OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vietnamese/Demonstratives

* Cái này là cái gì?
* What is this?
* Cái này là sàch
* This is a book
* Cái kia là cài gì?
* What is that?
* Cái kia là vó
* That is a note
* Cái đó là cài gì?
* What is that?
* Cái đó là mày tính
* That is a computer
* Người đó là em của tôi
* That is my younger Sister
* Đây là số điện tho ại của tôi
* This is my phone number
# Vietnamese/Food

Food and Drink
The everyday food of Vietnamese is usually rice with meat and soup. Special foods include Phở and Bún bò.
For more Vietnamese dishes, please see: Cookbook:Cuisine of Vietnam.
# Vietnamese/Family
## Family Members

    Family members [that are not first degree relatives] will typically have titles based on to which parent they are related.

### Grandfather

    Ông (generic)*
    Ông nội (paternal grandfather)
    Ông ngoại (maternal grandfather)
    Ông cụ (great grandfather)
    Ông cụ nội (paternal great grandfather)
    Ông cụ ngoại (maternal great grandfather)

### Grandmother

    Bà (generic)*
    Bà nội (paternal grandmother)
    Bà ngoại (maternal grandmother)
    Bà cụ (great grandmother)
    Bà cụ nội (paternal great grandmother)
    Bà cụ ngoại (maternal great grandmother)

### Dad, Father

    Cha
    Bố (Northern dialect)
    Ba (Southern and Central dialect)

### Mom, Mother

    Má (Southern dialect)
    Mẹ (Northern dialect)

### Children

    Con cái

### Daughter

    Con gái

### Son

    Con trai

### Brother

    Anh (your elder brother)
    Em trai (your younger brother)
    Em út (your youngest sibling)

### Sister

    Chị (your elder sister)
    Em gái (your younger sister)
    Em út (your youngest sibling)

### Uncle

    Ông (your great-uncle)*
    Chú (your father's younger brother)
    Bác (your father's or mother's older brother)
    Cậu (your mother's brother)
    Dượng (your dì's husband)

### Aunt

    Cô (your dad's sister)
    Bác (your father's) however for your mother's older sister or brother only Northern Vietnamese in recent 100 years)
    Bà (your great-aunt)*
    Dì (your mother's younger sister)
    Thím (your chú's wife)
    Mợ (your cậu's wife)
    *Ông and Bà are generic terms for an older man or woman, respectively, typically with a two-generation gap from yourself. Using your grandparents as a baseline, any person that falls within the same generation are typically referred to as Ông and Bà (e.g., your grandparents' siblings and first cousins). For great-uncles and great-aunts, the Ông and Bà are followed by the title of what your parents call them (Example: Ông Cậu would be your mom or dad's Cậu (mom or dad's mother's blood-related brother, or your grandmother's brother for simplicity).
    If the title has more than one word, the last word is a description of the base noun.
* Trai = boy
* Gái = girl
* Nội = paternal side
* Ngoại = maternal side
# Vietnamese/Comparison

Vietnamese creates comparatives and superlatives out of adjectives and adverbs simply by adding a word to the end. First of all, what are comparatives and superlatives? Comparatives are demonstrated in the following sentences:
    He is taller than I am.
    You have more than I do.
They simply express a comparison between two items. Superlatives are demonstrated in the following sentences:
    He is the tallest of the three.
    She brought the most cookies.
They express the outcome of a comparison between more than two items. (All of the items being compared, except for "she," are implied in the second sentence.)

### Comparatives

In Vietnamese, comparatives are formed by placing hơn after the adjective or adverb. For example:
    Nó cao hơn anh.
       He is taller than I. (literally: He tall more me.)
    Ông có hơn con.
       You, sir, have more than I. (literally: You (sir) have more me.)
(More to come.)
# Vietnamese/Consonants

