OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IB Economics/International Economics/Free trade and protectionism
### Free Trade and Protectionism

   * Definition of free trade: The unobstructed trade of goods and services between two countries with no restrictions on imports and exports.
   * Definition of protectionism: where a country erects barriers to trade in order to protect the domestic economy from the disadvantages of international trade.
   * Types of protectionism.
      * tariffs: Tax on imports.
      * Quotas: A restriction on the physical number of a particular import.
      * Subsidies: A grant given to producers of a good.
      * Voluntary Export Restraints (VERS): Political pressure placed on a country not to export a good.
      * Administrative obstacles: Bureaucracy. VERs, voluntary export restraints, through pressuring country e.g. Japanese export restraints of vehicles to UK.
      * Embargo: A total ban of the import of a particular good.
      * Health and safety standards: Not accepting goods because of possible health risks.
      * Environmental standards: Not accepting goods due to pollutive biproducts, e.g. certain chemicals, not being handled correctly.
      * Import license: A payment to the government for the right to import.
   * Arguments for protectionism.
      * Infant industry argument: This argument suggests that an industry needs times to develop. This takes into account that it needs to develop economies of scale and a learning curve.
      * Efforts of a developing country to diversify.
      * Protection of domestic employment.
      * Source of government revenue: The consumer has the burden.
      * Strategic arguments.
      * Means to overcome a balance of payments disequilibrium.
      * Anti-dumping: Dumping is known as the selling of goods on the international market below the production cost.
   * Arguments against protectionism.
      * Inefficiency of resource allocation.
      * Costs of long-run reliance on protectionist methods.
      * Increased prices of goods and services to consumer.
      * The cost effect of protected imports on export competitiveness.
      * Less choice for the consumer.
      * Industries may not develop because of a disincentive to be competitive.
      * Trade war.
      * Protection of corrupt management.
      * Negative effect in employment in import sector.
      * Decrease of international competitiveness if imported good is an input for an exporting good.
# IB Economics/International Economics/Reasons for trade
### Benefits of Trading.

   * Differences in factor endowments: total amount of land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship a country possesses. Countries have different factor endowments.
         * Saudi Arabia may have a lot of oil, but perhaps not enough lumber. It will thus have to trade for lumber.
         * Vietnam may produce rice at lower opportunity cost than Japan - thus trade may make producers better off in Vietnam (net welfare increase b/c of increased producer surplus) and consumers better off in Japan (net welfare increase b/c of increased consumer surplus) - trade may make stakeholders in each country better off than w/o trade.
   * Variety and quality of goods: Japan may have a superior quality of finished good technological devices (e.g., televisions or cameras) but may lack many natural resources; hence, it may trade with Indonesia for inputs.
   * Gains from specialization: Countries may gain economies of scale where long run average costs fall (decreasing costs) as output increases (opportunity cost)
   * Political: Countries may wish to forge closer bonds culturally and politically and this can be done through trade.
   * Absolute and comparative advantage (numerical and diagrammatic representations): absolute advantage occurs when a country can produce more of one good than another using the same amount of resources.
   * Efficiency: Domestic firms will be forced to be competitive to continue in the market and thus become more efficient.
   * Differences in demand
   * Increased competition: supposed to lead to lower prices for consumers and greater response to consumer wants/needs.
   * Trade as an 'engine of growth'
   * Non economic advantages (e.g., historical, cultural, political, idealogical, emotional): often used to argue against free trade
Absolute Advantage For example: (Costs per unit in manpower)
Wheat----------------
England| 10 Portugal|20
It costs 20 units of manpower to produce one unit of wheat in Portugal, while it only costs 10 for England to produce the same unit of wheat. England is said to have an absolute advantage in wheat production.
Comparative advantage is where a country has a lower opportunity cost in the production of a good than another For example: (costs per unit in man hours)
Wheat-----Wine
England| 15 30 Portugal| 10 15
The opportunity cost of producing 1 more unit of wheat for England is 2 units of Wine. The cost of producing 1 unit of wheat in Portugal is 1.5 units of Wine. Portugal thus has a comparative advantage in the production of wheat because it can produce it at a lower opportunity cost.
   * Opportunity cost: The value of the next best alternative foregone.
   * Limitations of the theory of comparative advantage:
      * There are no transport costs.
      * Costs are constant and there are no economies of scale
      * There are only two economies producing two goods.
      * Assumes that the Factors of Production are fixed in terms of mobility.
      * Assumes Technology is Fixed
      * Assumes Full employment of all resources occurs
      * Assumes Imports and Exports balance each other
# IB Economics/International Economics

