OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# German/About

Lessons: Level I • Level II • Level III Level IV Level V
Grammar • Appendices • About (including print versions) • Q&A • Planning

## Current Development

* General: the main talk page.
* Lessons: Lessons planning page.

## Downloadable and Print Versions

* Complete Print Version
* Complete PDF Version

## Lessons Information

| A printable version of German lessons is available. | Lesson Planning Downloadable and Print Versions |
* Updating:
** If a lesson is added or the name of an existing lesson is changed, please update:
*** The print version
*** The level one main page, The level two main page, The level three main page, The level four main page, or The level five main page
** It is not necessary to update these versions if the sections within these main lesson pages are altered.

## Authors

Active:
* Vishal Bakhai
* Qwerts
Inactive:
* Martin Kraus
* SamE
* Boit
* Thomas Strohmann
* Etothex
* Floflei6
* The Grammar King
* German Men92
* Danthemango
Others:
* Others (add your name and thoughts here if you are a serious contributor)
* Other anonymous Wikibook contributors (see individual page histories).
* Numerous other Wikibooks contributors, especially those from the German Wikibooks.

## History

The German-English language textbook was started in October 2003. It was one of the first language textbooks at the English version of Wikibooks, following close on the heels of (and borrowing some layout ideas from) the Spanish language textbook then under development by Thomas Strohmann. Eric Guinther designed the cover and contents pages, expanding on a cover layout used for the Spanish textbook, and these ideas as introductions to language books have since been widely copied at Wikibooks (see Dutch, Norwegian, or Romanian for examples). However since then Hagindaz and German Men92 have established a highly templated style. Unfortunately, some of the plans of the latter have never been implemented, leaving the original Level II lessons inaccessible for several years while the Level I lessons contained too much vocabulary and grammar details to be very useful.
# History of video games/Platforms/Micro Genius
## History
### Heyday

Many international releases of the Micro Genius occurred in 1991.
The Micro Genius series was a common clone of the Famicom. This line of consoles was particularly notable, as consoles in the Micro Genius line were often introduced to international regions before the official launches of consoles they cloned, leading to relatively good market performance in many regions, and even market dominance in Malaysia.

### Legacy

As of 2008, Micro Genius consoles were known for remaining in use in North Korea.

## Technology

The Micro-Genius consoles have a number of quality of life improvements over the original Famicom as well, though there are some drawbacks.

## Gallery

* Micro Genius IQ-201.
* Alternative design Micro Genius IQ-201.
* Micro Genius IQ-501
* Micro Genius IQ-501.
* Micro Genius IQ-901 Handheld TV system.
* Micro Genius cartridges.

## References

* ↑ "Consolevariations - Micro Genius IQ-501 Famiclone Console". Consolevariations. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* 1 2 "Micro Genius IQ-501 - Game Console - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* 1 2 "Micro Genius". Retro Gaming Museum. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* ↑ "Hardcore Gaming 101: A History of Korean Gaming". www.hardcoregaming101.net. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* ↑ "Micro Genius Family Computer « Famicom World". Retrieved 11 January 2022.
# History of video games/Platforms/Mi2
## History

The Mi2 was released as a successor to the Pocket Dream Console in October 2009 at a cost of either 69.99 euros or 99 euros in the Benelux region of Europe.

## Technology

The Mi2 uses a MIPS CPU, 256 megabytes of RAM, and 16 gigabytes of NAND Flash internal storage with 512 megabytes left free for the user.
The Mi2 has a full color 3.5" backlit TFT LCD with a touchscreen and a resolution of 320 by 240 pixels. The system also has an AV out port.
The Mi2 has a microphone, 0.3 megapixel camera, and an accelerometer. The Mi2 is powered by a 1200 mAh battery.

## Notable games

The system contains either 100 or 105 games depending on the model. In September of 2010 the ability to add downloaded games to the system was added.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Mi2 (console)". Wikipedia. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
* ↑ "Like Dingoo? Meet The Mi2". Official Pyra and Pandora Site. https://pyra-handheld.com/boards/threads/like-dingoo-meet-the-mi2.48932/.
# History of video games/Platforms/Mignon
## History
### Development

The console was developed by Olaf Val of Kassel, Germany.

