OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/A List of Classifiers

Lesson 27

## Lesson XXVII. a list of classifiers.

| Pêng'im | TL | Characters | English |
| gai5 | kâi, | 個 | Applied to men, and things generally. |
| liab8 | liâp, | 粒 | Applied to fruit, spherical things, as balls, pills, &c. |
| diou5 | tiòu, | 條 | Applied to rivers, roads, collars, ropes, laws, hair, snakes, lizards, &c. and things in stripes. |
| gi1 | ki, | 枝 | Applied to masts, sticks, knives, spoons, pencils, pillars, branches of trees or plants, &c. |
| sang1 | sang, | 雙 | Applied to things that go in pairs, as shoes, stockings, gloves, chop-sticks, &c. |
| dui3 | tùi, | 對 | Applied to things that go in pairs, as scrolls, candle-sticks, horses, &c. |
| dêng2 | téng, | 頂 | Applied to hats, caps, sedan chairs, &c. |
| nian2 | niánn, | 領 | Applied to coats, bed clothes, nets, mats, &c. |
| ka1 | kha, | 脚 | Applied to boxes, coffins, bangles, rings, &c. |
| goin1 | koinn, | 間 | Applied to houses, shops, rooms. |
| zo7 | tsō, | 座 | Applied to large dwelling houses, ancestral halls. |
| diên1 | tienn, | 張 | Applied to sheets of paper, letters, |
| bao1 | pau, | 包 | Applied to things in bundles and bales. |
| bê2 | pé, | 把 | Applied to bundles of wood, vegetables, flowers, &c. |
| zang5 | tsâng, | 欉 | Applied to trees, plants, vegetables. |
| zag4 | tsat, | 𥱳 | Applied to spaces between the joints on the finger, or on bamboo, sugarcane, &c. |
| ziah4 | tsiah, | 隻 | Applied to ships, quadrupeds, birds, fowls, &c. |
| zai7 | tsāi, | 儎 | Applied to cargoes, boat loads, &c. |
| go3 | kò, | 塊 | Applied to lands, gardens, boards &c., and slices or pieces of things. |
| kou1 | khou, | 篐 | Applied to dollars, bundles of firewood. |
| bhou2 | bóu, | 畝 | Applied to fields. |
| kung5 | khûn, | 羣 | Applied to crowds of men, herds of quadrupeds, flocks of fowls, ducks, &c. |
| bag4 | pak, | 幅 | Applied to maps, Chinese pictures, &c. |
| gian6 | kiănn, | 件 | Applied to any business or affair, &c. |
| bhuê2 | búe, | 尾 | Applied to fish. |
| diam2 | tiám, | 㸃 | Applied to spots of dirt, drops of rain, &c. |
| lui2 | lúi, | 蕊 | Applied to flowers. |
| lêg8 | lêh, | 列 | Applied to files of soldiers, rows of houses, &c. |
| guan6 | kuănn, | 串 | Applied to strings of cash or beads, &c. |
| hu3 | hù, | 副 | Applied to things in sets and suits. |
| bng2 | pńg, | 本 | Applied to books. |
| hiêh8 | hiêh, | 頁 | Applied to leaves of books. |
| mng5 | mn̂g, | 門 | Applied to cannons. |
| kao2 | kháu, | 口 | Applied to gardens, smokes of opium or tobacco. |
| coh4 | tshoh, | 零些 | Applied to a quantity of things, a small crowd of men. |
| bên5 | pénn, | 棚 | Applied to stage-plays. |
| bang1 | pan, | 班 | Applied to companies of actors, bands, &c. |
| ui7 | uī, | 位 | Applied to persons of respectability. |
# Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/Commercial-Carpentry
### Carpentry.

