OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# London System Main Line - Pyramidal Structure c3-d4-e3

In the London System following the moves 1. d4 Nf6 2. Bf4 e6 3. e3 d5 4. Nd2 c5 5. c3, White's strategy centers around a few key ideas:
* Pyramidal Pawn Structure: The setup with pawns on c3, d4, and e3 creates a robust and characteristic pyramidal pawn structure for White. This structure solidifies the center, supporting both central and queenside operations.
* Defending the Queenside Pawn: With an early c3, White strengthens the d4 pawn and also prepares to safeguard the b2 pawn. Black's ...Qb6 often targets this pawn, but the advance of the c3 pawn, combined with other pieces, can neutralize such threats effectively.
* Active Dark-Squared Bishop: Even though Black may emulate a Queen's Gambit Declined approach, White's dark-squared bishop on f4 remains a dynamic asset. Its active posture grants White a potential advantage, especially in endgame scenarios where its influence can become pronounced.
* Reacting to ...c4 Advance: Should Black choose to push ...c4, White's plan typically involves a timely e4 pawn break, often preceded by retreating the light-squared bishop to c2, ensuring the center remains fluid and active.
* Countering ...Qb6: The c3 pawn move not only solidifies the center but also provides White the tactical resource of answering ...Qb6 with Qb3. This counter not only defends potential threats but can also lead to queen exchanges that favor White due to the active piece placement.
In essence, White's strategy in this line of the London System combines a sturdy pawn structure with active piece play, seeking to challenge Black's plans while also creating threats of their own.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 d5 2. Bf4 Nf6 3. e3 e6 4. Nd2 c5 5. c3
| | 5 | |
| Main Line with e6 and c5 | ... Nc6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* ↑ Shaun Sedice (2022). The London System – Play the Opening as White & Black. chessable.com.

### Bibliography

* chess.com - Indian Game: London System - Chess Openings
* 365chess.com - London System Opening Complete Guide - 365Chess
* stackexchange.com - opening - Battling the London System - Chess Stack
* Chess Opening Crash Course: The London System
* Win with the London System. 2005. Sverre Johnsen, Vlatko Kovačević. ISBN 1-9046-0035-2.
# AHI - Audio Hardware Independent

The preferred audio application interface on AROS is AHI. Most (and hopefully all future) applications use AHI for audio playback and capturing. AHI's settings can be accessed at SYS:Prefs/AHI.
AHI provides a set of "Units" for applications to use for sound play back or capturing.
After booting AROS for the first time, you have to set audio modes for AHI's Units, see next paragraph.

## AHI Units and audio modes

After setting or changing a Unit's audio mode, hit "Use" to use the mode for this session, or "Save" to keep it permanently.

## AHI supported devices

[table: device / playback / capture / duplex]

## AHI project & author
# AmigaOS legacy audio application interface

Applications using direct AmigaOS style device access are not affected by AHI settings. Playback volume, rate, etc. will depend on the application's settings, and may interfere with applications using AHI.
# Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/D

D
# Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/B

B
* BKEY - Activates box-select tool.
* BKEY BKEY - (Pre-Blender-2.5) Circle Select. Use NUM+ to increase, NUM- to decrease, or MW to adjust the circle size. Drag over vertices/edges/faces with LMB to add them to selection, MMB to remove them from selection. Leave Circle Select with RMB or ESC.
* ALT+BKEY - Select portion of viewing area to only be visible.
* SHIFT+BKEY - Render Border. This only works in Camera ViewMode. Draw a rectangle to render a smaller cut-out of the standard window frame. If the option DisplayButtons->Border is ON, a box is drawn with red and black lines.
# Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/C

C
* CKEY - (Pre-Blender-2.5) Centers the 3D View where the 3D cursor currently is.
* CKEY — (Blender 2.5) Circle Select. Use NUM+ to increase, NUM- to decrease, or MW to adjust the circle size. Drag over vertices/edges/faces with LMB to add them to selection, MMB to remove them from selection. Leave Circle Select with RMB or ESC.
* ALT+CKEY - brings up the convert menu.
* CTRL+CKEY - brings up the copy menu. This menu copies information from the active object to (other) selected objects.
* SHIFT+CKEY - CentreZero View. The 3DCursor is set to zero (0,0,0) and the view is changed so that all Objects, including the 3Dcursor, can be displayed. This is an alternative for HOME.
# Buttons Window HotKeys (called Properties Window in Blender 2.5)

