# Israeli History/Palestine under the Mandate

ሂዝቦላህ በእስራኤል ሁርፊሽ ላይ የሰው አልባ አውሮፕላን ጥቃት ሰነዘረ
ይመልከቱ
ታሪክ ይመልከቱ
ምንጭ ይመልከቱ
ተጨማሪ
ሐሙስ ሰኔ 6፣ 2024
የእስራኤል-የፍልስጤም ግጭት
ተዛማጅ ጽሑፎች
ሰኔ 11 ቀን 2024 ፡ የእስራኤል መከላከያ ሰራዊት በጋዛ ውስጥ አራት ታጋቾችን አዳነ
ሰኔ 11 ቀን 2024 ፡ የእስራኤል መከላከያ ሃይሎች ራፋ ውስጥ በሚገኘው የሕጻናት መኝታ ክፍል ውስጥ ዋሻ አገኙ
ሰኔ 8 ቀን 2024 ፡ የአይዲኤፍ ሚሳኤል የመንግስታቱን ድርጅት ትምህርት ቤት መታ
6 ሰኔ 2024 ፡ ሂዝቦላህ ሰው አልባ ሰው አልባ አውሮፕላን በሁርፊሽ፣ እስራኤል ላይ ጀመረ
6 ሰኔ 2024 ፡ ሂዝቦላህ እስራኤልን አጠቃ፣ የሰደድ እሳት አስከተለ
በእስራኤል እና በፍልስጤም መካከል የሰላም ምልክት
ተባበሩ!
የዊኪኒውስ ጽሑፍ ምሰሶዎች
ጽሑፍ በመጻፍ ላይ
እሮብ እለት በኢራን ከሚደገፈው እስላማዊ ቡድን ሂዝቦላህ ብዙ ሰው አልባ አውሮፕላኖች በሰሜናዊ እስራኤል የሁርፊሽ ከተማን በመምታት አስራ አንድ ሰዎችን አቁስለዋል። ሂዝቦላህ በሊባኖስ የሚገኝ ሲሆን በዩናይትድ ስቴትስ በአሸባሪነት ተፈርጀዋል ።
የእስራኤል ታይምስ የተባለው ጋዜጣም አንድ ሰው በአስጊ ሁኔታ ላይ እንደሚገኝ ተናግሯል።
በአድማው ወቅት የአደጋ ጊዜ ሲረን አልተሰማም ተብሏል። የእስራኤል መከላከያ ሰራዊት ለምን ይህ ሊሆን እንደቻለ እያጣራሁ ነው ብሏል።
ከጥቅምት 7 በኋላ በነበረው የእስራኤል እና የፍልስጤም ግጭት ሒዝቦላህ በእስራኤል ላይ የተለያዩ ጥቃቶችን በመክፈት 4,000 ሮኬቶችን በመጠቀም በርካታ ወታደሮችን እና አስር ሰላማዊ ሰዎችን ገድሏል። እነዚህ ጥቃቶች እና የእስራኤል ምላሽ በአስር ሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ ንፁሃን ዜጎችን ለቀው እንዲወጡ አስገድዷቸዋል።

## World War I

In December 1914, as the machinations of World War I made it apparent that Britain would enter into battle with the Ottoman Empire, Ze'ev Jabotinsky proposed that a Jewish regiment be formed in Palestine to assist the British. This battalion, called the Jewish Legion, was formed in 1917. A Jewish espionage network called Nili also assisted the British.
In November 1917, as General Allenby was preparing to conquer Palestine, the British Foreign office issued the Balfour Declaration, a letter from the Foreign Secretary, Lord Balfour, to Lord Rothschild, head of the British Zionist movement. The declaration stated:
Thus, when Palestine was captured in December some part of it was designated as an area of Jewish settlement. It was not as much as the Zionists would have liked, but it was the first official recognition of the Zionist movement.

## British Mandate of Palestine

After the war ended, the Allied powers began to partition up the Ottoman Empire, as had been their plan for several years. With the Balfour Declaration in mind, the region they dubbed Palestine was set aside as a Jewish "National Home". However, the intention of the Allies was not to expel those already living in Palestine, but only to state as policy that other groups should make room for the Jews. The final mandate read, in part, as follows:
The Mandate was implemented in 1922. During next 25 years, 367,845 Jews and 33,304 non-Jews immigrated legally to Palestine, and many more Jews came illegally.

## Zionism flourishes under the Mandate

Successes of Zionism so far: "Jewish homeland" semi-guaranteed. Hebrew language. Haganah: Jewish paramilitary force. But what about the Arabs? More than two-thirds of the population of Palestine was non-Jewish; could it really become a Jewish state?
* Zionist organizations
** HeHalutz
** Hashomer Hatzair
Rachel Bluwstein, one of the greatest Hebrew poets, lived during this time.