| Pêng'im | TL | Characters | English |
| ge3 | kùr | 鋸 | A saw. |
| tiu1 | thiu | 抽 | A plane. |
| cag8gian2 | tshâk-kiánn | 鑿子 | A chisel. |
| zng3gian2 | tsǹg-kiánn | 鎖子 | An awl. |
| co3 | tshò | 挫 | A file. |
| bou2tao5 | póu-tháu | 斧頭 | An axe. |
| tih4dêng1 | thih-teng | 鐵釘 | A nail. |
| lo5si1dêng1 | lô-si-teng | 羅𮈔釘 | A screw. |
| lo5si1ruang2 | lô-si-zuán | 羅𮈔鑽 | A screw. |
| dêng1ga6 | teng-kă | 釘咬 | Nippers. |
| hiab8diab8 | hiâp-tiâp | 蛺蝶 | A hinge. |
| bêh8iu5 | pêh-iû | 白油 | White paint. |
| ou1iu5 | ou-iû | 烏油 | Tar. |
| tang5iu5 | thâng-iû | 桐油 | China varnish. |
| cag4 | tshat | 漆 | Varnish or crude lacquer. |
| iu5suêh4 | iû-sueh | 油刷 | A paint-brush. |
| iu5 | iû | 油 | To paint. |
| cag4 | tshat | 漆 | To varnish. |
# Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/Commercial-Mineral &c
### Mineral &c.

| Pêng'im | TL | Characters | English |
| suang7 | suān | 鏇 | Diamond. |
| gim1 | kim | 金 | Gold. |
| ngeng5 | ngûrng | 銀 | Silver. |
| tih4 | thih | 鐵 | Iron. |
| cên1tih4 | tshenn-thih | 生鐵 | Iron unwrought. |
| gng3 | kǹg | 鋼 | Steel. |
| sên1 | senn | 鉎 | Cast iron. |
| dang5 | tâng | 銅 | Copper. |
| ang5dang5 | âng-tâng | 紅銅 | Brass. |
| ing5 | în | 鉛 | Lead. |
| bêh8ing5 | pêh-în | 白鉛 | Spelter or zinc. |
| siah4 | siah | 錫 | Pewter. |
| bêh8tih4 | pêh-thih | 白鐵 | Tin. |
| gêg8 | gêk | 玉 | Jade, ox-stone. |
| ziêh8 | tsiêh | 石 | Stone. |
| huê2ziêh8 | húe-tsiêh | 火石 | Flint. |
| siou1 | siou | 硝 | Saltpetre. |
| iam5siou1 | iám-siou | 鹽硝 | Saltpetre. |
| liu5ng5 | liû-n̂g | 硫磺 | Sulphur, brimstone. |
| bêh8huang5 | pêh-huân | 白𥐥 | Alum. |
| cên1huang5 | tshenn-huân | 生𥐥 | Alum green. |
| gim1sua1 | kim-sua | 金沙 | Gold-dust |
| tih4cui3 | thih-tshùi | 鐵碎 | Iron-filings. |
| tih4gung3 | thih-kùn | 鐵棍 | Iron-bar. |
| dang5boh8 | tâng-pôh | 銅薄 | Sheet copper. |
| siah4poh8 | siah-pôh | 錫薄 | Tinfoil. |
# Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/A List of Words used in Cooking

