OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Polish/Basic sentences 2

< Polish pronunciation < ^ Polish ^
Let's try to make some simple sentences.
Two things you should know are that:
* verbs take different forms depending on person, number and tense
* nouns take different forms depending on number and function in the sentence, or to be more exact, grammatical case
* "Basia je jabłko" - Basia eats/is eating an apple.
* "Basia je ciastko" - Basia eats/is eating a cookie.
"Basia" (English Barb) is the short form of the name Barbara. "Jabłko" means an apple. "Ciastko" means cookie. "je" is the appropriate form of verb that means "to eat".
Note: Polish does not have a word for "the" or "a", therefore when translating from Polish you have to add these in where they would be appropriate in an English sentence, using the context or meaning of the sentence as a guide.
There are 7 cases in Polish, with the two most important being nominative (Polish "mianownik") - for subjects, and accusative (Polish "biernik") - for direct objects. Subject in Polish can adopt two forms - logical and gramatical; grammatical subject is a noun in nominative and logical - a noun in accusative. Logical subject is used when we want to express lack or excess of something. Grammatical subject can be represented by any part of speech. For example:
* noun (Pol. rzeczownik) – Dom stoi na wzgórzu.
* adjective (Pol. przymiotnik) – Chory wziął lekarstwo.
* numeral (pol. liczebnik) – Wybiła dziesiąta.
* verb (Pol. czasownik) - Przyjemnie jest Tańczyć.
* pronoun (Pol. zaimek) - On czyta.
* adverb (Pol. przysłówek) – Jutro należy do nas.
* conjunctive (Pol. łącznik) – "I" jest spójnikiem.
* preposition (Pol. przyimek) – "W" jest przyimkiem.
* particle (Pol. partykuła) - "Li", "że" są partykułami.
* interjection (Pol. wykrzyknik) – "Och" rozległo się nagle.
While word order in Polish can be changed, the most typical is:
Declension of Polish nouns is rather regular. Nouns that end in "-o" have the same nominative and accusative (these are neutral), nouns that end in "-a" in the nominative have "-ę" in the accusative (these are feminine).
Knowing that, we can create more sentences.
For example:
* "Dziecko je ciastko" - a child eats a cookie.
* "Dziecko je czekoladę" - a child eats a chocolate.
* "dziecko" - a child
* "czekolada" - a chocolate
To practise a little more, let's use "widzi", which is the appropriate form of the verb "to see".
* "Piotr widzi Basię" - Piotr sees Basia
* "Basia widzi Piotra" - Basia sees Piotr
* "Basia widzi dziecko" - Basia sees a child
< Some useful expressions < ^ Polish ^ > Polish pronunciation >
# Policy Debate/Stock Issues

The meat of a policy debate comes from the stock issues. To easily remember the stock issues, debaters often use the acronym "SHITS."

## Significance

    How significant is the problem that you are trying to remedy through your interpretation of the resolution?

## Harms

    What happens if your plan doesn't pass; why is your plan needed right now?

## Inherency

    What is inherent in the status quo that prevents your problem from already being solved?

## Topicality

    Does your case fall within the topic? Does your case meet the parameters of the resolution?

## Solvency

    Does your plan actually solve the problem?
# Policy Debate/What is Debate

Debate is the institution through which words and manifest ideas consolidate their various aspects into one concrete movement and through formal processes are delivered in a style with the embodiment of Socraticism at its heart. Typically, two or more parties join together in a location, or in more recent times, in various locations connected through media airwaves, and exchange ideas and statement that after several periods of discussion develop into a seminar where the objective of each member is to persuade the others of the validity contained within their argument. In saying, "validity," it is meant to be taken that each argument is logical, rational in structure, and true in its implications.
As long as humans have possessed the ability to speak, they have also run into the necessity to argue or debate for these similar purposes. In its own right, debate is simply a more evolved form of argument. It is the essence of what makes us human, disagreement.
# Polish/Basic sentences 1

