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# C++ Programming/Editor's TOC

See if you can answer some questions related to C++ or point users to where they are addressed in the book on Q&A.
Go to:
Contents >>
Conventions >>
All pages >>
Missing contents
System Resources
Quick introduction to the Computer architecture (CPU, memory, registers, filesystem).
mention stack, heap their use and simple examples, remember to refer them in debugging to.
friend functions/member functions
Functors (class type functor)
Functors (template type functor)
Portability
common issues, pitfalls, mistakes in writing portable code and solutions.
Random number generators
introduction, mention language default resources for the task and known alternatives.
CRC Cards
Introduction to CRC Cards
POSIX
C++ and POSIX
POSIX Threads
From 32 to 64 bits
mention Parkinson's law
Source Control
Creating Libraries
Constraints
Unit Testing
[ edit list above ] :
| To be merged Please add here pages that are not linked to from anywhere in this book (but have to be merged or marked for deletion). Procedural idioms in C++ C++ Programming/Memory Management - new, delete, smart pointers, Garbage Collection and RAII, Comparison to C, Common Mistakes C++ Programming/Memory Management Techniques C++ Programming/Chapter Learning the Basics C++ Programming/Lost Bits [ edit list above ] | See if you can answer some questions related to C++ or point users to where they are addressed in the book on Q&A. Go to: Contents >> Conventions >> All pages >> Missing contents System Resources Quick introduction to the Computer architecture (CPU, memory, registers, filesystem). mention stack, heap their use and simple examples, remember to refer them in debugging to. friend functions/member functions Functors (class type functor) Functors (template type functor) Portability common issues, pitfalls, mistakes in writing portable code and solutions. Random number generators introduction, mention language default resources for the task and known alternatives. CRC Cards Introduction to CRC Cards POSIX C++ and POSIX POSIX Threads From 32 to 64 bits mention Parkinson's law Source Control Creating Libraries Constraints Unit Testing [ edit list above ] |
# C++ Programming/Examples/Data and Variables
## Data and variables

Let's write a program that will print each value that a byte can hold. How do we do that? We could write a loop that goes from 0 to 255. In our program, we can start off with a value of 0 and wait until it becomes 0 again before exiting. This will make sure we go through every value a byte can hold.
Inside your main function, write the following. Don't worry about the loop just yet. We are more concerned with the output right now.
b is our byte and we initialize it to 0. Inside the loop we print its value. We cast it to an int so that a number is printed instead of a character. Don't worry about casting or int's right now. The next line increments the value in our byte b. Then we print a new line (carriage return/endl) after every 16 numbers by using the code "b&15" which uses '&', the bitwise AND operator, and the value 15 (00001111 in binary), to give the value of the lowest 4 bits, which will be 0 every multiple of 16, because 16 is 00010000 in binary, so multiplying this by something will just change the higher bits, and will leave the lower bits alone. We do this so that we can see all 256 values on the screen at once by printing 16 values per line, and so only using 16 lines, assuming 16 values will fit on one line.
If you were to run this program, you would notice something strange. After 127, we got -128! Negative numbers! Where did these come from? Well, it just so happens that the compiler must be told if we are using numbers that can be negative or number that can only be positive. These are called signed and unsigned numbers respectively. By default, the compiler assumes we want to use signed numbers unless we explicitly tell it otherwise. To fix our little problem, add "unsigned" in front of the declaration for b so that it reads:
Problem solved!
# C++ Programming/Editor's Chapters needing merge

Please add here pages that are not linked to from anywhere in this book (but have to be merged or marked for deletion).
Procedural idioms in C++ C++ Programming/Memory Management - new, delete, smart pointers, Garbage Collection and RAII, Comparison to C, Common Mistakes C++ Programming/Memory Management Techniques C++ Programming/Chapter Learning the Basics C++ Programming/Lost Bits
[ edit list above ]
# C++ Programming/Editor's Chapters needing work

