OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Building a Beowulf Cluster/Parallelization of computation

As the principal goal of having the cluster is to run programs in parallel on different machines, I installed protocols for message-passing for distributed-memory applications. There are two common ones: the Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) and Message Parsing Interface (MPI).
For scientific computing we can use high-level computing platforms or languages such as C/C++ and fortran. Here we will see GNU R and matlab. R can spawn parallel jobs using either PVM or MPI. Matlab comes with an implementation of MPI (more precisely mpich2).
Note that for PVM you need to enable password-less ssh access (see previous section) from the server to all clients. Also, for PVM, MPI (includes matlab's mdce), the network configuration you have to remove the host names from the loop-back line (where it says 127.0.0.1) of the /etc/hosts file. Just put localhost instead. Then you need a text file with a list of all machines you wish to use for computing and call it pvmhosts and mpihosts.

## Outline

* PVM
* MPI
* GNU R
* Matlab
* C
# Building a Beowulf Cluster/Parallelization of computation/GNU R

In this section we see an examples of parallelization from within the R computing platform (statistical computing similar to Matlab) using the snow package, which can distribute jobs using either MPI or PVM. In this subsection we will only see usage of R+PVM.
Note, that for installation of packages within R the development packages of R are needed. Anyways, I just installed all R packages that were available in the R repository (something like this: http://cran.es.r-project.org/bin/linux/redhat/fedora9/x86_64, needless to say this may differ for your distribution, machine architecture, and country code).
You need to install R libraries snow and rpvm on master and slave(s). If you don't, R lets you create the PVM cluster object but then freezes when you try to execute a job.
in R:
# Building a Beowulf Cluster/Parallelization of computation/PVM

The Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) allows computers which are connected over a network to be used as a single distributed parallel computer.
Installation of PVM is straightforward from packages, for configuration environment variables need to be set up:
In the pvm environment (which you enter typing 'pvm') after adding your machines you can then try the following and see if you can get a list of your machines.
# Building a Beowulf Cluster/Parallelization of computation/Matlab

As for matlab, note that in order to run it on a 64bit system you need shared libraries (on Fedora the package is called libXp, on ubuntu ia32) and some java packages.
Matlab comes with the parallel computing toolbox, the distributed computing server, and an implementation of mpich2. You can find manuals in pdf format on the corresponding mathworks site. You start the mpich2 server as root:
$MATLAB is the directory of your matlab installation.
(Note: Here holds the same as for PVM. For mdce to work, you need to remove from /etc/hosts the loopback line with your host name in it, i.e. 127.0.1.1 node0 becomes your_network_ip node0. )
We start the job manager:
Connect one worker:
where node0 is the machine where your jobmanager is running (obviously).
...and a second worker on a different machine. From node0:
Use the option remotehost to start a worker on a different machine.
Make sure that job manager and workers are running:
Starting matlab in desktop mode (we need jvm), parallel->configure and parallel->administrate, we choose MyJobManager basically and start the "matlabpool":
You should see the confirmation" Connected to a matlabpool session with 2 labs (or more)."
The simple proof of concept:

## See also

* MATLAB Programming
# Building a Beowulf Cluster/Profiling and Benchmarking/Profiling

As a general rule for paralellization: avoid network trafic and access to physical devices. In matlab don't use too much load/save, close, figure, etc.
Useful commands in linux are w, ps, top. W shows you how many users are logged in and what they are doing.
How many matlabs are running?
# Building a Beowulf Cluster/Introduction

You need to run big simulations or experiments with many repetitions (e.g. bootstrapping)? Then you need big computational power. You don't want to spend huge money on one big and expensive computer?
There are many computations, called embarrassingly parallel, because each run or iteration is independent from others and in principle all could run in parallel. Therefore, instead of spending huge bucks on a huge machine, you could rather decide on many cheap computers and have them compute in parallel. The computers are connected in a network and run Linux. This is called a beowulf.
In the next chapters we will see an example of some hardware with actual prices (in euros). In subsequent chapters, we will deal with issues of installation and configuration. In the end we come to running processes in parallel using matlab and R.
# Building a Beowulf Cluster/Parallelization of computation/C

In C/C++ you can use MPI to spawn processes.