^ Polish ^
This question is used to ask about things/objects and refers mostly to both plural and singular, although the answers vary depending on the number:
* To jest ... / to yest / > This is...
* To są .../ to sõ / > These/Those are...
eg.
To get information about a person, you need to use "kto?" / who? /:
The possible answers are:
* To jest...- in singular
* To są...- in plural
eg.
The following sentences may be employed to introduce your family or friends to someone:
* moja mama > my mom
* mój tata > my dad
* moja siostra / shostra / > sister
* mój brat > brother
* mój kuzyn / koozin / > cousin (male)
* moja kuzynka / koozinka / > cousin (female)
* moje dziecko / jetsko / > child
* To jest moja rodzina. > This is my family.
< Polish pronunciation < ^ Polish ^ > Basic Polish sentences 2 >
# Polish/Comparative and Superlative

In grammar, the comparative and superlative forms of an adjective or adverb indicate that something possesses a certain feature to a greater degree than anything else it is being compared to in a given context. For instance, if Adam is 45, Bess is 35, and Chris is 25, Bess is older than Chris, but Adam is the oldest of the three. His age surpasses those of Bess and Chris. Conversely, Chris is the youngest, as his age is less than those of Adam and Bess. If Dan, who is 50, and Edna, who is 20, join the group, Dan becomes the oldest and Edna the youngest.

## Rules

In Polish, the construction of the comparative and superlative depends on the form of the word.
* For words ending in k, such as szeroki, wysoki, or szybki, the comparative is formed by removing the ending of the word and adding szy, e.g., szerszy, wyższy, and szybszy. The superlative is formed by adding naj in front of the comparative, e.g., najszerszy, najwyższy, najszybszy.
* For words not ending in k, such as stary, nowy, and tani, the comparative is formed by adding szy directly to the end of the word, e.g., starszy, nowszy, tańszy. The superlative is formed in the same way as above, by adding naj in front, e.g., najstarszy, najnowszy, najtańszy.
* Words ending in n or pł form the comparative and superlative in the same way as above, except they require a niej between the ending of the word and the szy. So they become ładniejszy, wygodniejszy, cieplejszy in the comparative case and najładniejszy, najwygodniejszy, najcieplejszy in the superlative case. Note that the ł changes to l in "ciepły".
* There are some irregular cases, see the examples below.
* Finally, there are adjectives which don't have comparative and superlative forms. An example in English is awful, which becomes more awful and most awful. In Polish, the words bardziej and najbardziej are used for more/most and mniej/najmniej are used for less/least.

## Examples

| Rule | English | Polish | Comparative | Superlative |
| 1 | tall fast far away | wysoki, -a, -e szybki, -a, -e daleki, -a, -e | wyższy, -a, -e szybszy, -a, -e dalszy, -a, -e | najwyższy, -a, -e najszybszy, -a, -e najdalszy, -a, -e |
| 2 | cheap expensive friendly | tani, -a, -e drogi, -a, -e miły, -a, -e | tańszy, -a, -e droższy, -a, -e milszy, -a, -e | najtańszy, -a, -e najdroższy, -a, -e najmilszy, -a, -e |
| 3 | warm comfortable beautiful | ciepły, -a, -e wygodny, -a, -e ładny, -a, -e | cieplejszy, -a, -e wygodniejszy, -a, -e ładniejszy, -a, -e | najcieplejszy, -a, -e najwygodniejszy, -a, -e najładniejszy, -a, -e |
| 4 (irregular compare) | good bad big small | dobry, -a, -e zły, -a, -e duży, -a, -e mały, -a, -e | lepszy, -a, -e gorszy, -a, -e większy, -a, -e mniejszy, -a, -e | najlepszy, -a, -e najgorszy, -a, -e największy, -a, -e najmniejszy, -a, -e |
| 5 | elegant modern | elegancki, -a, -e nowoczesny, -a, -e | bardziej elegancki, -a, -e bardziej nowoczesny, -a, -e | najbardziej elegancki, -a, -e najbardziej nowoczesny, -a, -e |
# MATLAB Programming/Axis Handle

MATLAB offers incomparable control over the way you can add details to your plot. From inserting text at the right positions to labelling the axes, MATLAB from the command line offers you an easy way to create publication style graphics. With support for Encapsulated PostScript and Adobe Illustrator output. Complex figures with several axes and conveying large amounts of information can be created.

