OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Electronics Fundamentals/Electromagnetic Devices/Transformer
## Transformer

A transformer is an electronic component that has the capability to increase, decrease or buffer voltage

## Construction

Transformer is constructed from two coils wounded on two sides of a square
    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {N_{2}}{N_{1}}}$

## Operation

From above,
    $V_{o}=V_{i}{\frac {N_{2}}{N_{1}}}$
Step Up Voltage
    $V_{o}>V_{i}$ when $N_{2}>N_{1}$
Step Down Voltage
    $V_{o}<V_{i}$ when $N_{2}<N_{1}$
Buffer
    $V_{o}=V_{i}$ when $N_{2}=N_{1}$

## Reference

* Transformer
# Electronics Fundamentals/Electronic Filter/Low Pass Filter
## RC Low Pass Filter
### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {\frac {1}{j\omega C}}{R+{\frac {1}{j\omega C}}}}={\frac {1}{1+j\omega T}}$
    $T=RC$
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {1}{RC}}$

## LR Low Pass Filter
### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {R}{R+j\omega L}}={\frac {1}{1+j\omega T}}$
    $T=RC$
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {1}{RC}}$

## Summary

Low Pass Filter has a stable voltage which does not change with frequency over a low range of frequency . Low Pass Filter can be constructed from RC, LR
# Electronics Fundamentals/Electronic Filter/Band Pass Filter
## LR + CR Band Pass Filter
### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}=({\frac {1}{1+j\omega {\frac {L}{R}}}})({\frac {j\omega RC}{1+j\omega RC}})$
Band Pass or band of frequencies that has a stable voltage over a band of frequencies
    ${\frac {R}{L}}-{\frac {1}{RC}}$
Provided that
    ${\frac {1}{RC}}>{\frac {R}{L}}$

## RC + RL Band Pass Filter
### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}=({\frac {1}{1+j\omega RC}})({\frac {j\omega {\frac {R}{L}}}{1+j\omega {\frac {R}{L}}}})$
Band Pass or band of frequencies that has a stable voltage
    ${\frac {1}{RC}}-{\frac {R}{L}}$
Provided that
    ${\frac {R}{L}}>{\frac {1}{RC}}$

## Summary

Band Pass Filter has stable voltage over a band of frequencies
    ${\frac {R}{L}}-{\frac {1}{RC}}$
    Provided that ${\frac {1}{RC}}>{\frac {R}{L}}$ for the LR + CR configuration
    ${\frac {1}{RC}}-{\frac {R}{L}}$
    Provided that . ${\frac {R}{L}}>{\frac {1}{RC}}$ for the CR + LR + configuration
# Electronics Fundamentals/Electronic Filter/High Pass Filter
## CR High Pass Filter
### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {R}{R+{\frac {1}{j\omega C}}}}={\frac {j\omega T}{1+j\omega T}}$
    $T=RC$
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {1}{RC}}$

## RL High Pass Filter
### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {R}{R+{\frac {1}{j\omega C}}}}={\frac {j\omega T}{1+j\omega T}}$
    $T={\frac {L}{R}}$
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {1}{RC}}$

## Summary

High Pass Filter has stable voltage which does not change with frequency over a range of high frequency . High Pass Filter can be constructed from CR or RL network
# Electronics Fundamentals/Electromagnetic Devices/Motor

A motor is a rotary mechanical device.
# Electronics Fundamentals/Electronic Converter
## AC - DC Converter

AC - DC Converter is an electronics device build from Transformer, Rectifier , Filter and Regulator that has the capability to convert alternating AC volatge into directing DC voltage

## Configuration
### Transformer

Transformer that takes 120 V 60 Hz AC voltage and steps it down to 12 V 60 Hz AC with turn ratio 1:10

### Rectifier

Rectifier consists of 4 diodes connected in bridge used to convert AC voltage into unidirectional AC voltage

### Filter

Large electrolytic capacitor is used to filter out ripple wave form

### Regulator

A regulator consists of a resistor and a zener diode to regulate output level at 12 V DC
# Electronics Fundamentals/Electronic Filter/Resonance Tuned Band Pass Filter
## Resonance Tuned Band Pass Filter
### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {R}{R+j\omega L+{\frac {1}{j\omega C}}}}$

