OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arabic/YesNoQuestions

Yes/no questions are those questions which can be answered with either a yes or a no in English. For example "Did you go to school today?". That was a yes/no question because someone answering could answer "yes" or "no" and be perfectly understood. An example of a non-yes/no question is: "How was school today?". If your friend asked you that question and you answered "yes" or "no" your friend would think you did not hear him.
So how do yes/no questions work. In English yes/no questions start with an auxiliary verb. There are many of these. In English yes/no questions can start with "have", "do", "did", "will", or other auxiliary verbs.
* "have" ex. Have they come?
* "do" ex. Do they sleep?
* "did" ex. Did they jump?
* "will" ex. will you go away?
In Arabic yes/no questions are much simpler to understand, and to make. Every "yes/no" question usually starts with one of two words/semi-words. So
* هل (hal)
* a hamza (either a "أ " (a) OR ء (a))
Both of these work the same way. Both go at the beginning of a question sentence.
The difference in meaning between هل(hal) and hamza:
* A hamza is used when talking about the present
** A hamza would start this sentence: "Are you crying?".
* hal is used when talking in the non present tense.
** هل (hal) would start this sentence: "Do you cry?".
So how do we make a question. In Arabic a question can easily be made from a statement(a sentence, that is not a command, nor an exclamation, nor a question).

## X=Y Sentences

For example, how do we transform the following sentence into a yes/no question. الولد صغير
al-waladu Sagheer(un) al-wa-la-du-Sa-gheer The boy is small.
Simple, just add هل (hal) to the beginning.
هل الولد صغير؟
hal al-waladu Sagheer hal-al-wa-la-du-Sa-gheer Is the boy small?
Now don't forget the basic Arabic word for yes is نعم (na`am) and the basic word for no is لا (laa).

## X!=Y

أليس كذلك؟
a laisa kadhaalik a-lai-sa-ka-dhaa-lik Isn't it like that? OR Right?

## X does (something)

هل تعمل؟
hal ta`mal hal-ta`-mal Do you work?
# Arabic/available/Romanisation

* L kita'b(u) mawju'd(u)(n)
* L kursiy(yu) mawju'd(u)(n)
* L 7a'suwb(u) 3'air(u) mawju'd(i)(n)
* L~tilmi'd'(u) mawju'd(u)(n)
* L qalam(u) mawju'd(u)(n)
* L ma77a'ye(tu) 3'ayr(u) mawju'de(ti)(n)
* L kalime(tu) 3'ayr(u) mawju'de(ti)(n)
* L ma6a'r(u) huna'k(a)
* L ma63am(u) mawju'd(u(n))
* L tilmi'd'(u) huna'lik(a)
* L madrase(tu) huna'
* L ma6a'r(u) 3'air(u) mawju'd(i)(n)
# Arabic/definiteArticle/Romanisation

book= kita'b(u) ُ
* L kita'b(u)
* L ma6a'r(u) //6=T
* L ma63am(u) //6=T 3=near silent
* L kita'b(u) 9a3'i'r(u)(n)
* L ma6a'r(u) kabi'r(u)(n)
* L ma63am(u) 9a3'i'r(u)(n)
* 3unwa'n(u)-L ma6a'r(i)
# Arabic/YesNoQuestions2

ء OR أ
This type of hamza can start a question. It works in the same way as هل (hal). It goes before a statement to make it a question. It makes the sound (a). Make sure that you don't pronounce it so it rhymes with "bay", it rhymes with "la".
أليس كذلك؟
a laysa kadhaalik? a-lay-sa-ka-dhaa-lik Isn't it? / Isn't it like that?
أرئيت؟
a ra'ayt? a-ra-ayt Have you seen?