Lesson 16

## Lesson XVI. a list of words used in cooking.

| Pêng'im | TL | Characters | English |
| poi1 | phoi | 剖 | To cut, as the rinds of fruits, nails, pencil &c. |
| zoih8 | tsoîh | 截 | To cut into slices, as bread, beef &c. |
| guah4 | kuah | 割 | To cut off, as a rope, a piece of meat from a large piece &c. |
| dog4 | tok | 琢 | To chop with a knife, as to cut bones. |
| tai5 | thâi | 刣 | To kill. |
| dog4co7 | tok-tshō | 琢莝 | To mince. |
| bu5 | pû | 煲 | To boil as water, rice &c in small utensils. |
| ze2 | tsúr | 煮 | To boil as rice, vegetables &c in large utensils. |
| bu5ziah8 | pû-tsiâh | 煲食 | To cook for one or two. |
| ze2ziah8 | tsúr-tsiâh | 煮食 | To cook for many. |
| sah8 | sáh | 焀 | To boil in water, as eggs, fowls &c. without anything being added. |
| ziêng1 | tsien | 煎 | To fry with something added, generally some sauce &c. |
| luah4 | luah | 烙 | To fry, as eggs, fish &c. |
| pu5 | phû | 浮 | To fry in oil, as plantain &c. |
| ca2 | tshá | 炒 | To fry with very little fat as vegetables; to parch, as ground-nuts &c. |
| hib4 | hip | 翕 | To steam, as potatoes, taro &c. |
| cuê1 | tshue | 炊 | To steam, as fish, cakes &c. |
| dung6 | tŭn | 燉 | To cook by means of a steam-pan. |
| dim1 | tim | 㶩 | To warm by means of hot water. |
| ngao5 | ngâu | 熬 | To boil very long, until quite tender. |
| bêg4 | pek | 𤇢 | To roast, as a fowl &c. |
| buê7 | pūe | 焙 | To toast, as bread &c. |
| hang1 | hang | 烘 | To warm over the fire. |
| cong1 | tshong | 冲 | To infuse, as tea &c. |
| dêh8huê2siê1 | têh-húe-sie | 着火燒 | To get burnt by being over roasted or burnt for want of water. |
| siê1 | sie | 燒 | To burn. |
| siê1 | sie | 温 | Hot. |
| nang5 | ngân | 冷 | Cold. |
| gung2 | kún | 滾 | Boiling. |
| sêg8 | sêk | 熟 | Thoroughly boiled. |
| cên1 | tshenn | 生 | Not yet boiled; raw. |
| min5 | mînn | 縻 | Tender, soft; rotten (of fruit.) |
| rung7 | zūn | 潤 | Tough. |
| doin7 | tōinn | 𠕆 | Hard. |
| nng2 | nńg | 軟 | Soft. |
| pan3 | phànn | 冇 | Porous, soft. |
| cam1 | tsham | 參 | To mix. |
| ciou1 | tshiou | 擾 | To stir. |
| kao1 | khau | 𫾣 | To scrape; to scratch. |
| bag4puê5 | pak-phûe | 剝皮 | To peel, as skin. |
| zêng1 | tseng | 舂 | To pound. |
| ci3 | tshì | 試 | To taste, to try. |
| ki3bhi7, bhi7sou7 | khì-bī | 氣味 | Palate or taste. |
| cao3co1 | bī-sōu | 味道 | Palate or taste. |
| diam5 | tshàu-tsho | 臭生 | Fish smell. |
| sng1 | tiâm | 甜 | Sweet. |
| giam5 | sng | 酸 | Sour. |
| giam5 | kiâm | 鹹 | Salt. |
| zian2 | tsiánn | 淡 | Insipid or tasteless. |
| kou2 | khóu | 苦 | Bitter. |
| hiam1 | hiam | 辣 | Pungent. |
| riêg8 | ziêt | 𤍠 | Hot, like ginger. |
| pang1 | phang | 香 | Fragrant, nice, well-flavoured. |
| gam1 | kam | 甘 | Sour and sweet, like olives. |
| siab4 | siap | 澁 | Bitter and sour, like unripe fruit. |
# Geometry/Congruency and Similarity
## Congruency

Congruent shapes are the same size with corresponding lengths and angles equal. In other words, they are exactly the same size and shape. They will fit on top of each other perfectly. Therefore if you know the size and shape of one you know the size and shape of the others. For example:
Each of the above shapes is congruent to each other. The only difference is in their orientation, or the way they are rotated. If you traced them onto paper and cut them out, you could see that they fit over each other exactly.
Having done this, right away we can see that, though the angles correspond in size and position, the sides do not. Therefore it is proved the triangles are not congruent.

