OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IB/Group 3/History/Route 2/Causes, Practices, and Effects of Wars/The Spanish Civil War (36-39)

The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936 after more than a century of social, economic and political division. Half a million people died in this conflict between 1936 and 1939.

## Long-term causes of the Spanish Civil War: political instability (1920−1931)

In the 19th century, Spain had struggled between periods of conservatism and liberalism.
# History of Edmeston, New York/1960s

* Edmeston History
* Schools
* Churches
* Houses
* Businesses
* People
* References
* 1760 – 1769
* 1770 – 1779
* 1780 – 1789
* 1790 – 1799
* 1800 – 1809
* 1810 – 1819
* 1820 – 1829
* 1830 – 1839
* 1840 – 1849
* 1850 – 1859
* 1860 – 1869
* 1870 – 1879
* 1880 – 1889
* 1890 – 1899
* 1900 – 1909
* 1910 – 1919
* 1920 – 1929
* 1930 – 1939
* 1940 – 1949
* 1950 – 1959
* 1960 – 1969
The history of Edmeston, New York: 1960 through 1969

## 1960

[Circa 1960 Sandra Lohnas Haggerty concluded her history of Edmeston:]
CONCLUSION. None of these destroyed buildings has been rebuilt, which indicates the decline in business that our village has felt. With improved transportation, people are apt to travel to the cities for shopping and entertainment; there they find greater choices and lower prices because of the quantities with which city venders deal. About two weeks ago, our restaurant "folded" and the closing of our small clothing store is rumored. I'm afraid that the change in our culture hasn't helped the growth of our small village. — Sandra Lohnas Haggerty
# History of Edmeston, New York/1940s

* Edmeston History
* Schools
* Churches
* Houses
* Businesses
* People
* References
* 1760 – 1769
* 1770 – 1779
* 1780 – 1789
* 1790 – 1799
* 1800 – 1809
* 1810 – 1819
* 1820 – 1829
* 1830 – 1839
* 1840 – 1849
* 1850 – 1859
* 1860 – 1869
* 1870 – 1879
* 1880 – 1889
* 1890 – 1899
* 1900 – 1909
* 1910 – 1919
* 1920 – 1929
* 1930 – 1939
* 1940 – 1949
* 1950 – 1959
* 1960 – 1969
The history of Edmeston, New York: 1940 through 1949

## 1941

In 1941 the entire New Berlin branch of the New York Ontario & Western Railway (NYO&W) was sold to the Unadilla Valley Railway which ran the branch until 1960 when operations stopped. The New Berlin branch ran from Cooperstown Junction, (just north of Sidney) to New Berlin, and had been extended north to Edmeston in 1895, when the Wharton Valley Railroad agreed to lease the line to the NYO&W.
# History of Edmeston, New York/1950s

* Edmeston History
* Schools
* Churches
* Houses
* Businesses
* People
* References
* 1760 – 1769
* 1770 – 1779
* 1780 – 1789
* 1790 – 1799
* 1800 – 1809
* 1810 – 1819
* 1820 – 1829
* 1830 – 1839
* 1840 – 1849
* 1850 – 1859
* 1860 – 1869
* 1870 – 1879
* 1880 – 1889
* 1890 – 1899
* 1900 – 1909
* 1910 – 1919
* 1920 – 1929
* 1930 – 1939
* 1940 – 1949
* 1950 – 1959
* 1960 – 1969
The history of Edmeston, New York: 1950 through 1960

## 1951

A War Memorial Monument was placed if front of the school by the Edmeston Rotary Club in May, 1951. Memorial Day services are held there following the annual parade.
From Time Magazine:
    War
    The Lull
    Aug. 20, 1951
    In the Hollywood Dance Hall in Yong-dungpo (a suburb of Seoul) last week, Sergeant John A. Wallace Jr. of Edmeston, N.Y., celebrated his 22nd birthday. Deciding to do well by himself and his friends, he hired the place, laid out a feast of roast beef, baked ham, potato salad, beer, whisky and champagne. While a six-piece native orchestra struggled manfully with U.S. dance music, G.I.s contentedly swung kisaeng girls (Korean equivalent of Japan's geishas) around the floor. Cost to Sergeant Wallace: $200. Said he happily: "This is my fourth birthday in the Far East, my second in Korea and the first I've had a chance to celebrate."