## The difference between هل (hal) and ء/أ (-hamza-)

* When asking about something happening now ء/أ is used.
The sentence "Are you cooking something?" would be translated with a ء/أ (hamza) at the beginning.
* When asking about something to happen in the future, or regularly هل is used.
The sentence "Do you cook?" or "Will you cook?" must be translated with هل (hal).
# Exercise 1

* اَلْكِتَاْبُ مَوْجُوْدٌ.‏ alkiˈtaːbu mawˈd͡ʒuːd
* اَلْكُرْسيُّ مَوْجُوْدٌ.‏ alˈkursiːju mawˈd͡ʒuːd
* اَلْحَاْسُوْبُ غَيْرُ مَوْجُوْدٍ.‏‏ alħaːˈsuːbu ˈɤajru mawˈd͡ʒuːd
* اَلْتِّلْمِيْذُ مَوْجُوْدٌ.‏
* اَلْقَلَمُ مَوْجُوْدٌ.‏
* اَلْمَحَّاْيَةُ غَيْرُ مَوْجُوْدَةٍ.‏
* اَلْكَلِمَةُ غَيْرُ مَوْجُوْدَةِ.‏
* اَلْمَطَاْرُ هُنَاْكَ.‏
* اَلْمَطْعَمُ مَوْجُوْدٌ.‏
* اَلْتِّلْمِيْذُ هُنَاْلِكَ.‏
* اَلْمَدْرَسَةُ هُنَاْ.‏
* اَلْمَطَاْرُ غَيْرُ مَوْجُوْدٍ.‏

# Key

1. The book is available. 2. The chair is available. 3. The computer is unavailable. 4. The student is available. 5. The pen is available.
6. The eraser is unavailable. 7. The word is unavailable. 8. The airport is there. 9. The restaurant is available. 10. The student is there. 11. The school is here. 12. The airport is unavailable.
# Arabic/definiteArticle

The definite article ("the" in English) is "al" (spelled ال alif, la'm). It is pronounced with the same sound as the name of the letter "L" (i.e. el). It basically does what the word "the" does; it goes before a definite noun. But it has two extra jobs, because in Arabic, small words like "of" and "is" are not used. To illustrate: the striked-out words in the following English sentences would not translate into an Arabic word once the sentence is translated.
Luckily, the definite article helps indicate where "is/are/am", and "of" would be. Whenever there are two words, one definite (i.e. starts with "L") and one indefinite (starts without "L"), if the first is definite then you know that "is/are/am" is implied between the two words. If the first is indefinite then you know that "of" is implied between the two words.

## Summary

(Y) means some noun (Z) means some other noun
l- indicates the Arabic definite article

## Translation Exercise

* الكتاب،al ketaab
* المطار، al mataar
* المطعم،al mat3am
* الكتاب صغير.al ketaab sagheer
* المطار كبير.al mataar kabeer
* المطعم صغير.al mat3am sagheer
* عنوان المطار
* عنوان المطعم
* عنوان الكتاب.
ا

## Key

* The book.
* The airport.
* The restaurant.
* The book is small.
* The airport is big.
* The restaurant is small.
* The address of the airport.
* The address of the restaurant.
* The title of the book.
# Automobile Repair/Renault
## Models

* Scenic
* Scenic II
* Clio
* Megane
# Automobile Repair/Nissan/Maxima (4th Generation)/Replacing the engine thermostat

The Engine Thermostat controls how much coolant flows throw the engine. It should be replaced if the engine is consistently cold (if the thermostat is stuck open) or if the car is getting too hot or over heating (if the thermostat is stuck closed). Its a good idea to replace the thermostat at the same time your changing the coolant, because the coolant must be drained to do this.

## Tools/Parts needed

* Oil pan
* A new engine thermostat
* A new engine thermostat seal (optional)
* Socket wrench set
* A Phillips-head screw driver
* A set of large pipe pliers (optional)

## Procedure

* To start remove the engine coolant by removing the plastic Phillips-head screw from under the radiator, letting the coolant fall into the oil pan
* Now we have to make some room to work, remove the alarm horn and move it aside.
* Lower the belt adjustment bolt that is sticking put vertically next to the engine thermostat until it is out of the way.
* Loosen the bracket with the Phillips-head screw driver and pull it off. If you are having trouble getting it off use a set of large pipe pliers to twist if off (being careful not to damage it).
* Now remove the three bolts holding engine thermostat with your Socket wrench and pull it away.
* Push the new one in to place with the seal on it and tighten the bolts.
* Reattach the hose and tighten with the Phillips-head screw driver.
* Rise the pulley adjustment bolt all the way and reattach the alarm horn
* Put the coolant back in the engine and your done.
# Automobile Repair/Nissan/Maxima (4th Generation)/Replacing your door panels
## Tools/Parts needed

