OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'TypeCode
## Description

This internal attribute is used for the generation of remote subprogram stubs in the context of the Distributed Systems Annex.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Unbiased Rounding
## Description

X'Unbiased_Rounding(Y) is an Ada attribute where X is any floating-point type and Y is any instance of that type. This attribute represents the closest integer value to Y. If Y is exactly between two integer values (e.g. 1.5), then the result is the even value (e.g. 2.0).

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Attributes
* Ada Programming/Attributes/'Ceiling
* Ada Programming/Attributes/'Floor
* Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding

### Ada Reference Manual

* 13.3 Operational and Representation Attributes (Annotated)
* Annex K Language-Defined Attributes (Annotated)
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Type Class
## Description

typ'Type_Class for any type or subtype yields the value of the type class for the full type of . If is a generic formal type, the value is the value for the corresponding actual subtype. The value of this attribute is of type System.Aux_DEC.Type_Class, which has the following definition:
Protected types yield the value Type_Class_Task, which thus applies to all concurrent types. This attribute is designed to be compatible with the DEC Ada 83 attribute of the same name.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Type Key
## Description

The Type_Key attribute is applicable to a type or subtype and yields a value of type Standard.String containing encoded information about the type or subtype. This provides improved compatibility with other implementations that support this attribute.
# Canadian Trade-mark Law

This text is intended to provide an overview of the area of trade-mark law in Canada.

## Contents

* Introduction
* Passing off
* Trade-marks
* Registrable Marks
* Infringement
* Renewal
* Expungement

## Further Reading

* Trade-marks Act
* Canadian Intellectual Property Office

## See also

* Canadian Copyright Law
* Canadian Patent Law
# Canadian Trade-mark Law/Expungement

"Expungement/non-use proceedings are considered to be a quick and expeditious method of clearing from the Register trade-marks that are no longer in use. Unlike applications by a registered owner to amend, expungement/non-use proceedings are requests made by any "person who pays the prescribed fee" that the Registrar give notice to the registered owner of the trade-mark to furnish evidence of use of the trade-mark in Canada in association with each of the wares/services set out in the registration. Failure of the registered owner to file sufficient evidence may result in either the partial or complete expungement of the registration from the Register.
Section 57 of the Trade-marks Act gives the Federal Court the exclusive jurisdiction to amend an entry in the Register when it "does not accurately express or define the existing rights of the person appearing to be the registered owner of the mark". Under s. 45 of the Trade-marks Act, the jurisdiction of the Registrar is limited to determining whether a registered owner's mark is being used in association with the wares or services in a general class." (Page 15-11 Odutola on Canadian Trade-mark Practice)
# Canadian Tort Law/Defamation
## Libel and Slander

Libel is the writing of something that one knows to be untrue or shows reckless disregard for whether it was true or not, which causes harm to the victim's reputation. Slander is to do the same thing, only orally instead of in writing. While separate torts, in Canada they are often conceptually brought together under the name of "defamation" or "defamation of character."
An essential element of defamation is that it brings the defendant into hatred, contempt, or ridicule. Therefore, a third party must have heard or seen the defamatory material. The defamatory material must be aimed at the plaintiff (e.g., "all lawyers are incompetent" would not be a defamation of any particular lawyer). There must usually also be real harm to a reputation. An imagined slight that only hurts the feelings of the victim, while causing no actual lowering of esteem in the eyes of others, is not defamation.
Another variation of defamation is the intentional speaking or writing of something that may be true, but with the sole purpose of causing harm to the victim's reputation. For instance, revealing that the victim has a debilitating disease may be defamation, if it was done solely to hurt the person's reputation, can be defamation. Therefore, "truth" is not always a complete defence to defamation in Canada (this is especially so in Quebec; other provinces are more likely to find truth to be a complete defence.)
Another defence to defamation is privilege. Some writing and speech has "absolute privilege", that is, in no circumstances can the author be sued. For instance, Members of Parliament have absolute privilege while in the House of Commons, as do court judgments. "Qualified privilege" is where the speech or writing is an honest opinion expressed for non-malicious reasons. For instance, a financial adviser gives a negative assessment on a company based on faulty information that he nonetheless thought was accurate does not defame the company. Closely related to "qualified privilege" is "fair comment", where people are allowed to express honestly-held opinions on issues of public interest.
# Canadian Tort Law/Introduction
## Introduction