Mouse Buttons
* MMB — drag to scroll view.
* CTRL+MW — (Pre-Blender-2.5) increase/decrease view magnification.
# Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/A

A
* AKEY — if nothing is selected, then selects everything; otherwise, deselects everything.
* ALT+AKEY - changes the current Blender window to Animation Playback mode. The cursor changes to a counter.
* ALT+SHIFT+AKEY - the current window, plus all 3DWindows go into Animation Playback mode.
* CTRL+AKEY - prompts to "Apply Changes." Size and rotation changes to the model object become permanent.
* CTRL+SHIFT+AKEY - prompts to convert dupliverted objects to real objects.
* SHIFT+AKEY - brings up the toolbox.
# Blender 3D: HotKeys/Key/CommaKey

The Comma Key
* ,KEY - changes the pivot point to the bounding box center.
* CTRL+,KEY - changes the pivot point to median point.
* ALT+,KEY - toggles manipulation of centre points (object and pose mode only).
# C++ Programming/Standard Headers
## Standard Headers

Standard Template Library :
| algorithm array atomic bitset chrono codecvt complex condition_variable deque exception forward_list fstream functional future initializer_list iomanip ios | iosfwd iostream istream iterator limits list locale map memory mutex new numeric ostream queue random ratio regex set | sstream stack stdexcept streambuf string strstream system_error thread tuple type_traits typeinfo typeindex unordered_map unordered_set utility valarray vector |
and the
Standard C Library :
| cassert ccomplex cctype cerrno cfenv cfloat cinttypes ciso646 climits | clocale cmath csetjmp csignal cstdalign cstdarg cstdbool cstddef cstdint | cstdio cstdlib cstring ctgmath ctime cuchar cwchar cwctype cwstring |
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 In C++11 only
Everything inside C++'s standard library is kept in the std:: namespace.
Old compilers may include headers with a .h suffix (e.g. the non-standard <iostream.h> vs. the standard <iostream>) instead of the standard headers. These names were common before the standardization of C++ and some compilers still include these headers for backwards compatibility. Rather than using the std:: namespace, these older headers pollute the global namespace and may otherwise only implement the standard in a limited way.
Some vendors use the SGI STL headers. This was the first implementation of the standard template library.
Non-standard but somewhat common C++ libraries :
| stdiostream.h | stream.h | strstream.h |
* ↑ Streams based on FILE* from stdio.h.
* ↑ Precursor to iostream. Old stream library mostly included for backwards compatibility even with old compilers.
* ↑ Uses char* whereas sstream uses string. Prefer the standard library sstream.
# C++ Programming/Software Internationalization
## Software Internationalization

Internationalization and localization refer to how computer software is adapted for other locations, nations or cultures. This means specifically those that are non-native to the programmer(s) or the primary user group
In specific, internationalization deals with the process of designing a software application in a way that it can be configured or adapted to work with various languages and regions without heavy changes to the code base. On the other hand localization deals with the process of enabling the configuration or auto adaptation of the software to a specific region, timezone or language by adding locale-specific components and text translation.
Software developers must understand the intricacies of internationalization since they write the actual underlying code. How well they use established services to achieve mission objectives determines the overall success of the project. At a fundamental level, code and feature design affect how a product is translated and customized. Therefore, software developers need to understand key localization concepts.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/Episode 4 - MDG 4 Reduce child mortality

The Vrinda Documentary - Episode 4
Youtube ⇒ playlist
Issue 3 ⇒ NGOs as development actors: their role, their limits; their challenges ⇒ Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Youtube ⇒ playlist

## Acknowledgements
### Organizations

European Union Directorate–General for Development and Cooperation – (EuropeAid) The Kautilya Society, Varanasi Armadilla, Italy TG1 - RAI AIDOS (Italy)
Village Association Number2 River, Sierra Leone Concern Worldwide