* A Phillips-head screw driver
* A small flat headed screw driver
* A new door panel

## Procedure

* Use your flat headed screw driver to remove the screw cover in the door handle.
* Use you Phillips-head to remove the screw holding the handle to the door and pull the handle out.
* Now remove the door handle cover, using a flat headed screw driver and a rag to pry it away.
* If removing one of the front doors remove the two Phillips-heads at the bottom of the door, if not skip this step.
* Now the only thing holding the panel to the door is plastic inserts, start at the bottom of the door and carefully pull it away from the door. Take it one insert at a time up each side of the door.
* Once the bottom and sides are loose, the top should be the only thing holding it. To get the door panel off of the door lift the panel strait up.
* Now remove the wire the controls the window and also the one for the light (if its one of the front doors).
* Get new panel out and make sure you have all of the plastic inserts in the panel.
* Drop the new panel down onto the rail along the window wile holding the bottom of the door panel around 5" away from the door.
* Once the panel is on the rail work around the door pushing the inserts into the door.
* Put the door handle back and reinsert the Phillips-head and cover
* Reattach the wires for the switch and light (if its one of the front doors).
* Push the door handle cover back in place.
# Automobile Repair/Nissan/Maxima (4th Generation)/Replacing the engine coolant temperature sensor

The Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor is a small thermometer, that reads the coolant temperature and transmits that information to the ECU (cars computer). This should not be confused with the Thermal Transmitter, that sends the coolant temperature to the dash board. The Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor should only be replaced if your ECU is showing a coolant temperature code and your coolant temperature is fine.

## Tools/Parts needed

* A medium size adjustable wrench
* A Phillips-head screw driver
* A new Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor

## Procedure

* If you have a stock intake, remove air box by losing the Phillips-head hose clamp.
* Then remove the intake duck, by removing the two Phillips-heads attached to the front of the car and pull it out.
* Now look just to the right of the engine, at the hose that comes out of the engine, it connected to a sort pipe. There are two wires going into it, the one closest to you is the thermal transmitter and the one just behind it is the Coolant Temperature sensor.
* Remove the cable from the Coolant Temperature Sensor, you have to push the tab in to get it off (if your having trouble use a screw driver to push it in).
* Now use your medium size adjustable wrench, to remove the Coolant Temperature Sensor (don't worry no antifreeze will not come out).
* Install the new one with your adjustable wrench and reattach the wire.
* Now reinstall the intake duck and the air box making sure the Phillips-heads are tight.
# Automobile Repair/Radiator flush and fill

IMPORTANT MAKE SURE ENGINE IS COOL * HIGH PRESSURE AND HOT COOLANT CAN CAUSE BURNS* There are several reasons for flushing your radiator but here are basics steps to complete this task. Gather these items prior to starting a flush.
* antifreeze coolant
* drain pan/bucket
* drain hose ( if needed )
* any other replacement parts i.e. rad cap, thermostat, hoses, radiator, etc.
Once you have your supplies start by ensure engine is cool. DANGER DO NOT OPEN HOT UNDER PRESSURE
* open rad cap slowly to relieve any pressure.
* open drain on bottom of radiator.
* cycle run water through system until clean (this can take awhile depending on engine condition.
* close drain. fill rad with coolant to specified level usually with engine running and rad cap off.
* fill over flow if required
* check for leaks.
# Automobile Repair/Nissan/Maxima (4th Generation)/How to Reprogramming Keyless entry

If for some reason you keyless entry stops working for so reason or if you just lost you keyless entry remote and had to buy a new one. You might have to reprogram your remote.