## See also

* Programming:Message-Passing_Interface
* MPI_function_reference
* C_Programming
# Building a Beowulf Cluster/Parallelization of computation/MPI

As for MPI, you can install different implementations.
Compiling and installing Mpich2 was very straightforward. The test again as for PVM should be spawning of /bin/hostname. The install guide is a great help in setting up MPICH2.
On the master (node0) you type:
And you should get back the node name (say node0) and port number (say 51227). Then you connect each node to by typing:
After this, you can spawn processes with mpiexec:

## See also

* Message-Passing Interface/MPI function reference
* Message-Passing Interface
# Building a Beowulf Cluster/Profiling and Benchmarking

It is important to know how long applications take, whether they parallelize at all (or just run locally), so this should be covered in this chapter. Also if computers heat up too much, they are gone, so we see how to control the temperature.

## Outline

* Profiling
* Temperature control
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Circe/456
## Annotations

Gaudium magnum annuntio vobis. Habemus carnificem (Latin) A great joy I announce to you. We have an executioner. This is a corruption of the opening lines of the traditional formula known as Habemus Papam which is uttered by the Senior Cardinal Deacon to announce the election of a new Pope: Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Habemus Papam! (I announce to you a great joy: We have a Pope!). Gifford cites Habemus pontificem (We have a Pontiff) as the correct form, which is closer to Joyce's Habemus carnificem. This form is supported by a contemporary account of the election of Pope Pius X in 1903.
Copula Felix (Latin) Fertile Coupling. Thornton sees this as an allusion to felix culpa (happy fall) in the Exultet, from which Stephen quoted earlier in the day; see 050.04-05.

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 474. Thornton (1968) 376.
* ↑ A Pilgrimage to See the Holy Father, Pope Pius X. New York and London: Underwood & Underwood. 1904. pp. 31–32.
* ↑ Gifford (1988) 474. Thornton (1968) 376.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Circe/458
## Annotations

Morituri te salutant (Latin) They who are about to die salute thee. It is commonly said that these words were the traditional formula used by gladiators when saluting the Emperor at the start of the gladiatorial games. In fact they were spoken by naumacharii before a mock naval encounter which took place on Lake Fucino in 52 CE in the presence of the Emperor Claudius.

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 475-476. Thornton (1968) 378.
* ↑ Suetonius, Life of Claudius 21:6.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Circe/457
## Annotations

Bonafide Sabaoth (Latin, Hebrew) Genuine Hosts. If Bonafide is taken to be a corruption of the Latin bona fide (in good faith), the warcry could mean Hosts of the True Faith; the Turks at Plevna were Muslims.
Nova Hibernia (Latin) New Ireland.

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 475. Thornton (1968) 377.
* ↑ Gifford (1988) 475.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Circe/461
## Annotations

Acid. nit. hydrochlor dil, 20 minims (Latin) Acidum nitro-hydrocloricum dilutum (Dilute nitro-hydrocloric acid, 20 drops). A minim is a unit of liquid measure approximately equivalent to the volume of a drop of water. Nitro-hydrochloric acid is also known as aqua regia.
Tinct. mix. vom, 5 minims (Latin) Tinctura nucis vomicae (Tincture of nux vomica, 5 drops). Gabler emends Joyce's mix. vom to nux vom., which makes sense. Tincture of nux vomica is a stimulant prepared from the Strychnine tree.
Extr. taraxel. lig. 30 minims. (Latin) Extractum taraxaci liquidum (Liquid extract of dandelion, 30 drops). Gabler emends Joyce's lig. to liq. The Latin for dandelion is taraxacum, so it is possible that Joyce's taraxel. has been corrupted. This liquid extract is prepared from the dried dandelion root; it is prescribed as a stomachic and liver stimulant, often with diluted nitro-hydrochloric acid and tincture of nux vomica.
Aq. dis. ter in die. (Latin) Aqua distillata ter in die (Distilled water three times a day).

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 478.
* ↑ Gifford (1988) 478.
* ↑ Gifford (1988) 478.
* ↑ Taraxaci Radix.
* ↑ Gifford (1988) 478.
# Business Basic

Programming in Business Basic
This is a place holder for the new Business Basic manual. Our goal is to create a replacement for Scott Bruce Ryan's out of date (1988) "What do you do after it says: READY>" for BBx/BBj, ProvideX and Thoroughbred.