Linker - Complete Internal linkage and External linkage information (remember to mention extern, unnamed namespaces and link to the relevant sections). Assignment and Operators - some hevy duty cleanup needed and removing of references and a simpler as possible introduction to operator overloading needed, pointing to the complete information already present on the book. Class/Inheritance - Multiple inheritance still need some work and example. Class/Interface class - Add description and give an example. C++ Programming/Classes - Possible rename to code/?/class (proper link to keyword table, good idea) restructure class members (data and function) and children pages, note that static is at present inside function members and talks on static data members... Language Comparisons - include information on how and that C++ can to use embedded ASM code. Programming Paradigms Abstract Classes Pure Abstract Classes Template meta-programming (TMP) C++ Programming/RAII Using Static Libraries - anyone willing to make add an example with a free IDE/Compiler ? (it is all its missing) Unified Modeling Language (UML) - remove wikipedia link and tie the text more with the C++ subject, (text also includes introduction to Modeling Tools and CASE). Encapsulation - try to demonstrate in the example how exposing data members can damage another part of the program STL - still missing to much info (some text on functors), see the other pages on the chapter string, I/O Streams. Win32 - Windows API, only the basic is there, there is a Windows Programming book probably reference or move some content there (they don't want C++ content). C++ Programming/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Statements/Scope - introduction to the concept of scope/context with references to the further insight and practical usefulness in sections like Namespaces, class space and flow control structures. C++ Programming/Threading - needs some content on Fibers, OpenMP, Inter-Process Communication (IPC), Threads, Critical Section, Synchronizing on Objects etc...
Orphans needing attention These pages are not linked to by this book. Please link to them, merge them into existing pages and mark them with {{now merged|destination page}}, or if they are not desired mark them with {{delete|reasoning}}. Thanks.
[ edit list above ]
# C++ Programming/Compiler/Linker/Libraries/Static and Dynamic Libraries
### Static and Dynamic Libraries

Advantages of using static binaries:
* Simplification of program distribution (fewer files).
* Code simplification (no version checks as required in dynamic libraries).
* Will only compile the code that is used.
Disadvantages of using static binaries:
* Waste of resources: Generates larger binaries, since the library is compiled into the executable. Wastes memory as the library cannot be shared (in memory) between processes (depending on the operating system).
* Program will not benefit from bug fixes or extensions in the libraries without being recompiled.

#### Binary/Source Compatibility of libraries

A library is said to be binary compatible if the program that dynamically links to an earlier version of that library, continues to work using another versions of the same library. If a recompilation of the program is needed for it to run with each new version the library is said to be source compatible.
Producing binary compatible libraries is beneficial for distribution but harder to maintain by the programmer. It is often seen as a better solution to do static linking, if the library is only source compatible, since it will not cause problems to the end-user.
Binary compatibility saves a lot of trouble and is a signal that the library reached a status of stability. It makes it easier to distribute software for a certain platform. Without ensuring binary compatibility between releases, people will be forced to offer statically linked binaries.
# C++ Programming/Editor's Missing contents

System Resources
   * Quick introduction to the Computer architecture (CPU, memory, registers, filesystem).
   * mention stack, heap their use and simple examples, remember to refer them in debugging to.
friend functions/member functions Functors (class type functor) Functors (template type functor)
Portability
   * common issues, pitfalls, mistakes in writing portable code and solutions.
Random number generators
   * introduction, mention language default resources for the task and known alternatives.
CRC Cards
   * Introduction to CRC Cards
POSIX
   * C++ and POSIX
   * POSIX Threads
From 32 to 64 bits
   * mention Parkinson's law
Source Control
Creating Libraries Constraints Unit Testing
[ edit list above ]
# Castles of England/Tyne and Wear

There are five castles in Tyne and Wear.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Hylton Castle | Tower house | 1401c.1400 | Ruins | EH | Large gatehouse tower, incorporated into 18th century house, since demolished. |
| Newcastle Castle | Keep and bailey | 11721172–77 | Restored | HC / Newcastle City Council | Keep and gatehouse survive. |
| Old Hollinside | Fortified manor house | 120113th century | Ruins | | On slope overlooking River Derwent. |
| Ravensworth Castle | Quadrangular castle | 130114–19th century | Ruins | Private | Two towers of medieval castle survive, amidst ruins of later building. Building At Risk. |
| Tynemouth Castle | Enclosure castle | 120113–14th century | Ruins | EH | Built to enclose and protect the priory, modified as artillery castle 16th century in response to threat of Scottish invasion. |
# Castles of England/Warwickshire

There are seven castles in Warwickshire.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Astley Castle | Fortified manor house | 120113–14th century | Ruins | Landmark Trust | Altered 15–19th centuries, hotel until fire in 1978, building at risk. |
| Brinklow Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111th century | Earthworks | | Well-preserved earthworks, castle probably abandoned by 1173. |
| Hartshill Castle | Keep and bailey | 110112th century | Fragmentary remains | Private | Some remains of curtain walls survive, and remains of fortified manor house of c.1567. |
| Kenilworth Castle | Keep and bailey | 110112–14th century | Ruins | EH | Altered 16th century, slighted 1650. |
| Kingsbury Hall | Castle | 130114th century | Fragmentary remains | Private | Remains of curtain wall survive with later house. |
| Maxstoke Castle | Quadrangular castle | 130114–15th century | Substantially intact | NGS | Moated, domestic buildings of 15–19th centuries within curtain walls. |
| Warwick Castle | Castle | 120113–15th century | Intact | HH | Guy's tower rises 128 ft, 17th century residential block, remodelled 19th century by Salvin after fire. |
# Castles of England/Time Line