## Tools/Parts needed

* Your car key
* Your new or old keyless remote

## Procedure

* Get in your car and lock the doors.
* insert and remove you key from the ignition 6 times in 7-10 seconds.
* Your hazard lights will blink twice, put you key in the ignition and turn it to ACC (the one that only turns the radio on).
* Now push the lock button on the keyless entry, your hazard lights will blink again.
* Remove key and unlock drivers door, your keyless should now work.
# Automobile Repair/Nissan/Maxima (4th Generation)/Replacing the engine thermal transmitter

The Thermal Transmitter is a small thermometer, that reads the coolant temperature and transmits that information to the dash board. This should not be confused with the coolant temperature sensor, that sends the coolant temperature to the ECU (cars computer). The Thermal Transmitter should only be replaced if your dash board is showing bad temperature readings.

## Tools/Parts needed

* A medium size adjustable wrench
* A Phillips-head screw driver
* A new thermal transmitter

## Procedure

* If you have a stock intake, remove air box by losing the Phillips-head hose clamp.
* Then remove the intake duck, by removing the two Phillips-heads attached to the front of the car and pull it out.
* Now look just to the right of the engine, at the hose that comes out of the engine, it connected to a sort pipe. There are two wires going into it, the one closes to you is the thermal transmitter and the one just behind it is the Coolant Temperature sensor.
* Remove the cable from the thermal transmitter, it just pulls off.
* Now use your medium size adjustable wrench, to remove the thermal transmitter (don't worry no antifreeze will not come out).
* Install the new one with you adjustable wrench and reattach the wire.
* Now reinstall the intake duck and the air box making sure the Phillips-heads are tight.
# Basic Algebra/Rational Expressions and Equations/Chapter Test

Please post your test problems this way:
* Problem:(answer,level of difficulty(easy, medium, hard))
* Example 2x=6: (x=3,easy)
# Basic Algebra/Solving Equations/Chapter Test

Please post your test problems this way:
* Problem:(answer,level of difficulty(easy, medium, hard))
* Example 2x=6: (x=3,easy)
* Example 2x/2+4x/4=4(x=2,medium)
# Basic Algebra/Solving Equations/Chapter Review

Lesson 1. Solving Equations with Addition and Subtraction
Lesson 2. Solving Equations with Multiplication and Division
Lesson 3. Solving Multi-Step Equations
Lesson 4. Solving Equations with Variables on Both Sides of the Equation
Lesson 5. Equations with More than One Variable
Lesson 6. Formulas
# Basic Algebra/Solving Equations/Formulas
## Basic Formulas

* $(a+b)^{2}=a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}$
* $(a-b)^{2}=a^{2}-2ab+b^{2}$
* $a^{2}-b^{2}=(a+b)(a-b)$
* $(a+b)^{3}=a^{3}+3a^{2}b+3ab^{2}+b^{3}$
* $(a-b)^{3}=a^{3}-3a^{2}b+3ab^{2}-b^{3}$
* $a^{3}+b^{3}=(a+b)(a^{2}-ab+b^{2})$
* $a^{3}-b^{3}=(a-b)(a^{2}+ab+b^{2})$
* $(a+b+c)^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+2ab+2bc+2ca$
* $a^{3}+b^{3}+c^{3}-3abc=(a+b+c)(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}-ab-bc-ca)$

### Derivation (1)

$(a+b)^{2}$ $=(a+b)(a+b)$ $=a(a+b)+b(a+b)$ $=a^{2}+ab+ab+b^{2}$ $=a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}$

### Derivation (2)

$(a-b)^{2}$ $=(a-b)(a-b)$ $=a(a-b)-b(a-b)$ $=a^{2}-ab-ab+b^{2}$ $=a^{2}-2ab+b^{2}$

### Derivation (3)

$a^{2}-b^{2}$ $=a^{2}+ab-ab-b^{2}$ $=a(a+b)-b(a+b)$ $=(a+b)(a-b)$

### Derivation (4)

$(a+b)^{3}$ $=(a+b)\times (a+b)^{2}$ $=(a+b)\left(a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}\right)$ $=a\left(a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}\right)+b\left(a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}\right)$ $=a^{3}+2a^{2}b+ab^{2}+a^{2}b+2ab^{2}+b^{3}$ $=a^{3}+3a^{2}b+3ab^{2}+b^{3}$