* 4.1 Reasons for trade
* 4.2 Free trade and protectionism
* 4.3 Economic integration
* 4.4 World Trade Organization (WTO)
* 4.5 Balance of payments
* 4.6 Exchange rates
* 4.7 Balance of Payment problems
* 4.8 Terms of trade

### Key Terms

Absolute advantage (HL)
Anti-dumping
Appreciation
Balance of payments (BoP)
Balance of trade (BoT)
Capital account
Capital account deficit
Capital account surplus
Common market
Comparative advantage (HL)
Current account
Current account deficit
Current account surplus
Customs union
Depreciation
Deteriorating terms of trade/adverse terms of trade
Devaluation
Dumping
Elasticity of demand for exports
Elasticity of demand for imports
Exchange rate
Expenditure-reducing policies
Expenditure-switching policies
Factor endowment
Fair trade
Fixed exchange rate
Floating exchange rate
Free trade
Free trade area (FTA)
Infant industry argument
Invisible balance
J-Curve (HL)
Marshall-Lerner condition (HL)
Protection
Purchasing power parity (PPP) (HL)
Quota
Revaluation
Specialization
Subsidy
Tariff
Terms of trade
Trade creation (HL)
Trade diversion (HL)
Voluntary export restraint (VER)
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
# IB Economics/International Economics/Balance of Payment problems
### Balance of Payments Problem

* Consequences of a current account deficit or surplus
* Methods of correction
** Devaluation of currency
* managed changes in exchange rates
* reduction in aggregate demand/expenditure-reducing policies
** Increases in taxes/interest rates to shore up spending within a country.
** Protectionism: reduces imports
** Currency controls: restricts the amount of foreign currency bought by domestic citizens
** Supply-side policies: aimed at reducing labor costs, increasing firms' competitiveness
* change in supply-side policies to increase competitiveness
* protectionism/expenditure-switching policies
* Consequences of a capital account deficit or surplus
* Marshall-Lerner condition
    States that a devaluation of a country's currency will benefit the country's balance of payments only if the combined elasticity values of exports and imports (in absolute value) are greater than 1.
* J-curve
    A theory which indicates that running a current account deficit may prove to worsen the country's balance of payments situation before improvement is observed, possibly due to the time lag.
# IB Economics/How to use

   * Here are some links you might find informative that go beyond this short review guide:
      * Principles of Economics
      * Macroeconomics
      * Introduction to Economics
      * Microeconomics
   * Wikiversity:School of Economics
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Onomatopoeia

An onomatopoeia (オノマトペ) is a word or group of words in a language which have their meaning indicated by the sounds they mimic. Examples of English onomatopoeia include "meow", "roar", "buzz", "boom", "snap", "bang", and so on. In general, the Japanese word to refer to this concept is giseigo (擬声語).
However, Japanese not only contains words for sound effects, but also what is termed "Japanese sound symbolism" - basically, onomatopoeia describing things that don't actually make sounds. Officially, the former is called giongo (擬音語) and the latter gitaigo (擬態語). (Giseigo is an umbrella term that refers to both of these)

## Giongo

擬音語 giongo are words which describe a sound. Most giongo are written in katakana. Some examples are:
| Japanese | English | Notes |
| ワンワン | the sound of a dog barking | wan-wan |
| ニャニャ, ニャンニャン | the sound of a cat meowing | nya-nya, nyan-nyan |
| コケコッコ | the sound of a chicken or rooster clucking | koke-kokko |
| パチパチ | the sound of hands clapping, bonfire | pachi-pachi |
| ザーザー | sound of rain falling (heavy rain) | zaa-zaa |
| ポツポツ | sound of water dripping or rain drops | potsu-potsu |
| バンバン | sound of gunshooting (bang-bang) | ban-ban |
| フワア | the sound of a yawn | fuwaa |
| ケロケロ | the sound of frog croaking | kero-kero |
| へへへ or ハハハ | the sound of laughter | hehehe or hahaha |
| ドカン | the sound of an explosion | dokan |
| ズガ | sound of a hard blow | zuga |
| どきどき | to throb with a fast heart-beat | doki-doki |

