OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# College Guide/Swarthmore College

Swarthmore is a highly competitive liberal arts college in Pennsylvania.

## Admission

* 15% Acceptance rate
* Early Decision (November 15)
* Regular admission (January 2)
* Middle 50% of SAT scores:
** Critical Reading: 660 - 770
** Math: 660 - 760
** Writing: 650 - 760
* Average High School GPA:

### Admission Factors

Very important:
* Essays
* Personality
* Class rank
* Recommendations
* Secondary school record
Important:
* Extracurricular activities
* Standardized test scores

## Academics

* Student-faculty ratio - 8:1
* Honors program

## Demographics

* Enrollment: 1484
* M/F ratio: 48/52

## Cost and Financial Aid

* Tuition: $34,884
* Room and Board: $10,816

## Location

20 minutes (?) from Philadelphia

## Sports

NCAA Division III

## Campus Life

7% of students join a fraternity or sorority

## Should You Go?

Swarthmore is a great place if you are politically active (especially if you lean towards the left). Also, Swarthmore has one of the highest rates of students who eventually get a PhD. However, many people on studentsreview complain about poor social life.

## Contact

500 College Avenue Swarthmore, PA 19081 (610) 328-8000 www.swarthmore.edu

## See also

* College Navigator page on Swarthmore
* StudentAdvisor.com page on Swarthmore College
# College Survival Guide/Going to Class

Attendance can be an issue when going to college. There comes a time in the career of most college students where they may feel the need to miss class. However, missing class is unadvised as it is an integral part of the learning experience.

## Reasons

There are several reasons one should go to class.
One reason is that many courses, especially lecture courses, are designed in such a way that information is not repeated between different class meetings, and missing a certain day means that you miss a day to learn new material. This can be hazardous and hurt one's grade.

## Lack of Sleep

If a student hasn't been sleeping well or hasn't slept within the past 24 hours, he or she could use a voice recorder as a secondary "remembering device". When a person is fatigued, he or she typically can not remember as much as he or she would when awake. However, the voice recorder can retain 100% of what the brain can not. All a student has to do is pull out a voice recorder, set it up on a desk or table, and start recording. Afterwards, the student can nod off and the device records the lecture. Then, the student can listen to it later when he or she is more awake.
# College Survival Guide

This wikibook is aimed toward those who are in or new to college. The objective of this wikibook is to lift the fog of the various misunderstandings of college: Credits, courses, assignments, studying, and more. The book should prepare the student for some worst case scenarios and help prevent the student from encountering such foibles in the first place.
The various tools listed and offered can help students cut down metaphorical trees, thus save time. They can help students prepare equipment to take on the camping trip and go up the mountain of enlightenment. The focus of this book is to help a student out of the forest of the darkness and into the light of knowledge and learning, for college is about learning; and it should be a great experience of learning.
The content in this book is somewhat slanted toward U.S. students; however, many of the things listed can be applied to different colleges and universities.

## Contents

* Is going to college worth my time?
* Preparing for College
* Testing for College Credit
* Improving Writing Skills
* Improving Reading Skills
* Improving Research Skills
* Learning at the College level
* Choosing Supplies
* Choosing a Class
* Creating a Planner
* Going to Class
* Studying
* Assignments
* Etiquette
* The Campus
* Social Life
* Transferring
* Working
* Acknowledgements

## Related books

* How to Pass a Course
* College Guide
* Note Taking
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 12

* Student Soapbox

## Ethics & Law

Chapter Introduction

## Special Features

Experts Take Sides
In the News
Chapter FAQ
The Scoop From Someone Who Knows

## Content Articles

12.1.2 -- Creating Equity in the Classroom
12.2.1 -- Teachers' Rights and Responsibilities
12.3.1 -- Students' Rights and Responsibilities
12.4.1 -- What does it mean to be an ethical teacher?
12.5.1 -- How should teachers teach ethics?

