OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# SPM/Advice on hardware selection

SPM requirements in terms or hardware are closely related to those of MATLAB, see:
* MATLAB System Requirements
* Choosing Hardware for Use with MATLAB
* Computer hardware which best optimizes the performance of MATLAB

# Processor

No particular requirements, apart from those for MATLAB. The faster the better but little memory or a slow hard disk can become a bottleneck so make sure to have a coherent hardware installation.

## Mono-/multi-processors

Recent MATLABs support implicit multiprocessing allowing to run multiple threads on a single machine without any change to the MATLAB code itself: this requires a multiple CPU (multiprocessor or multicore) system. The gain in compute time with SPM is not dramatic though.
See:
* http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/matlab_prog/brdo29n-1.html
* http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/ref/maxnumcompthreads.html
If you run many MATLAB sessions in parallel to manually distribute your SPM processings, it is recommended to set the number of computational threads to one.
Some effort is currently done to provide a parallel version of SPM that could automatically distribute tasks on a multicore/multiprocessor machine or a cluster.

## 32/64 bit

Major Operating Systems, MATLAB and SPM support 64bit architectures and are nowadays recommended.

# Memory

The more RAM you have the better but SPM should accommodate with any amount of memory you have (provided there is enough for MATLAB itself). Remember that a 32 bit Operating System might not be able to make use of the full amount of memory.
For more information, see:
* http://www.mathworks.com/support/tech-notes/1100/1106.html
* http://www.mathworks.com/support/tech-notes/1100/1107.html

# Hard Disk

Neuroimaging datasets can be quite large so a slow hard disk can be a bottleneck for SPM processing. (I.e. if you've got the choice, choose the hard disk with the highest RPM. For even more performance, use multiple hard drives in a RAID1 or other RAID setup). Concerning the capacity, it's also obviously the more the better.

## Reviews of hard disks

http://www.storagereview.com

## Network File System

It is certainly possible to store your datasets on an NFS server. If the server is located in another building or section of your building, make sure the entire connection to your SPM processing workstation is at least 100MB/s.

# Graphic Card

At current time little use is made of the GPU in SPM so the graphic card should not have any impact in SPM processing.
# SPARQL/WIKIDATA Language links and Badges
### Language links

Try it!
The code schema:about links an item to the language link. The code schema:inLanguage within the language link retrieves the language. The code schema:isPartOf within the language link retrieves the wikimedia project, like <https://en.wikipedia.org/>.

### Badges

Badges are a kind of marker attached to a language link, which could identify, for example, that the article is a featured article badge (Q17437796) on a specific site. They do not describe the external entity but the page on the specific site.
Here a query that ranks the wikimedia projects badges.
Try it!
The code schema:isPartOf (within the language link) retrieves the wikimedia project, like <https://en.wikipedia.org/>. The code wikibase:badge (within the language link) retrieves the badge, like featured article badge (Q17437796). The code schema:about links an item to the language link.
# The Physics Problem Solver

The purpose of this book is to basically be a database of questions and explained answers. Anyone is welcome to contribute, but most of the content will be from online homework help in Freenodes ##physics.

## Newtonian mechanics: force, motion, and waves
### Measurement

* The SI Unit System
* Scalar and Vector Quantities
* Significant Figures

### Kinematics

* Motion in One Dimension
* Motion in Two Dimensions
* Projectile Motion
* Relative Motion
* Velocity and Acceleration

### Newton's Laws

* Newton's First Law
* Newton's Second Law
* Newton's Third Law
* Center of Mass
* Linear Motion and Statics

### Energy

* Work and Energy
* Energy and Conservation of Energy

### Gravity

* Newton's Law of Gravitation and Weight
* Gravitational Potential Energy

### Other Topics

* Momentum and Conservation of Momentum
* Impulse
* Rotational Motion
* Fluid Mechanics
* Harmonic Motion, Waves, and Sounds

