OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mathematical Proof/Appendix/Answer Key/Mathematical Proof/Introduction/Logical Reasoning

These are the answers to the exercises in section 1.1, Logical Reasoning
1. $\lnot P\Rightarrow Q$ :
| P | Q | $\lnot P$ | $\lnot P\Rightarrow Q$ |
| T | T | F | T |
| T | F | F | T |
| F | T | T | T |
| F | F | T | F |
2. $P\Rightarrow \lnot Q$ :
| P | Q | $\lnot Q$ | $P\Rightarrow \lnot Q$ |
| T | T | F | F |
| T | F | T | T |
| F | T | F | T |
| F | F | T | T |
3. $(P\lor Q)\Rightarrow R$ :
| P | Q | R | $P\lor Q$ | $(P\lor Q)\Rightarrow R$ |
| T | T | T | T | T |
| T | T | F | T | F |
| T | F | T | T | T |
| T | F | F | T | F |
| F | T | T | T | T |
| F | T | F | T | F |
| F | F | T | F | T |
| F | F | F | F | T |
4. $(P\land Q)\Rightarrow (R\lor S)$ :
| P | Q | R | S | $P\land Q$ | $R\lor S$ | $(P\land Q)\Rightarrow (R\lor S)$ |
| T | T | T | T | T | T | T |
| T | T | T | F | T | T | T |
| T | T | F | T | T | T | T |
| T | T | F | F | T | F | F |
| T | F | T | T | F | T | T |
| T | F | T | F | F | T | T |
| T | F | F | T | F | T | T |
| T | F | F | F | F | F | T |
| F | T | T | T | F | T | T |
| F | T | T | F | F | T | T |
| F | T | F | T | F | T | T |
| F | T | F | F | F | F | T |
| F | F | T | T | F | T | T |
| F | F | T | F | F | T | T |
| F | F | F | T | F | T | T |
| F | F | F | F | F | F | T |
5. $(P\Rightarrow Q)\Leftarrow (R\Rightarrow S)$ :
| P | Q | R | S | $P\Rightarrow Q$ | $R\Rightarrow S$ | $(P\Rightarrow Q)\Leftarrow (R\Rightarrow S)$ |
| T | T | T | T | T | T | T |
| T | T | T | F | T | F | T |
| T | T | F | T | T | T | T |
| T | T | F | F | T | T | T |
| T | F | T | T | F | T | F |
| T | F | T | F | F | F | T |
| T | F | F | T | F | T | F |
| T | F | F | F | F | T | F |
| F | T | T | T | T | T | T |
| F | T | T | F | T | F | T |
| F | T | F | T | T | T | T |
| F | T | F | F | T | T | T |
| F | F | T | T | T | T | T |
| F | F | T | F | T | F | T |
| F | F | F | T | T | T | T |
| F | F | F | F | T | T | T |
2. Negated statements
* $\lnot P\lor \lnot Q$
* $(\lnot P\land \lnot Q)\lor (\lnot R\lor \lnot S)$
* $(\lnot P\lor Q)\land (R\land \lnot S)$
# Metabolomics/Metabolites/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides

Back to Previous Chapter: Introduction to Metabolomics Next chapter: Hormones Next Category: Lipids Go to first page: Glucose Go back to: Sucrose and Other Dissacharides