← Methods of Attack | English Castle Glossary →
This chapter shows the time line of castle design against historical events.
# Castles of England/Staffordshire

There are eight castles in Staffordshire.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes |
| Alton Castle | Castle | 110112–13th century | Fragmentary remains | Youth centre | Cliff-top position, site partly occupied by 19th century building. |
| Caverswall Castle | Enclosure castle | 1275c.1275 | Substantially intact | Private | Moated, 17th century mansion built within walls which, along with towers, do not stand to full height. |
| Chartley Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111–13th century | Fragmentary remains | Private | Altered in 13th century to form enclosure castle, abandoned by 1485. |
| Eccleshall Castle | Castle | 130114th century | Fragmentary remains | Private | Remains partly incorporated into house of c.1695, rebuilt 19th century. |
| Stafford Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111–12th century | Earthworks | HC / Stafford Borough Council | Medieval keep partly rebuilt 19th century, then partly demolished. |
| Stourton Castle | Castle | 130114–15th century | Fragment | Private | Remains incorporated in later buildings. |
| Tamworth Castle | Shell keep | 100111–13th century | Rebuilt | HC Local authority | Largely rebuilt 16–18th centuries. |
| Tutbury Castle | Motte and bailey | 110112–15th century | Fragmentary ruins | HC | Slighted 1647–8, 19th century folly stands on motte. |
# Castles of England/Style Guide and Authors

Please follow the style guide. Changes to the guide should be proposed on the Talk page here for agreement of consensus between contributors.

## Style Guide

* As this book is about English castles, it is written in British English. Don't worry if you write in American English - it will be changed to British English by the next editor.
* This book is designed to be fully self contained. It is not an encyclopedic article and there are no links to Wikipedia. Where a term needs describing it is linked to the Glossary within the book.
* The book is only about English castles - other British and European castles are excluded. Be careful to avoid Scottish and Welsh castles except where referring to them to describe the development of the English castle.
* In line references are not used. Where a reference is quoted, please include it in the References chapter, not within the individual chapters. This also applies to bare URLs and external links - put them in the references chapter.

## Authors

To date (June 2011) virtually all content in this book has been contributed by User:QuiteUnusual. Development has been slow for the last two years due to being distracted into administrative activities. If you've made a major contributor and wish to be recognised, add your name below:
* QU 21:24, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
# Castles of England/Suffolk

There are seven castles in Suffolk.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Bungay Castle | Keep and bailey | 110112–13th century | Fragmentary remains | HC / Bungay Castle Trust | Abandoned c.1365. |
| Clare Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111th century | Fragmentary remains | HC | Motte 53 ft high. |
| Eye Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111th century | Fragmentary remains | HC | Motte over 40 ft high. |
| Framlingham Castle | Enclosure castle | 110112th century | Ruins | EH | Curtain wall with 13 open-backed towers and projecting gatehouse, poor house 17–19th centuries. |
| Mettingham Castle | Fortified manor house | 1342c.1342 | Fragmentary remains | Private | Gatehouse survives. |
| Orford Castle | Keep | 11651165–73 | Intact | EH | Unique polygonal keep survives. |
| Wingfield Castle | Castle | 1385c.1385 | Fragment | Private residence | South curtain wall, gatehouse and east drawbridge survive, with 16–17th century house. |
# Castles of England/Tudor Castles

← Baronial War Castles | Later History of Castles →

## History of the Period

This period begins with the seizure of the throne from Richard II by Henry IV. Henry was to spend most of his reign fighting to establish his hold on the country; his son, Henry V, gained the benefits inheriting a strong enough position to allow him to invade France. He won a famous victory at Agincourt and was declared the heir to the throne of France only to die shortly afterwards from dysentery.
Henry's son, Henry VI, was only one year old when his father died and inherited the thrones of England and France. But Henry was not the warrior his illustrious father was and he was to lose the throne of France bringing the Hundred Years War to an end. Whilst he reigned, an ongoing struggle took place between the Lancastrians and Yorkists. This war, the War of the Roses, ended in 1485 with the defeat of Richard III by Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII.
Castle construction was relatively rare during the Tudor period. The era of siege warfare was coming to an end, and castles had not played a major role in the War of the Roses. A typical castle of the period is closer to a fortified manor house than a true castle. However, some true castles were still built, this period seeing the rise of the brick built castle.

## Brick Built Castles

Brick making was introduced into England in the 14th century, although the Romans had used bricks the art had died out. Wealthy castles owners, in particular those in the south-east of England, began to use bricks in their castle construction. The bricks were laid using a technique now known as English Bond. This technique involves laying rows of bricks alternating between stretchers (the longer side is exposed) and headers (the shorter side is exposed). It is the strongest bond for a one brick thick wall.