## Gitaigo

擬態語 gitaigo are words that describe an action, state, or emotion by an associated sound. They are typically written in hiragana. Some examples are:
| Japanese | English | Notes |
| ムキムキ | bulge ripple, muscular physique | muki-muki |
| いそいそ | to move around with liveliness | iso-iso |
| いちゃいちゃ | the sound of two people making out | icha-icha |
| うかうか | to be careless or absentminded | uka-uka |
| うつらうつら | to drift between sleep and wakefulness | utsura-utsura |
| うとうと | to doze off | uto-uto |
| おどおど | to feel uneasy | odo-odo |
| ムシャムシャ | the sound of someone eating or munching on something | musha-musha |
| ウハウハ | jumping | uha-uha |
| ぴょんぴょん | jumping | pyon-pyon |
| ワイワイ | the sound of children playing | wai-wai |
| ガヤガヤ | the sound of crowd, mob | gaya-gaya |
| ぴかぴか | to shine, sparkle, glitter | pika-pika |
| いらいら | to be fretful, irritated | ira-ira |
| びっしょり | to be soaked | bisshori |

## Note on katakana vs. hiragana writings

In a typical style of Japanese writing giongo are written in katakana, while gitaigo are written in hiragana. However, this rule is not always observed. There are subtle nuances involved if you were to write one of these words in hiragana vs. katakana - katakana gives a kind of "harder" tone, while hiragana is "softer". Often, it is the author's discretion which to use.
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Phrases and Idioms
## ... が好きです

... ga suki desu
Expresses that a thing or person is liked. The subject, marked by が, is liked by the person marked with the topic marker は (if mentioned).

### Examples

    彼はリンゴとバナナが好きです
    kare wa ringo to banana ga suki desu.
    He likes apples and bananas.
    英語を勉強するのがとても好きだよ！
    eigo o benkyo suru no ga totemo suki da yo!
    I really like studying English!

## ... なければならない

... nakereba naranai
The construction "(verb stem)なければならない", -nakereba naranai is used to express an obligation: something that has to be done.
(Literally, the -なければ -nakereba conjunction is the negative conditional form, "if not (this action)"; ならない naranai is "to not become", the plain negative of なる naru. The literal implication is that if the action is not done, nothing else can proceed.)

### Examples

    今日は銀行にいかなければならない。
    kyô wa ginko ni ikanakereba naranai.
    I have to go to the bank today.
    おじいさんがすぐに帰らなければ、私はマクドナルドに行きます。
    Ojii-san ga suguni kaeranakereba watashi wa makudonarudo ni ikimasu.
    If Grandpa doesn't return soon, I'm going to McDonald's.
Since ならない naranai is the plain-form negative of the verb なる naru (to become), in a more formal or polite situation one would use the polite negative form なりません narimasen instead.

## 下手の横好き（へたのよこずき）

heta no yoko-zuki
An idiom meaning that you are "unskilled but enthusiastic" or "crazy about it, but not very good at it". Used about a hobby or skilled activity.

### Example

    山田： 田中さんは英語がお上手ですね。
    Yamada：Tanaka-san wa eigo ga ojouzu desune.
    Yamada: Mr Tanaka, you speak English well.
    田中： いいえ、下手の横好きなんですよ。
    Tanaka: iie, heta no yoko-zuki nandesuyo.
    Tanaka: Oh no, I like it, but I'm not very good at it
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Mathematics
### Arithmetic

| Japanese | English | Reading | Notes |
| 足す | Add | たす | ＋ |
| 引く | Subtract | ひく | － |
| 掛ける | Multiply | かける | × |
| 割る | Divide | わる | ÷ |

### Topics of study

| Japanese | English | Reading | Notes |
| 数学 | Mathematics | すうがく | |
| 微積分学 | Calculus | びせきぶんがく | |
| 微分学 | Differential Calculus | びぶんがく | |
| 積分学 | Integral Calculus | せきぶんがく | |
| 多変数微分積分学 | Multivariable Calculus | たへんすうびぶんせきぶんがく | 多(many) - 変数(variable) |
| 分数 | Fractions | ぶんすう | |
| 三角法 | Trigonometry | さんかくほう | |
| 確率 | Probability | かくりつ | |
| 統計 | Statistics | とうけい | |
| 幾何学 | Geometry | きかがく | |
| 代数学 | Algebra | だいすうがく | |
| 線型代数学 | Linear Algebra | せんけいだいすうがく | |
| 微分幾何学 | Differential Geometry | びぶんきかがく | |
| テンソル解析 | Tensor Calculus | テンソルかいせき | |
| 代数幾何学 | Algebraic Geometry | だいすうきかがく | |
| 集合論 | Set Theory | しゅうごうろん | |
| 位相幾何学 | Topology | いそうきかがく | |
Check the following link "English-Japanese Dictionary for Mathematical Terminology" for more mathematical terminology.

