OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PSP/Remove GEN Version Protect

* Open VSH menu by clicking on the Select button from xmb(main psp menu)
* Change USB device to Flash0
* Connect your psp to pc
* Navigate to \vsh\etc\
* Open version.txt using notepad or wordpad
* In the first line change the 9.90 to 5.50 and save.
* Disconnect your psp from the pc and change the USB device back to Memory stick in vsh menu
# PSP/Steins Gate Translation

One interesting example that shows how PSP translation works is the abandoned Steins;Gate PSP translation project.
Since it has an unofficial script development kit, and the actual game has already been translated, this is a great way to learn how to create an English patch for a PSP game.
Note that this patch was never finished, and is meant to be used as a proof of concept to train PSP translators (it is certainly possible to finish it, though).
If you want to play Steins;Gate in English, a official translation was released for PC on March 2014. If you are interested in playing a portable version of Steins;Gate, an official PS Vita English version was released in 2015.

## Riku's Script Development Kit

* Github Repository
Riku managed to hack the script to inject text without any text reflow issues. He managed to translate a whole prologue, but did not continue the effort due to lack of interest and assistance.
He provided a Script Development Kit with a Proof-of-Concept patch of the first chapter. Someone should investigate how it works, and possibly apply it to the rest of the PSP game to create a perfect patch. Documentation is sparse, but it should just be a matter of trial and error.

## Initial Efforts

For informational purposes only
    I opened the ISO with UMDgen, extracted the Data0.AFS with the AFS explorer, looked out for the .BINs (the scripts) and changed them with a program called sakura (a hex/text editor in japanese), saved, and repacked everything.
Unfortunately, it can be much more complicated than that, since the textbox often has a character limit per dialogue box. This will take some crazy bitbanging haxx to overcome.
    I tried translating the game myself (aka opening the ISO and swapping the japanese text with Shourai's translation), but ran into one major problem: the character limit. Every dialogue box accepts only a set amount of characters; the first line of dialogue works fine, but every following line is missing the first few letters (and at some point, the game just crashes). I don't know shit about coding and Google couldn't help me either, so it's pretty much hopeless.
* GBATemp - Steins;Gate: Help with PSP Translation
* YouTube Video
# PSP/PSX on PSP

[PSPSlimHacks Guide](http://pspslimhacks.com/psp-tutorials/converting-psone-games-to-psp-eboots-psx-to-psp/)
import this compatibility list
this is good too
is popsloader still needed with 6.60 pro-c out?
Net Yaroze on PSP
# PSP/Temporary CFW

* Delete cIPL Flasher from Game - Memory stick.
* Please note that this is a temporary CFW. You will be back to OFW 6.60 if your PSP runs out of power (not sleep mode). But don't worry, just run FastRecovery from Game - Memory stick and CFW will be back in a matter of seconds!
* You have successfully installed 6.60 PRO-C!
# Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Bladder

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Bladder RT Tolerance

## Dosimetry

* Dutch Dose Escalation Trial; 2010 PMID 20056354 -- "Urinary Obstruction in Prostate Cancer Patients From the Dutch Trial (68 Gy vs. 78 Gy): Relationships with Local Dose, Acute Effects, and Baseline Characteristics." (Heemsbergen WD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print])
** For full trial results, please see the prostate dose escalation page
** Subset analysis. 40 patients with urinary obstruction (19 low dose arm and 21 high dose arm). Dose-difference maps
** Outcome: Early events within 2 years (47%) predicted by baseline complaints and TURP. Late events after 2 years (53%) predicted by bladder surface receiving ≥ 80 Gy and especially with dose to bladder neck in the trigone
** Conclusion: Late urinary obstruction associated with local dose to trigone
* MD Anderson, 2007 PMID 17241755 -- "Investigation of bladder dose and volume factors influencing late urinary toxicity after external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer." (Cheung MR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jan 19; [Epub ahead of print])
** Retrospective. 128 patients treated to 78 Gy. Endpoint Grade 1+ late GU toxicity within 2 years of treatment
** Toxicity: Grade 1+ chronic GU toxicity in 15%. No plateau, continued increase with time
** DVH (dose-bladder volume histogram) data fit better than DWH (dose-bladder wall histogram) to toxicity. Recommend using whole-bladder DVH for clinical treatment planning. Urethra (suggested to be important in late GU toxicity) not contoured
** Hotspot model (hottest 3%): if <78 Gy then 8 year toxicity 25%, if >=78 Gy then 50%
** Lyman model: TD50 = 77.6 Gy, n=0.001, m=0.022
* 1995 PMID 7713787 -- "The response of the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureter to radiation and chemotherapy." (Marks LB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Mar 30;31(5):1257-80.)
** Comprehensive review. From Late Effects of Normal Tissues (LENT) Consensus Conference.