## Castles of the Period
### Herstmonceux Castle

Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex was built by Roger de Fiennes, Treasurer of the Household to Henry VI. Construction began in about 1441, the castle being built from Flemish brick. Although it is a superficially strong castle, with a large gatehouse and towers, the walls were too thin to resist a serious attack. It was primarily a private residence, set in large Elizabethan gardens. The castle fell into disrepair and was renovated with some modifications in the 20th century.

### Kirby Muxloe Castle

Typical for the period, Kirby Muxloe Castle is more of a fortified house than a true castle. Its large glazed windows and thin walls would not have been able to resist a determined attack for long. In the 1480s, when its construction was begun by Lord Hastings, the country was relatively peaceful and defense was only required against small bands of roving marauders.
The castle is of brick construction in a quadrangle layout. The original design included corner towers linked by curtain walls with towers placed in the middle of each length of wall. A moat surrounds the castle with a wooden drawbridge giving access to the gatehouse.
# Castles of England/West Midlands

There is one castle of note in the West Midlands.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Dudley Castle | Keep and bailey | 120113–14th century | Ruins | HC Dudley Zoo | Slighted in 1647, then rebuilt and inhabited until destroyed by fire in 1750, partly restored 19th century. |
Dudley Castle is a ruined castle in the town of Dudley. The castle stands on an outcrop of Wenlock Group limestone. Local legend states that a wooden castle was constructed on the site in the 8th century by a Saxon lord called Dud or Dado. However this legend is not taken seriously by historians, who usually date the castle from soon after the Norman Conquest of 1066. It is thought one of the Conqueror's followers, Ansculf de Picquigny, built the first castle in 1070 and that his son, William Fitz-Ansculf, was in possession of the castle when it was recorded at the time of the Domesday Book of 1086. Some of the earthworks from this castle, notably the 'motte', the vast mound on which the present castle keep now sits, still remain.
After Fitz-Ansculf, the castle came into the possession of the Paganel family, who built the first stone castle on the site. This castle was strong enough to withstand a siege in 1153 by the forces of King Stephen. However, after Gervase Paganel joined a failed rebellion against King Henry II in 1173 the castle was demolished by order of the king. The Somery's were the next dynasty to own the site and set about building the castle in stone starting in the second half of the 13th century and continuing on into the 14th. The keep (the most obvious part of the castle when viewed from the town) and the main gate dates from this re-building. A chapel and great hall were also constructed.
Starting around 1540, a range of new buildings were erected within the older castle walls. The architect was William Sharington and the buildings are thus usually referred to as Sharrington Range.
The castle became a Royalist stronghold during the English Civil War, and was besieged twice before its surrender to Cromwell's forces in 1646. The first siege in 1644 was lifted after the Royalists sent a relief force which drove away the Parliamentarians. In 1646 Sir William Brereton commanded the Parliamentarians in the second siege against the Royalists led by Colonel Leveson. The castle was surrendered on 13th May 1646. Parliament subsequently ordered that the castle be partly demolished and the present ruined appearance of the keep result from this decision.
A stable block was constructed on the site at some point before 1700. This was the final building to be constructed in the castle. The bulk of the remaining habitable parts of the castle was destroyed by fire in 1750.
# Cascading Style Sheets/Breadcrumbs

Use the :before and :after pseudo elements with generated content to generate breadcrumbs
# Cascading Style Sheets/Browser Extensions

Each web browser's layout engine has its own extension for the features of CSS it supports, whether they be proprietary, experimental or purely internal. For instance, many browsers only have experimental CSS3 implementations, so the CSS property is often prefixed by the layout engine's name. The most famous example would probably be border-radius, which for the longest time was only supported by WebKit and Gecko as -webkit-border-radius and -moz-border-radius respectively (border-radius is now supported by WebKit, Gecko, Presto & Trident without the vendor prefix).
Extensions by Layout Engine :
| Extension | Layout Engine | Browsers |
| -webkit- | WebKit | Safari, Shiira, OmniWeb, Flock (3.x+), Chrome |
| -moz- | Gecko | Firefox, Flock (up to 2.x), Iceweasel |
| -o- | Presto | Opera |
| -ms- | Trident | Internet Explorer |

## IE Specific Properties

-Use (-ms-)writing-mode: bt-rl; to vertically align text, with punctuation at the beginning of the string to display text that reads vertically in IE7+
-Use (-ms-)text-align-last for orphan lines at the end of paragraphs
-Use text-align:justify; text-justify: newspaper; text-align-last:end for newspaper layouts
(-ms- for IE8+)

## See also

* w:Comparison of Layout Engines