OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Orion Black
## Overview

Orion Black was a pure-blood wizard, husband of Walburga Black and father of Sirius and Regulus Black. He lived in the house on Number 12, Grimmauld Place, his ancestral home.

## Role in the Books
### Order of the Phoenix

The day after Harry arrives at Grimmauld Place, he is assisting the Weasley family with cleaning Doxies out of the sitting room. When they stop for lunch, Sirius shows Harry a tapestry of the Black family tree, explaining that this was emblematic of the Black family beliefs; to the Blacks, genealogy was paramount. The fact that they could trace their family back to the earliest wizards was a source of family pride, and anyone who did not agree was expunged from the tree. Sirius shows the burn mark that had replaced his name, and the one for Andromeda Tonks' mother, who had married "a Muggle," Ted Tonks. He also said that he had escaped from this house because his parents were possessed by pure-blood mania. Both his father and his mother agreed with Voldemort's plans for the purification of wizarding race, though they didn't seem to play a part in it.
Later, as they clean up the house, Sirius finds that Kreacher is trying to carry away a large golden ring. Sirius takes it from him and throws it away, saying it had been his father's, and that Kreacher was not as loyal to him as to Walburga.

## Strengths

We are told that Sirius' father did enhance the magical protection on the house. As the house must have been standing for many years at that point, and the existing spells should have been reasonably strong, we expect that he must have been a reasonably strong wizard.

## Relationships with Other Characters

Orion was proud of his son Regulus because he was true to the family's Pure Blood beliefs. We are led to believe that both Orion and Walburga were proud of his becoming a Death Eater, and being in Voldemort's inner council. By the same token, Orion must have been disappointed in Sirius' pro-Muggle leanings. However, Sirius notes that it was Walburga who burned people off the tapestry of the family tree; Orion may have held out some hope of reconciliation.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Did Orion treat Kreacher well, or not? If not, why would Kreacher try to retrieve Orion's ring?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Orla Quirke
## Overview

Orla Quirke is a Ravenclaw who arrived at Hogwarts in Harry's fourth year.

## Role in the Books
### Goblet of Fire

Orla Quirke was Sorted into Ravenclaw House.

### Deathly Hallows
## Strengths
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Owen Cauldwell
## Overview

Owen Cauldwell is a Hufflepuff who arrived at Hogwarts in Harry's fourth year.

## Role in the Books
### Goblet of Fire

Owen Cauldwell was Sorted into Hufflepuff House.

### Deathly Hallows
## Strengths
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# OpenClinica User Manual/Interfaces

OpenClinica is web-based and by its nature captures data remotely. However, sometimes a different interface is needed or data needs to be captured when there is little or no network access. A number of interfaces are available, but they all require some customisation, as there is no publicly available standard solution.

# XForms

There have been a number of efforts to bring XForm data into OpenClinica:
* Geneuity blogged about a spreadsheet-like interface for OpenClinica they'd developed using Openclinica.
* Tom Hickerson of OpenClinica's presentation about how he is 'working on a mapping layer between OpenClinica and OpenXData', collecting data using basic mobile phones with limited connectivity. Code from the project is available.
* github has some OpenClinica and XForm code. There is also a OpenClinica Tablet Demo video

# Import from Local instances of OpenClinica

Michael Ochieng provided source code of a Python import tool that updates a central database with ODM exports from site databases. The contents can be found here.
A number of import tools are listed on the OpenClinica Wiki data import tools page

# Import from Local instances of another data collection tool

Jim Smith used InfoPath forms for a 'store and forward tablet PC system' that are then forwarded to a 'SharePoint (WEBDAV) server', then imported into OpenClinica.
Jim says: 'InfoPath supports repeating sections and filtered views that OC can't come close too "yet".
InfoPath is pen/touch aware and makes the CRF's much more usable than the OC interface.'
Again, the import tools mentioned above are needed to import the data.