| Vowels | Phoneme | English equivalent sounds |
| b | /ɓ/ | but |
| c | /k/ | sky |
| d | /z/ | zoo (Northern) |
| d | /j/ | yes (Southern & Central) |
| đ | /ɗ/ | do |
| g | /ɣ/ | go |
| h | /h/ | hat |
| k | /k/ | sky |
| l | /l/ | long |
| m | /m/ | me |
| n | /n/ | no |
| p | /p/ | sport (cannot occur initially, except in loan words) |
| q | /k/ | square |
| r | /z/ | zoo (Northern) |
| r | /ɹ/ | run (Southern & Central) |
| s | /s/ | stay (Northern) |
| s | /∫/ | show (Southern & Central) |
| t | /t/ | stop |
| v | /v/ | video |
| x | /s/ | see |
| Vowels | Phoneme | English equivalent sounds |
| ch | /c/ | cha-cha |
| gh | /ɣ/ | go |
| gi | /z/ | zoo (Northern) |
| gi | /j/ | yes (Southern & Central) |
| kh | /x/ | loch |
| nh | /ɲ/ | canyon |
| ng | /ŋ/ | sing, but can occur initially. |
| ph | /f/ | Philip |
| th | /tʰ/ | as in top (aspirated "t"), not as in thin |
| tr | /c/ | cha-cha (Northern) |
| tr | /ʈʂ/ | straw (Southern and Central) |
| qu | /kw/ | square (Northern & Central) |
| qu | /w/ | world (Southern) |
There is one consonant trigraph: ngh /ŋ/: nghỉ, nghiêm, nghiêng
| Vowels | Phoneme | English equivalent sounds |
| c | /k/ | rack |
| ch | /k/ | sick (cut in the South) |
| m | /m/ | gym |
| n | /n/ | ban |
| nh | /ɲ/ | canyon |
| ng | /ŋ/ | sing |
| p | /p/ | tap |
| t | /t/ | pat |
# Vietnamese/Greetings
## Greeting someone

There is a simple standard formula to greet someone:
    Xin chào
However, it is much more elegant to address the person you are talking to in some way. Hence, a formula like Chào ông! is much better. In this phrase, ông is used to address respectable men, usually older than oneself. Instead of ông, the following words can be used to address persons with different status and age in relation to the speaker:
| cụ (俱) | people who are much older than oneself, or generally very old |
| bà (婆) | elderly ladies, or ladies who are older than oneself |
| ông (翁) | elderly men, or men who are older than oneself |
| chú (注) | uncle, or if they are older than you and younger than your parents |
| cô (姑) | aunt, or if they are older than you and younger than your parents |
| chị (姊) | young ladies, or ladies who are in the same age as oneself |
| anh (英) | young men, or men who are in the same age as oneself |
| em (㛪) | younger persons, children |
| thầy (偨 ) | the teacher (if he is a man) |
| cô (姑) | the teacher (if she is a woman) |
When addressing more than one person, add các before the noun, e.g. Chào các anh!
The Vietnamese counterpart for How are you? is Ông có khỏe không? Again, here the ông has to be replaced by the necessary noun from the table, depending on the person addressed. Possible answers are:

### Cám ơn, tôi khỏe.

    Thanks, I am fine.

### Cám ơn, tôi bình thường.

    Thanks, I am normal.

### Tôi vẫn khỏe.

    I am still fine.

### Tôi cũng khỏe.

    I am also fine.
The Vietnamese equivalent to Good bye! is either Tạm biệt! or simply Chào ông!
# Vietnamese/D vs. gi

In standard Vietnamese (aka the textbook version), "gi" sounds like the "z" in the English word "zero" while "d" sounds like "y" in "you". However, as dialects play a very important role in spoken Vietnamese, these are pronounced differently in different regions. In the Northern dialect (relatively close to the standard textbook language), both "d" and "gi" (and also "r") are pronounced like "z" in "zero". In the Southern dialect, both "d" and "gi" are pronounced like "y" in "you". Central Vietnam has many local dialects (Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Hue, Quang Nam, etc.), where the pronunciations more or less range between the Northern and Southern versions.
# Vietnamese/Dates and times

Vietnamese does not give months, days of the week, or years special names. Rather, Vietnamese merely uses the number. For example, "July 31st, 2004" would be written:
    ngày 31 tháng 7 năm 2004 or hôm 31 tháng 7 năm 2004
    (literally, "day 31 of month 7")
Similarly, "Saturday," the seventh day of the week, is:
    thứ 7
    (literally, "the seventh one")
The exception is "Sunday," which in Vietnamese is Chủ nhật or Chúa nhật. Also, "January" is either called tháng 1 (tháng một) or tháng giêng.
# Trainz/refs/config.txt

Back to the Top
* Fundamentals for Trainz Trainees
* TOC | Beginnings | Fun | AM&C | Creation | InBook Refs | ORP Refs:  • Index • Containers • Kinds • Tags | Appendixes  • Vers
Glossary :
HKeys-CM :
HKeys-DVR :
HKeys-SUR :
HKeys-WIN :
Mouse use :
Notations :
    This page is the third and most advanced page devoted to the technical side of creating up-to-date config.txt files conformable with the Trainz data model as it evolves. For introductory coverage see Config.txt files and for intermediate elaborations the config.txt files articles are useful for Fault fixing to MINIMUM TBV levels needed.

