OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/Diagnosis

A form of artificial intelligence is being used more and more frequently in diagnosis. There are all types of areas where A.I. can determine whether the behavior of different systems is correct. Initially, the easiest systems for computer intelligence to calculate whether systems are being run to specifications is other computers. Automobiles are a prime example of this. There are increasing numbers of sensors for every new model year in automobiles. A computer can be plugged in and, after copying the information recorded by the sensors, make a determination as to any problems that fall outside the normal range of use. It is important for computer system algorithms to be able to determine which part of a system is failing, where that part is located, the type of fault in the part and many systems now provide the steps to fix the problems. All diagnosis is based on observations which are taken by different sensors.
A major determinant to the effectiveness of A.I. to accurately diagnose problems is the base of knowledge it works with. The number of variables involved in even simple diagnoses like an automobile are large. Then for each variable there is a different weight applied to each. Then each weight can change over time. These calculations become more and more complex the more variable the subject. The initial knowledge usually comes from people who are experts in a particular field. However one of the major tasks of the creation of A.I. is the development of intuition which mankind is able to utilize.
In time it is likely that artificial intelligence will be able to diagnoses with a high degree of accuracy, not only technical systems with the necessary number of sensors, but organic matter as well. Walk into a doctors office and let the wall know how you are feeling. Next thing you know the room speaks to you and tells you both your diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
# The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/Intelligence Agents

Intelligent agents-programs used to perform certain tasks to help make user’s work setting more effective or entertaining. The program usually runs in a background, and its behavior is based on user’s actions or instructions. Intelligent agents are widely found on Web sites, and are also incorporated into software programs.
Types of intelligent agents are:
-Entertainment bots-their main task is to provide entertainment, in a form of an animated character to play games with or virtual pet to take care of.
-Application assistants-offer assistance or help with specific tasks, some of them can detect when user might have trouble with the program, and they automatically provide appropriate advice.
-Chatterbots- conversation agents, design to simulate an intelligent conversation with human users. Also called chatter robots, usually represented by animated characters.
-Shopping bot-a form of intelligent agent, also referred to as buyer’s agent. Its role is to search online stores to find the most attractive prices and deals.
Intelligent agents will play a significant role in the evolution of the Semantic Web.
Source: “Understanding Computers-Today and Tomorrow”-D. Morley, C. Parker (Chapter 12, pg. 479).
# The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/Neural Networks

A neural network is an AI system that is capable of finding and differentiating patterns. It is most useful for identification, classification, and prediction when a vast amount of information is available. By examining hundreds, or even thousands of examples, a neural network detects important relationships and patterns in the information. Neural Networks attempt to mimic the structure and functioning of the human brain.
Types of Neural Networks
Self-Organizing Neural Network:finds patterns and relationships in vast amounts of data by itself.
Back-propagation neural network: A neural network trained by someone else. You teach the network the same way you would a child
Comparing artificial neural network (ANN) to the home computer
Let us start with the home computer and the way it processes information. The CPU knows of specific locations where it can access its instructions and data. Furthermore, the CPU by accessing the instructions and the data, and running them through the CPU, then takes the results and retains them in a designated section of memory. This process is consistent and rigid with no deviation.
On the other hand, the artificial neural network (ANN) is neither consistent nor rigid with much deviation in its process that does not rely on predefined instructions or the actual storage of data in a designated section of memory. Instead of a Central Processor handling all of the processing, multiple less complex processors take the subjected data from the other processors within the neural network. This produces the results of what the ANN had learned.
http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~bolo/shipyard/neural/local.html
# The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/I dog

iDog is a music robot, which was manufactured by Sega Toys in May, 2005. Similar to the name iDog, this music robot resembles a dog. In collaboration with Sony and i Pod (MP3 music player) the iDog was developed. Unlike real dogs, who eat real dog food, the iDog "feeds" by listening to music.
Similar to a dogs characteristics, when people touch its tail it will get angry and when people touch its head, it will be happy.
When you own an iDog, try to feed with music 3 hours every day.
When you connect to an MP3 Player or a PC, iDog can be used as a speaker. The i-dog dances to the music by moving its tail and ears.
As it is growing up, he can mix music and depending on its mood, it can change the music.
Also, depending on what music you are listening to, it acts differently. For example, happy songs make its tail move.
It has some lights on its face which display its mood.
http://www.firebox.com/index.html?dir=firebox&action=product&pid=1129
iDog
iPup
There are four kinds of iPup, iPup hip hop, iPup rock, iPup pop and iPup dance.
-iDog colour
There are 2 kinds of i dog colour, Happy Version which is blue and Lovely Version which is pink.
2 AA batteries are required
Click to view images
http://www.firebox.com/pic/p1129ex500.jpg
http://www.firebox.com/pic/p1129b.jpg
http://www.firebox.com/pic/p1129ex2.gif
# The Computer Revolution/Artificial Intelligence/Education