## Concept of a handle

Most operations on figures generate objects with a set of properties. Users familiar with object-oriented programming would realize that the functions and the data are encapsulated into the object. A typical figure would contain at least half a dozen objects. These objects are called handles. A very tacky analogy would be like handles to several different refrigerators with several different contents. To provide an intuitive feel. I have listed out the properties from a text handle.

## Finding a handle

Various commands provide required handles, for example:

## Examples
### Axis Label

xlabel labels the x-axis of the current plot.
You can display text on two lines or insert the value of variables
ylabel labels the y-axis of the current plot. It works in same way of xlabel, but the output is vertical in 2D plots.
# MATLAB Programming/Alternatives to MATLAB

[MATLAB Programming\|/MATLAB Programming]m]
Chapter 1: MATLAB ._.
    Fundamentals of MATLAB
    MATLAB Workspace
    MATLAB Variables
    *.mat files
Chapter 2: MATLAB Concepts
    MATLAB operator
    Data File I/O
Chapter 3: Variable Manipulation
    Numbers and Booleans
    Strings
    Portable Functions
    Complex Numbers
Chapter 4: Vector and matrices
    Vector and Matrices
    Special Matrices
    Operation on Vectors
    Operation on Matrices
    Sparse Matrices
Chapter 5: Array
    Arrays
    Introduction to array operations
    Vectors and Basic Vector Operations
    Mathematics with Vectors and Matrices
    Struct Arrays
    Cell Arrays
Chapter 6: Graphical Plotting
    Basic Graphics Commands
    Plot
    Polar Plot
    Semilogx or Semilogy
    Loglog
    Bode Plot
    Nichols Plot
    Nyquist Plot
Chapter 7: M File Programming
    Scripts
    Comments
    The Input Function
    Control Flow
    Loops and Branches
    Error Messages
    Debugging M Files
Chapter 8: Advanced Topics
    Numerical Manipulation
    Advanced File I/O
    Object Oriented Programming
    Applications and Examples
    Toolboxes and Extensions
Chapter 9: Bonus chapters
    MATLAB Benefits and Caveats
    Alternatives to MATLAB
    [MATLAB_Programming/GNU_Octave|What is Octave= (8) hsrmonic functions]
    Octave/MATLAB differences
Here are list of alternatives mathematics software Workbooks compared to MATLAB
Julia Here are some Wikibooks related to Julia
* Julia for MATLAB Users
* Data Science and Artificial Intelligence with Julia
* Introducing Julia
Octave
Here are Wikibooks related to Octave:
Maple Here are Wikibooks related to Maple
Maxima Here are Wikibooks related to Maxima
Mathematica Here are Wikibooks related to Mathematica
R Programming Language Here are Wikibooks related to R
* R Programming
* Statistical Analysis: an Introduction using R
* Biostatistics with R
* Data Mining Algorithms In R
Sage Here are Wikibooks related to Sage
# MATLAB Programming/Arrays/Struct Arrays
## Introduction to Structures

MATLAB provides a means for structure data elements. Structures are created and accessed in a manner familiar for those accustomed to programming in C.
MATLAB has multiple ways of defining and accessing structure fields. See Declaring Structures for more details.
Note: Structure field names must begin with a letter, and are case-sensitive. The rest of the name may contain letters, numerals, and underscore characters. Use the namelengthmax function to determine the maximum length of a field name.

## Declaring Structures

Structures can be declared using the struct command.
In MATLAB, variables do not require explicit declaration before their use. As a result structures can be declared with the '.' operator.
Structures can be declared as needed and so can the fields.

## Arrays of Structures

Structures can also be arrays. Below is an example

## Accessing Fields

When the field name is known the field value can be accessed directly.
In some cases you may need to access the field dynamically which can be done as follows.

