# Manchu/Lesson 2 - Nouns, Script

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## Dialogue & Translation

| ᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᠠᡥᠠ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᠠᠮᠠ᠉ | This man is my father. |
| ᡨᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡝᡥᡝ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ᠉ | That woman is my mother. |
| ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ᠉ | My mother is Manchu. |
| ᡝᡵᡝ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠸᡝ ᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ᠉ | Whose book is this? |
| ᡝᡵᡝ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ᠉ | This is my mother's book |
| ᠰᡳᡴᠰᡝ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᠠᠮᠠ ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ᠉ ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᠰᠠ ᠯᠠᠪᡩᡠ᠉ | My father went to Harbin yesterday. There are many Manchus in Harbin. |
| ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᠠᠮᠠ ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡝᡵᡝ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡵᡝ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᡠᡩᠠᡥᠠ᠉ | In Harbin my father bought this book to learn Manchu. |
| ᡳ ᡝᡵᡝ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠪᡝ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᡩᡝ ᠪᡠᡥᡝ᠉ | He gave this book to my mother. |
| ᡨᡝ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳᡩᠠᡵᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᠮᠪᡳ᠉ | Now my mother studies Manchu everyday. |
| ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᡝ᠄ 《ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᠴᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᠵᠠ》᠉ | My mother says that Manchu is easier than Chinese. |

## Vocab

| Manchu Vocabulary | English Translation | Manchu Vocabulary | English Translation |
| ᠠᡴᡡ | Isn't, there isn't | ᠠᠮᠠ | Father |
| ᠠᡵᠠᡵᠠ | Present/future tense of ᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ (to write) | ᠊ᠪᡝ | Accusative case marker |
| ᠪᡳ | To have | ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ | Book |
| ᠪᡠᡥᡝ | Past tense of bumbi (to give) | ᠊ᠴᡳ | Ablative case marker (from) |
| ᠊ᡩᠠᡵᡳ | Repetitive suffix, each, every.. | ᠊ᡩ | Locative/dative case marker (at/to) |
| ᡝᠮᡝ | Mother | ᡝᠮᡠ | One |
| ᡝᡵᡝ | This | ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ | Past tense of ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳ (to go) |
| ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ | Language | ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ | Country |
| ᡥᠠᡥᠠ | Man | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ | To love |
| ᡥᠠᠯᡠᡴᠠᠨ | Hot | ᡥᡝᡥᡝ | Woman |
| ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᡝ | Present tense of hendumbi (to say) with converb -me | ᡳ | He/she |
| ᠊ᡳ | Genitive case marker (of) | ᡳᠯᡥᠠ | Flower |
| ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ | Day | ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳᡩᠠᡵᡳ | Each day |
| ᡳᠰᡳᠨᠠᡥᠠ | To have arrived | ᠵᠠ | Easy |
| ᡴᠣᠮᠰᠣ | A few | ᠯᠠᠪᡩᡠ | Many |
| ᠮᠠᡶᠠ | Ancestral, grandfather | ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ | Manchu |
| ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᠰᠠ | Manchus | ᠮᡳᠨᡳ | My |
| ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ | Chinese | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ | Person |
| ᠨᡳᠶᡝᠩᠨᡳᠶᡝᡵᡳ | Spring |
| ᠣᠴᡳ | Is (conditional of ᠣᠮᠪᡳ - to become) | ᠊ᠣᡥᠣ | Became (past tense of ᠣᠮᠪᡳ - to become) |
| ᠊ᠰᠠ | Plural marker | ᠰᡳᡴᠰᡝ | Yesterday |
| ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡵᡝ | Present/future tense of ᡨᠠᠴᡳᠮᠪᡳ (to study) | ᡨᡝ | Now |
| ᡨᡝᡵᡝ | That | ᡨᡠᠪᠠᡩᡝ | There |
| ᡠᡩᠠᡥᠠ | Past tense of ᡠᡩᠠᠮᠪᡳ (to buy) | ᠸᡝ | Who |

