OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PSP/Creating and Running UMD Backups
## Create ISOs from UMD Backups

UMD Backups are stored in the ISO format.

### UMD Killer EBOOT Edition (Game UMDs)

This is the EBOOT EDITION (user mode) of UMD Killer, with this version you can dump ONLY GAME Umds, because Video Umds are dumpable only in Kernel Mode.
[[#ref_Ensure that your PSP has a Custom Firmware installed!|^]]
* Move the UMDKiller folder to `ms0:\PSP\GAME`.
* Open the UMDKiller application from the PSP XMB.

### UMD Killer PRX Edition (Audio and Video UMDs)

This is the PRX EDITION (kernel mode) of UMD Killer, with this version you can dump both GAME and VIDEO Umds.

### UMD Dumper (Game UMDs)

A version of UMD Dumper built using Lua.

## ISO Ripkits

There are some content on the ISOs that you just don't need. Use ripkits to get rid of them and save space.

## Compress ISO to CSO (optional)

UMD backups can be unnecessarily large, so if you don't have a 4GB memory stick, compression is vital.
* PSP/Optimal Game Compression

### ISO Tool (PSP)

Takka's ISO Tool

### PSP CSO Compressor (PC)
## Run UMD Backups

(use CFW)
# PSP/Downgrade to OFW 6.20

* Download OFW 6.20 (use this file if you have a PSP Go)
* Using your PC, create a folder named "PSP" on your PSP. Within the "PSP" folder, create a folder named "GAME". Within the "GAME" folder, create a folder named "UPDATE". (Folder names must be in all uppercase letters). The result will be ms0:\PSP\GAME\UPDATE.
* Copy the EBOOT.PBP you downloaded to your UPDATE folder.
* Download the 6.xx Downgrader, and extract it.
* Copy the resulting "Downgrader" folder into the PSP/GAME folder.
* From the XMB (home menu), under Game -> Memory Stick (or System Storage on PSP Go) select the Downgrader program.
* In the downgrader app, press X to start the downgrade or R to exit.
* After the Sony updater is finished you will get a message saying that "Settings Information is Corrupted". Just press the O button.
* You have now downgraded to OFW 6.20.
# PSP/6.20 Permapatch Motherboards

These PSPs can only use 6.20 permapatching and LCFW:
* PSP GO: (All motherboards) TA-091 TA-094
* PSP 3000: (Everything except 07g and 09g) TA-090v2, TA-090v3, TA-092, TA-093
* PSP 2000: TA-088v3
It is also possible to use 6.20 permapatch on PSPs that support cIPL, though it is obviously not needed.
# PSP/Chronoswitch Motherboards

Compatible with these motherboards ONLY:
DO NOT USE Chronoswitch with other motherboards, such as TA-095v1 (07g) or TA-095v2 (07g) .
# PSP/Custom Firmware History
## Lineup
### 6.xx

* PRO CFW - Unlike the other custom firmware, PRO CFW actively supports three firmware versions in every release, since some of the older ones
** 6.61 PRO - Uses the latest official firmware.
** 6.60 PRO
** 6.39 PRO
** 6.35 PRO
** 6.20 PRO - Retained for 6.20 permapatch ability.
* neur0n's Minimal Edition
** 6.61 (L)ME - First real Custom Firmware (CFW) for the latest official firmware.
** 6.60 ME - A Permanent CFW, using cIPL.
** 6.60 LME - A Temporary CFW for all PSPs.
* Total Noob's Homebrew Enablers
** 6.39 TN - Updated for the new firmware.
** 6.20 TN - A Homebrew Enabler supporting all PSPs with this firmware version.

### GEN

* 5.50 GEN - An update to Dark AleX's M33 custom firmware, secretly built from the source code of 5.00 M33. Adds PSN network support. Was known to be a bit unstable, and to screw up save games.
* 5.03 GEN - A Homebrew Enabler for newer "unhackable" PSPs.

### Dark AleX/M33

* 5.00 M33 - The last and greatest version of Dark AleX's famous Custom Firmware. It is still considered the most stable firmware around to this day, and this version was still in use long after the disappearance of Dark AleX himself. 5.50 and 6.xx games have to be patched to run on this CFW, though not all games are supported.
* 4.01 M33
* 3.90 M33
* 3.80 M33
* 3.71 M33 - The first custom firmware supporting both PSP Fat and Slim.
* 3.60 M33 - For PSP Slim only. The first custom firmware to run on the newer models.
* 3.40 OE
* 3.30 OE
* 3.10 OE
* 3.03 OE
* 3.02 OE
* 2.71 SE
* 1.50 CFW Proof-of-Concept - The first Custom Firmware, ringing in a new era of PSP Homebrew.

