OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Plastics Molding & Manufacturing
## Foreword

Many of the modern products that are a part of everyday life have gone unnoticed because they are commonly used until little thoughts are given to their existence. Have a look around in your home , workplace and such and probably you will find many things are made from plastics from small toys to the automobiles. In short, plastic play a vital role in the modern world.
The first injection moulding was invented by John and Isaiah Hyatt in 1872. The earliest of injection moulding resembles a large hypodermic needles with heated cylinder on back which forces the heated gooey materials into the awaiting mould.
Nowadays, the technology have matured and allowed for different formulations and techniques for injection moulding. Injection moulding method are suitable if there is a large number of parts are to be produced. The only disadvantages are the initial start up costs especially the injection moulding machine as well as tooling for the mould.
Below are the advantages of using plastic injection moulding:
* High volume of mass productions rate can be achieved
* Repeatibility of the injection moulded parts with high tolerances
* Minimal material loss as the runner can be regrind to be used as recycled materials
* Wide range of materials can be available for specific applications
* Labour costs can be saved as for most automated injection moulding with robotic pickup arms: 1 operator can operate 4 injection moulding
Therefore from this Handbook of Plasting Molding and Manufacturing, it is hope that you will gain an quick overview on the plastic moulding and manufacturings.

## Chapter 1: A Brief History of Plastic Manufacturing

In Chapter 1, we would learn some of the major contributions by those brilliant man that advance the plastic fields as the current stages today

### The Brief History of the Plastics
## Chapter 2: Type of Plastic Process

In the chapter 2, we will learn types of plastic moulding . Every plastic components that are moulded needs different type of manufacturing process for specific applications

### Type of Plastic Moulding Process
## Chapter 3:Plastic Material

In the chapter 3, we will learn what are the plastics are.

### Plastic Additives
## Chapter 4:Injection Moulding Machine

In the chapter 4, we will learn the few major parts which make the injection moulding machine

### Injection System
## Chapter 5: Moulds for plastics

The moulds and the mould making operation are one of the most important parts of the injection moulding process

### Mould design
## Chapter 6:Injection Mold Cycles

In each injection molding cycles, there are 4 phases namely:

### Ejection Phase
## Chapter 7:Injection Mould Process Control

In Chapter 6, we will learn the key parameters to ensure the moulded plastics is of consistent quality

### Quiz : Plastic Moulding Process Control
## Chapter 8:Defects Occurs In Plastic Moulding Process

In Chapter 7, the common defects for moulding process usually causes from machine, mold, material and man (operator). In this section, we will learn the causes of these defects as well as solutions to solve this problems.
# Plastics Molding & Manufacturing/Clamp System

The clamping units are used to keep the mold shut against the forces developed when injection pressure pushes plastic into the closed mold. Therefore, the amount of clamp force must be at least equal to the amount of injection force.
The machine sizes are determined by the clamping tonnage forces. The rule of thumb are the larger clamping forces, the larger the machines sizes.
Table below shows the guideline between clamp size (in term of clamping force) and shot size (in term of weight)
The clamping forces are needed to be controlled so that the clamping force are not too little or too much.
If too little, the mold will not be able to stay closed when materials is injected into cavity which causes either flashes or incomplete mould/shots. If too much, the mold will sustain severe damage which costs large amount of money for repair.
| Clamp Size (kN) | Shot weight (g) |
| 89 | 14.2 |
| 222.5 | 56.7 |
| 445 | 113.4 |
| 890 | 226.8 |
| 1780 | 453.6 |
| 2225 | 567 |
| 2670 | 851 |
| 4005 | 1701 |
| 6675 | 3402 |
| 8900 | 5670 |
| 17800 | 12757 |
| 35600 | 25515 |
There are two types of clamping systems :

### Hydraulic clamps

The advantage of hydraulic clamp system is that the clamp pressure can be regulated over a wide range (E.g: From 500KN up to 25000KN) . This allows the proper clamp tonnage to be used for the specific job and minimizes the amount of energy expended.

