OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in night photography

Night photography — creating photographs outdoors at night, as well as as well as indoors without the penetration of light from outside.

## About the genre and the ways of realization

Photography in this genre is traditionally carried out with a tripod, or clamp — if you use a small-format camera, as well as other devices that replace them. However you can do without accessories: the author of this text, who traveled through dozens of countries of the world by hobo touring, is an example of that.
It is enough to choose a flat support for your camera (for example, a curb, parapet, etc.) and, holding it firmly with both hands, press the shutter release button. If you don't hold the camera firmly enough during the exposure time, to get a blurry image. On the contrary, if you want to capture the "arrival of aliens" and abstract scenes, you should set a slow shutter speed and move the camera smoothly for several seconds. But that is another topic.
Usually a thirty-second exposure is enough to capture the lights of the night city from the observation deck; if it is a night street of a metropolis, — you'll need half that amount of time. In any case, you can experiment with shutter speeds by removing bad frames.
The only case when method "without a tripod" is more difficult to use - in a large area without elevations, boulders and benches, such, as Red Square in Moscow. You could try taking pictures from the floor (sidewalk, ground) placing an improvised small item under the front part of the camera's lower plane to give it a certain angle. The result will be worse than with rigidly fixed elevation, but better than with handheld photography (where the maximum possible exposure is 1/30 second, which of course is not enough). When shooting the view from the bridge, you can use the railing. In general, ultralight backpacking, you will have to sacrifice some views of the night cities of the globe. In some cases, as an option, you can ask someone for a stool, — a method were used by the author when photographing the night trade in Khan el-Khalili market in Cairo.

## This should be known

Using this method, you can do without a flash when shooting a night city or a cave equipped with illumination. Moreover, the author experimented by photographing people against the background of night lights (for example, on the bridge, behind which there is the Moskva River glowing with lights), making a photos with and without flash, but in both cases using slow shutter speeds (long exposures). The result was the same. The main condition is that the person posing must not move during the exposure.

## Gallery

* Tokyo Tower (Japan) Photo from a bum tour of winter Japan
* Reed Flute Cave (China) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Moskva (river)
* Copacobana, Lake Titicaca (Bolivia) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
* San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in reportage photography

Reportage photography is a genre used to illustrate articles published in newspapers, magazines, and online publications, where objectivity in depicting reality is paramount and artistic merit is secondary.

## General information

Reportage photography used in journalism and photojournalism has some similarities with documentary, street and genre photography. However, if the last three genres contain elements of aesthetics and compositional solutions, the photo reportage only captures this or that event, while allowing slight margin of error.
It genre used primarily in illustrating news articles, visually supplementing materials about political and sporting events, military operations, popular festivities, etc. But can also be applied in other aspects of journalism.

## Ways of implementation

To create photo works in the reportage genre, you need keep abreast of last events, attend events and keep your camera ready in everyday life.
Don't carry bulky equipment, interchangeable lenses, and even more so a tripod. When shooting reportage, speed is important, and voluminous equipment will become a burden.
If your camera has the ability to adjust exposure time and aperture, remember that by changing settings manually, you can improvise, focusing on the central object of the frame — this is a plus, but an interesting moment can be missed — significant minus.
Try, if possible, to do without a flash: it will draw too much attention to you, as a result, people who notice the photographer may look unnatural.
If you don't plan to become a reporter by supplying material to the media, it's better to choose another genre for yourself.

## Example with commentary

In the photograph from the newspaper presented above, five Indians are visitors to the historical and archaeological complex Qutb Minar: three of them are in the foreground, and the rest are only partially visible which is unacceptable in any genre of photography that claims to be artisty, but is acceptable in reportage shooting.

## Gallery

Photographs by the creator of this article, travel journalist Viktor Pinchuk
* Police in Bamyan (Afghanistan) Photo from the article "One day in Afghan prison"
* Running away from the photographer (Uganda) Photo from the article "Medal "For Courage"
* At the police station, Lae (PNG) Photo from the article "In bullpen – voluntarily"
* Homeless (China) From the article "Notes of an international tramp"
* Pet branding (Tanzania) Photo from the article"In search of the Lost Tribes"

## Links

An example of the use (placement) of reportage photographs in a newspaper article
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in neosurrealism photography

Neosurrealism is a genre in the visual arts that differs from its predecessor in the absence (obligatory for Surrealism) of the main idea — automatism.

