OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Georgia Water/Laws/Natural Areas Act

Georgia Natural Areas Act, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-3-90

## General Description

The Georgia Natural Areas Act (1996) authorizes the Department of Natural Resources to identify areas in the State of Georgia which are of unusual ecological significance, and to secure the preservation of such areas in an undisturbed natural state. The purpose for such acquisition is to allow scientific study of the property, to educate, to "serve as examples of nature to the general public," and to "enrich the quality of our environment for present and future generations."

## "Natural Area", defined

As defined by the Act, “natural areas” are tracts ofland in their natural state that are to be set aside and permanently protected or managed for the purpose of preserving natural plant or animal communities, rare or valuable members of such communities, or any other natural features of significant scientific, educational, geologic, ecological, or scenic value.

## Administration

Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division

## References

* O.C.G.A. §§ 12-3-90
# Georgia Water/Laws/Land Conservation Act

Georgia Land Conservation Act, O.C.G.A. § 36-22-1

## Summary of the Act

“Passed by the Georgia legislature in 2005, this law promotes land conservation by providing funds to state and local governments and encouraging partnerships with the private sector. The law also establishes the Georgia Land Conservation Revolving Loan Fund that will be managed by the Georgia Environmental Facility Authority (GEFA), which will provide a variety of funding options by which conservation easements or fee simple interest can be purchased. Operations of the fund and the authority are overseen by the Georgia Land Conservation Council, which is responsible for reviewing all project proposals and making recommendations for the distribution of funds. The act directs Georgia DNR to establish a land conservation program consistent with these purposes, to work with local governments to identify and review land conservation projects, and to maintain a geographic information system designed to serve as a comprehensive database of land protection activities. It also directs the Department to work with the Georgia Forestry Commission, State Soil and Water Conservation Commission, University System of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service and others to provide information and technical support to facilitate land conservation projects. Nongovernmental organizations are also encouraged to provide education to public and private sectors and to partner with counties, cities, and the Department on land conservation projects.” Department of Natural Resources, Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy, Appendix G

## References

* O.C.G.A. § 36-22-1
* Department of Natural Resources, Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy, Appendix G
# Georgia Water/Laws/Local Government Public Works Construction Law

Georgia Local Government Public Works Construction Law, O.C.G.A. § 36-91-1
This Chapter sets forth the law for when private construction companies bid on public works projects. The state or local government is required to publicly advertise the contract opportunity before awarding a contract. All contracts must be in writing and must be available for public inspection.

## References

* O.C.G.A. § 36-91-1
# Georgia Water/Laws/Migratory Bird Treaty Act

U.S. Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)

## General Description

This Act implements the treaties that the U.S. signed with Great Britain (on behalf of Canada) in 1916, Mexico in 1936, Japan in 1972, and the Soviet Union in 1976. The act functions to protect birds that migrate across national borders by prohibiting the taking, possessing, importing/exporting, selling, and transporting of any listed migratory bird, its parts, nest, or eggs without a permit All North American diurnal birds of prey, except bald and golden eagles, are listed as migratory birds under this Act.

## Full Text

The full text of the statute may be found at http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusmba.htm
# Georgia Water/Laws/Mountain and River Corridor Protection Act

Georgia Mountain and River Corridor Protection Act, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-2-8

## General Description

This Act authorizes the Department of Natural Resources to develop minimum standards for the protection of river corridors (and mountains, watersheds, and wetlands) that can be adopted by local governments.

## Administration

The Act is administered by the Environmental Protection Division of the Department of Natural Resources.

## Applicability

All rivers in Georgia with an average annual flow of 400 cubic feet per second are covered by the Act, except those within the jurisdiction of the Coastal Marshlands Protection Act.

## Various Provisions

Some of the major provisions of the Act include:
* Requirements for a 100-foot vegetative buffer on both sides of rivers
* Consistency with the Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act
Local governments must identify river corridors in land-use plans developed under their respective comprehensive planning acts.

## References

* O.C.G.A. §§ 12-2-8
# Georgia Water/Laws/National Environmental Policy Act

U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (1969)

## General Description

NEPA is an environmental statute that emphasizes information rather than regulation. NEPA requires the publication of information about the environmental effects and alternatives to potential actions of the federal government. NEPA does not dictate environmental standards or controls.

## Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

This is the primary document generated under NEPA. Federal agencies must make a threshold finding of whether the EIS must be prepared, determine the scope and adequacy of the EIS, and then make a summary of existing credible scientific evidence relating to potential environmental impacts of a given project.

## Judicial Review

A court may not substitute its own judgment for that of the agency, but it must determine that the agency did, in fact, actually consider the environmental issues and make full consideration of all relevant factors.
# Georgia Water/Laws/National Invasive Species Act

U.S. National Invasive Species Act (1996)

## General Description

The National Invasive Species Act (NISA) was passed in 1996 amending the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990. The 1990 Act established the Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS) Task Force to direct ANS activities annually. The Task Force is co-chaired by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Other members include the National Marine Fisheries Service, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. State Department, and the Army Corps of Engineers.

## Purpose and Findings

Nonindigenous invasive species have become established throughout the waters of the U.S. and are causing economic and ecological degradation to the affected near shore regions. Zebra mussels are present in the Great Lakes and inland waters including the Mississippi drainage, Arkansas River, Hudson River, and Lake Champlain. Other exotic species infestations, such as the mitten crab, brown mussel, ruffe, Eurasian watermilfoil, and hydrilla, occur throughout waters of the U.S. If preventive measures are not taken nationwide, introduction and spread of aquatic nuisance species will continue in marine and fresh waters of the U.S.

## Expansion of ANS

NISA furthered ANS activities by calling for ballast water regulations, the development of State management plans and regional panels to combat the spread of aquatic nuisance species, and additional ANS research.

## Cross Reference

Executive Order: In 1999, President Clinton signed the Executive Order on Invasive Species. See XIX, above.

## Text of Act

Available online at http://library.law.unc.edu/ocean-coastal/nisa.html
# Georgia Water/Laws/Land and Water Conservation Fund Act

U.S. Land and Water Conservation Fund Act (1965)

## General Description

Assists in the preservation, development and accessibility of outdoor recreational resources so that such resources may be utilized and enjoyed by all present and future citizens and visitors of the United States.

## Function: The act functions by

Providing funds for and authorizing Federal assistance to the States in planning, acquisition, and development of needed land and water areas and facilities and
Providing funds for the Federal acquisition and development of certain lands and other areas.

## Source of funding

The funds distributed under the Act are to be the revenues generated by park fees and park permits.
# Georgia Water/Laws/Marine Mammal Protection Act

U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (of 1972 as amended)

## General Description

The U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) protects all marine mammals, including cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), sirenians (manatees and dugongs), sea otters, and polar bears within the waters of the United States. The Act makes it illegal to take or import marine mammals without a permit. This means people may not harass, feed, hunt, capture, collect, or kill any marine mammal.

## Divided Administrative Responsibility

The MMPA is managed by the federal government. The NMFS, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the Department of Commerce, is responsible for managing cetaceans otariids, and phocids. The FWS, part of the Department of the Interior, is responsible for managing odobenids, sirenians, otters, and polar bears. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, part of the Department of Agriculture, is responsible for regulations managing marine mammals in captivity.
# Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/Slonimsky's Formula for the Year Type

