OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constitution of India/Official language

Part XVII is a compilation of laws pertaining to the constitution of India as a country and the union of states that it is made of. This part of the constitution consists of Articles on Official Language.

## Chapter I - Official Language of the Union

Chapter 1 covers articles 343 and 344, and settles Hindi written in Devanagari script as the official languageIndiaia]]. It also writes that the international form of Indianlnumerals s]] should be used as the official numeral system. It also places a responsibility on the President of India to support the implementation and progressive use of Hindi, rather than English, as the official language of India, as well as imposing restrictions on the usage of English within the official purposes of India. The chapter also writes that a committee consisting of 30 people - 20 from Lok Sabhaha]] (lower house) and 10 from RajyahSabha a]] (upper house) should be formed. This committee is charged with ensuring that the previously mentioned responsibilities are carried out by the President.

## Chapter II - Regional Languages

Chapter 2 covers articles 345-347, and writes that the regions of India are eligible to use any of the official languages of India for official purposes. It also acknowledges the possibility of a regional language being adopted and becoming an official language of India, if the President deems that a large enough proportion of the population of India desires it.

## Chapter III - Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, etc.

Chapter 3 covers articles 348 and 349, and writes that the official language of the Supreme Court of India, the High Courts of India as well as any authoritative legal texts should be English. It also acknowledges that the Governor of a State may, if authorized by the President, authorize the usage of Hindi in the previous situations.

## Chapter IV - Special Directives

Chapter 4 covers articles 350, 350A, 350B and 351. It settles that any person may submit a representation for the redress of grievances in any of the official languages of India. It also settles that the government of India should take measures to preserve the various minority language of India by building instructional facilities for teaching children at a primary level. It also writes that the President should appoint a Special Officer to ensure that these instructional facilities are built and that the previous measures are indeed carried out. Lastly, the chapter writes that the government of India should ensure the spread of Hindi, as well as promoting the enrichment and development of the language.

## References

* ↑ Constitution of India 2007, pp. 212–217.
* ↑ Constitution of India

### Sources

* "The Constitution of India" (PDF). Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice. 1 December 2007 [1950]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
* Part XVII text from wikisource
# Constitution of India/Miscellaneous

Part XIX is a compilation of laws pertaining to the constitution of India as a country and the union of states that it is made of. This part of the constitution consists of Miscellaneous.
Article 361 is an exception to Article 14 (Right to Equality) of the Indian Constitution. The features are as follows:
* The President or the Governor is not answerable to any court for the exercise of the powers and duties of his office.
* No criminal proceedings shall be conducted against the President or the Governor during his term of office.
* No arrest or imprisonment shall be made against the President or Governor during his term of office.
* No civil proceedings shall be made against the President or the Governor during his term of office in respect of any act done by him in his personal capacity.
The President and Governor are the sole guardians of the country and states respectively so the absence of their rule will affect the country or the states.

## Article 362

Repealed – Replaced by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2..

## Articles 363 – 367

Miscellaneous.

## References

* ↑ Constitution of India 2007, pp. 231–239.

### Sources

* "The Constitution of India" (PDF). Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice. 1 December 2007 [1950]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
* Part XIX text from wikisource
# Constitution of India/Preamble

TEXT TO THE PREAMBLE:
We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR,DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all of its citizens;
* JUSTICE social, economic and political;
* LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
* EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;and to promote among them all;
* FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation;
* In our Constituent Assembly, this 26th day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

## INTRODUCTION

The preamble to the constitution set out the philosophy on which the political system of our country rests. It clearly establishes the main objectives of the Indian constitution. Preamble is normally known as the preface or introduction to the constitution, which contains the spirit or the essence of the constitution.
Constitution of America was the first constitution in the world to begin with a preamble. India, like some other countries, also followed this practice.
The preamble of the Indian Constitution is based on the objective Resolution, drafted and moved by Jawaharlal Nehru on 13th December, 1946 and passed by the constituent Assembly.
# Constitution of India/Emergency provisions

Part XVIII is a compilation of laws pertaining to the Constitution of India as a country and the union of states that it is made of. This part of the constitution consists of Articles on Emergency Provisions.

