OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radiation Oncology/Pacemaker

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Treatment of patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)

## AAPM Task Group 34

AAPM Report No. 45 (PDF) - "Management of Radiation Oncology Patients with Implanted Cardiac Pacemakers" (Reprinted from Medical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 1) (1994)
Recommendations:
* Pacemaker implanted patients should not be treated with a betatron (okay...)
* Pacemakers should not be placed in the direct (unshielded) therapy beam. Some accelerator beams can cause transient malfunction.
* The absorbed dose to be received by the pacemaker should be estimated before treatment.
* If the total estimated dose to the pacemaker might > 2 Gy, the pacemaker function should be checked prior to therapy and possibly at the start of each following week of therapy. Since total and abrupt failure of pacemakers has been seen at cumulative doses between 10-30 Gy and significant functional changes have been observed between 2-10 Gy, early changes in pacemaker parameters could signal a failure in the 2-10 Gy region.
* Although transient malfunction from electromagnetic interference is unlikely from contemporary therapy accelerators and cobalt irradiators, the patient should be closely observed during the first treatment with a linear accelerator and during subsequent treatments if magnetron or klystron misfiring (sparking) occurs.
* Studies to date have dealt with linear accelerators, betatrons, and cobalt irradiators only. Use of other radiation therapy machines should be evaluated on an individual basis and approached with caution.

## Articles

* MD Anderson, 2015
** PMID 26181143 — "Radiotherapy-Induced Malfunction in Contemporary Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices: Clinical Incidence and Predictors." Grant JD et al. JAMA Oncol. 2015 Aug;1(5):624-32.
* Netherlands, 2012
** PMID 23176563 — "Management of radiation oncology patients with a pacemaker or ICD: a new comprehensive practical guideline in The Netherlands. Dutch Society of Radiotherapy and Oncology (NVRO)." Hurkmans CW et al. Radiat Oncol. 2012 Nov 24;7:198.
* Netherlands, 2005
** PMID 16019095 — "Influence of radiotherapy on the latest generation of pacemakers." Hurkmans CW et al. Radiother Oncol. 2005 Jul;76(1):93-8.
** PMID 16111598 — "Influence of radiotherapy on the latest generation of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Sep 1;63(1):282-9.
* U. Pittsburgh, 2004 - PMID 15183493 — "Treatment of patients with cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators during radiotherapy." Solan AN et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 1;59(3):897-904.
* Royal Marsden, 1998 - PMID 9534692 — "Radiotherapy in patients with cardiac pacemakers." Last A et al. Br J Radiol. 1998 Jan;71(841):4-10.
# Radiation Oncology/Palliation/Brain Metastases

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Brain Metastases
* Official Guidelines
* Overview
* Surgery
* Whole Brain RT
* Stereotactic Radiosurgery
* Brain Metastases Randomized Evidence
# Physics Study Guide/Work (Advanced)

* W = ∫F·vdt
Work is equal to the integral of force times velocity times displacement times time.
An integral, if the force isn't constant.
# Physics Textbook/Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The conservation of mechanical energy is also related to the lenz's law. It states that ," energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but one form of energy can be converted into other form of energy."
e.g.
It means that a substance contain mass always contain energy..
# Physics Study Guide/Topics

* Displacement, velocity, and acceleration
** Vectors and scalars
* Force
* Ropes and tension
* Gravity
* Momentum and collision force
* Energy
** Kinetic energy
* Friction
* Periodic Motion
* Torque
* Circular Motion
** Center of Mass
** Inertia and moment of inertia
* Strengths of materials: Stress and strain
* Thermodynamics
** Power
* Gases
** Ideal gases
** Pressure and partial pressure
* Fluids
* Density
* Laminar flow in ideal fluids
* Energy density
* Real liquids
* Sheer thickening and thinning fluids
# Physics Textbook/Color Vision

In the beginning of the lesson, we discussed the essential parts of the eye. We noted that the retina has special cells called rods and cones. Rods are very sensitive but cannot detect color. Cones, however, are sensitive to color and enable us to distinguish color.
Chemicals in the cones are sensitive to red, green, and blue light, the primary colors. Each cone is sensitive to a particular primary color. When a mixture of different colors of light enters the eye, we see the mixture as a single color.
Colors of objects are the result of the interaction of light with materials. The color of opaque objects is the color they reflect and which reaches our eyes. On the other hand, the colors of transparent materials are the colors they transmit. Scattering of the colors by small particles in the atmosphere gives us nature's palette of amazing colors that we see every day.
# Physics Study Guide/Work

| Units | Linear Motion | Force | Momentum | Normal Force and Friction | Work | Energy |
| Torque & Circular Motion | Fluids | Fields | Gravity | Waves | Wave overtones | Standing Waves | Sound |
| Thermodynamics | Electricity | Magnetism | Optics |
| Physical Constants | Frictional Coefficients | Greek Alphabet | Logarithms | Vectors and Scalars | Other Topics |