### Toggle clamps

The advantage of the mechanical toggle clamp system is that once toggle mechanism is locked in place, it is virtually impossible to blow the mold open even if injection pressures are beyond those required. Noted that this may caused the wear and tear to parts should it be left prolonged in this stage.
# Plastics Molding & Manufacturing/Clamping
## Clamping Phase

Clamping phase is the first phase of any injection moulding cycles. The primary functions is to quickly and safely closing the mould to prepare for the incoming process.
The moving mould at first is moving at high speed towards the fixed mould. The moving mould then is slowed down to avoid slamming into fixed mould. To prevent any moulding issues, the mechanisms for clamping are needed to be ensure so that they are stiff and rigid as well as the force applied to each tie bar is equally spread.
# UNIX Computing Security/System processes

System processes of UNIX consist of those processes that are not user services or user processes. One of the most known is init.

## Init

The parent of all processes. init will take ownership of orphaned processes. Process ID is almost always 1.

## Viewing processes

For example, a user may list the status of his or her processes using the ps command, thus:
The user with the account name john_doe is the owner of the two processes with process identifiers 15265 and 11407. That user can send signals to those two processes using the kill command. However the system can prevent that user from using the kill command on processes he does not own.
# UNIX Computing Security/Introduction

* The only secure computer is one that's unplugged, locked in a safe, and buried 20 feet under the ground in a secret location... and I'm not even too sure about that one. —Dennis Hughes, FBI
UNIX is a computer operating system that was first developed during the 1960s and 1970s at AT&T Bell Labs. It was originally conceived as an academic operating system, particularly at the university level, and hence security was not a top priority of the design. Since then, however, UNIX computing systems have been made more widely available and have become an essential part of networking and internet infrastructure. The increased level of access and the need for data security have driven improvements to UNIX security features. The evolution of UNIX security features continues to this day, with an increasingly urgent need for preventing inappropriate access to systems and their data.
This book is intended for an audience that has at least a basic familiarity with the UNIX operating system, including common shell commands, the directory structure, and file manipulation. The primary focus will be for the System Administrator of a UNIX system. That is the operator who is responsible for configuring and maintaining a functioning system, as well as troubleshooting system failures, controlling user access to the system, and so forth.
As there are multiple variations of the UNIX operating system made available by various computing vendors, not to mention related operating systems such as Linux, this book will cover topics common to most of the UNIX releases. Features specific to a particular vendor's release will be noted accordingly.
# UNIX Computing Security/Physical security

Suggested topics: server room, media storage and network connections.
The physical security of your computing infrastructure is at least as important as the measures that are applied at the software level. Unauthorized individuals gaining access to a server room can intercept network transmissions, cause servers to reboot from inserted media, or perform malicious destruction of your systems and data.
Companies that value their server computing resources will typically place the systems in isolated rooms with carefully managed environments and protections against power outages. Access to server rooms is limited by means of locks that can require combination codes, special digital cards, or biometric devices. The interior can be monitored using surveillance systems, such as ceiling-mounted camera domes. Perimeter defense is provided by building access mechanisms and security personnel.
However not all the computing infrastructure can be protected to this degree. Access to the network and internal servers can be acquired by accessing an office terminal or workstation. Data can be removed or stolen by the theft of a laptop or disk drive. It is also a simple matter to obtain valuable data, then to copy it onto media for easy removal.

## Reboot

When an intruder has physical access to a server, they may be able to reboot the system from alternate media. With the system up, they may be able to mount up the file systems on the server and make whatever changes they would like. When the system is rebooted normally, they may have inserted changes that allow unauthorized privileges. Removalable media devices, such as CD-ROM, floppy disk, magnetic tape or USB disks (including USB pen drives) should be removed from the list of bootable devices, or placed after the primary boot device.
If a removable media device is not present, the system can still be booted into single-user mode. If this level has not been protected by a login prompt, the system can be modified with privileges equivalent to root. Vendors will typically implement a Boot Authentication feature only allows authorized users to boot a system to Single-user mode. Boot authentication can take the form of a BIOS supported power-on password or a specialized program, such as the Linux sulogin command which requires a password before granting access in Single-user mode.
More later...
# UNIX Computing Security/References

Here are some useful references you can peruse for more in-depth information about UNIX computing security.