## Summay

Resonance Tuned Band Pass Filter is an electronic device that has a stable voltage over a band of selected frequencies when operate in resonance
# Electronics Fundamentals/Electronic Filter/Resonance Tuned Band Rejected Filter
## Resonance Tuned Band Rejected Filter

Resonance Tuned Band Rejected Filter is an electronic device that has a unstable voltage over a band of selected frequencies when operate in resonance

### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {j\omega L+{\frac {1}{j\omega C}}}{R+j\omega L+{\frac {1}{j\omega C}}}}$

## Summary

Resonance Tuned Band Rejected Filter is an electronic device that has a unstable voltage over a band of selected frequencies when operate in resonance w1 - w2
# Engineering Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies
## Electro-acoustical Analogies
### Acoustical Mass

Consider a rigid tube-piston system as following figure.
Piston is moving back and forth sinusoidally with frequency of f. Assuming $f<<{\frac {c}{l\ or\ {\sqrt {S}}}}$ (where c is sound velocity $c={\sqrt {\gamma RT_{0}}}$), volume of fluid in tube is,
$\Pi _{v}=S\ l$
Then mass (mechanical mass) of fluid in tube is given as,
$M_{M}=\Pi _{v}\rho _{0}=\rho _{0}S\ l$
For sinusoidal motion of piston, fluid move as rigid body at same velocity as piston. Namely, every point in tube moves with the same velocity.
Applying the Newton's second law to the following free body diagram,
$SP'=(\rho _{0}Sl){\frac {du}{dt}}$
${\hat {P}}=\rho _{0}l(j\omega ){\hat {u}}=j\omega ({\frac {\rho _{0}l}{S}}){\hat {U}}$
Where, plug flow assumption is used.

#### Acoustical Impedance

Recalling mechanical impedance,
${\hat {Z}}_{M}={\frac {\hat {F}}{\hat {u}}}=j\omega (\rho _{0}Sl)$
acoustical impedance (often termed an acoustic ohm) is defined as,
${\hat {Z}}_{A}={\frac {\hat {P}}{\hat {U}}}={\frac {Z_{M}}{S^{2}}}=j\omega ({\frac {\rho _{0}l}{S}})\quad \left[{\frac {Ns}{m^{5}}}\right]$
where, acoustical mass is defined.
$M_{A}={\frac {\rho _{0}l}{S}}$

#### Acoustical Mobility

Acoustical mobility is defined as,
${\hat {\xi }}_{A}={\frac {1}{{\hat {Z}}_{A}}}={\frac {\hat {U}}{\hat {P}}}$

#### Acoustical Resistance

Acoustical resistance models loss due to viscous effects (friction) and flow resistance (represented by a screen).

### Acoustical Generators

The acoustical generator components are pressure, P and volume velocity, U, which are analogus to force, F and velocity, u of electro-mechanical analogy respectively. Namely, for impedance analog, pressure is analogous to voltage and volume velocity is analogus to current, and vice versa for mobility analog. These are arranged in the following table.
Impedance and Mobility analogs for acoustical generators of constant pressure and constant volume velocity are as follows:

### Acoustical Compliance

Consider a piston in an enclosure.
When the piston moves, it displaces the fluid inside the enclosure. Acoustic compliance is the measurement of how "easy" it is to displace the fluid.
Here the volume of the enclosure should be assumed to be small enough that the fluid pressure remains uniform.
Assume no heat exchange 1.adiabatic 2.gas compressed uniformly , p prime in cavity everywhere the same.
from thermo equitation File:Equ1.jpg it is easy to get the relation between disturbing pressure and displacement of the piston File:Equ3.gif where U is volume rate, P is pressure according to the definition of the impendance and mobility, we can getFile:Equ4.gif
Mobility Analog VS Impedance Analog

### Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies

Example 1: Helmholtz Resonator
Assumptions - (1) Completely sealed cavity with no leaks. (2) Cavity acts like a rigid body inducing no vibrations.
Solution:
Example 2: Combination of Side-Branch Cavities
Solution:
Back to Main page
# Engineering Acoustics/Detonations
## Detonation wave structure