## About genre and ways of implementation

To create works in this genre, it is not necessary fall into a trance, communicate with the spirits of the dead, aliens from another worlds, or use drugs. It is enough to have imagination and a computer with a minimum set of graphic editors; like Photoshop or Sketch.
You won’t even need to take special neo-surrealism training courses (there are none, besides, in the absence of innate imagination, they are unlikely to help); more effective — will to experiment with original photographs and a margin of time.
# Directing Technology/Ethics
## Introduction

What are Ethics and how do they relate to Directing Technology?
Ethics can be described as:
1. The discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation. 2. A set of moral principles (a theory or system of moral values).
3. The principles of conduct governing an individual or a group. 4 A consciousness of moral importance. 5. A guiding philosophy. Found at:
As Director of Technology, situations may arise at any time and in any degree of frequency which require the existence of a strong code of ethics to be addressed properly. These situations can vary from a personal nature to a professional issue, a legal concern or a sexual matter (among others). Each one may present a dilemma to the Technology Director in regards to how the situation should be handled.
Establishing and enforcing a clear code of ethics within the district should be a primary consideration of the Technology Director while creating guidelines which are to be embraced by the administration, staff and students.
# DirectX/Managed DirectX

Managed DirectX is a new technology introduced by Microsoft. It is a set of libraries - or as referred to in .NET _assemblies_ - to create applications that utilise DirectX. Each of the DLL's is used with a specific sub-system. The DLL's are as below.
* Microsoft.DirectX (Microsoft.DirectX Namespace): Very simple assembly. It contains vector and matrix classes which are very extensive. The matrix class speeds up tasks like translation by providing static and intance functions to translate a matrix.
* Microsoft.DirectX.Direct3D (Microsoft.DirectX.Direct3D Namespace): This is the base assembly, and is generally the most used one.
* Microsoft.DirectX.Direct3DX (Microsoft.DirectX.Direct3D Namespace): A very useful extensive of the Direct3D namespace. It contains helper classes including the Mesh + MeshLoader classes, the Effect class for manipulating the HLSL, helper classes for rendering to surfaces, and a whole lot more. Anyone wishing to develop a game (no matter how simple) will probably need this class for using meshs.
# Directing Technology
## Preface

Every school district, private school, college and university has a Technology Director whose responsibilities are becoming more important every year. Most technology directors have had to learn their skills and their job the hard way, on the job through trial and error. The tech director's position is a specialized job like the business manager or the facilities manager, and there is usually no one in the organization who can guide, or even question, him in the performance of his professional responsibilities: he or she is THE last word on technology in the organization. Unlike the business or the facilities manager, the tech director's responsibilities have an increasingly important impact on teaching and learning. It is vitally important for the tech director to develop a broad vision, a deep understanding of the job, and a collaborative relationship with curriculum and administrative staff. There is a shortage of texts that explain these issues in the kind of depth a technology director needs to learn and succeed. Directing Technology will attempt to begin the task of creating such a resource textbook.
Mobile technology is expected to be a disruptive innovation to the expensive and highly-controlled technology systems found in many schools, and every technology director needs to be aware of the pros and cons of these platforms. These technologies, which cost roughly between $100 and $500, are not only half the price of past school computers, but they also use a different cost and infrastructure paradigm for operating systems, applications, network access, and management. In 2011, five chapters were added to Directing Technology to explore the potential, affordances, and challenges these mobile technologies may offer. A page on the Kindle, smartphone, iPad, Android tablet, and Chromebook are found in the MobleTech sections below.

## Table of Contents

* Overview
* Plan
* Fund
* Purchase
* Grants
* Staff
* Training
* Network
* Maintain
* Evaluate
* Ethics
* MobileTech: Kindle
* MobileTech: Smartphone
* MobileTech: iPad
* MobileTech: Android Tablet
* MobileTech: Chromebook
* Appendices
# Directing Technology/Evaluate/Chart
## Rubric scores

Categories based on Teacher Self-Efficacy Rubric.
# Chess Variants/Checkless Chess
## Introduction

Checkless chess is a variant that forbids players form delivering check.

## History

It is not known where checkless chess came from, but the variant dates from the mid-19th century, and it also often used in fairy chess problems.

## Rules

Checkless chess is played mostly like the original game, with one difference - moves that deliver check to the enemy king are forbidden unless they deliver immediate checkmate.
There are several other optional rules:
* If a player is not in check but their only legal moves deliver check, that is stalemate and the game is drawn.
* A check is considered checkmate if the only legal responses are cross-checks.
* Checks are permitted of they are part of a series resulting in forced mate.