# Work

Work is equal to the scalar product of force and displacement.
The scalar product of two vectors is defined as the product of their lengths with the cosine of the angle between them. Work is equal to force times displacement times the cosine of the angle between the directions of force and displacement.
Work is equal to change in kinetic energy plus change in potential energy for example the potential energy due to gravity.
Work is equal to average power times time.
The Work done by a force taking something from point 1 to point 2 is
Work is in fact just a transfer of energy. When we 'do work' on an object, we transfer some of our energy to it. This means that the work done on an object is its increase in energy. Actually, the kinetic energy and potential energy is measured by calculating the amount of work done on an object. The gravitational potential energy (there are many types of potential energies) is measured as 'mgh'. mg is the weight/force and h is the distance. The product is nothing but the work done. Even kinetic energy is a simple deduction from the laws of linear motion. Try substituting for v^2 in the formula for kinetic energy.

## Variables

* W: Work (J)
* F: Force (N)
* d: Displacement (m)

## Definition of terms

* Work (W): Force times distance. Units: joules (J)
* Force (F): mass times acceleration (Newton’s classic definition). A vector. Units: newtons (N)
When work is applied to an object or a system it adds or removes kinetic energy to or from that object or system. More precisely, a net force in one direction, when applied to an object moving opposite or in the same direction as the force, kinetic energy will be added or removed to or from that object. Note that work and energy are measured in the same unit, the joule (J).
Advanced work topics
# Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/American Dialects

Today all the English-speaking nations have their own national variants of pronunciation and each of them has peculiar features that distinguish it from other varieties of English.
African-American English is most commonly spoken by urban working-class and largely dialectal middle-class African Americans.
* Consonant Cluster Reduction
* Realization of /T/ and /D/ as /t,f/ and /d,v/
* Vowel Lowering
* /z/ -> [d] in Contractions
* R-lessness
American Indian is the lingua franca of India.
* The Central Diphthong
* Final Devoicing
* Deletion of Final Voiced Stops
* Final [iɳ] -> [in]
* Vowel Shift
* Consonant Cluster Reduction
Australian English is a major variety of the English language and is used throughout Australia.
* is non-rhotic
* the /r/ sound does not appear at the end of a syllable
* Yod-dropping occurs after /r/, /l/, /s/, /z/, /θ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /j/ and /ɹ/
* The affixes -ary, -ery, -ory, -bury, -berry and -mony can be pronounced either with a full vowel
Canadian English is the variety of English spoken in Canada.
* contains elements of British English and American English
* usually spelled with -ize or -yze rather than -ise or -yse
* Some nouns take -ice while matching verbs take -ise
Chicano English is one major variation of Chicano English is Tejano English, used mainly in south Texas.
* The rhythm tends to be syllable-timed
* The devoicing of [z] in all environments
* The devoicing of [v] in word-final position
* /t/ and /d/ are realized as dental stops [t̪] and [d̪]
* Chicano English speakers may merge [æ] and [ɛ], before the [l]
North American English is the broadest variety of the English language as spoken in North America, including all dialects of the United States and Canada.
* generally agreed to include is rhotic pronunciation
* maintains the /ɹ/ sound whenever it appears in a word
* the reduction of vowel contrasts before historic /ɹ/
* has yod-dropping after alveolar consonants
Southern American English is spoken throughout the Southern United States, from the southern extremities of Ohio, Indiana, Maryland, and Delaware, West Virginia and Kentucky to the Gulf Coast, and from the Atlantic coast to most of Texas and Oklahoma, and the far eastern section of New Mexico.
* Southern Vowel Shift
* /z/ -> [d] in Contractions
* /E/ -> /I/ before Nasals
* Post-Coronal Glides
* Vowel Lowering
* Monophthongization
* R-lessness
* The Central Diphthong
# Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British English

The British English - «English English» or Received Pronunciation
# Sociological Theory/Equity Theory