## Thermodynamics

* Pressure and Temperature
* The Ideal Gas
* Entropy

## Electromagnetism

* Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law
* Electric Fields
* Field Energy and Continuous Charge Distributions
* Gauss' Law
* Voltage
* Capacitance, Inductance, LRC Circuits
* Current and Circuits
* Resistance
* Magnetic fields
* Ampere's Law
* Electromagnetic Induction
* AC Circuits
* Maxwell's Equations
* Electromagnetic Waves

## Optics

* Light
* Geometric Optics
* Wave Properties of Light

## Modern Physics

* Relativity
* Special Relativity
* Quantum Mechanics
* Atoms
* The Bohr Model
* The Schroedinger Equation
The Physics Problem Solver
# The Physics Problem Solver/Electromagnetism/Capacitance, Inductance, LRC Circuits

The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with plate area A and separation d, is C. The space between the plates is filled with two wedges of dielectric constants K1 and K2.-respectively. Find the capacitance of the resulting capacitor.
# The Performance Guide/Softwareanalyse and Performance

Before we take a look at advantage and disadvantage let us one think save in our mind. Mostly performance advisement come first in the (object oriented) software design phase. We don't need advisement over performance in the (object oriented) analyse - normally. The problem analyse can be some important fundamentals, and these can help us for performance advisement in the (object oriented) design.

## Concurrency

Concurrency is an to check when we are in software analyse phase. With concurrency we describe side by side running pieces of our software. Which can lead to better performance, if the concurrency allows for work to be completed while waiting for IO, or if the CPU support concurrent threads of execution. Even though concurrency can lead to improved performance on both single, and multiple core CPUs concurrency incurs some overhead, and can actually decrease performance if done incorrectly, or in excess.
But only You as specialist can identify software pieces, which may running side by side. The Unified Modelling Language [UML] can help us to display concurrency in activity diagrams. These parts of software are painted between synchronize elements. It is important to create concurrency with right dimension. If they are to small, so it comes too little using, are they to big we have an user problem.
Example:
# DNS
## WHOIS enumeration

Perform DNS IP Lookup
Perform MX Record Lookup
Perform Zone Transfer with DIG

## DNS Zone Transfers

Windows DNS zone transfer
Linux DNS zone transfer
# The Penetration Tester/Exploits
## Shellshock

TELNET
* ↑ https://digi.ninja/blog/telnet_shellshock.php
# The Performance Guide

See Project summary for more information.
# The Performance Guide/Project summary
## Intended audience

This project creates a book for software developer.

## Scope

This wikibook discusses what performance is and lays out how to create performance softwarea.

## Authors

--Bastie (talk) 19:36, 1 March 2009 (UTC) for questions ask under mailto:performance.wikibooks@ritter.biz
* co-authors?
I search an english 'teacher'...
* german version wikibooks:
see Das Performance-Handbuch for additional informations
# The Physics Problem Solver/Electromagnetism/Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law

The scalar form of Coulomb's law is an expression for the magnitude and sign of the electrostatic force between two idealized point charges, small in size compared to their separation. This force (F) acting simultaneously on point charges (q$_1$) and (q$_2$), is given by
    $F=k_{\mathrm {e} }{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}}}$
where r is the separation distance and k$_e$ is a proportionality constant. A positive force implies it is repulsive, while a negative force implies it is attractive. The proportionality constant k$_e$, called the Coulomb constant (sometimes called the Coulomb force constant), is related to defined and can be calculated based on knowledge of empirical measurements of the speed of light:
    $k_{e}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}={\frac {c^{2}\ \mu _{0}}{4\pi }}=8.987\times 10^{9}\ \mathrm {N\cdot m^{2}/C^{2}} .$