## Overview

    An excerpt from the Wikipedia article on Business Basic.:
Business Basic is an interactive high-level programming language developed for minicomputer systems in the early 1970s. Derived from the original Dartmouth BASIC, Business Basic extended the language concepts by introducing file indexing methods which evolved into true keyed access technology similar to those methods available to COBOL programmers.
Because of its interactive nature, Business Basic affords runtime event trapping capabilities, though the character-based systems did not permit the wide range of events that modern graphical environments do. Business Basic interpreters also offer extensive diagnostic capabilities, permitting developers to resolve live problems through telephone support without constantly having to ship updates. The interpretive nature of Business Basic also enhances development efforts through permitting quick testing and debugging of code.
There are two primary "groups" or "families" of the Business Basic programming language:
* The MAI Basic Four Business Basic family is the oldest version of the language, and there have been numerous competitors over the years who have duplicated and enhanced the rich MAI language.
* The Data General Business Basic family is the second most well-known Business Basic. Originally very similar to the MAI language, DG Business Basic and its competitors' derivatives have evolved into a very different style of Business Basic.
Other Business Basics have risen from the Point 4 systems running under IRIS.
In the 1980s, Business Basic was ported from proprietary environments to Unix, Xenix, VMS, and MS-DOS by many vendors, including Thoroughbred, BASIS International, Microshare, Sybex/BBIcon(Canada), and Transoft (UK), to name just a few.

## References

* Business BASIC 86 Reference Manual
# Business English/Areas of English Proficiency

* Vocabulary: Passive and active vocabulary. Passive vocabulary is words that you understand. Active vocabulary is words that you use.
* Fluency: How fast you find words when speaking.
* Natural speaking patterns: Choosing the right word and the right word order.
* Written English: Formal grammar and spelling.
* Pronunciation: Speaking with the correct consonant and vowel sounds, and stressed syllables.
* Flow of speech: How fast to speak, when your voice should raise or lower in pitch or in volume, where to pause and for how long.
* Culture: Understanding and reacting appropriately to situations and expectations of English-speaking cultures.
Another way to divide the areas of language is the following:
* Listening (receiving oral messages)
* Speaking (giving oral messages)
* Reading (receiving written messages)
* Writing (giving written messages)
# Business Continuity Management

Introduction
History & Evolution
Managing Business Continuity
Risks and Vulnerabilities
Bibliography
Appendices
Index
FAQs
Tools
# Business Continuity Management/Managing Business Continuity

Project Management
Business Impact Analysis
Risk Evaluation and Control
Developing Business Continuity Management Strategies
Emergency Response and Operations
Developing and Implementing Business Continuity and Crisis Management Plans
Awareness and Training Programmes
Maintaining and Exercising Business Continuity and Crisis Managements Plans
Crisis Communications
Co-ordination with External Agencies
# Business Continuity Management/Appendices

Organizations
Legislation
Standards
# Business Continuity Management/Bibliography

Articles
Books
Sites
Reports
Others
Events
# Business English/Activities and Dynamics
## Games

Tip: A good goal for games is that the game in itself is fun enough to play even if you are not trying to practice a language.

### Guess the person

Have each student write the names of about eight famous people on slips of paper, fold up the slips and collect them in one pile. Form teams of at least two people. One person takes a slip of paper and tries to get his team to guess the name written there without saying the name or its spelling. Each team should have about one minute per round. For every name that the team guesses correctly, it receives one point (they can keep the slip of paper to count). At the end of the time, the team that guessed the most names correctly, wins.
# Asian Studies
## Contents

* Preface
* Introduction

### Unit 1- Geography and Identity

* Physical and Political Features of Asia
* How Geography Impacts Culture in Asia
* How Geography Impacts Economics in Asia
* How Geography Impacts Politics in Asia

### Unit 2- Beliefs and Values

* An Overview of Belief and Value Systems in Asia
* Hinduism
* Buddhism
* Confucianism
* Taoism
* Islam

### Unit 3- Power and Conflict

* Colonialism in Asia
* Nationalism in Asia
* Communism in Asia
* Militarism in Asia

### Unit 4- Change and Modern Society

* Globalization and Asia
* The Environment and Asia
* Human Rights and Asia
* Territorial Disputes in Asia

