OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mathematica/BasicPlotting

To produce a simple 2D plot of f(x) versus x use the "Plot" command. The simple plot structure is written as "Plot[f(x),{x,lower_bound,upper_bound}]".
Example:
Two functions can be plotted together using the form "Plot[{f(x),g(x)},{x,lower_bound,upper_bound}]".
Example:
# Materials in Electronics/Wave-Particle Duality/The Two-Slit Experiment

The two-slit experiment is an extremely important experiment as it demonstrates electrons behaving as waves, rather than as classical particles (like bullets or stones). It also reveals a very important property of the "unknowable" behaviour of quantum particles.
We will start off by looking at the two slit experiment for an ideal wave. There is no "quantum wierdness" in this description - it is a classical wave superposition problem, and has been observed for light since about 1800, when Thomas Young performed the experiment.
Once you have seen how light behaves, move on to electron diffraction.
# Materials in Electronics/Wave-Particle Duality/The Two-Slit Experiment/Electrons

According to classical physics, electrons should behave like particles - they travel in straight lines and do not curve in flight unless acted on by an external agent, like a magnetic field. In this model, if we fire a beam of electrons through a double slit onto a detector, we should get two bands of "hits", much as you would get if you fired a machine gun at the side of a house with two windows - you would get two areas of bullet-marked wall inside, and the rest would be intact.
This was the behaviour noted for years. However, if the slits are made small enough and close enough together, we actually observe the following:
This means that the electrons are diffracting through the slits and interfering with each other just like waves. This means that the electrons have wave-particle duality, just like photons. In this case, they must have properties like wavelength and frequency. We can deduce the properties from the behaviour of the electrons as they pass through our diffraction grating.
Recall the property relating wavelength to diffraction fringe spacing that we found earlier:
       $s={\frac {\lambda L}{d}}$
where
   * s is the fringe spacing
   * λ is the wavelength
   * L is the distance from slits to screen
   * d is the grating spacing
If we can get electrons to diffract through a known grating, we can obtain a wavelength for the electron. This could also be derived theoretically, but it requires relativity, and is certainly a non-trival exercise. Practically, it turns out that electrons have an extremely short wavelength, so we cannot make gratings fine enough to diffract them significantly using traditional methods. However, we can use crystals as they are essentially extremely regular gratings with a spacing on the order of nanometres.
If we use an electron gun to produce our electrons, and fire these electrons though a crystal with a known atomic structure, we can work out the wavelength of the electron experimentally. This leads to a description of the electron as a wave. This is expanded on here.
# Math and Time Riddles

Here is a list of riddles involving dates and time or mathematics, or both.

### Riddle 0001

There are many similarities between canker sores and intrusive thoughts. In fact, canker sore is to mouth as intrusive thought is to brain. Given “canker sore” = 3, “mouth” = 9, and “intrusive thought” = 160, solve for “brain.”

#### Solution 0001

We are told that canker sore is to mouth as intrusive thought is to brain. Set up the proportion. Cross multiplying gives 3(brain) = 1,440. Dividing both sides by 3 gives: brain = 480.

### Riddle 0002

I recorded a video at 1:55 a.m. and listened to it at 1:10 a.m. on the same day. How is this possible?

#### Solution 0002

It happened to be the day in the middle of autumn on which the clocks are turned back one hour. I recorded the song at 1:55, five minutes before the clocks fell back, and listened to it fifteen minutes later, which due to the time change was 1:10 instead of 2:10.

### Riddle 0003

Joe was born on Saturday and John was born on Monday. Their age difference is shorter than 24 hours or 86,400 seconds. How is this possible?

#### Solution 0003

Their births occurred during the same weekend that daylight saving time began. Joe was born at 11:55 p.m. EST on April 6, 2002. John, being born 23 hours and 30 minutes later, was born at 12:25 a.m. EDT on April 8, 2002.
# Mathematica/2D Graphics/Tips and Tricks

Like any software, Mathematica has certain features, bugs, quirks and defaults that can cause problems for those unaware of the solutions, and this is especially noticeable in graphical output.

