# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Marine Mammals

Marine Mammals :
| Nature General Conference | Skill Level 2 |
| Nature General Conference | Year of Introduction: 1991 |

## 1. Be able to identify three of each of the following and know where each is found. Know at least one by scientific name from each group
### a. Toothed Whales

Dolphins and porpoises are also classified as toothed whales, but since they appear as a separate group in this requirement, they are not listed here.

### h. Manatees
## 2. Know and locate the story of how God used a whale in Bible times.

Jonah and the whale. In the book of Jonah. Jonah is in the whale's belly for three days and three nights. Jonah 1:17 the whale swallowed Jonah. Jonah 2:1-9, Jonah is in the whales belly. Jonah 2:10 Jonah is vomited onto dry land.

## 3. What is the largest mammal in the sea?

The largest mammal in the sea, is the Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus).

## 4. Explain the following words
### a. Breaching

Breaching is when a whale leaps into the air and falls on their backs. There are a variety of explanations about why different whales and dolphins perform this artful leap. Some researchers have proposed it may be a behavior to dislodge parasites off of the whale's back, while others have interpreted it as a form of communication. Some believe the whale is just having fun!

### b. Echolocation

Echolocation is the biological sonar used by several mammals such as bats, dolphins and whales.
Animals that use echolocation emit calls out to the environment. They listen to the echoes that return from various objects in the environment. They use these echoes to locate, range and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging (or hunting) in various environments.
Toothed whales, including dolphins, porpoises, river dolphins, orcas and sperm whales, use echolocation because they live in an underwater habitat that has favorable acoustic characteristics and where vision is extremely limited in range due to absorption or turbidity.

### c. Spyhopping

Spyhopping is when a dolphin and whales are in a vertical stance so they can look at their surroundings above the water. The whale slowly rises straight out of the water, until its eye is above the water surface. After a few moments, the whale sinks back down. Again, we cannot be sure why whales spyhop, but they may be coming up to take a look around.

### d. Baleen

Baleen makes up baleen plates, which are arranged in two parallel rows that look like combs of thick hair; they are attached to the upper jaws of baleen whales. Whales use these combs for filter feeding. Baleen whales scoop vast amounts of water into their mouths, and then push the water back out their mouths through the baleen plates. The baleen plates prevent fish and plankton from flowing out of their mouths. Whales are the only vertebrate group to use this method of feeding in great abundance (flamingos and crabeater seals use similar methods, but do not have baleen), and it has allowed them to grow to immense sizes.

### e. Pod

A pod is a social group of whales, porpoises, or dolphins.

### f. Harem

A harem is a group of female seals, which are corralled together by a male for the purpose of mating. The male Northern Fur Seals are possessive of individual females in their harem, often aggressively competing with neighboring males for females. Some males breed with up to 50 females in a single breeding season.

### g. Plankton

Plankton are defined as any drifting organism that inhabits the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. They are widely considered to be one of the most important organisms on Earth, due to the food supply they provide to most aquatic life.

## 5. Draw a food chain of two different marine mammals.

       phytoplankton → copepod → fish → squid → seal → orca
This "chain" can be described as follows: Orca (also known as "killer whales") feed upon seals, that feed upon squid, that eat small fish, that feed on copepods, that feed on microscopic algae.
       phytoplankton → krill → baleen whales
Food loses efficiency as it travels up the food chain from prey to predator. This is because each creature in the chain uses some of the energy it gained from its food. By keeping their food chain short, baleen whales are able to efficiently consume enormous amounts of energy, and therefore, they are able to grow to enormous sizes.

## 6. What is the purpose of blubber?

Blubber is a thick layer of fat found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians. It covers the whole body, except for the appendages, loosely attached to the muscles. It can comprise up to 50% of the body mass of some marine mammals during some points in their lives. Blubber serves several different functions, it is the primary area of fat on some mammals, and essential for storing energy. It is particularly important for species which feed and breed in different parts of the ocean. During these periods the species are operating on a fat-based metabolism.
Blubber also serves as an efficient thermal insulator, making it an essential for thermoregulation. It has advantages over fur (as used in Sea Otters) in this respect; fur can retain heat by holding pockets of air, but under pressure (while diving) the air pockets will be expelled. Blubber, however, does not compress under pressure. It can also aid in buoyancy, and acts to streamline the body.

## 7. Know two reasons that seals are hunted.

Seals are hunted for their fur and their meat. They are also hunted by fishermen to eliminate competition for fish. Seals sometimes take bites out of fish already caught in a fisherman's net, making the fish unfit for sale.

## 8. Describe why seals and dolphins can move so quickly in the water.

The seal's flippers are enormously long, and the skin between them forms a web which is used like a paddle to propel the seal along. They have long, sturdy claws on their front flippers which they use to help them move on land, especially when they need to grip onto rocks or ice

## 9. Do one of the following
### a. Take a trip to an aquarium. Learn about and observe the daily feeding schedule of a marine mammal.

This option will almost certainly be the most rewarding for your Pathfinders, but it will also require the most work on your part to get it organized. Try to contact the aquarium before setting off on your trip so that you can make arrangements to meet with a staff member there. They are usually very willing to help you, and will be delighted to provide you with information regarding the daily feeding schedule. Note that some zoos have aquariums too, so if a zoo is more convenient than an aquarium, you might want to investigate this possibility.

### b. Write a 500-word report on a marine mammal. Include pictures.

Much of the material for the answers presented here was taken from Wikipedia. You can start your research by reading the full articles:
* Whales
* Tooth Whales
* Baleen Whales
* Dolphins
* Earless (True) Seals
* Eared Seals
* Manatees

### c. Write a 500-word report on current events involving marine mammals and their environment and how they could be endangered.

Search Google News for marine mammals to find out about current events. http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ned=us&q=marine+mammal&btnG=Search+News You can also search http://news.google.com for a particular marine mammal (such as whales, seals, dolphins, or manatees).

## References

Much of the material here as adapted from numerous Wikipedia articles.