OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# R Programming/Clustering

R Programming
* R Basics
** Introduction
** Sample Session
** Manage your workspace
** Settings and Installation
** Documentation
** Control Structures
** Working with functions
** Debugging
** Using C or Fortran
** Utilities
** Estimation utilities
** Packages
* Data Management
** Data types
** Working with data frames
** Importing and exporting data
** Text Processing
** Times and Dates
* Graphics
** Grammar of graphics
* Publication quality output
* Descriptive Statistics
* Mathematics
** Optimization
** Probability Distributions
** Random Number Generation
* Statistical Core Methods
** Maximum Likelihood
** Method of Moments
** Bayesian Methods
** Bootstrap
** Multiple Imputation
** Nonparametric Methods
* Regression Models
** Linear Models
** Quantile Regression
** Binomial Models
** Multinomial Models
** Tobit And Selection Models
** Count Data Models
** Duration Analysis
* Time Series
* Factor Analysis
* Classification
** Ordination
** Clustering
* Network Analysis
* High Performance Computing
** Profiling R code
** Parallel computing with R
* Appendix
** Sources
** Index

## Basic clustering
### K-Means Clustering

You can use the kmeans function.
First create some data:
To apply kmeans, you need to specify the number of clusters:

### Hierarchical Clustering

The basic hierarchical clustering function is hclust, which works on a dissimilarity structure as produced by the dist function:
The resulting tree can be cut using the cutree function.
Cutting it at a given height:
Cutting it to obtain given number of clusters:

## Available alternatives

* See packages class, amap and cluster
* See The R bioinformatic page on clustering

## References

* "The Elements of Statistical Learning"

## External links

* Clustergram: visualization and diagnostics for cluster analysis
# R Programming/Bootstrap

R Programming
* R Basics
** Introduction
** Sample Session
** Manage your workspace
** Settings and Installation
** Documentation
** Control Structures
** Working with functions
** Debugging
** Using C or Fortran
** Utilities
** Estimation utilities
** Packages
* Data Management
** Data types
** Working with data frames
** Importing and exporting data
** Text Processing
** Times and Dates
* Graphics
** Grammar of graphics
* Publication quality output
* Descriptive Statistics
* Mathematics
** Optimization
** Probability Distributions
** Random Number Generation
* Statistical Core Methods
** Maximum Likelihood
** Method of Moments
** Bayesian Methods
** Bootstrap
** Multiple Imputation
** Nonparametric Methods
* Regression Models
** Linear Models
** Quantile Regression
** Binomial Models
** Multinomial Models
** Tobit And Selection Models
** Count Data Models
** Duration Analysis
* Time Series
* Factor Analysis
* Classification
** Ordination
** Clustering
* Network Analysis
* High Performance Computing
** Profiling R code
** Parallel computing with R
* Appendix
** Sources
** Index
* boot package includes functions from the book Bootstrap Methods and Their Applications by A. C. Davison and D. V. Hinkley (1997, CUP)
* bootstrap package.

## Quick how-to

Do a bootstrap of some data for some function (here, mean):
Use this to compute a 90%-confidence interval:

## References

* Instructions for the boot package: http://www.statmethods.net/advstats/bootstrapping.html
* Sample using the boot package: http://druedin.com/2012/11/10/bootstrapping-in-r/
# Rebol Programming/svvc

SVVC is an object of value:
# DESCRIPTION:

Return a style sheet block.
STYLIZE is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* specs -- A block of: new-style: old-style facets (Type: block)

# REFINEMENTS

* /master -- Add to or change master style sheet
* /styles
** styls -- Base on existing style sheet (Type: block)
# Rebol Programming/suffix-map

SUFFIX-MAP is a block of value:
# DESCRIPTION:

Return the suffix (ext) of a filename or url, else NONE.
SUFFIX? is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* path -- (Type: any-string)
# DESCRIPTION:

Selects a choice and evaluates the block that follows it.
SWITCH is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- Value to search for. (Type: any)
* cases -- Block of cases to search. (Type: block)

# REFINEMENTS

* /default
** case -- Default case if no others are found. (Type: any)
* /all -- Evaluates all matches (not just first one).
# Rebol Programming/svv

