# Learning anatomy/Table version

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Learning anatomy
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Learning anatomy is not completed.
The learning anatomy crew is where you get to see all the authors. This is the fastest way to learn anatomy, even faster than kenhub plus you don’t need to pay a single penny for any part of the book!
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Learning anatomy
A journey under the skin
Versions of learning anatomy
There is a Table version of learning anatomy.
A printable version of Learning anatomy is available.
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Table of contents
Gastrointestinal anatomy
Esophagus
Stomach
Small bowel
Large bowel
Rectum and anus
Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary anatomy
Liver
Biliary tract
Pancreas exocrine
Pancreas endocrine
Spleen
Cardiovascular anatomy
Heart
Artery
Arteriole
Capillary
Vein
Venule
Kidney
Kidney
Nephron
Ureter
Urination
Bladder
Urethra
Musculoskeletal anatomy
Muscle
Bone
Ear, Nose and Throat
Ear
Nose
Mouth
Throat
Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Lung
Lung
Pulmonary alveolus
Pleura
Muscles of respiration
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
Other
Gut wall
Immune
Disorder and how to prevent it
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External links
This book is intended for advanced readers.
Kenhub
Inner Body :
Esophagus
Learning anatomy - Stomach
This is in the gastrointestinal anatomy chapter.
Wikipedia has related information at Esophagus
Anatomy
The esophagus is a tube connecting the throat to the stomach. The parts of the esophagus are the upper esophagus, middle esophagus, and lower esophagus. The esophagus also passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus.
Function
The function of the esophagus is to move the swallowed food from the throat into the stomach. The lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter is between the lower esophagus and cardiac region of the stomach. Peristalsis happens throughout the gastrointestinal tract. :
Stomach
Esophagus - Small bowel
This is in the gastrointestinal anatomy chapter.
Wikipedia has related information at Stomach
Anatomy
The stomach is a J-shaped ”bag” that connects the esophagus to the small bowel. The parts of the stomach are the cardiac region, gastric fundus, gastric body, and pyloric region. The pyloric region is made up of the pyloric antrum, and the pyloric canal.
Function
The first sphincter of the stomach is the cardiac sphincter or lower esophageal sphincter which guards the entrance to the stomach. If the sphincter weakens, stomach contents can damage the lining of the esophagus and cause acid reflux so, please take care of your lower esophageal sphincter.
The stomach has folds called rugae which look wrinkled when no food is in the stomach. The stomach stores food. If the food is poisonous, it triggers the vomiting reflex. In this case, the body protects itself from the acid. But if it’s not poisonous, the food continues to go. The stomach will make acid, digestive enzymes, and mucin. Hydrochloric acid breaks down all foods into chyme. Amylase breaks down starch. Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin. When pepsinogen reaches the acidic ph of the stomach, it turns into pepsin which digests proteins. Gastric lipase breaks down lipids. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills germs. Gastrin and somatostatin are hormones. Gastrin inhibits acid secretion. Somatostatin does a lot of things. :
Small bowel
Stomach - Large bowel
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Wikipedia has related information at Small intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum  and Ileum
Anatomy
The small bowel or small intestine connects the stomach to the large intestine. The parts of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Function
The small intestine absorbs most of the nutrients from the chyme. The pyloric sphincter lets only a tiny bit of chyme go into the small intestine at a time. The small finger-like projections are called villi. Villi help in the absorption. The jejunum absorbs sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. The ileum absorbs bile acids, fluid, and vitamin B12. :
Large bowel
Small bowel - Rectum and anus
Wikipedia has related information at Large intestine, Appendix (anatomy), Cecum  and Ascending colon
Wikipedia has related information at Transverse colon, Descending colon  and Sigmoid colon
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Anatomy
The large bowel or large intestine is made up of the vermiform appendix, the cecum, and the colon. The colon is made up of the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The large intestine connects the small intestine to the rectum.
Function
The cecum absorbs fluids and salts. The vermiform appendix is a storage for the gut bacteria that help with digestion. Gut bacteria is an example of a good bacteria. The colon absorbs water and electrolytes. :
Rectum and anus
Large bowel - Liver
Wikipedia has related information at Defecation, Rectum, Anal canal  and Human anus
Anatomy
The rectum and anus connect the large intestine to the external body. There is also an anal canal that goes between them.
Defecation
The function of the rectum and anus is defecation. In this section, you will learn about the defecation reflex. The rectum stores the feces that the colon made. The nerve signals then tell the brain that you need to go into the bathroom. Then the feces go into the anus. There are 2 sphincters. The first is the internal sphincter and we can't control it. The last one is the external sphincter and we control it. Babys can't control their external sphincter so they do it in their diapers. :
Liver
Accessory organs
Liver
Biliary tract
Pancreas exocrine
Pancreas endocrine
Kidney
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Rectum and anus - Biliary tract
Wikipedia has related information at Liver
Anatomy
The liver is made up of the left lobe, right lobe, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe. The ligaments are the falciform ligament and the coronary ligament. They are not real ligaments. Instead, they are a piece of peritoneal membrane holding the liver. The lobes of the liver are divided into 8 segments.
Function
The liver has many functions and is a critical part of the digestive system. Did you know that the liver has more than 500 functions and can do 200 functions at the same time!? The liver makes bile, stores nutrients and performs metabolism. Bile is made by hepatocytes which are also called liver cells. :
Biliary tract
Accessory organs
Liver
Biliary tract
Pancreas exocrine
Pancreas endocrine
Kidney
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Liver - Pancreas exocrine
Wikipedia has related information at Biliary tract, Bile, Hepatocyte  and Bile canaliculus
Wikipedia has related information at Interlobular bile ducts  and Intrahepatic bile ducts
Wikipedia has related information at Bile duct, Common hepatic duct, Cystic duct  and Gallbladder
Wikipedia has related information at Common bile duct  and Duodenum
Anatomy
The biliary tract is made up of the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts.
Function
The hepatocytes make bile. After that, the bile goes into the bile canaliculi and then the bile goes into the interlobular ducts and then the bile goes into the intrahepatic ducts and then the bile moves into the right and left hepatic ducts and then the bile moves into the common hepatic duct and then the bile goes into the cystic duct and then the bile goes into the gallbladder. The gallbladder stores bile until needed. When needed, cholecystokinin triggers the bile to go out of the gallbladder and then into the common bile duct. Then the bile moves into the duodenum where the bile emulsifies fat. :
Pancreas exocrine
Accessory organs
Liver
Biliary tract
Pancreas exocrine
Pancreas endocrine
Kidney
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Wikipedia has related information at Centroacinar cell, Pancreatic duct  and Duodenum
Biliary tract - Pancreas endocrine
Anatomy
Acinar cells in the pancreas.
Function
Acinar cells make digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. Bicarbonate neutralizes the hydrochloric acid from the stomach. Amylase breaks down starch. Lipase breaks down lipids. Trypsin breaks down proteins. Chymotrypsinogen is activated by trypsin to make chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin breaks proteins in the chyme. :
Pancreas endocrine
Accessory organs
Liver
Biliary tract
Pancreas exocrine
Pancreas endocrine
Kidney
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Wikipedia has related information at Pancreatic islets
Pancreas exocrine - Spleen
Anatomy
Endocrine cells in the pancreas.
Function
Beta cells make insulin. Alpha cells make glucagon. Insulin is like a key for opening up the cells so that glucagon can get in. :
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This is the Table version of Learning anatomy.