Assuming a one dimensional steady flow, the Zel’dovich, von Neumann and Doring (ZND) model is an idealized representation of the detonation wave. The model essentially describes the detonation wave as a leading shock followed by chemical reactions. The leading shock adiabatically compresses the reactants, increasing the temperature, pressure and density across the shock. An induction zone is followed where the reactants are dissociated into radicals and free radicals are generated. The induction zone is thermally neutral in the sense that the thermodynamic properties remain relatively constant. When enough active free radicals are produced, a cascade of reactions occurs to convert the reactants into products. Chemical energy is released resulting in a rise in temperature and a drop in pressure and density. The decrease in pressure in the reaction zone is further decreased by expansion waves and creates a forward thrust that will support the leading shock front. In other words, the proposed propagation mechanism of a detonation wave is autoignition by the leading shock which is supported by the thrust provided by the expansion of the products.

## References

* Lee, J.H.S., The Detonation Phenomenon , Cambridge University Press, 2008
* Kuo, K.K., Principles of Combustion, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2005, 2nd ed.
* Fickett, W. and Davis, W.C., Detonation, University of California Press, 1979
# Example of Electro-Mechanical Analogies

Note: The crank indicates an ideal velocity generator, with an amplitude of $u_{0}$ rotating at $\omega$ rad/s.

# Mobility Analog Solution

Back to Main page
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map sьrbьskъjь

Semasiological map for *sьrbьskъjь
R. сербский • Blr. сэрбскі • Ukr. сербський • Pol. serbski • LSo. serbski • USo. serbski • Cz. srbský(1), lužickosrbský(2) • Slk. srbský(1), lužickosrbský(2) • Sln. srbski(1), lužiško-srbski(2) • Cr. srpski • Bo. srpski • Sb. српски • Bg. сръбски •
| *sьrbьskъjь | Meanings: ‘serbian’ ‘sorbian’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *sьrbьskъjь | Meanings | Meanings |
| *sьrbьskъjь | serbian | sorbian |
| R. сербский | + | |
| Blr. сэрбскі | + | |
| Ukr. сербський | + | |
| Pol. serbski | + | |
| LSo. serbski | | + |
| USo. serbski | | + |
| Cz. srbský(1), lužickosrbský(2) | + | + |
| Slk. srbský(1), lužickosrbský(2) | + | + |
| Sln. srbski(1), lužiško-srbski(2) | + | + |
| Cr. srpski | + | |
| Bo. srpski | + | |
| Sb. српски | + | |
| Bg. сръбски | + | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map trudn

Semasiological map for *trudьnъ
R. трудный • Blr. Ø • Ukr. трудний • Pol. trudny • Ka. trudni • Cz. Ø • Slk. trudný • Sln. truden • Cr. trudan • Bo. trudan • Sb. трудан • Bg. труден •
| *trudьnъ | Meanings: ‘hard’ ‘tired’ ‘pregnant’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *trudьnъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *trudьnъ | hard | tired | pregnant |
| R. трудный | + | | |
| Blr. Ø | | | |
| Ukr. трудний | + | | |
| Pol. trudny | + | | |
| Ka. trudni | + | | |
| Cz. Ø | | | |
| Slk. trudný | + | | |
| Sln. truden | | + | |
| Cr. trudan | | + | + |
| Bo. trudan | | + | + |
| Sb. трудан | | + | + |
| Bg. труден | + | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map tykva

Semasiological map for tykva
R. тыква • Blr. Ø • Ukr. Ø • Pol. tykwa • Cz. tykev • Slk. tekvica • Sln. tikva • Cr. tikva • Bo. tikva • Sb. тиква • Mk. тиква • Bg. тиква •
| tykva | Meanings: ‘pumpkin’ ‘sweet melon’ ‘Lagenaria’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| tykva | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| tykva | pumpkin | sweet melon | Lagenaria |
| R. тыква | + | | |
| Blr. Ø | | | |
| Ukr. Ø | | | |
| Pol. tykwa | | | + |
| Cz. tykev | + | | |
| Slk. tekvica | + | | |
| Sln. tikva | | | |
| Cr. tikva | + | | |
| Bo. tikva | + | | |
| Sb. тиква | + | | |
| Mk. тиква | + | | |
| Bg. тиква | + | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map sutra