SVV is an object of value:
# Rebol Programming/svvf

SVVF is an object of value:
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE for struct values.
STRUCT? is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: any-type)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the second value subtracted from the first.
SUBTRACT is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value1 -- (Type: number pair char money date time tuple)
* value2 -- (Type: number pair char money date time tuple)
# DESCRIPTION:

Swaps elements of a series. (Modifies)
SWAP is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* series1 -- (Type: series)
* series2 -- (Type: series)
# Random Processes in Communication and Control
## Syllabus

1. Review of probability theory: set theory, probability axioms, conditional probability, independence, random variables, discrete and continuous random variables, cumulative distribution function (CDF), probability mass function (PMF), probability density function (PDF), conditional PMF/PDF, expected value, variance, functions of a random variable, expected value of the derived random variable, multiple random variables (discrete and continuous), joint CDF/PMF/PDF, marginal PMF/PDF, functions of multiple random variables, multiple functions of multiple random variables, independent random variables, uncorrelated random variables.
2. Sums of random variables, moment generating function, random sums of random variables.
3. MMSE estimation: blind, linear, unconstraint MMSE estimators, the Gaussian case, orthogonality principle, innovations sequences.
4. The sample mean, laws of large numbers, central limit theorem, convergence of sequence of random variables.
5. Introduction to random processes, specification of random processes, nth order joint PDFs, independent increments, stationary increments, Markov property.
6. Gaussian process, Poisson process and Brownian motion.
7. Mean and correlation of random processes, stationary, wide sense stationary, ergodic processes.
8. Mean-square continuity, mean-square derivatives.
9. Random signal processing: random processes as inputs to linear time invariant systems, power spectral density, Gaussian processes as inputs to LTI systems, white Gaussian noise.
10. MMSE estimation for random processes: whitening filters, prediction, smoothing, Yule-Walker equations, Wiener-Hopf equations, Kalman filtering.
11. Discrete-time Markov chains: state and n-step transition probabilities, Chapman-Kolmogorov equations, first passage probabilities, classification of states, limiting state probabilities.
12. Continuous-time Markov chains.
13. Karhunen-Loeve expansion.
# RapidSMS Developers Guide/Customizing Admin U.I

Admin User Interface is a Django feature. It creates automatically an Admin U.I from your models which allows registered users to
* Add record for Models
* Edit records for Models
* Delete records for Models

## Enabling Django admin in RapidSMS

As RapidSMS doesn't gives access to the Django settings.py file, we need to manually enable the Django admin (whether we want admin support for our own Models or not).
The easiest way is to include the admin app from the RapidSMS repository. See Installation.
You will then have access to Django admin at /admin/ URL on your web server. Use the credentials you used during the first syncdb to log-in.

## Add Django Admin Support

Inside your App, create a file named admin.py.
admin.py must include the following minimum statements to work:
In this example, we are enabling Django admin for the model MyModel of our myapp App.
You can now edit your Model's data from the Admin U.I.

## Improving Model Admin U.I

One Django feature that most RapidSMS apps are using is Customized Admin for Models.
It allows features like content filtering, enhanced display or search.
Example:
This example registers a custom Admin Model for the Person Model.
* List of records will display the properties from the list_display tuple.
* List of records can be filtered by activity or sex.
* List of records will be ordered by entered_on (DESC) by default
* List of records will present a search box which can search on fields given.

## External Links

* Django admin site Documentation
← Coding standards and documentation · Web Views & Templates →
# Note:

These docs are a few years out of date as of Feb 2012. Please go to http://rapidsms.readthedocs.org for the latest developer documentation.
RapidSMS is a Free Software SMS Applications framework written in Python with Django.
This book is intended to RapidSMS developers or RapidSMS Developers to be.
Since most of the latter have no Python nor Django experience, this book briefly describes those concepts but requires the user to continue with official documentations. Basic Web programming skills are required.

