OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Programming Fundamentals/String Examples Python
## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/String Formatting
## Overview

String formatting uses a process of string interpolation (variable substitution) to evaluate a string literal containing one or more placeholders, yielding a result in which the placeholders are replaced with their corresponding values.

## Discussion

Most current programming languages provide one or more string formatting functions that use a template string with placeholders and optional alignment, width, and precision indicators to generate formatted output.
| Language | Function | Examples |
| C++ | snprintf | snprintf(str, sizeof(str), "Hello %s!", name); snprintf(str, sizeof(str), "$%.2f", value); |
| C# | Format | String.Format("Hello {0}!", name); String.Format("{0:$0.00}", value); |
| Java | format | String.format("Hello %s!", name); String.format("$%.2f", value); |
| JavaScript | template literal | `Hello ${name}`; `$${value.toFixed(2)}`; |
| Python | format | "Hello!".format(name) "${:.2f}".format(value) |
| Swift | interpolation String | "Hello \(name)!" String(format:"%.2f", value) |
String interpolation, like string concatenation, may lead to security problems. If user input data is improperly escaped or filtered, the system may be exposed to code injection.

## Key Terms
### code injection

    The exploitation of a computer bug that is caused by processing invalid data.

### formatting

    Modifying the way the output is displayed.

### interpolation

    Variable substitution

### string interpolation

    Evaluating a string literal containing one or more placeholders, yielding a result in which the placeholders are replaced with their corresponding values.

## References

* cnx.org: Programming Fundamentals – A Modular Structured Approach using C++
* ↑ Wikipedia: String interpolation
* ↑ Wikipedia: String interpolation
* ↑ Wikipedia: Code injection
# Perl Programming/Exercise 6 Answers

use warnings; use strict;
$| = 1;
print "Enter number of games to play: "; chomp(my $Num_Games = <STDIN>);
my $Num_Guesses = 0; for my $gameno (1 .. $Num_Games) {
print "Games played: $Num_Games\n";
# FastCGI

FastCGI is a way to use CGI without having to create a new process on every request. For more information, see:
* FastCGI
* http://dev.catalyst.perl.org/wiki/adventcalendararticles/2008/02-catalyst_and_nginx
* http://www.fastcgi.com/drupal/
# Perl Programming/First programs
## A first taste of Perl

Here's a simple program written in Perl to get us started:
Let's take a look at this program line by line:
* #!/usr/bin/perl
    On Unix systems this tells the Operating System to execute this file with the program located at /usr/bin/perl. This is the default Unix location for the perl interpreter, on Windows #!C:\Perl\bin\perl.exe or #!C:\strawberry\perl\bin\perl.exe (depending on whether ActivePerl or Strawberry Perl was installed) should be used instead.
* # Outputs ...
    This line is a comment - it is ignored by the perl interpreter, but is very useful. It helps you to debug and maintain your code, and explain it to other programmers.
* print "Hello World!\n";
    The print instruction writes whatever follows it to the screen. The \n at the end of the string puts a new line to the screen. The semicolon at the end of the line tells the perl interpreter that the instruction is finished; you must put a semicolon at the end of every instruction in Perl code.

### Exercises

* Change the program so it says hello to you.
* Change the program so that after greeting you, it asks how you are doing, on the next line. The output should look like this:
* Hello your_name!
* How are you?
* Experiment with the \n character, what happens when you take it away? What happens, if you put two in a row?
* Remember: If you add another print instruction you will need to put a semicolon after it.
# Perl Programming/Exercise 7

Answers
Previous exercise | Next exercise
# Reading files
## Procedural interface
### By slurping file

This method will read the whole file into an array. It will split on the special variable $/

### By line processing

This method will read the file one line at a time. This will keep memory usage down, but the program will have to poll the input stream on each iteration.

## Object-oriented interface

Using IO::File, you can get a more modern object-oriented interface to a Perl file handle.
# GUI and desktop programming

There are several GUI widget sets available as additions to Perl, though the most common is probably Perl/Tk.
* Gtk uses Gtk+, the Gimp Toolkit.
* Gtk2 uses Gtk+ 2.x.
* Gtk3 uses Gtk+ 3.x.
* Prima uses its own toolkit.
* Perl Tk (sometimes pTk or ptk) is a collection of modules and code that attempts to wed the simple Tk widget set to perl 5.
* Tcl::Tk same as perlTk, but uses existing Tcl/Tk via Tcl, so allowing Tcl widgets
* Tkx a different, lightweight, access to Tk via Tcl.
* Qt uses the Qt toolkit.
* Wx uses the platform independent wxWidgets toolkit.

