OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# FOSS Licensing/About IOSN

The International Open Source Network (IOSN) is an initiative of APDIP and supported by the International Development Research Centre of Canada. IOSN is a Centre of Excellence for Free/Open Source Software (FOSS), Open Content and Open Standards in the Asia-Pacific region. It is a network with a small secretariat based at the UNDP Regional Centre in Bangkok and three centres of excellence - IOSN ASEAN+3, IOSN PIC (Pacific Island Countries), and IOSN South Asia, based in Manila, Suva and Chennai respectively.
IOSN provides policy and technical advice on FOSS to governments, civil society and the private sector. It produces FOSS awareness and training materials and distributes them under open content licenses. It also organizes awareness raising, training, research and networking initiatives to assist countries in developing a pool of human resources skilled in the use and development of FOSS. IOSN works primarily through its web portal http://www.iosn.net that is collectively managed by the FOSS community. The web portal serves as a clearing-house and a platform for knowledge sharing and collaborations.
http://www.iosn.net

## Contact Information
### IOSN

c/o Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme UNDP Regional Centre in Bangkok 3rd Floor, United Nations Service Building
Rajdamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, Thailand Tel: +66 2 288 1234; 288 2129

### IOSN ASEAN+3

National Telehealth Center University of the Philippines Manila Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines 1000 Tel: +63 2 525 6501

### IOSN PIC

The University of the South Pacific Private Bag Suva, Fiji Tel: +67 9 323 1000

### IOSN South Asia

Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Block-II 6/13, Park Avenue, Keshava Perumal Puram Chenna-600 028, India Tel: +91 44 2461 0880
# FOSS Government Policy/Preface

Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) has grown incredibly in the past few years. Once considered a hobbyist’s toy, FOSS has grown by leaps and bounds and is now used widely throughout the world, even in critical environments such as financial systems and network backbones.
Governments too, have begun to take notice of this phenomenon. Countries such as Brazil, China, Malaysia, South Africa, and Viet Nam, are implementing nationwide policies or legislation promoting FOSS. While the often-cited cost and stability benefits of FOSS are attractive, governments often choose to promote FOSS in their own countries for a variety of other reasons.
In combination with the other primers in the Free/Open Source Software series, this primer is meant to serve as a resource for nations that are in the process of formulating their FOSS policies. This primer surveys the motivations of countries implementing FOSS, summarizes the steps involved in formulating a policy, lists some possible strategies to use in implementing the policy and touches on cross-sectoral issues unique to FOSS policies. Its target audience is national policy-makers and their advisers.
The primers are brought to you by the International Open Source Network (IOSN), an initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)’s Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (APDIP).
This primer is licensed under an Open Content license and is also available for download from the IOSN website at:
http://www.iosn.net/government/foss-government-primer/foss-govt-policy.pdf

## Footnotes

* ↑ This primer is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 license. Full details of the license can be found at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.
# FOSS Government Policy/Useful Resources
## Portals Focused on FOSS and Government

eGovOS - The Center of Open Source and Government. Contains many useful resources, including many policies from various government departments and reports. http://www.egovos.org/
The European Commission’s Open Source Observatory: http://www.osor.eu/
The United Nations Development Information Programme (UNDP) Networking and Information Technology Observatory (NITO)’s Open Source section: http://www.sdnp.undp.org/perl/news/articles.pl?do=browse&categories=10
The International Open Source Network (IOSN): http://www.iosn.net

## Policy Related Documents

United Kingdom’s Open Source Software policy, as issued by the Office of Government Commerce: http://www.ogc.gov.uk/embedded_object.asp?docid=2498
Extensive FLOSS survey conducted by the International Institute of Infonomics at the University of Maastricht, The Netherlands: http://www.infonomics.nl/FLOSS/report/
South Africa's Open Source Software strategy: http://www.oss.gov.za/docs/OSS_Strategy_v3.pdf
Open Standards policy of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States of America: http://www.state.ma.us/itd/openstandards.htm
Report of FOSS usage in the US Department of Defense, prepared by MITRE Corporation: http://www.egovos.org/rawmedia_repository/588347ad_c97c_48b9_a63d_821cb0e8422d?/document.pdf
Feasibility study conducted by the Swedish Agency for Public Management: http://web.archive.org/web/20040328043752/http://www.statskontoret.se/pdf/200308eng.pdf
“Open source software in e-government” report produced by the Danish Board of Technology: http://www.tekno.dk/subpage.php3?article=969&survey=14&language=uk&front=1
# FOSS Licensing
## Table of Contents