## Laws

Part XVIII of the Indian constitution envisages the following three emergencies:
* General Emergency
* Break-down of constitutional machinery in the states
* Financial Emergency

### Articles 352

This article as enacted by the Constituent Assembly of India provides the president with powers to declare a state of emergency in the nation if he/she is satisfied that the stability and integrity of India is threatened by either external aggression or armed rebellion. This power can only be exercised on the advice of the prime minister and his council of ministers.

## Article 353

This article allows the central government to override the seventh schedule of the constitution (dealing with the differenciation of subjects between the central and state government). It also allows the president to prolong the life of the Lok Sabha one year at time.

## Article 354-355

Article 354 empowers the central government to make funding allocations within the centre-state financial arrangements besides those stated in Article 268-279.
Article 355 outlines the duties of the government concerning individual states ensuring that the governance of all states is according to the constitution during an emergency.

## Article 359A

Repealed - Replaced by the Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989, s. 3 (w.e.f. 6 January 1990).

## Article 360

This section includes provisions on financial emergencies.

## References

* ↑ Constitution of India 2007, pp. 216–230.
* ↑ Kumar, Rajesh. Universal's Guide to the Constitution of India. Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. p. 194. ISBN 978-93-5035-011-9. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
* 1 2 3 Hewitt, Vernon. Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency. Routledge. pp. 374, 375. ISBN 0-203-94496-8.

## Further reading

* "The Constitution of India" (PDF). Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice. 1 December 2007 [1950]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-09. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
* Part XVIII text from wikisource
# Constructivism & Technology

CONSTRUCTIVISM & TECHNOLOGY: TRANSFORMING SCHOOLS & CLASSROOMS
This textbook, Constructivism & Technology: Transforming Schools & Classrooms, is initiated as a collaborative writing project for a Webster University graduate course on constructivism and technology.
    Preface
* Introduction to Constructivism and Technology
* How People Learn: The Constructivists’ View
* Authentic Learning & Instruction
* Building Learning Communities
* Constructivism and the Individual Learners’ Responsibilities and Leadership
* Collaborative Research and Writing
* Assessment in the Constructivist Classroom
* Technology Tools & Processes in Constructivism: Case Examples
    8.1. Electronic Portfolios
    8.2. Podcasting & Audio-Sharing
    8.3. Constructivist Uses of Concept Development & Mental mapping
    8.4. Blogging as Journaling & Personal Knowledge Construction
    8.5. Social Video- and Photo-sharing
    8.6. Course Management tools for Constructivist Processes
    8.7. Mashups
    8.8. Social Networking Tools
    8.9. Collaborative Research and Web Authoring Tools
    Postscript
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Resistors/2 Port Configurations
### Series Connection

* Series RL
* Series RC
* Series LC
* Series RLC

### Parallel Connection

* Parallel RL
* Parallel RC
* Parallel LC
* Parallel RLC

### 2 Port Connection

* Low Pass Filter
* High Pass Filter
* Band Pass Filter
* Tuned Selected Band Pass Filter
* Tuned Rejected Band Pass Filter
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Resistors/Series Connection
## Resistor in series

Two or more resistor can be connected in series to increase the total resistance . The Total Resistance is equal to the sum of all the resistor's resistance . The total resistance In Series connected circuit Current and voltage will be reduced
    $R_{eq}=R_{1}+R_{2}+R_{3}+...+R_{n}\,$

## Two equal value Resistor in series

When connecting two resistors of the same resistance the total resistance is doubled
    R + R = 2R
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Silicon Controlled Rectifier
## Silicon Controlled Rectifier

A silicon-controlled rectifier (or semiconductor-controlled rectifier) is a four-layer solid state device that controls current. The name "silicon controlled rectifier" or SCR is General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor. The SCR was developed by a team of power engineers led by Gordon Hall and commercialized by Frank W. "Bill" Gutzwiller in 1957.