## Links

* The comp.lang.perl.tk FAQ
# Perl Programming/Exercise 8

PROGRAM FOR COUNTING THE NO: OF ENTRIES AND THE TOTAL
# Physics Course/Relativity
## Relativity

According to Newton Mass of any moving object remains the same regardless of speed travel . According to Einstein any moving object has Mass changes with speed travel

## Relativity Theory
### Change in Mass relate to speed travels

Speed of light is alsway constant , v = C . When matter moves at speed of light, matter no longer has mass . Observed fron Plank in experiment with Black Body Radiation
    $m=0$ when $v=C$
All matter moves at speed less than speed of light has a mass of m$_o$
    $m=m_{o}$ when $v<C$
Therefore for any matter moving at speed less than speed of light but not equal to the speed of light
    $m=m_{o}(1+{\frac {v}{C}})$

### Wave length of a Momentum

Any momentum travels at speed of light C carries quantum energy $E=h{\frac {C}{\lambda }}$ will have a wavelength
    $\lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}={\frac {h}{C}}{\frac {1}{m}}$
Which can be easily proved
    $pC=h{\frac {C}{\lambda }}$
    $\lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}={\frac {h}{C}}{\frac {1}{m}}$
# Physics Course/Types of Waves/Light Waves
## Light Wave

Light wave comes from many sources
* Fire caused by Flammable and Combustible substance .
* Luminance Object . Examples Light from Firefly , Light from Luminance Stone
* Electromagnetic Radiations in the form of Electric Discharge Radiation, Black Body Radiation , Radioactive Decay Radiation , Cosmic Radiation

## Electromagnetic Radiation as Light Wave Characteristics

Electromagnetic radiation as light wave travels at a speed of Light in vaccum C = 3 x 10$^8$ and since speed of wave equal product of wavelength and frequency . If one either wavelength or frequency is known then the other quantity can be found by
    V = λ f = C
    $\lambda ={\frac {C}{f}}$ or $f={\frac {C}{\lambda }}$ .
Electromagnetic Light wave has frequency range from few Hz to GHz and divided into the following spectrums
* Radio Wave
* Microwave
* Infrared
* Visible Light
* Ultrviolet wave
* X Ray
* Gamma Ray

## Light Wave Phenomenons

When Light wave travel through a medium if there is a blocking object that has a height greater than the wavelength of light wave . Light wave will suffer from the following effects

### Reflection

Light wave being reflected back to the medium it comes from and can create interference with other wave in the medium

### Refraction

Only part of the light wave is passing through . Sound does not reach its destination

### Diffraction

Light passing through slits or narrow openings will produce fringes of Light and Dark Pattern

### Dispersion

Light passing through prism will produce Colored Light of the following color Orange , Yellow , Red , Green , Blue , violet

### Interference

    When two light waves interfere either Constructively or Destructively to produce Light Interferences like Bright Light , Stream Light , Dim Light , No Light
# Physics Course/Types of Waves

* Sound Waves
* Light Waves
* Matter Waves
* Electromagnetic Waves
# Physics Course/Radioactive Decay Radiation
## Radioactivities

Radioactivity is the conversion of one nuclear state to another only happen with elements that has unstable Nuclei . It involves Decay of Radioactive Element accompany by an emission of streams of Charged Particles namely Alpha, Beta , Gamma called Electromagnetic radiation in the form of Invisible Light and a release of enormous Heat Energy into the surrounding calculated by Einstien's Formula
    E = M C$^2$
Where
    $M=(m_{1}-m_{2})$ correspond to difference in mass during the radioactivity .

## Radioactive Decay

Most sources of natural, predictable radiation come from the decay of atomic nuclei, resulting in either alpha - $\alpha$ or beta - $\beta$ particles. In general, $\alpha$ decay is more common among the heavier elements, as it reduces the proton:neutron ratio, while $\beta$ decay is much more prominent among lighter elements, as it converts a neutron into a proton.

### Alpha Decay

    $U^{238}\longrightarrow Th^{234}+He^{4}(\alpha )$
This is the first decay in the famous Uranium decay. U-238 is essentially non-radioactive (especially compared to hyper-active U-235), and has a half-life of over four billion years.

### Beta Decay

    $C^{14}\longrightarrow N^{14}+e(\beta )$
This is the decay that allows for carbon dating, and has a half-life of over 5000 years.