## Similarity

Similar shapes are like congruent shapes in that they must be the same shape, but they don't have to be the same size. Their corresponding angles are congruent and their corresponding sides are in proportion.

### Navigation

* Geometry
* Part I—Euclidean Geometry:
** Chapter 1. Geometry/Points, Lines, Line Segments and Rays
** Chapter 2. Geometry/Angles
** Chapter 3. Geometry/Properties
** Chapter 4. Geometry/Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
** Chapter 5. Geometry/Proof
** Chapter 6. Geometry/Five Postulates of Euclidean Geometry
** Chapter 7. Geometry/Vertical Angles
** Chapter 8. Geometry/Parallel and Perpendicular Lines and Planes
** Chapter 9. Geometry/Congruency and Similarity
** Chapter 10. Geometry/Congruent Triangles
** Chapter 11. Geometry/Similar Triangles
** Chapter 12. Geometry/Quadrilaterals
** Chapter 13. Geometry/Parallelograms
** Chapter 14. Geometry/Trapezoids
** Chapter 15. Geometry/Circles/Radii, Chords and Diameters
** Chapter 16. Geometry/Circles/Arcs
** Chapter 17. Geometry/Circles/Tangents and Secants
** Chapter 18. Geometry/Circles/Sectors
** Appendix A. Geometry/Postulates & Definitions
** Appendix B. Geometry/The SMSG Postulates for Euclidean Geometry
* Part II—Coordinate Geometry:
** Geometry/Synthetic versus analytic geometry
* Two and Three-Dimensional Geometry and Other Geometric Figures
** Geometry/Perimeter and Arclength
** Geometry/Area
** Geometry/Volume
** Geometry/Polygons
** Geometry/Triangles
** Geometry/Right Triangles and Pythagorean Theorem
** Geometry/Polyominoes
** Geometry/Ellipses
** Geometry/2-Dimensional Functions
** Geometry/3-Dimensional Functions
** Geometry/Area Shapes Extended into 3rd Dimension
** Geometry/Area Shapes Extended into 3rd Dimension Linearly to a Line or Point
** Geometry/Polyhedras
** Geometry/Ellipsoids and Spheres
** Geometry/Coordinate Systems (currently incorrectly linked to Astronomy)
* Traditional Geometry:
** Geometry/Topology
** Geometry/Hyperbolic and Elliptic Geometry
** Geometry/Projective Geometry
** Geometry/Neutral Geometry
** Geometry/Inversive Geometry
* Modern geometry
** Geometry/Unified Angles
** Geometry/Groups
** Geometry/Algebraic Geometry
** Geometry/Differential Geometry
** Geometry/Algebraic Topology
** Geometry/Noncommutative Geometry
* Geometry/An Alternative Way and Alternative Geometric Means of Calculating the Area of a Circle
# Geometry/Circles/Sectors
## Sector of a circle

A sector of a circle can be thought of as a pie piece. In the picture below, a sector of the circle is shaded yellow.
To find the area of a sector, find the area of the whole circle and then multiply by the angle of the sector over 360 degrees.
$A=\pi r^{2}\cdot {\frac {\theta }{360}}$
A more intuitive approach can be used when the sector is half the circle. In this case the area of the sector would just be the area of the circle divided by 2.