## Removing white borders

By default, Mathematica includes a white border around graphics. Normally in a notebook environment, this is not problem, as the background of the editor is white, and you can't see it. However, when you export the image, this can be annoying, especially as Mathematica includes the border in the image size, so the actual image is different size once cropped.
First, we will make a 2D graphics object graphic consisting of a blue square and two red circles to demonstrate:
If we use Show to display this graphic, or we export it, a white border will be included in the image size. We can use the following option command to override this default:-> False}
Below is this graphic shown with (left) and without (right) the default border. A light grey border has been added in the markup for this page to highlight it, but this is not present in the actual images. You can see that the blue rectangle of the left image is not 250 pixels wide, but slightly smaller, although both images are exactly 250 pixels wide.
| With default white border | Without default white border |
| Show[graphic, ImageSize -> 250 ] | Show[graphic, ImageSize -> 250, Method ->{"ShrinkWrap"->True} ] |
# Mathematica

Mathematica is a powerful technical programming language developed by Wolfram Research. It encompases computer algebra, numerical computation, visualization and statistics capabilities.
It can be used on all kinds of mathematical analysis, from simple plotting to signal processing. The aim of this wikibook is to introduce the Mathematica language and how to use this software. It will describe the functions available and give examples of them.

## Language Overview

* Getting Started
* Basics of the Mathematica Language
* Simple Calculations
* Common structures and manipulations

## Application Overview

* Notebook
* Palettes
* Styles
* Output
** Presentations
** Publishing
** Computable Document Format

## Operators

* List of functions

## Graphics
### 2D Graphics

* Basic plotting
* Uniform Surface Distribution
* Uniform Spherical Distribution
* Tips and Tricks

### 3D Graphics

* Basic 3D plotting
* Generating Contours on a 3D Surface
* Polar Surface Plots

## Programming

* Multiple programming paradigms
* Flow Control
** Functional
** Procedural
** Batch or Line oriented
# Mathematica/Basic3DPlotting

To produce simple 3D surface plots, use the Plot3D command.
# MeGUI/Guides

Guides for MeGUI.

## Complete encoding guides

* Basic Guide - to learn the basics of this program. (Slightly outdated)
* iPod Conversion Guide - for encoding iPod compatible files.
* HDTV Transcoding Guide - a more advanced conversion walkthrough for digital TV caps. (Slightly outdated)
* Berrinam's guide is an introduction to automated encoding with MeGUI, with both AutoEncode and One Click Encoder modes. (Very outdated!)

## Guides on a specific topic

* Installation
* Calculating video bitrate
# MeGUI/Guides/Basic Guide

This guide was written as a basic guide on ripping a DVD into a single computer video file via the free program MeGUI. The aim of this guide is to be a complete walkthrough of the basic concepts for ripping a DVD, and is aimed at everyone from the complete newbie to intermediate users.
There is an Italian (Italiano) version of this guide.
It covers:
* Setting up the required programs,
* Ripping the DVD, which involves:
** Ripping the data off the DVD Disc
** Demuxing the audio streams and creating a d2v index.
* Encoding the audio,
* Encoding the video, which involves:
** Creating an avs script,
** Calculating the required bitrate,
** Encoding the video.
* Muxing together the two streams with chapters to produce the final file.
It does not cover:
* Using any of the automated features of MeGUI for video encoding. This guide is intended to show people how to use MeGUI the 'manual' way.
* Using alternate DVD rippers. DVD Decrypter cannot rip all DVDs, if it fails on ripping your disc or you wish to use a different ripper, then feel free. A few recommended rippers are DVD Fab Decrypter or RipIt4Me. It should be reasonably straight forward to work out the instructions yourself.
* Multiple audio or video tracks.
* Subtitles.
* 5.1 audio (if you want to do this, I would recommend muxing the original ac3 file and not doing any encoding).
Main Page Setup Ripping Audio Video Muxing
# MeGUI/Guides/Basic Guide/Ripping
## Basic Info

This section deals with two actions:
* Extracting & decrypting ('ripping') the raw data off the DVD
* Demultiplexing (demuxing) the audio streams from the resulting file and creating an index file for the video data.