### Special thanks to

Alessia Piva Bibiana Esperanza Chiquillo Manoj Kumar Osman Marah Eugenio Attard Wilma Massucco Shiva Kumar Montek Singh Ahluwalia Jean Drèze Silvia Costa Nirj Deva Roberto Gualtieri Francesco Brancatella
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/Episode 2 - MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education

The Vrinda Documentary Episode 2
Issue 6 ⇒ Do cooperation for development action really benefits the target populations? How far they impact on the wider social settings?
⇒ Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
On YouTube ⇒ playlist
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/Episode 5 - MDG 5: Improve maternal health

The Vrinda Documentary - Episode 5
Youtube ⇒ playlist
Issue 8 ⇒ How to design and manage successful cooperation programmes?
⇒ Goal 5: Improve maternal health

## Acknowledgements
### Organizations

European Union Directorate–General for Development and Cooperation – (EuropeAid) The Kautilya Society, Varanasi Armadilla, Italy TG1 - RAI AIDOS (Italy)
Village Association Number2 River, Sierra Leone Concern Worldwide

### Special thanks to

Alessia Piva Bibiana Esperanza Chiquillo Manoj Kumar Osman Marah Eugenio Attard Wilma Massucco Shiva Kumar Montek Singh Ahluwalia Jean Drèze Silvia Costa Nirj Deva Roberto Gualtieri Francesco Brancatella
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/Episode 6 - MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

The Vrinda Documentary Episode 6
Youtube ⇒ MDG 6 playlist
Issue 2 ⇒ How can local policy actors contribute to the achievement of MDGs and other global policy objectives?
⇒ Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

## See also

On YouTube ⇒ Stefano De Santis - Come coinvolgere il pubblico e essere umili

## Acknowledgements
### Organizations

European Union Directorate–General for Development and Cooperation – (EuropeAid) The Kautilya Society, Varanasi Armadilla, Italy TG1 - RAI AIDOS (Italy)
Concern Worldwide

### Special thanks to

Alessia Piva Osman Marah Eugenio Attard Wilma Massucco Manoj Kumar Montek Singh Ahluwalia Francesco Brancatella
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/Episode 3 - MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

The Vrinda Documentary - Episode 3
Issue 5 ⇒ Do developed and developing nations agree on the road map for global development? Is there a difference in the way different cultures see "development"? ⇒ Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Youtube ⇒ playlist
* “Those who justify themselves are not believed”.
* While explaining what they do for reducing poverty, organizations tend to be preachy and heart-rending.
* People are mostly untouched by such rhetoric, because, after all, humanitarian organizations are promoting their business niche.
* What needs to be done is to get away with any effort to convince anybody of anything.
* One should not aim at creating consensus. One should try to enable informed judgment.
* One should collect the stories of the people who are working in cooperation projects, record their motivations and the challenges they encounter.
* These stories can be shared with those who are trusted by the public: journalists, teachers, intellectuals. We can help opinion makers to form a clearer opinion about cooperation activities. They will apply their criticism and then inform their public of what they think of us.
* We will receive criticism.
* But we will have communication environment free of a rhetoric.
* Once there is no rhetoric, we can build trust.
* Where there is trust, cooperation is possible.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/Episode 7 - MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

The Vrinda Documentary - Episode 7
On YouTube ⇒ Episode 7 - MDG7 - Ensure environmental sustainability
Issue 10 ⇒ Sharing knowledge and resources
⇒ Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

## on YouTube

On YouTube ⇒ TVP Documentary episodes

## See also

On YouTube ⇒ MDG7 playlist
Issue 10 ⇒ Sharing knowledge and resources ⇒ Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Development Cooperation Stories :
⇒ Valuing Water On YouTube ⇒ playlist
⇒ Community Tourism - On YouTube ⇒ playlist
⇒ Unsustainable Growth - On YouTube ⇒ playlist

## Acknowledgements
### Organizations

European Union Directorate–General for Development and Cooperation – (EuropeAid) The Kautilya Society, Varanasi Armadilla, Italy TG1 - RAI Ministry of Housing and Construction of the Arab Republic of Syria
Village Association Number2 River, Sierra Leone