## Concluding Information

Chapter Review
Additional Resources
* CLICK HERE to sign up to be an AUTHOR of this chapter.
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* Questions? Refer to How to Use This Book
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# Famous Theorems of Mathematics/L'Hôpital's rule

Consider some limit
$\lim _{x\to a}{\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}$
which cannot be evaluated directly, that is, either f(a) = g(a) = 0 or
$\lim _{x\to a}f(x)=\lim _{x\to a}g(x)=\infty$
L'Hopital's rule says that
$\lim _{x\to a}{\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}=\lim _{x\to a}{\frac {f'(x)}{g'(x)}}$
Suppose both are equal to zero. The Newton definition of the derivative is
$f'(a)=\lim _{x\to a}{\frac {f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}}$
Therefore,
${\frac {f'(a)}{g'(a)}}=\lim _{x\to a}{\frac {\frac {f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}}{\frac {g(x)-g(a)}{x-a}}}=\lim _{x\to a}{\frac {f(x)-f(a)}{g(x)-g(a)}}$
${\frac {f'(a)}{g'(a)}}={\frac {f(a)}{g(a)}}=\lim _{x\to a}{\frac {f'(a)}{g'(a)}}$
Now suppose that both $f$ and $g$ diverge to positive or negative infinity. Another way to define the derivative is by
$f'(a)=\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {f(x+a)}{x}}$
Then
${\frac {f'(a)}{g'(a)}}=\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {xf(x+a)}{xg(x+a)}}=\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {f(x+a)}{g(x+a)}}={\frac {f(x+a)}{g(x+a)}}$
QED
# Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Geometry/Pythagorean Theorem

In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. Symbolically, for a right-angled triangle ABC with the right angle at C, $AC^{2}+BC^{2}=AB^{2}$, or $a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}$ where c is the hypotenuse.

## Euclid's Proof

This proof uses the following:
* Definition of a right angle
* Definition of parallel
* Definition of a square
* The area of a square with side x is x$^2$
* All angles in a square are right angles
* Line segments making right angles with the same line at the same point, on opposite sides, form a single straight line
* All right angles are equal
* Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the angle between them are respectively equal
* Congruent triangles are equal in area
* A triangle is half the area of a parallelogram on the same base in the same parallels
Euclid provided this proof of the Pythagorean theorem in his Elements, Book I, Proposition 47.
Let ABC be the right-angled triangle, with the right angle at C. Construct the squares ABDE, ACFG and BCHJ, and the line CKL perpendicular to AB and ED.
Consider the triangles GAB and CAE. Of these triangles, the sides GA and CA are equal because they are sides of the square ACFG. Similarly, the sides AB and AE are equal because they are sides of the square ABDE. Moreover, the angles GAB and CAE are equal, because they each contain the angle CAB plus a right angle of a square. The triangles GAB and CAE are thus congruent.
The area of the triangle GAB is half that of the square ACFG, because they share the side GA, and the point B is collinear with the square's opposite side FC. (This can be seen more clearly by noting that shearing GAB produces GAC, whose area is obviously half that of ACFG, and because shearing preserves area, so is the area of GAB.)
Similarly, triangle CAE has an area half that of the rectangle AKLE, because it shares the side AE, and C is collinear with KL.
But GAB and CAE are equal in area. Therefore, the square ACFG and the rectangle AKLE are equal in area.
By the same argument, the square BCHJ is equal in area to the rectangle BKLD. The two rectangles AKLE and BKLD make up the square ABDE, which is therefore equal to the area of ACFG plus that of BCHJ.
# Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Law of large numbers

Given X1, X2, ... an infinite sequence of i.i.d. random variables with finite expected value E(X1) = E(X2) = ... = µ < ∞, we are interested in the convergence of the sample average
${\overline {X}}_{n}={\tfrac {1}{n}}(X_{1}+\cdots +X_{n}).$

## The weak law

Theorem: ${\overline {X}}_{n}\,{\xrightarrow {P}}\,\mu \qquad {\textrm {for}}\qquad n\to \infty .$
Proof:
This proof uses the assumption of finite variance $\operatorname {Var} (X_{i})=\sigma ^{2}$ (for all $i$). The independence of the random variables implies no correlation between them, and we have that
$\operatorname {Var} ({\overline {X}}_{n})={\frac {n\sigma ^{2}}{n^{2}}}={\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{n}}.$
The common mean μ of the sequence is the mean of the sample average:
$E({\overline {X}}_{n})=\mu .$
Using Chebyshev's inequality on ${\overline {X}}_{n}$ results in
$\operatorname {P} (\left|{\overline {X}}_{n}-\mu \right|\geq \varepsilon )\leq {\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{n\varepsilon ^{2}}}.$
This may be used to obtain the following:
$\operatorname {P} (\left|{\overline {X}}_{n}-\mu \right|<\varepsilon )=1-\operatorname {P} (\left|{\overline {X}}_{n}-\mu \right|\geq \varepsilon )\geq 1-{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{n\varepsilon ^{2}}}.$
As n approaches infinity, the expression approaches 1. And by definition of convergence in probability (see Convergence of random variables), we have obtained
${\overline {X}}_{n}\,{\xrightarrow {P}}\,\mu \qquad {\textrm {for}}\qquad n\to \infty .$
# Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Fermat's little theorem