## Contents

    Noted contributors · External links
* Code Structure
* Installation
* Personal Repository
* Running RapidSMS
* Creating a RapidSMS App
* SMS & the Keyworder
* Internationalization
* Coding standards and documentation
* Customizing Admin U.I
* Web Views & Templates
# RapidSMS Developers Guide/Code Structure

RapidSMS is an SMS framework based on Django (Python language). Yet, it is not simply a Django app.

## RapidSMS Components
### Django

RapidSMS depends on Django. You need to install Django before installing RapidSMS. This is the default Django (1.1) version.

### RapidSMS (core)

What is called the core or master branch is the original source code from RapidSMS. You can find it on github and it contains the following:
* apps/: a collection of bundled apps (webapp, reporters, httptester)
* lib/: RapidSMS libraries to handle SMS (Message, Connection, etc)
* lib/backends/: Backends which is an abstraction level to the source of Messages (http for tests, gsm for use with modems, kannel for operators)
* lib/router.py: Library handling the routing of Messages from backends to apps and return.
* lib/parsers: libraries to be used in Apps to help message parsing
* rapidsms: a script which includes Django's manage.py functionality used to start rapidsms router.

### Third parties apps

RapidSMS community produces a lot of apps which stays on creator's repositories. A sample setup most of the time includes one or more app from a third party repository.
Those repositories can either be forks of the core (and thus includes libraries and everything) or just repositories of apps.

## Sample RapidSMS Installation

Installation →
# Structural Biochemistry/ATP/ATP/ATP

ATP: The energy derived from catabolism is transformed into adenosine triphosphate. ATP hydrolysis is exergonic and the energy released can be used to power cellular processes, including motion, active transport, and biosynthesis. Under cellular conditions, the hydrolysis of ATP shifts the equilibrium of a coupled reaction by a factor of 10^8. ATP, the universal currency of energy in biological systems, is an energy-rich molecule because it contains two phosphoanhydride bonds.
# Structural Biochemistry/APOBEC3G

APOBEC3G, or A3G for short, is an enzyme that was previously known to fight HIV by inhibiting wild type Viral infectivity factor (Vif). It was the first enzyme that turned cytidine to uridine to be discovered. Some researchers now believe that it acts as a "double agent" by actually facilitating Vif depending on the amounts of DNA deaminase activity. According to the researchers studying this enzyme "The simplest answer might be the little DNA deaminase activity benefits the virus and a high level of activity destroys the virus" (Smith). This enzyme can be antiviral by inhibition of VIF or an HIV facilitator by bringing diversity to the genome of the virus which in turn gives new versions of the virus drug resistance properties.
APOBEC3G is a deaminase, which removes an amino radical from an amino acid or a compound. A3G deaminase-dependent antiviral activity hinders Vif by changing its genetic code and not allowing reverse transcription to take place.
Sources
APOBEC3G: a Double Agent in Defense
Harold C. Smith
PMCID: PMC3086942
# Sensory Systems/Cover

The Wikibook of
Biological Organisms, an Engineer's Point of View.
From Wikibooks: The Free Library
# Structural Biochemistry/Control Systems
## General Information

The human body is approximately divided into different categories of systems:
* Nervous System
* Circulatory System
* Respiratory System
* Muscular System
* Endocrine System
* Digestive System
* Integumentary System
Other systems can include, lymphatic, immune, excretory, skeletal, or reproductive systems. The lymphatic system is a system that is designed to move fluids and nutrients through the body. Also, it is used to generate disease fighting antibodies. The immune system is the system that protects our bodies from foreign invaders. Helps prevent infection and diseases by employing white blood cells and antibodies. The excretory system is for excretion of urine and waste, while the skeletal describes how bones, tendons and ligaments all interact. Finally, the reproductive system is allow for the reproduction of offspring through gametes like eggs and sperm.
* ↑ systems, October 28, 2012
# Speech-Language Pathology/Parkinson's

A survey of Parkinson's patients found that
* 27% reported "difficulty getting started."
* 9% reported "stuttering."
* 9% reported "fast speech."
* 9% reported "impaired stress of rhythm of speech."
The speech disorder associated with Parkinson's disease is also characterized by low volume and poor articulation. The combination sounds like mumbling. The standard treatment for Parkinson's speech is Lee Silverman Voice Therapy. LSVT focuses on increasing vocal volume, largely through consciously increasing airflow and vocal fold activity. A secondary benefit is improved articulation or vocal clarity.
Studies found varying results of DAF with Parkinson's patients.