## Management

* Please see the cystitis page
# Radiation Oncology/Thyroid/Medullary

| Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Edit this |
| Thyroid: Main Page | Workup | Staging | Papillary and follicular | Medullary | Hurthle cell | Anaplastic | |

## Epidemiology

* About 5% of thyroid cancers.
* Present in 5th decade.
* 80% are sporadic, but some can result from MEN 2 syndrome.
* There is also a Familial (non MEN 2-related) medullary thyroid cancer syndrome

## Genetics

* Medullary thyroid CA associated w/ MEN 2 syndrome results from a mutation in RET gene.
* MEN 2 w/ ~70% penetrance

## Pathophysiology

* Neuroendocrine tumor that derive from parafollicular C cells
* C cells secrete can secrete calcitonin (which can therefore be used as a tumour marker)
* Non iodine avid therefore no role for I-131 ablation after surgery

## Staging

UICC/AJCC Staging
    see Staging for details
* Stage I - <2cm, confined to thyroid
* Stage II - 2-4cm, confined to thyroid
* Stage III - >4cm, N+ in level VI, or microscopic extrathyroid extension
* Stage IV - M+, N+ outside of level VI, gross soft tissue extension

## Treatment

* Treatment includes total thyroidectomy with central neck lymph node dissection.
* Indications for adjuvant radiation: microscopic residual dz, extensive nodal involvement, extrathyroid extension.

### Adjuvant Radiation

* University of Toronto, 1996 (1954-92) PMID 8875751 -- "Medullary thyroid cancer: analyses of survival and prognostic factors and the role of radiation therapy in local control." Thyroid. 1996 Aug;6(4):305-10.
** 73 pts w/ medullary thyroid CA. 46 pts received xrt (median dose 40 Gy).
** On multi-variate analysis, factors that predicted for lower CSS were extraglandular invasion and postop gross residual dz.
** Pts w/ high risk for locoregional relapse (microscopic residual dz, extraglandular invasion, N+) benefited from RT.
** Conclusion: external beam RT recommended if high risk
* FFCI, 1992 (1971-89) PMID 1736326 -- "Results of postoperative radiation therapy in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: a retrospective study by the French Federation of Cancer Institutes--the Radiotherapy Cooperative Group." Radiother Oncol. 1992 Jan;23(1):1-5.
** 59 pts w/ medullary thyroid CA receiving EBRT w/ curative intent. Total thyroidectomy in 55 pts. 11 pts w/ residual tumor, 44 pts w/ N+. Mean dose 54 Gy.
** 70% local control, with failures mostly occurring in RT field.
* MDACC, 1988 (1943-87) PMID 2807151 -- "Medullary thyroid carcinoma: prognosis of familial versus nonfamilial disease and the role of radiotherapy." Samaan NA et al. Horm Metab Res Suppl. 1989;21:21-5.
** 202 pts w/ medullary thyroid CA
** Pts w/ MEN2 had longer survival rates than sporadic medullary thyroid CA
** When pts who were matched for age, extent of dz, and surgery were compared for effect of radiation therapy, pts who had no radiotherapy were found to live significantly longer.

## Guidelines

* ATA Guidelines - Website
** 2009: PMID 19469690 PDF "Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association" (Kloos RT, Thyroid. 2009 Jun;19(6):565-612.)
# Radiation Oncology/Tomotherapy

* Patients scanned across a modulated strip-beam
* Only one “slice” (Greek prefix “tomo-”) of the target exposed at any one time by the linear accelerator (linac) beam
* The three components distinctive to this modality:
** A collimator pair that defines the length of the strip
** A binary multileaf collimator whose leaves open and close during treatment to modulate the strip’s intensity
** A couch that scans the patient across the beam at a fixed speed the during treatment delivery
# Radiation Oncology/Toxicity