### Miscellaneous

* Utopia - An attempt to create a fully open source and developer friendly kernel for the PSP. However, most developers found it easier to just work with existing Sony code, and any such kernel would be incompatible with existing PSP games and homebrew, so it never really took off. - Source Code

### Sources

* Wikipedia - PSP Custom Firmware - 23 August 2008
# Pakistani Studies/Contents
## Contents
### Overview

* About
# Pakistani Studies/Economy
## Economy

Pakistan is a rapidly developing country which has faced a number of challenges on both political and economic fronts. Despite being a very poor country in 1947, Pakistan's economic growth rate was better than the global average during the subsequent four decades, but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s. Recently, wide-ranging economic reforms have resulted in a stronger economic outlook and accelerated growth especially in the manufacturing and financial services sectors. There has been great improvement in the foreign exchange position and rapid growth in hard currency reserves in recent years. The 2005 estimate of foreign debt was close to US$50 billion. However, this has decreased in recent years with assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and significant debt-relief from the United States. Pakistan's gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated to be US$424.6 billion and its per capita GDP is US$2,706. Despite clear progress,one quarter of the Pakistani population is described as poor as per the Asian Development Bank, World Bank and UN Development Program reports which place the poverty rate between 23-28 percent. Pakistan's GDP growth rates have seen a steady increase over the last 5 years. However, inflationary pressures and a below par savings rate, among other economic factors, would make it difficult to sustain a high growth rate. The growth of non-agricultural sectors has changed the structure of the economy, and agriculture now only accounts for roughly 20% of the GDP. The service sector accounts for 53% of the country's GDP with wholesale and retail trade forming 30% of this sector. In recent times, the Karachi Stock Exchange has soared, along with most of the world's emerging markets. Large amounts of foreign investments have been made into several industries. The top industries in Pakistan are telecom, software, automotives, textiles, cement, fertilizer, steel, ship building, and more recently, aerospace.
Pakistan has accomplished many engineering feats such as construction of the worlds largest earth filled dam (the Tarbela Dam), the world's twelfth largest dam (Mangla dam), as well as the highest international road on earth: the Karakorum Highway. There are also half a dozen additional dams planned such as Kalabagh Dam, Diamer-Bhasha Dam, Munda, Akhori and Sakurdu Katzara. If built, these new dams will also be amongst the worlds largest and most technically challenging and will help cement Pakistan's position as becoming the World Leader in water management and hydroelectric power.
# Palembang
## Table of Contents
### Introduction

* Contents Isi
* Frontpage Muaro Laman
* Why learn Palembang? Ngapo sinau baso Palembang?
* How to use the Palembang Wikibook Cakmano make Wikibuku Palembang

### Lessons

* Palembang alphabet '
* Greetings
* This and That Niki samo Niku
* Pronouns Kato tubu
* Simple Sentences '
* Numbers '
* Prepositions '
# Palembang/How to use this book

Template:Palembang/Lessons/Introductory/Header
^ Palembang ^ | << Why learn Palembang? | How to use this Palembang Wikibook | Lesson 0: The Alphabet >>

## Cagho Make (Usage)

I plan to structure this book so that for each lesson you will have the corresponding exercise. So, if you have finished lesson 1, do the exercise 1 before proceeding to lesson 2, and so forth. This is so that you fully understand the Palembang.
I understand that it is pretty hard to illustrate simple concepts of Indonesian without knowing anything about it. So, my approach is to illustrate the most important basic components of Palembang in the basic section. My suggestion is to skim the basic section and grasp a little bit about it and step up to the beginner section so that you can see these components in action.
^ Palembang ^ | << Why study Palembang? | How to use this Palembang Wikibook | Lesson 0: The Alphabet >>
Template:Palembang/Lessons/Introductory/Footer
# Palembang/Why learn Palembang?

Template:Palembang/Lessons/Introductory/Header
^ Palembang ^ | Why Learn Palembang? | How to use this Palembang Wikibook >>

## Why Learn Palembang

Hi, welcome to this Palembang tutorial.
You might be wondering why on earth you should learn Palembang. Allow me to persuade you.