## References

* ^ Blanchet, Paul. "Treating Fluency and Speech Rate Disorders in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease: The Use of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF)," Journal of Stuttering Therapy, Advocacy and Research, Volume 1, Number 2.
* ^ Blanchet, Paul. "Treating Fluency and Speech Rate Disorders in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease: The Use of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF)," Journal of Stuttering Therapy, Advocacy and Research, Volume 1, Number 2.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Anti-Stuttering Devices

This chapter is divided into sections:

## Specific Devices

* Casa Futura Technologies
* Defstut
* DAF/FAF Assistant
* Edinburgh Masker
* Fluency Pal
* Speech Monitor
* Kay Elemetrics Facilitator
* FluencyCoach DAF/FAF
* Fluency Master
* Fluency Enhancer
* Ovation Speech Fluency System
* SpeechEasy
* VoiceAmp VA 601

## External Links

* Electronic Devices and Stuttering Treatment
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Artefactsoft

* Anti-stuttering technology: DAF, FAF.
* Computer-based.
* Monaural (one ear) or binaural (two ears).
* Website: http://www.artefactsoft.com
* Price: US$30

## Personal Experiences Using Artefactsoft DAF/FAF Assistant

Please read Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/How to Participate in this Wikibook before adding material.
# Speech-Language Pathology
## Speech Disorders

* Articulation disorder
* Phonological Disorder
* Stuttering
* Cluttering
* Parkinson's

## Language Disorders

* Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)
* Aphasia

## Medical Disclaimer

Wikibooks contains books on many medical topics; however, no warranty whatsoever is made that any of the books are accurate. There is absolutely no assurance that any statement contained or cited in a book touching on medical matters is true, correct, precise, or up-to-date. The overwhelming majority of such books are written, in part or in whole, by nonprofessionals. Even if a statement made about medicine is accurate, it may not apply to you or your symptoms.
The medical information provided on Wikibooks is, at best, of a general nature and cannot substitute for the advice of a medical professional (for instance, a qualified doctor/physician, nurse, pharmacist/chemist, and so on). Wikibooks is not a doctor.
None of the individual contributors, system operators, developers, sponsors of Wikibooks nor anyone else connected to Wikibooks can take any responsibility for the results or consequences of any attempt to use or adopt any of the information presented on this web site.
Nothing on Wikibooks.org or included as part of any project of Wikimedia Foundation Inc., should be construed as an attempt to offer or render a medical opinion or otherwise engage in the practice of medicine.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Aphasia

Some of the speech impairments are stutter, cuttering, lisp, expressive language disorder, speech articulation, cleft lip or plalate. These speech impairments are mostly caused by brain injuring, physical defects, mental retardation, hearing loss and drug abuse.
# SwisTrack/The Timeline

At at the bottom of the main window, SwisTrack displays a timeline with an evolution of its state (running, not running, productive mode, normal mode) and the frame processing steps. This not only allows you to see at a glance what Swistrack is doing, but also to find out where your CPU power is burnt.
By default, SwisTrack records all important events for approximately one second, and displays them afterwards. Hence, what you see in the timeline corresponds to what SwisTrack was doing one second ago.

## Elements on the Timeline

The following elements are drawn on the timeline:
* The ruler in the background indicates the milliseconds (ms) from the time recording of that particular timeline has started.
* While SwisTrack is running (Run button pressed), the otherwise white background changes to light gray.
* The lower third of the bar indicates whether SwisTrack is in testing mode (gray) or productive mode (green).
* The blue boxes in the middle represent the steps. Each box corresponds to the processing time of one component. The box of the selected component is highlighted in red.
* Black vertical lines indicate leap times, but only few components set leap times.