## Contents by function

    Note many of these sub-pages duplicate entries above in KINDs TOC. The ordering here is because sometimes content creators use a surprising kind to implement the needed functions, normally because they need a script class for interactive behaviors.

## BBB Assets

etc.

## Notes, Footnotes & References

Config.txt files are endemic and ever present in Trainz assets, for no asset can be defined without this type of Computer Science container. The keyword-value_of_key pairing must always be kept in mind in editing or creating Trainz content. The TrainzBaseSpec contains values and containers which are most common in asset defining config.txt files.

### References

* Trainz printed or pdf file Manuals, applicable version - usually in the ..\extras or ..\extras\manuals folder
* TrainzOnline Wiki Config.txt file page and various other pages
* TrainzOnline Wiki: Content Creator's Guide pages (various)
* Various CCG and Auran websites
# Trainz/refs/TrainzMap

Back to the Top
* The 3rd party utility covered by this page is mainly obsolete, applying to Trainz before TS2009-SP3 and TS2010-SP3 only. Trainz Annotated Reference Pages
* TOC | Beginnings | Fun | AM&C | Creation | InBook Refs | ORP Refs:  • Index • Containers • Kinds • Tags | Appendixes  • Vers
Glossary :
HKeys-CM :
HKeys-DVR :
HKeys-SUR :
HKeys-WIN :
Mouse use :
Notations :

## About TrainzMap

TrainzMap was a Free utility created by VistaMare to facilitate and enhance route building in TRS2006, TRS2004 and UTC. In particular, it has the ability to render a map of your layout's track plan, complete with as much data about it as you desire, like station names, track marks, signals, etc. for which you could specify the listed data and it's arrangement. It became inapplicable for large maps when TS2009 and TS2010 releases changed the data base models, making the software incompatible. For early versions of TS2009 and TS2010 a 3rd Party work-around was produced which converted and made a temporary Map file in TRS2006 format for feeding TrainzMap and that is archived on the TrainzProRoutes download server. That same link gives details and how to download the utility from the Way Back machine. The wayback download still link worked when checked in 2013.
One other very useful feature of TrainzMap is the ability to change many of the objects(assets) in your layout for another of the same kind,(Similar to TrainzObjects)*. For instance, if you decide that you want to change all the point motors on your layout to another type, it just takes a few clicks of the mouse and you're done. Very handy. (This feature was added to TS2009)
You can get TrainzMap here; http://www.vistamaresoft.com TrainzMap is not available for Trainz Classics(TC), however, if you have TRS2006, you can import a route from TC, do your Trainzmap stuff and export it back to TC very easily.
* TrainzMap will exchange any "nameable" asset for another of its kind. (they show up as asterisks when the nameable button is selected)
Items such as trees don't qualify as 'nameable' so you will not be able to do a universal exchange of trees or other non nameable objects in Trainzmap. TS2009 and later Trainz will do this.
If you have TRS2004 and TrainzObjects, you can copy over your route into the '04 world/custom folder, open TO and do the exchange. Create a .cdp file of the revised map and import into '06. It will replace your old version. (Delete '04 copy)
# Trainz/scenarios

to become a alternative case redirect page
' # REDIRECT Trainz/Scenarios {{L of TRS-terms}}{{R to TRS-alt}}'
when that page is written. THIS PAGE started as a direct copy of that SOFT REDIRECT Page title, whilst curing redlinked terms.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Famous People Who Stutter/Political and Business Leaders

Annie Glenn (1920- ), wife of astronaut and Senator John Glenn, once refused to talk to President Lyndon Johnson because of her stuttering.
Representative Dennis Kucinich (1946- ; D-Ohio) overcame stuttering as a child. Rep. Kucinich was elected mayor of Cleveland at the age of 31. As a state senator, he won the 1996 National Association for Social Workers Outstanding Senator of the Year Award. He also won an Emmy for his political analysis on WJW-TV.
Other political leaders who stutter include Berkeley Free Speech leader Mario Savio (1942-1996) and congressman Frank Wolf (1939- ; R-Virginia).