## Regulatory Influences

Glycogen metabolism is prone to a number of regulatory influences, all of which impact glycogen synthase (GS) and/or phosphorylase. GS is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen synthesis, and phosphorylase is the enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorolysis of α-1,4-glycosidic linkages. Gene PPP1R3C (PTG) is a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and a regulator of GS and phosphorylase. PTG is expressed in every tissue, and is most abundant in the skeletal muscle, heart, and liver. PTG binds glycogen, the primary enzymes involved glycogen metabolism regulation, GS and phosphorylase. Disruption of the PTG gene has been proven to substantially decrease glycogen stores in tissue culture cells.
PTG has also been proven to interact with laforin. The over expression of PTG was proven to accumulate glycogen in tissue culture cells and ex vivo organ models. When determining whether or not malin and laforin inhibit PTG activity, it was discovered that the cells transfected with PTG, malin, and laforin contained a similar amount of glycogen as cells transfected with a vector control. It has been concluded that malin and laforin independently decrease PTG-stimulated glycogen accumulation, but cumulatively eliminated PTG-stimulated glycogen accumulation.
PTG and gene PPPIR3D (R6) are expressed in a wide range of human tissues, whereas the other three PP1 targeting subunits, such as G$_L$ (gene PPPIR3B), display tissue specific expression patterns in skeletal muscle, heart and/or liver tissue. PTG, R6 and G$_L$ were all proven to increase glycogen accumulation. Malin and laforin were proven to inhibit R6-stimulated glycogen accumulation without inhibiting GL-stimulated glycogen accumulation. In conclusion, malin and laforin were proven to inhibit PP1 regulatory subunit-stimulated glycogen accumulation of some, but not all PP1 regulatory subunits.
Relating article: Malin decreases glycogen accumulation by promoting the degradation of protein targeting to glycogen (PTG)
# Pinyin/England's

See also
# Pinyin/English is the most commonly spoken language

English is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand, and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa and South Asia.
Yīngyǔ shì Yīngguó, Měiguó, Canada, Australia, Ireland hé New Zealand zuì chángyòng de yǔyán, zài Caribbean, Fēizhōu hé Nányà de yīxiē dìqū guǎngfàn shǐyòng.
# Pinyin/Engine

Search Pinyin engine
An engine is a part of a vehicle that produces power to make the vehicle move.
Engine shih jiaotong gongjuh d 1-buhfehn, chaansheng dohnglih tuidohng jiaotong gongjuh.
# Pinyin/England

See also
# Pinyin/English

Search Pinyin English
* English, originated from England, is a language now spoken in many other countries, and used as a common language in the world.
** Yingyuu, yuánzì Yīngguó, xiànzài shì hěnduō qítā guójiā d yǔyán, yěshì shìjiè gòngtóngyǔ.
* of the UK
** Yingguor d
# Pinyin/Enhance

See also
# Pinyin/Encompass

See also
# Pinyin/Endocrine System

Search Pinyin endocrine
Search Pinyin endocrine system
Search Pinyin system
# Pinyin/Endoscopy

Endoscopy means to look inside. This often means looking inside the body for medical reasons with an endoscope.
An endoscope is a medical instrument that is made to see parts inside a patient's body. This has the advantage that observations and certain operations can be done without opening up the body. Whatever precautions are taken, an open body part is always at risk of infection.
The endoscope has a long tube to enter the patient's body and a tiny camera or lens attached to the front of this tube. It is usually inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus, so surgeons can see what is going on. If necessary, various actions can be taken.
Nèikuījìng jiǎnchá jiùshì yòng nèikuījìng jiǎnchá tǐnèi de fāngfǎ.
Nèikuījìng shì kàndào réntǐnèibù de yīliáo qìjù, yōudiǎn shì wúxū kāidāo jiù néng chákàn huò zuò shǒushù, dàn yào yùfáng tǐnèi bèi gǎnrǎn.
Nèikuījìng de cháng guǎn qiánduān yǒu wēixíng shèyǐngjī huò tòujìng, yībān tōngguò bí, kǒu huò gāngmén jìnrù tǐnèi chákàn huò zuò shǒushù.
# Pinyin/Energy

Search energy

## Noun

* energy is a form of power such as electricity, heat, or light that is used for making things work.
** nerngliahng shih shii shihwuh gongzuoh d lihliahng xirngshih, rur diahn, reh, huoh guang.
# Pinyin/Employment

See also
# Pinyin/End

end: the part of an object or a place that is the furthest away from its center
mohduan: wuhtii huoh dihfang juhlir zhongxin zuih yuaan d buhfehn
# Pinyin/Irritability