Fermat's little theorem (not to be confused with Fermat's last theorem) states that if $p$ is a prime number, then for any integer $a$, $a^{p}-a$ will be evenly divisible by $p$. This can be expressed in the notation of modular arithmetic as follows:
    $a^{p}\equiv a{\pmod {p}}.\,\!$
A variant of this theorem is stated in the following form: if $p$ is a prime and $a$ is an integer coprime to $p$, then $a^{p-1}-1$ will be evenly divisible by $p$. In the notation of modular arithmetic:
    $a^{p-1}\equiv 1{\pmod {p}}.\,\!$
# Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Euler's equation

Euler's equation states that,
    $\exp i\theta =i\sin \theta +\cos \theta$
From which, the famous identity,
    $\exp i\pi +1=0$
may be deduced.

## Proof
### Definition 1

    $\exp \varphi =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n!}}\varphi ^{n}$

### Definition 2

    $\sin \varphi =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n+1)!}}\varphi ^{2n+1}$

### Definition 3

    $\cos \varphi =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n)!}}\varphi ^{2n}$
The following results will be assumed;
    $\sin \pi =0$
    $\cos \pi =-1$

### Theorem 1

    $\exp i\theta =\cos \theta +i\sin \theta$

### Proof

By definition 1,
    $\exp i\theta =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n!}}(i\theta )^{n}$
Observe that one may split the summation into two,
    $\exp i\theta =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2n)!}}(i\theta )^{2n}+\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2n+1)!}}(i\theta )^{2n+1}$
Evaluating,
    $\exp i\theta =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {i^{2n}}{(2n)!}}\theta ^{2n}+\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {i^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}}\theta ^{2n+1}$
    $\exp i\theta =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n)!}}\theta ^{2n}+i\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n+1)!}}\theta ^{2n+1}$
By definition 2 and 3,
    $\exp i\theta =\cos \theta +i\sin \theta$ $\blacksquare$

### Theorem 2

    $\exp i\pi +1=0$

### Proof

By theorem 1,
    $\exp i\pi =\cos \pi +i\sin \pi$
    $\exp i\pi =-1+0i$
Hence,
    $\exp i\pi +1=0$ $\blacksquare$
# Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Geometry
## Plane Euclidean Geometry

Euclidean geometry is the form of geometry defined and studied by Euclid. It is generally distinguished from non-Euclidean geometries by the parallel postulate, which (in Euclid's formulation) states "that, if a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles".
This section covers theorems that relate to Euclidean geometry in two dimensions.
| Name of Topic | Subtopics |
| Lines and Angles | Parallel Lines |
| Polygons | Triangles, Pythagorean Theorem, Quadrilaterals, Polygon Construction |
| Trigonometry | Basic Trigonometry, Sine and Cosine Rules, Trigonometrical Identities |
| Curves | Circles, Conic Sections |
| Coordinate Geometry | Plane Cartesian Coordinates, Plane Polar Coordinates, Coordinate Transformations |

## Solid Euclidean Geometry

This section covers theorems that relate to Euclidean geometry in three dimensions. Many proofs in three-dimensional geometry rely on results in plane geometry.
| Name of Topic | Subtopics |
| Lines, Planes and Angles | |
| Polyhedra | Platonic Solids, Archimedean Solids |
| Curved Solids and Surfaces | Spheres, Cylinders, Cones, Quadrics |

## Elliptic Geometry

Elliptic geometry is a non-Euclidean geometry in which there are no parallel straight lines – any coplanar straight lines will intersect if sufficiently extended. The surface of a sphere, considered as a geometric space in its own right, exhibits this kind of geometry.