### The kibbutz movement expands

During the Mandate, the kibbutzim of the Second Aliyah became a model for intentional communities throughout Palestine, called the settlement movement.
* moshavim shitufiim
* moshavim
* Communal settlement
The kibbutzim and other intentional communities were considered the pride and joy of Zionism throughout the Mandate years. After Israel became a nation, collectivist kibbutz politics became independent of Zionism in general; fierce debates were held over the desirability of consumerism or affiliation with Germany or Communist Russia. Kibbutzim and other intentionally organized settlements still exist today, encompassing a diverse range of political ideals.

### Competing school systems

The British government had no interest in regulating schools, so under the Mandate four different Jewish schooling systems developed from the four major factions of olim. All of these schools accused each other of stealing students and immigrants away, and while all four expressed a desire that the schools one day be unified, they all insisted that their own system must be used in the future unification.
| Mandate School Systems | General Zionist | Labor | Mizrahi | Agudat Israel |
| Founding dates | 1913 | 1920s | 1920 | Early 1800s |
| Ideology | Sanctity of Zionism, love of country, modern society | Social equality, revolutionary spirit, solidarity with farmers and workers | "Modern religious" viewpoint, discipline, religion over science (e.g. Creationism) | Continuing Old Yeshiva lineage of Haredic Judaism |
| Classes taught | Hebrew, Zionism, science, math | Independent studies, often political | Religion, Hebrew, math | Religious study with a token amount of spelling and math |
| Dress code | Formal clothes | None | Yarmulkes | Haredic uniform |
| Theology | Zionist readings of Bible | Humanist readings of stories of liberation and salvation, including Bible | Orthodox memorization and readings of Bible, Talmud, and other rabbinical authorities | Orthodox memorization and readings of Bible, Talmud, and other rabbinical authorities |
| Form of address for teachers | Last name with "Mr." or "Mrs." | First name or nickname | Rabbi | Rabbi |

## Misc. notes

Mandate formalized by league of Nations September 23, 1922. Jewish reaction was mixed. one group protested the creation of Transjordan-both Western Palestinian Arabs and Jews could not buy land or settle in Transjordan because the British prohibited it even though Abdullah was willing -the incensed Jews formed Revisionist for a unified state. The leader of Revisionists was Vladimir Jabotinsky - a Russian Jew. However, a majority of Jews were satisfied with the mandate
Sir Herbert Samuel was a British Jew who served as first High Commissioner of Palestine . Under Samuel's rule the British recognized Vaad Leumi (National Council), Elected Assembly, and local council representatives of Jewish community. He established Hebrew as official language and placed restrictions on Jewish immigration in response to Arab complaints. (Arabs had no restrictions on their immigration by British.)
People questioned if Israel could support the influx of Jews with the existing Arab population. Arab peasants or laborers called Fellaheen were already being displaced. Zionists claimed that adopting European farming techniques would allow Fellaheen to live on smaller tracts of land.

## Aliyah Bet

Aliyah to Palestine resumed as soon as World War I was over. During the Third Aliyah 35,000 Jews came to the country. They were not motivated by the Zionist World Congress, who in fact opposed the mass migration, but by their own volition after the Balfour Declaration and pogroms in the Russian Civil War.
World War I left much of Western Europe devastated, and antisemitism rose dramatically. From 1924-1928 there was the Fourth Aliyah: 82,000 Jews, 23,000 left. With the Nazis came the Fifth Aliyah: 250,000 Jews, and only 20,000 left! There was also the Haavara Agreement between the Jewish Agency and the Nazis, to bring German Jews to Palestine. As a result of Nazi cooperation, 60,000 Jews came to Palestine.
Children fleeing the Nazis on their own were sent to youth villages to be collectively cared for and raised. And not only this, but there was Aliyah Bet: illegal immigration sponsored by covert Zionist groups.

## Arab discontent and revolt

During the Mandate the Jewish population in Palestine rose sharply: a growth rate of 8.6% per year, compared with 2.7% for Christians, Muslims, Druze, and others. The Arab population of Palestine was flummoxed by the number of immigrants, which with the "Aliyah Bet" was even greater than Britain's most extreme predictions. Groups like the Independence Party and the Black Hand demanded Arab rule. Starting in 1936, an Arab revolt demanded an end to Jewish immigration and independence for Palestine. The British government imprisoned many of these Arabs without trial and demolished some of their houses. By the time the strike concluded in March 1939, more than 5,000 Arabs; 400 Jews; and 200 Britons had been killed.
* White Paper of 1939
* Betar

## Notes

* ↑ Segev 2007, pp. 77-78
* ↑ Segev 1986, pp.200-203

## Sources

* Mitchell G. Bard. 'The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict.' Second Edition. Pearson Eductation, Inc. 2003
* Tom Segev. 1967. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007.