### Special thanks to

Osman Marah Shiva Kumar Jean Drèze Francesco Brancatella Eugenio Attard Wilma Massucco
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/The 8 Episodes of the Documentary

See ⇒ The Vrinda project Documentary
1 - MDG 1 - Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2 - MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education 3 - MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women 4 - MDG 4 Reduce child mortality 5 - MDG 5: Improve maternal health 6 - MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7 - MDG 7 - Ensure environmental sustainability 8 - MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development 9 - New Goals 1 - Recognize and protect our diverse identities and our common heritage 10 - New Goals 2 - Improve the health of the global communication climate
⇒ The draft version of the Episodes edited for a television distribution ⇒ Utilisation of collected resources for TV broadcast - playlist ⇒ The MDGs
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/The Documentary Story

WikiSutra

## The Documentary Story

* The story of the story
* Project approved!
* The MDGS
* We have a story
* Getting partners on board
* The project objectives
* The real project challenges
* Searching for the questions to ask
* WIKI issues
* The round table in Tuscany
* The false correctness of the politically correct
* Shooting starts in India
* Does Charity empower?
* The boss is never happy (especially if it is a project manager)
* Beyond the Monomyth (towards the narration of the dialogical journey)
* The wonders of YouTube channel
* Project economical crisis
* Getting the RAI on board
* The motorcycle journey from Rome to Beirut
* Reaching Vrinda in Lebanon
* In Syria to understand which projects we can cover there
* Environmental awareness in Syria
* AIDOS in Syria
* Italian civilian-military cooperation in Lebanon
* More recording in Syria
* Sierra Leone - preparing the ground
* Sierra Leone 2 – production
* Leaving the RAI team alone to plan according to their objectives
* Colombia 1 – Preproduction
* Aired TV7s
* Francesco’s work in India with Fausto
* Preparing a manual
* Editing the stories
* Adding more stories in India
* Wiki threads between definitions and openness
* Assessing the progress with Armadilla colleagues
* Back to Damascus - Training Syrian journalists
* Colombia 2 – Production
* At Brussels
* The motorcycle journey back to Rome
* RAI1 broadcasts the Speciale TG1 with the news documentary on our project
* Distribution as a another story
* Community as distributor

## Incomplete sections

* We need to talk about programmes
* At KFI - And now let's programme!
* Court fight continues for the Varanasi Heritage
* Integrating KFI programme development in the Handbook
* How to bypass the communication diaphragms?
* Should we propose 2 new MDGs ?
* Data, numbers and emotions

## Discarded sections

* Integrating the video material with the manual
* Finalizing the editing script of the documentary

## See also

⇒ The Vrinda Project Documentary ⇒ The video resources linked to this handbook
⇒ Issues
⇒ Stories
⇒ Testimonials
⇒ Backstage dialogues

## External Links

⇒ The Vrinda Project Channel on YouTube
⇒ The Vrinda Project Page on Facebook ⇒ TVP Channel Page on Google+
⇒ Creative Commons
⇒ Kautilya Society for Intercultural Dialogue
⇒ Armadilla
⇒ Movie Making Manual
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The video resources linked to this handbook/Episode 8 - MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

The Vrinda Documentary Episode 8
On YouTube ⇒ MDG8 playlist
Issue 7 ⇒ What is the relationship between "Global" and "Local" agendas and responsibilities?
⇒ Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

## Acknowledgements
### Organizations

European Union Directorate–General for Development and Cooperation – (EuropeAid) The Kautilya Society, Varanasi Armadilla, Italy TG1 - RAI Secretaría de Integración Social, Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá Concord

### Special thanks to

Bibiana Esperanza Chiquillo Dilip Kumar Eugenio Attard Silvia Costa Roberto Gualtieri Francesco Brancatella Olivier Consolo Andrea Pielsbags Catherine Ray
# Consociety

A consociety is a fictional constructed society, usually for use within a conworld. A consociety details information about a given people, their cultural practices and lifestyles, as well as politics, government, and morals. This book will help you develop a fleshed-out, in-depth consociety for use in anything from novels to video games to role-playing.