* About the Author
* Preface
* Introduction
* Overview of Intellectual Property Rights
* Copyright Basics
* Software and Copyright
* How is FOSS Different from Proprietary Software?
* How to Make the Source Free or Open
* Scenarios
* Online Legal Resources and Materials
* About APDIP
* About IOSN
* Glossary
* Print Version

## Information

This book is donated by the International Open Source Network and UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) to the community.
The original publication by
Author: Shun-ling Chen © UNDP-APDIP, 2006, 29 pages ISBN 978-81-312-0422-1 ISBN 81-312-0422-7
is located at http://www.iosn.net/licensing/foss-licensing-primer/foss-licensing-final.pdf
This wikibook is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution License 2.5.

## Notes

Numbers that appear after sentences are not garbage, they are citations. They should be properly linked to the glossary.
# FOSS Licensing/About APDIP

The Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (APDIP) is an initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that aims to promote the development and application of information and communication technologies for sustainable human development in the Asia-Pacific region. APDIP aims to meet its goals by focusing on three inter-related core areas: (i) policy development and dialogue; (ii) access; and (iii) content development and knowledge management.
APDIP collaborates with national governments, regional, international and multi-lateral development organizations, UN agencies, educational and research organizations, civil society groups, and the private sector in integrating ICTs in the development process. It does so by employing a dynamic mix of strategies - awareness raising, capacity building, technical assistance and advice, research and development, knowledge sharing and partnership building.
http://www.apdip.net
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 11

* Student Soapbox

## Classroom Management

Chapter Introduction

## Special Features

Experts Take Sides
In the News
Chapter FAQ
The Scoop From Someone Who Knows

## Content Articles

11.1.2 -- Hands On, Minds On: The Importance of Keeping Students Engaged in Learning
11.2.2 -- Positive Discipline: Is it all about being nice?
11.3.1 -- How can brain research help me understand how to teach my students?
11.4.2 -- To Reward or To Punish? Is that the question?
11.5.2 -- Locus of Control: The Praise Debate
11.6.1 -- Generating Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Student Motivation

## Concluding Information

Chapter Review
Additional Resources
* CLICK HERE to sign up to be an AUTHOR of this chapter.
* CLICK HERE to sign up to be an EDITOR of this chapter.
* Questions? Refer to How to Use This Book
# Foundations and Current Issues of Early Childhood Education/Chapter 2

2.1 Early Literacy Version 1
2.2 Early Literacy Version 2
2.3 *Early Literacy Version 3
# Foundations and Current Issues of Early Childhood Education/Chapter 1

1.1 Achievement Gap Version 1
1.2 *Achievement Gap Version 2
1.3 Achievement Gap Version 3
# Foundations and Current Issues of Early Childhood Education/Chapter 3

3.1 Differentiation of Instruction Version 1
3.2 *Differentiation of Instruction Version 2
3.3 Differentiation of Instruction Version 3
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 18

The first picture on the Web was taken of a parodistic music group before it performed today in 1992 at the CERN Hardronic Festival and was published by Berners-Lee soon after. With this picture he hinted at another potential future for his young hypertext information system, after it had previously only been pitched for more serious matters like scientific collaboration.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 2

Today in 1998 Fraunhofer announced at the MP3 Summit in San Diego that they will send out patent infringement letters to MP3 software developers. They started to do so in September.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 20

Today in 2009 the paper The Post-Scarcity World of 2050–2075 was published, an influential paper on post-scarcity economy. It outlines a society that enjoys abundance of basic resources and argues that, despite a period of relative abundance of resources, humanity lives in an age of scarcity due to negligent past behavior.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 13