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
* Grading of toxicity
* Contraindications to Radiation Therapy
Overviews of normal tissue tolerance doses:
* Gerhard et al (2021)
* NCCN Lung SABR Constraints (2019)
* UK Consensus SRS/SBRT Constraints (2018)
* AAPM TG101 Radiosurgery 2010
* RTOG Protocols
* QUANTEC 2010
* Hansen handbook (2007)
* Milano (2007)
* Emami estimates (1991)
Organ-specific data:
* Iatrogenic Radiation Tattoo Markers
* CNS
** Brain
** Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis
** Brainstem
** Spinal cord
* Peripheral nerves (also see more specific entities)
* Optics & Vision
* Head & Neck
** General Head & Neck
** Lacrimal gland
** Mucositis
** Parotid gland
** Dysphagia
** Larynx
** Carotid artery
** Osteoradionecrosis
** Inner Ear
** Otalgia
** Facial Nerve
** Hypothyroidism
** Brachial Plexus
* Thorax
** Lung
** Esophagus
** Heart
** Aorta
** Breast
* GI
** Liver
** Small bowel
** Rectum
* Genitourinary
** Kidney
** Bladder
** Testis
** Erectile Dysfunction
* GYN
** Vagina
** Ovary
** Fertility
* Pelvis (see other pages for information on specific organs, e.g. rectum, bladder, etc.)
* Lymphedema
* Bone marrow
* Bone (e.g., femoral heads)
* Skin
* Second malignancies
* Tumor Lysis Syndrome
* Pregnancy
* Radiation Mortality
* Pacemakers and defibrillators
# Radiation Oncology/Thyroid/Staging

| Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Edit this |
| Thyroid: Main Page | Workup | Staging | Papillary and follicular | Medullary | Hurthle cell | Anaplastic | |
Thyroid Cancer Staging

## AJCC Staging

AJCC 7th Edition (2009) Primary tumor
* T0 - No evidence of primary tumor
* T1 - Tumor 2 cm or less, limited to the thyroid
** T1a - Tumor 1 cm or less
** T1b - Tumor >1 cm but <= 2 cm
* T2 - Tumor >2 cm but <=4 cm, limited to the thyroid
* T3 - Tumor >4 cm, limited to the thyroid, or any tumor with minimal extrathyroidal extension (e.g. extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues)
* T4a - Tumor extending beyond the thyroid capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal N
* T4b - Tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessels
Anaplastic carcinoma: All anaplastic carcinomas are considered T4 tumors
* T4a - Intrathyroidal anaplastic carcinoma
* T4b - Anaplastic carcinoma with gross extrathyroid extension
Nodes
* N0 - no regional lymph node metastasis
* N1 - regional lymph node metastasis
** N1a - Metastasis to Level VI (pretracheal, paratracheal, and prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes)
** N1b - Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral, or contralateral cervical (Levels I-V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (Level VII)
Distant Metastasis
* M0 - none
* M1 - yes
Stage grouping
    Papillary or follicular
    (Age under 45 years)
* Stage I - Any T, Any N, M0
* Stage II - Any T, Any N, M1
    Papillary or follicular
    (45 years and older)
* Stage I - T1 N0 M0
* Stage II - T2 N0 M0
* Stage III - T3 or N1a
* Stage IVA - T4a or N1b
* Stage IVB - T4b, Any N, M0
* Stage IVC - M1
    Medullary carcinoma (all age groups)
* Stage I - T1 N0 M0
* Stage II - T2-T3 N0 M0
* Stage III - T1-3 N1a M0
* Stage IVA - T4a or N1b
* Stage IVB - T4b, Any N, M0
* Stage IVC - M1
    Anaplastic carcinoma
All anaplastic carcinomas are considered Stage IV
* Stage IVA - T4a, Any N, M0
* Stage IVB - T4b, Any N, M0
* Stage IVC - M1
Changes from 6th edition
    Subdivided T1 into T1a and T1b

## Other Staging Systems

    See also: Thyroid cancer prognostic indices (e.g. AMES, AGES, MACIS)
National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study (NTCTCS) Staging Classification
NTCTCS Staging adapted from PMID 9731906 (Sherman SI, Cancer 1998) :
| | Papillary Carcinoma | Papillary Carcinoma | Follicular Carcinoma | Follicular Carcinoma |
| | Age < 45 | Age ≥ 45 | Age < 45 | Age ≥ 45 |
| Primary tumor size (cm) | | | | |
| <1 | I | I | I | II |
| 1-4 | I | II | I | III |
| >4 | II | III | II | III |
| Primary tumor characteristics | | | | |
| Microscopic multifocal | I | II | I | III |
| Macroscopic multifocal or Macroscopic tumor capsule invasion | I | II | II | III |
| Microscopic extraglandular invasion | I | II | I | III |
| Macroscopic extraglandular invasion | II | III | II | III |
| Poorly differentiated | NA | NA | III | III |
| Metastases | | | | |
| Cervical lymph node metastases | I | III | I | III |
| Extracervical (distant) metastases | III | IV | III | IV |
# Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Aorta

