OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Seed Factories/Locations

   * Moderate Conditions
      * Accessible Developed
      * Accessible Underdeveloped
   * Moderate Remote
   * Difficult to Extreme Conditions
      * Water Quantity
      * Temperature
      * Local Materials & Energy
      * Ambient & Air Pressure
      * Radiation Level
# Seed Factories/Industrial

The Seed Factory approach can also be used for conventional commercial factory production. The rationale is that building a starter set is cheaper than building a whole factory at once, and the integrated automation and processing flow does not need much human labor and uses cheap raw materials. Therefore the economics should be attractive.
In comparison to the Personal Factory example, an Industrial Factory has the following differences and relationships:
* It would follow the same design principles and general architecture, so far as features like automation and self-expansion.
* It assumes larger scale dedicated outputs, thus the range of products is more limited.
* The output not used for self-growth is mostly sold to customers rather than used by the owners.
* Once the factory is built up, the starter set may be taken elsewhere to repeat the process. It would then function as construction equipment rather than a permanent part of the end factory.
* The growth may have earlier phases with mostly growth and not much end output, and later transitions to less growth and more end products. The larger scale and reduced early sales implies more starting capital to reach full production.
* More emphasis in prototypes would be on scaling to larger sizes, and evolving to dedicated machines with higher efficiency, rather than flexible multipurpose machines.
* Because of larger scale and production volume, higher levels of automation are more valuable.
# Physical Chemistry/Molecular Orbital Theory
## Introduction

The valence electrons are considered to be associated with all the nuclei in the molecule. Thus, the atomic orbitals from different atoms must be combined to product molecular orbitals. Developed by Friedrich Hund and Robert S. Millikan in 1932, molecular orbital theory takes the view that a molecule is similar to an atom in one important respect. Both have energy levels that correspond to various orbitals that can be populated by electrons. In atoms, these orbitals are known as atomic orbitals; in molecules however, they are called molecular orbitals (MOs).

## Assumptions to be considered

* When two atoms approach each other, their atomic orbitals lose their identity and mutually overlap to form new orbitals called molecular orbitals (MOs).
* The MOs are polycentric and are associated with the nuclei of all the atoms constituting the molecule. The electron probability distribution around the group of nuclei constituting the molecule is given by the molecular orbitals just as atomic orbitals give probability of finding an electron around the nucleus in an atom.
* Only atomic orbitals of about the same energy and same symmetry interact significantly.
* The total number of MOs produced is always equal to the total number of atomic orbitals contributed by the atoms that have combined.
* When two atomic orbital overlap in-phase, it leads to an increase in the intensity of negative charge in region of overlap; the MO formed has lower potential energy than the separate atomic orbitals and is called a bonding molecular orbital.
* When two atomic orbital overlap out-of-phase, it leads to an decrease in the intensity of negative charge between the nuclei; the MO formed has higher potential energy than the separate atomic orbitals and is called an anti-bonding molecular orbital. Electrons in this type of MO destabilize the bond between atoms.
* Amount of stabilization of bonding orbitals equals the amount of destabilization of the anti-bonding orbitals.
* Each MO can accommodate electrons according to Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity.

## Formation of Molecular Orbitals by Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)

Consider two atoms $A$ and $B$ which have atomic orbitals described by the wave functions $\Psi _{a}$ and $\Psi _{b}$. When the electron clouds of these two atoms overlap as the atoms approach, the wave function for the molecule can be obtained by linear combination of the atomic orbitals $\Psi _{a}$ and $\Psi _{b}$.
The atomic orbitals $\Psi _{a}$ and $\Psi _{b}$ combine to give rise to a pair of molecular orbitals $\Psi _{g}$ and $\Psi _{u}$. The function $\Psi _{g}$ corresponds to the increased electron density in between the nuclei due to in-phase overlap and is, therefore, a bonding molecular orbital $[\Psi _{g}=\Psi _{a}+\Psi _{b}]$. It is thus lower in energy than the original atomic orbitals. Similarly, the function $\Psi _{u}$ corresponds to the minimized electron density in between the nuclei. It is called the anti-bonding orbital which is higher in energy $[\Psi _{g}=\Psi _{a}-\Psi _{b}]$.
# Physical Chemistry/State Functions