From Hatfield, Elaine. Equity Theory and Research. Blumberg, Herbert H. Small Groups and Social Interaction. John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 1983. Four Propositions: 1: Individuals will try to maximize their outcomes (where outcomes equal rewards minus punishments) 2a: Groups (or rather the individuals comprising these groups) can maximize collective reward by evoloving accepted systems for equitably apportioning resources among members. Thus, groups will evolve such systems of equity, and will attempt to induce members to accept and adhere to these systems. 2b: Groups will generally reward members who treat others equitably and generally punish members who treat each other inequitably. 3: When individuals find themselves participating in inequitable relationships, they will become distressed. The more inequitable the relationship, the more distress they will feel. 4. Individuals who discover they are in inequitable relationships will attempt to eliminate their distress by restoring equity. The greater the inequity that exists, the more distress they will feel, and the harder they will try to restore equity.
equity is in the eye of the beholder
only two ways to alter equity - altering their own or their partner's relative gains
applies to: exploiter/victim relationships, philanthropist/recipient relationships, business relationships, and intimate relationships
Notes:
lot of problems with this theory: -still isn't deterministic; there is no way of knowing if a person will try to resolve the inequity and, if so, how -completely subjective - everyone's definition of equity is unique
Formula: ${\frac {(O_{A}-I_{A})}{(|I_{A}|)^{k_{A}}}}={\frac {(O_{B}-I_{B})}{(|I_{B}|)^{k_{B}}}}$
Where:
* $I_{A}$ and $I_{B}$ designate a scrutineer's perception of Person A's and Person B's inputs
* $O_{A}$ and $O_{B}$ designate his or her perception of Person A's and Person B's outcomes
* and $|I_{A}|$ and $|I_{B}|$ designate the absolute value of their inputs
# Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/British Dialects

Cockney is probably the second most famous British accent. Cockney English refers to the accent or dialect of English traditionally spoken by working-class Londoners.
* Non-rhoticity
* Raised vowel in words like trap and cat so these sounds like “trep” and “cet.”
* Trap-bath split
* London vowel shift
* Glottal Stopping
* L-vocalization
* Th-Fronting
Estuary English is an accent derived from London English which has achieved a status slightly similar to “General American”.
* Non-rhoticity
* Wholly-holy split
* T-glottalisation
* L-vocalisation
West Country (Southwest British) refers to a large swath of accents heard in the South of England, starting about fifty miles West of London and extending to the Welsh border.
* Rhoticity
* /aɪ/, as in guide or life, more precisely approaches [ɒɪ] or [ɑɪ]
* /aʊ/, as in house or cow, more precisely approaches [æy] or [ɐʏ]
* The trap-bath split's
Midlands English divides into East Midlands and West Midlands, but there are no much differences between them.
* The foot-strut merger
* is firmly rhotic
* In some areas, words like "roof" and "root" are pronounced with the FOOT vowel /ʊ/
Northern England English is a group of related dialects in cities like Manchester, Leeds, and Liverpool.
* The foot-stut merger
* Non-rhoticity
* do not have the trap–bath split
Geordie refers to both the people and dialect of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, in Northeast England.
* The foot-stut merger
* Non-rhoticity
* Yod-coalescence in both stressed and unstressed syllables
* T-glottalization
Welsh English refers to the dialects of English spoken in Wales by Welsh people.
* Usually non-rhotic.
* In northern accents, /l/ is frequently strongly velarised [ɫː]
* Some dialect words imported from the Welsh language.
Scottish English is spoken in the country of Scotland.
* Rhotic, with trilled or tapped r’s.
* Glottal stopping of the letter t when in between vowels.
* has no /ʊ/, instead transferring Scots /u/
# Sociological Theory

In sociology, sociological perspectives, theories, or paradigms are complex frameworks used to analyze and explain objects of social study. This wikibook introduces some of the more well-known sociological theories.

## Introduction

* Introduction

### Classical Sociological Theory

* Max Weber
* Karl Marx
* Emile Durkheim

### Modern Sociological Theory

* Structural Functionalism
* Conflict Theory
* Ethnomethodology
* Symbolic Interactionism
* Postmodernism
* Systems Theory

### Middle-range Theories (Specific Social Phenomena)

* Role Theory
* Reinforcement Theory
** Social Learning Theory
** Exchange Theory
* Impression Management
* Feminist Theory
* Equity Theory

### Other Information

* Noted Contributors

### Future Chapters

* Classical Theory vs. Modern Theory (classical theory section
* Cognitive Theory (middle range theories section)
* Social Constructionism (modern sociological theory section)
* Micro-Macro Integrative Theory (modern sociological theory section)
* Globalization Theory (modern sociological theory section)
# Social and Territorial Varieties of English Pronunciation/American English

The American English - «General American Pronunciation»
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Dustox
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 269
* Johto Index: 269
* Hoenn Index: 18
* Stage: Stage 2
* Height: 1.2m/3'11"
* Weight: 31.6kg/70.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Shield Dust
* Type: Bug/Poison
* Species: Poison Moth
* Egg Group: Bug
* Hatch Steps: 3840
* Catch Rate: 45
* Base Experience: 160
* Max Experience: 1000000
* Hold Item in Advance: Silver Powder: 5%
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 60 | 50 | 70 | 65 | 50 | 90 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 324 | 218 | 262 | 251 | 218 | 306 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are good on Dustox: Fire, Flying,Psychic, Rock Move types which are bad on Dustox: Bug, Poison Move types which are very bad on Dustox: Fighting, Grass
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Dustox.