### Launch

The website of the Mignon Game Kit suggests a launch date of 2004. However workshops were held from late 2003 to 2007. Workshops cost about 39 euros.
The Mignon Game Kit was definitely publicly available by 2005.
A Mignon Game Kit 2.0 was later launched. This console was very similar, but offered an overall improved design, as well as an upgrade to use an actual speaker, and an improved ATmega-238 micro-controller among other upgrades. Workshops for these models occurred from September 2009 to at least May 2015.

### Legacy

The system was noted for fostering a connection between the user and the device.

## Technology
### DIY

The console was meant to be built by the end user. The build time was estimated at around 1 day for workshop participants.

### Models

Three variants of the console were designed for different use cases. An "Economy" design used the least number of parts. There was also a "Basic" model with quality of life improvements such as a battery box and micro-controller socket. Finally there was a "Creativ" model with additional sensors and programming tools.

### Compute

The Mignon uses an Atmel ATMEGA8-16PI microcontroller. This micro-controller included an 8-bit computer.
All models included a 9 pin D-SUB connector. "Creativ" Models included a PonyProg set.

### Hardware

A LED Dotmatrix is used as display, with a resolution of 5 vertical LEDs by 6 horizontal LEDs.
A piezo speaker is used for audio.

## Games & Software

* Dot Game - The only 3rd party game listed on the official website, programmed by Jingbo Wen.
* mignonLoop - Music Software.
* Min Pong - Pong Clone.
* BitShift - Surfing game.
* Maze Diver - Ship avoidance game.

## Notes

Mignon is French for cute.

## Gallery

* An ATmega8 microcontroller, similar to that used by the Mignon. (Note that this is a slightly different model then the one used by the Mignon)
* Die shot of an ATmega8 microcontroller, similar to that used by the Mignon.
* Pinout of an ATmega8 microcontroller, similar to that used by the Mignon. (Note that this is a slightly different model then the one used by the Mignon)

## References

* 1 2 3 "Mignon DIY game kit". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2005-04-07-mignon-diy-game-kit.html.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "mignon game kit". www.olafval.de. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* 1 2 "mignon game kit". www.olafval.de. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ "Mignon Game Kit". Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ "Mignon Game Kit". Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ "Mignon game kit". We Make Money Not Art. 7 April 2005. https://we-make-money-not-art.com/migon_game_kit/.
* ↑ "ATmega8". www.microchip.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
* ↑ "mignon". Wiktionary. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
# History of video games/Platforms/Mignonette
## History
### Development

The DIY console was inspired by the Mignon game kit. The console was developed by Mitch Altman and Rolf van Widenfelt.

### Launch

The Migonette was officially launched at Maker Faire 2008 which was held from May 3rd to May 4th, 2008 in San Mateo, California.
The system was sold for $34.95. The official PCB for version 1.0 lists a date of April 2008.
Like the Mignon, workshops were offered to build the console.

### Legacy

The Mignonette website was last updated in 2014.

## Technology
### Compute

Version 1.0 of the system can use either an ATmega168 or an ATmega88.
Version 2.0 uses an ATmega168
Version 2.1 uses an ATmega328p.

### Hardware

The LED dotmatrix display was capable of red and green colors. This allowed for four states per pixel, Red, Green, Yellow, or off, which was an advancement over the Mignon Game Kit, which only had red LEDs. The display had a resolution of 5 vertical LEDs by 7 horizontal LEDs.
The device has a speaker.
All versions of the device were powered by 3 AA batteries.

### Revisions

2.0 and 2.1 revisions are Arduino compatible.
* 1.0 - Latest BOM revision dated to June 5th, 2008.
* 2.0 - Latest BOM revision dated to February 22nd, 2010.
* 2.1 - Latest BOM revision dated to February 22nd, 2014.

## Games
### 2008

* Munch - PacMan clone - preloaded on kits.
* Attack of the Cherry Tomatoes - Side scrolling wave based action shooter game developed by Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories.
* Attack - Developed by Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories.