### Derivation (5)

$(a^{3}-b^{3})$ $=(a-b)\times (a-b)^{2}$ $=(a-b)\left(a^{2}-2ab+b^{2}\right)$ $=a\left(a^{2}-2ab+b^{2}\right)-b\left(a^{2}-2ab+b^{2}\right)$ $=a^{3}-2a^{2}b+ab^{2}-a^{2}b+2ab^{2}-b^{3}$ $=a^{3}-3a^{2}b+3ab^{2}-b^{3}$
# Basic Algebra/Solving Equations/Solving Equations with Addition and Subtraction

Solving simple equations like
x+5=10
is a very important topic in beginning algebra. In this section, we will introduce the concept of a variable.
Don't be scared! It's just a number you don't know yet. Solving an equation can be looked at like you are 'filling in the blank'.
For the example above, what number plus 5 makes 10? The answer is probably pretty apparent to you when you are asked the question that way, but it might seem fuzzy when you see the notation like above, even though it means the exact same thing.

## Vocabulary

Variable - An unknown number which is represented by a letter. Common variables are usually the last letters of the alphabet. i.e. x, y, z. Variables do not necessarily have a set value, as in an expression, x+5 can mean any number plus 5. Only when you have an equals sign does it have a certain value. It's value is determined by the value on the other side of the equals sign.
Constant - Any number that is not a variable.
Expression - A 'mathematical sentence' that does NOT have an equals sign. (x+5 instead of x+5=10.) Think of this like a recipe to make ANY cake using the ingredients given to you.
Equation - A 'mathematical sentence' that DOES have an equals sign. (x+5=1.) Think of this like a recipe to make a SPECIFIC cake.
Notation - In mathematics, this describes the set of symbols and numbers and how they are arranged to make logical sense. (x+5 instead of 'a number added to five'. Notation also helps to make a lot of information much more readable.
Isolate the variable - You'll hear this a lot, but all it means is 'get the variable on one side and the constants on the other side.' x+5=10 is not solved. x=5 is solved.

## Lesson

Zoey and Pual put three eggs on each side of a scale. When Zoey took an egg away on one side the scale, it tipped. When Pual took an egg from the other side of the scale, it is balanced again. The same thing can be used in math too.
What is $y$ in this equation?
$2+y=7$
We want to know what $y$ is, so we want to make $y$ by itself on one side of the equal sign.
First subtract 2 from both sides.
$2-2+y=7-2$
After we subtracted, $y$ is by itself and we can see that $y$ equals
$y=5$

## Example Problems

Example 1
$3+x-4=4$
Add 4 to each side to get rid of the -4.
$3+x-4+4=4+4$
$3+x=8$
Subtract 3 from each side of the equation.
$3+x-3=8-3$
$x=5$

## Practice Games

put links here to games that reinforce these skills
# Basic Algebra/Rational Expressions and Equations/Adding and Subtracting with Like Denominators
## Lesson

"Write" the original expression
5/2x + x-5/2x
"Add" the numerators
5x + (x-5)/2x
"Combine" like terms
x/2x
"Simplify" the expression
1/2

## Practice Problems

Easy
Medium
Hard
# Basic Algebra/Rational Expressions and Equations/Chapter Review

Lesson 1. Direct and Inverse Variation
Lesson 2. Simplifying Rational Expressions
Lesson 3. Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
Lesson 4. Adding and Subtracting with Like Denominators
Lesson 5. Adding and Subtracting When the Denominators are the Same
Lesson 6. Adding and Subtracting When the Denominators are Different
Lesson 7. Solving Rational Equations
# Basic Algebra/Rational Expressions and Equations/Simplifying Rational Expressions
## Lesson

To simplify rational expressions, first we need to know what they are. They are fractions that have polynomials on both their numerators and denominators.
    ${\frac {2x^{2}+8x+8}{6x-2}}$
You just can simplify factors, not terms. That means you have to factorize the nominator and the denominator:
    ${\frac {2x^{2}+8x+8}{6x-2}}$
    $={\frac {2(x+2)^{2}}{2(3x-1)}}$
Now, both are divisible by 2. So just divide them by 2, the result would be:
    $={\frac {(x+2)^{2}}{3x-1}}$

## Practice Problems

Easy
Medium
Hard
# Associative Composition Algebra

This book is on associative composition algebras, structures that have been used in kinematics and mathematical physics.