## Books

* William R. Cheswick, Steven M. Bellovin, and Aviel D. Rubin, Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker, 2nd edition, 2003, Addison-Wesley Professional, ISBN 0-201-63466-X.
* Chris Wong, HP-UX 11i Security, 2002, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-033062-0.
* Hames Turnbull, Hardening Linux, 2005, Apress, ISBN 1590594444.
* Simson Garfinkel and Gene Spafford, Practical Unix and Internet Security, 2nd Edition, 1996, O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN 1565921488.

## Articles

* Daniel Farmer and Eugene H. Spafford, "The Cops Security Checker System", Purdue University Technical Report CSD-TR-993, 1991.

## External links

* Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), Carnegie Mellon University.
* Computing Indicent Advisory Capability (CIAC), U.S. Department of Energy.
Articles:
* The Twenty Most Critical Internet Security Vulnerabilities — The Experts' Consensus, SANS
* The Six Dumbest Ideas in Computer Security
* An Overview of Sarbanes-Oxley for the Information Security Professional
# To Adobe inDesgin

1 - Add a “Text Area” to your new document
2 - In the main menu, choose “Type”, scroll down to “Fill with placeholder text” at the same time, press CMD on Mac or CTRL on PC
3- In the dropdown menu, select Arabic
4- Replace the placeholder arabic text with the text you copied from the wikibook
Important notes:
* You need to copy/paste each column / language separately.
* If you want to copy/paste the whole columns, you have to download the google sheet, open it into Excel, save it as an xls file and paste it into inDesigh
* You need to replace punctuation and line separations with a space or a dot “.”
* For Urdu and Persian, please download ArabicGenie (Download Mac version here)
# Structural Biochemistry/Cell Signaling Pathways/inorganic compounds

Mobile zinc and the gaseous nitric oxide radical are two prominent examples of inorganic compounds that are found in many signaling pathways in living systems. To detect the presence of mobile zinc and nitric oxide, fluorescent probes is used. Fluorescent probes which are dyes that give off light when exposed to light, are excellent tools for detecting zinc and nitric oxide with high spatial and temporal resolution. To monitor biological processes in real time with high spatial resolution, using fluorescent imaging offers an excellent platform. it is known that fluorescent probes maintain good water solubility and membrane permeability. 1- Fluorescent Sensors For Mobile Zinc The divalent zinc cation, Zn2+, influences a wide metabolic spectrum. Mobile zinc play many physiological roles in zinc-enriched tissues, such as hippocampus, pancreas and prostate. Mobile zinc bioimaging is currently dominated by fluorescent probes. That is due to the technical advances in microscopy instruments and fluorescent sensors have proved to be sensitive and versatile tools for zinc detection in live cells and tissues. In fluorescence microscopy experiments, zinc indicators depend on an increase or rarely a decrease in fluorescence emission intensity.
2- Fluorescent Sensors For Nitric Oxide Nitric oxide is a free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. Nitric oxide play various roles as signal transmitter and it is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Nitric oxide is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction and catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-arginine, NADPH, and oxugen to citrulline, nitric oxide and NADP+. There are two strategies in developing the small-moleculed fluorescent probes for nitric oxide. This strtegies are conducted by Pluth M.D et al. in their paper entitled, "Biochemistry of Mobile Zinc and Nitric Oxide Revealed by Fuorescent Sensors". The first is based on organic probes and they often result in bright emission enhancement in the presence of nitric oxide under aerobic conditions. this strategy is widely used. the second strategy is using transition metals to mediate reactivity of an emission dye with nitric oxide. it was found that these probes can be less bright than purely organic probes.