##### Table of Contents

* Introduction
* The Basics
* Influences on Society
** Geography
** Mythology
** Time
* Culture
** Religion
** Food
** Art
** Music
** Literature
** Philosophy
** Technology
** Science
* Government
** Economics
** Politics
* Intersection
** Cultures Colliding
** War
* Finishing Touches
# Consociety/Influences on Society

Societies are influenced by many different factors, like geography and religion. For example, if they believe there is a God who told them to never have a leader, but a system in which everyone gets to vote on everything, the society would be very different from one which thinks God is appointing leaders who should have absolute, unrestricted power.
# Consciousness Studies/The Philosophical Problem/Machine Consciousness/Turing Test

A test devised by pioneering AI researcher Alan Turing to determine whether or not an AI is "strong"; that is, whether or not it is capable of behaving like a human. As described by Turing, the test consists of an AI and a human being siting in separate rooms. A researcher sits separate from both of them in a different room. The researcher does not know which room houses which entity, yet he can communicate freely with both the AI and the human. If the researcher is incapable of differentiating between the human and the AI, then the AI has "passed" the Turing Test.
# Consociety/Mythology

Mythology and religion can greatly affect a Consociety. For example, a religion which resides in a Theocratic state that believes in a Monotheistic religion's absolute power granting a single person or family line the right to rule will work much differently than a Theocratic state that believes in a polytheistic religion, where each god gives one person or family line their favor might work much more similarly to a Parliamentary Republic, similar to Great Britain's House of Lords. However, this is far the only way that mythology affects a place. For example, some giant pieces of basalt that jut out into the ocean might be considered the stepping stones of the giants, and aren't built on, though perhaps they go to the furthest out stone to pray to the sea god.
# Constitution of India
## Contents

* Preamble
* The Union and its territory
* Citizenship
* Fundamental rights
* Directive principles of state policy
** Fundamental duties
* The Union
** The Executive
** Parliament
** Legislative powers of the president
** The Union judiciary
** Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
* The States
** General
** The Executive
** The State Legislature
** Legislative powers of the governer
** The High courts in the States
** Subordinate courts
* The States in Part B of First Schedule
* The Union territories
* The Panchayats
* The Municipalities
* The Schedule and Tribal Areas
* The relationship between the union and the states
** The legislative relations
** The administrative relations
* Finance, property, contracts and suits
** General
** Borrowing
** Property, contracts, rights, liabilities, obligations and suits
** Rights to property
* Trade, commerce and intercourse within the territory of India
* Services under the union and the states
** Services
** Public Service Commissions
** Tribunals
* Elections
* Special provisions relating to certain classes
* Official language
** Language of the union
** Regional languages
** Language of the Supreme court, High courts, etc.
** Special directives
* Emergency provisions
* Miscellaneous
* Amendment
* Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
* Short title, Commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals
# Consociety/Basics

Before you can begin to create a living, breathing society of your own, you must first understand the various ways societies can function, and how they can vary dramatically from each other. This section will provide a quick crash-course in societies; later in the book, more specific examples of societies on Earth will be provided to compare and contrast.
Societies are classified in a variety of different ways. Anthropologists, for example, classify societies by subsistence strategy. Sociologists take a broader approach, placing them into one of three categories: pre-industrial, industrial, or post-industrial.
Generally, societies start as hunter-gatherers and later evolve to be more complex. This isn't necessarily the case, however. If you are creating a world that has been contacted by aliens and skipped most of the Pre-Industrial period and the entire Industrial period. Society can also be artificially created. For example, during World War II, Jewish and other Non-Aryans were forced into internment camps. The people, coming from all across Europe, had their societies and cultures mash together to create new societies. Natural disasters can also greatly change the structure if a society. For example, if the Sea God's or Volcano God's chosen have power within a city, a tsunami or volcanic explosion, attributed to said god, may make their chosen fall out of favor. Think about the outside influences on your society. What will cultural mishmash do to it?
# Constitution of India/Amendment

Until today the Indian constitution has been amended at least 101 times.
Last amendment i.e., 101st amendment is of new tax system Goods and Services tax (GST).