## Accessing Array Elements

Any given element in a structure array can be accessed through an array index like this
To access all elements in a structure array use the syntax {structure.field}. In order to get all values in a vector or array use square brackets () as seen below.
Or you can put them all into a cell array (rather than concatenating them) like this:

## Assigning values to a field of each struct array element

Matlab provides tools to assign values to a field of each array element. Consider the following struct array:
The following command assigns the same value to the field_b field of each array element:
To assign different values to each array element:

## Sub-arrays through logical addressing

With Matlab, it's possible to extract a subarray from an array by using logical indexing. Consider the following struct array:
To obtain a subarray from foo where all foo.field_a values are equal to 2, a boolean array can be used to perform logical indexing. So, a boolean test that returns a boolean array for this purpose would be:
So, by using this boolean array to perform logical indexing, Matlab defines a struct array whose elements consist of those from foo whose field_a value is equal to 2 by doing:
# MATLAB Programming/App Designer

App designer is the latest way to design MATLAB app GUI starting R2016a with aim to replace the MATLAB GUIDE.
The new features of App Design as followed
* A more modern look-and-feel design environment with richer drag-and-drop conveniences
* New features like a tree component, date picker, layout manager, and an automatic reflow option to make your app responsive to different screen sizes without having to write complex resizing logic
* Its programming model is more robust for managing data within an app by using a MATLAB class-file
* Apps built with App Designer can be run in MATLAB Online and deployed to the web for easier sharing and access via a web browser on desktops, tablets, or mobile devices.
To start, type appdesigner on the Command Window.
You can see the App Designer starting up as shown.
But in this examples , we are going to start by open up a Blank App
Once open up Blank App, place the components on the Design Views canvas as shown
# MATLAB Programming/Arrays/Cell Arrays

[MATLAB Programming\|/MATLAB Programming]m]
Chapter 1: MATLAB ._.
    Fundamentals of MATLAB
    MATLAB Workspace
    MATLAB Variables
    *.mat files
Chapter 2: MATLAB Concepts
    MATLAB operator
    Data File I/O
Chapter 3: Variable Manipulation
    Numbers and Booleans
    Strings
    Portable Functions
    Complex Numbers
Chapter 4: Vector and matrices
    Vector and Matrices
    Special Matrices
    Operation on Vectors
    Operation on Matrices
    Sparse Matrices
Chapter 5: Array
    Arrays
    Introduction to array operations
    Vectors and Basic Vector Operations
    Mathematics with Vectors and Matrices
    Struct Arrays
    Cell Arrays
Chapter 6: Graphical Plotting
    Basic Graphics Commands
    Plot
    Polar Plot
    Semilogx or Semilogy
    Loglog
    Bode Plot
    Nichols Plot
    Nyquist Plot
Chapter 7: M File Programming
    Scripts
    Comments
    The Input Function
    Control Flow
    Loops and Branches
    Error Messages
    Debugging M Files
Chapter 8: Advanced Topics
    Numerical Manipulation
    Advanced File I/O
    Object Oriented Programming
    Applications and Examples
    Toolboxes and Extensions
Chapter 9: Bonus chapters
    MATLAB Benefits and Caveats
    Alternatives to MATLAB
    [MATLAB_Programming/GNU_Octave|What is Octave= (8) hsrmonic functions]
    Octave/MATLAB differences

# Cell Array Introduction

Cell Arrays can contain differing information in every element. These types of arrays are useful when interacting with spreadsheet software.

## Creating Cell Arrays

Cell arrays follow the same conventions as regular arrays except instead of square brackets use curly brackets.
Cell arrays have fewer limitations than regular arrays. The regular array can hold strings; however, the string in each element must be the same length. If one element in a regular array is a string then all elements must be a string. Cell arrays have neither of these limitations.
With fewer limitations for the content of a cell array comes complications. While cell arrays are a powerful tool, these arrays work differently because each element can be almost anything.

## Dynamic Resizing

Cell arrays can be dynamically resized, which is a key feature in more advanced data structures. For example, a queue data structure using the commands:
An element can be popped from the front of the queue using the commands:

## Uses
### GUI Tables

Cell arrays are used when displaying a table to a figure.

## Converting to and from cell arrays
### Converting From a Numeric Array into a Cell Array

Use num2cell to convert from a numeric into a cell array.

### Converting From a Cell Array into a Numeric Array

Use cell2mat to convert from a cell into a numeric array.