## 1958

In 1958 the opera house burned. With the loss of the theater also was a restaurant, locker plant and apartments. — Sandra Lohnas Haggerty
# History of Edmeston, New York/Houses

* Edmeston History
* People
* Schools
* Churches
* Houses
* Businesses
* References
Historic Houses in the Town of Edmeston

## The Five Sisters

The Five Sisters was a five-family house built by the Homer Underwood on the east side of South Street in the Edmeston hamlet. The building burned to the ground in the late 1990s, a victim of suspected arson.
| Five Sisters from the north looking south | Five Sisters from the south looking north |
| File:Edmeston NY 5 Sisters Fire-1.jpgFive Sisters fire - 1 | File:Edmeston NY 5 Sisters Fire-2.jpgFive Sisters fire - 2 | File:Edmeston NY 5 Sisters Fire-3.jpgFive Sisters fire - 3 |
# History of Edmeston, New York/Businesses

* Edmeston History
* People
* Schools
* Churches
* Houses
* Businesses
* References
Edmeston, New York (Businesses)

## The Gaskin House

Between 1840 and 1843, S. H. Preston built the second hotel in town at the location of the current Bank/Post Office building. Preston bought the land from Adin Deming, the first settler in the area.
| Early Photo of the Gaskin House, purchased by John S. Gaskin in 1883 | Man with cat on Gaskin House porch |

## South Edmeston Cheese Plant

* South Edmeston Cheese Plant
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Boomslang
## Overview

Boomslang skin is one of the components of Polyjuice Potion.

## Extended Description

Boomslang skin is used rarely enough that it is not in the student supply cabinet with most other potion ingredients. Hermione determines that in order to make their Polyjuice Potion, she will have to sneak into Professor Snape's office, and arranges a diversion, with Harry's help.
When Boomslang skin turns up missing in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Snape accuses Harry privately of having stolen it.
A Boomslang is an actual creature, despite the exotic name; it is a venomous snake that is native to parts of Africa. "Boomslang" is Afrikaans for tree- ("boom") snake ("slang"), and refers to Dispholidus typus, a large, venomous snake in the family Colubridae, which is native to sub-Saharan Africa.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Bubble-Head Charm
## Overview

The Bubble-Head Charm makes a pocket of breathable air about the caster's head.

## Extended Description

This charm has been seen used in two places so far.
In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Cedric and Fleur use the Bubble-Head Charm in the Second Task. This charm allows them to survive underwater, giving them breathing air, for the time necessary to carry out their task.
In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, after Dolores Umbridge is appointed Headmaster, discipline at the school falls apart. Because she is afraid that the teachers might act to undermine her, Umbridge basically removes any authority they have, which leaves her and Filch the impossible task of maintaining discipline in a school of possibly 680 adolescent witches and wizards. While teachers can maintain order in their individual classrooms, nobody will take responsibility for the hallways, which become littered with dungbombs, which Filch, being a Squib, is largely powerless to clean up. It becomes common practice for the students to use a Bubble-Head Charm on themselves between classes, because the hallways smell so bad.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Bubotuber
## Overview

Bubotubers are the ugliest plants Harry has ever seen, looking like thick black slugs sticking vertically out of the plant pots.

## Extended Description

Bubotubers, despite their extreme ugliness, seem to have at least one valuable product. Large, shiny swellings grow on the plant; these are full of a yellowish-green liquid, the "pus", which smells strongly of petrol (gasoline). The raw pus can have unpleasant effects on the skin, so the harvesters must wear dragon-hide gloves; but when properly prepared, it is an excellent cure for the more stubborn forms of acne.

## Analysis

Bubotubers are quite a minor sidelight into the world of magic. In this book, they are used for two things: first, to show, by making the plants in Herbology classes more dangerous, that Harry's class has advanced further in their studies, and second, to provide a reasonable noxious substance for inclusion in the hate-mail later directed at Hermione. One suspects that this work with bubotubers may be somehow associated with the jinx that Hermione later lays on Marietta Edgecombe.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* How do you pronounce "bubotuber"?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Blood-Sucking Bugbear
## Overview

A Blood-Sucking Bugbear is noted in passing in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Hagrid mentions that his roosters are being killed by "either foxes, or a Blood-Suckin' Bugbear", and needs to ask the Headmaster for permission to put a charm around the henhouse.