# Other options

Discussions have included using the OpenDataKit and Android phones
Arthur Isaenko suggests creating an Access application to pass messages to OpenClinica via email
# OpenClinica User Manual/ISA
## Microsoft ISA Server
### Problem

When OpenClinica 3.1.3.x is used in combination with Microsoft ISA Server 2006 firewall it can happen that a user, outside the intranet, can not open any CRF for data entry. The server only returns a blank page.

### Solution

Make sure that the following configuration is set on ISA server firewall:
* General node, under Configuration. Click Define HTTP Compression Preferences to open the HTTP Compression properties. Check Enable Http Compression in the general tab. On the Return Compressed Data tab, click Add . Add the external network. In the same tab, click on Content Types and define which content types will be compressed. On the Request Compressed Data tab, click Add to add the network elements from which ISA Server will request compressed HTTP responses. Add the Openclinica server (you could define it as computer in the network entities)
* Make sure that compression web filter is enabled under the configuration.
# OpenClinica User Manual/ImportingData
## Importing data

It is sometimes useful to import data into OpenClinica. The data can be amended, discrepancy notes added, it is checked on import and can be referenced using rules.

### Reasons why you shouldn't do it (mostly convenience)

* It is sometimes less work to consider non-OpenClinica data as a separate data stream, that is merged with data from OpenClinica at the end of the study (especially if it doesn't need to be amended in the OpenClinica interface).
* It is sometimes quicker to manually enter data than import data
* Depending on your regulatory regime, you may need to validate any manipulation of the data prior to it being imported
* Depending on the import method, data goes into the system as ‘Completed’, but a data manager user can still upload the same data over the top of the data. Altering the records to be ‘locked’ doesn't stop the data being overwritten. May need sophisticated logic to avoid overwrites

### Difficulties in using the standard import

* Import requires you to set up subjects and schedule visits before importing a file
* Import uses CDISC ODM XML files that can be challenging to create from Excel, CSV or whatever source you have
* Need to obtain OIDs for event and CRF when creating the CDISC ODM XML
* Import is dependent upon the subject's SubjectKey (StudySubjectOID), which varies from their standard Study Subject ID in a consistent way. However, if their Study Subject ID has changed, then SubjectKey will be dependent upon their initial incorrect Study Subject ID. So you may have to have some mappings for subjects whose ID was entered wrongly

### How to do it

OpenClinica.com has documentation on how you can import CDISC ODM format XML files.

### Methods

The OpenClinica wiki includes a number of import tools that can be used to import data

### Converting CSV to CDISC ODM XML using XSLT

One method of generating a CDISC ODM XML from a CSV file (Microsoft Excel can save in this format) is to use an XSLT parser such as Kernow to parse the CSV using a customised XSLT transform.
An example CSV file (with SubjectKeys: SS_S001 and SS_S002, ITEM_NAMES: I_APFIN_LBISOPROSTANES and I_APFIN_LBOXLDL):
The XSLT transform for import:
This should create the following CDISC ODM XML file:
Then import the file as per OpenClinica's Import Data documentation.

#### Limitations of this method

* The transform to XML step only works correctly if there are no line breaks in the data (so no multi-line text fields).
* XML characters in the input like < and > will cause problems.
* Changes to the template or a different transformation tool (such as http://servingxml.sourceforge.net/) may avoid these issues.
* The XML is easiest to construct if all the data is for the same CRF in the same Event
* Need to reorganise data to have correct fieldnames for column headers and subject names for first items in each row
# OpenClinica User Manual/LockingObjects
## Locking Study, Sites and Events

In OpenClinica several objects can be locked: the Study, Sites defined in the Study and Events for Subjects.