## How to Get

Dustox Evolves from Cascoon at Level 10.

## Moveset

| Level | Ruby / Sapphire Emerald XD / Colosseum | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Confusion | Confusion |
| 10 | Confusion | Confusion |
| 13 | Gust | Gust |
| 17 | Protect | Protect |
| 20 | Moonlight | Moonlight |
| 24 | Psybeam | Psybeam |
| 27 | Whirlwind | Whirlwind |
| 31 | Light Screen | Light Screen |
| 34 | Silver Wind | Silver Wind |
| 38 | Toxic | Toxic |

### TM/HM

* RS/FL: Aerial Ace, Attract, Double Team, Facade, Flash, Frustration, Giga Drain, Hidden Power, Hyper Beam, Light Screen, Protect, Psychic, Rest, Return, Secret Power, Shadow Ball, Sludge Bomb, Solarbeam, Sunny Day, Thief, Toxic

## Trading Cards

* EX Ruby & Sapphire #6 - Dustox
| Basic: Wurmple | Stage 1: Silcoon | Stage 2: Beautifly |
| Basic: Wurmple | Stage 1: Cascoon | Stage 2: Dustox |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Drifblim
## Description

A blimp-like pokemon.

## Base Statistics

A Ghost and Flying type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Drifblim: ghost, dark, electric, rock Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Drifblim: poison, grass, fighting Moves that deal 25% of their damage to Drifblim: bug Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Drifblim: normal, fighting, ground

## How to Evolve

Drifblim evolves from Drifloon. Drifblim does not evolve.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Drifloon
## Description

A baloonlike pokemon.

## Base Statistics

A Ghost and Flying type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Drifloon: ghost, dark, electric, rock Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Drifloon: poison, grass, fighting Moves that deal 25% of their damage to Drifloon: bug Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Drifloon: normal, fighting, ground

## How to Evolve

Drifloon evolves into Drifblim.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Dudunsparce
## Description

A snakelike pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A dark and flying type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Dudunsparce: fighting Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Dudunsparce: ghost

## How to Evolve

Evolves from Dunsparce

## Notes

Introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Dusclops
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 356
* Johto Index: 356
* Hoenn Index: 149
* Stage: Stage 1
* Height: 1.6m/5'3"
* Weight: 30.6kg/67.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Pressure
* Type: Ghost
* Species: Beckon
* Egg Group: Indeterminate
* Hatch Steps: 6400
* Catch Rate: 90
* Base Experience: 179
* Max Experience: 800000
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 40 | 70 | 130 | 25 | 60 | 130 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 284 | 262 | 394 | 163 | 240 | 394 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are good on Dusclops: Dark , Ghost Move types which are bad on Dusclops: Bug, Poison Move types which don't effect Dusclops:¹ Fighting, Normal
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Dusclops.
¹ - This immunity can be eliminated if the attacking Pokemon uses Foresight or Odor Sleuth on Dusclops; switching either Pokemon ends this effect.

## Moveset

| Level | Ruby / Sapphire | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Leer Night Shade | Leer Night Shade |
| 5 | Disable | Disable |
| 12 | Foresight | Foresight |
| 16 | Astonish | Astonish |
| 23 | Confuse Ray | Confuse Ray |
| 27 | Pursuit | Pursuit |
| 34 | Curse | Curse |
| 37 | Shadow Punch | Shadow Punch |
| 41 | Will-O-Wisp | Will-O-Wisp |
| 51 | Mean Look | Mean Look |
| 58 | Future Sight | Future Sight |

### TM/HM

* RS/FL: Attract, Blizzard, Calm Mind, Double Team, Earthquake, Facade, Flash, Focus Punch, Frustration, Hidden Power, Hyper Beam, Ice Beam, Protect, Psychic, Rain Dance, Rest, Return, Rock Smash, Rock Tomb, Secret Power, Shadow Ball, Skill Swap, Snatch, Strength, Sunny Day, Taunt, Thief, Torment, Toxic

### Evolution

* RS/FL: Destiny Bond, Faint Attack, Grudge, Imprison, Memento, Pain Split

## Trading Cards

* EX Sandstorm #4 - Dusclops
* EX Deoxys #7 - Dusclops
| Basic: Duskull | Stage 1: Dusclops | Stage 2: Dusknoir |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Dusknoir
## Description

A ghostly pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Ghost type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Dusknoir: ghost, dark Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Dusknoir: poison, bug Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Dusknoir: normal, fighting

## How to Evolve

Evolves from Dusclops.