OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ZynAddSubFX

ZynAddSubFX is a free and powerful software synthesizer. It includes three main synth engines and many effects. It has MIDI and VST interfaces.
The main engines are named:
* ADsynth which uses the additive synthesis technique, basically adding sine waves together to create instrument timbres.
* SUBsynth which uses the subtractive synthesis technique.
* PADsynth which is based on a new algorithm made by ZynAddSubFX author, Paul Nasca.

## Contents

      * ADSR Envelope
      * LFO
      * ADsynth
      * SUBsynth
      * PADsynth

## See also

* ZynAddSubFX official documentation
# ZynAddSubFX/ADsynth

The ADsynth engine uses additive synthesis, which basically consists in adding the output of multiple sine wave generators called voices. The ADsynth provides 8 independent voices.

## Menu

The menu on the top proposes the following screens:
* On/off button
* - | VCE n | + : voice selector among the 8 available ones, same as the pad selector on the left
* GLOBAL: main controls
* for currently selected voice:
** VOICE: main controls
** OSC: oscillator
** MOD-OSC: modulator oscillator (FM, PM, AM, etc.)
** MODULATION:
* VOICE LIST: voice modifiers
* RESONANCE:

## Voices

There are 8 voices that can be selected either from the list on the left (below the ADD button) or from the top left corner of the main AdSynth screen.
The voice list displays general parameters for each voice:
* activation toggle
* VOLUME
* PANNING
* DETUNE
* VIB-DEPTH
# ZynAddSubFX/ADSR Envelope

The ADSR envelope is the basic tool to create synthetic sounds. The ADSR acronym means: Attack, Decay, Sustain and Release.
* Attack is how the sound starts from silence (time and strength);
* Decay is the way the sound changes after the attack to the main sound (sustain);
* Sustain is the main sequence of the sound;
* Release is how the sound stops.
Taking the example of an electronic keyboard, attack followed by decay are heard when pressing a key, sustain is the actual note while the key is down, and release happens when freeing the key.

## Examples
### Simple envelope

This is a basic sound with very short attack and quick release:

### Attack

The attack goes linearly from silence to the maximal sound in 500 ms:

### Decay

A decay halves the volume down after the attack:

### Sustain

There's no sustain in this one, the sound stops immediately even without releasing the key:

### Release

The release lasts 1 second from sustain level to silence:

## Envelope types and controls

There are four different envelopes in ZynAddSubFX and each has its own set of options and controls.
The ADSR controls are found -at least partly- in all of them, as:
* A.DT: attack duration
* A.VAL: attack value
* D.DT: decay duration
* D.VAL: decay value
* S.VAL: sustain value
* R.DT: release duration
* R.VAL: release value
Toggle buttons include:
* FRCR: forced release, means that if this option is turned on, the release will go to the final value, even if the sustain stage is not reached. Usually, this must be set.
* LIN/LOG: linear or logarithmic, toggles between linear and logarithmic interpolation (default is linear).
The stretch value: how the envelope is stretched according to the note. On the higher notes the envelopes are shorter than lower notes. The stretch range is from 0 (leftmost) to 200% (rightmost). 200% means that the envelope is stretched about 4 times/octave.
# ZynAddSubFX/LFO

An LFO is used to modulate parameters such as amplitudes, frequencies or filters.

## Controls

The main LFO controls are:
* FREQ: frequency = LFO speed
* DEPTH: LFO amplitude
* START: start phase = position the LFO starts at
* DELAY: delay between the note start and the LFO start
* shape: envelope shape can be sine, triangle, square, ramp up, ramp down, exp1 down, exp2 down
Other controls:
* STR: stretch = controls how much the LFO frequency changes according to the note's frequency
** when negative, the LFO frequency is decreased on higher notes
** when zero, the LFO frequency is the same on all notes
** when positive, the LFO frequency is increased on higher notes
* A.R.: amplitude randomness
* F.R.: frequency randomness
* SYNC: continuous mode = when on the LFO won't be reset on each new note but will synchronize
# ZynAddSubFX/PADsynth
## Contents

      * Algorithm
      * Input and Output
      * Implementation

## Description

This algorithm generates very beautiful sounds, even if its idea is much simpler than that of other algorithms. It generates a perfectly looped wavetable sample which can be used in instruments. It easily generates sounds of ensembles, choirs, metallic sounds (bells) and many others.
This algorithm is public domain. This page includes some public domain C/C++ implementation sources that can be used in your projects or products.
This algorithm is implemented in ZynAddSubFX in the PADsynth module, which you can download to hear for yourself what beautiful sounds it is capable of generating.
The source code of this algorithm is available for free to be implemented in many software/hardware synthesizers. If your synthesizer uses plenty of samples, you can use this algorithm to generate many ready-to-use samples.