## Construction of SCR

An SCR consists of four layers of alternating P and N type semiconductor materials. Silicon is used as the intrinsic semiconductor, to which the proper dopants are added. The junctions are either diffused or alloyed. The planar construction is used for low power SCRs (and all the junctions are diffused). The mesa type construction is used for high power SCRs. In this case, junction J2 is obtained by the diffusion method and then the outer two layers are alloyed to it, since the PNPN pellet is required to handle large currents. It is properly braced with tungsten or molybdenum plates to provide greater mechanical strength. One of these plates is hard soldered to a copper stud, which is threaded for attachment of heat sink. The doping of PNPN will depend on the application of SCR, since its characteristics are similar to those of the thyratron. Today, the term thyristor applies to the larger family of multilayer devices that exhibit bistable state-change behaviour, that is, switching either ON or OFF.

## Application of SCRs

SCRs are mainly used in devices where the control of high power, possibly coupled with high voltage, is demanded. Their operation makes them suitable for use in medium to high-voltage AC power control applications, such as lamp dimming, regulators and motor control.
* Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)
* Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO)
* Triode AC switch/ (TRIAC)
* Static induction thyristor (SITh)
* MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT)
* Distributed Buffer - Gate Turn-off Thyristor (DB-GTO)
* Integrated gate commutated thyristor/ (IGCT)
* MOS composite static induction thyristor/CSMT
* Reverse conducting thyristor

## External links

* Wikibooks: Power Electronics#Triacs
* SCR at AllAboutCircuits
* Silicon Controlled Rectifier
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Silicon Controlled Rectifier/Gate turn-off thyristor
## Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO)

A gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) is a special type of thyristor, a high-power semiconductor device. GTOs, as opposed to normal thyristors, are fully controllable switches which can be turned on and off by their third lead, the GATE lead.
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Resistors/2 Port Network Configurations
## 2 Port Network Configurations

    Configuration${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}$ ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {R_{2}}{R_{2}+R_{1}}}$ ${\frac {V_{2}}{V_{1}}}={\frac {R_{3}+R_{1}}{R_{2}+R_{1}}}$
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Resistors/Other Configurations
### Series Connection

* Series RL
* Series RC
* Series LC
* Series RLC

### Parallel Connection

* Parallel RL
* Parallel RC
* Parallel LC
* Parallel RLC

### 2 Port Connection

* Low Pass Filter
* High Pass Filter
* Band Pass Filter
* Tuned Selected Band Pass Filter
* Tuned Rejected Band Pass Filter
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Resistors/Parallel Configuration
## Parallel Configuration

Two or more resistor can be connected in parallel to decrease the total resistance .
    ${\frac {1}{R}}={\frac {1}{R_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{R_{2}}}+...+{\frac {1}{R_{n}}}$
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Resistors/Parallel Connection
## Resistor in parallel

Two or more resistor can be connected in parallel to decrease the total resistance.
    ${\frac {1}{R_{eq}}}={\frac {1}{R_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{R_{2}}}+...+{\frac {1}{R_{n}}}\,$

## Two equal value Resistor in parallel

When connecting two resistors of the same resistance the total resistance is halved
    ${\frac {1}{R_{t}}}={\frac {1}{R}}+{\frac {1}{R}}={\frac {R}{2}}$
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Resistors/Series Configuration
## Series Configuration

Two or more resistor can be connected in series to increase the total resistance . The Total Resistance is equal to the sum of all the resistor's resistance . The total resistance In Series connected circuit Current and voltage will be reduced
    $R_{eq}=R_{1}+R_{2}+R_{3}+...+R_{n}\,$
When connect two resistors of the same resistance the total resistance is doubled
    R + R = 2R
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Speaker
## Speaker