See also
# Pinyin/Island

An island is a piece of land that is completely surrounded by water.
daaoyuu shih beih shuii warnquarn baoweir d luhdih.
# Pinyin/Invite

See also
# Pinyin/Iraq

Search Pinyin Iraq
Iraq is a country in Western Asia that borders Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west.
Iraq shih Xiyah guorjia, beeibuh yuu Turkey, donfbuh yuu Iran, dongnarnbuh yuu Kuwait, narnbuh yuu Saudi Arabia, xinarnbuh yuu Jordan, xibuh yuu Syria jieraang.
The capital, Baghdad, is in the center of the country.
shooudu Baghdad zaih gai guor d zhongxin.
Around 97% of the country's 36,000,000 people are Muslims.
Iraq rernkoou 36,000,000, yue 97% shih Muslim.
# Pinyin/Iron

Iron is a hard strong metal that is used to make steel.
tiee shih yohnglair zhihzaoh gangtiee d jianyihng jinshuu.
# Pinyin/Is
## Verb

* is: third person singular present tense of "be"
** "be" d dih-3 rerncheng danshuh xiahnzaihshih
# Pinyin/Isle

See also
# Oliver Twist/Plot Summary

'Oliver Twist' The Parish Boy's Progress is a book in which Oliver Twist is a nine-year-old orphan boy who doesn't know who his parents were. He escapes from a workhouse to London where he meets the 'Artful Dodger'(Jack Dawkins), who is leader of the gang of the juvenile pickpockets. Fagin, the leader of a criminal gang of boys, he trains Oliver for unlawful activities, which was unfamiliar to Oliver. And this is how Oliver started passing his life with criminals. At the end of the story he has escaped and is living with his Aunt Rose, and "Great-Uncle" Edward Brownlow and all the criminals were caught and were imprisoned.
# On 2D Inverse Problems/"Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?"

Exercise (*). Prove that the inverse problem with the boundary and spectral data, described above, can be reduced to the inverse problem of Calderon. paper 3
The construction in the section "Two spectral theorems" provides a counterexample for uniqueness in an inverse spectral problem.
# Old School RuneScape/Skills/Thieving

Thieving is a fast but not so secure way to make money. Thieving, as its name says, is about stealing from people and chests. It also involves picking the locks on doors, stealing from stalls and disarming traps placed in chests.

### Three Ways to Steal

There are three forms of thieving. The most basic form, and the only one available at first, is pickpocketing. Players can right click on an NPC (such as a common man or woman) and click "Pickpocket"; they can either be successful pickpocketing or the person who they were stealing from will turn around and stun the player for a few seconds. If players are successful, they will gain spare change, or at higher levels, items or runes.
The second form of thieving is stealing from market stalls. When stealing from stalls players must protect themselves from the person guarding the stall, but they will gain experience easily. There are many stalls in different places, such as seeds stalls in Draynor village and fur stalls in Ardougne. To steal from stalls, players must reach the minimum level of 5 for the bakery stall.
The third use for thieving is in door-opening. Some doors and chests have locks that require a certain thieving level and a lockpick to do (Lockpick is for doors only), once the player has broken the lock they gain access to the loot inside, be that nature runes, cash or a quest item.

### Requirement and Tactics

Food is pretty much a requirement for this skill as being stunned by an NPC (non-player-character) that players are stealing from results in a set amount of damage being inflicted on their character, though it helps if they are standing either behind the NPC or to the side, standing in front is a bad idea and a waste of food. Likewise stealing from market stalls can sometimes result in a full blown fight with a specific NPC enemy from guards to Paladins, depending on the stall in question although these fights players should run away from.
Once players have gotten into this skill however it is very easy to level up quickly without incurring any costs as many experienced thieves will steal from the cake stalls in Ardgoune before moving onto a higher leveled target. This eliminates the need to prepare food for training.
# Oliver Twist/Story
## Story