### Unknown Release Date

* Tri2s - Tetris style game.
* Marquee - Text demo software

## External Resources

* Archived official website

## References

* 1 2 3 4 "Fun, games and entertainment: Open source hardware 2009 - The definitive guide to open source hardware projects in 2009 - Make:". Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers. 30 November 1. https://makezine.com/2009/12/11/fun-games-and-entertainment-open-so/.
* ↑ "In the Maker Shed: Mignonette Game Kit - Make:". Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers. 30 November 1. https://makezine.com/2009/01/28/in-the-maker-shed-mignonette/.
* 1 2 3 "Mignonette Game Kit: Soldering Workshop". Machine Project. 21 November 2009. https://machineproject.com/2009/workshops/soldering-workshop-mignonette-videogame-kit/.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "70 bits of gaming goodness | Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories". https://www.evilmadscientist.com/2008/70-bits-of-gaming-goodness/.
* ↑ "Mignonette - FAQ". web.archive.org. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* 1 2 3 4 5 "Mignonette - downloads". web.archive.org. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* 1 2 3 "Mignonette - programming". web.archive.org. 26 March 2019.
* 1 2 "Wayback Machine". web.archive.org. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* ↑ "Wayback Machine". web.archive.org. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* ↑ "Wayback Machine". web.archive.org. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* ↑ "Mignonette - downloads". web.archive.org. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
# History of video games/Platforms/Minty Pi
## History

On July 18th, 2017 the MintyPi build guide was released.
No video build guide was posted for MintyPi v2. On April 10th, 2017 a video update about the mintyPi 2.0 was posted.
On March 8th, 2019 the MintyPi v3 build guide was released.
On October 18th, 2020 the MintyPi v3.5 build guide was released.

## Technology

The Minty Pi was designed to fit in a mint tin.

## References

* ↑ "mintyPi Build Guide". Retrieved 12 November 2021.
* ↑ "mintyPi 2.0". Retrieved 12 November 2021.
* ↑ "mintyPi v3 Build Guide". Retrieved 12 November 2021.
* ↑ "mintyPi v3.5: what you need to know to build it and a GIVEAWAY!". Retrieved 12 November 2021.
* ↑ "The 20 hottest tech products and gadgets in the world right now". The Telegraph. 26 May 2017. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/20-hottest-tech-products-gadgets-world-right-now/minty-pi-20/.
# History of video games/Platforms/Miyoo Mini
## History

The Miyoo Mini was followed by the Miyoo Mini Plus.

## Technology
### Compute

The system was powered by a SigmaStar SSD202D SOC.

### Hardware

The console was noted for its relatively good build quality.
The system included a vibration motor.

## Games

This console was primarily used for emulation.

## References

* ↑ McFerran, Damien (17 March 2023). "Review: Miyoo Mini Plus - A Game Boy-Style Emulation Powerhouse For $70". Time Extension. https://www.timeextension.com/news/2023/03/review-miyoo-mini-plus-a-game-boy-style-emulation-powerhouse-for-usd70.
* ↑ "Portable game console runs RetroArch on SigmaStar SSD202D processor - CNX Software". CNX Software - Embedded Systems News. 3 December 2021. https://www.cnx-software.com/2021/12/03/portable-game-console-runs-retroarch-on-sigmastar-ssd202d-processor/.
* 1 2 "GBAtemp first impressions - Miyoo Mini". GBAtemp.net - The Independent Video Game Community. https://gbatemp.net/threads/gbatemp-first-impressions-miyoo-mini.604962/.
# History of video games/Platforms/MiSTer
## Technology

The MiSTer used an FPGA.

## References

* ↑ Grant, Christopher (30 August 2021). "MiSTer 101: A classic gaming device to rule them all". Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/22640171/mister-project-classic-gaming-retro-fpga-board-chip-io-explainer-usb-hub.
* ↑ "And Now, The Ultimate Retro Gaming Device" (in en-us). Kotaku. https://kotaku.com/and-now-the-ultimate-retro-gaming-device-1847608362.
# F Sharp Programming/Option Types

An option type can hold two possible values: Some(x) or None. Option types are frequently used to represent optional values in calculations, or to indicate whether a particular computation has succeeded or failed.