## Ripping the DVD

* Start up DVD Decrypter and choose your DVD drive in the drop down box.
* Choose IFO (InFormatiOn file) in 'Mode'.
* Select the PGC (ProGram Chain) that matches the length of your movie (may be auto-selected):
* Choose your save location
* Click the Rip button. Once this process completes you will be left with:
   * One large vob file (the video and audio data),
      * If you didn't set DVD Decrypter to create only one VOB file, you will end up with a number of 1gb sized VOBs. Just use the first one for the next step.
   * An ifo file (part of the DVD file structure),
   * The OGG format chapter file (open it up to see how the chapters are stored),
   * A stream information file (with information on the audio and video streams in the vob).

## Demuxing the audio and creating the d2v index

* Start up MeGUI
* Go Tools -> File Indexer
* Select the .vob file from DVD Decrypter as the Video Input
* Choose "all audio tracks" under "audio demux"
* Choose the location to save the d2v file to
* Click "queue", then wait for the indexer to complete.
* Go back to the main screen and click on the tab. Click the button to create the d2v.
Once you've done this, proceed to the next section: encoding the audio.
Main Page Setup Ripping Audio Video Muxing
# MeGUI/Guides/Basic Guide/Setup
## Basic Info

This section deals with downloading, installing and configuring the required programs correctly.

## Required Programs

* MeGUI. For guide on installing MeGUI, read the instructions here.
* Any DirectShow filter (or "Codec Pack") that can decode the source file format. There are a few free codec packs:
** The K-Lite Codec Pack is a complete solution of decoding the majority of files. It contains some more video and audio processing features comparing to the CCCP. Please visit for more information.
** The CCCP is a codec pack that installs a minimal set of filters that decode the vast majority of files (see for more info).
* DVD Decrypter: DVD Decrypter is the program used to rip the raw DVD data off your DVD. The last available version is 3.5.4.0 and decrypts the vast majority of available DVDs. Download here.

## Program Setup

* MeGUI: MeGUI requires no additional setup after you have fully updated it. By default, it will prompt you to update whenever there is one.
* DVD Decrypter: Once installed, set the program mode to IFO mode (mode->IFO) and open up the settings (tools menu). Under the "IFO Mode" tab, set splitting to none and check the box to create OGG format chapters as well as Stream information.
Once you've done this, proceed to the next section: ripping the DVD.
Main Page Setup Ripping Audio Video Muxing
# MeGUI/Guides/Basic Guide/footer

Main Page Setup Ripping Audio Video Muxing
# MeGUI/Guides/Basic Guide/Audio
## Basic Info

This section deals with encoding the audio into its final format (which is up to you to decide) with the MeGUI audio encoder.

## Creating the input file

There are three options for creating an input file. All will work, you can choose whichever you prefer:
* Use the audio file as direct input: For supported audio files (ac3, mp2, mp3 and a few other formats), you can directly select these files to be used as input.
* Create a new AviSynth script to use as input: The audio encoder dialog also supports audio from avs files. You can create a new avs file which can load the required audio with the following line (assuming you have the required decoders)

