OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Transportation Systems Casebook/Sidewalk Based Delivery Robots)
## Summary

Starship Technologies is a startup company building fleets of self-driving delivery robots designed to deliver goods locally within 30 minutes in up to a three-mile radius from a local hub. The robots drive autonomously 99% of the time to make safe and environmentally friendly curb-side deliveries. Launched by Skype co-founders, Starship’s aim is to fundamentally reshape how goods are shipped and delivered.

## Annotated List of Actors
### Ahti Heinla

CEO, CTO and co-founder of Starship Technologies. Also a co-founder of Skype.

## Policy Issues

SB1207 – Allows for the operation of electric personal delivery devices on the sidewalks and shared-use paths and across roadways on crosswalks in the Commonwealth unless otherwise prohibited by a locality. The bill directs that such devices shall not be considered vehicles and are exempt from the motor carrier provisions of Title 46.2 (Motor Vehicles).
This legislation has a potential fiscal impact to localities. It allows any locality to prohibit usage of personal delivery devices on any given sidewalk or crosswalk in the same manner as it can prohibit use of roller skates, skateboards, and bicycles, provided the governing body erects adequate signage. Localities choosing to prohibit usage of personal delivery devices on any given sidewalk or crosswalk would be required to incur the costs to provide signage in compliance with the act. The legislation also carries a potential to generate revenue for the locality, as violations of local ordinances would be subject to a fine of no more than $50. https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?171+oth+SB1207F122+PDF
"Electric personal delivery device" means an electrically powered device that (i) is operated on sidewalks, shared-use paths, and crosswalks and intended primarily to transport property; (ii) weighs less than 50 pounds, excluding cargo; (iii) has a maximum speed of 10 miles per hour; and (iv) is equipped with technology to allow for operation of the device with or without the active control or monitoring of a natural person.
"Electric personal delivery device operator" means an entity or its agent who exercises direct physical control or monitoring over the navigation system and operation of an electric personal delivery device. For the purposes of this definition, "agent" means a person not less than 16 years of age charged by an entity with the responsibility of navigating and operating an electric personal delivery device. "Electric personal delivery device operator" does not include (i) an entity or person who requests the services of an electric personal delivery device to transport property or (ii) an entity or person who only arranges for and dispatches the requested services of an electric personal delivery device. https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?171+ful+CHAP0251

## Further Reading

* ↑ , Crunchbase Profile.
# Transportation Systems Simulation - A Tutorial for Multi-Modal Simulation Using VISSIM/About

The goal of this book is to provide undergraduate students, graduate students, and transportation engineering professionals with an understanding of the wide array of traffic management and simulation modeling techniques and to provide them opportunities to design, build, and evaluate these systems using the Vissim 7.0 application. In this course, the students will be presented with state-of-the-art transportation simulation modeling technologies. A primary focus of the course is to learn how to run a commercialized microscopic traffic simulator, and how to use the simulator as a tool to help manage and control traffic. This material supplements similar vehicle simulation material. See the PTV Vissim User Manual for more detailed information on these topics and the topics presented. Visit the PTV Group Website to discover other products like Vissim.
Back to Main Page
# Transportation Systems Simulation - A Tutorial for Multi-Modal Simulation Using VISSIM/Before You Start

Before you start your project, there are a few things you should know:
* Backup your files often
* Frequently save your work (Ctrl + S)
* Explore as many functions/shortcuts on your own and tell your classmates/instructor if you discover something new
* Learn how to use the “Online Help” found in the top toolbar under “Help”
* Try searching a VISSIM related question in your favorite search engine for additional help
* Important functions are either underlined or in “quotes”
* There are TIPS and WARNINGS throughout this tutorial
* Read each section entirely, including the TIPS and WARNINGS before replicating the steps in VISSIM
Back to Main Page
# TeX/accent
## Description

TeX primitive to produce accents in text mode. For instance, \" is defined by :
# TeX/adjdemerits
## Description

Additional demerits which are accumulated in the course of paragraph building when two consecutive lines are visually incompatible. In these cases, one line is built with much space for justification, and the other one with little space.
# TeX/advance
## Description

General purpose command to add quantities
# TeX/aftergroup
## Description

The next token is stored and its expansion is delayed to the end of the current group.
# TeX/baselineskip

< TeX

## Synopsis

\baselineskip=[length]

## Description

A parameter that tells TeX the distance between baselines.