## Using Option Types

Let's say we have a function that divides two integers. Normally, we'd write the function as follows:
This function works just fine, but it's not safe: it's possible to pass an invalid value into this function which results in a runtime error. Here is a demonstration in fsi:
div 10 5 executes just fine, but div 10 0 throws a division by zero exception.
Using option types, we can return Some(value) on a successful calculation, or None if the calculation fails:
Notice an important difference between our div and safediv functions:
div returns an int, while safediv returns an int option. Since our safediv function returns a different data type, it informs clients of our function that the application has entered an invalid state.
Option types are conceptually similar to nullable types in languages like C#, however F# option types do not use the CLR System.Nullable<T> representation in IL due to differences in semantics.

## Pattern Matching Option Types

Pattern matching option types is as easy as creating them: the same syntax used to declare an option type is used to match option types:

## Other Functions in the Option Module

val get : 'a option -> 'a
    Returns the value of a Some option.
val isNone : 'a option -> bool
    Returns true for a None option, false otherwise.
val isSome : 'a option -> bool
    Returns true for a Some option, false otherwise.
val map : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a option -> 'b option
    Given None, returns None. Given Some(x), returns Some(f x), where f is the given mapping function.
val iter : ('a -> unit) -> 'a option -> unit
    Applies the given function to the value of a Some option, does nothing otherwise.
# F Sharp Programming/Solutions/Lists
## Pair and Unpair

Write two functions with the following definitions:
The pair function should convert a list into a list of pairs as follows:
The unpair function should convert a list of pairs back into a traditional list as follows:

### Solution

Using fsi:

## Expand a List

Write a function with the following type definition:
The expand function should expand a list as follows:

### Solution

This function can be written easily with or without tail recursion. Here are both functions in fsi:

## Greatest common divisor on lists

gcd can be implemented like this using Euler's algorithm:
gcdl can be implemented like this:

## Basic Mergesort

split can be implemented like this:
merge can be implemented like this:
msort can be implemented like this:
# F Sharp Programming/Operator Overloading

Operator overloading allows programmers to provide new behavior for the default operators in F#. In practice, programmers overload operators to provide a simplified syntax for objects which can be combined mathematically.

## Using Operators

You've already used operators:
Here + is example of using a mathematical addition operator.

## Operator Overloading

Operators are functions with special names, enclosed in brackets. They must be defined as static class members. Here's an example on declaring + operator on complex numbers:
In FSI, we can add two complex numbers as follows:

## Defining New Operators

In addition to overloading existing operators, its possible to define new operators. The names of custom operators can only be one or more of the following characters:
F# supports two types of operators: infix operators and prefix operators.

### Infix operators

An infix operator takes two arguments, with the operator appearing in between both arguments (i.e. arg1 {op} arg2). We can define our own infix operators using the syntax:
In addition to mathematical operators, F# has a variety of infix operators defined as part of its library, for example:
Let's say we're writing an application which performs a lot of regex matching and replacing. We can match text using Perl-style operators by defining our own operators as follows:
This program outputs the following:

### Prefix Operators

Prefix operators take a single argument which appears to the right side of the operator ({op}argument). You've already seen how the ! operator is defined for ref cells:
Let's say we're writing a number crunching application, and we wanted to define some operators that work on lists of numbers. We might define some prefix operators in fsi as follows:
# IB Computer Science/Computer Mathematics and Logic

Return to IB Computer Science
# IB Computer Science/Program Construction in Java

* FILE ORGANIZATION
* Definition
File organization is the logical arrangement of records in a file
A File is an electronic document stored in an electronic storage medium such as disk or tape. It consists of a collection of records
Accessing a file means reading records from disk or tape
1. Serial 2. Sequential 3. Direct
Serial (unsorted) Organization
A serial file, sometimes referred to as unsorted or unordered file, is the simplest type of File Organization. Records in serial file are generally organized on rape un no particular order.
Advantages of serial file
* It has fast insert operation
* It is good for small relations
Disadvantages of serial file
* Deleted records often leave space in the file which requires time to eliminate
* Not good for volatile tables
# IB Computer Science/Science Systems Life Cycle and Software Development/Social Significance and Implications of Computer Systems