## Business Leaders

In the business world, John Sculley's (1939- ) stuttering "has taken him many years to overcome. He was also painfully shy."
Sculley wrote in his autobiography, "I was determined to build a strength out of what was originally a weakness. I went to the theater to watch how performers positioned themselves on stage. I'd practice for hours. I became obsessed with the idea that I was going to become better than anyone else as a business communicator."
Sculley rose to president of Pepsi-Cola. He succeeded in overtaking Coca-Cola as the #1 soft drink. He then changed coasts and cultures to become president of Apple Computer for ten years. Sculley became a great public speaker, gaining "renown for his ability to deliver rousing speeches in front of thousands, sometimes without notes."
Stutterer and CEO Jack Welch (1935- ) led General Electric to become one of the largest and most profitable American corporations.
* ^ Wolfe, Tom. The Right Stuff.
* ^ ASHA Leader
* ^ Richard Benyo, personal correspondance.
* ^ Stuttering Foundation of America.
* ^ Sculley, John. Odyssey (1987). p.111.
* ^ Carlton, Jim. Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania, and Business Blunders. (New York: Random House, 1997).
* Next: Other Professions
* Back to Table of Contents
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Famous People Who Stutter

The chapter is divided into sections because it exceeds the 32K limit of some browsers.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Famous People Who Stutter/More Stutterers in History

Cotton Mather (1663-1728) found that fasting and prayers failed to affect his stuttering, but speaking in a "drawling&#133;little short of Singing" enabled him to become a Puritan preacher. He later prosecuted the Salem witch trials.
Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) was a German Jewish philosopher who began the period of European Jewish enlightenment, and advocated assimilation.
Nurse Clara Barton (1821-1912) was the Civil War "angel of the battlefield" and founder of the American Red Cross.
John Slaughter (1841-1922) was a member of the Texas Rangers, leading daring pursuits of outlaw gangs. In 1886 he was elected sheriff of Cochise County, Arizona, with a mandate to clean up crime in Tombstone, after Wyatt Earp's 1881 shoot-out. "Slaughter, with penetrating black eyes, was only 5 feet 6 and often stuttered. But he wore a pearl-handled .44 and carried a 10-gauge, double-barreled, sawed-off shotgun, 'which was an equalizer.'"
A brochure from the Stuttering Foundation of America 16 Famous People Who Stutter features well-known and successful individuals who stutter. This inspiring brochure is especially useful to raise awareness during Stuttering Awareness Week in May. A PDF of the brochure can be downloaded at www.stutteringhelp.org.
* ^ Bobrick, Benson. Knotted Tongues. New York: Simon&Schuster, 1995
* ^ UPI news story.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Facilitator

* Anti-stuttering technology: DAF, MAF (white noise), metronome, looping playback
* Portable
* Monaural (one ear) or binaural (two ears)
* Frequency range: 70–7800 Hz
* Website: http://www.kayelemetrics.com
* Price: US$995?

## Personal Experiences Using Facilitator

Please read Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/How to Participate in this Wikibook before adding material.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Famous People Who Stutter/Other Professions
## Journalists

Which 20/20 reporter stutters? No, not Barbara Walters! John Stossel (1947- ) overcame stuttering with therapy from the Hollins Communications Research Institute, in Roanoke, Virginia.

## Doctors

Nino Salvatore was president of the Medical University of Naples. "He is a very successful professor of General Pathology. He is also a very clever and eloquent speaker, and his stuttering is, for listeners, just a fascinating style of speaking."

## Sidney Gottlieb, CIA Spook

The man who brought us LSD was "a lifelong stutterer." Sidney Gottlieb (1918–1999), described by friends as "a kind of genius," had a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Caltech. He joined the CIA in 1951. In 1953 he founded the MKUltra program, which gave LSD to thousands of CIA agents, military officers, college students, prisoners, and mental patients. Many of the study participants were unknowingly dosed with the drug. Gottlieb took LSD hundreds of times.
Gottlieb's later work at the CIA included developing "a poison handkerchief to kill an Iraqi colonel, an array of toxic gifts to be delivered to Fidel Castro, and a poison dart to kill a leftist leader in the Congo. None of the plans succeeded."
After leaving the CIA, Gottlieb became a speech-language pathologist, then raised goats on a commune in Virginia.
* ^ Stossel, J. "Stossel's Biggest Story: Overcoming the Fear of Stuttering." ADVANCE For Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists, May 12, 1997.
* ^ Roberto De Simone, personal correspondence.
* ^ Weiner, Tim. "Sidney Gottlieb, 80, Dies; Took LSD to C.I.A." New York Times, March 10, 1999.
* Next: British Royals and Commoners
* Back to Table of Contents
# Structural Biochemistry/Viruses and SLiMs Interaction/Introduction
## Introduction