## Changing View and Update Rate

The context menu that appear if you right-click on the timeline allows you zoom in and out. This is useful to check out the timings more precisely. You can also drag the timeline left and right with your mouse pointer.
The same context menu also allows you to choose between three update rates: 10 seconds, 1 second (default) and manual update. The 10 second update rate is useful when working with low trigger frequencies. The manual update option allows you to define start and end of an acquisition by double-clicking (anywhere) on the timeline. Double-clicking actually stops the acquisition to displays the acquired events, and starts a new acquisition at the same time.
Note that SwisTrack only records the first 1000 events per acquisition. Hence, when using long slow update rates, SwisTrack may display a "Timeline memory exhausted." message in the timeline.

## Saving the Timeline

To save the timeline, right-click on the timeline and choose "Save timeline as ...". The timeline is stored as a text file, with one event per line. Each event contains the following information, separated by tabs:
* Time (seconds from acquisition start, double precision)
* Type of event (string)
* Component name (string), if the event is associated with a component

## Speed Considerations

Recording events has a very low CPU overhead and therefore cannot be switched off. If you want to switch off drawing the timeline, simply switch to manual update mode.
# SwisTrack/Interfacing SwisTrack/3rd party software

On start-up SwisTrack is listening on port 3000 (i.e. localhost:3000), where it accepts socket connections. Commands can be send as single characters (case sensitive), and are given below. SwisTrack will respond with the ap- propriate action or will send back a string containing the response. It is important that you make sure to read the exact number of bytes from the socket, otherwise messages will get mixed up. The exact number of bytes that you can expect is given for each command.

## Server commands

| 'p' | pauses tracking |
| 'R' | starts tracking |
| 's' | performs one step |
| 'S' | resumes tracking |
| '!' | stops tracker |

## Server settings

| 'c' | turns calibration off (default). Every point being sent, be it trajectory data or a blob will be sent in image coordinates. |
| 'C' | turns calibration on. Every point being sent, be it trajectory data or a blob will be sent in world coordinates. |

## Retrieving trajectory data

| 't' | retrieves data points in an asynchronous fashion. You will always get the latest trajectory data. If your application queries data faster than it is produced by SwisTrack, you will get the same data more than once. If SwisTrack is running at a faster pace, you will eventually loose information. The trajectory data is encoded as tuples of float with fixed precision and preceding zeros in the format "+####.#### +####.####" (21) characters. Tuples are separated by spaces. |
| 'T' | retrieves data points synchronously. Every time, data is requested, SwisTrack will process a single frame. If your application queries frames faster than the frame-rate supported by the media in use (camera/video), SwisTrack delay packets to be sent out. If your application is running too slow, SwisTrack will skip frames provided by a camera, but not from a video source. The data is encoded as for 't'. |
| 'N' | requests the number of tracks being tracked. Data is returned in the format ### (3 characters), with leading zeros if necessary. |

## Retrieving blob data

| 'b' | same as 't'. SwisTrack will sent blobs that are preceded with the number of blobs. The number of blobs is encoded as an integer with format '####', which is immediately followed by the blob string (encoded as in 't'). |
| 'B' | sames as 'b', but SwisTrack will perform a single step and go into pause mode after (as 'T'). |
| 'n' | requests the number of blobs being detected. Data is returned in the format ### (3 characters), with leading zeros if necessary. |

## Retrieving task progress

| 'i' | sends back the current frame number in the format ########## (10 characters) |
| 'I' | sends back the tracking progress in the format ##.## (5 characters), given in percent |
| 'f' | sends back the current frame rate in the format ##.## (5 characters), given in Hertz |

## Data Format

Every point (be it calibrated, or uncalibrated, trajectory, or blob) is sent as fixed precision floating point number in the format "+####.#### +####.####", and thus having a length of 21 characters (including the separating spaces). Points are concatunated to a string. There is no terminating character.
# SwisTrack/Version 3

This page refers to version 3 of SwisTrack. Unless you are still using this old version, you may want to read the documentation of the most recent version of SwisTrack.

## Introduction

Swistrack is a tracking tool for marker less objects. Swistrack builds upon a suite of open source toolboxes such as OpenCV, WxWidgets, and libxml++.

## Contents

* Installing SwisTrack
* Using SwisTrack
* Contributing
* Interfacing 3rd party software
* Change log