### Navigation

* Geometry
* Part I—Euclidean Geometry:
** Chapter 1. Geometry/Points, Lines, Line Segments and Rays
** Chapter 2. Geometry/Angles
** Chapter 3. Geometry/Properties
** Chapter 4. Geometry/Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
** Chapter 5. Geometry/Proof
** Chapter 6. Geometry/Five Postulates of Euclidean Geometry
** Chapter 7. Geometry/Vertical Angles
** Chapter 8. Geometry/Parallel and Perpendicular Lines and Planes
** Chapter 9. Geometry/Congruency and Similarity
** Chapter 10. Geometry/Congruent Triangles
** Chapter 11. Geometry/Similar Triangles
** Chapter 12. Geometry/Quadrilaterals
** Chapter 13. Geometry/Parallelograms
** Chapter 14. Geometry/Trapezoids
** Chapter 15. Geometry/Circles/Radii, Chords and Diameters
** Chapter 16. Geometry/Circles/Arcs
** Chapter 17. Geometry/Circles/Tangents and Secants
** Chapter 18. Geometry/Circles/Sectors
** Appendix A. Geometry/Postulates & Definitions
** Appendix B. Geometry/The SMSG Postulates for Euclidean Geometry
* Part II—Coordinate Geometry:
** Geometry/Synthetic versus analytic geometry
* Two and Three-Dimensional Geometry and Other Geometric Figures
** Geometry/Perimeter and Arclength
** Geometry/Area
** Geometry/Volume
** Geometry/Polygons
** Geometry/Triangles
** Geometry/Right Triangles and Pythagorean Theorem
** Geometry/Polyominoes
** Geometry/Ellipses
** Geometry/2-Dimensional Functions
** Geometry/3-Dimensional Functions
** Geometry/Area Shapes Extended into 3rd Dimension
** Geometry/Area Shapes Extended into 3rd Dimension Linearly to a Line or Point
** Geometry/Polyhedras
** Geometry/Ellipsoids and Spheres
** Geometry/Coordinate Systems (currently incorrectly linked to Astronomy)
* Traditional Geometry:
** Geometry/Topology
** Geometry/Hyperbolic and Elliptic Geometry
** Geometry/Projective Geometry
** Geometry/Neutral Geometry
** Geometry/Inversive Geometry
* Modern geometry
** Geometry/Unified Angles
** Geometry/Groups
** Geometry/Algebraic Geometry
** Geometry/Differential Geometry
** Geometry/Algebraic Topology
** Geometry/Noncommutative Geometry
* Geometry/An Alternative Way and Alternative Geometric Means of Calculating the Area of a Circle
# Geometry/Circles/Tangents and Secants

A tangent is a line in the same plane as a given circle that meets that circle in exactly one point. That point is called the point of tangency. A tangent cannot pass through a circle; if it does, it is classified as a chord. A secant is a line containing a chord.
A common tangent is a line tangent to two circles in the same plane. If the tangent does not intersect the line containing and connecting the centers of the circles, it is an external tangent. If it does, it is an internal tangent.
Two circles are tangent to one another if in a plane they intersect the same tangent in the same point.