Intelligent tutor systems (ITSs) allow flexibility in presentation of material and greater ability to respond to individual student needs. They have improved students’ performance and motivation in school. ITSs achieve their “intelligence” by representing pedagogical decisions about how to teach as well as information about the learner.
Intelligent tutoring systems basically consist of 5 interdependent components.
1. Student model – stores information that is specific to each individual learner.
2. Pedagogical model – provides a model of the teaching process, such as when to review and when to present a new topic.
3. Domain knowledge – includes the information the tutor is teaching.
4. Communications module – allows for interaction with the student.
5. Expert model – contains information being taught as well but focuses more on how someone skilled in a particular domain represents the knowledge.
# Saylor.org's Cell Biology/Golgi

The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, functions as a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. In addition, as noted earlier, glycolipids and sphingomyelin are synthesized within the Golgi. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus further serves as the site at which the complex polysaccharides of the cell wall are synthesized. The Golgi apparatus is thus involved in processing the broad range of cellular constituents that travel along the secretory pathway.
# Saylor.org's Cell Biology/Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Every cell in your body has the capacity to divide and make new cells. Mitosis is the process by which one cell turns into two identical ones. Because of mitosis, most cells in your body don’t live past a few months. In other words, despite your chronological age, your body is really just a few months old!
Mitosis is split into four phases. This unit will carefully explore each phase, ending with cytokinesis, whereby the cell membrane will pinch itself off and split in half in order to produce two separate cells.
# Saylor.org's Cell Biology/Review of Basic Concepts

This unit reintroduces concepts you learned in your introductory biology and chemistry courses. It should serve as a refresher for those of you who have not studied these concepts for some time.
# Saylor.org's Cell Biology/Loose Connective Tissue (LCT)

Note: Please read the resource in Unit 4.1, ECM molecules. Pay particular attention to Figure 4.1.
# Saylor.org's Cell Biology/Meiosis

Meiosis, the other form of cell division, is the process by which one cell becomes four genetically unique cells. This process is essential to reproduction and the creation of unique offspring, which ultimately adds diversity to life. Meiosis is the reason you look similar to (but not exactly like) your parents. As in mitosis, meiosis is comprised of four phases. However, meiosis takes place in two stages, meiosis I and II. Most importantly, there is period of genetic recombination in meiosis during which the maternal and paternal DNA mix and result in the development of unique genomes. You should also note that, unlike mitosis, meiosis results in haploid cells and only takes place in two types of cells: sperm and oocyte cells.
# Saylor.org's Cell Biology/Meiosis II

Meiosis II initiates immediately after cytokinesis, usually before the chromosomes have fully decondensed. In contrast to meiosis I, meiosis II resembles a normal mitosis. At metaphase II, the chromosomes align on the spindle with microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle attached to the kinetochores of sister chromatids. The link between the centromeres of sister chromatids is broken at anaphase II, and sister chromatids segregate to opposite poles. Cytokinesis then follows, giving rise to haploid daughter cells (See Figure 8.1 in Subunit 8.1, Meiosis I).
# Saylor.org's Cell Biology/Nuclear Organization

The nuclear envelope separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the structural framework of the nucleus. The nuclear membranes, acting as barriers that prevent the free passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, maintain the nucleus as a distinct biochemical compartment. The sole channels through the nuclear envelope are provided by the nuclear pore complexes, which allow the regulated exchange of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The selective traffic of proteins and RNAs through the nuclear pore complexes not only establishes the internal composition of the nucleus, but also plays a critical role in regulating eukaryotic gene expression.
# Saylor.org's Cell Biology/Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)

One of the most exciting developments of the last decade has been the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that control the progression of eukaryotic cells through the division cycle. Our current understanding of cell cycle regulation has emerged from a convergence of results obtained through experiments on organisms as diverse as yeasts, sea urchins, frogs, and mammals. These studies have revealed that the cell cycle of all eukaryotes is controlled by a conserved set of protein kinases, which are responsible for triggering the major cell cycle transitions.
# Saylor.org's Cell Biology/Lipid-Derived Secondary Messengers

You should know the following important classes of lipid-derived secondary messengers: phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin. Each of these classes has its own set of messengers. The PI class, for example, includes inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), among others.
# Topfield 5800/Universal remotes/One For All URC-7781

Device: SAT
Device code: 1824 NB You may need your remote to be upgraded to use this code. OFA Support (UK 0808 1000 306) can do this over the phone free.
Keys and functions: (I noted where the OFA key works out-of-the-box using the above device code and where I've needed to use Key Magic and a 5-digit code (see bottom of page) to map it to a Toppy function)
http://www.hifi-remote.com/forums/dload.php?action=download&file_id=4154
# Topfield 5800/Wiki Guides Format Conversion
## External links