### Demographic Reasons

Studying Palembang will ease your language barrier when you visiting some regions in Sumatra (most notably in the provinces of South Sumatra, Jambi, and Bengkulu). Therefore, learning Palembang gives access to about 10 million people. Palembang is important when you had planning to build or expand your business in South Sumatra or Palembang specifically.

### Linguistic Reasons

Palembang is relatively easy—honest! Learning it is a valuable experience in itself, and what's more: you can pick up the basics within a few weeks. Here's why it is easy:
* No tenses. Palembang has no tenses at all. Adding time indicators (like yesterday, next week, etc.) and aspect markers (done, in the process of, will, etc.) into your sentences will do.
* Optional plurals. Unlike in say, German, plurals are very simple in Palembang, but also optional. You only need to repeat the noun (e.g. wong → wong-wong), or adding quantitative indicators (e.g. many, few) into the sentence (e.g. wong galo → all people).
* Uses the 26 letters of the Roman alphabet, which means that there is no need to relearn the alphabet, or use special software to type.
* Unique spelling. Palembang is very phonetic, just like French. Every character is uniquely spelled similar to the French language, with few exceptions. When you encounter a new word, you will always be able to pronounce it correctly.
I hope now you can see why Palembang is worth learning.

### The Catch

Now, the catch is that every language has a culture attached to it. Palembang is no exception. Since the way Palembang people think differs from most westerners, there are some hurdles in learning it. For example, most western people prefer active sentences, while Palembangese usually prefer passive sentences and omit the subject if it is not important.
Also, in spoken Palembang, the formal grammatical rules are often broken by lots of shortcuts, usually specific to the region, not to mention slang words and idioms. However, all Palembangese that have finished grade school should be able to speak and comprehend proper Palembang.
Template:Palembang/Lessons/Introductory/Footer
# Organic Business Guide/Tools
## Tools to administer your organic business

The Organic Business Guide provides you with several tools that will help you to get your business started and keep it running - some of which were already displayed in the Annex. The link below will take you to some "ready-to-use" word and excel documents, which are hosted on the website of the Organic and Fairtrade Competence Center:
Tools to The Organic Business Guide
# Mathematics with Python and Ruby/Complex numbers in Python

A Complex number is denoted by letter Z. Let a complex number be Z = a + ib where a is real number and b is imiganiry number.
# Mathematics with Python and Ruby/Numbers

The Python language is weakly typed, which means that it determines the type of a variable at the moment of first allocation (its instantiation). Python possesses five categories of numbers:
* int for whole numbers;
* long for large whole numbers;
* fraction for fractions (divisions of whole numbers);
* decimal and float for real numbers (in reality, decimal numbers);
* complex for complex numbers.
# Mathematics with Python and Ruby/Complex numbers in Ruby

As real numbers can be strictly ordered while complex numbers can't be, an object oriented language such as Ruby doesn't really consider the complex numbers as numbers. Yet Ruby has an object to handle these numbers, and it is called Complex.

## Example

For example, to create the complex number 4+3i it suffices to write
This needs two numbers which can be fractions or integers. In this last case, the complex number is a gaussian integer. This information could be useful at a dinner, who knows?

## Operations
### Basic operations

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are still denoted by +, -, * and /:
These examples show that the sum, the difference and the product of two gaussian integers are gaussian too, but their quotient is not necessarily gaussian. The example with the subtraction shows that even when the result of an operation is real, Ruby does consider it as complex anyway.

### Exponentiation

To raise a complex to a power, the double asterisk is still used:
Here $i^{2}=0i-1$ and not really -1! Also, $i^{i}$ is a real number! By the way an exponent need not be a real number.
But with 0.5 as an exponent one can compute the square root of a complex number. But any complex number (except zero) has two square roots. How does Ruby choose between them? For example the square roots of 7+24i are 4+3i and -4-3i. Ruby chooses the first one. Other examples:
If -1 is seen as a real number, it has no square root at all, whereas considered as a complex number, it has two square roots, the one which is nearest to i is displayed (but it is not exactly equal to i because of roundup errors)

## Properties
### Example

The two (real) numbers which are used to create a complex number are its real part and imaginary part. They can be obtained with real and imag:
This example shows another property, the conjugate of a complex number, which, contrary to the other ones, is a complex number too.

## Geometrical properties

The main properties of a complex number which are useful to geometry are its modulus and argument:
The last property, polar, gives at the same time the modulus and the argument, which allows one to solve the problem from the last chapter:

# Functions

with require 'cmath' one can access to functions on complex numbers.