Semasiological map for *sъ utra
R. с утра • Blr. Ø • Ukr. Ø • Pol. Ø • Ka. Ø • Cz. zítra • Sln. zjutraj • Cr. sutra • Bo. sutra • Sb. сутра • Bg. сутрин, с утро •
| *sъ utra | Meanings: ‘tomorrow’ ‘in the morning’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *sъ utra | Meanings | Meanings |
| *sъ utra | tomorrow | in the morning |
| R. с утра | | + |
| Blr. Ø | | |
| Ukr. Ø | | |
| Pol. Ø | | |
| Ka. Ø | | |
| Cz. zítra | + | |
| Sln. zjutraj | | + |
| Cr. sutra | + | |
| Bo. sutra | + | |
| Sb. сутра | + | |
| Bg. сутрин, с утро | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map svět

Semasiological map for svět
R. свет • Blr. свет • Ukr. світ • Pol. świat • Ka. swiat • Cz. svět • Slk. svet • Sln. svet • Cr. svijet • Bo. svijet • Sb. свет • Mk. свет • Bg. свят (1,4), светлина(2) •
| svět | Meanings: ‘world’ ‘light’ ‘very far/long’ ‘holy’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| svět | Meanings |
| svět | world | light | very far/long | holy |
| R. свет | + | + | | |
| Blr. свет | + | | | |
| Ukr. світ | + | | | |
| Pol. świat | + | | + | |
| Ka. swiat | + | | | |
| Cz. svět | + | | | |
| Slk. svet | + | | | |
| Sln. svet | + | | | + |
| Cr. svijet | + | | | |
| Bo. svijet | + | | | |
| Sb. свет | + | | | + |
| Mk. свет | + | | | + |
| Bg. свят (1,4), светлина(2) | + | + | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map sьrbъ

Semasiological map for *sьrbъ
R. серб • Ukr. серб • Pol. Serb(1), Serb łużycki(2) • LSo. Serb • USo. Serb • Cz. Srb(1), Lužický Srb(2) • Slk. Srb(1), Lužický Srb(2) • Sln. Srb(1), Lužiški Srb(2) • Cr. Srbin • Bo. Srbin • Sb. Србин • Bg. сърбин(1), лужишки сърбин(2) •
| *sьrbъ | Meanings: ‘Serbian’ ‘Sorbian’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *sьrbъ | Meanings | Meanings |
| *sьrbъ | Serbian | Sorbian |
| R. серб | + | |
| Ukr. серб | + | |
| Pol. Serb(1), Serb łużycki(2) | + | + |
| LSo. Serb | + | + |
| USo. Serb | + | + |
| Cz. Srb(1), Lužický Srb(2) | + | + |
| Slk. Srb(1), Lužický Srb(2) | + | + |
| Sln. Srb(1), Lužiški Srb(2) | + | + |
| Cr. Srbin | + | |
| Bo. Srbin | + | |
| Sb. Србин | + | |
| Bg. сърбин(1), лужишки сърбин(2) | + | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map travn

Semasiological map for *travьnь
R. Ø • Blr. травень • Ukr. травень • Pol. Ø • Ka. Ø • Cz. Ø • Slk. Ø • Sln. traven (mali, veliki) • Cr. travanj • Bo. Ø • Sb. Ø • Mk. тревен • Bg. тревен •
| *travьnь | Meanings: ‘April’ ‘May’ ‘made of grass’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *travьnь | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *travьnь | April | May | made of grass |
| R. Ø | | | |
| Blr. травень | | + | |
| Ukr. травень | | + | |
| Pol. Ø | | | |
| Ka. Ø | | | |
| Cz. Ø | | | |
| Slk. Ø | | | |
| Sln. traven (mali, veliki) | + | + | |
| Cr. travanj | + | | |
| Bo. Ø | | | |
| Sb. Ø | | | |
| Mk. тревен | | | + |
| Bg. тревен | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map tǫča