# External Links

ControlTheoryPro.com
# Programming Gambas from Zip
## Contents
### Main

* Introduction
* Programming and its Grammar
* Computers Can Do Three Things
* Arrays, Lists, Sorting and Shuffling
* Saving and Opening Text Files
* Automatic Arranging of Objects on Forms
* Contextual Menus
* Character Codes and Keeping Time
* Radio Buttons and Groups, Parents and Children
* Saving Settings
* Modules and Classes
* SQLite Databases
* Printing
* Tray Icon Notebook
* Afterword

### Reference Tables

* Did You Know?—from GAMBAS ONE
* Functions
* Constants
* Operators
* Data Types and Conversions
* Formatting
* Operator Precedence
# Programming Gambas from Zip/Constants
## Constants
### String constants

http://Gambaswiki.org/wiki/cat/constant
| gb.NewLine | Newline character. This is Chr(10). |
| gb.Cr | Carriage return character. This is Chr(13). The line terminator on old Macintoshs. |
| gb.Lf | Linefeed character. This is Chr(10). The line terminator on Linux and new Macs. |
| gb.CrLf | Carriage return followed by linefeed. The line terminator on Windows and network protocols such as HTTP. |
| gb.Tab | Tab character. This is Chr(9). |

### Sort Order

| gb.Ascent | Ascending sort (This is default). |
| gb.Descent | Descending sort. |

### Alignment

Because these are part of the Align class, refer to these as Align.Center, Align.Left etc.
| Bottom | BottomRight | Justify | Normal | Top | TopNormal |
| BottomLeft | Center | Left | Right | TopLeft | TopRight |
| BottomNormal | | | | | |
# Programming Gambas from Zip/ContextualMenus
## Making Contextual Menus at Design Time

There is another way to create a contextual menu for when you right-click the tableview: not in code as we have done, but at design time. You still have to write code to handle the menu item clicks, but you avoid all those New Menuitem statements like mn = New Menu(Me) and su = New Menu(mn) As "MenuCopyTable". Simply use the Menu Editor to create a new menu with all its menu items. This menu will appear on the menubar, so to avoid that happening make it invisible (see the Visible checkbox below).
This is an easier way to make a contextual menu. It works if you know what the menu is going to be before you start the application. If you need to make a menu depending on what is typed in, you have to create the menu in code and use the New operator.

## Sorting a GridView or TableView

There is no built-in sorting. I wish there were a method attached to each TableView like TableView_Sort(Column, Direction, NumericOrNot), but there isn’t. There is a good way to sort in the online wiki, here, but alas, it doesn’t sort correctly for columns containing numbers. 10 comes before 2, for example, because “1” is would come before “2” in a dictionary. The string “10” is less than the string “2” even though the number ten is greater than the number two.
(Thanks to fgores, Lee Davidson and Gianluigi of the forum for this method.)
So here is my method—somewhat agricultural, but it works. The idea is to go through the tableview row by row, gathering the cells in that row into a string with a separator between each, and putting the item that will determine the sorting right at the start of each. Sort the array, then unpack each row back into the tableview. In other words, pack each row into a string, sort the strings, and unpack each row. Use any rare and unusual character to separate the fields. Here a tilde (~) is used.
# Programming Fundamentals/Why Learn Programming?
## Introduction to Programming

As technology evolves, more people are becoming involved. Some people may say that programming has become a necessity by how dependent people have become to their technology. Have you ever thought about how Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, or Twitter have been created? In simple words, I will address why you should become a programmer. People should know how programmers created some of their favorite phone applications, and how they can create other top programs. It helps you in figuring out real-life problems. It takes everything into account and finds the most probable solution. There are interactions among people because everyone has their own ideas on how to make something better. This will enhance your daily life, as well as help, improve the way technology works. We want more, and we want it fast. There is always room for improvement. Each language has its strengths and its weaknesses.
C++
C#
Java
JavaScript
Python
Pros
* Interactive
* Interpreted
* Modular
* Dynamic
* Object-oriented
* Portable
* High level
* Extensible in C++ & C
Cons
* Difficulty in Using Other Languages
* Weak in Mobile Computing
* Gets Slow in Speed
* Run-time Errors
* Underdeveloped Database Access Layers
Swift