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Aorta RT Tolerance
# DESCRIPTION:

Evaluates a block, file, URL, function, word, or any other value.
DO is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- Normally a file name, URL, or block (Type: any)

# REFINEMENTS

* /args -- If value is a script, this will set its system/script/args
** arg -- Args passed to a script. Normally a string. (Type: any)
* /next -- Do next expression only. Return block with result and new position.
# DESCRIPTION:

Does a value only if it and its file (URL) and it's dependent exists.
DO-BOOT is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* target -- (Type: any)
* args -- (Type: any)
* dependent -- (Type: any)
# DESCRIPTION:

Evaluate browser script.
DO-BROWSER is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* code -- (Type: string)
# DESCRIPTION:

(undocumented)
DO-FACE-ALT is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* face -- (Type: any)
* value -- (Type: any)
# DESCRIPTION:

A shortcut to define a function that has no arguments or locals.
DOES is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* body -- The body block of the function (Type: block)

# (SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES)

* catch
# DESCRIPTION

Process all View events.
DO-EVENTS is a function value.
# DESCRIPTION:

Draws scalable vector graphics to an image (returned).
DRAW is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* image -- Image or size of image (Type: image pair)
* commands -- (Type: block)
# DESCRIPTION:

Do a net file from the disk cache.
DO-THRU is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* url -- (Type: url file)

# REFINEMENTS

* /args
** arg -- (Type: any)
* /update -- Force update from source site
* /check -- Update only if version, checksum/secure, or date/size do not match.
** info -- (Type: any)
* /boot -- Run as boot script (sets system/options/path)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the first value divided by the second.
DIVIDE is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value1 -- (Type: number pair char money time tuple)
* value2 -- (Type: number pair char money time tuple)
# DESCRIPTION:

(undocumented)
DO-FACE is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* face -- (Type: any)
* value -- (Type: any)
# Phonetics/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Phonetics

# Introduction

Phonetics is concerned with the sounds produced by human language. Unlike phonology, phonetics studies the sounds themselves, rather than the patterning of sounds in each language. We shall define here the scope of phonetics, defined by the three branches and six levels.

## Three branches of phonetics

Phonetics is usually said to have three dimensions. Each of them are concerned with one particular property of sound:

### Definition 0.1

Phonetics has three main branches:
* Articulatory phonetics studies the production of speech sounds by the human vocal tract.
* Auditory phonetics studies the perception of speech sounds by the human perceptual system.
* Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.
The three branches are interrelated, as we will soon see in this book. The introductory section will cover the basics of all three. We will then dive into the details of each type of sound and how they are articulated, are perceived and exist physically.

## Six levels of phonetic organisation

Speech sounds are arranged in six levels (Laver 1994), each of which are described below.

### Definition 0.1

Sound is organised into six levels:
* A phonetic feature is an attribute of sound, such as voicing, place of articulation, tongue height, etc. We have seen examples of features in Linguistics. They are distinct from but related to phonological features, which are most often expressed as binary attributes, such as [+fricative] and [-consonontal].
* A segment is a unit of sound with relatively consistent bundle of features. Features are sometimes constant over more than one segment (suprasegmentals) or change within a segment (subsegmentals), but the majority are dependent on the segment. In contrast with the phonological notion of phoneme, which is more abstract, the phonetic segment is the phone.
* A phonetic syllable is ill-defined in phonetics. Laver did not define it clearly, nor will we here.
* An utterance is the stretch of sound between two adjacent pauses, with no pauses in the middle.
* A setting is any stretch of sound with a `tendency towards some particular state', such as jaw position. It can be as long as an utterance or as short as a segment.
In the book, we will first deal with the segmental level of sound, looking at individual phones, their features their properties. We will then rise above the segmental level and look at the suprasegmental aspects of sound, such as tone, intonation, rhythm, and so on.
# Phonology

This wikibook is intended to be used as the main text in both undergraduate and graduate introductory courses on phonology.
This wikibook is intended for undergraduate and graduate courses in phonology. Except for the Introduction and Phonetics chapters, each chapter focuses on a particular aspect of phonology. Foundational concepts, such as the phoneme, are covered in earlier chapters. The first half of each chapter covers empirical data and introduces the basic theory, which might be appropriate for an undergraduate course. The second half of each chapter covers more difficult phenomena and/or more in-depth theoretical analysis, which might be appropriate for a graduate course. For example, the first half of the Syllable Theory chapter introduces a range of facts that motivate syllables, while the second half introduces challenges to the notion of a syllable, such as Steriade's theory of Licensing-by-Cue.