The social significance must be treated by reference to economic, political, cultural and environmental consequences. These include: 1. Effects on employment (resulting in changes to the working environment, retraining and so on) 2. Ethical and legal requirements 3. Data storage (preserving privacy, data protection and so on) 4. Software users (copyright, software licensing and so on). Also current trends in computer systems and the consequences of these are important as a social significance of computer systems.
# IB Computer Science/Science Systems Life Cycle and Software Development/Documentation
## Documentation
### Need Of Documentation

It will be very important that the documentation supplied with the original system is clear and complete. This documentation will be used to make it easier to design modifications to the system.

### Features For User

It is required to write end-user instructions according to the standards described in the guidelines for the program dossier. Still, other user manuals may be needed (for example, on-line help systems and installations manuals where systems are installed by personnel other than end-users).
# IB Computer Science/Case Study

The case study is part of paper 2 for both SL and HL students, and they share the same case study and some of the questions, but not all.
The case study itself if a real life problem or system, and the tasks the students are asked to perform are of analysis and design. e.g. suitable data structures of the system in the case study.
# IB Computer Science/File Organization

Return to IB Computer Science
# IB Computer Science/Science Systems Life Cycle and Software Development

Return to IB Computer Science

## Systems Life Cycle and Software Development

* Topic 1.1 - Systems Life Cycle
* Topic 1.2 - System Analysis
* Topic 1.3 - Systems Design
* Topic 1.4 - Social Significance and Implications of Computer Systems
* Topic 1.5 - Software Life Cycle
* Topic 1.6 - Software Design
* Topic 1.7 - Documentation
# Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Cancer

Cancer

## Cancer Epidemiology Data

* Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. All cancers are genetic, but not all are inherited. It is a multifactorial disorder, caused by both genetic and non-genetic factors.
* Cancer is a very common disease. 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop some form of cancer in their lifetimes. The most common cancer sites are lung, breast, prostate, and colon.
* In the U.S., approximately 175,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year (50,000 of these are in women under 40).
* In the U.S., 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer over their lifetimes. Average age of developing cancer is 62. 2/3 of the women will be over 55 years old.
* Genes are on chromosomes and they come in pairs (1 mom, 1 dad). Autosomal dominant, so 50/50 chance of inheriting the gene. Explain tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, mutations.
* About 5-10% of all breast cancer is hereditary. About 20% of it is familial (combination of different genes and environment). Most cancer is sporadic.
* Familial clustering is more common than hereditary breast cancer. A combination of genes from both sides of the family plus environmental factors.
* Our job is to figure out where your cancer lies. Of the hereditary type, 2/3 is caused by BRCA1 (45%) and BRCA2 (35%) mutations (increases the risk up to 85%).
* Management: mammograms at age 40, physician exam twice a year, self-exams monthly.

## Cancer Pedigree Questions

* A pedigree is our "physical exam". Gives us clues as to whether the cancer is hereditary. It's important to know who has AND who doesn't have cancer.
* "Tell me about your experience" or "Tell me what happened"
* Very specific questions about the cancer in different family members
* Age at diagnosis
* Current age & screening practices
* Age at death & specific cause of death
* Primary site of cancer (type, location, stage, laterality)
* Metastasis or any new primary cancers
* Methods of treatment/surgery
* Any types of precancerous lesions
* Ethnic background
* Environmental exposures
* Lifestyle issues (diet, exercise, stress)
* Screening habits of "unaffected" relatives
* Any other medical conditions that may be associated with cancer
* any family hx of early heart attacks, blindness, deafness, birth defects, or multiple miscarriages
* Things that make us suspicious. . .cancer across one or more generations, multiple people affected in the same generation, early age of onset (before 50)
* Need a medical release for pathology reports, clinic notes, autopsy reports, death certificates, etc. for verification.

## Notes

The information in this outline was last updated in 2002.