## Analysis

As a plot element, it is quite possible that this is only mentioned in order to point up the fact that roosters are being killed. The killing of the roosters is a clue to the nature of the occupant of the Chamber of Secrets. As story-telling, mentioning blood-sucking bugbears as well as foxes adds an element of grimness to the atmosphere of the story, and contributes to the reader's sense that the magical world and ordinary world intersect at Hogwarts.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.

## Greater Picture

In fact, it is Ginny Weasley who is killing the roosters, under the orders of Tom Riddle, acting through his diary. This is because a Basilisk can be destroyed by the rooster's crow; if all the roosters have been killed, the Basilisk occupying the Chamber of Secrets will have a longer time when it can be allowed out to roam and hunt.
Again, it is this antipathy to roosters which is meant to give the reader an idea of what Hermione is looking for in the library, when it dawns on her what the monster in the Chamber must be.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Blood traitor
## Overview

A Blood traitor is a Pure Blood wizard who sympathizes with Muggle causes or with Muggles in general.

## Extended Description

The term "Blood Traitor," a very emotionally loaded term, is first heard from the mad, screaming portrait of Mrs. Black in Number 12, Grimmauld Place. The insult is apparently leveled by Mrs. Black, a fanatical believer in the tenets of Blood status, at the Weasley family. We learn later that any family member who appears to consort with Muggles or Muggle-born wizards, or who sympathizes with them, is literally burned off the tapestry showing the family tree, as a display of their being eliminated from the family history.

## Analysis

To those Wizards who accept the flawed belief structure known as Blood Status, Muggles are subhuman creatures who are beneath contempt. Thus, any Wizard who consorts with them, or who even sympathizes with them, is a traitor to Blood Status and to the purity of their own bloodline. A classic example of a Blood Traitor is Arthur Weasley, who despite springing from the oldest, purest Wizarding bloodlines, not only is amused by Muggles, but has been involved in drafting legislation aimed at protecting them from Wizards.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Blood Blisterpod
## Overview

A Blood Blisterpod is a purple pod which either causes uncontrollable bleeding, or if bleeding already is occurring, prevents it from stopping.

## Extended Description

Ron passes the Quaffle so enthusiastically to Katie Bell at Quidditch practice, that it hits her in the nose and starts a nose bleed. To stop the bleeding, Fred gives her what he believes is the healing end of a Nosebleed Nougat, but it turns out to be a Blood Blisterpod. Katie loses so much blood that she has to be taken to the Hospital Wing.

## Analysis

The fact that Fred is carrying a pocket full of Blood Blisterpods would indicate that they are a vital component of some part of the Skiving Snackbox line, most likely the Nosebleed Nougat. Knowing the twins, they are also quite possibly untradeable magical substances under the law, which would explain why we only see them that once.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Bowtruckle
## Overview

A Bowtruckle is a tree dwelling creature found in western England, southern Germany, and Scandinavian forests. It appears to be made of bark and twigs with two brown eyes which makes it hard to distinguish from the trees it inhabits. If a Bowtruckle thinks its tree is in danger, it has been known to gouge the intruder's eyes out. The Bowtruckle's favourite food is woodlice, which can be used to distract it.

## Extended Description

Professor Grubbly-Plank teaches a class on Bowtruckles early in Harry's fifth year. Harry's Bowtruckle escapes before he is finished drawing it, and he has to finish the drawing as homework. A Bowtruckle chatters angrily at him later, when he is in the Forbidden Forest.
There is a mention of them also in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. As the Prince is escaping at the end of the book, Hagrid's hut is set on fire. Hagrid comments that he was binding up the legs of a couple of Bowtruckles, and mourns that they are now "burnt ter twigs."
From a throw-away comment by Aberforth Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, "They'd be on you like Bowtruckles on Doxy eggs," we surmise that Doxy eggs are a favoured food for Bowtruckles, when they can find them.

