OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Bestiality
## Legislation

   Bestiality 160. (1) Every person who commits bestiality is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   Compelling the commission of bestiality (2) Every person who compels another to commit bestiality is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   Bestiality in presence of or by child (3) Despite subsection (1), every person who commits bestiality in the presence of a person under the age of 16 years, or who incites a person under the age of 16 years to commit bestiality,
       (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year; or
       (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of six months.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 160; R.S., 1985, c. 19 (3rd Supp.), s. 3; 2008, c. 6, s. 54; 2012, c. 1, s. 15.
   – CCC

## Application

    For general principles on sentence for sexual offences, see Sexual Offences

### Factors
## Ancillary Orders
## Ranges

* R. v. L.M.R., 2010 ABCA 286 (CanLII) - 1 year - a very young child who had her vagina licked by a dog
* R. v. Black, 2007 SKPC 46 (CanLII), 296 Sask.R. 289 - 1 year - also sentenced for child sex offences and making CP for a total of 4 years. Offender recorded a woman having her genitals licked by a dog and stimulated the dog. He had limited cognitive ability and had paedophilic character.
* R. v. J.J.B.B. 2007 BCPC 426 - 15 months - Over a period of time, the offender sexually abused his niece aged 3 to 5. At three different times he recorded two dogs licking her genitals.
* R. v. Gibbon, 2005 BCSC 935 -- 2 years -- also sentenced for possession and distribution of child porn (2 years), and sexual assault -- found to be a Dangerous Offender
* R. v. Pye, 2005 BCPC 355 (CanLII) - 2 years - offender had sex with dog in public

## History

On August 9, 2012, section 160(3) was amended to increase the penalties from a hybrid offence with no minimums to a hybrid offence with minimums of 6 months on summary conviction and 1 year on indictable election. The maximum on the summary election was increased to 2 years less a day.
# Break and Enter
## Legislation

   348. (1) Every one who
       (a) breaks and enters a place with intent to commit an indictable offence therein,
       (b) breaks and enters a place and commits an indictable offence therein, or
       (c) breaks out of a place after
          (i) committing an indictable offence therein, or
          (ii) entering the place with intent to commit an indictable offence therein,
   is guilty
       (d) if the offence is committed in relation to a dwelling-house, of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life, and
       (e) if the offence is committed in relation to a place other than a dwelling-house, of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   ... Aggravating circumstance — home invasion 348.1 If a person is convicted of an offence under section 98 or 98.1, subsection 279(2) or section 343, 346 or 348 in relation to a dwelling-house, the court imposing the sentence on the person shall consider as an aggravating circumstance the fact that the dwelling-house was occupied at the time of the commission of the offence and that the person, in committing the offence,
       (a) knew that or was reckless as to whether the dwelling-house was occupied; and
       (b) used violence or threats of violence to a person or property.
   – CCC

## Application

A first-time offender of good character who is charged with Break and Enter and where the offence is of a low-end nature (e.g. single incident, low value of property, property recovered), a suspended sentence may be appropriate. If, however, there are multiple incidents, a custodial sentence is the usual punishment.
Aggravating
* whether it was a private dwelling rather than a commercial building;
* extent of planning and sophistication
* the building was occupied at the time;
* the offender was aware or reckless to whether it was occupied;
* used violence or threats of violence to a person or property
* damage to property
The maximum penalty for Break and Enter on a dwelling house is life. The maximum penalty for Break and Enter on a premises other than a dwelling house is 10 year on indictable election and 6 months on summary election.
Certain provinces have set a benchmark for residential B&E's at 3 years.
* ↑ R. v. Davenport [1977], 1 W.C.B. 176 (Ont.C.A.)
* ↑ Fry, [1981] O.J. No. 140 (C.A.) -- 9 months concurrent
* ↑ R. v. McAllister, 2008 NSCA 103

### Home Invasion

In Newfoundland, courts have suggested that a range of break and enter into dwellings is between 12 and 36 months.
* ↑ R. v. Walbourne, [2012] N.J. No. 171 (P.C.), per Judge Orr

## Ancillary Orders

* Discretionary DNA order (Secondary designated offence)

# See Also

* Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Forceable Entry
* Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offence/Unlawfully in a Dwelling
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Bribery
## Legislation