## Table of Contents

1. Introduction
       Definitions and list of algebras
2. Transcendental paradigm
       Transcendental functions, Infinite series
       Sample, Alternativity
3. Binarions
       Möbius transformations
4. Bibinarions
5. Split-binarions
       Rapidity and Simultaneity
6. Quaternions
       Screw displacement
       Biquaternions, representation of Lorentz transformations of spacetime
7. Split-quaternions
9. Homographies
       Representation of the Poincaré and Conformal transformation groups

## Readers

This text expands the repertoire of algebra beyond real numbers R and complex numbers C to just five more algebras. The prospective reader will be well-acquainted with the utility of R and C in science, and might like to know (more) about quaternions H and related algebras, and what have been the historical invocations of these algebras. Some group theory and matrix multiplication are prerequisites from linear and abstract algebra. Attention to this text will show some concrete instances of mathematical objects, thus nailing down the abstruse nature of abstract algebra. Whereas linear algebra characteristically is concerned with n-dimensional space and n × n matrices, for this text n = 2 is the limit.
Some of the content of this text was summarized in 1914 by Leonard Dickson when he noted that the complex quaternion and complex matrix algebras are equivalent, but their real subalgebras are not ! The category of composition algebras (which includes octonions and bioctonions) is addressed through exercises in chapter "Transcendental paradigm".
For the history of these algebras see Abstract Algebra/Hypercomplex numbers, w:Composition algebra#History and w:History of quaternions.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Basic Animation/ScreenLayout

| previous module: "Basic Animation" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Basic Animation/Lattice" |

### Intro

If you haven't done anything to the default blender startup, starting blender will produce the basic 3D window with a light, a camera, and cube, the buttons window, and the ever-present basic drop down tabs at the top of the screen known as the user preferences window. This is the default setup for modeling, but now that we are starting animation, we are soon going to be looking at a new(ish) set up. You'll see what I mean.

### Setup

Now the first thing we need to do is enter 'animation mode.' To do so, look at the top of the window, the 'user preferences window.' You should see file, add, timeline, game, render and help. What we want is the little drop down menu next to 'help' that you've probably never touched much less noticed. It should read something like: 'SR:2-model' with little buttons on both sides of the text. Click the button on the left side that looks like two little arrows to open a drop down menu. Click on 1-Animation.

### About this setup

No, Blender didn't just go crazy, but as you can see, there are some changes that need to be explained. Blender has just opened a set of new windows, each with its own functions and commands. You can probably recognize three of them. The 3D view is still there, but it's been resized smaller to fit the new stuff. Our old friend the buttons window is still there at the bottom, and of course the user preferences window is still at the top. But enough of what's the same - you're wondering what the heck all the new stuff is for.
There are now three new windows in all. From top left going clockwise, the first is the Scene window. This window is used for finding objects and such located throughout your 3D environment. By clicking on any one of the objects listed here, its counterpart in the 3D viewscreen will be selected. You can also select and tinker with your world settings and render layers from this window. The next window is the IPO (InterPOlation) curve window; it is the window that displays data concerning how your objects will actually move, and can begin to look very technical as we progress. Don't worry, it's normal. The final window is easier to miss. It is essentially a timeline, and is rather thin located between the 3D view/IPO windows and the buttons window. This is the Timeline window. For what we'll be doing for now, it will basically function as a kind of VCR. It is essentially the time codex associated with your animation. Clicking anywhere on the timeline will show you the animation as it is at that point, like fast-forwarding/rewinding then pausing. Like any good VCR the timeline window is equipped with the Play, Stop, Fast-Forward, and Rewind button set.
| previous module: "Basic Animation" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Basic Animation/Lattice" |
# Algorithms/Sorting-bubble sort

in visual basic:
* c