## Table of Contents

Introduction
Phonetics

### Segmental Phonology

Phonemes and Allophones
Features
The Format of Rules
Syllable Theory
Morphology
Analyzing Simple Alternations
Analyzing Complex Alternations

### Suprasegmental Phonology

Accentual Typology
Tone
# Phonetics

This book gives an overview of articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and some introductory auditory phonetics, primarily focusing on sounds as objects of study. It is intended to introduce the basics of speech production (a physiological topic), speech sounds (a physical topic) and speech perception (a psychological topic). They form the basis of Phonology, an area of linguistics proper, which studies how sounds are organised into patterns in language and in the human mind.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction

### Basic topics

* Speech production
** Respiratory system
** Phonatory system
** Articulation
* The IPA
* Acoustics
** Waveforms
** Spectrograms
* Speech perception

### Segments

* Consonants
* Vowels

### Suprasegmentals

* Suprasegmentals
** Stress
** Rhythm
** Intonation
** Tone
# Phonetics/Introduction

Phonetics is concerned with the sounds produced by human language. Unlike phonology, phonetics studies the sounds themselves, rather than the patterning of sounds in each language. We shall define here the scope of phonetics, defined by the three branches and six levels.

## Three branches of phonetics

Phonetics is usually said to have three dimensions. Each of them are concerned with one particular property of sound:

### Definition 0.1

Phonetics has three main branches:
* Articulatory phonetics studies the production of speech sounds by the human vocal tract.
* Auditory phonetics studies the perception of speech sounds by the human perceptual system.
* Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.
The three branches are interrelated, as we will soon see in this book. The introductory section will cover the basics of all three. We will then dive into the details of each type of sound and how they are articulated, are perceived and exist physically.

## Six levels of phonetic organisation

Speech sounds are arranged in six levels (Laver 1994), each of which are described below.

### Definition 0.1

Sound is organised into six levels:
* A phonetic feature is an attribute of sound, such as voicing, place of articulation, tongue height, etc. We have seen examples of features in Linguistics. They are distinct from but related to phonological features, which are most often expressed as binary attributes, such as [+fricative] and [-consonontal].
* A segment is a unit of sound with relatively consistent bundle of features. Features are sometimes constant over more than one segment (suprasegmentals) or change within a segment (subsegmentals), but the majority are dependent on the segment. In contrast with the phonological notion of phoneme, which is more abstract, the phonetic segment is the phone.
* A phonetic syllable is ill-defined in phonetics. Laver did not define it clearly, nor will we here.
* An utterance is the stretch of sound between two adjacent pauses, with no pauses in the middle.
* A setting is any stretch of sound with a `tendency towards some particular state', such as jaw position. It can be as long as an utterance or as short as a segment.
In the book, we will first deal with the segmental level of sound, looking at individual phones, their features their properties. We will then rise above the segmental level and look at the suprasegmental aspects of sound, such as tone, intonation, rhythm, and so on.
# Paper Mario/Party Members/Sushie

Sushie is a fictional purple Cheep-Cheep from the Nintendo 64 game Paper Mario that was hired by the Yoshies to care of children on the island. Mario first met her when he first came to the Yoshi village watching over the five baby Yoshies however he left to Mt. Lavalava but came back to the village later after realizing that there was dead end. Mario came back to the village only to find that the Yoshies were in a state of crisis after the baby Yoshies had gone missing. Mario enters the Jade Jungle and finds Sushie on top of a tree where after Mario hammers the tree in order to get her of it, she'll explain that the children got lost in the jungle after playing hide and seek. Mario agrees to help her find the children and she'll temporarily join the party. After finding all five of them, Sushie will permanently stay with the party because she is very taken by romance of adventure.
Sushie is the seventh playable character in the game. When Mario standing on the edge of the wooden docks, Mario can jump on Sushie and she'll help him across the water and dive under obstacles in the way.
Abilities
* Belly Flop- Sushie will belly flop on an enemy.
* Squirt- Sushie will squirt a powerful jet of water. Perfect for fire enemies.
* Water Block- Sushie will create a cube of water that will boost Mario's defense briefly.
* Tidal Wave- Sushie will swim madly to create a wave that washes all the enemies on screen.
Other Info.
Sushie has a granddaughter named Sashimie according to one of the letters she received from the postal service meaning that Sushie is grandmother and the first playable one ever in a Mario game.