Today in 2020 Nadia Eghbal’s book Working in Public was published, the first book on developer burnout in the FLOSS ecosystem. Her analysis breaks with the traditional Open Source propaganda, which assumes that more participation makes projects easier.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 14

Today in 1992 version 0.1 of 386BSD was released. Although there had been an earlier release in March, it was very difficult to install, which made 0.1 much more popular and the first contact with BSD for many more people. 386BSD was the first open source operating system on the x86 architecture and is the ancestor of all modern BSD variants.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 15

Today in 1454 the Malatestiana Library opened in Italy. It is credited as the first public library in Europe.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 17

Today in 1993 the influential and early Linux distribution Slackware was released. It was the first to offer an extensive collection of software and served as the basis for several other distributions.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 12

Today in 1562 Spanish Roman Catholic bishop Diego de Landa burns most of Mayan scripture to eliminate pagan rites. The Mayas had the most advanced writing system in Mesoamerica.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 16

Today in 2007 Aaron Swartz announced the Open Library project.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 19

Today in 2000 the first stable version (1.0) of the reference software of the Vorbis audio format was released. Vorbis delivered better sound quality than MP3. It was successful (only) in niches like video games.
← previous day · following day →
# GLPK/Searchable Help-GLPK and Bug-GLPK

http://www.mail-archive.com/help-glpk@gnu.org/
http://www.mail-archive.com/bug-g...@gnu.org/
# GLPK/Solaris OS

The user level compilation and installation process on Solaris 10, Solaris 11 and OpenIndiana is the same as for Linux.
System installation may be slightly different depending upon how system privileges are managed. OpenIndiana 151a has sudo enabled in the default installation, so it is identical.
# GLPK/Steps of GMPL File Processing

This page describes the steps that GLPK takes when processing a model written in GMPL (also known as MathProg).

## Processing steps

GLPK solves a model in a series of steps.

### Model section translation

The model section of the GMPL file is parsed and internal structures describing the different objects, such as variables, constraints, and expressions, are created. This phase is executed by the function glp_mpl_read_model.

### Data section translation

The data section of the model file is used to initialize parameters and sets. If the data section is contained within the model file, this phase is executed by the function glp_mpl_read_model. If data files are (optionally) provided, this phase is executed by the function glp_mpl_read_data.

### Model generation

In this phase, the statements and expressions of the model up to the GMPL solve statement, are evaluated. This phase is executed by the function glp_mpl_generate. Model generation can be computationally expensive and users should expect the process of generating large or complex models to take time.
The constraints themselves are normalized according to the following rules:
| Original form | Standard form |
| $ax+b\geq cy+d$ | $ax-cy\geq d-b$ |
| $ax+b\leq cy+d$ | $ax-cy\leq d-b$ |
| $ax+b=cy+d\,\!$ | $ax-cy=d-b\,\!$ |
| $c\leq ax+b\leq d$ | $c-b\leq ax\leq d-b$ |
Dual values are calculated using the standard form of the constraint. This implies that, in the following example, the dual value of c2 will take the opposite sign relative to the dual value of c1 for the otherwise equivalent constraint formulations:
Care is therefore required when interpreting the dual values for nonstandard constraints. Conversely, good practice suggests using the standard forms where practical.

### Model building

The problem instance for the solver is created. This phase is executed by the function glp_mpl_build_prob. This call will fail if not preceded by a call to glp_mpl_generate.

### Solution

A solution is attempted by calling the appropriate solver: simplex, interior-point, or MIP.

### Postsolving

The results of the solver call are transferred back to the GMPL variables and constraints. All statements after the solve statement in the model file are executed. This phase is executed by function glp_mpl_postsolve.

## Further study

More details can be obtained by examining:
* function glp_main in implementation file src/glpapi19.c (as of GLPK 4.45)
* the example in chapter 3.2 Routines for processing MathProg models in doc/glpk.pdf from the source distribution.

