way off Highway 52 (mortar holes too)

## 9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians.

Wampum is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.
Shells were also used for jewellery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

## 10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts.

* Leather
* Fur
* Feathers
* Hair
* Antler
* Bone
* Shell
* Wood
* Bark
* Yucca
* Gourd
* Rush
* Stone/Vermillion
* Clay
* Copper
* Gold
* Silver
* Torquoise
* Sinew
* Hooves
* Stomach
* Bladder
* Prickley Pear Cactus
* Red & Yellow Cedar
* Brains,ash,urine
* Corn husks
* Tendons
* Soap plant
* Moss
* Pipestone
* Raw hide
* Flint
* Obsidian
* Turtle shell
* Grass
* Cattail leaves
* Pitch (glue)
* Char coal

## 11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10).

Note: The official version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.
Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins.
Patterns for making moccasins can be found on the Internet, including:
* http://www.jumaka.com/moccasins/MakingMoccasins/MoccasinInstructions.htm
Be sure to look into the Leather Craft and Pioneering honors if you choose to make moccasins, as making moccasins meet a requirement in each of these.
If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.
Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the Pottery honor for details) or some other craft.

## References

* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html