In Victorian times, a young woman named Agnes Leeford is pregnant and walks all the way to a workhouse in an unnamed city in England. She enters the workhouse and then has her baby - a boy. She dies before she can name him. Sally, an old woman who worked at the workhouse, takes care of the baby. Mr Bumble, the head of the workhouse, surnames the new workhouse children by alphabetical order. He comes to 'T' and names him Oliver Twist.
Nine years later, Oliver is a workhouse-boy. In his room, the boys have a dare and Oliver got the shortest straw. Because of this, he has to ask the dining hall master for more Gruel. This angers The Parish Board and they sell Oliver for £5, wanting to get rid of him. A man named Mr Sowerberry buys him. When Oliver is at his house, a teenager named Noah Claypole bullies Oliver about his mother. Oliver punches Noah, but only gets himself into trouble with Mr Bumble, who Noah tells to come round. Oliver is let out of the cellar and is whipped by Mr Sowerberry. He escapes and walks for seven days to London. When he is there, a boy named Jack Dawkins (who is better known as the "Artful Dodger") takes Oliver to the loft where he lives with other boys. Oliver meets Fagin; an old man; Nancy, a woman who grows to care a lot about Oliver, and Bill Sikes, Nancy's boyfriend who is a murderer. Fagin, Dodger, and a boy named Charley Bates teach Oliver how to steal. Oliver doesn't realise they are thieves. The next day Oliver, Dodger and Charley go out to steal. Dodger and Charley steal a handkerchief from an old man called Mr Brownlow. Oliver is frightened and runs off, which causes Mr. Brownlow to think he’s the thief. After a chase where Oliver is hurt, he is taken to court, faints and is almost carried off as guilty, but the bookkeeper tells everyone he saw the real thieves (Dodger and Charley). Mr. Brownlow rushes him to his house and cares for him while he recovers from a fever.
Oliver faints and the next thing he knows, he is on a bed. He sees two women. Rose (his Aunt) and Mrs Bedwin (the housekeeper). He is cared for better than he ever has been, and everyone likes and trusts him. Meanwhile, Fagin and Bill get really angry with Dodger. Bill tells Nancy to look for Oliver and bring him back. Oliver is told to go to return some books to the bookkeeper, but Nancy catches him. Oliver screams saying he doesn't know them, but nobody believes him. When he returns, the other boys bully him for his fancy clothes. Meanwhile, Edward Brownlow (known as Monks), Oliver's half-brother, wants Oliver dead. They had the same father. Monks secretly tells Fagin if he wants a few coins, he'll have to murder Oliver, and if not then Monks will do it himself. Nancy hears all this so she tells Mr Brownlow at the old bridge at midnight. Dodger hears this, and tells Fagin that Nancy has betrayed everyone. Sykes secretly hears and murders Nancy. He takes Oliver for a long walk with his dog Bullseye. When Bill is trying to escape, he accidentally hangs himself. Oliver is reunited with Mr Brownlow and Rose. Monks is ultimately arrested.
# On 2D Inverse Problems

ON VERSE PROBLEMS DVD version
# Old School RuneScape/TzHaar Creatures

The entire minigame is in a multi combat area, so you can have many enemies attacking at the same time. The Fight Caves starts you off with some easy level 22 bat-like enemies, however each time they attack (even if they don’t' hit you) you will lose one prayer point. After about a dozen of those, some level 45 monsters resembling Jabba the Hutt spawn and attack. These shouldn't worry you at all, they only hit 5's. As each one is killed, it becomes two level 22 mini-Jabbas; these are very easy to kill. After 10 level 45 monsters, the level 90 monsters attack. These level 90 monsters have spikes on their backs which they can shoot at you as a decently powerful range attack. They hit me for 17 damage with full rune and an amulet of glory. They are weaker with melee, so I suggest attacking them up close. After 8 to 10 of those, the level 180 creatures spawn. These hit fairly high with melee (up to 25) but have no range attack. They do, however, have a very irritating healing spell they use, starting once they are half-way dead.
After at least 10 of these, they very strong enemies spawn. The next ones you must fight on your own are level 360 lizards, which are stronger than the Kalphite Queen. It attacks with magic and melee, and it's maximum melee damage is 45.
Finally you get to the toughest monster in the game, the level 702 TzTok-Jad. This monster attacks with a ranged attack of rocks, which has a maximum damage of 95. It also has very strong magic attacks, which takes the form of a fireball and can also do up to 95 damage.Without doubt this is the toughest monster to defeat in all of RuneScape. Because of the sheer difficulty of this minigame, the Fire Capes revered as a status symbol of great strength and power.
For those who still get a rush from risking their items and trying to get the elusive Dragon Chainmail, the Kalphite Queen is still the best monster to kill. But for those who desire to prove their power and endurance, the TzHarr Fight Cave is the place in which to face your deepest and darkest fears.
# Pinyin/Surface