A Speaker is an electroacoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input.
Speaker's Symbol
# English-Hanzi/Verbal memory disorder is related with the decline in the ability of word meaning processing

Verbal memory disorder is related with the decline in the ability of word meaning processing. Another memory disorder is episodic memory.
言语记忆障碍与词义处理能力下降有关。 另一种记忆障碍是情景记忆。
# English-Hanzi/Vacuum tube

A vacuum tube is a small glass tube used to amplify or switch electronic signals.
真空管是用于放大或切换电子信号的小玻璃管。
# English-Hanzi/Vehicle

A vehicle is a machine that is used to transport things from one place to another. There are different kinds of vehicles including cars, boats, airplanes, and etc.
交通工具 是 一种 把 东西 从 一个 地方 送到 另一个 地方 的 机器。交通工具 有 不同 种类，包括 汽车，船只，飞机 等。
# English-Hanzi/Urination

Urination is how animals and humans remove urine from their bodies. Urine is the scientific term for "pee", the liquid bodily waste filtered out of the bloodstream and from the liquids that a person drinks.
排尿 是 动物 和 人类 如何 从 身体 排除 尿液。尿液 是 “小便” 的 科学 术语，液体 身体 废物 从 血液 和 人体 饮料 中 过滤 出来。
# English-Hanzi/Valvular heart disease

Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and bicuspid valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonary and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart).
瓣膜性心脏病是任何心血管疾病过程，涉及心脏的四个瓣膜中的一个或多个（心脏左侧的主动脉和二尖瓣以及心脏右侧的肺和三尖瓣）。
# English-Hanzi/Various factors can reduce the risk of dementia

Various factors can reduce the risk of dementia, including early education, treating hypertension, preventing obesity, preventing hearing loss, treating depression, exercising, preventing diabetes, not smoking, and social relationships.
各种因素可以降低痴呆症的风险，包括早期教育，治疗高血压，预防肥胖，预防听力下降，治疗抑郁症，锻炼，预防糖尿病，不吸烟和社交关系。
# English-Hanzi/Universe

The Universe is everything that exists.
宇宙 就是 存在 的 一切。
# English-Hanzi/Vegetable

vegetable is a plant that is used as food.
蔬菜 是 一种 用作 食物 的 植物。
# English-Hanzi/Vegetables and fruits are natural medicines

Vegetables and fruits are natural medicines. They can keep your body healthy.
蔬菜 和 水果 是 天然 药物。它们 可以 保持 你 的 身体 健康。
# English-Hanzi/Vanilla

Special:search/vanilla prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/flavoring prefix:English-Hanzi/
Vanilla is a flavoring extracted from the vanilla plant. It is a flavoring commonly used in desserts such as ice cream and cakes.
vanilla 是 从 vanilla 植物 提炼而成 的 香味剂。vanilla 是 制造 甜品 例如 雪糕 和 蛋糕 的 常用 香味剂。
# Cultural Shifts in England
## Chapters

* The Class Society
* Marriage
* The early years of parenthood
* The responsibilities of parenting
* Abuse, unfounded accusations
* The split-up and its consequences
* Provision for youth
* A Carer copes
* Human sexual evolution

## Authors

* Terence Kearey
# Erlang Programming/guards

← Functions | Modules →

## Erlang Guards
### Guard structures

Legal guards in Erlang are boolean functions placed after the key word, "when" and before the arrow, "->". Guards may appear as part of a function definition or in "receive", 'if', "case", and "try/catch" expressions.
We can use a guard in a function definition
Example program: guardian.erl
and Fun definition
receive expression
if expression
case expression
and try/catch
You will notice that in these examples it would be clearer (in real code) to remove the guard and modify the pattern matching instead.
Literate programming note: Anonymous match variables that start with an underscore like "_" are not generally recommended. Rather, it is nice to use some descriptive variable name like "_AnyNode". On the other hand, for tutorial code like this, a descriptive variable is more distracting than helpful.