The best way to understand torts is to know a bit of history of England. When the Normans conquered England in 1066, they did not have the manpower to colonize and occupy the entire country. Rather, the new king imposed his land system by appointing barons, and his legal system by appointing judges. These judges would move from town to town (in "circuit"), hearing disputes and applying the king's law. However, at the beginning, the king's law (or "common law") was very skeletal. If the dispute was not an area within the jurisdiction of the judge, then the judge could not decide the dispute. The way to know if the dispute was an area within the jurisdiction of the judge was to read certain pre-approved "writs". If the writ described the circumstances of the dispute, then the dispute could be heard. Each writ developed its own rules on how disputes of that kind should be resolved.
One of the most often used of these writs was known as "trespass vi et armis". That is, the defendant used physical force against the plaintiff. As the king had a monopoly on the legal use of force, the king wished to punish anyone who used force without his authorization.
In the course of history, more writs were created and those that existed became more loosely interpreted, so that common law judges were able to hear almost any dispute. However, the principle remained that common law judges hear certain types of disputes. Each type of dispute has its own set of rules.
A tort, then, is an act committed by one person with negative consequences for another, and which fits in a certain category and judged according to the rules prescribed by the common law. Types of torts include assault, battery, trespass to land, false imprisonment. The same types of torts are applicable in India as well as in Canada.
Up until the 1930s, the only torts recognized in the common law were "intentional torts" (aka. "direct torts"). An intentional tort meant that the plaintiff was the victim of a direct act by the defendant. In 1932, a new tort was recognized in the common law world: negligence. A direct act of the defendant was not a requirement for negligence; all that was required was that the defendant did something that he or she could have reasonably foreseen would harm the plaintiff. Negligence has since become the most litigated tort.
In Quebec, which did not have a common law tradition, the avoidance of actions that the common law would define as torts are considered to be "Obligations". Every person has certain obligations, including the obligation to avoid causing harm to others and the obligation to honour contracts. The Civil Code has a general provision requiring people to avoid harming others, as well as several specific obligations (e.g., parents are responsible for their children, employers for their employees, owners for their pets, etc.) While this is a philosophically different way of approaching torts, and although the reasons judges give for their decisions are remarkably different in Quebec, the end results are strikingly similar.
# Canadian Tort Law/Nuisance
## Private Nuisance

Nuisance is the frustration of someone's reasonable use of their property. Nuisance can be any sort of interference. For instance, a defendant can cause nuisance to the use of someone's house by playing music too loudly, putting obstacles to their entranceway, or causing foul odours to spread onto their property.
The nuisance must be substantial and be an unreasonable interference. These two criteria make nuisance one of the most context-specific torts. A 60 decibel noise coming from the neighbours may or may not be a nuisance, depending for instance, on whether the neighbourhood was usually quiet or noisy, and whether the plaintiff used the property for sleeping or for drum practice.
The simple fact that the defendant was "there" before the plaintiff is not a defence to nuisance. If someone builds their home beside a factory, the smells and noise of the factory may still cause a substantial interference on the reasonable use of the plaintiff's house, depending on the facts. Neither is "lawful use" necessarily a defence to nuisance. The construction of a new factory near houses may be legal according to zoning laws, but may still constitute a nuisance to those houses. Of course, the judge may take into account such things as the layout of the town in determining what constitutes a nuisance.
The tort of nuisance relates to interference with lawful use of property, not its ownership. Therefore, a tenant of a building could sue for nuisance.
In the case of a continued nuisance, the court may award a lump sum in advance as damages for future harm.
# Canadian Trade-mark Law/Infringement