### 2D Shapes

| Japanese | English | Reading |
| 正方形 | Square | せいほうけい |
| 三角形 | Triangle | さんかくけい or さんかっけい |
| 長方形 | Rectangle | ちょうほうけい |
| 台形 | Trapezoid | だいけい |
| 平行四辺形 | Parallelogram | へいこうしへんけい |
| 菱形 | Rhombus | ひしがた |
| 凧形 | Kite | たこがた |

### 3D Shapes

| Japanese | English | Reading |
| 立方体 | Cube | りっぽうたい |
| 角錐 | Pyramid | かくすい |
| 四角錐 | Square Pyramid | しかくすい |
| 角柱 | Prism | かくちゅう |
| 三角柱 | Triangular Prism | さんかくちゅう |

### Functions

| Japanese | English | Reading |
| 三次関数 | Cubic | さんじかんすう |
| 二次関数 | Quadratic | にじかんすう |
| 四次関数 | Quartic | よじかんすう or よんじかんすう |
| 一次関数 | Linear Function | いちじかんすう |
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Meteorology

* Japanese/Vocabulary/Geology
* Japanese/Vocabulary/Weather and seasons
| Japanese | English | Reading |
| 雲 | cloud | くも |
| 空気 | air, atmosphere | くうき |
| 台風 | typhoon | たいふう |
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Music

| Japanese | English | Reading |
| 絶対音楽 | Absolute music | ぜったいおんがく |
| 変化記号 | Accidental | へんかきごう |
| アリア 詠唱 | Aria | ありあ えいしょう |
| 小節 | Bar | しょうせつ |
| 輪唱曲 | Canon | りんしょうきょく |
| 合唱 | Chorus | がっしょう |
| 協奏曲 | Concerto | きょうそうきょく |
| 指揮者 | Conductor | しきしゃ |
| 演出 | Direction (of a stage work) | えんしゅつ |
| 演出家 | Director/Producer | えんしゅつか |
| 変音 フラット | Flat | へんおん ふらっと |
| 二分音符 | Half note | にぶんおんぷ |
| 二分休止符 | Half rest | にぶんきゅうしふ |
| 和声 和声法 和声学 | Harmony | わせい わせいほう わせいがく |
| 調号 | Key signature | ちょうごう |
| 弱音 | Mute | じゃくおん |
| 本位記号 | Natural | ほんいきごう |
| 音符 | Note | おんぷ |
| 管弦楽団 | Orchestra | かんげんがくだん |
| 歌劇 オペラ | Opera | かげき おぺら |
| 四分音符 | Quarter note | しぶんおんぷ |
| 四分休止符 | Quarter rest | よんぶんきゅうしふ |
| 四重唱〈曲〉 | Quartet (vocal) | しじゅうしょう(きょく) |
| 四重奏（曲） | Quartet (instrumental) | しじゅうそう(きょく) |
| 前奏曲 | Prelude | ぜんそうきょく |
| 休符 休止符 | Rest | きゅうふ きゅうしふ |
| 狂詩曲 | Rhapsody | きょうしきょく |
| 嬰音 シャープ | Sharp | えいおん しゃあぷ |
| スラー | Slur | すらあ |
| 五線譜 | Staff | ごせんふ |
| 弦楽四重奏曲 | String Quartet(piece) | げんがくしじゅうそうきょく |
| 弦楽四重奏団 | String Quartet (ensemble) | げんがくしじゅうそうだん |
| 交響詩 | Symphonic Poem | こうきょうし |
| 交響曲 | Symphony | こうきょうきょく |
| 音詩 | Tone Poem | おんし |
| 三重唱〈曲〉 | Trio (vocal) | さんじゅうしょう(きょく) |
| 全音符 | Whole note | ぜんおんぷ |
| 全休止符 | Whole rest | ぜんきゅうしふ |
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Prefecture Names
## The main islands of Japan

| Japanese | English | Reading |
| 北海道 | Hokkaidō | ほっかいどう |
| 本州 | Honshū | ほんしゅう |
| 四国 | Shikoku | しこく |
| 九州 | Kyūshū | きゅうしゅう |