### Gamma Decay

Gamma radiation is much more difficult to come by, as emitting a gamma ray does not allow an atomic nuclei to decay. The most famous source of high-energy gamma rays is what happens when an electron and a positron annihilate:
    $e^{+}+e^{-}\longrightarrow \gamma +\gamma$

## Reference

* Radioactivity
# Physics Course/Types of Waves/Matter Waves
## De Brolie's Wavelength

If there is a mometum travels at speed of light and has an quantum energy level
    $pc=h{\frac {c}{\lambda }}$
    $\lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}=({\frac {h}{c}})({\frac {1}{m}})$

## Matter's Wave

From formula above the wavelenght of Charged Particles can be calculated Electron's Wavelength
    $\lambda ={\frac {h}{c}}{\frac {1}{m_{e}}}$
Photon's Wavelength
    $\lambda ={\frac {h}{c}}{\frac {1}{m_{e}}}$
Neutron's wavelenght
    $\lambda ={\frac {h}{c}}{\frac {1}{m_{e}}}$
# Physics Course/Types of Waves/Sound Waves
## Sound Wave

Sound wave is a Longitudinal Wave. When Sound Wave travels through air it will create expanding or shrinking column of airs called Rarefraction and RareExpansion.
    Sound Wave | || | ||

## Sound Wave Characteristics

* Sound does not exist in vacuum .
* Sound wave requires medium of matter to spread itself . Sound wave travels through any medium Solid , Liquid , Gas
* The speed of Sound wave varies with Pressure and Temperature of the medium . Sound wave travels at a speed v = λ f . At Standard Pressure & Temperature in air the speed is calculated equal to v = 333 m/s
* Sound Wave that is audible to human ear is in the frequency range 20Hz - 20KHz .

## Sound's Effects

When Sound wave travel through a medium if there is a blocking object that has a height greater than the wavelength of sound wave . Sound wave will suffer from the following effects

### Reflection

    Sound wave being reflected back to the medium it comes from and can create interference with other wave in the medium

### Refraction

    Only part of Sound wave is passing through . Sound does not reach its destination

### Diffraction

    Wave travels through narrow opens

### Interference

    When two sound waves travel toward each other will interfere either Constructively or Destructively to produce different sound interferences like Noise, Echoe, Intermittent, No sound

## Applications
### Tele Communication

In Tele Communication, in order to carry Sound wave over a long distance sound wave must be mixed with a high frequency carrier wave in a process called Modulation .
In Radio Communication, There are 3 modulations methods are used in mixing Sound wave and Carrier wave namely AM - Amplitude Modulation, FM - Frequency Modulation, PM - Phase Modulation.
In analog electronics , AM and FM is widely used . In digital electronic, PM is used
# Physics Course/Ultra Violet Waves

    The amount of penetration of UV relative to altitude in Earth's ozone.
Ultra violet Waves have a frequency range between visible spectrum and x ray. Ultra violet radiation has wavelength shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum, and longer than that of an x-ray.
Ultra violet Waves are high energy waves that can penetrate into matter and can knock off electron on surface of matter to become free electron thus change the conductivity of matter
# Music Theory/Atonal
## Definition

Atonal music is a generalizing term used to define music that seems to lack a clear tonal center. Nearly all music in the western classical tradition is considered 'tonal': that is, its harmonic structure is primarily triadic and hierarchically organized around a prominent tonal center. Atonal music works tend to deny or expand this notion by using alternative structural strategies (frequently - but not exlusivelly - mathematical, the most famous being serialism). As a result, many listeners used to traditional tonality may find atonal music very challenging at first, in particular because the lack of a tonal hierarchy means that highly dissonant chords are far more common (and, indeed, early practitioners of the style often deliberately used these chords as to avoid any implied reference to a tonic). That said, others argue that atonality is simply another musical language which, like all other languages (including traditional tonality), cannot be learned or appreciated until one has been immersed in it.

## A brief history of atonality

Composer Arnold Schoenberg is generally seen as the first composer to fully embrace 'atonality', although a number of other composers (such as Bartok and Scriabin) had been moving in that direction for some time. In 1925, after experimenting with free atonality, he composed his Suite für Klavier, the first piece of music ever written using the twelve-tone method of composing. His students, Alban Berg and Anton Webern, followed in his footsteps by composing numerous twelve-tone pieces; the method was generalised during the 1950s to include other parameters such as rhythm and volume, the resultant system being known as total serialism.