Search Pinyin surface

## Noun

* a surface is the outside or top layer of something.
** biaaomiahn shih moouwuh d waihbiaao huoh biaaocerng.
# Pinyin/Surround

See also
# Pinyin/Surface Layer

See also
# Pinyin/Surname

See also
# Pinyin/Survive

See also
# Pinyin/Surface-To-Air

See also
# Pinyin/North Korea

Search Pinyin Korea
Search Pinyin North Korea
North Korea is a country of northeast Asia on the north of Korean Peninsula.
Chaorxian shih Yahzhou dongbeeibuh, Chaorxian Bahndaao beeibuh d guorjia.
# Pinyin/North America

Search North America
Search America
North America is a continent in the north of Western Hemisphere of Earth. It is to the east of Pacific Ocean, the west of Atlantic Ocean, the south of Arctic Ocean, and the north of South America. It is the northern part of Americas. The most southern part of North America is Central America.
Beei Meeizhou shih Xibahnqiur beeibuh d dahluh. ta zaih Taihpirng Yarng dongmiahn, Dahxi Yarng ximiahn, Beeibing Yarng narnmiahn, Narn Meeizhou beeimiahn. ta shih Meeizhou d beeibuh. ta d zuih narnbuh shih Zhong Meeizhou.
# Pinyin/North Pole

The North Pole is the north endpoint of the axis of the Earth.
Běijí shì Dìqiú zhóuxīn d běimiàn duāndiǎn.
# Pinyin/North Korean

Search Pinyin North Korea
Search Pinyin Korea
# Pinyin/Northeastern

See also
# Pinyin/Africa

Search Africa
English
Africa is the world's second largest continent. It has about 1/5 of the world's land. It is surrounded by seas.
Pinyin
Feizhou shih shihjieh dih-2 dah d dahluh, zhahn shihjieh luhdih yue 1/5, zhouweir shih haai.
English
There are 61 countries in Africa, with 14.7%, about a billion, of the world's population.
Pinyin
Feizhou yoou 61'g guorjia, rernkoou yue 10 yih, zhahn shihjieh rernkoou d 14.7%.
English
It is thought that Africa is the continent having the earliest humans.
Pinyin
Feizhou beih rehnweih shih zuih zaao yoou rernleih d dahluh.
English
Africa's population is the youngest among all the continents; 50% of Africans are 19 years old or younger; it means Africans die early.
Pinyin
Feizhou d rernkoou shih geh dahzhou zuih niarnqing d, 50% shih 19 suih huoh gehng niarnqing; yeejiuhshih Feizhou rern zaaosii.
# Pinyin/Affair

See also
# Pinyin/Affected

See also
# Pinyin/Aegean Sea

Search Pinyin Aegean
Search Pinyin sea
# Pinyin/Afghan

Search Pinyin Afghanistan
# Puzzles/Set theory puzzles/Russell's Paradox

Puzzles | Set theory Puzzles | A strange set (Russel's paradox)
Does the set of all sets that do not contain themselves exist?
hint
# Puzzles/Set theory puzzles/Russell's Paradox/Hint