## Examples

If 10pt fonts are being used, then
will cause the lines to be "double spaced."
# TeX/afterassignment
## Description

All commands that follow as a parameter are stored and their interpretation is delayed until the next assignment. This can be used for making loops.
# TeX/atop

< TeX

## Synopsis

\atop

## Description

\atop is the basic TeX command for stacking mathematical text. Printing
produces the stack $a \atop b$. Grouping may be required to make sure that not too much is included. A good rule of thumb is to simply put braces around any such stack as in

## See Also

* \above
* \atop
* \atopwithdelims
* \over
* \overwithdelims
# TeX/atopwithdelims

< TeX

## Synopsis

\atopwithdelims[delim1][delim2]

## Description

\atopwithdelims is TeX's general command for stacking. Printing
produces the stack $\left({a \atop b}\right]$ where it has delimiter ( on the left and ] on the right. The delimiters are treated as if \left precedes the left delimiter and \right precedes the right delimiter, and hence the delimiters scale based on the size of the contained text. A null delimiter can be used by putting a period . in for one of the delimiters. Hence \atop can be replicated as
One important use of \atopwithdelims is in the definition of the Plain TeX command \choose
and each produces $a \choose b$

## See Also

* \above
* \atop
* \atopwithdelims
* \over
* \overwithdelims
# TeX/backslash

\ starts a lot of TeX commands, and escapes other special characters
# TeX/badness
## Description

Every time TeX constructs a box, it calculates a measure of the quality of spacing within the box known as badness. It is an integer between 0 and 10000. The TeX primitive \badness is a integer parameter that is set by TeX each times a box is constructed. If there is no overflow error for the box being constructed, then \badness is set to the badness of the constructed box. If there is an overflow error, then \badness is set to 1000000.
# Turing/Authors

Faraaz Damji (Frazzydee) has just learnt Turing in February 2005, but has had some experience with other languages. He hopes he will be able to help newcomers, and welcomes questions on his talk page.
# Turing/Data files

What are datafiles? Why would you need them?
Data files are simple text files that Turing can read and write from. Sometimes, especially in contests, the data entered will be in a text file rather than the user entering it when they run the program. In this tutorial, you will learn how to read from and write to data files.
Let's start with reading, which is used more often. You first declare an integer variable. This is required from Turing. Then, you'll use the open and get statements to read from it.
You may have noticed eof in the above code. EOF means end-of-file, so we're telling Turing to exit the loop once it has reached the end of the file. If you don't do this, you'll get an error because Turing will try and read past the end of the file!
← Loops · Procedures, functions, and processes →
# Turing/Graphics

This is how graphics should work:
In most cases, you must do it like this to avoid flicker.
Example: A moving circle:
There are some commands in the example that you are probably not familiar with. A for loop is a counted loop it runs for a certain number of times. So the statement "For count : 1..600" means that the loop will run from 1 to 600, and each time it runs it will store that value in the variable "count". So the first time it will run count will have a value of 1, the second time it will be 2 and so on. "drawfilloval" does exactly what it says it draws an oval and fills it with the color specified. Delay also does what it says it pauses the program for a certain amount of time specified in the bracket, 1000 is equal to 1 sec so in the example it is 10, so program pauses for 0.01 s. The pause is needed so the program wait before it draws the white oval on top of the red one.
← Arrays, flexible arrays
# Turing/Hello world

