# Belarusian/Lesson 11
## The ў Letter

The у нескладо́вае letter is considered a consonant. However, it has all features of a vowel except one - it does not make a syllable (нескладовае means non-syllabic).
The ў letter is always preceded by a vowel. Together they form something like English diphthongs: ow in slow etc.
воўк "vouk" a wolf
ла́ўка "lauka" a bench
A y-vowel following the ў letter is read with a й sound.
здаро́ўе "zdarouye" health
Other vowels never follow ў. If as a result of word flexion or derivation ў gets in such a position, it is replaced by в. The opposite is also true. The в letter is never followed by a consonant, and can not be the final letter of the word. In such a position, it is replaced by ў.
ла́ўка "lauka" a bench - ла́вачка "lavachka" a bench (diminutive)
хлеў "khleu" a shed - хлявы́ "khliavy" sheds
здаро́вы "zdaróvy" healthy, in good health - здаро́ўе "zdarouye" health

## Singular Nouns Genitive

Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and adjective-like determiners are deflected by cases. So far, we have dealt with the Nominative, which is the initial case. Nominative singular (Nominative singular masculine for adjectives) is the word form to be searched in a dictionary.
The Genitive case is used to denote a kind of "kinship" between objects: a whole-to-part relation, a producer-to-product relation etc. In such cases, the "master" word (whole, producer etc.) would be Genitive.
In English such relations are usually denoted by the of preposition. Thus, a Genitive word X will most probably be translated to English as of (the) X. The opposite is also true. In Belarusian, there is no preposition that directly corresponds to the English of word. The of+noun expression would most probably be denoted by the Genitive in Belarusian.

### Feminine

Singular feminine nouns have ы or і endings in the Genitive - exactly the same as Nominative plural forms.
шко́ла a school - шко́лы of a school (or schools)
до́ля a part, a share - до́лі of a part (or parts)
ко́шка a cat - ко́шкі of a cat (or cats)
ноч a night - но́чы of a night (or nights)
гусь a goose - гу́сі of a goose (or geese)
With feminine nouns having stressed endings in Nominative singular, the stressed is not shifted in the Genitive. Thus, Genitive singular and Nominative plural differ for such words.
вада́ water - вады́ of water - во́ды waters
зямля́ a land - зямлі of a land - зе́млі lands
рака́ a river - ракі of a river - рэ́кі rivers
Masculine nouns ending in а or я form the Genitive in the same way.
мужчы́на a man - мужчы́ны of a man (or men)
саба́ка a dog - саба́кі of a dog (or dogs)

### Neuter

Neuter nouns ending in о, а have а ending in the Genitive, and neuter nouns ending in е, ё take the я ending in the Genitive.
акно́ a window - акна́ of a window
ко́ла (of) a wheel
по́ле a field - по́ля of a field

### Masculine

The most difficult situation is about masculine nouns ending with a consonant. They can take either а (я for soft consonants) or у (ю for soft consonants) ending. The rule to distinct these two cases is rather complicated.
The а (я) ending is taken by masculine nouns that denote
(a) animate creatures, i.e. people and animals
чалаве́к a person - чалаве́ка of a person
воўк a wolf - ваўка́ of a wolf
конь a horse - каня́ of a horse
(b) countable objects
стол a table - стала́ of a table
хлеў a shed - хлява́ of a shed
(c) body parts
нос a nose - но́са of a nose
хвост a tail - хваста́ of a tail
BUT твар a face - тва́ру of a face
(d) public organisations
заво́д a factory - заво́да of a factory
прафсаю́з a trade union - прафсаю́за of a trade union
(e) locations, geographical or astronomical names
го́рад a town - го́рада of a town
Мінск Minsk - Мінска of Minsk
Марс Mars - Ма́рса of Mars
(f) measuring units or intervals
год a year - го́да of a year
метр a meter - ме́тра of a meter
вольт a volt - во́льта of a volt
долар a dollar - до́лара of a dollar (даля́р/даля́ра in tarashkievitsa)
(g) concrete scientific terms
су́фікс a suffix - су́фікса of a suffix
ра́дыус a radius - ра́дыуса of a radius
The у (ю) ending is taken by masculine nouns that denote
(a) uncountable objects, i.e. substances and materials:
мёд honey - мёду of honey
цынк zinc - цы́нку of zinc
ву́галь coal - ву́галю of coal
BUT хлеб bread - хле́ба of bread
(b) collections of objects:
наро́д people - наро́ду of people
лес a forest - ле́су of a forest
флот a fleet - фло́ту of a fleet
(c) phenomena of nature:
дождж rain - дажджу́ of rain
мароз frost - маро́зу of frost
(d) place, direction, shape, size, time etc.
час time - ча́су of time
шлях a way - шля́ху of a way
(e) abstract concepts: characteristics, states, processes, actions, feelings etc.
ро́зум intellect - ро́зуму of intellect
ко́лер a colour - ко́леру of a colour
канфлікт a conflict - канфлікту of a conflict
прагрэ́с progress - прагрэ́су of progress
рух movement - ру́ху of movement
со́рам shame - со́раму of shame
боль an ache - бо́лю of an ache
(f) scientific, social or religious theories or trends, usually ending with ism
ідэалізм idealism - ідэалізму of the idealism
футуры́зм futurism - футуры́зму of the futurism
буды́зм Buddhism - буды́зму of Buddhism
ісла́м Islam - ісла́му of Islam
BUT some nouns of this group, denoting social trends characteristic to the Soviet epoch, take the а ending
камунізм communism - камунізма of the communism
сацыялізм socialism - сацыялізма of the socialism
Some nouns can have different meanings that fall to different groups and thus may have different Genitive endings, depending on the meaning.
кава́лак ду́бу a piece of oak (дуб denotes a material)
ко́рань ду́ба a root of an oak (дуб denotes a tree)
про́цьма наро́ду plenty of people (народ denotes a collection of people)
во́ля наро́да the will of the people (народ denotes a people as a single body)