The following demonstrates what's a state function and what's not a state function.
$q_{rev}\;$ is not exact differential for a gas obeying van der Waals' equation, but ${\frac {q_{rev}}{T}}$ is as demonstrated below:
$dq_{rev}\;=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{v}dT+\left[P_{ext}+\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}\right]dV$
We assume quasistatic situation, so $P_{ext}=P\;$.
$dq_{rev}\;=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{v}dT+\left[P+\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}\right]dV$
$=C_{v}dT+\left[P+\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}\right]dV$
$=C_{v}dT+\left[P+\left({\frac {a}{{\overline {V}}^{2}}}\right)\right]dV$
$=C_{v}dT+\left({\frac {RT}{{\overline {V}}-b}}\right)dV$
Now, you take the cross partial derivatives.
$\left({\frac {\partial C_{v}}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}=0$
$\left({\frac {\partial \left({\frac {RT}{{\overline {V}}-b}}\right)}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}={\frac {R}{{\overline {V}}-b}}$
They are not equal; hence, $q_{rev}\;$ is not exact differential (not a state function).
However, if we take ${\frac {q_{rev}}{T}}$ it will be exact differential (a state function).
${\frac {dq_{rev}}{T}}={\frac {C_{v}}{T}}dT+\left({\frac {R}{{\overline {V}}-b}}\right)dV$
Take the cross partial derivatives.
$\left({\frac {\partial \left({\frac {C_{v}}{T}}\right)}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}=0$
$\left({\frac {\partial \left({\frac {R}{{\overline {V}}-b}}\right)}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}=0$
Both are equal making ${\frac {q_{rev}}{T}}$ exact differential (a state function).
# Physical Chemistry/From Classical to Quantum Mechanics
## Classical View of Light

The classical view of light is simply a wave. This wave has two orthogonal (perpendicular) components. These are an electric field and a magnetic field. In the diagram shown the light is traveling to the right, the electric field is in the same plane as the page, and the magnetic field is traveling in and out of the page. All three of these are perpendicular to each other. The electric and magnetic component share anti-nodes. Anti-nodes are the points where the wave passes through the zero and changes sign. Since both waves are similar it is possible to refer to the wavelength of light, and not just the wavelength of the electric component of light.

## Photoelectric Effect

The Photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from metal when it is shined on by light. The amount of electrons released depends on the type of metal and the frequency of the light. For some metals, if the light is below a certain frequency, it will not emit any electrons. Light was originally thought as a form of energy, but for this to be true, electrons would have been emitted, regardless of the frequency.
# Physical Chemistry/Lattice Enthalpy

Lattice enthalpy is the enthalpy change when one mole of an ionic compound is formed from its gaseous ions under standard conditions.
It is a measure of how strong the ionic lattice is within the compound. Lattice energies are exothermic. The more negative the value, the stronger the bonding.
# Physical Chemistry/Introduction to QM
## Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics developed in the first part of the 20th century that was highly successful in explaining the behavior of atoms, molecules and nuclei. Developed between 1900 and 1930 and later combined with the general special theory of relativity, it revolutionized the field of physics. The new concepts, which were the particle properties of radiation, the wave properties of matter, quantization of physical properties and the idea that one can no longer know exactly where a single particle such as an electron is at any one time were necessary to explain all of the new experimental evidence that was available at the time.
At the turn of the 20th century, classical theories were well-established for thermodynamics, optics, electromagnetism, and motion of objects. Classical predictions were very accurate for nearly every system that had been studied, and there was a common belief that all of the conceptual problems in chemistry and physics were essentially solved (although solving the equations for a large complex system could be computationally challenging).
A series of experimental results that could not be explained using classical mechanics ultimately led to the development of quantum mechanics. As a result, much of modern chemistry has been explained using the principles of quantum mechanics: for example, atomic structure, molecular bonding, and all types of spectroscopy are directly related to quantum chemistry. Quantum mechanics has also been applied to develop devices we use every day including semiconductors in the circuitry of our computers and lasers in our CD players.
# Physical Chemistry
## Contents
### Classical Thermodynamics

    Thermodynamic Systems
    Introduction to Thermodynamics
    State Functions
    Thermodynamic Processes for an Ideal Gas

### Quantum Mechanics

    Introduction to QM
    From Classical to Quantum Mechanics
    Particle in a box

### Statistical Thermodynamics

    Introduction to Stat. Mech.