## Exponential

This example shows how legitimate it is to write $e^{-{\frac {\pi }{3}}i}$ for ${\frac {1}{2}}+i{\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}$.
The hyperbolic functions are also available for the complex numbers:

## Logarithms

The inverses of the preceding function can also be applied to complex numbers:

## Circular functions
### Direct

Every complex number has a cosine, a sine and a tangent:

### Inverse

It is even possible to apply atan2 to a pair of complex numbers:
This complex version of the atan2 function is a good example of a complex surface: atan2(-1,-1) = 5π/4, whereas atan2(1,1) = atan(1) = π/4:
# Mathematics with Python and Ruby/Whole numbers in Python

Whole numbers are not the only numbers, as we will see in the following chapters. So what does Python do to know if a number is whole? As the language is weakly typed, it must guess. The criterium is simple: in order for a number to be whole, it must not have a decimal point.

# Whole numbers in Python

Thus, if one enters
one notes that Python knows that a is whole, that b is not, and that c can be whole although it was obtained from b (which is real).
Certain calculations that should give a whole result do not always do so in Python. For example, while ${\sqrt {100}}\in \mathbb {N}$, Python treats this number as a real number (not a whole number)!

# Operations
## Addition, subtraction and multiplication

The first three operations are denoted by the symbols +, - and * as in most programming languages. The sum, difference and product of two (or more) whole numbers are all integers.
# Mathematics with Python and Ruby/Numbers with Ruby

Ruby being weakly typed, it is only at the time of its first allocation that Ruby knows the type of a numeric variable. Ruby possesses 5 types of numeric objects:
* Integers
* Fractions (quotients of two integers)
* Real numbers (really they are decimal numbers only)
* Decimal numbers with many decimal places (Big_Num)
* and complex numbers which are not really numbers because they cannot be compared
# Pinyin/Power
## Noun

* power is the energy that can be collected and used to operate a machine, to make electricity, etc.
** dohnglih shih kee shoujir d nerngliahng yohnglair caozuoh jiqih, fadiahn deeng.
# Pinyin/Powerful

See also
# Pinyin/Predict

See also
# Pinyin/Poverty

See also
# Mirad-English M-Z

/Mirad-English-N /Mirad-English-O /Mirad-English-P /Mirad-English-Q /Mirad-English-R /Mirad-English-S /Mirad-English-T /Mirad-English-U /Mirad-English-V /Mirad-English-W /Mirad-English-X /Mirad-English-Y /Mirad-English-Z
# Mirad-English A-M

/Mirad-English-A /Mirad-English-B /Mirad-English-C /Mirad-English-D /Mirad-English-E /Mirad-English-F /Mirad-English-G /Mirad-English-H /Mirad-English-I /Mirad-English-J /Mirad-English-K /Mirad-English-L /Mirad-English-M
# Mirad Thesaurus/Arts and Entertainment

← Military · Mirad Thesaurus · Religion →

## General Arts

Arts :
| ART | OBJECT | PERSON | PLACE |
| tuz....art | tuzun....work of art | tuzut....artist | tuzim....art studio |
| tez....culture | tezun....cultural artifact | | |
| taz....portraiture | tazun....portrait | tazut....portrait artist | tazem....portrait gallery |
| saz....sculpture | sazun....statue | sazut....sculptor | sazim....sculpture studio |
| siz....painting | sizun....painting | sizut....painter | sizim....painter's studio |
| suz....craft | suzun....artifact | suzut....craftsman | suzyanam....museum |
| duz....music | duzun....piece of music | duzut....musician | duzam....music hall |
| dyuz....opera | dyuzun....an opera | dyuzut....operatic performer | dyuzam....opera house |
| deuz....voice | deuzun....song | deuzut...vocalist, singer | deuzum....song booth |
| daz....dance | dazun....dance number | dazut....dancer | dazim....dance studio |
| dyaz....ballet | dyazun....ballet performance | dyazwut....danseur dyazuyt....ballerina | dyazam....ballet studio |
| dez....stagecraft | dezun....play, show | dezut....actor | dezam....(dramatic) theater |
| dyez....cinema | dyezun....movie | dyezut....movie actor | dyezam....(motion picture) theater |
| diz....comedy | dizun....sketch | dizut....comedian | dizam....comedy venue |
| drez....poetry | drezun....poem | drezut....poet | |
| tyez....magic | tyezun....magic act | tyezut....magician | tyezem....magic venue |
    As for venues, if it's a building, it ends in -am (like theater); if a hall or gallery, -em; if a studio, -im; if a booth, -um.
    The female version of persons is derived by preceding the final -t with a y (dizuyt....comedienne).