## Contemporary situation

All these influences over the last century have meant that it is now very difficult to draw a clear line between atonal and tonal music: for example, the music of Philip Glass has a clearly defined tonal center (and is generally seen as tonal), but it does not use harmony in the traditional way (as a means of giving the music direction), instead using repetition to create something more static; similarly, the music of composers such as Alfred Schnittke or John Adams combines elements of tonal and atonal music freely and undogmatically; this approach can be seen as far back as Berg's Violin Concerto of 1936, which sounds almost tonal in many places despite its use of the twelve-tone method]].
# Music Theory/Authors

If you added anything to this book, please feel free to enter either your nickname or full name to the list below:
* A.J.
* John Muniz
* Kef Li Eric Marcus X-Schecter
* hoogli
* George Leung
* PCon
* Tropsy
* zack69
* MusicalMay
* Henré "Mutant" Botha
* TBOL3
* Marcus2
* Herr Beethoven
* Leon Onn
Thanks to all of those!
# Mundeze/Grammar

* Summary
* Phonology
** Alphabet
** Pronunciation
** Intonation
** Phonotactics
* Syntax
** Word order
** Grammatical cases
** Elliptical construction
* Parts of speech
** Nouns
** Articles
** Adjectives
** Adverbs
** tabula-leksey
** Pronouns
** Verbs
** Function words
* Sentence forms
** Interrogative
** Negative and affirmative
** Exclamative
** Exclamatory rhetorical question
* Morphology
** Morphological typology
** Compound
** Affixes
* Typography
** Letter case
** Punctuation
** Other typographical signs
# Music Theory/Arabic

Arabic music is traditional music played in what is now called the Arab world. It has many similarities with Turkish and Persian music and generally exists, in some form, in places and cultures that are historically Muslim.

## Tuning and Notation

Arabic music doesn't necessarily stick to the twelve notes (in an octave) that Western music uses. Although it isn't a very accurate representation, most musicians use a system of 24 notes in an octave, also known as the system of quarter tones, to describe the notes that they play.
A quarter tone is precisely one half of a semitone or half step; imagine a piano but an extra key in between every adjacent pair of keys.
To notate quarter tones, musicians use extra accidentals:
* A half-flat or semi-flat lowers a note by a quarter tone, and is notated as a reversed flat, or more often a flat with stroke in Arabic circles. (We will use a reversed flat in this page.)
* A half-sharp or semi-sharp raises a note by a quarter tone, and is notated as the left half of sharp sign.
* A three-halves-flat or sesqui-flat lowers a note by three quarter tones, and is notated as a reversed flat next to a regular flat, or more often a double flat with stroke (Unable to parse music symbol doubleflatstroke) in Arabic circles. (We will use a reversed flat next to a regular flat.)
* A three-halves-sharp or sesqui-sharp raises a note by three quarter tones, and is notates as a sharp with three vertical lines.
So, a quarter tone chromatic scale would look like this:
Note that these are considered notational conventions, and aren't quite representative of the pitches musicians play. Most Arabic music students have to learn the fine microtonal details by ear.

## Maqam

The maqam (plural maqamat) is the rough equivalent of a scale in Western music, although there are several differences:
* Maqamat often stick to one "key", and are only ever transposed to a handful of different keys. This is due in part to the technical limitations of Arabic instruments.
* Maqamat describe not just tonal content, but melodic phrases and improvisatory possibilites that shape the aesthetic of Arabic music along with the tonal content.

### Ajnas

Maqamat are composed of ajnas (singular jins), which are usually sets of four notes spanning a perfect fourth, although several ajnas have three or five notes. It is through these building blocks that maqamat get their mood.
All ajnas have a tonic and a ghammaz, which is an intermediate resting place for melodies and is often a point for modulation, a lot like the dominant in Western harmony.
There are the nine main ajnas (the tonic and ghammaz are marked with open noteheads):
* Jins 'Ajam
* Jins Bayati
* Jins Hijaz
* Jins Kurd
* Jins Nahawand
* Jins Nikriz
* Jins Saba (two ghammaz possibilites)
* Jins Sikah
* Jins Rast
These are not the only ajnas, of course.
# Proteomics/Experimental Protocols
### Presentation

| Protein Sample Preparation | Experimental Protocols | Protein Separations - Chromatography | List of Topics | Protein Separations - Chromatography |
This page contains protocols that are frequently used in proteomics. You are welcome to add protocols this chapter.
* Plant Proteomics about Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
# Proteomics
## Proteomics

This is a textbook for teaching the principles and practice of proteomics for undergraduate students in the life sciences. The focus is on the analytical methods and data analysis for protein separation, quantitation and identification. We will begin with older methods (chromatography, electrophoresis) and move to more modern approaches (chips, for example) that are being used for high throughput proteomics.
This book conforms to the Wikibooks:Guidelines for class projects and can be found under Wikibooks:List of class projects.
Also view our developing Metabolomics book: Metabolomics