### End Notes

* Bibliography
* Contributors
# C Programming/complex.h/ctan
## Description

These functions compute and return the complex tangent value.
# C Programming/complex.h/ctanh
## Description

These functions compute and return the complex hyperbolic tangent value.
# C Programming/ctype.h/isblank
## Description

This function tests whether the character c is a space or a tab in the current locale.
# C Programming/complex.h/csin
## Description

These functions compute and return the complex sine value.
# C Programming/complex.h/csinh
## Description

These functions compute and return the complex hyperbolic sine value.
# C Programming/complex.h/csqrt
## Description

These functions compute and return the complex square root value, in the range of the right half-plane (including the imaginary axis).
# C Programming/ctype.h/isalnum
## Description

This function tests whether the character c is of class alpha or digit in the current locale.
# C Programming/ctype.h/Function reference
## isalnum
### Description

This function tests whether the character c is of class alpha or digit in the current locale.

## isalpha
### Description

This function tests whether the character c is alphabetic in the current locale.

## isblank
### Description

This function tests whether the character c is a space or a tab in the current locale.

## iscntrl
### Description

This function returns true if c is a control character (that is, a character that is not a printing character).

## isdigit
### Description

This function returns true if c is a decimal digit ('0' through '9').

## isgraph
### Description

This function returns true if c is a character that has a glyph associated with it. Whitespace characters are not considered graphic.

## islower
### Description

This function tests whether the character c is lowercase.

## isprint
### Description

This function returns true if c is a printing character. Printing characters include all the graphic characters, plus the space character.

## ispunct
### Description

This function returns true if c is a punctuation character. This includes any printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space character.

## isspace
### Description

Returns true if c is a whitespace character. In the standard C locale, these are the valid space characters:
* Spaces
* Horizontal tabs
* Vertical tabs
* Newlines
* Formfeeds
* Carriage returns

## isupper
### Description

This function tests whether the character c is uppercase.

## isxdigit
### Description

This function tests whether the character c is a hexadecimal dight ('0' through 'F').

## tolower
### Description

This function transliterates an uppercase character to lowercase and returns it. If c is not an uppercase letter, c is returned unchanged.

## toupper
### Description

This function transliterates a lowercase character to uppercase and returns it. If c is not a lowercase letter, c is returned unchanged.
# C Programming/ctype.h/isalpha
## Description

This function tests whether the character c is alphabetic in the current locale.
# Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/AmigaGuide

* Navbar for the Aros wikibook
* Aros User
* Aros User Docs
* Aros User FAQs
* Aros User Applications
* Aros User DOS Shell
* Aros/User/AmigaLegacy
* Aros Dev Docs
* Aros Developer Docs
* Porting Software from AmigaOS/SDL
* For Zune Beginners
* Zune .MUI Classes
* For SDL Beginners
* Aros Developer BuildSystem
* Specific platforms
* Aros x86 Complete System HCL
* Aros x86 Audio/Video Support
* Aros x86 Network Support
* Aros Intel AMD x86 Installing
* Aros Storage Support IDE SATA etc
* Aros Poseidon USB Support
* x86-64 Support
* Motorola 68k Amiga Support
* Linux and FreeBSD Support
* Windows Mingw and MacOSX Support
* Android Support
* Arm Raspberry Pi Support
* PPC Power Architecture
* misc
* Aros Public License
# Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/VesaGfx

* Navbar for the Aros wikibook
* Aros User
* Aros User Docs
* Aros User FAQs
* Aros User Applications
* Aros User DOS Shell
* Aros/User/AmigaLegacy
* Aros Dev Docs
* Aros Developer Docs
* Porting Software from AmigaOS/SDL
* For Zune Beginners
* Zune .MUI Classes
* For SDL Beginners
* Aros Developer BuildSystem
* Specific platforms
* Aros x86 Complete System HCL
* Aros x86 Audio/Video Support
* Aros x86 Network Support
* Aros Intel AMD x86 Installing
* Aros Storage Support IDE SATA etc
* Aros Poseidon USB Support
* x86-64 Support
* Motorola 68k Amiga Support
* Linux and FreeBSD Support
* Windows Mingw and MacOSX Support
* Android Support
* Arm Raspberry Pi Support
* PPC Power Architecture
* misc
* Aros Public License