## Prescribed starts

It is not possible to specify a feasible (but possibly suboptimal) starting solution when using GLPSOL — but this feature is supported when programming with the GLPK API using the callback hook of the branch-and-cut algorithm.
# GLPK/Task List

Purpose: this page should be used to list and/or discuss the tasks that could help improve the GLPK wikibook.

## Missing pages

* GMPL guide for efficient modeling, could include themes like making use of sparsity, tight bounds
* examples showing the use of the GLPK API
** column generation (e.g. to solve cutting stock problem) — so how does this compare to cspsol?

## Pages needing additional content

* GLPK/Mac_OS_X — instructions on compiling GLPK under Mac OS X

## Formatting

* put links to subpages of each chapter on the page describing the chapter
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 23

Today in 2005 the Free Software Foundation Latin America was launched.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 26

Today in 2006 the Nexa Center for Internet and Society was founded.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 19

Today in 1975 Bit blit was finished. It was first implemented by Dan Ingalls and Diana Merry at Xerox PARC. It is a foundation to modern graphical user interfaces.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 20

Today in 1963 an issue of the MIT newspaper The Tech was published with the first documented use of the term “hacker”. Contrary to Richard Stallman’s narrative, it was bearing a black-hat connotation.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 25

Today is Richard Greenblatt’s birthday. He was a key figure in the early hacker and Lisp communities and a member of the MIT AI Lab. He pioneered running a commercial IT company with a hacker-friendly environment and flat hierarchies.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 21

Today in 1969 the first permanent ARPANET link was established. It was the first large-scale, general-purpose computer network that connected different kinds of computers. Other similar networks, including NPL, ALOHANET, HLN and CYCLADES, followed closely but were outrun by ARPAnet due to its massive funding.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 22

Today in 1454 Johannes Gutenberg printed his first dateable (and profitable) print product: one of thousands of indulgences. The ability to serve the religious market with masses of cheap print products was an impressive performance demonstration of the underlying movable-type printing technology. Although it was originally invented in China as early as 1040 A.D. (read: about 2,500 years earlier), this finally led to its widespread adoption which later also benefited dissemination of actual knowledge, serving the Renaissance and scientific revolution.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 24

Today in 1992 Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X was announced, the world’s first live CD Linux distribution. It drastically reduced the effort required to achieve a running Linux system/X server: Advertised as a “plug-and-play Linux”, it automatically detected hardware and configured itself accordingly. It pioneered IDE CD-ROM drive support when the CD-ROM driver situation was still very poor on Linux. The boot process had to be initiated with a floppy disk, since no standard for booting from CD was devised yet. It was ahead of its time, with available technology not yet fast enough for comfortable use.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/November 27

Today in 1852 Ada Lovelace died at the age of 36.
← previous day · following day →
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Earthwork/Solution

Given the end areas below, calculate the volumes of cut (in cubic meters) and fill between stations 0+00 and 1+50. Determine the true amount of excess cut or fill to be removed.
* 0+00: Fill = 60
* 0+50: Fill = 50
* 0+75: Cut = 0, Fill = 25
* 1+00: Cut = 10, Fill = 5
* 1+15: Cut = 15, Fill = 0
* 1+50: Cut = 30
Two different methods need to be used here to compute earthwork volumes along the five strips. The average end area method can be used for non-zero sections. The pyramid method needs to be used for areas with zero ends.
For 0+00 to 0+50, use average end area:
$Fill={\frac {60+50}{2}}(50)=2750\,\!$
For 0+50 to 0+75, use average end area:
$Fill={\frac {50+25}{2}}(25)=937.5\,\!$
For 0+75 to 1+00, use the average end area method for the fill section and the pyramid method for the cut section:
$Fill={\frac {25+5}{2}}(25)=375\,\!$
$Cut={\frac {10(25)}{3}}=83.3\,\!$
For 1+00 to 1+15, use the pyramid method for the fill section and the average end area method for the cut section:
$Fill={\frac {5(15)}{3}}=25\,\!$
$Cut={\frac {10+15}{2}}(15)=187.5\,\!$
For 1+15 to 1+50, use the average end area method:
$Cut={\frac {15+30}{2}}(35)=787.5\,\!$
The sums of both cut and fill can be found:
* Fill = 4087.5 cubic-meters
* Cut = 1058.3 cubic-meters
Thus, 3029.2 cubic-meters of dirt are needed to meet the earthwork requirement for this project.
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Economics/Problem