## Exercises
### Beginner

1) Two point charges are initially 9 cm apart and are then moved so they are 2 cm apart. If the initial force between them is F what is the new force in terms of the initial force?
    Using $F=k_{\mathrm {e} }{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}}}$
For the initial state, r = 9cm = 0.09m
    $F_{i}=k_{\mathrm {e} }{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{0.09^{2}}}$
For the initial state, r = 2cm = 0.02m
    $F_{f}=k_{\mathrm {e} }{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{0.02^{2}}}$
Multiplying by r$^2$ in both cases gives us:
    $F_{i}*0.09^{2}=k_{\mathrm {e} }q_{1}q_{2}\,$
    $F_{f}*0.02^{2}=k_{\mathrm {e} }q_{1}q_{2}\,$
Setting the two equations to be equal ( they are both equal to $k_{\mathrm {e} }q_{1}q_{2}\,$):
    $F_{i}\times 0.09^{2}=F_{f}\times 0.02^{2}\,$
    $F_{f}={\frac {0.09^{2}}{0.02^{2}}}\times F_{i}=20.25F_{i}\,$
In other words, the new force is roughly 20x as strong as the initial force.
# The Penetration Tester

Starting out in penetration testing on one's own is not pleasant journey. As much as possible, this book is document all the (latest) notes, tips & how-to.
The following are general steps to performing a Penetration Test
    1 Information Gathering
    2 Enumeration
    3 Vulnerability Assessment
    4 Exploitation
Feel free to jump directly to the content that you need.

## Contents

Open-source Intelligence (OSINT)
Exploits
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Nausea

Nausea is a feeling of unbalance, unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit. Vomiting is an accidental or intentional force to throw up stomach contents through the mouth in order to get back the balance of the stomach. Many drugs used for different treatments also cause nausea as an adverse effect such as opiates, metronidazole as well as a side effect such as antibiotics, and anti-parasitic agents. Nausea is usually associated with indigestion, upper GI tract complaints such as bloating, early satiety, and difficulty swallowing.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Opthalmologic

Quite simply, a medication for administration directly to the eye is an ophthalmic medication. It can be an ointment or liquids.
To successfully administer an ophthalmic medication, one should put a (clean) finger on the skin just below the lower eyelash and pull gently down. This creates a tiny sac that the medication can be dripped or squeezed into.
Be careful, if possible, not to touch the tip of the medication to the eye, both to avoid injury to the eye, and to avoid contaminating the medication.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Tolerance

In medicine, tolerance is the process of the body needing more of a drug to gain the same result.
This effect is especially pronounced in opiate drugs, such as heroin, and indeed any drug which changes the brain.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Sublingual

Some medicines can be given sublingual, which means "under the tongue". The reason for this method of administration is that some medications can enter the bloodstream better or faster this way.
For example, B12 is a vitamin that for decades was given as an injection because when someone has Pernicious Anemia they cannot absorb it from the intestines due to a lack of a chemical called intrinsic factor that "grabs" it and pulls it into the bloodstream. A few years ago it was noted that if given sublingual, it would be adequately absorbed, eliminating the need for an injection.
Another example is when a patient in Hospice care is near death, unable to swallow but having pain, the pain medication can be given as a liquid under the tongue, where it is absorbed quickly and gives rapid pain relief.
A pill designed to be given orally will rarely be able to be administered sublingually. A pharmacist can tell you if a certain medication has a coating and absorption profile that will allow this form of administration.
An example of a pain medication intended to be taken orally that can be taken sublingually, if you don't mind a slight bitter taste, is hydrocodone. Approximately 1/3 of an oral dose has the same effects when taken sublingually. This method of sublingual dosing has been tried when a patient's Dr. does not prescribe enough of the medication in quantity to be taken orally to subdue the patient's severe pain.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Transdermal

Transdermal medication use:
Transdermal means "across the skin". This is the application of medication to the skin for absorption into the body.
Although this has been done for hundreds of years for medication that actually benefits the skin, only recently has it been able to take medications into the blood stream. This is because of new ways of "piggybacking" the medication onto other chemicals or vehicles that take it through the skin and into the bloodstream.
Medications delivered in this way can usually be delivered at a lower dose than the oral route, and the skin may actually act as a reservoir, allowing a slow but steady delivery into the body.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

< What You Should Know About Medicines
What are NSAIDs?
NSAID is an abbreviation for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs.These drugs are used to reduce pain, fever and inflammation.
Examples of NSAID : Aspirin and Ibuprofen.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Opioids

Opioid overdoses are common, and can have deadly consequences. Fortunately, there is an medication available to quickly reverse the symptoms. This medication is called Naxolone. It is available as an nasal spray, autoinjector, or injectable.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Tablet