## Exercises
### Countries and Capitals

Read the names of the countries and the cities given below. Then make up the sentences saying which city is the capital (сталіца) of which country.
Cities: Мінск, Масква́, Вільнюс, Ры́га, Кіеў, Варша́ва, Ло́ндан, Пра́га, Ата́ва, Пары́ж, Рым, Тэгера́н, Іерусалім, Буэ́нас-А́йрэс, Кінгстан
Countries: А́нглія, Аргенты́на, Белару́сь (feminine), Ізра́іль, Іра́н, Іта́лія, Кана́да, Ла́твія, Літва́, По́льшча, Расія, Украіна, Фра́нцыя, Чэ́хія, Яма́йка
Sample: Мінск - сталіца Беларусі. (or Сталіца Беларусі - Мінск)
Clue: Масква - сталіца Расіі. Вільнюс - сталіца Літвы. Рыга - сталіца Латвіі. Кіеў - сталіца Украіны. Варшава - сталіца Польшчы. Лондан - сталіца Англіі. Прага - сталіца Чэхіі. Атава - сталіца Канады. Парыж - сталіца Францыі. Рым - сталіца Італіі. Іерусалім - сталіца Ізраіля. Тэгеран - сталіца Ірана. Буэнас-Айрэс - сталіца Аргентыны. Кінгстан - сталіца Ямайкі.

### Rivers and Tributaries

Read the names of some Belarusian rivers being tributaries (прыто́кі) of other rivers. Make up sentences saying whose tributaries they are. Refer the map if you have difficulties.
The tributaries: Дры́са, Сож, Вілія, Буг, Пры́пяць (feminine), Піна, Бярэ́зіна, Мухаве́ц, Свіслач (feminine), Я́сельда
The rivers: Вісла, Дзвіна́, Дне́пр, Нёман
Sample: Дрыса - прыток Дзвіны.
Clue: Сож - прыток Дняпра. Вілія - прыток Нёмана. Буг - прыток Віслы. Прыпяць - прыток Дняпра. Піна - прыток Прыпяці. Бярэзіна - прыток Дняпра. Мухавец - прыток Буга. Свіслач - прыток Бярэзіны. Ясельда - прыток Прыпяці.
Try to think out: Is it possible to invert these sentences, i.e. to say Прыток Дзвіны - Дрыса etc.? Why?
Answer: No. Such sentences would imply uniqueness, i.e. that the Drysa is the only tributary of the Dvina etc. With countries and their capitals it was possible to invert the sentences because we dealt a "one-to-one" relation.

### Singular Masculine Genitive

Put either а or у endings in place of underscores.
(1) цэнтр Мінск_ (the centre of Minsk)
(2) сло́ік мёд_ (a jar of honey)
(3) кава́лак хле́б_ (a piece of bread)
(4) перамо́га камунізм_ (the victory of communism)
(5) канча́так назо́ўнік_ (an ending of a noun)
(6) пачуццё гу́мар_ (the sense of humour)
(7) пагро́за канфлікт_ (a threat of a conflict)
(8) хвост ты́гр_ (a tail of a tiger)
(9) дырэ́ктар заво́д_ (a manager of a factory)
(10) вы́раз тва́р_ (the expression of the face)
(11) мэр го́рад_ (the mayor of the city)
(12) пача́так даждж_́ (the beginning of rain)
(13) пача́так шля́х_ (the beginning of the way)
Clue: a - 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11; у - 2, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13

### Translation

Translate into Belarusian.
(1) This woman is a secretary of the manager.
(2) The headmaster of the school is travelling.
(3) Here is a jar of water.
(4) This is the root of the conflict.
(5) These oaks are trees of the forest.
(6) That street is the beginning of the way.
(7) What is the capital of Belarus? The capital of Belarus is Minsk.
(8) How are your students working? They are working well.
(9) What are the tributaries of the Dnieper? The tributaries of the Dnieper are the Sozh, the Prypiat and the Berezina.
Clue: (1) Гэтая жанчына - сакратарка дырэктара. (2) Дырэктар школы вандруе. (3) Тут слоік вады. (4) Гэта корань канфлікту. (5) Гэтыя дубы - дрэвы лесу. (6) Тая вуліца - пачатак шляху. (7) Якая сталіца Беларусі? - [Сталіца Беларусі -] Мінск. (8) Як працуюць твае студэнты? - [Яны працуюць] добра. (9) Якія прытокі Дняпра? - [Прытокі Дняпра -] Сож, Прыпяць і Бярэзіна.