### Navigation

* Geometry
* Part I—Euclidean Geometry:
** Chapter 1. Geometry/Points, Lines, Line Segments and Rays
** Chapter 2. Geometry/Angles
** Chapter 3. Geometry/Properties
** Chapter 4. Geometry/Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
** Chapter 5. Geometry/Proof
** Chapter 6. Geometry/Five Postulates of Euclidean Geometry
** Chapter 7. Geometry/Vertical Angles
** Chapter 8. Geometry/Parallel and Perpendicular Lines and Planes
** Chapter 9. Geometry/Congruency and Similarity
** Chapter 10. Geometry/Congruent Triangles
** Chapter 11. Geometry/Similar Triangles
** Chapter 12. Geometry/Quadrilaterals
** Chapter 13. Geometry/Parallelograms
** Chapter 14. Geometry/Trapezoids
** Chapter 15. Geometry/Circles/Radii, Chords and Diameters
** Chapter 16. Geometry/Circles/Arcs
** Chapter 17. Geometry/Circles/Tangents and Secants
** Chapter 18. Geometry/Circles/Sectors
** Appendix A. Geometry/Postulates & Definitions
** Appendix B. Geometry/The SMSG Postulates for Euclidean Geometry
* Part II—Coordinate Geometry:
** Geometry/Synthetic versus analytic geometry
* Two and Three-Dimensional Geometry and Other Geometric Figures
** Geometry/Perimeter and Arclength
** Geometry/Area
** Geometry/Volume
** Geometry/Polygons
** Geometry/Triangles
** Geometry/Right Triangles and Pythagorean Theorem
** Geometry/Polyominoes
** Geometry/Ellipses
** Geometry/2-Dimensional Functions
** Geometry/3-Dimensional Functions
** Geometry/Area Shapes Extended into 3rd Dimension
** Geometry/Area Shapes Extended into 3rd Dimension Linearly to a Line or Point
** Geometry/Polyhedras
** Geometry/Ellipsoids and Spheres
** Geometry/Coordinate Systems (currently incorrectly linked to Astronomy)
* Traditional Geometry:
** Geometry/Topology
** Geometry/Hyperbolic and Elliptic Geometry
** Geometry/Projective Geometry
** Geometry/Neutral Geometry
** Geometry/Inversive Geometry
* Modern geometry
** Geometry/Unified Angles
** Geometry/Groups
** Geometry/Algebraic Geometry
** Geometry/Differential Geometry
** Geometry/Algebraic Topology
** Geometry/Noncommutative Geometry
* Geometry/An Alternative Way and Alternative Geometric Means of Calculating the Area of a Circle
# Geometry/Circles/Radii, Chords and Diameters

A circle is a set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a single point; that single point is called the centre of the circle and the distance between any point on circle and the centre is called radius of the circle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/d/dd/Circle-2.png
Chord
a chord is an internal segment of a circle that has both of its endpoints on the circumference of the circle.
Secant
a secant of a circle is any line that intersects a circle in two places.
Tangent
a tangent to a circle is a line that intersects a circle in exactly one point, called the point of tangency.

### Navigation

* Geometry Main Page
* Motivation
* Introduction
* Geometry/Chapter 1 - HS Definitions and Reasoning (Introduction)
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 1 Introduction
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 2 Reasoning
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 3 Undefined Terms
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 4 Axioms/Postulates
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 5 Theorems
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Vocabulary Vocabulary
* Geometry/Chapter 2 Proofs
* Geometry/Chapter 3 Logical Arguments
* Geometry/Chapter 4 Congruence and Similarity
* Geometry/Chapter 5 Triangle: Congruence and Similiarity
* Geometry/Chapter 6 Triangle: Inequality Theorem
* Geometry/Chapter 7 Parallel Lines, Quadrilaterals, and Circles
* Geometry/Chapter 8 Perimeters, Areas, Volumes
* Geometry/Chapter 9 Prisms, Pyramids, Spheres
* Geometry/Chapter 10 Polygons
* Geometry/Chapter 11 $\mathbb {R} ,\mathbb {R} ^{2},\mathbb {R} ^{3}$
* Geometry/Chapter 12 Angles: Interior and Exterior
* Geometry/Chapter 13 Angles: Complementary, Supplementary, Vertical
* Geometry/Chapter 14 Pythagorean Theorem: Proof
* Geometry/Chapter 15 Pythagorean Theorem: Distance and Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 16 Constructions
* Geometry/Chapter 17 Coordinate Geometry
* Geometry/Chapter 18 Trigonometry
* Geometry/Chapter 19 Trigonometry: Solving Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 20 Special Right Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 21 Chords, Secants, Tangents, Inscribed Angles, Circumscribed Angles
* Geometry/Chapter 22 Rigid Motion
* Geometry/Appendix A Formulae
* Geometry/Appendix B Answers to problems
* Appendix C. Geometry/Postulates & Definitions
* Appendix D. Geometry/The SMSG Postulates for Euclidean Geometry
# Guide to Unix/Explanations/Signals
### Signals

Signals are software interrupts that notify processes that some condition or event has occurred. Examples of events that generate signals are:
* a process attempts a divide by zero
* a user presses the INTERRUPT key at the terminal
* a process sends another process a signal with the kill command of the kill function
A list of all the different signals can be displayed using
The kill command can also be used to send signals to other processes. Start a background process that sleeps for 1000 seconds:
Note that the process id will (most likely) be different when you run it. The command-line below sends the SIGKILL signal to process 14936 (in this case):
Upon receiving the SIGKILL signal the sleep process terminates.