   Bribery of judicial officers, etc. 119. (1) Every one is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years who
       (a) being the holder of a judicial office, or being a member of Parliament or of the legislature of a province, directly or indirectly, corruptly accepts, obtains, agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, for themselves or another person, any money, valuable consideration, office, place or employment in respect of anything done or omitted or to be done or omitted by them in their official capacity, or
       (b) directly or indirectly, corruptly gives or offers to a person mentioned in paragraph (a), or to anyone for the benefit of that person, any money, valuable consideration, office, place or employment in respect of anything done or omitted or to be done or omitted by that person in their official capacity.
   Consent of Attorney General (2) No proceedings against a person who holds a judicial office shall be instituted under this section without the consent in writing of the Attorney General of Canada.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 119; 2007, c. 13, s. 3.
   Bribery of officers 120. Every one is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years who
       (a) being a justice, police commissioner, peace officer, public officer or officer of a juvenile court, or being employed in the administration of criminal law, directly or indirectly, corruptly accepts, obtains, agrees to accept or attempts to obtain, for themselves or another person, any money, valuable consideration, office, place or employment with intent
          (i) to interfere with the administration of justice,
          (ii) to procure or facilitate the commission of an offence, or
          (iii) to protect from detection or punishment a person who has committed or who intends to commit an offence; or
       (b) directly or indirectly, corruptly gives or offers to a person mentioned in paragraph (a), or to anyone for the benefit of that person, any money, valuable consideration, office, place or employment with intent that the person should do anything mentioned in subparagraph (a)(i), (ii) or (iii).
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 120; 2007, c. 13, s. 4.
   – CCC
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Assault Peace Officer
## Legislation

   Punishment s.270 (2) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of
       (a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years; or
       (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   ... 718.02 When a court imposes a sentence for an offence under subsection 270(1), section 270.01 or 270.02 or paragraph 423.1(1)(b), the court shall give primary consideration to the objectives of denunciation and deterrence of the conduct that forms the basis of the offence.
   – CCC

## Application

    For details on general principles and factors of assault-based offences, see Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Assaultive Offences

### Principles

All offences involving assaults of peace officers is serious and so court must emphasize denunciation.
Spitting has been considered a serious offence. It is repulsive and disgusting.
Spitting can be harmful presents a risk of transferring diseases. This could result in permanent infections or at a minimum weigh on the officer's mind for some time.
* ↑ R. v. Beaudin, 2012 ONCA 615 (CanLII) at para. 1
* ↑ R v Solomon, [2001] OJ No 5733 (CJ) at 2
* ↑ R v Solomon, at para 2 R v Joseph [2001] OJ No 5726 at para 3 R. v. Charlette, 2010 SKCA 78 (CanLII) at para. 9 - offender spat twice in officer's face and once on clothing ("The possibility of contracting a disease is real, and the fear of developing a disease preys on the victim’s mind for some time to come.") R. v. Ryan, [2001] O.J. No. 5069 (C.J.) at 4 R v Ratt, 2012 SKPC 154 (CanLII) - herpes can spread by spitting including in the eye

### Factors

Primary Factors
* spitting: degree of risk of communicating diseases
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Breach of Trust
## Legislation

   Criminal breach of trust 336. Every one who, being a trustee of anything for the use or benefit, whether in whole or in part, of another person, or for a public or charitable purpose, converts, with intent to defraud and in contravention of his trust, that thing or any part of it to a use that is not authorized by the trust is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
   R.S., c. C-34, s. 296.
   – CCC
# Cross-Platform Game Programming with gameplay3d/Audio
## Overview

Gameplay3d supports 3D audio (using OpenAL, the specification for which can be found here). The basic principles behind using sound in gameplay3d are as follows:
* Your game can have one or more AudioSource(s), which can, if desired, be attached to a Node and positioned in 3D space;
* Non-positional audio, such as music, is achieved by creating and playing an AudioSource which is not attached to a Node; and
* Your game has one AudioListener which receives the sound from the AudioSources. By default, the AudioListener is bound to the active camera of the scene, but can be attached to another camera or positioned manually if desired.

## Supported audio formats

Gameplay3d currently supports the following formats:
* .ogg vorbis audio, which is a free and open-source compressed audio format specification; and
* .wav files, whichis a Microsoft and IBM uncompressed audio format.
Using .ogg files is recommended for release versions of your game, as they are compressed and therefore use less memory.

## Creating an AudioSource

AudioSources can be created from an audio sample file as follows:
AudioSources can also be created and configured from a .audio file - see below for further details.