In 1844, Rabbi Chaim Zelig Slonimsky (1810-1904) published a modification of Gauss' formula that can be used to calculate the year type of any given year. The version below is his modified formula of 1852.
Let the Jewish year be A. Calculate the remainder r of the division
    (7A-6)/19
If r < 12, the year is ordinary, otherwise it is leap.
Calculate
    K = 0.178117457A + 0.777965458r + 0.2533747
and take the decimal part, discarding the integer part.
The year type may then be read from the following table:
    r < 5
    K
    ≥ 0.000000 ; 1
    ≥ 0.090410 ; 2
    ≥ 0.271103 ; 3
    ≥ 0.376121 ; 4
    ≥ 0.661835 ; 5
    ≥ 0.714282 ; 6
    ≥ 0.752248 ; 7
    r = 5, 6
    K
    ≥ 0.000000 ; 1
    ≥ 0.090410 ; 2
    ≥ 0.271103 ; 3
    ≥ 0.376121 ; 4
    ≥ 0.661835 ; 5
    ≥ 0.714282 ; 6
    ≥ 0.804693 ; 7
    r = 7 to 11
    K
    ≥ 0.000000 ; 1
    ≥ 0.090410 ; 2
    ≥ 0.285711 ; 3
    ≥ 0.376121 ; 4
    ≥ 0.661835 ; 5
    ≥ 0.714282 ; 6
    ≥ 0.804693 ; 7
    r > 11
    K
    ≥ 0.000000 ; 8
    ≥ 0.157466 ; 9
    ≥ 0.285711 ; 10
    ≥ 0.428570 ; 11
    ≥ 0.533590 ; 12
    ≥ 0.714282 ; 13
    ≥ 0.871750 ; 14
The formula calculates a function of the Molad. The lower limits are calculated as the same function of the lower bounds for the Molads of each year type. The function is as follows:
* Take the lower Molad limits for each year type.
* Add 0.25; if the result exceeds 8, subtract 7 from the result.
* Subtract 1 and divide by 7 to get a number in the range 0 to 1.

## Reference

* Ch. Z. Slonimsky (1844), "Eine allgemeineformel fur die gesammte judische Kalenderberechnung", Crelle's Journal, 28, p.179
* Ch. Z. Slonimsky (1852), Yesodei ha'ibbur, p. 26
# Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/The 19 year cycle

In the Jewish calendar, it is usual to give the year as A.M. (Anno Mundi, Year of the World). This is calculated from the data given in the Tanach (Old Testament); the calculation is given in a book called the Seder Olam (Order of the World). The six days of creation described in Genesis chapter 1 have to be in some year, so they are assumed to be the last six days of Year 1. The first Shabbat (Saturday), described in Genesis chapter 2, was also the first day (Rosh Hashanah) of year 2AM.
An earlier tradition was that the first five days of creation were the last five days of Year 1 and the Friday was the first day of year 2AM. However, this is not in accordance with the present calendar rules, which forbid the year to start on Sunday, Wednesday or Friday.
According to the Jewish calculation, creation was in the autumn of 3761 BCE, slightly later than the traditional Christian figure of 4004 BCE. Thus the year 5701 began in 1940 in the Gregorian calendar and ended in 1941. Using that as a starting point, it is easy to convert years between the two calendars, remembering always that the new years do not coincide so a year in one calendar will always overlap with two years in the other.
A year is a leap year if the remainder (in AM) on division by 19 is 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 or 0. Thus 5703, 5706, 5708, 5711, 5714, 5717 and 5719 were leap years with 13 months each, but not the years between, which only had 12 months. This rule is based on the Metonic cycle, which assumes that 19 years exactly equal 235 lunar months.
The 19 year cycle is quite accurate. Assuming 365.24219 days for the tropical year, to do better with a fixed cycle would require a cycle of 182 years containing 2,251 months. However, it is not perfect; see The long-term accuracy of the calendar.

## Length of a 19 year cycle

The total time between molads 19 years apart is 235 months, or 6939 days, 16 hours, and 595 chalakim. After the postponements are applied, however, a 19-year cycle may have 6939, 6940 or 6941 days. It is theoretically possible for it to have 6942 days, but this is very rare, as will be discussed later. However, 19 consecutive years, some in one cycle and some in the next, may have only 6938 days, for example 5719-5737 and 5790-5808, and 19 years of total length 6942 days are more common than exact cycles of this length.
Two days on the same date but exactly 19 years apart may thus be 6938, 6939, 6940, 6941 or 6942 days apart. In the Julian or Gregorian calendars, two days on the same date but exactly 19 years apart may be 6939 or 6940 days apart; they may be only 6938 days apart in the Gregorian calendar if the period includes say 1900 or 2100, which are not leap years. Thus, your 19th birthday by the two calendars is not necessarily on the same day, but may be one or two days different, and in rare cases the Jewish date may be three or possibly four days after the civil one.
# Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/Further reading
## Books