Making DVDs with ProjectX and Nero (Windows) on the guides page here http://www.toppy.org.uk/documents/index.php?catid=2 Convert .rec files to DVD guide. http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=155 Converting files *TO* .rec format http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6362 rec files on the move http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7901 rec2mp3 & rec2iPod (Windows) http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7902 Converting rec to mp2 or mp3 http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7364 TF5800 to DVD http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7775 Convert video to audio ? http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7838 java .rec file converter - where has it gone? http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7828 Preparing .rec files for AppleTV http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7768 Batch converting files http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7808 Multicolor Freeview Subtitles to DVD http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?p=175817#175817
and more in http://forum.toppy.org.uk/forum/viewforum.php?f=8
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Twin Tuner

The Toppy has two tuners so you can record two channels at once. Most PVRs will then limit your viewing to one or either of those channels, but the Toppy has a very clever chipset — you get a much wider choice and sometimes all channels are available (this is often referred to as "Record Two, Watch a Third"). Technically, this choice is dictated by which multiplex (or mux) the two recording channels are from. If they are from the same mux then the Toppy can use just one tuner, leaving the second tuner free for watching any channel. If they are from different muxes then the choice of channels that can be watched will be limited to any channel that is also on one of those two muxes.
For example, (in the current Freeview setup) if you are recording BBC1 and ITV1 then you cannot watch Five. But you could watch, say, BBC2 or Ch4 (as well as BBC1 and ITV1, of course). However, if you are recording ITV1 and Ch4 then you will be able to watch any other channel.
Note that there are bugs/features which sometimes make it seem like the Toppy is more limited than this, causing "CYR" prompts at unnecessary times.
If recording two programs and watching a third the 5800 can sometimes become unstable and require switching off, usually after using the remote control to do something. This may be more likely if several TAPs are running. If this happens, in future try not to change the watched channel when recording two others to avoid spoiling the recordings.
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/USB Accelerator

The USB connection is limited by the hardware to much less than the theoretical maximum of USB2.0, but various inefficiencies in firmware also reduce the speed. One of the most significant problems is remedied by the [U] USBAccelerator firmware patch which speeds up downloads from the Toppy enormously (note that this also requires use an updated .dll on the PC, or compatible tools). In a similar way, the [Uu] USBUpload firmware patch can help improve upload speed to the Toppy.
Other factors that can affect the USB speed is the quality and length of the cable being used. If possible, try different cables to help diagnose this, and avoid very long cables unless they are good quality and "active" (powered).
When using Altair software to transfer files, it has a faster "Turbo" mode. This mode disables the remote control; if a programme or recording is running it will continue, but cannot be changed until the transfer completes.
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/USB Driver

Generally remember to install Topfield software before connecting USB cable.
This is written for XP If things go wrong then disconnect the Toppy & completely uninstall Topfield Applications & Boot up in safe mode and then use Device Manager to properly remove any/all Topfield devices.
Check you have no files named 'topfield*.*' or 'tfbulk*.*' anywhere on your system - if so delete or rename them.
Download and install just Altair from Topfield Utilities.
Put these files in a known place - TfBulk.inf & TfBulk.sys.
Reboot the PC in Safe Mode and log in as Administrator.
Start Device Manager and page to the bottom so you can see USB devices.
Turn on your Toppy. Plug into the USB and Windows should detect it. Folow the wizard and install the drivers from wherever you put TfBulk.inf & TfBulk.sys. Hopefully these will now install successfully (though it will tell you they won't work until you reboot).
You should now see the Toppy as a USB device in Device Manager.
Leave the Toppy plugged in and reboot.
Look in Device Manager - the Toppy should be there?
(It is not generally expected to be needed to reboot the PC but as this worked for a couple of people who were having problems I have written it in here)
Also a guy in the forum reported success after problems post SP3 here
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/USB Bootloader

The only reason where you absolutely have to flash Toppy firmware via the USB port is when the Toppy is very sick and you can't use HD2FW.
If you are forced to use the failsafe mechanism then it is a prerequisite that your PC can recognise the Toppy Boot loader device & has drivers for it.
The symptoms of this not working properly are that the Toppy reboots normally instead of rebooting into the firmware update mode, even though the firmware updater is waiting on the PC to detect the Toppy boot sequence.
If Wuppy has been installed you may need to uninstall Wuppy & remove the drivers manually before the Toppy drivers for the USB loader can be installed properly.
The driver in question is TfBulk.SYS To prevent the driver associated with Wuppy being reinstalled again when you rediscover the Toppy TfBulk.inf also need to be removed, including any cached copies, the names of which can often be discovered by looking at \Windows\setupapi.log after the USB driver discovery process has been run.
Ask more questions if you are not confident to do this & also remember to delete the USB device from device manager first (you may need to select "view" / "show hidden devices")
This is written with Window XP in mind, not Vista.
Another option is to find an alternative PC to flash empty settings. (or try the serial method).
# Topfield 5800/Universal remotes