Semasiological map for tǫča
R. туча • Blr. Ø • Ukr. туча • Pol. tęcza • Ka. tãga • LSo. tyca • USo. tučel • Sln. toča • Cr. tuča • Bo. tuča • Mk. Ø • Bg. тучен (adjective) •
| tǫča | Meanings: ‘rainy cloud’ ‘hail’ ‘rainbow’ ‘luxuriant, fertile’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| tǫča | Meanings |
| tǫča | rainy cloud | hail | rainbow | luxuriant, fertile |
| R. туча | + | | | |
| Blr. Ø | | | | |
| Ukr. туча | + | | | |
| Pol. tęcza | | | + | |
| Ka. tãga | | | + | |
| LSo. tyca | | | + | |
| USo. tučel | | | + | |
| Sln. toča | | + | | |
| Cr. tuča | | + | | |
| Bo. tuča | | + | | |
| Mk. Ø | | | | |
| Bg. тучен (adjective) | | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map trup

Semasiological map for *trou̯pъ
R. труп • Blr. труп • Ukr. труп • Pol. trup • Ka. trup • LSo. tšup • USo. trup • Cz. trup • Slk. trup • Sln. trup • Cr. trup • Bo. trup • Sb. труп • Bg. труп •
| *trou̯pъ | Meanings: ‘trunk, body’ ‘trunk (of a tree)’ ‘carcass (of an animal)’ ‘dead body’ ‘scab’ ‘hull (of a ship, plane)’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *trou̯pъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *trou̯pъ | trunk, body | trunk (of a tree) | carcass (of an animal) | dead body | scab | hull (of a ship, plane) |
| R. труп | | | + | + | | |
| Blr. труп | | | | + | | |
| Ukr. труп | | | | + | | |
| Pol. trup | | | | + | | |
| Ka. trup | | | | + | | |
| LSo. tšup | | | | | + | |
| USo. trup | | | | | + | |
| Cz. trup | + | | | | | + |
| Slk. trup | + | | | | | + |
| Sln. trup | + | | | | | + |
| Cr. trup | + | + | + | | | + |
| Bo. trup | + | + | + | | | + |
| Sb. труп | + | + | + | | | + |
| Bg. труп | + | + | + | + | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map utro

Semasiological map for *utro
R. утро • Blr. Ø • Ukr. Ø • Pol. jutro • Ka. witre • LSo. jutšo • USo. jutře • Cz. zítra(1), jitro(2,4) • Slk. zajtra(1), jutro(4) • Sln. jutri(1), jutro(2) • Cr. jutro • Bo. jutro • Sb. јутро • Bg. утре(1), утро(2) •
| *utro | Meanings: ‘tomorrow(1)’ ‘morning(2)’ ‘east’ ‘acre’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *utro | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *utro | tomorrow(1) | morning(2) | east | acre |
| R. утро | | + | | |
| Blr. Ø | | | | |
| Ukr. Ø | | | | |
| Pol. jutro | + | | | |
| Ka. witre | + | | | |
| LSo. jutšo | | + | + | + |
| USo. jutře | + | | | |
| Cz. zítra(1), jitro(2,4) | + | + | | + |
| Slk. zajtra(1), jutro(4) | + | | | + |
| Sln. jutri(1), jutro(2) | + | + | | + |
| Cr. jutro | | + | | + |
| Bo. jutro | | + | | + |
| Sb. јутро | | + | | + |
| Bg. утре(1), утро(2) | + | + | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# Electricity and magnetism

This short treatise explains to beginners the fundamental laws of electromagnetism: Coulomb's law and Maxwell's equations. The only prerequisite is to know a little differential and integral calculus. If you already know that $\int _{0}^{y}x$ $dx={\frac {1}{2}}y^{2}$, you have a sufficient mathematical level to understand all the calculations of this book, including the proof that E = m c².
Electrostatics
Electrodynamics
Magnetism
Maxwell's equations
Light
E = m c²

## Thanks

Thanks to everyone who made and donated the images and animations for this book, and especially to MikeRun.