* Burnaby, Sherard B. (1901): Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan Calendars, Geo. Bell & Sons
** Burnaby was a Church of England minister. While this book is very reliable on the mathematics of the calendar, it has many errors regarding the Jewish religion. The book may be downloaded here. There are a number of errors in the table on page 295 in the book, which details the 61 types of 19-year cycle.
* Gandz, Solomon (1956) Sanctification of the New Moon, Yale University Press
** An annotated edition of the laws of the Jewish calendar as given by Moses Maimonides.
* Greenfield, M. (1963) 150 Year Calendar
** Gives basic calendar information for 240-2240 and more detailed data for 1950-2100
* Guggenheimer, H. W (1998) Seder Olam: The Rabbinic View of Biblical Chronology
** This book is the basis for the calculation that according to the Bible, the world was created in 3761 BCE.
* Reingold, Edward M. and Dershowitz, Nachum (2008): Calendrical Calculations (3rd ed), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521702386
** Gives algorithms for calculating the Jewish and many other calendars.
* Richards, E. G. (1998): Mapping Time, The Calendar and its History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-850413-6
* Schamroth, Julian (1998): A Glimpse of Light, Feldheim, ISBN 1-56871-136-0
** Another annotated edition of the laws of the Jewish calendar as given by Moses Maimonides.
* Schocken, W. A. (1976): The Calculated Confusion of Calendars: Puzzles in Christian, Jewish and Moslem Calendars, Vantage Press
** Gives various formulae for computing these calendars
* Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (1992): Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, ISBN 0-935702-68-7: Chapter 12: Calendars (pages 575-608)
* Shneer, J. A. (2020): The Jewish Calendar and the Torah, 5th edition, Palos Verdes Historical Press. ((ISBN: 978-1-67800-545-0))
* Spier, A. (1986): The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar (3rd ed.), Feldheim, ISBN 0-87306-398-8
** Gives parallel Jewish and Gregorian calendars for 1900-2100.
* Stern, Sacha (2001): Calendar and Community, a History of the Jewish Calendar, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-827034-8

## Web sites

* http://www.hebcal.com/converter/ Converts between Jewish and Gregorian calendars
* http://hebrewcalendar.tripod.com/ The Hebrew Calendar Science and Myths by Remy Landau
* http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&letter=C&search=calendar The Calendar (Jewish Encyclopedia)
* http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=43&letter=C History of the Calendar (Jewish Encyclopedia)
# Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/Gauss' Formula for the Date of Pesach

In 1802, the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss published a formula to calculate the date of the first day of Pesach in any year. Albert Einstein is said to have remarked of the formula that not only could nobody but Gauss have produced it, but it would never have occurred to anyone but Gauss that such a formula was possible.
Let $\left[{\frac {m}{n}}\right]_{r}$ be the remainder when integer $m$ is divided by integer $n$.
Define:
    $A$ $=$ Jewish year
    $a=\left[{\frac {12A+17}{19}}\right]_{r}$
    $b=\left[{\frac {A}{4}}\right]_{r}$
    $M+m=32+{\frac {4343}{98496}}+\left(1+{\frac {272953}{492480}}\right)a+{\frac {b}{4}}-\left({\frac {313}{98496}}\right)A$
where $M$ is the integer part and $m$ the fractional part of the calculated number.
Then 15 Nisan is Mth March in the Julian calendar unless it is postponed for one of the three following reasons:
Define:
    $c=\left[{\frac {3A+5b+M+5}{7}}\right]_{r}$
    If $c$ = 2 or 4 or 6, then 15 Nisan is ($M$+1)th March.
    If $c$ = 1, $a$ > 6 and $m$ ≥ 1367/2160, then 15 Nisan is ($M$+2)th March.
    If $c$ = 0, $a$ > 11 and $m$ ≥ 23269/25920, then 15 Nisan is ($M$+1)th March.
It is trivial to adapt the formula to find the dates of the other main festivals; for example, Purim is always 30 days before Pesach and Rosh Hashana is 163 days after Pesach.
Note that the formula gives the date in the Julian calendar, so an adjustment to the Gregorian calendar is necessary. To find the difference, take the year and discard the last two digits; call the result $C$. Calculate
    $C-2-\left[{\frac {C}{4}}\right]$
where, in the division, just take the integer part and discard the remainder. Thus the adjustment is to add 11 days for 1 March 1700-28 February 1800, 12 days for 1 March 1800-28 February 1900, 13 days for 1 March 1900-28 February 2100 and 14 days for 1 March 2100- 28 February 2200. Centuries and therefore C in the above formula always start 1 March.
Note that in the very long term, due to calendar drift, it may be hard to know which year of the Julian calendar this Nisan 15th is in. (See Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/The long-term accuracy of the calendar.)