### Applied Physical Chemistry

    Lattice Enthalpy
    Transition Element Oxides and Chlorides

### Theoretical Chemistry

    Molecular Orbital Theory
    Valence Bond Theory
    Group Theory and Symmetry
    Electronic Structure Methods

### Spectroscopy

    Rotational & Vibrational
    Electronic
    Magnetic

### Recommended Texts for further reading

P.W. Atkins and J. DePaula, "Physical Chemistry" W. H. Freeman; 7th edition (2001) McQuarrie, A.D. "Quantum Chemistry" University Science Books; 2nd edition (2008)
# Physical Chemistry/Introduction to Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a misnomer since we will only consider equilibrium phenomena, not time-dependence like in kinetics. Thermodynamics deals with things like energy, entropy, volume, heat, work, efficiency (ideal), free energy, chemical potential, pressure, temperature. It was developed to explain steam engines back in the 1800's. It has come a long way since then, able to explain a vast array of phenomena in chemistry, physics, and biology. It is an old, but beautiful theory. It is important in chemistry.
Sample problem
An ideal monoatomic gas at 1 bar is expanded in a reversible adiabatic process to a final pressure of ${\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{2}}\end{matrix}}$ bar. Calculate $q\;$ per mole, $w\;$ per mole, and $\Delta {\overline {U}}$.
To solve this, we need to apply the fact that ${\frac {T_{2}}{T_{1}}}=\left({\frac {P_{2}}{P_{1}}}\right)^{\gamma -1/\gamma }$.
So, substitute and solve for $T_{2}$
${\frac {T_{2}}{298.15\ K}}=\left({\frac {0.5\ bar}{1.0\ bar}}\right)^{\begin{matrix}{\frac {{\begin{matrix}{\frac {5}{3}}\end{matrix}}-1}{\begin{matrix}{\frac {5}{3}}\end{matrix}}}\end{matrix}}$
$T_{2}={225.96\ K}$
Now, we use
$w=\int _{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}{\overline {C}}_{v}\,dT$
Which will give us $w$
$w=\int _{298.15\ K}^{225.96\ K}{\overline {C}}_{v}\,dT={\begin{matrix}{\frac {3}{2}}\end{matrix}}R\left(225.96\ K-298.15\ K\right)=-900.39\ J\ mol^{-1}$
Hence, we have all of our answers...
Adiabatic means $\Delta {\overline {U}}=w$, so $q=0\ J\ mol^{-1}$ and $w=-900.39\ J\ mol^{-1}$ while $\Delta {\overline {U}}=-900.30\ J\ mol^{-1}$

## The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

This law of thermodynamics was developed after the establishment of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The law is involved in defining temperature.
Let us consider three systems, A, B, and C. If systems A and C are in equilibrium, and B and C are in equilibrium, then A and B will be found to be in thermal equilibrium when connected by a heat conductor. This associative property of systems is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that if two systems are in thermodynamic equilibrium separately with a third system then both these systems are said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other.
# Pinyin/Find

See also
to find: to discover something
zhaaodaoh: faxiahn mooushihwuh
# Pinyin/Find Out

See also
# Pinyin/Finding

See also
# Pinyin/Finger

See also
# Pinyin/Fire

Search fire
* huoo
* dahhuoo
# Pinyin/Firework

See also
# Social Statistics

Social Statistics is an introductory text that will help you apply methods from statistics to problems in social sciences. It is recommended that you familiarize yourself with those subjects before moving on to this book. Stylistically, it is written in American English and at an introductory university level.