### To lock a study

* Navigate to Tasks > Build Study
* Next to "Set Study Status" select "Locked"
* Click "Save Status"

### To lock a site

* Navigate to Tasks > Build Study
* Next to Task 6 Create Sites, click the View icon.
* Find the Site you want to lock. Select the Edit icon.
* Scroll down towards the bottom and find "Site Status for this study." Select "locked."
* Click "Submit Site"

### To lock an event for a subject

* Navigate to the Subject Matrix.
* Find the Subject & Event you want to lock.
* Click "View/Enter Data" for the Event you want to lock.
* At the top, click "Edit Study Event"
* Next to status, select "locked."
* Click "Submit changes"
The above describes the "normal" situation where you lock an event for a subject once the event has been marked complete (i.e. all forms are either marked complete or not started). But you can also lock an empty event to prevent data entry:
* Schedule the event
* Open one of the event CRFs for initial data entry but do not save anything and close the CRF
* Change event status to stopped
* Change event status to locked
# OpenClinica User Manual/Dropdowns
## Advantages of a dropdown

OpenClinica can be presented in several ways, one of which is a single-select dropdown. This is a particularly useful format because:
* It comes preset (the first item on the list or a specified default is selected). In comparison Radio buttons don't come preset (all selections are empty).
** This preset nature allows calculations within the form to detect whether the question has been answered or not. This is useful for scored questionnaires where the number of questions answered affects the calculation. Unset fields (e.g. radio buttons) can't be calculated in such a way.
* It can be unset back to the first item in the list or the default. In comparison, Radio buttons can't be unset.
** Unset items can be hidden by the actions of other fields (so the user can back out of making changes)

## Adding an empty option value

Single-select dropdowns store their values in one field (RESPONSE_VALUES_OR_CALCULATIONS) and their displayed text (RESPONSE_OPTIONS_TEXT) in another. The list of values can include blank, e.g. this YESNO single-select has a '(select)' option that has a blank associated value:
OpenClinica CRF spreadsheet :
| RESPONSE_LABEL | RESPONSE_OPTIONS_TEXT | RESPONSE_VALUES_OR_CALCULATIONS |
| YESNO | (select),Yes,No | , 1,2 |
By setting this field as REQUIRED, the user has to select one of the none-empty values. In this example either 'Yes' or 'No' has to be selected, (select) can't remain selected on save.
If an option that doesn't appear in the RESPONSE_VALUES_OR_CALCULATIONS list is specified as the DEFAULT, then this will appear in the single-select list. However, this method has at least one limitation due to an associated bug in version 3.1.2 of Openclinica - Issue 10611 (login required).
# OpenClinica User Manual/EditingSubjectDateOfBirth

There are at least two ways to edit a subject's date of birth and fields such as enrollment date (see the OpenClinica Users mailing list thread).
* At study level you can click "View" for the subject in question, then click "Global Subject Record" below the Visits table and then the "Edit Record" link. The DOB is listed there.
* Via the administration/subjects task menu (click the edit button)
If the date of birth edit does not seem to save (issue seen in 3.1.3.1 and 3.1.4), try the following workaround from this OpenClinica Users mailing list thread:
   Some guidelines:
   * if you want to collect DoB on Subject-level, set PersonID to optional
   * if you want to use web-services, set gender to required
   * if you want to do any validations on DoB or gender, or if yu want to use them in validations of other items, collect them in a CRF
Once the date of birth edit is made, the PersonID StudyParameter can be re-set to Not Used.
# Mathematical Proof/Methods of Proof/Other Proof Types

* Mathematical Proof
* Introduction
* Logical Reasoning
* Notation
* Methods of Proof
* Constructive Proof
* Proof by Contrapositive
* Proof by Contradiction
* Proof by Induction
* Counterexamples
* Appendix
* Answer Key
* Symbols Used in this Book
* Glossary

# Other kinds of Proof

Some Proofs do not fall into any of the categories listed above. For example, a non constructive existence proof is a method which demonstrates the existence of a mathematical entity, without actually constructing it.

## Non Constructive Existence Proofs

For example, proofs exist which show the existence of nonconstructible numbers (numbers which can not be created using any combination of algebraic operations). These proofs can clearly not be constructive.