Tablets, sometimes called pills, are commonly used to dispense medicines. Not all pills are the same. Some are time release, gelatine, or medically coated.
Tablets usually contain the active drug ingredient, plus excipients.
Excipients are inactive ingredients, such as a dye for the drug to look more appealing, flavor to add taste to the drug (most drugs don't naturally taste very good).
Time release tablets should NOT be chewed or crushed, since this will produce an overdose of the drug. These tablets are made to be taken only once or twice a day, and are designed so that the drug is slowly released into the body. They are very useful, and decrease the amount of times you need to take medication each day. However, taking a crushed Extended - Released tablet can be very harmful.
The other tablets, which are not time - release or extended - release, generally can be chewed, as they are not designed to slowly release the medicine.
Please ask your pharmacist about your specific medication to guide you on how to take it safely.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/The Most Common Drug Interactions

Alcohol
Alcohol interacts with many medications in a variety of ways. One example is making seizures more likely to occur in conjunction with bupropion (a smoking cessative and antidepressant). Check with a doctor before starting the medication if you drink regularly
Grapefruit
Grapefruit, including it's juice increases the amount of many medications absorbed into the blood. This is most major for blood pressure medications, but affects many others. Before drinking the juice, ask your doctor wether you can drink it, and if so, how much you should have. your dose may need to be adjusted to compensate.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Suppository

A suppository is a method of giving medicines into the rectum. The medicine is mixed with a fat or wax. Traditionally cocoa butter (theobroma oil) was used, but synthetic bases are more common today. The important thing is that the base should melt at temperatures above normal room temperature, but below body temperature. This gives us a narrow band between roughly 30 and 35 degrees celsius for the melting point of the base.
There are also suppositories based on gelatin. These need to be dampened before insertion, because they dissolve rather than melting.
The same technology used for suppositories applies to female pessaries, but pessaries tend to be larger. Suppositories typically come in 1g, 2g or 4g sizes, while pessaries may be 4g, 8g or 15g. The size of the suppository depends on the size of the recipient - 1g for infants, 2g for children and 4g for adults being a general rule.
The drugs used in suppositories are either chosen for their local effect - medicines for use in haemorrhoids, for example - or because this route avoids the need to swallow. Diazepam may be given rectally in cases of epilepsy because a person undergoing fits may not be able to take medicines by mouth at that time.
# Screen Printing

Screen printing is a relatively simple and inexpensive way to make detailed prints on a diverse set of substrates including cloth, paper, bumper stickers, and posters. The process involves creating a stencil on a piece of polyester material stretched over a frame, and then transferring ink through the open mesh openings onto the substrate.

## Contents

* An Introduction to Screen Printing
** Brief History
* Planning and Executing your Project
** Materials
** Making the Stencil
** Stenciling Techniques
*** Photo Emulsion Technique
** Making the Print
** Finishing Up
* Advanced Techniques
* Common Problems
* Project Ideas
* Selling your Prints
# Scratch/Online and Offline Editors

The Scratch editor is available both online and through standalone applications. Deciding which editor to use largely depends on what you plan to do with Scratch and the requirements of your hardware setup. Links and requirements of the official editors can be found on the page Scratch/Lessons/Downloading

## The Online Editor

Scratch's online editor has several advantages over the offline editor. It can run in a web browser, so installing additional software isn't required and it takes up no space on your hard drive. This also makes it excellent in situations where you can't install software, such as on public computers. If you've made an account on Scratch's website, your project will be saved to their servers. However, it also has some downsides. It cannot be used without an active internet connection, and it can only be used for the latest version of Scratch.

## The Offline Editor

The offline editor allows for developing projects without an internet connection. As a standalone application, it requires between 360 and 75 megabytes depending on your operating system. It also lacks a few features from the online editor, namely the backpack, cloud variables, and some accessibility options. However, the offline editor is one of the only ways to use older versions of scratch such as Scratch 2.0 and Scratch 1.4. These older versions also offer a method to directly upload a project to your Scratch account, but the Scratch 3.0 editor currently lacks this feature, so projects have to be uploaded to the website.