## References

* ↑ Pluth M.D et al, 2011. "Biochemistry of Mobile Zinc and Nitric Oxide Revealed by Fuorescent Sensors"
* ↑ Tomat E, Lippard SJ. 2010. Imaging mobile zinc in biology. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 14:225–30
* ↑ dictionary of medical conditions terminology, <medconditions.net>
* ↑ dictionary of medical conditions terminology, <medconditions.net>
* ↑ Pluth M.D et al, 2011. "Biochemistry of Mobile Zinc and Nitric Oxide Revealed by Fuorescent Sensors"
# Structural Biochemistry/Cell Signaling Pathways/Skeletal Muscle Remodeling
## Background

Cell signaling pathways are very essential for skeletal muscle remodeling. Skeletal muscles are composed of heterogeneous muscle fibers (myofibers), which are different in their metabolic functions. There are four main types of myofibers: type I, type IIa, type IId/x, and type IIb. Type I and type IIa are specialized in oxidative metabolism, and type IId/x and type IIb are specialized in glycolysis. These skeletal muscles can be remodeled depending on the signaling due mainly to calcium concentrations in the human body and also due to various transcription factors. Muscles can change by transforming the myofibers to consist of more type I or more type IIb depending on how often exercise is done. If a person continually exercises, his/her skeletal muscles will contain more type I myofibers, which increases the overall oxidative metabolism in the body. This in turn keeps the person healthier in multiple ways, mostly in preventing bodily disorders, such as diabetes, muscular dystrophy, etc. These myofibers can be transformed when certain signaling pathways are activated or inhibited.
One of the main component responsible for the transformation of myofibers is the signaling of calcineurin. Calcineurin is a protein phosphatase, which promotes the expression of muscle-specific genes. Calcineurin is activated by myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), which is a type of transcription factor that will recognize DNA sequences that are rich in adenine-thymine nucleotides. There is also a class II HDAC (histone deacetylase) that controls the activity of MEF2. When the class II HDAC binds to MEF2, MEF2 is inhibited so then it cannot activate the muscle specific genes. To prevent inhibition of MEF2 by HDAC, a HDAC kinase is activated and it phosphorylates the class II HDAC, which gives it a signal/message to leave the nucleus and leave the MEF2 uninhibited.

## Exercise

If a person exercises often:
Type IIb --> type IId/x --> type IIa --> type I
If a person doesn’t exercise at all, the myofiber transformation will reverse:
Type I --> type IIa --> type IId/x --> type IIb
Type I myofiber
-maintains a high intracellular calcium concentration (~100-300nM) -for maintaining posture -oxidative metabolism
Type IIb myofiber
-maintains a low calcium concentration (less than 50NM) -fast-twitch muscles -for quick action and strength related -glycolysis

## Reference

Bassel-Duby, Rhonda and Olson, Eric N., Signaling Pathways in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling, 2006, http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142622
# Structural Biochemistry/Cell Signaling Pathways/kinases inhibitors
### Protein Kinase Inhibitors in celling transduction and in clinical use

References:
Wen Wu, Cheng Lu, Siyu Chen, Niefang Yu "The signal transduction pathway of multi-target kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents in clinical use or in phase III"
Arvin C. Dar1 and Kevan M. Shokat, "The Evolution of Protein Kinase Inhibitors from Antagonists to Agonists of Cellular Signaling"
# Simulation with AnyLogic/Discrete Event Simulation/Ophthalmology Department Model/Step 8. Occupying a procedure room
## Step 8. Occupying a Procedure Room