## Sound examples of instruments that use this algorithm

These sound examples are generated by ZynAddSubFX. All instruments' wavetables are generated by this algorithm. These examples are grouped into two categories:

### With Effects

In this category, some effects are used. These effects can be reverberation, phaser, etc. Mostly, the only effect was the reverberation.

### Without Effects

All instruments in this category the instruments are "dry". No reverberation, no other effects.

## Tips and suggestions

* Keep in mind that the resulting wavetables are perfectly looped
* When using the wavetables into instruments, on each NoteOn, start from a random position and not from the start. This avoids hearing the same sound on each keystroke
* You can use the same wavetable for generating stereo sounds, by playing the same wavetable at different positions for left and right. The best is to make the difference between left right as N/2
* Generate different wavetables for different pitches and use the one who is closest to the desired pitch
* Upsample or downsample the harmonics's amplitude array before running the algorithm, according to the fundamental frequency. In this case we need to set a parameter "base_frequency" which represents the frequency where the array is left unchanged. Example: we have A_orig={1,2,1,3,0,0,1,0} and base_frequency is equal to 440 Hz Here are some cases: - A for 440 Hz: is the same as A_orig - A for 220 Hz: is the A_orig upsampled by factor of 2 so: A={1, 1, 1.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 2, 3, 1.5, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, 1, 0.5, 0} (the original A_orig amplitudes are shown as bold) - A for 880 Hz: the A_orig is downsampled by a factor of 2 so: A={1.5, 2, 0, 0.5} - A for F Hz: the A_orig is scaled by a factor of 440/F. Even if this idea is very simple, the resulting sounds are very natural, because it keeps the spectrum constant according to the harmonic's frequency and not to harmonic's number. This follows the point 4 from the document where I described some principles regarding synthesis.

## Source

* Source text: the original content of this page (including images, sounds, etc.) is released under Public Domain.
# Wings 3D/User Manual/References

3D Animation Workshop by Robert Robert Robert Polevoi;
http://www.webreference.com/3d/indexa.html; INT Media Group Incorporated © 2002 3D Computer Graphics Dictionary; Various authors; http://oss.ckk.chalmers.se/dictionary Chalmers Medialab © 2000
3D Modeling and Surfacing; Bill Fleming; Academic Press; © 1999
Rapid Evaluation of Catmull-Clark Subdivision Surfaces; Jeffrey Bolz and Peter Schroder; Web3D '02, © 2002 The Winged Edge Data Structure; Dr. Ching-Kuang Shenefound; Michigan Technological University Principles of Three-Dimensional Computer Animation, Revised Edition; Michael O'Rourke; W.W.
Norton & Company, © 1998 Digital Sculpting Techniques by Bay Raitt and Greg Minter © Nichimen Graphics, 1998
# Wings 3D/User Manual/Plugins

Plugins expand the functionality of Wings3D with capabilities not found in the basic Wings3D installation. They can do things such as adding new tools, import/export capabilities, or other features that may be considered too unusual or experimental for inclusion into a regular Wings3D release. Typically, they consist of an Erlang .beam file, but may include supporting files. They are installed by either directly copying the file to the Wings3D plugin directory or by using the dialog available through the Edit|Plug-in preferences menu.

## Mesh Creation

Plugins in this section add primitives to the Primitives pop-up menu.

### Slide Plug-in

* Developer: clacos
* Description: Moves a vertex back and forth along a connected edge.
* Installation: Place in the wings3d\lib\wings-1.0.1\plugins\commands directory.
* Usage: Pick a vertex to slide and then choose an edge to slide it along.
* Link: http://membres.lycos.fr/dong3d/plugsdone/wpc_slide_097_01.beam

### (Plug-in Name)

* Developer:
* Description:
* Installation:
* Usage:
* Link: http://

## Modeling

Plugins in this section add functionality to Wings3D's modeling capabilities.

### (Plug-in Name)

* Developer:
* Description:
* Installation:
* Usage:
* Link: http://

### (Plug-in Name)

* Developer:
* Description:
* Installation:
* Usage:
* Link: http://

## File Format Importers & Exporters

Plugins in this section import and export non-native 3D model formats.

### (Plug-in Name)

* Developer:
* Description:
* Installation:
* Usage:
* Link: http://

### (Plug-in Name)

* Developer:
* Description:
* Installation:
* Usage:
* Link: http://

## Render Exporters

Plugins in this section send Wings3D scenes to external rendering applications.