Once a mark has been registered, the owner or licensee of a registration can sue any other user of the mark for trade-mark infringement. The determination of infringement is found in sections 19, 20, and 22(1) of the Trade-mark Act. Unregistered marks can be actionable under the tort of passing off codified in section 7.
Section 19 provides rights to owners of a mark against other users. The Act states:
    19. Subject to sections 21, 32 and 67, the registration of a trade-mark in respect of any wares or services, unless shown to be invalid, gives to the owner of the trade-mark the exclusive right to the use throughout Canada of the trade-mark in respect of those wares or services.
This section gives the owner the exclusive right to sue anyone who uses the identical mark for the sale of identical wares or services. Thus, three criteria must be met:
* the mark must be properly "registered" under section 18 of the Act.
* the mark must have been "used" by the infringer under section 4 of the Act.
* the mark must have been used for the sale of identical wares or services.
Section 20 expands the rights in section 19 to include confusing marks. The Act states:
   20. (1) The right of the owner of a registered trade-mark to its exclusive use shall be deemed to be infringed by a person not entitled to its use under this Act who sells, distributes or advertises wares or services in association with a confusing trade-mark or trade-name, but no registration of a trade-mark prevents a person from making
       (a) any bona fide use of his personal name as a trade-name, or
       (b) any bona fide use, other than as a trade-mark,
          (i) of the geographical name of his place of business, or
          (ii) of any accurate description of the character or quality of his wares or services,
   in such a manner as is not likely to have the effect of depreciating the value of the goodwill attaching to the trade-mark. (2) No registration of a trade-mark prevents a person from making any use of any of the indications mentioned in subsection 11.18(3) in association with a wine or any of the indications mentioned in subsection 11.18(4) in association with a spirit.
Section 22(1) expands the rights in section 19 to include use of a mark that is not in relation to the sale of similar wares or services. The Act states:
    22. (1) No person shall use a trade-mark registered by another person in a manner that is likely to have the effect of depreciating the value of the goodwill attaching thereto.
This means that owners of a mark who have their goodwill indirectly harmed by another party can sue them for infringement.
The leading case on infringement is Clairol International Corp. v. Thomas Supply & Equipment Ltd. (1968 Exchequer. Court). Clairol
# Canadian Trade-mark Law/Introduction

The trade-mark regime in Canada, like most common law countries, is used to protect distinctive marks and signs that are used to identify a company, product, or service. Similar to copyright law, trade-mark law is primarily statute based. The application and registration process are governed by the Trade-marks Act and the Trade-marks Regulations. However, unlike copyright, there is common law protection behind the statutory power, and it has a foundation derived from a related area of tort law known as passing off, which prevents others from appropriating the marketable image from other companies.
"In addition, there is a miscellany of statutes that, while not in the Trade-marks Act, may affect the trade-mark process and registrability. Also, on an international level, Canada is signatory to several treaties or agreements relating to trade-marks. (page 1-1 Odutola on Canadian Trade-mark Practice)" Relevant statutes are as follows: the Bank Act, the Canada Agricultural Products Act, the Meat Inspection Act, the Geneva Conventions Act, Canada Post Corporations Act, Criminal Code, Food and Drugs Act, Food and Drug Regulations and the Precious Metals Marking Act. (page 1-2 Odutola on Canadian Trade-mark Practice)
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Keeping Up and Looking Back

Keeping Up and Looking Back: Current Awareness, Reviews, Document Delivery (Articles, Theses, Patents, Standards, Technical Reports, etc.)

#### Current Awareness

* Current Awareness User Guide
* RSC Journals Email Alerting Service
* Current Contents Connect
* EurekAlert, a comprehensive news server for up-to-date research in science, medicine, and technology

#### Reviews

* Annual Reviews
* Reviews in Computational Chemistry Home Page
* Bibliographic List of Review Chapters Relating to Electrochemistry (Zoltan Nagy)
* Finding Review Articles
* Reviews in Synthesis or Reaction Chemistry

#### Document Delivery Services
##### Journal Articles or Multi-Type Suppliers

* FIZ AutoDoc
* INIST Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique
* British Library Document Supply Service
* National Science Library National Research Centre Canada

##### Dissertations and Theses

* UMI Dissertation Publishing (ProQuest)
* Dissertation Express (ProQuest)

##### Patents

* US Patent and Trademark Office
* WIPO GOLD (World Intellectual Property Organization)
* esp@cenet (Europe's network of patent databases)
* DEPATISnet (for German patents)
* freepatentsonline
* Micropatent
* Delphion