## Analysis

Bowtruckles are very peripheral to the story. They appear in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as one of the topics most likely to appear on the Ordinary Wizarding Levels tests. Their appearance in the story seems to be designed as a means of comparing Professor Grubbly-Plank's teaching methods with Hagrid's more unorthodox techniques.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* What do Bowtruckles like to eat?
* What is a group of Bowtruckles called?
* How do you tame Bowtruckles?
# LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Continuous Time/Schur Complement/Strict Schur Complement
### Strict Schur Complement

Consider $A\in \mathbb {S} ^{n},B\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times m},$ and $C\in \mathbb {S} ^{m}.$ The following statements are equivalent.
a) ${\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\B^{T}&C\end{bmatrix}}<0$
b) $A-BC^{-1}B^{T}<0,C<0$
c) $C-B^{T}A^{-1}B<0,A<0$

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Continuous Time/Eigenvalue Problem

LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Continuous Time/Eigenvalue Problem
The maximum eigenvalue of a matrix is going to have the most impact on system performance. This LMI allows for minimization of the maximum eigenvalue by minimizing $\gamma$.

## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t),\\y(t)&=Cx(t)\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices $A\in R^{n\times n},B\in R^{n\times m},C\in R^{o\times n}$.

## The Optimization Problem

${\text{ Minimize }}\gamma {\text{ subject to the LMI below.}}$

## The LMI:

       ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find}}\;&P>0:\\{\begin{bmatrix}-A^{T}P-PA-C^{T}C&PB\\B^{T}P&\gamma I\end{bmatrix}}>0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

The eigenvalue problem can be utilized to minimize the maximum eigenvalue of a matrix that depends affinely on a variable.

## Implementation

https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

## Related LMIs

Structured Singular Value

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Continuous Time/Structured Singular Value

LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Continuous Time/Structured Singular Value
The LMI can be used to find a $\Theta$ that belongs to the set of scalings $P\Theta$. Minimizing $\gamma$ allows to minimize the squared norm of $\Theta M\Theta ^{-}1$.

## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}M{\text{ with transfer function }}{\hat {M}}(s)=C(sI-A)^{-1}B+D,&&{\hat {M}}\in H_{\infty }\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices $A\in R^{n\times n},B\in R^{n\times m},C\in R^{o\times n},D\in R^{o\times m}$.

## The Optimization Problem

${\begin{aligned}{\text{There exists }}\Theta \in \Theta {\text{ such that }}||\Theta M\Theta ^{-1}||^{2}<\gamma .\end{aligned}}$

## The LMI:

       ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find}}\;&X>0:\\{\begin{bmatrix}A^{T}X+XA&XB\\B^{T}X&-\Theta \end{bmatrix}}+\gamma ^{-2}{\begin{bmatrix}C^{T}\\D^{T}\end{bmatrix}}\Theta {\begin{bmatrix}C&D\end{bmatrix}}<0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

${\text{The optimization problem and the LMI are equivalent. }}\gamma {\text{ must be optimized using bisection.}}$

## Implementation

https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

## Related LMIs

Eigenvalue Problem

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
# LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/D-Stability Max Percent Overshoot Poles

LMI for Max Percent Overshoot Poles
The following LMI allows for the verification that poles of a system will within a maximum percent overshoot constraint. This can also be used to place poles for max percent overshoot when the system matrix includes a controller, such as in the form A+BK.

## The System

We consider the following system:
${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax\end{aligned}}$
or the matrix $A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, which is the state matrix.

## The Data

The data required is the matrix A and the max percent overshoot $M_{p}$ you wish to verify.

## The Optimization Problem

To begin, the constraint of the pole locations is as follows: $z-z^{*}+{{\pi } \over ln({M_{p}})}|z+z^{*}|{\leq }0$, where z is a complex pole of A. The goal of the optimization is to find a valid P > 0 such that the following LMI is satisfied.

## The LMI: LMI for Max Percent Overshoot Poles

The LMI problem is to find a matrix P satisfying:
${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}\pi (AP+(AP)^{T})&lnM_{p}(AP-(AP)^{T})\\lnM_{p}(AP-(AP)^{T})^{T}&\pi (AP+(AP)^{T})\end{bmatrix}}<0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

If the LMI is found to be feasible, then the pole locations of A, represented as z, will meet the max percent overshoot specification of $z-z^{*}+{{\pi } \over ln({M_{p}})}|z+z^{*}|{\leq }0$, and the poles of A satisfy the previously defined constraint.