## Encoding the Audio

* On the first page of MeGUI click the [...] button next to "audio input". Browse to the audio file and open it
* You now have to choose which audio format to use. Here is a quick rundown of the advantages of each format. Formats that are not recommended have been greyed out:
   * Aften AC3: An encoder for DVD format audio. Don't use this encoder - if you want to have an AC3 stream, simply use the version that was demuxed from the original DVD and skip any audio encoding.
   * FAAC: Another AAC encoder, not-very-good quality output. Use Nero AAC instead.
   * FFmpeg AC3: Another encoder for DVD format audio. Don't use this encoder - if you want to have an AC3 stream, simply use the version that was demuxed from the original DVD and skip any audio encoding.
   * FFmpeg MP2: Very similar to MP3, gives slightly better quality at bitrates above 256kbits (some say 192kbits), but not by a large amount, and bitrates that large aren't recommended.
   * Flac: A lossless audio codec. Produce large file.
   * LAME MP3: The oldest and most common audio format. Can be played on all Windows computers, but gives the lowest audio quality out of all formats (which is still reasonable). ABR is recommended. In MeGUI, this is encoded with LAME, which does incredibly well on such an old format.
   * Nero AAC: Nero AAC encoder. AAC is probably the equal highest quality format available for stereo files (ties with Vorbis). Variable bitrate (VBR) is recommended.
   * Vorbis: Free and open-source, often called 'ogg' (ogg is the filename extension and container format, Vorbis is the audio format).
* For more information on Audio formats, check out the computer movie files page.
* Once you have chosen your audio format (if in doubt, stick with MP3).
* For a normal movie, 128kbits is usually used. This corresponds to approximately q3 for vorbis files. For concerts or movies where you want a higher audio quality, you can increase this value up to 160 (q5 for vorbis) - any higher is probably a waste.
* Once you have chosen your bitrate, click the 'enqueue' button, move over to the tab and click to start the job:
Once you've done this, proceed to the next section: encoding the video.
Main Page Setup Ripping Audio Video Muxing
# MeGUI/Guides/Basic Guide/Muxing
## Basic Info

In this step the audio & video are muxed together with chapters if desired.

## Muxing The Final File

* Open the adaptive muxer in the tools menu under 'muxers'
* Select the video file you encoded as the video input. The name field is optional.
* Do the same for the audio.
* You can add the chapters file that was demuxed by DVD Decrypter too if you want, it will work for mp4 and mkv files.
* Choose the container format
* Choose the output filename.
* Click the 'queue' button, move over to the tab and click to start the job.
You're done!
Main Page Setup Ripping Audio Video Muxing
# MeGUI/Guides/Calculating video bitrate
## Basic Information

This guide will be a guidance for calculating the bitrate of video for X264 encoding.

## Single pass or multi pass?

X264 supports two types of encoding in simple mode (not showing advanced options):
* Targeting quality, and
* Targeting file size.
Targeting quality means that every frame is encoded in the same quality, and you only need one pass for this mode. Because different videos have different compressibility, you cannot control the exact output file size, but you can have an idea on the output. The smaller the number, the better the output, and the bigger the file will be. Because you cannot know the output bitrate before you actually encode it, there is no point of calculating bitrate for this mode. Therefore, please skip this guide if you want to use this mode.
Targeting file size means that you can control the exact output file size, but you need two passes for this. The encoder will analyze the whole file in the first pass, and record where the file needs more bits to a stats file. And then the encoder will actually encode it in the second pass. You can have an idea about what the final quality will be, but you cannot know what the exact quality will be. In this mode, you can calculate the bitrate to control the final file size.

## Using Bitrate Calculator

* On the main interface of MeGUI, load your AVS script now if you have not (by clicking the [...] button next to "Avisynth script").
* Open the Bitrate Calculator in tools. Once it opens, MeGUI should automatically fill in the information such as length and framerate.
* Fill in your audio information:
** If you have already encoded your audio, load it by clicking [...].
** If you have not encoded your audio, choose your desired audio codec and bitrate.
* (Optional) If you have extra streams wanted to add to calculation (e.g. subtitles and chapter files), add them by clicking "Add" on the right of "Audio & Extra".
* Choose the container that your final video file will be in under "Container".
* Click the drop down button on the right of "Total file size". Click "Select custom size".
* Type in the desired size of output file. Click "OK".
* Finally, click "Apply".