This is a very simple program. It will print text to the screen, and then exit.
Pretty simple, eh? As you probably deduced, put prints text. For now, we'll be using it to output to the screen.
Next, we'll learn how to gather input from the user using get. We'll also declare two variables, name and age. The program will get the user's name and age, and repeat it back to them.
First, we have to declare two variables. Turing lets you declare variables anywhere in the program, but it's usually a good idea to declare them at the top.
Now why was age a natural number? Why not an integer? Well, in Turing, natural numbers are all positive integers, including zero (0,1,2,3...). Integers, however, include negative numbers as well as positive numbers. The user's age shouldn't be a negative number, so it doesn't need to be an integer.
Second, did you notice the % followed by some text? Those are called comments. They start at the percent-sign and continue until the end of the line. They are meant to be messages to you, the programmer, about your program. Turing doesn't care about them. They have no meaning except to the person reading the code, of which they may well be of great importance. It is important that you use meaningful comments. When you come back eight weeks later, or someone else reads your code, you may have no idea what that code you wrote meant.
After we have two variables set up, we proceed to ask the user their name...they have to know what to enter!
Then we say get name. This means, "Let the user type in a string, and store it under the variable name for later use. Same for age.
Finally, we regurgitate the information back to the user. Make sure you put spaces before closing the quotation marks, or else there won't be any spaces before and after their name and age!
One last thing: Turing uses token-oriented input. This means that when the user inputs a space, it is treated the same as a line break. But we don't want this in our program, because what if the user enters their first and last name? Therefore, we tell turing "only get the next variable when they press enter."
To do this, replace get name with get name : *
If statements, cases →
# Turing/If statements, cases

If statements are just that. They say, "If a is true, then do the following, if not, do this instead"
Here's a simple program for you that tests if someone is an adult.
This program is saying: "Ask the user for their age. If it's under 18, then they're not an adult. If it's not under 18, then they are. Note that else statements do not check if they are greater/equal to 18, they just check if they are not under 18. This will suffice for our purposes
But what if we want to test for seniors too? This can be accomplished with an elsif statement:
This is saying "If they are under 18, they're not an adult. If they're not under 18, then check if they're older than 64; if so, they are a senior. If neither of the above cases are true, then they are an adult.
Cases are like funny if-statements. They're pretty easy to understand, but you probably won't use them until later. Still, they fall under the same category as if statements, so you might as well get used to them now.
← Hello world · Loops →
# Tulu/Specialities

It may be worth noting here that, most of these ancient Tulu literary works have been located and published by a single man -Venkataraja Puninchathaya of Kasaragod. This interesting language has a very rich vocabulary for expressing the rural coastal life of the Tulu people. This has been proved by the voluminous Tulu Encyclopedia published in eight volumes from Udupi.
# Tulu/The People

The Tulu people are learned, highly entrepreneurial and cultured. This area has been declared as Fully Literate and the area always stands first in the general board exam results. Tulu people are contributing in all the fields and are spread all over the country and abroad.
# Turing

Part 1: A simple 'hello world' program, user input
Part 2: If statements, cases
Part 3: Loops
Part 4: Data files
Part 5: Procedures, functions, and processes
Part 6: Arrays, flexible arrays
Part 7: Graphics
Questions: Solutions will be listed on a separate page. It is recommended that you should not look at them until you have completed the problem. (unless you cannot figure it out).
Help: Post your Turing questions here!
Authors
# US Internet Law/Clickwrap Agreements

Click-wrap/Shrink-wrap/Download Licenses
A shrink-wrap license is generally associated with “off the shelf” software in which the license agreement is contained within the software packaging materials. It is in a standard printed form, and is accepted by the customer when the customer carries out a specified task, such as opening the envelope or the shrink-wrapping containing the CD-ROM (breaking the seal while doing so) or by installing the software.
A variation is to accept the terms of the onscreen license presented during the setup process before the software is installed on the computer. If the license terms are not accepted, the software will not install. This is referred to as click-wrap. Frequently, the on-screen acceptance is in addition to the software being delivered in a shrink-wrap but as more and more software is preloaded, the click-wrap methodology performs an important function.
Increasingly, software can be downloaded from Internet websites. In such cases, it would be normal for a customer to be presented with an onscreen license agreement, which can either be accepted or rejected. If not accepted, the software will not download.
The license terms should be presented to the potential customer before the purchasing mechanics take place. This would ensure that they are effective.
A web-wrap license is considered an Internet contract that asks that user to accept the terms of the license by clicking a “yes” or “no” button before or after seeing the complete agreement. A “yes” gives the user complete access to the website. A “no” prevents the user from gaining access to all or some of the information on the site. This is also known as a click-wrap license.
Internet Law: Table of Contents · Preface · Introduction · Defamation · Defamation - General · Section 230 · Copyright · Copyright - General · Secondary Liability · Fair Use · DMCA · DMCA Safe Harbor · DMCA Anti-Circumvention · Trademark · Domain Names · Content Regulation · Online Anonymity · Communications Decency Act · Online Contracts · The Hold Harmless Clause in User Agreements · Clickwrap Agreements · UCITA · Privacy · ECPA · SCA ·
# US Internet Law