### Traps

Processes can respond to signals in three different ways:
* perform the default action
* ignore the signal.
* execute a specified function (called a signal handler)
The default action performed by a process when it receives a signal depends on the signal type. Most (like SIGKILL) cause the process to terminate. Others like SIGQUIT cause the process to terminate and generate a core dump:
Core files can be large so delete it:
Signals can be caught using the trap command. Create the following shell script in the file catch_signal.sh:
Run catch_signal.sh in background:
The signal was caught and instead of terminating (which is the default action for SIGINT) the message "GOTCHA!" was echoed to standard output.
Some signals however can't be caught, SIGKILL for example:
Run catch_signal.sh; in foreground:
Hit the interrupt key (control-C usually):
Now hit the quit key:

### Nohup

Commands run with nohup do not terminate when the user logs off.
Create the script in the file dont_hangup.sh and make it executable:
Run it in background preceded by the command nohup:
Check its running: id (12203 in this case):
Make a note of the parent process id (12203 in this case) of "dont_hangup" and the terminal device and log out of your session.
Log back in again. See that dont_hangup.sh is still running:
While "dont_hangup.sh" is still running, its parent process has changed. The process id of the parent is 1 (not 12203 as before) and it is no longer associated with a terminal device. Using nohup is equivalent to ignoring the SIGHUP, that is:
# Guide to Unix/Explanations/Pipes and Job Control
## Pipes and Redirects

We can connect standard input, output, and error of commands to other commands or to files.
The | character is called a pipe and allows for the output of the command which precedes it to be redirected to the command which follows it (instead of being displayed as standard output).
The > character is a "shell redirection feature" and it redirects the output of the command which precedes it to the file whose name follows the said character. If the file already exists, then the > character will cause the file's contents to be wiped out by the new ones being redirected to it. An alternative is to use the >> pair of characters which will append the redirected contents to the file instead of wiping out the file's previous contents.

## Job Control

You can run multiple commands at once, but only one can be in the foreground. The other commands can be in running at the background or suspended.
Create the shell script "date_loop.sh"
(Note: the shell script can be created with Emacs: run emacs date_loop.sh, type in the above script, then press CONTROL-X CONTROL-S to save the script, then CONTROL-X CONTROL-C to quit Emacs.)
Make date_loop.sh executable:
Run the command in foreground:
Wait a while (about 30 seconds) then use CONTROL-Z to send SIGTSTP signal to the process:
Look at the last line of datefile:
Note, that while the process was runnable, it was suspended, thus new "times" were not appended to the file in the 10 second interval between respective tail commands.
Put the process into background:
The process is resumed and datefile is being updated again:
Note that you can type commands at the command prompt.
Put the process back into foreground:
Send a 'SIGINT to the process by typing "control-C". This terminates the process. We confirm that datefile is not being updated anymore:
This page or section of Guide to Unix is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
# Guide to Unix/Explanations/Real Networking Interfaces

Real Networking Interfaces are the actual physical network connections on a computer. For example, an Ethernet wire or wireless card is a real networking interface.
If an interface is only a tunnel through another interface, then it is a Guide to Unix/Explanations/Fake Networking Interface.
Normally, there is somewhere in the Boot Process that configures network connections. Use the ifconfig command as root, though some Unix variants have a different command. A common configuration is to do DHCP with dhclient or pump command.
It is also possible to route packets between interfaces. This requires configuring the interfaces correctly and making a routing table. A firewall is a good idea.
This page or section of Guide to Unix is a stub. You can help by expanding it.