## Implementation

A link to Matlab codes for this problem in the Github repository:
https://github.com/maxwellpeterson99/MAE509Code

## Related LMIs

- D-stabilization
- D-stability Controller
- D-stability Observer

## External Links

- LMI in Control Systems Analysis, Design and Applications
- A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet

## Return to Main Page

-Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools
# LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/D-Stability Pole Placement for Rise Time

LMI for Rise Time Poles
The following LMI allows for the verification that poles of a system will result in a specification on rise time. This can also be used to place poles when the system matrix includes a controller, such as in the form A+BK.

## The System

We consider the following system:
${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax\end{aligned}}$
or the matrix $A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, which is the state matrix.

## The Data

The data required is the matrix A and the rise time $t_{r}$ you wish to verify.

## The Optimization Problem

To begin, the constraint of the pole locations is as follows: $z^{*}z-{1.8^{2} \over {t_{r}}^{2}}{\leq }0$, where z is a complex pole of A. We define $r^{2}{\geq }z^{*}z$. The goal of the optimization is to find a valid P > 0 such that the following LMI is satisfied.

## The LMI: LMI for Rise Time Poles

The LMI problem is to find a matrix P satisfying:
${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}-rP&AP\\(AP)^{T}&-rP\end{bmatrix}}<0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

If the LMI is found to be feasible, then the pole locations of A, represented as z, will meet the rise time specification of $z^{*}z-{1.8^{2} \over {t_{r}}^{2}}{\leq }0$

## Implementation

A link to Matlab codes for this problem in the Github repository:

## Related LMIs

- D-stabilization
- D-stability Controller
- D-stability Observer

## External Links

- LMI in Control Systems Analysis, Design and Applications
- A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet

## Return to Main Page

-Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools
# LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/D-Stability Rise Time Poles

LMI for Rise Time Poles
The following LMI allows for the verification that poles of a system will fall within a rise time constraint. This can also be used to place poles for rise time when the system matrix includes a controller, such as in the form A+BK.

## The System

We consider the following system:
${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax\end{aligned}}$
or the matrix $A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, which is the state matrix.

## The Data

The data required is the matrix A and the rise time $t_{r}$ you wish to verify.

## The Optimization Problem

To begin, the constraint of the pole locations is as follows: $z^{*}z-{1.8^{2} \over {t_{r}}^{2}}{\leq }0$, where z is a complex pole of A. We define $r^{2}{\geq }z^{*}z$. The goal of the optimization is to find a valid P > 0 such that the following LMI is satisfied.

## The LMI: LMI for Rise Time Poles

The LMI problem is to find a matrix P> 0 satisfying:
${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}-rP&AP\\(AP)^{T}&-rP\end{bmatrix}}<0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

If the LMI is found to be feasible, then the pole locations of A, represented as z, will meet the rise time specification of $z^{*}z-{1.8^{2} \over {t_{r}}^{2}}{\leq }0$, and the poles of A satisfy the previously defined constraint.

## Implementation

A link to Matlab codes for this problem in the Github repository:
https://github.com/maxwellpeterson99/MAE509Code

## Related LMIs

- D-stabilization
- D-stability Controller
- D-stability Observer

## External Links

- LMI in Control Systems Analysis, Design and Applications
- A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet

## Return to Main Page

-Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools
# LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Continuous Time/Schur Complement/Nonstrict Schur Complement
### Nonstrict Schur Complement

Consider $A\in \mathbb {S} ^{n},B\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times m},$ and $C\in \mathbb {S} ^{m}.$ The following statements are equivalent.
a) ${\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\B^{T}&C\end{bmatrix}}\leq 0$
b) $A-BC^{+}B^{T}<0,C\leq 0,B(\mathbf {1} -CC^{+})=\mathbf {0} ,$ where $C^{+}$ is the Moore-Penrose inverse of $C.$
c) $C-B^{T}A^{+}B<0,A\leq 0,B^{T}(\mathbf {1} -AA^{+})=\mathbf {0}$ where $A^{+}$ is the Moore-Penrose inverse of $A.$

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.