## Further Reading

* For the documentation of Bitrate Calculator, visit MeGUI/Bitrate Calculator.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Staraptor
## Description

A birdlike pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Normal Flying type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Staraptor: electric, ice, rock Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Staraptor: grass, bug Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Staraptor: ghost, ground
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Starly
## Description

A birdlike pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Normal Flying type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Starly: electric, ice, rock Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Starly: grass, bug Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Starly: ghost, ground
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Steenee
## Base Statistics

A grass type

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Steenee: fire, ice, poison, flying, bug Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Steenee: water, grass, electric, ground
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Staravia
## Description

A birdlike pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Normal Flying type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Staravia: electric, ice, rock Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Staravia: grass, bug Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Staravia: ghost, ground
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Stonjourner
## Description

A stone monument like Pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Rock type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Stonjourner: water, grass, fighting, ground, steel Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Stonjourner: normal, fire, poison, flying
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Stantler
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 234
* Johto Index: 129
* Hoenn Index: 369
* Stage: Basic
* Height: 1.4m/4'7"
* Weight: 71.2kg/157.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Intimidate
* Type: Normal
* Species: Big Horn
* Egg Group: Ground
* Hatch Steps: 5120
* Catch Rate: 45
* Base Experience: 165
* Max Experience: 1250000
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | 73 | 95 | 62 | 85 | 85 | 65 |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 73 | 95 | 62 | 85 | 85 | 65 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | 349 | 288 | 222 | 268 | 268 | 228 |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 350 | 317 | 245 | 295 | 295 | 251 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are good on Stantler: Fighting Move types which don't effect Stantler: Ghost
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Stantler.

## How to Evolve

Stantler evolves into Wyrdeer in the Hisui region, becoming a normal and psychic type.

## Moveset

| Level | Gold / Silver | Crystal | Ruby / Sapphire | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Tackle | Tackle | Tackle | Tackle |
| 7 | - | - | Leer | Leer |
| 8 | Leer | Leer | - | - |
| 11 | - | - | - | Astonish |
| 13 | - | - | Astonish | - |
| 15 | Hypnosis | Hypnosis | - | - |
| 17 | - | - | - | Hypnosis |
| 19 | - | - | Hypnosis | - |
| 21 | - | - | - | Stomp |
| 23 | Stomp | Stomp | - | - |
| 25 | - | - | Stomp | - |
| 27 | - | - | - | Sand-Attack |
| 31 | Sand-Attack | Sand-Attack | Sand-Attack | Role Play |
| 37 | - | - | Take Down | Take Down |
| 40 | Take Down | Take Down | - | - |
| 41 | - | - | - | Confuse Ray |
| 43 | - | - | Confuse Ray | - |
| 47 | - | - | - | Calm Mind |
| 49 | Confuse Ray | Confuse Ray | Calm Mind | - |

### TM/HM

* GS/C/RS/FL: Attract, Double Team, Earthquake, Flash, Frustration, Hidden Power, Protect, Psychic, Rain Dance, Rest, Return, Roar, Sunny Day, Thief, Toxic
* GS/C: Curse, Detect, Dream Eater, Endure, Headbutt, Mud-Slap, Nightmare, Psych Up, Sleep Talk, Snore Swagger, Swift
* RS/FL: Calm Mind, Facade, Iron Tail, Light Screen, Reflect, Secret Power, Shadow Ball, Shock Wave, Skill Swap, Solarbeam, Thunder, Thunderbolt

### Breeding

* GS/C/RS/FL: Bite, Disable, Spite
* GS/C: Light Screen, Relfect
* RS/FL: Extrasensory, Psych Up, Swagger

## Trading Cards

* Neo Genesis #76 - Stantler
* Neo Revelation #38 - Stantler
* Skyridge #102 - Stantler
* EX Unseen Forces #32 - Stantler