## Proof By Exhaustion

Proofs which analyse and document every instance of an assertion in a case-wise analysis can be used in finite cases. This is a cumbersome method of proof and is really only suitable when dealing with fairly small sets. A more involved use of proof by exhaustion is the proof of the Four-Colour Theorem. The proof has broken down the four-colour problem into subsets and a four-colour proof was applied to each of these by a computer. This proof has not currently been verified by a human and is hence not considered fully proven.
# Principles of Microeconomics/Welcome to Economics!
## Decisions ... Decisions in the Social Media Age

To post or not to post? Every day we are faced with a myriad of decisions, from what to have for breakfast, to which route to take to class, to the more complex—“Should I double major and add possibly another semester of study to my education?” Our response to these choices depends on the information we have available at any given moment; information economists call “imperfect” because we rarely have all the data we need to make perfect decisions. Despite the lack of perfect information, we still make hundreds of decisions a day.
And now, we have another avenue in which to gather information—social media. Outlets like Facebook and Twitter are altering the process by which we make choices, how we spend our time, which movies we see, which products we buy, and more. How many of you chose a university without checking out its Facebook page or Twitter stream first for information and feedback?
As you will see in this course, what happens in economics is affected by how well and how fast information is disseminated through a society, such as how quickly information travels through Facebook. “Economists love nothing better than when deep and liquid markets operate under conditions of perfect information,” says Jessica Irvine, National Economics Editor for News Corp Australia.
This leads us to the topic of this chapter, an introduction to the world of making decisions, processing information, and understanding behavior in markets —the world of economics. Each chapter in this book will start with a discussion about current (or sometimes past) events and revisit it at chapter’s end—to “bring home” the concepts in play.

## Introduction

In this chapter, you will learn about:
* What Is Economics, and Why Is It Important?
* Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
* How Economists Use Theories and Models to Understand Economic Issues
* How Economies Can Be Organized: An Overview of Economic Systems
What is economics and why should you spend your time learning it? After all, there are other disciplines you could be studying, and other ways you could be spending your time. As the Bring it Home feature just mentioned, making choices is at the heart of what economists study, and your decision to take this course is as much as economic decision as anything else.
Economics is probably not what you think. It is not primarily about money or finance. It is not primarily about business. It is not mathematics. What is it then? It is both a subject area and a way of viewing the world.
# Principles of Sociology/Deviance and Norms

There are many principles of sociology like norms, culture, values, economy, tradition, community, society etc
# Principles of Sociology/Culture

Subtopics:
This American Life - Simulated Worlds - Civil war reenactments, wax museums, simulated coal mines, fake ethnic restaurants, an ersatz Medieval castle and other re-created worlds that thrive all across America. Act One. National Tour. Host Ira Glass uses Italian author Umberto Eco's essay "Travels in Hypereality" as a guidebook to American simulated worlds. Eco says that the urge to create these miniature simulated worlds is a very American impulse--a significant American aesthetic--and one that's not often discussed. Ira visits the Wax Museum at Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco, plays clips from Jessica Yu's documentary on Civil War reenactors (called Men of Reenaction and available from the Independent Television Service at 800/343-4727), stops by a fake coal mine under Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry, and discusses "the poor man's Hearst Castle"--a California hotel called the Madonna Inn. (17 minutes) Act Two. Dinosaur Exhibit. Writer Jack Hitt discovers that the world of dinosaurs is a man-made creation, a simulated world that may or may not accurately reflect what happened on earth 100 million years ago. Talking with dinosaur experts like Jack Horner (the dinosaur expert whose work was the basis of much of the film Jurassic Park Hitt finds that most of what you think you know about dinosaurs is probably wrong, and that Americans' ideas about dinosaurs go through fashions--fashions that reflect the national mood. We believed dinosaurs were more aggressive when we were on the brink of World Wars One and Two. And these days we focus on their family values. (13 minutes) Act Three. Medieval Times. Ira takes a Medieval scholar from the University of Chicago, Michael Camille, to Medieval Times – a chain of fake castles where visitors eat Medieval food and drink Medieval Pepsi and watch a supposed recreation of a Medieval jousting tournament. The scholar finds that there are many historical inaccuracies, but that Medieval Times does capture something essential and interesting about the spirit of the Middle Ages. (19 minutes) Act Four. Simulating Reality on Morning Edition. Ira Glass worked for NPR's Morning Edition and All Things Considered for 17 years, and shares a few thoughts on the devices he and his colleagues used to simulate the real world on those shows. (2 minutes)
Richard Shweder's "Principles of Sociology/Moral Maps, First World Conceits, and the New Evangelists"
# Principles of Sociology/Demography