## Introduction

Vesa modes operates on system memory (all bitmaps are stored there), which, in read operation, is much much much faster than the video memory accessed by CPU.
For a start just hack vesa.hidd from x86 native (arch/i386-pc/drivers/vesa.hidd/*).
Add some code which setups some visible area in chipram and then modify vesaDoRefreshArea to do a chunky to planar conversion into those bitplanes.
You could probably "patch" in emulation in the x11 drivers setattrs function.. see
# Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/Port

* Navbar for the Aros wikibook
* Aros User
* Aros User Docs
* Aros User FAQs
* Aros User Applications
* Aros User DOS Shell
* Aros/User/AmigaLegacy
* Aros Dev Docs
* Aros Developer Docs
* Porting Software from AmigaOS/SDL
* For Zune Beginners
* Zune .MUI Classes
* For SDL Beginners
* Aros Developer BuildSystem
* Specific platforms
* Aros x86 Complete System HCL
* Aros x86 Audio/Video Support
* Aros x86 Network Support
* Aros Intel AMD x86 Installing
* Aros Storage Support IDE SATA etc
* Aros Poseidon USB Support
* x86-64 Support
* Motorola 68k Amiga Support
* Linux and FreeBSD Support
* Windows Mingw and MacOSX Support
* Android Support
* Arm Raspberry Pi Support
* PPC Power Architecture
* misc
* Aros Public License

## Introduction

port-handler: Port handler (PAR:, SER:, PRT:, etc) devices
This device should also handle any streamable device, using the SER0: style of DOSDevice mount, for both read and write operations.

## References

Commit 43915 and 43920 added
# Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/ASL

* Navbar for the Aros wikibook
* Aros User
* Aros User Docs
* Aros User FAQs
* Aros User Applications
* Aros User DOS Shell
* Aros/User/AmigaLegacy
* Aros Dev Docs
* Aros Developer Docs
* Porting Software from AmigaOS/SDL
* For Zune Beginners
* Zune .MUI Classes
* For SDL Beginners
* Aros Developer BuildSystem
* Specific platforms
* Aros x86 Complete System HCL
* Aros x86 Audio/Video Support
* Aros x86 Network Support
* Aros Intel AMD x86 Installing
* Aros Storage Support IDE SATA etc
* Aros Poseidon USB Support
* x86-64 Support
* Motorola 68k Amiga Support
* Linux and FreeBSD Support
* Windows Mingw and MacOSX Support
* Android Support
* Arm Raspberry Pi Support
* PPC Power Architecture
* misc
* Aros Public License

## Introduction

Besides the Intuition type requesters, there are the Asl.library requesters that have built in requesters for
* File Open/Save
* Font
* Public Screen selection
* etc
You need to use AllocAslRequestTags to set up an ASL requester, the reqType can be ASL_FileRequest, ASL_FontRequest or ASL_ScreenModeRequest, you can then optional specify parameters for the ASL requester here or in the AslRequest function such as size of requester, title text, initial file, drawer and file pattern, font information or initial screen information as defined in libraries/asl_intern.h header file.
The AllocAslRequster will return a pointer and can be a pointer to a FileRequester, FontRequester or ScreenModeRequester structure (these are read only). Once a structure is set up, you can call the AslRequest function to display the requester and retrieve data from the structure afterwards such as Filename, Font or ScreenMode for use in your program. Once you have finished with the requester structure, you should call FreeAslRequest.
Values for TagItem in AslRequest function

## Requesters
### Font Requester

ASL funcFlags for FontRequester

### ScreenMode Requester

</syntaxhighlight lang="c"> </syntaxhighlight>

## References

| BOOL | RequestFile(struct FileRequester *fileReq) (A0) |
| void | FreeFileRequest(struct FileRequester *fileReq) (A0) |
| APTR | AllocAslRequest(ULONG reqType, struct TagItem *tagList) (D0, A0) |
| BOOL | AslRequest(APTR requester, struct TagItem *tagList) (A0, A1) |
| void | FreeAslRequest(APTR requester) (A0) |
| void | AbortAslRequest(APTR requester) (A0) |
| void | ActivateAslRequest(APTR requester) (A0) |
| APTR | AllocAslRequestTags( ULONG reqType, Tag tag1, ... ); |
| VOID | FreeAslRequest( APTR requester ); |
| BOOL | AslRequestTags( APTR requester, struct TagItem *tagList ); |