## Third-party Editors

While this Wikibook is focused on only the official Scratch editors, several unofficial editors also exist. These editors can expand Scratch's functionality to add highly requested features such as 3D or improve on the editing experience through additional features. They may also improve the performance of projects by compiling them to Javascript. However, these editors aren't without their disadvantages. Like the Scratch 3.0 offline editor, no third-party editor can directly upload to Scratch. Additionally, if you use features of these editors that aren't present in Scratch, you won't be able to upload your project. Lastly, editors that compile to Javascript can not have edits made while the project is running. As well, the benefits to performance from compiling are usually only noticeable in highly advanced projects, which means that most devices don't need them to comfortably run the vast majority of projects.
# Scratch/Lessons/Resources

There are a number of places that you can go to seek resources for use within Scratch projects that you can add to your projects.
Perhaps most useful is the resources that are automatically installed with Scratch. For simply learning about Scratch, there is enough variety to create most of the basic projects that will be explained in this textbook. Still, there may be some ideas for things that you would want to try which go beyond these basic examples.

## Image Files

The following are some suggested URLs that you can use to obtain images:
* Wikimedia Commons - Has more than 1.5 million images and media files and the source of images within Wikimedia projects like Wikibooks and Wikipedia.

### Image Manipulation Software

There are several image manipulation tools available to help create images or perhaps to modify some content that you have found elsewhere. These are some tools that you should consider on downloading or purchasing if you want to make some fine touch-ups on images before you import them into Scratch.
You should be aware that Scratch also has a simple image manipulation tool built into the design interface. This tool isn't that elaborate, and lacks some features that you would find in a full featured image manipulation tool, but it will take care of 90% of the issues you will have to deal with, and nearly everything that a child would want to do with an image.
* https://www.gimp.org/ GNU Image Manipulation Program (aka the GIMP) - Available for multiple operating systems and stable in nearly all of them, including Windows, Linux, and Mac OS/X. This is a "professional" level tool that would not be recommended for younger children, but it is a good tool to look at as an adult if you want to try some more bleeding edge image effects.
* https://www.inkscape.org/ Inkscape - A much easier tool that is designed more for image creation. This is mainly for the development of images saved in the "scaleable vector graphics" (*.svg) file format, however it can export images into the PNG file format, which can be read by Scratch. Again, this is a more professional tool, and can be used to make more "polished" styles of images than the default Scratch editor.

## Sound FX

* https://freesound.org Freesound - Sound effects that are available under the same Creative Commons license that Scratch uses. You must become a "member" to download these sounds, but registration is free.
# Smalltalk Programming/Control

Program flow within a method is managed with [blocks]. A block is an object containing some smalltalk code, and it can be sent methods to accomplish any program flow needed. Outside of a single method body, program flow is decided in sending the same method to dissimilar objects; the classic example is to send a circle to either to a monitor, printer, or X/Y plotter.
Please feel free to replace the following examples with something less..pointless.
1 to: 5 do: [num| transcript print:num]. - putting a flow control method like to:do: inside a Number class may seem a little funny, but it makes this easy to express.
num > 5 ifTrue: [num:=1] ifFalse: [num:=num+1]. - feel free to split the ifTrues and ifFalses across different lines.
[num < 5 ] whileTrue: [num:=num+1. transcript print:'embiggen!']. Yes, a block can be the opening object in a statement.
# Smalltalk Programming/History

Smalltalk was developed in the Learning Research Group (LRG) at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center back in the early 1970. The group was led by Alan Kay who worked on a vision he called "Dynabook" - the computer could be used creatively like a dynamic book even by children. Their explorations led them to develop not only the prescient vision of notebook computing (the Dynabook), but also to the Smalltalk object-oriented programming language. The first Smalltalk programming system (called Smalltalk-72) ran on a Xerox Alto and was designed to support Alan Kay's new programming paradigm called object-oriented programming.
# Smalltalk Programming/Overview

Claim: Lots of indentions is a sign that code needs to be refactored. CPS