Viruses are small infectious organisms that display self replication only inside of living cells of a host organism; they are dependent on host cells for survival. Viruses have the ability to infect a wide variety of living organisms from animals and plants to smaller organisms such as bacteria.
Viruses, as a parasite, cannot reproduce without taking advantage of a suitable host and are the infectious organisms that have the greatest interaction and relationship with their hosts. From every sequential action that the viruses goes through, from first contact with the host cell to reproduction via budding is arranged through the interactions with protein molecules in the host cell. Through these interactions, "viruses will hijack and manipulate these proteins utilizing any achievable mechanism". However, the interactions between viruses and the host has given rise to questioning and further analysis in the approach the virus takes to manipulate the host. The claim that the viruses manipulate and hijack via imitating specific proteins known as short linear motifs (SLiMs) used for cellular regulation and pathways contribute to the evaluation of this molecules and how they are responsible for the interaction between viruses and the host take place.
Viruses inject their own components such as DNA/RNA, polymerases, helicases, and proteases when they infect cells. These components allow for the viruses to replicate and duplicate inside of a host cell. The infected host cell needs to be ready for viral replication once the virus interacts with the host cell by interfering with the host cell regulations.
Classification of “a novel class of compact non-globular protein interaction interfaces (now referred to as short linear motifs, SLiMs, LMs or minimotifs )”. Sequence motifs are sequence patterns that have a biological significance in cellular pathways. Studies have shown that SLiMs are diverse and widespread in eukaryotic proteomes. SLiMs feature special characteristics that “include the capacity to encode a functional interaction interface in a short sequence (three to ten residues), enrichment in intrinsically disordered regions of proteins, the ability to function independently of their tertiary structural context and a tendency to evolve convergently” which distinguish them from their binding counterparts, globular domains.
There are a lot different cellular pathways and functions in which viruses can use SLiMs to manipulate the host cell.

## Reference

* 1 2 3 Davey, Norman E.; Travé, Gilles; Gibson, Toby J. (2011). "How viruses hijack cell regulation". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 36 (3): 159–69. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2010.10.002. PMID 21146412.
# Structural Biochemistry/Viruses and SLiMs Interaction/ Viral Pathways/ Manipulating Signal Transduction
## Manipulating Signal Transduction

SLiMs have low-binding compatibility which enable them to react fast and produce decision-making functions due to changing stimuli in the cell. Because of their abilities to response to changing stimuli, a lot of signaling networks depend on the motif interactions with their modular domains “such as SH2, SH3 and PDZ”. Viruses take advantage on this ability by imitating signaling motifs to alter and deregulate the pathways the motifs take. A model of such a virus is known as EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). This viral protein “is a constitutively active ligand-independent mimic of host factor CD40, and contains motifs that mediate the recruitment of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) (PxxPxP275&302), TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain (TRADD) (YYD-COOH384) and several TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAF) (PxQxT204), collectively required for activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, blocking apoptosis and driving B cell proliferation”. Apoptosis is the mechanism that leads to cell death and cell proliferation is the mechanism that drives an increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.

## Reference

* 1 2 Davey, Norman E.; Travé, Gilles; Gibson, Toby J. (2011). "How viruses hijack cell regulation". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 36 (3): 159–69. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2010.10.002.
# Structural Biochemistry/Viruses and SLiMs Interaction/Viral Pathways/Utilizing Cellular Transport
## Utilizing Cellular Transport

The cell transports proteins to specific cellular compartments through large molecular complexes such as the nuclear pore or vast cytoskeletal structures such as microtubules. This is how the cell arranges and constructs localization and movement of proteins. Viruses can take advantage of this cellular transport pathway by imitating the motifs that govern the transport system. A paradigm of this concept is shown in targeting signal mimicry of the “motif-driven nuclear shutting of the essential regulatory protein Rev of HIV”. Rev consists of “both a non-canonical nuclear localization signal (NLS) (RRNRRRRWRER38) and a nuclear export signal (NES) (LxxLxxLxL75)”. The non-canonical nuclear localizsation signal encompasses an RNA-binding motif protein and acts as a switch for molecular functions. When the non-canonical nuclear localization signal is bound that the motif, the nuclear export signal is the only motif that is free for use and RNA is exported is dissociated. Once a sufficient amount of RNA has been exported and dissociated, then the non-canonical nuclear localization signal becomes readily available to allow nuclear import into the cell. These two motifs are important for the mechanism that separates the “early and late phases of the HIV life cycle; in the absence of Rev, nuclear mRNA is quickly spliced to produce accessory proteins (including Rev itself)”. The construction of motifs in Rev governs the outflow of unspliced and partially spliced mRNA, allowing the creation of late phase proteins that are needed for the virus to accumulate.

## Reference

* 1 2 3 Davey, Norman E.; Travé, Gilles; Gibson, Toby J. (2011). "How viruses hijack cell regulation". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 36 (3): 159–69. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2010.10.002. PMID 21146412.