## Table of Contents

* A printable version of Social Statistics is available.
* A PDF version is available. (info)
* Introduction
* Chapter 1: An Introduction to Social Statistics
* Chapter 2: Linear Regression Models
* Chapter 3: Using Regression to Make Predictions
* Chapter 4: Means and Standard Deviations
* Chapter 5: The Role of Errors in Statistical Models
* Chapter 6: Statistical Inference Using the t Statistic
* Chapter 7: Introduction to Multiple Linear Regression
* Chapter 8: Standardized Coefficients
* Chapter 9: Regression Model Design
* Chapter 10: Multiple Categorical Predictors: ANOVA Models
* Chapter 11: Interaction Models

## Instructor Resources

* Key Terms
* Noted Contributors
* Course Adoptions (if you adopt this text for your course, please make a note of it on this page)
# Space Transport and Engineering Methods/Operations

Prior space projects have relied on a Mission concept of operations. That is you plan a mission ahead of time, with a detailed timeline of all the steps you expect to perform. Then the crew and ground controllers execute the plan. If deviations happen, corrective action is taken to return to the plan as much as possible. This concept works for a single mission in isolation with a well defined goal. Future projects will have multiple activities in multiple locations, with larger numbers of people involved and interactions between activities. So planning every step ahead of time in a linear fashion becomes difficult if not impossible. For cost reasons, you also want to reduce the large amount of planning and training that currently goes on relative to the actual doing.

## Operations Concepts

For future projects, rather than planning everything in advance, one approach is to develop building blocks of tasks which can then be assembled as needed to reach a goal. As new feedback comes in from other tasks, the building blocks can be adjusted or replaced as needed. Changing plans may not be as efficient as carrying out a fully detailed plan made in advance, but the effort to make those advance plans may be larger than the efficiency loss. The ability to change or replace tasks, rather than a monolithic preplanned mission, also allows continuing operations to adapt and improve over time.

## Operations Tasks
### Debris Removal

This task is the removal of human-made orbital debris, and, if possible, natural hazardous objects. Over time, debris will collide with itself and decay from drag. In the long term it will clean itself up, but in the short term the collisions will generate more hazardous size pieces, which is an unsatisfactory situation. Besides clean up of past debris, this task takes care of cleaning up future defunct, lost, or destroyed hardware. There are a number of methods which have been proposed to do this, none of which have been demonstrated yet:
* A "plasma-puffer", promoted by Daniel Gregory. That would use an arc discharge from a high altitude balloon to puff air upwards in the path of the junk, making it de-orbit faster.
* Ballistic puffer, which launches a projectile from a very large gun, that releases air or some other material in the path of the debris, having the same effect. The projectile is sub-orbital, so it does not add to the space junk problem.
* Lasers - zap the front of the debris, blasting off some of it, and slowing it down from the reaction.
* Drag devices - attach a large sail or conducting wire to the space junk and make it slow down faster
* Orbital tug - goes from orbit to orbit collecting junk. This requires high efficiency electric thrusters or the fuel used gets absurdly high.
# ROSE Compiler Framework/LoopProcessor
## Where is the tool

Source file
* https://github.com/rose-compiler/rose-develop/blob/master/tutorial/LoopProcessor.C
Binary, not built or installed by default . You have to build it:
* cd rose_buildtree/tutorial
* make loopProcessor

## Documentation

See more at
* Chapter 38 of http://rosecompiler.org/ROSE_Tutorial/ROSE-Tutorial.pdf

## Example use

Loop fusion
# ROSE Compiler Framework/Milestones
## Use Cases

ROSE is intended to be for the following purposes:
* The ROSE team uses ROSE in their own daily work. In other words, they eat their own dog food.
** Build ROSE translators to improve the code quality of ROSE, e.g., refactor code
** Run static analysis tools built on ROSE to improve the code quality of ROSE, e.g. enforce coding conventions and catch errors not found by compilers and other commercial tools
** Run dynamic analysis tools built on ROSE to catch run-time errors in ROSE
* ROSE is a DOE-fund software project within LLNL. A priority of ROSE is to serve the mission of LLNL and build up the software capability of DOE.
** ROSE is being used to analyze, translate, and optimize DOE applications to make them run faster and more efficiently on high performance computing platforms.
* For average programmers
** ROSE is funded by the Office of Science of DOE and is released under a BSD-like license. So everybody can obtain it to use the pre-built tools shipped with ROSE and/or build them custom tools using ROSE.
# ROSE Compiler Framework/How to set up the makefile for a translator

In this How-to, you will create a makefile to compile and test your own custom ROSE translator.
You may want to first look at "How-to install ROSE": ROSE Compiler Framework/Installation.