At this point, all patients are examined in the first procedure room only. Moreover, several patients are examined in the same procedure room at the same time. Now we will improve our model by adding room seizing logic. We will model procedure rooms as static resources. Patients will move now to any of three procedure rooms. The room will be occupied for the examination time so that no one else can be examined there at this time.
Modify the flowchart
* Add NetworkSeize object. NetworkSeize object seizes a given set of network resources. In our case we want to seize static resources - procedure rooms.
* Set the following object properties:
** Specify the List of resources to be seized. The list of resources is defined in the following way: you list names of NetworkResourcePool objects whose units are being seized. One unit will be seized per pool name. We need to seize one procedure room, so you should type {procRoom}
* Modify properties of the moveToProcRoom object. We want this block to move patients not to the first procedure room, but to the one that was previously seized by the patient for the examination.Set the following object properties:
** Specify that patients will go not to the well-defined destination, but to the location of the seized resource unit (in our case - to the occupied procedure room). Choose Seized resource unit option in the Destination is property.
** Specify the name of the seized resource unit that will serve as a destination for patients. Type procRoom in the Resource field. procRoom is the name of our NetworkResourcePool object that defines procedure room resources pool.
* NetworkRelease object releases previously seized static resources. We need this object to release the procedure room after the procedure.
* Set the following object properties:
** Specify the resources this block releases. Instead of specifying a list of names of seized resources, simply select All seized resources in the Release property since we want to release all seized resources after the procedure will be completed.
Now you can run the model. You can see that patients are examined at any of three procedure rooms and rooms are occupied for the examination time so that no one else is examined there at the same time.
# Simulation with AnyLogic/Discrete Event Simulation/Ophthalmology Department Model/Step 5. Creating a flowchart
## Step 5. Creating a Flowchart

Now we will finish creating the simpliest model where patients arrive to the waiting hall of the department, then go to the first procedure room and after some time leave the department.
It is time to define a flowchart describing this process. In AnyLogic you create flowcharts by adding the objects from the library stencil onto the class diagram, setting custom properties for the objects, and connecting objects together.
Create a flowchart
* Create a flowchart describing the process. Add Enterprise Library objects on the diagram and connect them as shown in the figure below: Now set up the properties of these objects.
* Set up the Source object. Source object generates entities with the specified interarrival time. In our example, it models patient arrival. Set the following object properties:
** In the Arrival rate field, specify the patient arrival rate: 0.05.
** Set shapePatient as Entity animation shape.
* Configure NetworkEnter object. NetworkEnter adds entities to the specified location in a network. Set the following object properties:
** Choose waitingHall as patients Entry node. Patients will arrive at the department waiting room.
** Specify the Network object describing the network, to which new entities will be added. Type network (the name of our Network object) in the Network field.
* Set up the NetworkMoveTo object. This block moves entities from the current location to a new one. We add this object to model how patients move from waiting hall to a procedure room. Set the following object properties:
** Choose procRoom1 as the Node. Patients will go to the first procedure room. At this point we assume that all patients are examined at this room only.
* Set up the Delay object. Delay object delays entity for the specified time. In our model this time stands for the ophthalmoscopy procedure. Placing Delay block in our flowchart evidences that network-based modeling objects can be mixed with regular process objects like Queue, Delay, Service, etc. Set up the following object properties:
** Specify the object's Capacity: 5. This parameter defines how many patients can be examined at the same time.
* Configure the NetworkMoveTo object. We add this object to model how patients are leaving the department after the ophthalmoscopy procedure. Set the following object properties:
** Patients will move to the destination you specify. Specify exit as the Node since this rectangle corresponds to the department exit.
* NetworkExit object removes entities from the network. Leave the default properties of the NetworkExit object unchanged.
* Sink object indicates the end of the flowchart. Leave the default properties of the Sink object unchanged.
# Simulation with AnyLogic/Discrete Event Simulation/Ophthalmology Department Model/Step 6. Configuring the simulation
## Step 6. Configuring Simulation

Model simulation has a set of specific settings. A group of model settings is called an experiment, and experiments are displayed at the bottom of the model branch in the workspace tree. You can create several experiments for the same model with alternative model settings. One experiment is created by default and named Simulation.
If we start the model, it will work for 100 time units and then will stop. Since we want to observe the process for a long time, we need to remove the model stop condition.
Remove the model stop condition
* In the Project view, click the Simulation:Main experiment item.
* On the Model Time tab of the Properties window, choose Never in the Stop drop-down list. The model now will simulate infinitely until we will stop it.