This book deals with the subject of the law as it relates to the Internet in general and to various topics in particular. Most of the material will be oriented toward United States law as that is where most of the legal issues become raised, but where material is from other countries it will be identified.

## Contents

* Preface
* Introduction
* Defamation
** Defamation - General
** Section 230
* Copyright
** Copyright - General
** Secondary Liability
** Fair Use
** Digital Millenium Copyright Act ("DMCA")
*** DMCA Safe Harbor
*** DMCA Anti-Circumvention
* Trademark
** Domain Names
* Content Regulation
** Online Anonymity
** Communications Decency Act
* Online Contracts
** The Hold Harmless Clause in User Agreements
** Clickwrap Agreements
** Uniform Computer Informations Transaction Act ("UCITA")
* Privacy
** Electronic Communications Privacy Act ("ECPA")
** Stored Communications Act. ("SCA")
# US Internet Law/Communications Decency Act

Two provisions of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA or Act) sought to protect minors from harmful material on the Internet. 47 U.S.C. §223(a)(1)(B)(ii) criminalized the "knowing" transmission of "obscene or indecent" messages to any recipient under 18 years of age. Section 223(d) prohibits the "knowin[g]" sending or displaying to a person under 18 of any message "that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs."
Affirmative defenses are provided for those who take "good faith, . . . effective . . . actions" to restrict access by minors to the prohibited communications, §223(e)(5)(A), and those who restrict such access by requiring certain designated forms of age proof, such as a verified credit card or an adult identification number, §223(e)(5)(B). A number of plaintiffs filed suit challenging the constitutionality of §§223(a)(1) and 223(d).
In ACLU v. Reno, after making extensive findings of fact, a three-judge District Court convened pursuant to the Act entered a preliminary injunction against enforcement of both challenged provisions. The court's judgment enjoined the Government from enforcing §223(a)(1)(B)'s prohibitions insofar as they relate to "indecent" communications, but expressly preserves the Government's right to investigate and prosecute the obscenity or child pornography activities prohibited therein. The injunction against enforcement of §223(d) was unqualified because that section contains no separate reference to obscenity or child pornography. The Government appealed to the Supreme Court under the Act's special review provisions, arguing that the District Court erred in holding that the CDA violated both the First Amendment because it is over-broad and the Fifth Amendment because it is vague. The Supreme Court held that the CDA's "indecent transmission" and "patently offensive display" provisions violated the First Amendment.
# US Internet Law/Copyright