## Sub-variants

* Absolute checkless chess bars pieces from moving over squares where they would give check.
# Chess Variants/Beirut Chess

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
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## Introduction

Beirut Chess is a variant that involves explosions, similar to atomic chess. However unlike atomic chess you are allowed to control when an explosion occurs.

## History

Beirut chess was created by Jim Winslow in 1992 and named after Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, where numerous suicide bombings have taken place.

## Rules

Before a game of Beirut chess begins, each player secretly designates one of their pieces (other than their king) as their bomb carrier. The most common way to mark this designation is to place a red dot on the underside of the selected piece.
Any any point in the game, if a player's bomb carrier piece is still on the board, then instead of making a move that player may say "Boom!" and overturn their bomb carrier piece to reveal the red dot. Then, any piece inside of a three-by-three radius of squares centered on the bomb carrier's square (including the bomb carrier itself) are removed from the board. Unlike atomic chess, pawns are destroyed in the explosion.
A player may not detonate their bomb carrier piece if the resulting explosion would blow up their own king or expose their own king to check.
If a piece is captured, it cannot be inspected to see if it was a bomb carrier.
If a player manages to use their bomb carrier piece to blow up the enemy king, they automatically win the game.

## Sub-variants

* Multiple Beirut Chess: Both player agree on a specified number of pieces for each side to designate as bomb carriers before the game begins, between two and fifteen.
* Dead Man's Switch: If a piece is captured, it is inspected. If the piece turns out to be the bomb carrier, the bomb carrier immediately explodes with the usual effects.
# Chess Variants/Balbo's Game
## Introduction

Balbo's Game uses a special cross-shaped board made up of 70 squares, and each player commands a full chess army minus one pawn.

## History

Balbo's Game was created by its namesake, Monsieur G. Balbo, in 1974. It subsequently appeared in a French chess magazine, Le Courrier des Echecs, in September of that year.

## Rules

All of the standard rules of chess apply. However, because the king starts on a different rank from the rooks, this variant has no castling.
In addition, the promotion rules have been tweaked to accommodate the new geometry:
* A pawn that reaches the square at the far ends of the d- through h-files may promote to a queen, rook, bishop or knight as normal.
* A pawn that reaches the square at the far ends of the c- or i-files may only promote to a bishop or a knight.
* A pawn that reaches the square at the far ends of the a-, b-, j- or k-files may not promote at all. It will simply sit there as an obstacle until it is captured or it manages to make a capture that takes it off those files, at which point it may promote.

## Sub-variants

This chess variant does not not have any notable sub-variants.
# Chess Variants/Berolina Chess

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## Introduction

Berolina Chess is a variant named after its titular piece, the Berolina pawn (also known as the Berlin pawn or anti-pawn).

## History

The Berolina pawn was invented by a German, Edmund Hebermann, and named after the German capital city Berlin. It can be assumed that Berolina chess was created at the same time.

## Rules

Berolina chess is played just like the standard game, with one exception - all of the pawns are replaced with Berolina pawns.
When moving passively, the Berolina pawn moves one square diagonally forward. When it captures, it moves one square straight forward. (This is essentially the inverse of a standard pawn.)
On its first move, a Berolina pawn may move two squares diagonally forward. En passant is possible as well (see the diagram for details):
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
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| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
When a Berolina pawn reaches the furthest rank from where it starts, it promotes just like a typical pawn.

## Sub-variants

* Berolina Plus Chess uses Berolina Plus pawns, which move in the same manner as standard Berolina pawns, but may also capture one square sideways.
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# Chess Variants/Crazyhouse
## Introduction

Crazyhouse is a variant that introduces the drop rule from chess's Japanese cousin shogi, allowing the player to reintroduce captured pieces as their own men. This has the effect of adding a new layer of complexity to the game.

## History

It is unknown where crazyhouse came from, but as already stated the drop rule was derived from the rule used in shogi, the Japanese cousin of chess. Crazyhouse is one of the variants supported on Lichess.org.

## Rules

Crazyhouse is played mostly like the standard game, with the exception of the new drop rule:
If a piece is captured in Crazyhouse, the piece reverses colour and is placed in a sectioned-off area just outside the board, on the side of the player who captured it. This piece is now said to be "in hand".
If a player wants to, then instead of making a move they may take one piece in their hand and place it on any empty square on the board. This counts as their turn. A dropped piece immediately begins affecting the game (e.g. a drop can be used to deliver check).
A pawn may not be dropped on the first or eighth ranks. If a pawn is dropped on its home rank, it may use the initial two-step move.
If a pawn that was promoted is captured, it reverts to being a pawn.