## Other Art Terms

   * vidrasyan....literature
      * vidras....work of literature
         * vridras....literary chef d'oeuvre, literary masterpiece
      * vidrut....literatus, auteur, author
      * vidrasyana....literary
   * tuzyanam....museum of art
      * tuzyanameb....museum of art curator
      * suzyanameb....museum curator
   * visauna....classical
   * tyoda....popular, folk
   * gejoba....contemporary
   * dezyem....stage
   * misof....curtain
   * dezkutim....theater wing
   * dezutyan....cast
# English-Mirad N-Z

/English-Mirad-N /English-Mirad-O /English-Mirad-P /English-Mirad-Q /English-Mirad-R /English-Mirad-S /English-Mirad-T /English-Mirad-U /English-Mirad-V /English-Mirad-W /English-Mirad-X /English-Mirad-Y /English-Mirad-Z
# Plant Sciences
## Contents

* Introduction
* Confocal microscopy
* Arabidopsis thaliana
* Arabidopsis root development
* Resources
# Plant Sciences/Arabidopsis root development/Quiescent center
## Core ideas

In Arabidopsis the quiescent center (QC) consists of four cells and is surrounded by meristematic initials. In maize roots the QC can constitute upwards of 800-1200 cells, most of which spend an extended period of time (180-200 hours) in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. How the QC forms and is maintained is not known.
The quiescent center regulates the differentiation of neighboring cells. If one or 2 QC cells were ablated, the columnella initials that were no longer in direct contact with a QC cell ceased dividing and underwent differentiation as a columnella cell. Similarly, cortical initial cells that were no longer in direct contact with the a QC cell behaved as cortical daughter cells and underwent an asymmetric division to generate cortical and endodermal cell files. Therefore, direct contact with the QC inhibits the differentiation of initial cells in the RAM (van den Berg, 1997).

## Auxin and RAM organization

An GUS reporter for auxin concentration shows a concentration of auxin just at the distal end of the vasculature, just proximal to the RAM. Disruption of this localized accumulation by auxin transport inhibitors, exogenous auxin application or mutations in genes involved with auxin response, disrupts the organization of cell types in the root apex, as visualized by promoter trap cell markers. Thus the proper localization and perception of this auxin maximum are important for organizing the RAM (Sabatini, 1999). It has been shown AtPIN4 is expressed in the quiescent center region (Friml et al 2002).
In maize it has been reported that cells of the QC are characterized by their highly oxidized status. Glutathione and ascorbic acid occur predominately in the oxidized forms in the QC. This is contrasted with the status of these redox intermediates in adjacent, rapidly dividing cells in the root meristem, in which the reduced forms of these two species are favored. Using a redox sensitive fluorescent dye it is possible to visualize an overall oxidizing environment in the QC, and make comparisons with the adjacent, rapidly dividing cells in the root meristem. Altering the distribution of auxin and the location of the auxin maximum in the root tip activates the QC, and cells leave G1 and enter mitosis. Commencement of relatively more rapid cell division in the QC is preceded by changes in the overall redox status of the QC, which becomes less oxidizing. (Jiang, et al, 2003)
# Plant Sciences/Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana grows quickly, produces prolific seed, and is easy to transform. Its genome is completely sequenced and a large variety of experimental tools and genetic resources are available. This has made the plant one of the favourite tools of plant scientists.
# Plant Sciences/Arabidopsis root development/Pericycle

Pericycle is located between the vascular tissues and the endodermis. It is involved in loading/unloading of vasculature (ref ??).
This tissue has two subpopulation of cells:
* cells in front of xylem poles (also called Pericycle Founder Cells, PFCs) are blocked in G2 phase and are able to reenter the cell cycle to initiate lateral roots (Beeckman et al 2001). This tissue is therefore considered as an "extended meristem".
* cells in front of phloem poles are not able to initiate lateral roots.
# Plant Sciences/Arabidopsis root development/Epidermis

The root epidermis is involved in nutrition and defense against pathogens. This tissue is composed of only two cell types. These cell types can be distinguished from the differentiation zone where trichoblast cells are producing root hairs and atrichoblasts are remaining non-hair cells. Root hairs are thought to be important in water and nutrient uptake. The differentiation of trichoblast involve positional information from the cortex.