## Grammar
### Nouns

Manchu nouns have number and case but do not really have gender. Nouns can consist solely of a stem such as 〈ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ〉 (book), are formed by adding suffixes to other words, or be formed by adding two nouns together such as 〈ᠠᡥᡡᠨ ᡩᡝᠣ〉 (brothers).
The most common suffixes that can be added to words to form nouns include:
Note, there are three hyphens between the stem and suffix in these examples, as well as a single hyphen before all suffixes.
| Suffixes used with verb stems | Examples |
| ᠊ᠨ | ᡨᠠᠴ᠊᠊᠊ᠨ – Learning. From the verb stem ᡨᠠᠴᡳ᠊᠊‍ᠮᠪᡳ (to study) |
| ᠊ᡤᠠᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡤᡝᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡤᠣᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡥᠠᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡥᡝᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡥᠣᠨ | ᠨᡳᡵᡠ᠊᠊᠊ᡤᠠᠨ – Drawing. From the verb stem ᠨᡳᡵᡠᠮ᠊᠊᠊ᠮᠪᡳ (to draw) |
| ᠊ᡴᡠ᠈ ᠊ᡴᡡ | ᠠᠨᠠ᠊᠊᠊ᡴᡡ - Key. From the verb stem ᠠᠨᠠ᠊᠊᠊ᠮᠪᡳ (to push) |
| ᠊ᠴᡠᠨ | ᠪᡠᠶᡝ᠊᠊᠊ᠴᡠᠨ - Love. From the verb stem ᠪᡠᠶᡝ᠊᠊᠊ᠮᠪᡳ (to love) |
| Suffixes used with nouns and verbs | Examples |
| ᠊ᠰᡳ | ᡠᠰᡳ᠊᠊ᠰᡳ – Farmer. From the noun ᡠᠰᡳᠨ (field) |
| ᠊ᠴᡳ | ᠠᡩᡠ᠊᠊᠊ᠴᡳ - Herdsman. From the noun ᠠᡩᡠᠨ (herd) |
| ᠊ᠵᡳ᠈ ᠊ᠯᠵᡳ᠈ ᠊ᠮᠵᡳ᠈ ᠊ᠨᠵᡠ | ᠪᠣᡳᡤᠣ᠊᠊᠊ᠵᡳ – Host. From the noun ᠪᠣᡳᡤᠣᠨ (family) |

## Grammar
### Nouns

Note: The examples below have three hyphens between the stem and suffix, where it applies, and one hyphen before all lone suffixes.
Manchu nouns have number and case but do not really have gender. Nouns can consist solely of a stem such as 〈ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ〉 (book), are formed by adding suffixes to other words, or be formed by adding two nouns together such as 〈ᠠᡥᡡᠨ ᡩᡝᠣ〉 (brothers).
The most common suffixes that can be added to words to form nouns include:
| Suffixes used with verb stems | Examples |
| ᠊ᠨ | ᡨᠠᠴ᠊᠊᠊ᠨ – Learning. From the verb stem ᡨᠠᠴᡳ᠊᠊‍ᠮᠪᡳ (to study) |
| ᠊ᡤᠠᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡤᡝᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡤᠣᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡥᠠᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡥᡝᠨ᠈ ᠊ᡥᠣᠨ | ᠨᡳᡵᡠ᠊᠊᠊ᡤᠠᠨ – Drawing. From the verb stem ᠨᡳᡵᡠᠮ᠊᠊᠊ᠮᠪᡳ (to draw) |
| ᠊ᡴᡠ᠈ ᠊ᡴᡡ | ᠠᠨᠠ᠊᠊᠊ᡴᡡ - Key. From the verb stem ᠠᠨᠠ᠊᠊᠊ᠮᠪᡳ (to push) |
| ᠊ᠴᡠᠨ | ᠪᡠᠶᡝ᠊᠊᠊ᠴᡠᠨ - Love. From the verb stem ᠪᡠᠶᡝ᠊᠊᠊ᠮᠪᡳ (to love) |
| Suffixes used with nouns and verbs | Examples |
| ᠊ᠰᡳ | ᡠᠰᡳ᠊᠊ᠰᡳ – Farmer. From the noun ᡠᠰᡳᠨ (field) |
| ᠊ᠴᡳ | ᠠᡩᡠ᠊᠊᠊ᠴᡳ - Herdsman. From the noun ᠠᡩᡠᠨ (herd) |
| ᠊ᠵᡳ᠈ ᠊ᠯᠵᡳ᠈ ᠊ᠮᠵᡳ᠈ ᠊ᠨᠵᡠ | ᠪᠣᡳᡤᠣ᠊᠊᠊ᠵᡳ – Host. From the noun ᠪᠣᡳᡤᠣᠨ (family) |
Note: of the above suffixes, the suffixes ᠊ᡴᡠ᠈ ᠊ᡴᡡ are used for instruments, the suffix ᠊ᠴᡠᠨ is used for abstract concepts, and the suffixes ᠊ᠰᡳ᠈ ᠊ᠴᡳ᠈ and ᠊ᠵᡳ are used to denote people by what they do (Gorelova, M. P.198). When adding suffixes to nouns, the final 〈᠊ᠨ〉 is often dropped.