## Sub-variants

* Loop chess allows a promoted pawn to keep its new status when captured.
* Chessgi allows a promoted pawn to keep its new status when captured and allows pawns to be dropped on the first rank (for White) or the eight rank (for Black).
* Bughouse played with two boards, usually with four players. The captured pieces go to each one's partner.
# Chess Variants/Bughouse Chess

| Team 2, Board A Team 1, Board A | Team 2, Board A Team 1, Board A | Team 2, Board A Team 1, Board A | Team 2, Board B Team 1, Board B |
Bughouse setup and starting position :

## Introduction

Bughouse chess, also known as exchange chess or Siamese chess (not to be confused with Thai chess, makruk), is a variant similar to crazyhouse, but played with four players rather than two.

## History

It is not known how bughouse chess developed. What is known is that the earliest references to a bughouse-like variant appeared in the 1930s, and bughouse chess itself first rose to prominence in the 1960s. Its drop mechanic was probably inspired by the drop rule in shogi, Japanese chess.
Due to the fast time controls used for the variant bughouse chess can appear chaotic to an observer. hence the name "bughouse", slang for a mental hospital.

## Rules

Bughouse chess is played using two boards, two sets of pieces, and four players. The boards are set up so that the white army of one board is directly next to the black army of the opposite board, and vice versa.
The four players are grouped into two teams of two, with partners sitting next to each other. Team A controls the white army of board A and the black army of board B, and team B controls the black army of board A and the white army of board B.
Both boards play the same as standard chess, with one important addition: whenever a player captures an enemy piece, they hand that piece to their partner, who sets it just off their board as a reserve. On subsequent turns, instead of moving a piece a player may take a piece from their reserve and place it on any unoccupied square on the board. This is called a drop, and counts as that player's turn. A dropped piece immediately begins affecting the game (e.g. a drop can be used to deliver check).
Pawns may not be dropped on the first or eighth ranks, and if a promoted pawn is captured it reverts to being a pawn.
If a rook is dropped on the rooks' typical starting squares (a1 and h1 for White, a8 and h8 for Black), that rook is allowed to take part in castling provided the other conditions for the technique are met.
Pieces in reserve must be readily visible to all players.
Partners are allowed to communicate with each other (e.g. asking for a specific piece), but are not allowed to act on the other board.
As soon as one player is checkmated, resigns, makes an illegal move or runs out of time, the entire game ends and the team containing the losing player loses the overall game.
If two players on opposite teams run out of time or are checkmated simultaneously, the game ends in a draw.

## Sub-variants

* Three-board bughouse, as its name suggests, is played with six players (in two teams of three) and three boards. Upon capturing a piece a player may choose which of their partners to hand the piece to.
# Chess Variants/Chess on a 12 by 12 Board
## Introduction

Chess on a 12 by 12 board, is, as its name suggests, chess... but played on a 12 by 12 board.

## History

The variant was created by Doug Vogel in December 2000.

## Rules

As already stated, this variant is simply chess played on a 12 by 12 board, with the pieces set up in their usual configuration in the central 8 by 8 area.
All rules are kept the same as standard chess, with one exception - pawns only have to reach the 10th rank (for White) or the 3rd rank (for Black) to promote. Alternatively pawns may be required to reach the 12th or 1st ranks to promote.

## Sub-variants

This chess variant does not not have any notable sub-variants.
# Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires
## Scientific Evidence For Vampires

Are there people, Scientist, who argue for the actual existence of vampires?
Is there evidence that supports their claims?
Online, many readers can access information about Porphyria, also known as the "vampire disease."
From tales of people living with, and finding treatments for their "vampire disease," to horrific stories told about actual people
who became victims of grave-robbers, people who were exposed to a unknown drug that left them in coma-like states of unconsciousness, stiff and unable
to respond to their close relatives. These grave tales generate fear in people, and lingering doubt in the ability of trained Medical professionals who,
according to stories, seem to not know how to properly use a mirror to determine if a person is breathing, and thus alive and unconscious, or is non-breathing, thus dead, having taken their final breath, having met their final hour.
Although Scientific evidence for people with both mental, and physical "vampire-related" diseases accumulated rapidly in the early 1980s, the Scientific classification for particular drugs that cause stiff, deep unconscious states, are less know and currently not popular in the public domain.
Link: Create_Vampires/Scientific_Evidence_Against_Vampirism