A poll is taken in about selling a sports car. There are 1000 subjects. The results came back for the two questions, with the number of people who replied yes:
Question 1:
* Would you buy a brand new sports car for $500,000? 10 people
* Would you buy a brand new sports car for $50,000? 95 people
* Would you buy a brand new sports car for $5,000? 812 people
* Would you buy a brand new sports car for $500? 995 people
* Would you buy a brand new sports car for $50? 999 people
* Would you buy a brand new sports car for $5? 1000 people
Question 2:
* Would you sell your brand new sports car for $500,000? 995 people
* Would you sell your brand new sports car for $50,000? 500 people
* Would you sell your brand new sports car for $5,000? 90 people
* Would you sell your brand new sports car for $500? 3 people
* Would you sell your brand new sports car for $50? 1 person
* Would you sell your brand new sports car for $5? 0 people
What would be the appropriate balance of price and number of people interested?
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Economics/Solution

A poll is taken in regards to a sports car. Of the 1000 people in the class, the polling results came back for the two series of questions:
Question 1:
* How many people would buy a brand new sports car for $500,000: 10 people
* How many people would buy a brand new sports car for $50,000: 95 people
* How many people would buy a brand new sports car for $5,000: 812 people
* How many people would buy a brand new sports car for $500: 995 people
* How many people would buy a brand new sports car for $50: 999 people
* How many people would buy a brand new sports car for $5: 1000 people
Question 2:
* How many people would sell their brand new sports car for $500,000: 995 people
* How many people would sell their brand new sports car for $50,000: 500 people
* How many people would sell their brand new sports car for $5,000: 90 people
* How many people would sell their brand new sports car for $500: 3 people
* How many people would sell their brand new sports car for $50: 1 person
* How many people would sell their brand new sports car for $5: 0 people
What would be the appropriate balance of price and people interested?
This is a supply and demand curve. The demand for a car increases as price goes down while the supply of people for cars goes up as the price goes up. The balance would be at the point of intersect of the two curves. The Y-axis would be price of car while the X-axis would be number of people
Looking at the $50,000 and $5,000, we can see that the number of people goes from 95 to 812 for demand while the number goes from 500 to 90 for supply. Somewhere between these two points, the lines intersected. If one were to draw out the curves in detail, they could interpolate the intersection point to be approximately at $25,000, with a number of buyers and sellers being equal to 350.
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Evaluation/Problem

A new transportation project is proposed to the city. This project is a form of "guide wire", where cars can hook to these moving, below-ground wires and be transported for free around town. This project is proven to reduce gas consumption by $5 million in its completion year. The city's preferred contractor says that it will take 10 years to build the thing and cost $500,000 a year, which is "perfect" because costs would add up to the benefit. Knowing that inflation is 3 percent, as an expert evaluator, is this a wise decision?
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Earthwork/Problem

Given the end areas below, calculate the volumes of cut (in cubic meters) and fill between stations 0+00 and 2+50. Determine the true amount of excess cut or fill to be removed.
* 0+00: Fill = 60
* 0+50: Fill = 50
* 0+75: Cut = 0, Fill = 25
* 1+00: Cut = 10, Fill = 5
* 1+15: Cut = 15, Fill = 0
* 1+50: Cut = 30
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Evaluation/Problem2

A new Southstar rail line is proposed. This project is expected to reduce travel time for 2,000 commuters by 30 minutes per day, in its completion year. The line only operates on weekdays (Monday-Friday). It will take 2 years to build and cost $320,000,000 total (Net Present Value). If the interest rate is 3 percent, above what value of time must average value of time for SouthStar Passengers be in order for the benefit/cost ratio to exceed 1.