* One For All URC-7555
* One For All URC-7781
# Topfield 5800/Universal remotes/One For All URC-7555

Device: SAT
Device code: 1206
Keys and functions: (I noted where the OFA key works out-of-the-box using the above device code and where I've needed to use Key Magic and a 5-digit code to map it to a Toppy function)
http://www.hifi-remote.com/forums/dload.php?action=download&file_id=4154
If your One For All has been purchased longer than 1 year ago, or if you don't have the proof of purchase anymore, the upgrade service is still possible at the cost of £10.
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/USB invalid char

The Toppy can name recording files using characters that are not allowed on a Windows PC. Any one of these is likely to cause problems:
Simplistic tools like Altair may fail to retrieve such files, but often this failure won't occur until the whole contents of the file have been transferred, making it a particularly annoying problem. If you get one of the following types of error then check the filename for the above characters:
* A 0 byte file following an apparently successful transfer.
* "Cannot copy the selected file. Already used in the other process or unknown error occurred" (in a standard Windows error box).
The solution is to either use a better tool (like TopSet or an FTP setup), or rename the file on the Toppy before transferring it:
* Select the recording in native Archive
* Press the Blue button to select "Options"
* Select "Rename"
* Press Up to select the filename part
* Press Right repeatedly until the first "bad" character is highlighted
* Press Red to delete that character
* Repeat from 5 if necessary.
0 Byte files have also been reported associated with faulty USB cables and paticularly active USB extenders here
# Topics in Abstract Algebra

This book aims to cover algebraic structures and methods that play basic roles in other fields of mathematics such as algebraic geometry and representation theory. More precisely, the first chapter covers the rudiments of non-commutative rings and homological language that provide foundations for subsequent chapters. The second chapter covers commutative algebra, which we view as the local theory of algebraic geometry; the emphasis will be on (historical) connections to several complex variables. The third chapter is devoted to field theory, and the fourth to Linear algebra. The fifth chapter studies Lie algebra with emphasis on applications to arithmetic problems.

## Contents

Part I. Foundations

### Chapter 1. Non-commutative rings (May, 2010)

    Jacobson radical

### Chapter 2. Commutative algebra (May, 2010)

    The spectrum of a ring, radical of an ideal

### Chapter 3. Field theory (May, 2010)

    Galois theory, skew-field

### Chapter 4. Linear algebra (May, 2010)

    The Moore-Penrose inverse, matrices over skew-fields, symplectic geometry, quadratic forms, smith normal form

### Chapter 6. Associative algebras (May, 2010)

    Radicals of non-commutative rings, separability, central simple algebras, Hopf algebras
Part II. Applications
* Banach algebras (May, 2010)
Part III. Appendix
* Sheaf theory (May, 2010)
# Topfield 5800/TAP Groups EPG/Jags
## Jags EPG v3.0 Pre-Beta 5

This TAP is one of the main EPG replacement TAPs, it adds functionality over the built in EPG and is not dependent on any other TAPS, although it can make use of the "DescriptionExtender 1.4" TAP
Jags EPG is also able to collect EPG data for use by MyStuff.
Since the new July 2006 “Bastille Day” firmware Jags has been less stable and the developer (Jag) will address the reported issues as soon as he can (he is currently moving house & job).
Users have reduced instability by one or more of the following:
* uninstalling DescriptionExtender (changing option 52 Description extender support has no effect)
* option 49. "EPG data base: background scan interval" -> a larger scan interval e.g.60
* manually delete the EPG buffer
* reducing the memory Jags uses by limiting the number of channels scanned
* Using the memory watcher TAP to help tune the settings
* opt 47 No of channels with extended info
* opt 48 Max events per channel
* reducing the number of other TAPS used
Good new behaviour caused by the July 2006 “Bastille Day” firmware is that the native EPG buffer is populated much more efficiently so Jags only needs a brief visit to each channel in order to sort its own EPG data out. Previously it was necessary to set Jags to scan each channel for maybe 90 seconds, but now a mere 5 seconds is reported to be enough.
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Bad aXeL

The "LOAD" message in the Front Display is set by the special aXeL extension. If the display does not change to "RUN" then there is a problem with the way the normal firmware has been extended to accommodate aXeL. You will need to re-flash your firmware using the failsafe mechanism. The easiest (and safest) way to apply aXeL is to use HDFW (and forget all about faffing with "extending" firmwares).
# Topfield 5800/Troubleshooting/Booting
## Booting

Boots, shows "RUN", but then restarts.
Front Display continues to show the time instead of the channel when not in standby.
Front Display shows an "E-" error code.
Front Display is stuck on "LOAD".
Stuck in the Main Menu on startup.