### Multiple guards

It is possible to use multiple guards within the same function definition or expression. When using multiple guards, a semicolon, ";", signifies a boolean "OR", while a comma, ",", signifies boolean "AND".

### Guard functions

There are several built-in-functions (BIFs) which may be used in a guard. Basically we are limited to checking the type with, is_type(A) and the length of some types with, type_size or length(L) for a list length.
Note: all erlang data types have a natural sort order.
# Erlang Programming/Testing
## Testing

The recommended order of testing for an Erlang program is:
* Test on one core in one microprocessor.
* Test on multiple cores.
* Test on multiple computers (if needed).
# Erlang Programming/Timeouts
## Timeouts

Timeouts are created by the [ receive - after - end ] structure. Timeouts are measured in miliseconds so 4000 = 4 seconds. We can create a simple timer with the following program: myTimer.erl
Timeout values may be any number greater than or equal to 0, including the atom 'infinity'.
# Erlang Programming/Unit Testing with eunit
## Installing eunit

This section will show you how to install eunit on different operating systems. Once you have installed eunit its use is fairly consistent across the different operating systems.

### ubuntu

Get source with:
Compile code with:
Copy to /usr/lib/erlang/lib

### Test the Installation

To test that everything is installed ok before writing any tests create a file test01.erl with the following contents:
Compile this file as follows:
If you get the result {ok,test01} then you've installed eunit correctly.

## Using eunit

We'll start by writing a passing test and a failing test. In the file you created to check the installation add the following:
Run the tests as follows.
# Erlang Programming/Variables

Variables in Erlang
Technically there are no variables in Erlang in the sense of multiple assignment. There are Dummy Variables which can take matching values in functions. Once matched their values do not change. Variables in erlang must start with a Capital letter from the Latin 1 character set.
Examples of variables
Explanation
# Erlang Programming/Using Erlang with Emacs

Erlang mode for emacs -http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang_mode.html -http://www.erlang.org/doc/apps/tools/erlang_mode_chapter.html
You can use Distel on top of this, for extra functionality. http://code.google.com/p/distel/
# ETS local data storage

ETS is the Erlang table storage system, which provides hash-based data storage and access functions. These functions run in constant time. ETS data is stored in a process as long as it is running.
Here is an example of how to use some simple functions in ETS. Notice that the table is not square because goofy has no last name.
# Using lists
## foreach

produces no output because the purpose of foreach is to generate side-effects. However,
does work, because io:format is a side effect function.

## sequence of numbers

lists:seq(1,100) is like range(1,101) in python.

## sort

lists:sort( A ) is what you think.
# Erlang Programming/Using mnesia
## Using Mnesia

Mnesia is the distributed database written in Erlang, meant to mainly be used by Erlang programs. Simple queries can be written with query list comprehensions (qlc). Realtime queries can decide to not use transactions.

### Explain program: art.erl

The program defines some functions that work similar to SQL. We wish to build a table of artwork named "painting", with fields: index, artist, and title.
art:init. Starts the database and creates the table: painting.
insert Puts data into the table
select Gets data out of the table
Note that the second time we call init the database is restarted but we get an error when it tries to recreate the table (as it already exists).
# Regular Expressions

The regular expression, "w.+d" matches the string, "hello world" at location 6 for 5 chars.
Makes a substitution, replacing "203040" with "01".
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/Classification

* SVM
* penalizedSVM
* kNN
* Outliers
* Decision Trees
* Naïve Bayes
* adaboost
* JRip
# Data Management in Bioinformatics/Scratch Notes

For a
In a bisimulation, the inverse of relation R must be true.
XML (labeled graph) → RDF (inheritance) [IS A, HAS A] → OWL (semantic language) → DAML (logic) [predicate description logic, closed world assumption, open world assumption]