## Positioning the AudioSource

An AudioSource can be bound to a Node in your scene using Node::setAudioSource. The position of the audio source is automatically updated when the node is transformed.
For example, we could use the following example to position an AudioSource emitting a bird sound:

## Playing and controlling the AudioSource

To play an audio source:
Other member functions controlling playback are pause, resume, stop and rewind.
We can configure the sound as follows:

## Positioning the AudioListener manually

The AudioListener can be positioned manually (in this case at the scene's origin) as follows:
The AudioListener can be attached to a specific camera (e.g where multiple viewpoints are onscreen simultaneously) as follows:

## .audio files

The following example illustrates how to set all of the AudioSource properties using a .audio file.
Add the following in your .cpp file:
Add the following in your game.audio file:
# Croatian/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Croatian
# Cross-Platform Game Programming with gameplay3d/Links to other useful resources
## gameplay3d

The official gameplay3d website (which has links to a wiki, API reference, forums and the github repository) can be found at:
* http://www.gameplay3d.org/
For a very useful talk by the creators of gameplay3d, which covers many of gameplay3d's architectural design choices, go to:
* http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1018088/Developing-Cross-Platform-Mobile-Games

## 3D graphics

Udacity has an excellent course on "Interactive 3D Graphics" at:
* https://www.udacity.com/course/cs291

## OpenGL/GLSL

For an introduction to modern (i.e. shader-based rather than fixed-pipeline) OpenGL, try:
* SIGGRAPH University : "An Introduction to OpenGL Programming"
* Learning Modern 3D Graphics Programming
* Tutorials for modern OpenGL (3.3+)
* http://open.gl/
You can experiment with GLSL fragment shaders (and learn a few tricks from the experts) at:
* https://www.shadertoy.com/
* https://glsl.heroku.com/
Do note, however, that many of the techniques used in these shaders are too computationally expensive for real-time use in games. Nevertheless, they can be useful for getting to grips with the GLSL language.

## C++

A thorough and easy-to-follow C++ tutorial can be found at:
* http://www.learncpp.com/

## Lua

The "Getting Started" page on the official Lua website can be found at:
* http://www.lua.org/start.html
For a very brief introduction, try:
* http://tylerneylon.com/a/learn-lua/

## 3D models

* http://archive3d.net - 15,000+ free models from archive 3d
* http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/ - Google's 3d warehouse repository
* https://www.yobi3d.com - 3D model search engine with previews in 3D
* http://free3dbase.com/ - furniture models without registering
* http://artist-3d.com/ - wide variety of free models
* http://nasa3d.arc.nasa.gov/ - all kinds of free models from the space program
* http://www.3dm3.com/modelsbank/ - around 300 free models
# Cross-Platform Game Programming with gameplay3d

Gameplay3d is a free and open-source C++/Lua programming framework which makes programming cross-platform games easier by handling many of the tasks which are common to all games, as well as providing a powerful library of classes. It supports both 3D and 2D and can be used to make games on the following platforms:
* Microsoft Windows
* Apple MacOS X
* Linux
* Apple iOS
* Google Android
* BlackBerry
This guide will begin by introducing you to gameplay3d, before delving more deeply into its many features. Clear step-by-step examples will be provided, along with code samples which can be tailored towards your own projects.
Visit the official gameplay3d website at http://www.gameplay3d.org/

## Table of contents

* Getting Started
* An Overview of the Game Class
* gameplay3d Design Concepts
* Creating a Scene
* Getting Some Input
* More about Materials
* Physics
* Animation
* Audio
* Text and Fonts
* Particles
* Creating User Interfaces
* Scripting with Lua
* Working with 2D
* Tips for optimizing performance
* Links to other useful resources
# ERP Internals/Glossary/EBIT

Earnings before interest and taxes. See also EBITDA.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Economic Order Quantity

Based on the cost of the goods and the cost of storage, an optimum order quantity can be calculated. I'll add the formula later.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Employee

A person who works for the enterprise and is paid a salary.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Employment Insurance

A government plan to provide support during periods of unemployment. It is partially funded by employees and employers.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Equity

The difference between the enterprise's assets and liabilities, the value of the enterprise. See also Asset and Liability.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Electronic Data Interchange

A method in which data such as invoices, purchase order, and order acknowledgements can be exchanged between companies electronically. This is being replaced by XML.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Estimate

A document presented to a potential customer that provides prices but does not guarantee them. Contrast with Quotation.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/EBITDA

Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Enterprise

An enterprise is a group of people organized for some long-term (i.e. multi-year) purpose. Most, but not all, enterprises are for-profit businesses.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Enterprise Resource Planning

An Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) package is a computer software package that integrates all departments and functions within an enterprise into a single, integrated system that maintains a single, integrated set of data. Any transaction entered in one area causes an immediate update in related areas. An ERP enables departments to share information and communicate with each other much better and more quickly using one consistent set of numbers available to all users.
# Economic Sophisms/74

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"But this question, which is one of the greatest interest and importance, will be examined in another place. I return to the subject of nominal price; and I maintain that it is not one of those absurdities which can be rendered specious by such reasonings as those of M. de Dombasle.
Put the case of a nation which is isolated, and possesses a given amount of specie, and which chooses to amuse itself by burning each year one half of all the commodities that it possesses. I undertake to prove that, according to the theory of M. de Dombasle, it will not be less rich.
In fact, in consequence of the fire, all things will be doubled in price, and the inventories of property, made before and after the destruction, will show exactly the same nominal value. But then what will the country in question have lost? If John buys his cloth dearer, he also sells his corn at a higher price; and if Peter loses on his purchase of corn, he retrieves his losses by the sale of his cloth. "Each recovers, in the extra price of his products, the extra expense of living he has been put to; and if everybody pays as a consumer, everybody receives a corresponding amount as a producer."
All this is a jingling quibble, and not science. The truth, in plain terms, is this: that men consume cloth and corn by fire or by using them, and that the effect is the same as regards price, but not as regards wealth, for it is precisely in the use of commodities that wealth or material prosperity consists.
In the same way, restriction, while diminishing the abundance of things, may raise their price to such an extent that each party shall be, pecuniarily speaking, as rich as before. But to set down in an inventory three measures of corn at 20s., or four measures at 15s., because the result is still sixty shillings,—would this, I ask, come to the same thing with reference to the satisfaction of men's wants?
It is to this, the consumer's point of view, that I shall never cease to recall the protectionists, for this is the end and design of all our efforts, and the solution of all problems. I shall
* ↑ See post, ch. v., second series.—TRANSLATOR.
* ↑ To this view of the subject the author frequently reverts. It was, in his eyes, all important; and, four days before his death, he dictated this recommendation:—"Tell M. de F. to treat economical questions always
# Economic Sophisms/75

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"never cease to say to them: Is it, or is it not, true that restriction, by impeding exchanges, by limiting the division of labour, by forcing labour to connect itself with difficulties of climate and situation, diminishes ultimately the quantity of commodities produced by a determinate amount of efforts? And what does this signify, it will be said, if the smaller quantity produced under the régime of protection has the same nominal value as that produced under the régime of liberty? The answer is obvious. Man does not live upon nominal values, but upon real products, and the more products there are, whatever be their price, the richer he is.
In writing what precedes, I never expected to meet with an anti-economist who was enough of a logician to admit, in so many words, that the wealth of nations depends on the value of things, apart from the consideration of their abundance. But here is what I find in the work of M. de Saint-Chamans (p. 210):—
"If fifteen millions' worth of commodities, sold to foreigners, are taken from the total production, estimated at fifty millions, the thirty-five millions' worth of commodities remaining, not being sufficient to meet the ordinary demand, will increase in price, and rise to the value of fifty millions. In that case the revenue of the country will represent a value of fifteen millions additional.… There would then be an increase of the wealth of the country to the extent of fifteen millions, exactly the amount of specie imported."
This is a pleasant view of the matter! If a nation produces in one year, from its agriculture and commerce, a value of fifty millions, it has only to sell a quarter of it to the foreigner to be a quarter richer! Then if it sells the half, it will be one-half richer! And if it should sell the whole, to its last tuft of wool and its last grain of wheat, it would bring up its revenue to 100 millions. Singular way of getting rich, by producing infinite dearness by absolute scarcity!
Again, would you judge of the two doctrines? Submit them to the test of exaggeration.
According to the doctrine of M. de Saint-Chamans, the French would be quite as rich—that is to say, quite as well supplied with all things—had they only a thousandth part of their annual products, because they would be worth a thousand times more.
According to our doctrine, the French would be infinitely rich if their annual products were infinitely abundant, and, consequently, without any value at all.
* ↑ See post, ch. v. of second series of Sophismes; and ch. vi. of Harmonies Économiques.
* ↑ from the consumer's point of view, for the interest of the consumer is identical with that of the human race."—EDITOR.