##### Standards and Specifications

* Document Center
* NSSN (search engine for standards)
* ASTM International
* American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
* IHS Standards Store
* TECHSTREET

##### Technical Reports

* National Technical Reports Library
* DOE Information Bridge

##### Russian Language Material

* US-Russia Marketing Group (has a translations service)
* Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology (GPNTB)
* The National Library of Finland (NB: especially good for Russian-language materials published prior to 1917)

##### Copyright Agreements

* Copyright.com (Copyright Clearance Center)
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Synthesis and Reaction Searches
##### Searching the STN Registry/CA Files for Preparation

* Preparations--When You Know the Name of the Product
* Preparations--When You Know the MF of the Product
* How to use the new features: SciFinder

##### Beilstein and Gmelin

* Reaxys Help System (for Beilstein and Gmelin)
* German-English Terms for Reaction Chemistry in Beilstein

##### Miscellaneous

* Infochem's CLASSIFY, classification algorithm for the automatic categorization of reactions according to the type of chemical transformation they represent
* WebReactions Organic Reaction Retrieval System
* Organic Syntheses
* Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide (Koen Van Aken)
* Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)
* Sources for the Synthesis or Reactions of Compounds
* Methoden der Organischen Chemie (Houben-Weyl) Introduction and Guide/ Flaxbart (Univ. of Texas, Austin)
* Reviews in Synthesis or Reaction Chemistry
* Catalysis.in
* ChemSynthesis Chemical Database
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Deep Background Reading
##### Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs) of Libraries with Major Chemistry Collections

* Library of Congress
* Royal Society of Chemistry Library and Information Centre
* Harvard Chemistry and Chemical Biology Library
* Yale University Library
* University of California, Berkeley

##### Multisource

Credo Reference (formerly, Xrefer, the Web's reference engine) contains encyclopedias, dictionaries, thesauri & books of quotations from the world's leading publishers, providing a single source for factual information. Sources include Oxford University Press's A Dictionary of Biology, A Dictionary of Science, A Dictionary of Scientists, and The New Penguin Dictionary of Science

##### Dictionaries

* IUPAC Compendium on Chemical Terminology (the Gold Book)
* OneLook Dictionary Search
* Hypertext Webster
* IUPAC Glossary of Terms Used in Medicinal Chemistry
* Chemical Acronyms and Abbreviations Database at Indiana University
* Medicinal Chemistry Glossary

##### Encyclopedias

* Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia
* Britannica Online
* Encyclopedia of Analytical Instrumentation
* Citizendium, The Citizens' Compendium

##### Publishers' Catalogs

* ACS (American Chemical Society) Publications
* RSC (Royal Society of Chemistry) Online Book Shop

##### Textbooks

* Chemical Education Resource Shelf (formerly, Chemistry Textbooks in Print Archive at the University of Missouri, St. Louis)
* Chemistry Book Lists and Guides to Serials

##### Monographs and Textbooks

* Amazon.com, Inc.
* Powell's Books
* Alibris -- Out-of-print and rare books
* Library4Science Free online chromatography books.
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Guides
##### General Guides

* Chemical Information Sources Wikibook (Gary Wiggins)
* Chemistry Databases on the Web ( Alphabetical List) ( Classified List) (Gary Wiggins)
* Sixty-Four Free Chemistry Databases (Serialized) (Rich Apodaca)
* SIRCh: Selected Internet Resources for Chemistry (Gary Wiggins)
* Links for Chemists from the University of Liverpool
* The Sheffield ChemDex (Mark Winter)
* ChemClub.com:Worldwide Chemistry Community (Cambridgesoft)
* ChemBioFinder (CambridgeSoft)
* ChemSpider
* ChemIndustry.com Chemical Industry Search Engine
* About.com: Chemistry
* Chem.de
* Chemie.De Information Service (DFN-Verein)
* Rolf Claessen's Chemistry Index
* Sci.chem FAQ (Bruce Hamilton)