## References

* "Berechnung des jüdischen Osterfestes", Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd- und Himmels-Kunde, 5 (1802), 435-437; reprinted in: Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke (Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Göttingen, 1874), vol. 6, pp. 80-81.
* Hamburger, M. (1896) Crelle's Journal, 116, p.90 gave the first rigorous proof.
* Paper by Zvi Har'El, Technion, Haifa, Israel
# Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/Special Shabbats

There are various Shabbats that have special names; not all of them are within the scope of this book.

## Shabbat Rosh Chodesh

Shabbat Rosh Chodesh (SRC) is a Shabbat that falls on Rosh Chodesh. There are two such Shabbats in every year type, and three in types 4, 5, 9, 10,11 and 12..
In year types 6, 7, 13 and 14, Tishri 1 is also Shabbat, but that is Rosh Hashana, so does not count as SRC.

## Chanukah

The Shabbat during Chanukah is Shabbat Chanukah; it may be any day except the fifth (since the first day of Chanukah may be any weekday except Tuesday). If the first day is Shabbat, so is the last day (Shabbat Chanukah II). The day depends on the year type, as follows:
* Year types 7 & 14: 1st & 8th days
* Year types 6 & 13: 2nd day
* Year types 5 & 12: 3rd day
* Year types 4 & 11: 4th day
* Year types 2, 3, 9 &10: 6th day
* Year types 1 & 8: 7th day

## Lead-up to Pesach

There are five special Shabbats in the lead-up to Pesach:
* Shabbat Shekalim: this is on Rosh Chodesh Adar (Adar II in a leap year) if this is Shabbat, otherwise it is the Shabbat before.
* Shabbat Zachor: this is the Shabbat before Purim.
* Shabbat Parah: this is the Shabbat before Shabbat Hachodesh.
* Shabbat Hachodesh: this is on Rosh Chodesh Nisan if this is Shabbat, otherwise it is the Shabbat before.
* Shabbat Hagodol: this is the last Shabbat before Pesach.
These Shabbats cannot fall on five consecutive Shabbats. Shabbats that are gaps in the sequence are called hafsakahs, and there are two of these in every year. The sequence depends on the weekday of the first day of Pesach, as follows:
* Sunday: Shekalim, Zachor, Hafsakah, Parah, Hachodesh, Hafsakah, Hagodol
* Tuesday: Shekalim, Hafsakah, Zachor, Parah, Hachodesh, Hafsakah, Hagodol
* Thursday: Shekalim, Hafsakah, Zachor, Parah, Hachodesh, Hafsakah, Hagodol
* Saturday: Shekalim, Hafsakah, Zachor, Hafsakah, Parah, Hachodesh, Hagodol
In leap years, for Shevat read Adar I and for Adar read Adar II.

## Doubly Special Shabbats

Three of the Shabbats can be doubly special because they coincide with SRC, namely Chanukah, Shekalim and Hachodesh.
Chanukah: This coincides with SRC if day 6 is Shabbat. Day 7 can also be Rosh Chodesh, but not in a defective year, and Day 7 is only Shabbat in a defective year. Thus we get the double special in year types 2, 3, 9 and 10.
Shekalim: If the first day of Pesach is Sunday (year types 5, 6 & 11) it coincides with SRC.
Hachodesh: If the first day of Pesach is Saturday (year types 4, 9 & 10) it coincides with SRC.
Thus no double special occurs in year types 1, 7, 8, 12, 13 or 14; one occurs in year types 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 11; two occur in year types 9 and 10.
Another way is to consider the pre-Pesach period together with the following Chanukah, classified by year type of the later year. (The year type gives the weekday of Rosh Hashana, hence of the previous Pesach.) This currently corresponds to events in the same Gregorian year. This produces the following list of double specials:
* Year types 1, 8: Hachodesh
* Year types 2, 9: Hachodesh and Chanukah
* Year types 3, 10: Shekalim and Chanukah
Otherwise there are none.