The Copyright Act of 1976 went into effect January 1, 1978. The act protects original works of authorship, including computer software programs, by investing the author with the exclusive right to copy, reproduce, modify, distribute, publicly display and publicly perform the copyrighted work, generally for a term of the life of the author plus seventy years.
The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act extended the term from life plus 50 to life plus 70 years. The works made for hire term was extended from 75 to 95 years.
Types of work protected: The Copyright Act protects creative expression in works of authorship (which is defined broadly, with little “creativity” required), but it does not protect facts, ideas, discoveries, processes or methods.
The act also protects databases as creative compilations even though the underlying data may be facts (that are not protected).
Copyright interests are held by the individual author unless assigned. Copyrights in works created by employees within the scope of their employment are owned by the employer. Copyrights in works created under contract by an independent contractor are retained by the contractor unless an executed assignment or other document provides for a transfer.
Copyright interests attach automatically upon creation of a work of authorship. Copyright registration is optional, but is a prerequisite to commencing an infringement suit. Significant benefits and access to stronger remedies in an infringement suit result from early registration of a copyright.
Downloading music files, graphics or text from the Internet can constitute infringement because an electronic copy of the work is being made. According to some case law, even loading and running a program from disk can be infringement unless authorized by license, since a copy is being made from disk to random access memory.
Note: There are two legal concepts: Contributory Infringement - a person with knowledge of the infringing activity induces causes or materially contributes to the conduct of another to infringe.
Vicarious Liability - a person or entity has the right and ability to control the activities of the person directly infringing and receives financial benefit from those activities – even if the entity or person is unaware of the activity.
Civil remedies include: Injunctive relief, actual damages, an accounting of profits and in certain circumstances statutory damages of up to $150,000 per work, as well as impoundment and destruction of equipment and infringement material and paying attorney’s fees.
Criminal penalties are: Misdemeanor - up to one year’s imprisonment and fines up to $100,000.
Felony - fines up to $250,000 and up to five years’ imprisonment for the first violation and up to 10 years for repeat offenders.
# Uyazi eGoli?

In this lesson, we learn to talk about people and places we know. In addition to this we learn how to introduce multiple people.

## Laba abangane bami

    uNandi: Sawubona Philani!
    uPhilani: Yebo sawubona Nandi!
    uNandi: Unjani?
    uPhilani: Ngisaphila, wena unjani?
    uNandi: Nami ngiyaphila.
    uPhilani: Laba abangane bami, nguNjabulo noXolani.
    uNandi: Ngiyajabula ukunazi!
    uNjabulo noXolani: Nathi siyajabula ukukwazi!
    uNandi: Nihlalaphi?
    uNjabulo: Ngihlala eGoli. Uyalazi iGoli?
    uNandi: Angilazi iGoli.
    uXolani: Ngihlala eKapa. Uyakwazi eKapa na?
    uNandi: Yebo, ngiyazi eKapa.
    uNjabulo noXolani noPhilani: Sala kahle.
    uNandi: Hambani kahle.
| Zulu | English |
| ukunazi | to know you (plural). |
| Uyazi | You know it |
| Angiyazi | You do not know it |
We can use a similar form to ask someone if they know other places, for example, "Uyazi iTheweni?", "Uyazi iSoweto?" and even "Uyazi iLondon?". "Na" may be used to indicate a question in spoken language and in writing but when the language is spoken, generally questions are indicated with tone. This form cannot be used to ask if someone knows a person. This is because the of "uyazi" part of the verb. The y refers to the place iGoli basically u+i+azi becomes uyazi. Zulu does not allow vowels to be placed immediately alongside each other. The concept of object being attached to verbs is explained fully in a later lesson. We now introduce how to ask if you know someone.

## Uyamazi uNelson wakwaMandela?

Dialogue
    uXolani: Uyamazi uNelson wakwaMandela?
    uNjabulo: Yebo, ubani ongamazi? Uyamazi uLucky wakwaDube?
    uXolani: Yebo, ngiyamazi.
| Zulu | English |
| Uyamazi | you know him |
| akamazi | he does not know him |
| uLucky wakwaDube | Lucky Dube |
Once again the m in "ngimazi" refers to him/her.
* Yena uyamazi uDesmond wakwaTutu.
* uMngane wami uyazi eNew York.

## Ngilikhohliwe!

A few days later, Xolani and Njabulo are at the mall when they see someone that they think they know.
Dialogue
    uXolani: Uyamazi? (Nodding at her)
    uNjabulo: Yebo, kodwa ngilikhohliwe!
    uXolani: Igama lakhe uNandi, angithi?
    uNjabulo: Hhayi yebo!
Here the li in ngilikhohliwe refers to igama. '-khe' means her/his. It is used like -mi and -kho.

## Summary

* We can ask people if they know people. - Uyamazi uNelson wakwaMandela?
* We can ask people if they know places. - Uyazi iNaturean?
* We are able to introduce multiple people. - Laba abangane bami.
* We can say if we have forgotten someone's name. - Ngilikhohliwe

## Next step

Try the Exercise or go the next Lesson 5. Or alternatively, go back to the Index.