### Environment variables

You must have the proper environment variable set so you translator can find the librose.so during execution.

### Translator Code

Here is a simplest ROSE translator.

### Example 1

If you have a project that's separate from ROSE (i.e., you compile it with an *installed* version of ROSE) it's up to you how to do things.
If the project depends only on ROSE and ROSE's dependencies then you can use the Makefile described at the end of the ROSE installation instructions http://rosecompiler.org/ROSE_HTML_Reference/installation.html

### Complete examples

There are project examples demonstrating different ways of building your projects using ROSE's headers/libraries.
They are available at: https://github.com/chunhualiao/rose-project-templates
A few templates for independent projects using ROSE. By independent, we mean the projects are located outside of ROSE's source tree.
* template-project-v1 : using Makefile to build the project
* template-project-v2 : using Makefile to build and run a ROSE plugin
# ROSE Compiler Framework/How to write a How-to

Quick, short, and focused tutorials about how to do common tasks as a ROSE developer. Please create a new wikibook page for each how-to topic. Each how-to wiki page should NOT contain any level one (=) or level two(==) heading so it can be included at the correct levels in the print version of this wikibook.

### Create a new page

* optional step: create an account and log in
* Goto: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ROSE_Compiler_Framework/How-tos
* Click on Edit tab on the right top of the How-tos page
* Copy and paste one existing How-to to the end of the page, for example:
* rename three places of the pasted text with the desired page name, for example
* click save page
* You will see red text trying to link to the not yet existing How to do XYZ page
* click any of the red text, it will bring you to an editing window to add content of your new how-to page
* you can now add new content and save it.
** Again, each how-to wiki page should NOT contain any level one (=) or level two(==) heading so it can be included at the correct levels in the print version of this wikibook.

### Insert image to wiki page

* To use your own image in wiki page, you have to upload the image to http://commons.wikimedia.org/.
* Once you upload the image, it will become public to all wikibooks users. Be sure to declare your copyright if the image is created by yourself.
* Following this instruction to insert image and adjust the layout of your page: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_Wikibooks/Inserting_Images

### Rules of the content

* Only level three headings (===) and higher are allowed in a how-to page. This is necessary for the how-to page to be correctly included into the final one-page print version of this wikibook. Sorry about this restriction.
** Again, please don't use level one (=) or level two (==) headings in a how-to page!
* Keep each how-to short and focused. Readers are expected to only spend 30-minutes or much less to quickly learn how to do something using ROSE.
* After you created a new how-to page and saved your contributions. Please go to the print version to make sure it shows up correctly.
** Here is the link: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ROSE_Compiler_Framework/Print_version
** Having new content show up in the print version will make sure it is really visible and consistent with the rest of the book.
* please specify the how-to topic is the current practice or the proposed new ways of doing things. So we can have clear guideline for code review for what is mandatory and what is optional.
# Sport Innovation/Game’s Magic
#### GAME’S MAGIC

The world is a ball and soccer is the world game. Soccer (Football) can involve one quarter of the world’s population in one unique game, but why? Why is this sport so appreciated comparing to others? It is hard to answer those questions, if there is an answer it may be the games diverse possibilities of winning; yes soccer is an unpredictable game in which both sides can conquer the victory and “the inability to know which team will win a game is the great magic of football”
Soccer is about teamwork. A team playing in great harmony is more likely to win over a team with one super star. There are a lot of nuances in football which can be interfered by implementation of technology, such as strategy, players abilities, luck, team spirit, leadership, fans; there is a belief this action can affect the game’s distinctions.
A more accurate arbitration could create an extra value for results to be trusted, as well as bringing more capital into the competitions and generate even more support to clubs, players and events worldwide.
FIFA has claimed technology should be kept off the field in order to preserve the true nature of the game, however there is a pressure upcoming from sport stakeholders in order to maintain the quality and more than anything to demonstrate seriousness within the gaming outcomes.

#### Footnotes

[1].^ Peron, Humberto (2008, August 8) translated from Folha de Sao Paulo. Retrieved on 03 December 2011 from http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/colunas/futebolnarede/ult868u429893.shtml
Sport Innovation/Technology on- and off-field at the 2014 FIFA World Cup