Demography is the study of human populations. In the vast majority of cases, demographers rely on quantitative methods.
# Principles of Sociology/Education

Subtopics
Principles of Sociology/Social Science in Higher Education
This American Life presents... "Two Steps Back"... Ten years ago, when he was still a reporter for NPR's All Things Considered, host Ira Glass did a year-long series on a Chicago public school where things were getting better. Test scores were rising. Students were motivated. Last year, changes at the school dismantled some of the programs that had made for the school's success. And one of the best teachers in the school is thinking about quitting. We devote the whole hour to this story, about the rise and fall of school reform. Prologue. When Ira heard that Cathy La Luz, the best public school teacher he'd met during all his years of education reporting, was considering leaving her job, he went to see her in her classroom. (6 minutes) Act One. 1994. Washington Irving Elementary School became a model of school reform in Chicago a decade ago. The school did it without adding a ton more money. It wasn't a magnet school or charter school. Their strategy: get the kids to enjoy reading and writing; get them glasses if they need them; give teachers control of their classrooms. Scores climbed. Teachers like Cathy were happy. Students actually liked coming to school. We hear excerpts from Ira's 1994 All Things Considered series about the school. (21 minutes) Act Two. 2004. We continue with the story of Irving Elementary, and hear what's happened to make Cathy La Luz think about quitting. In just nine months, the reforms that had made the school a model began to unravel. Well-meaning directives from the central school board undermined what the school was trying to do. And the new principal didn't quite understand why the teachers were balking at seemingly small things, like writing up lesson plans. The climate in the school changes. The principal is oblivious. The head of the Chicago schools, Arne Duncan, says he'll look into the problems. Cathy's skeptical. (28 minutes)
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Occamy
## Overview

A beautiful, carnivorous creature native to India and the Far East, resembling a winged snake, but plumed, having two legs, and reaching up to fifteen feet in length. As occamy eggshells are formed from pure soft silver, the occamy's reputation for aggression may be overstated, as most of its interaction with humans probably has consisted of defense of its eggs

## Extended Description

* ↑ Harry Potter Lexicon, after Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them by "Newt Scamander" (J. K. Rowling)

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Orchideous
## Overview

Orchideous causes a bouquet of flowers to burst out of the end of a wand.

## Extended Description

This spell is used by Mr. Ollivander as part of the Weighing of the Wands ceremony; he uses this spell to test Fleur's wand.

## Analysis

A minor spell, this is used only to confirm, in a harmless manner, that Fleur's wand can in fact do magic to an acceptable standard.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Patronus
## Overview

A Patronus is the visible result of the casting of the Expecto Patronum spell. By extension, it is also used to refer to the spell itself.

## Extended Description

When the Expecto Patronum spell is cast, the result is an apparent object made of white vapour. This object, the Patronus, often takes the shape of an animal; Harry's, for instance, is a stag. The animal in question often has some relationship to the person casting it: for instance, Dumbledore's is a phoenix, which seems to fit him well given his choice of pet, and Harry's takes the shape that his father took as an Animagus. Dumbledore has also devised a way of allowing a patronus to carry messages. More information is available at Expecto Patronum.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.