## See also

* Foundations of dynamics
* Visual physics and mathematics
* Quantum theory of observation
# FOSS Open Standards/About APDIP

The Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (APDIP) is an initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that aims to promote the development and application of information and communication technologies for sustainable human development in the Asia-Pacific region. APDIP aims to meet its goals by focusing on three inter-related core areas: (i) policy development and dialogue; (ii) access; and (iii) content development and knowledge management.
APDIP collaborates with national governments, regional, international and multi-lateral development organizations, UN agencies, educational and research organizations, civil society groups, and the private sector in integrating ICTs in the development process. It does so by employing a dynamic mix of strategies - awareness raising, capacity building, technical assistance and advice, research and development, knowledge sharing and partnership building.
http://www.apdip.net
# FOSS Open Content/Open Content and the New Knowledge Paradigm

The Open Content model essentially creates the context through which people can reflect on the process of the generation of knowledge and culture, and the values of openness and sharing. It does this by creating:
* New Contexts of Knowledge Creation
* New ways of creating and sharing knowledge; and
* New understandings of knowledge creation

## New Contexts of Knowledge Creation

By looking at the importance of collaborative models of knowledge production and sharing, Open Content initiatives establish a new context through which people can engage in the process of creating knowledge. This model has a number of advantages, for instance, in the context of development information. A new initiative of the UNDP, the Solution Exchange Network, for instance, relies on the harnessing of the collective expertise of various communities working within the development sector, and enables them to pool their resources to create a common knowledge bank.

## New Ways of Creating and Sharing Knowledge

Collaborative tools like wikis are increasingly becoming popular as new ways through which people can contribute to the process of knowledge creation. They recognize that the process of knowledge creation is based on incremental contributions; indeed, at the end of a project, it can be surprising how every small contribution finally adds up to a much wider base of knowledge. It also enables the emergence of "peer production" systems, which are characterized as production systems that depend on individual action that is self - selected and decentralized rather than hierarchically assigned. Even very mainstream websites like Amazon have come to understand the value of this process of knowledge creation - the success of their peer - reviewed books and comments is a testimony to this, even though it is not an Open Content project.

## New Understandings of Knowledge Creation

Once we move away from a possessive approach to knowledge, we begin to understand the virtues of collaborative processes. Similar to the world of software, Open Content projects cultivate a certain modesty in relation to the knowledge created; therefore, we begin to see how our base material is actually improved upon by people using and contributing to it. This is equally applicable to the ways in which large, complex projects can be achieved through distributed peer production. An instance of this is the NASA Clickworkers Project to mark craters on Mars, which was "an experiment to see if public volunteers, each working for a few minutes here and there can do some routine science analysis that would normally be done by a scientist or graduate student working for months on end." In its first six months of operation, more than 85,000 users visited the site, with many contributing to the effort, making more than 1.9 million entries. An analysis of the quality of entries showed "that the automatically computed consensus of a large number of clickworkers is virtually indistinguishable from the inputs of a geologist with years of experience in identifying Mars craters."
# FOSS Open Standards
## Table of Contents

* Foreword
* Preface
* List of Acronyms
* Introduction
* Importance and Benefits of Open Standards
* Standard-Setting and Open Standards
* Some Important Open Standards
* Comparison of File Formats
* Standards and Internationalization/Localization of Software
* Patents in Standards
* The Linux Standard Base
* Government/National Open Standards Policies and Initiatives
* Conclusion
* Annexure: Comments on RAND, as seen from both sides
* Glossary
* About the Author
* Acknowledgements
* About APDIP
* About IOSN

## Information

This book is donated by the International Open Source Network and UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) to the community. The original publication by:
Author: Nah Soo Hoe (Foreword by Peter J. Quinn) © UNDP-APDIP, Elsevier, 2006, 62 pages ISBN 978-81-312-0538-9 ISBN 81-312-0538-X
is located at http://www.iosn.net/open-standards/foss-open-standards-primer/foss-openstds-withcover.pdf
This wikibook is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution License 2.5