## Sides of Honshū

| Japanese | English | Reading | Notes |
| 太平洋側 | the Pacific side | たいへいようがわ | also called 表日本(おもてにほん) |
| 日本海側 | Japan Sea side | にほんかいがわ | also called 裏日本(うらにほん) |

## Regions of Japan (地方 ちほう)

| Japanese | English | Reading |
| 北海道地方 | Hokkaidō | ほっかいどうちほう |
| 東北地方 | Tōhoku | とうほくちほう |
| 関東地方 | Kantō | かんとうちほう |
| 中部地方 | Chūbu | ちゅうぶちほう |
| 関西地方 | Kansai | かんさいちほう |
| 中国地方 | Chūgoku | ちゅうごくちほう |
| 四国地方 | Shikoku | しこくちほう |
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Sports

| Japanese | English | Reading | Notes |
| 柔道 | judo | じゅうどう | |
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Numbers

* Japanese/Vocabulary/Time
* Japanese/Vocabulary/Dates
* Japanese/Vocabulary/Units
| Japanese | English | Reading | Notes |
| ゼロ/零/〇 | Zero | ぜろ/れい | |
| 一 | One | いち | also called ひい |
| 二 | Two | に | also called ふう |
| 三 | Three | さん | also called み |
| 四 | Four | し/よん | also called よ |
| 五 | Five | ご | also called いつ |
| 六 | Six | ろく | also called む |
| 七 | Seven | なな/しち | |
| 八 | Eight | はち | also called や |
| 九 | Nine | きゅう/く | |
| 十 | Ten | じゅう | also called とお |
| 十一 | Eleven | じゅういち | |
| 十二 | Twelve | じゅうに | |
| 十三 | Thirteen | じゅうさん | |
| 二十 | Twenty | にじゅう | |
| 二十一 | Twenty One | にじゅういち | |
| 三十 | Thirty | さんじゅう | |
| 三十五 | Thirty Five | さんじゅうご | |
| 四十 | Forty | よんじゅう | |
| 五十 | Fifty | ごじゅう | |
| 六十 | Sixty | ろくじゅう | |
| 七十 | Seventy | ななじゅう | |
| 八十 | Eighty | はちじゅう | |
| 九十 | Ninety | きゅうじゅう | |
| 百 | One Hundred | ひゃく | |
| 二百 | Two Hundred | にひゃく | |
| 三百 | Three Hundred | さんびゃく | |
| 四百 | Four Hundred | よんひゃく | |
| 五百 | Five Hundred | ごひゃく | |
| 六百 | Six Hundred | ろっぴゃく | |
| 七百 | Seven Hundred | ななひゃく | |
| 八百 | Eight Hundred | はっぴゃく | |
| 九百 | Nine Hundred | きゅうひゃく | |
| 千 | One Thousand | せん | |
| 万 | Ten Thousand | まん | |
| 百万 | One Million | ひゃくまん | |
| 億 | 10$^8$ | おく | |
| 兆 | 10$^{12}$ | ちょう | |
| 京 | 10$^{16}$ | けい | |
| 垓 | 10$^{20}$ | がい | |
Further reading: w:ja:数の比較 ("comparison of numbers") at Japanese Wikipedia.
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Pronoun

| Japanese | English | Reading | Notes |
| 誰か | someone, somebody | だれか | |
# Japanese/Vocabulary/Punctuation

| Japanese | English | Reading | Notes |
| 読点 | 、 (comma) | とうてん | Used to indicate the connection of more than one sentence. Also called 点 (てん= dot). |
| 句点 | 。 (full stop) | くてん | Used to indicate the end of a sentence. Also called 丸 (まる= circle) |
| 中点 中黒 点 | ・ | なかてん, ちゅうてん なかぐろ ぽつ, ぽち | Middle dot. Functions as a list separator in a sentence. Comma is not used to list items in a sentence. |
| 鉤括弧 | 「」 | かぎかっこ | Japanese quotation mark. Similar to double quotation in English. |
| 二重括弧 | 『』 | にじゅうかっこ | Similar to single quotation in English. |
| 隅付き括弧 | 【】 | すみつきかっこ | Used to bracket different types of headings |
| 亀甲括弧 | 〔〕 | きっこうかっこ | Used for comments in quotes. |
| 山括弧 | 〈〉 | やまかっこ | A comment bracket. |
| 二重山括弧 | 《》 | にじゅうやまかっこ | A comment bracket for comments within another comment bracket set. |
# LibreOffice/Calc