### (Plug-in Name)

* Developer:
* Description:
* Installation:
* Usage:
* Link: http://

### (Plug-in Name)

* Developer:
* Description:
* Installation:
* Usage:
* Link: http://

## Miscellaneous

Plugins in this section... do other stuff.
# Wings 3D/User Manual/Polygon Modeling Links

114 DRAFT 1.6
� WINGS3D USER MANUAL Section 8: Resources 8.2 Polygon Modeling Links IZware – Nendo® download and discussions, Mirai discussions. Nendo® is a fantastic modeler and was the inspiration for Wings. The demo is fully functional except for the ability to export to other formats and the full version is only $99. Sadly, hard to get. Link: www.izware.com
Amim8or – Anim8or download, tutorials and discussions. Link: http://www.anim8or.com/main/index.html
The Human Head – a reference for 3D artists by Ron Lemen. This is not really a subdivision modeling tutorial but a drawing tutorial. But it will help teach you the proper proportions and shapes needed for modeling a head. Link: http://www.anticz.com/heads.htm
3D Animation Workshop by Robert Polevoi – An excellent series of lessons on all things 3D. The topics range from general 3D concepts to application specific techniques. Lessons 51, 52, and 53 deal with subdivision modeling with Nendo®, but take the time to read some of the earlier lessons (1 – 23) to get a grasp on 3D concepts in general. The VRML lessons are very good (Lessons 27 – 32 and 40 – 45). Lessons 101 – 104 take you through human character modeling, albeit via 3D Max, but they are useful. Unfortunately Mr. Polevoi is no longer producing this series, but it is still valuable reading. Link: http://www.webreference.com/3d/indexa.html
Subdivision Modeling Resource Page by Tamas Varga. It is Mirai centric but there are good discussions on topics fairly universal to subdivision modeling such as the concept of Edge Loops. Link: http://maxrovat.sns.hu/subdiv/
Subdivision Surface Modeling 101 by Erik Asorson, is a 3D Max web page but many of the concepts transfer nicely to other applications as well. Link: http://web.archive.org/20020214125643/www.geocities.com/fyer_starter/tut_1subd.html
Mastering 3D Animation by Peter Ratner, professor of Art at James Madison University. An excellent trilogy of tutorials that cover modeling the human head, the human body, and adding muscles and details. Link: http://www.3dlinks.com/tutorials/GENERAL/Face_Modeling_1.cfm
Spiraloid Digital Sculpting Forum – moderated discussions. What reference guide would be complete without a link to the Spiraloid Digital Sculpting Forum. This is a closely moderated community so be sure to read the rules before posting to avoid being ejected. Very informative discussions from a great collection of master modelers. Just go, read and learn. And if you post, be polite, ask – don't demand, and don't forget to put in that link or image in your post (if you read the rules you know what I mean). Link: http://cube.phlatt.net/forums/spiraloid/
# Wings 3D/User Manual/The Context Sensitive Menus

� WINGS3D USER MANUAL Section 5.2 6The Context Sensitive Menus 5.2 The Context Sensitive Menus The key to the Wings3D user interface is the use of context sensitive pop-up menus. These menus are accessed by right clicking in the workspace. There are a total of five context sensitive menus; the Primitives Menu, the Vertex Menu, the Edge Menu, the Face Menu and the Object Menu, not to be confused with the Objects Menu on the Main Menu. Depending on what is selected, different menus will pop up presenting the user with operations that are applicable to the current situation only. In this way the interface is kept clean and simple, a joy to work with compared to many overly complex user interfaces found in some graphics and modeling packages.
# Wings 3D/User Manual/Reference Guide to Hot Key Assignments