Puzzles | Set theory Puzzles | A strange set (Russel's paradox) | hint
In set theory you can specify a set by naming the elements of a set (say $a$) and giving constraints on them (say $cond(a)$): $\{a|cond(a)\}$.
Now try to construct the set of all sets that do not contain themselves in the above notation. If it were to exist, all sets should be unambigously elements of that set or not. Otherwise a contradiction would result. Which set would be most worthwhile to consider?
# Puzzles/Set theory puzzles

* Infinite Hotel
* Russell's Paradox
# Puzzles/Set theory puzzles/Infinite Hotel

Puzzles | Set theory Puzzles | The infinite hotel
You are the manager of a hotel with an infinite, countable number of rooms. All rooms are currently being occupied. One day a new guest arrives and asks for a room.
Later on that day, the infinite hotel next door has a flood and all of those guest come over to your hotel and ask for a room.
Solution
# Puzzles/Set theory puzzles/Infinite Hotel/Solution

Let us imagine a hotel with a finite number of rooms, and let us assume that all the rooms are occupied. When a new guest arrives and requests a room, the proprietor apologises, 'Sorry--all the rooms are full.' Now let us imagine a hotel with an infinite number of rooms, and let us assume that again all the rooms are occupied. But this time, when a new guest arrives and asks for a room, the proprietor exclaims, 'But of course!' and shifts the person in room 1 to room 2, the person in room 2 to room 3, the person in room 3 to room 4, and so on... The new guest then moves into room 1, which has now become vacant as a result of these transpositions. But now let us suppose an infinite number of new guests arrive, asking for rooms. 'Certainly, certainly!' says the proprietor, and he proceeds to move the person in room 1 into room 2, the person in room 2 into room 4, the person in room 3 into room 6, the person in room 4 into 8, and so on... . In this way, all the odd-numbered rooms become free, and the infinity of new guests can easily be accommodated in them.
# Puzzles/Statistical puzzles

* 3 Bags of Marbles
* Summing n
* The Pentagon
* Buffon's Needle
* A Bug Running
# Puzzles/Rubik's cubes
## Rubik's cubes

Rubik's cubes are permutation puzzles, meaning they have to be solved through changing their configuration or position using interchanging elements. There are usually several ways to reach the solution. l The design was originally invented by Ernő Rubik. The cube has 6 colored faces and the goal is to get the same color on each face. The Rubik's cube (3x3x3) was the best selling toy of the 20th century.

## Learn more

* How to solve the Rubik's cube
* How to Solve the Crazy 3x3 Plus Cube
* Rubik Puzzles
# Pinyin/Computing

Computing is any activity that uses computers.
xihnxi chuulii jihshuh shih shiiyohng jihsuahnji de rehnher huordohng.
# Pinyin/Concert

See also
# Pinyin/Condition

See also
Condition is the state of something.
zhuahngkuahng shih moouwuh d zhuahngtaih.
# Pinyin/Concentration

See also
# Pinyin/Confidante

Search Pinyin confidante
# Psychiatric Disorders/childhood disorders/Assessment

As previously mentioned, as a generalisation children live within a family context and so it is usual to begin with interviewing the whole family. If there are no biological parents then the child is seen with the usual caregivers; for orphaned children the child is seen with the adult responsible for their care. Again, the practitioner needs to be knowledgeable on the child's developmental stage and what are the usual capacities and competencies for a child of that age. Importantly, this includes knowledge of the communication style and ability that would be expected. Some practitioners are fortunate in that they have been personally exposed to caring for young children in non-clinical settings. If this is not the case the practitioner can be guided by the type of school activities that are typical for children of different ages and school grades. For example, very young children in the school setting are often engaged in creative activities. Play is the primary communication mode of young children. Older children will draw, colour in or engage in imaginary play with toy figures. Towards the end of primary school children will more readily engage in conversation, although will often give few details spontaneously. Guiding the conversation with drawings or timelines or an activities leads to greater richness of detail. Adolescents will usually engage in greater self reflection and prolonged conversation and are often seen before other family members to emphasise their progress towards individuation from the family. Cultural issues are important when considering what information should come from father or mother and whether children should be seen by themselves or only when other family members present.