LibreOffice Calc is a free and open source spreadsheet. Calc's native file format is .ods, the OpenDocument Text format. Saving in native format is always recommended even if you're planning to save it to another Office format like Microsoft Excel's .xls format, because this ensures that no formatting would be lost because of .doc's inability to save certain formatting elements.

## Contents

* Introduction, terminology and familiarization with LibreOffice Calc
* Configuring the editor
* The user interface
* Navigating Cells
* Working with Data
* Working with Formulas
* Making Beautiful Charts
* Configuring pages
* Print, Send Fax, and E-mail
* Create a Workbook to Analyze your Field of Interest with Embedded Chart
* Create a Personal Budget with functions
* Create a College Expense Analysis Workbook
* Troubleshooting Errors
* Loan Payment Amortization Schedule
* Create a Pivot Table
* Create a spreadsheet with lists
* Create a spreadsheet with multiple worksheets
* Calc Basic Exam
* Keyboard Shortcuts
* Excel Compatibility and Problems
* Links-Resources
# Liberalism

This is a book that aims to include descriptions of the various sub-branches of liberalism.
There is a need for this book because:
* 1) There is often confusion as to the definition and scope of liberalism;
* 2) There is quite a lot of misunderstanding about the various forms of liberalism and how they are similar or different;
* 3) While a lot of this information is available in Wikipedia and other similar sources, it tends to be bundled with a lot of other details, like history, political events and biographies, which makes it hard to read.

## A Note on Different Meanings of Liberalism and Liberal

"Liberalism" can be understood in a number of ways. A "liberal" in North America could also be described as "left-leaning". However, in Continental Europe, the exact opposite is true - liberalism is right-wing. Even within North America, liberalism is not uniformly defined. Consider that in the United States, liberals are associated with the Democratic Party; conservatives with the Republican Party. In Canada, the Liberal Party of Canada is a centrist party, with the New Democratic Party generally perceived to be to the left of the Liberals.The world "liberal" itself can also be used in a colloquial sense, as is outlined in the table below.
Different Meanings of "Liberal" :
| Phrase | Example | Meaning |
| [verb] liberally | I like to spice my soup liberally. | I like to put a lot of spices in my soup. |
| liberal [noun] | A liberal helping of spicy soup. | A large portion. |

## Table of Contents

* Classical Liberalism
* Social Liberalism
* Libertarianism
* Moral Liberalism
* Neoliberalism
We welcome the addition of other types of liberalism, if you are familiar with them!
# LibreOffice

LibreOffice is a free and open source office suite, developed by The Document Foundation. It is descended from OpenOffice.org, from which it was forked in 2010. It provides almost all of the functionality at no cost to the end user. You can read more about the creators and the project's goals here.

## Content

* Base
* Calc
* Draw
* Impress
* Math
* Writer
# Lewis Carroll/Through the Looking-Glass

The Alice books were far from the only works published under the name of "Lewis Carroll". In 1868, he published a short story, Bruno's Revenge, in Aunt Judy's Magazine; this was later to grow into Sylvie and bruno. An important book, Phantasmagoria and Other Poems, appeared in 1869. Phantasmagoria, a poem about a man and the ghost who comes to haunt him, is his second-longest poem after The Hunting of the Snark.
In 1869, CLD sent the first chapter of "Through the Looking-Glass" to his publisher MacMillan. He had difficulty persuading Tenniel to illustrate it, but eventually Tenniel agreed. It appeared in late 1871, though it had 1872 on the title page. It had 50 illustrations, compared with the 42 of Wonderland.
CLD took a major role in controversies at his university. He wrote two satires criticising the building works at Christ Church, The New Belfry of Christ Church (Oxford) in 1872 and The Vision of the Three Ts in 1873. He used the pseudonym DCL, a re-arrangement of his initials, but people in Oxford knew that he was the author. These and other works were collected in 1874 as Notes by an Oxford Chiel.