#### Gender of Manchu Nouns

Nouns usually do not have gender, although some obviously masculine nouns have masculine vowels, while feminine nouns have feminine vowels, e.g. ᡥᠠᡥᠠ (man), ᡥᡝᡥᡝ (woman), ᠠᠮᠠ (father) and ᡝᠮᡝ (mother).

#### Number:

There are several ways to express the plural in Manchu:
Through the use of the suffix ᠊ᠰᠠ 〔᠊ᠰᡝ᠈ ᠊ᠰᠣ᠈ ᠊ᠰᡳ〕
* E.g. ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ᠊᠊᠊ᠰᠠ - Manchus
Through use of one of the suffixes ᠊ᡨᠠ᠈ ᠊ᡨᡝ᠈ ᠊ᡵᡳ
* This is mostly used for family relationships (note final 〈᠊ᠨ〉 is often omitted).
* E.g. ᠮᠠ᠊᠊᠊ᡨᠠ - fathers
* The suffix '-ri' is only used with a few words. E.g. ᠮᠠᡶᠠ᠊᠊᠊ᡵᡳ - grandfathers/ancestors
Through the use of adjectives
* like ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ (many/all), ᡝᡳᡨᡝᠨ (all), ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ (a myriad) or verbally with ᡤᡝᠮᡠ (all)
* E.g. ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ ᠵᠠᡴᠠ - The myriad things

#### Case

Manchu has five different cases. Cases can be attached to the proceeding noun or written separately:
Nominative (no suffix).
* This is the natural case and has no suffix.
* E.g. ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ - book
Genitive 〔᠊ᡳ᠈ ᠊ᠨᡳ after ᠊ᠩ〕.
* This case is used to show the possessive. The suffix ᠊ᡳ 〔᠊ᠨᡳ〕 can also be used for instrumental case which shows the means or cause of which something happens.
* E.g. ᡝᡵᡝ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ - This is my mother's book (Possessive)
* E.g. ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ ᡳᠯᡥᠠ - The fatherland's flowers (Possessive)
* E.g. ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᡳ ᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ - To write by means of Manchu (Instrumental)
Dative/Locative 〔᠊ᡩᡝ〕.
* This case is used to show location or direction (at/to).
* E.g. Direction: ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ - He went to Harbin (Dative)
* E.g. Location: ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᠰᠠ ᠯᠠᠪᡩᡠHarbin de manjusa labdu - There are many Manchus in Harbin (Locative)
* E.g. ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ(Beijing) ᡩᡝ ᠨᡳᠶᡝᠩᠨᡳᠶᡝᡵᡳ ᡳᠰᡳᠨᠠᡥᠠ - In Beijing spring has arrived
Accusative 〔᠊ᠪᡝ〕.
* This case is used to make a noun the direct object of an action.
* E.g. ᡳ ᡝᡵᡝ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠪᡝ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᡩᡝ ᠪᡠᡥᠠ - He gave this book to my mother
* E.g. ᡨᡝ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳᡩᠠᡵᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᠮᠪᡳ - Now my mother studies Manchu everyday.
* E.g. ᠪᡝ ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ - We love the fatherland
Ablative 〔᠊ᠴᡳ〕.
* This case is used to show point of departure or for comparison.
* E.g. ᠣᠩᡤᠣ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠴᡳ ᠵᡳᡥᡝ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ - The people who came from Mongolia (Point of departure)
* E.g. ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᠴᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᠵᠠ - Manchu is easier than Chinese (Comparison)
* E.g. ᡝᠮᡠ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᠴᡳ ᡝᠮᡠ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᡥᠠᠯᡠᡴᠠᠨ ᠣᡥᠣ - Each day is hotter than the one before (Comparison)
Lesson 1 (Pronunciation) ---- Contents ---- Lesson 3 (Pronouns)