##### Guides to Subdisciplines of Chemistry

* Chemical Engineering (Marston Science Library, University of Florida)
* Cheresources.com Chemical Engineering Tools and Information
* The ChemoReception Web; Neurobiology, Psychophysics, and Behavior (Frederic A. Spangler)
* Crystallographic Resources (International Union of Crystallography)
* ESTIR, Electrochemical Resources (originally compiled by Zoltan Nagy)
* Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide (Koen Van Aken)
* Plastics.com
* Combinatorial Chemistry and High Throughput Screening (Wendy Warr)
* ChemSpy.com Internet Navigator for the Chemical Industry

##### Bioscience Guides

* Biology and Chemistry
* Biology Links (Harvard University)
* GenomeSeek access to current and completed microbial genome projects (Genamics)

##### Foreign Language Guides

* Red Latinoamericana de Quimica

##### Database Summary Sheets and Guides

* STN Database Sheets
* STN Quick Reference Cards
* CSD (Cambridge Structural Database) Documentation in HTML Format
* NLM Databases and Electronic Resources
* Search Guide for the NTIS Database (technical reports)
* Nucleic Acids Research Database Summary issue (annual issue featuring new and updated molecular biology databases)
* DIALOG Bluesheets

##### Guides to Scientific and Technical Information Sources

* Science and Technology Government Information Sources (US)
* Guides to the Literature of Science and Technology (Gary Wiggins, Indiana University)
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Structure Searches
##### Free Web-Based Structure Searching

* ChemSpider
* PubChem Structure Search
* Chemical Structure Lookup Service (CSLS: pronounced "sizzles")
* eMolecules
* ChemIDplus Advanced (National Library of Medicine)
* Fisher Scientific
* ChemBioFinder Searching (from CambridgeSoft Corporation)
* Substructure Search of SRC's Pointer File (uses ChemS3)
* Bioscreening.com database
* R&D Chemicals

##### Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Searching

* Entrez, the Life Sciences Search Engine (NCBI)
* CAS Registry BLAST [PD]
* Protein Sequences in the CAS Registry File on STN--Exact and Pattern Searching [PDF]
* Nucleic Acid Sequences in the CAS Registry File on STN--Exact and Pattern Searching [PDF]
* Protein Data Bank (PDB)
* CATH (Class, Architecture, Topology, and Homologous Superfamily) Protein Structure Classification Database
* SDSC Biology Workbench: The WorkBench allows biologists to search many popular protein and nucleic acid sequence databases. Database searching is integrated with access to a wide variety of analysis and modeling tools, all within a point and click interface that eliminates file format compatibility problems.
* Algorithms & Thermodynamics for Nucleic Acid Folding, Hybridization & Melting Profile Prediction (Michael Zuker)
* Sequence Searching of Proteins & Nucleic Acids

##### Chemical Structure Searching on STN and SciFinder

* STN User Documentation (Complete List)
* Before You Begin A Structure Search on STN
* Tips for Building Structures for Substructure Searching
* Stereoisomer Searching on STN (STN Quick Reference Card)
* Structure Searching in CAS ONLINE Using STN Express: An Introductory Workshop (Grace Baysinger, Stanford University)

##### Beilstein

* CrossFire Beilstein Structure Searching (Andrea Twiss-Brooks, University of Chicago)
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Synthesis and Reaction Searches/Reaction Chemistry Review Serials

Advances in Catalysis
Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry
Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry
Advances in Organic Chemistry
Advances in Organometallic Chemistry
Advances in Polymer Science (Fortschritte der Hochpolymeren-Forschung)
Aliphatic and Related Natural Products
Alkaloids
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
Annual Reports in Organic Synthesis
Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry:
* A. Inorganic Chemistry
* B. Organic Chemistry
Annual Review of Biochemistry
Biosynthesis
Catalysis
Catalysis Reviews
Chemtracts/Inorganic Chemistry
Chemtracts/Organic Chemistry
Contemporary Organic Synthesis
Coordination Chemistry Reviews
General and Synthetic Methods
Heterocyclic Chemistry
Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms
Macromolecular Chemistry
Macromolecular Reviews
Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organometallic Reactions
Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Organic Reactions
Organometallic Chemistry
Organometallic Chemistry Reviews
Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry
Progress in Inorganic Chemistry
Progress in Lipid Research
Progress in Reaction Kinetics
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products
Synthesis Reviews Database (on Macs in Chemistry Library); supplement to the journal Synthesis
Terpenoids and Steroids