## Table of Contents

* Introduction to Proteomics
* Protein Sample Preparation
* Plant Proteomics about Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
* Protein Separations - Chromatography
* Protein Separations - Electrophoresis
* Protein Separations - Centrifugation
* Emerging and Miscellaneous Proteomics Technologies
* Protein Identification - Mass Spectrometry
* Protein Primary Structure
* Post-translational Modification
* Protein - Protein Interactions
* Protein Chips
* Proteomics and Drug Discovery
* Biomarkers
* Experimental Protocols
* Contributors
# Contributors list

Please feel free to add your name and contact information if you would like to be recognized for your addition to this page or contacted by others in the proteomics community.
* Tung Luong - tung.luonggmail.com
* Adam Cornwell - ibmman85gmail.com
* Alexander Butarbutar - nbb3924rit.edu
* Andres Javier Gonzalez - ajg3600rit.edu
* Anthony Esposito - age5719rit.edu
* Aubrey Bailey - aubreybaileygmail.com
* Jared Carter - Adarza BioSystems, Inc
* John Boutell - JDBoutellgmail.com
* John Brothers II - jfb4497rit.edu / jb2bu.edu
* Laura Grell - llg3875rit.edu
* Leighton Ing - leighton.inggmail.com
* Lukas Habegger - lh9357rit.edu
* Melissa Wilbert - mlw3559rit.edu
* Mitul Patel (Bioinformatician) - mitul428gmail.com
* Patrick Kenney - pokschrit.edu
* Piotr A. Kowalski - pxk9006rit.edu
* Tom Maxon - TomMaxongmail.com
* Vishal Thovarai - vvt1936rit.edu
* Sophia Lafergola DieselSandwich (talk) - sophia.lafergolagmail.com
# Proof

| bad | good |
| Introduction | Organic Chemistry/Introduction |
| Overview of Functional Groups | Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Groups |
| Authors | Organic Chemistry/Authors |
# Pinyin/Breastfeeding

See also
Breastfeeding is the normal way of providing babies with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Actually all mothers can breastfeed, provided they have accurate information, and the support of their family, the health care system and society at large.
Mǔrǔ wèiyǎng shì wèi yīng'ér tígōng jiànkāng chéngzhǎng hé fāyù suǒxū yíngyǎng de lǐxiǎng fāngshì. Shìshíshàng, rúguǒ huòdé zhèngquè de xìnxī, yǒu láizì jiātíng, wèishēng bǎojiàn xìtǒng yǐjí zhěnggè shèhuì de zhīchí, suǒyǒu de mǔqīn dōu kěyǐ bǔrǔ.
Foremilk, the yellowish, sticky breast milk produced at the end of pregnancy, is recommended by WHO as the perfect food for the newborn, and feeding should be initiated within the first hour after birth.
Zuòwéi WHO tuījiàn de xīnshēng'ér wánměi shíwù, qiǎnhuángsè ér niánchóu de chūrǔ zài huáiyùnqī jiéshù shí jiù yǐjīng chǎnshēng, yīnggāi zài yīng'ér chūshēng de tóuyīgè xiǎoshí lǐ jiù kāishǐ mǔrǔ wèiyǎng.
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended up to 6 months of age, with continued breastfeeding along with appropriate complementary foods up to 2 years of age or beyond.
Jiànyì chún mǔrǔ wèiyǎng zhídào 6 gè yuè. Jìxù mǔrǔ wèiyǎng zhì 2 suì huò gèng cháng shíjiān, tóngshí yào bǔchōng qítā shìdàng de shíwù.
# Pinyin/Brightness

Brightness
Beautiful brightness, inner-heart truthful, kindful and beautiful, to appear in front of eyes.
Brightness, the motivation for love, the nature of truthfulness, kindness and beauty, brightness shines.
Brightness, needs person with loving heart to shine brightness.
guangmarng
meeilih d guangmarng, neihxin zhen-shahn-meei, zhaanxiahn zaih yaanqiarn.
guangmarng, aih d dohnglih, zhen-shahn-meei beenzhih, shaanshuoh guangmarng.
guangmarng, xuyaoh yoou aihxin d rern touhchu yaohyaan guangmarng.
# Pinyin/Breakfast

See also
# Pinyin/Bridge

Search bridge
A bridge is a structure that allows people or vehicles to cross an obstacle such as a river or canal or railway etc.
qiaorliarng shih 1-zhoong jiergouh rahng rern huoh cheliahng yuehguoh herliur, yuhnher huoh tieeluh deeng zhahng`aih.
# Pinyin/Breathing

Search Pinyin breathing
Breathing is the action of taking air into the lungs and sending it out again.
huxi shih feihbuh xiruh her huchu kongqih d dohngzuoh.
# Pinyin/Bright

See also
# Pinyin/Bright light

See also
# Pinyin/Production

Search Pinyin production