DRAFT 1.6 99
� Section 5.6 Reference Guide to Hot Key Assignments WINGS3D USER MANUAL 5.6 Reference Guide to Hot Key Assignments Wings allows you to make your own hot key command. Similarly, by pressing Delete on a assignments. To do so select the operation command having a hot key, that hot key will you want to do, then with that operation still be removed. Of course Wings comes with a selected, hit the Insert key on your key number of hot key assignments already. The board, then hit the key or key combination following is a quick guide to the predefined you want to use as the hot key for that Wings hot keys.
Key Shift-Key Ctrl-Key Ctrl-Shift-Key Alt Alt-Ctrl-Key
A = Aim A = View | Frame A = Select | All (Verts, Edges, Faces, or Objects) B = Body Mode C = Vertex | Connect C = Edge | Connect D = Edit | Repeat D = Repeat Drag E = Edge Mode F = Face Mode G = Select | Edge Ring
I = Select | Similar I = Select | Inverse
L = Select | Loop L = Select | Region L = File | Merge O = Orthographic View N = File | New O = File | Open Q = tumble/track toggle in Mirai® and Nendo® camera modes. R = View | Reset View R = Reset OpenGL Q = File | Quit
S = Face | Smooth S = File | Save S = File | Save S = Body | Smooth T = Edge | Turn U = View | Auto Rotate V = Vertex Mode W = View | Wireframe X = X axis view X = -X axis view Y = Y axis view Y = -Y axis view
Z = Z axis view Z = -Z axis view Z = Edit |Z =Edit | Redo Z = Edit | Undo Undo/Redo
Tab = View | Workmode Tab = View | Smooth Preview
Tab = Numeric Entry if in Drag Mode.
100 DRAFT 1.6
� WINGS3D USER MANUAL Section 5.6 Reference Guide to Hot Key Assignments Key Shift-Key Ctrl-Key Ctrl-Shift-Key Alt-Ctrl-Key
Space = Select | Deselect
+ = Select | More + = increase of size/sphere of influence for several commands. - = Select | Less - = decrease of size/sphere of influence for several commands. F3 = Select | Previous Edge Loop
F4 = Select | Next Edge Loop
F5 = Select | By | Faces with | 5 or more
Bksp = Vertex |Collapse Bksp = Edge | Dissolve Bksp = Face | Dissolve Bksp = Body | Delete
Del = Vertex | Dissolve Del = Edge | Dissolve Del = Face | Dissolve Del = Body | Delete
2 = Edge | Cut | 2
3 = Edge | Cut | 3
4 = Edge | Cut | 4
5 = Edge | Cut | 5
6 = Edge | Cut | 6
7 = Edge | Cut | 7
8 = Edge | Cut | 8
9 = Edge | Cut | 9
0 = Edge | Cut | 10
DRAFT 1.6 101
# United Nations/Charter/Chapter 1
## Article 1

The Purposes of the United Nations are:
* To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
* To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
* To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
* To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

## Article 2

The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles.
* The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.
* All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.
* All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
* All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
* All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
* The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.
* Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter Vll.
# United Nations/Charter/Chapter 2
## Article 3

The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.

## Article 4

* Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
* The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

## Article 5

A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council.

## Article 6

A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
# United Nations/Charter/Chapter 3
## Article 7

There are established as the principal organs of the United Nations:
** a General Assembly
** a Security Council
** an Economic and Social Council
** a Trusteeship Council
** an International Court of Justice
** and a Secretariat.
Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with the present Charter.

## Article 8

The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions of equality in its principal and subsidiary organs.
# United Nations/Founding of the United Nations

The UN came into existence on October 24, 1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council — Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and the United States — and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. This chapter will discuss the reason for the founding the UN and how it came to be.
Sections
I. League of Nations - The basis for the United Nations.
II. Preliminary - The idea that started it all.
III. The United Nations Charter - The Charter that ratified the UN.
IV. A Work in Progress - The meetings and debates that led to its formation.
V. Ratification - The United Nations begins.
VI. Chapter Review - Review of Chapter 1.
# United Nations/Foreword
## A Brief Introduction

The goal of this Wikibook is to provide a full and easy to understand of all entities and organizations relating to the United Nations. The United Nations is the largest international organization where the voices of everyone can be heard. Celebrating its 60th anniversary in 2005 we look back and review what we have accomplished. The United Nations has worked to secure peace for sixty years and is still doing so even today. Hopefully this book will enlighten you on the main duties, accomplishments, and jobs the United Nations does.

## The Structure

This book is divided into chapters focusing on a single subject. These are further divided into sections focusing on a single aspect of the topic.
Each chapter is laid out in an easy to follow form. First an introduction will describe what the reader will learn in the section. Next the reader will be taught the lesson. Following this he or she will answer a series of questions to review the material. After completing all of the sections there will be a final Q & A section. Finally there is a final chapter review of the material covered.

## Glossary & Index

In each chapter there will be several unfamiliar terms. So as to provide the reader with a full and explicit knowledge several of these terms will be linked to a glossary. In this Wikibook there are 2 types of information listings: Full-text Glossary and the Index.

### Full text Glossary

The full text glossary is the list of all words in the chapter. This is a master list and is separate from the Index.

### Index

The index is a full spectrum of topics and persons found within this Wikibook. Each listing found within the index includes the page it was found on.

## Contributions

Anyone wishing to edit or add information to this Wikibook may do so. We ask that you do not copy information not in the public domain. All discussion about this Wikibook will be held at: Talk:United Nations:Contents. For a list of need topics please go to the Contributors Corner.