## Hyperbolic Geometry

Hyperbolic geometry is a non-Euclidean geometry in which every straight line has a continuum of parallel straight lines (in the 'never meeting' sense) through the same point.
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 4/Author Sign-Up Page

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# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 4/Chapter Introduction
## Diversity: Classroom Practice and Law

* How well do you handle diversity in your everyday life? Would you be scared to work with disabled children? How would you approach a student who is dealing with gender identification problems? Would you be able to teach a non English culture student American history without offending his or her original culture? How would you be able to help a code switching student with a grammar problem? You should be able to come with answers to these questions after reading this chapter.
* Schools are a miniature replica of the type of people our world consists of. Throughout the chapter you will be introduced to topics such as: inclusion, ADHD children, non American cultured students such a code switcher, students with gender issues and the challenge of the gifted. Like the real world, schools have laws by which they should abide by. Some of these laws are made to protect the student’s best interest during their educational years. Some laws are to protect the teachers, administrative, and principal personnel so that they are able to manage effectively the educational environment for students.
* The objective of this chapter is to introduce to you school practices and law information that are used to handle the students mentioned above. After reading this chapter you should be able to develop a better understanding on how to handle and manage types of students within legal guidelines and school practices if ever encountered in a classroom during your teaching career. No matter what subject you will teach, you will be faced with at least one or more types of diverse students within a classroom. It would be in your best interest to gain the knowledge to be able to manage the situation and offer a positive learning experience for all. As teachers we are encouraged to become chameleons throughout our career. Learning for and from our students is the best achievement we should meet to become the facilitator they need to succeed.
# Final Fantasy/Key Items/Lute

The Lute is a 2,000 year old heirloom of the royal family of Coneria. It has been passed down to the eldest child in each generation since the Time of Chaos, and is currently in the possession of Princess Sara. It makes a beautiful sound when played.
Princess Sara gave the Lute to the Light Warriors after they rescued her from Garland.
The music of the Lute is rumored to be the key to a magical lock within the Temple of Fiends.
# Final Fantasy/Locations/Coneria

| City Name | Coneria |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Ruler | King of Coneria |
| Inn | 30 G |
| Healer | 40 G |
Coneria, named Cornelia in later releases, is a small town protected by a castle. It is sometimes referred to by locals as the dream city. Rivers run through the town and the surrounding area is lightly wooded. It is located on a peninsula that juts into the Inner Sea in the middle of the Southern Continent. Coneria is cut off from the mainland of the continent by mountains and the Northern Strait. A bridge used to connect the Conerian peninsula to the mainland, but it fell into disrepair and was useless until repaired as a reward for the Light Warriors. Coneria is west of Pravoka.
Coneria has all of the amenities of modern living, including a well and a fountain. Business thrives despite Coneria's isolation. However, many goods are of low quality because Conerians generally have no need of the implements of warfare. The local weaponsmith sells an assortment of basic weaponry and the armorer provides only the basics in body armor. The Conerian sorcerers have developed some enchantments which, while not powerful, are quite useful to fledgling warriors out to make names for themselves. Arylon, the world-famous dancer, performs in Coneria.

## History

The city of Coneria was founded soon after the Time of Chaos as a military outpost to prevent the nearby Temple of Fiends from ever again being used as a base for the forces of evil. As time passed, however, the people of Coneria forgot their mandate. They became soft and complacent, and when the Four Fiends returned 1600 years later the Conerians were not ready. The Conerians quickly realized that they were no longer a match for the elemental powers of the Fiends and decided to seal all of their most powerful artifacts in the Treasury. The Mystic Key to the Treasury was given to the Elves for safekeeping in the hidden realm of Elfland. Due to fear of the Fiends, few people have traveled in the centuries after their return. Thus the North Bridge which connected Coneria to the mainland was neglected and eventually crumbled. Despite all of this, the city itself has managed to remain relatively peaceful under the small guard of the knights who remember the millennia-old purpose of Coneria's existence.
Coneria's peace has only recently been shattered. Lukahn, the sage who spoke the prophecy of the Light Warriors, left Coneria for Crescent Lake. As Lukahn predicted, a former knight known as Garland kidnapped Princess Sara. The trauma of the kidnapping caused Queen Jane to lock herself into her room. The King of Coneria tried to continue governing, but could not think of anything other than his missing daughter. Many of the day-to-day activities of the realm were conducted by Sara's sister until the Light Warriors rescued Sara. Following this, the King ordered the North Bridge to be repaired so that the Light Warriors could leave the peninsula.
# Final Fantasy/Locations/Gurgu Volcano

Gurgu Volcano is a large, active volcano in the middle of a large mountain range on the southern continent. It is to the south of Pravoka.
Final Fantasy Origins: Gulg Volcano
# Final Fantasy/Locations/Melmond

Melmond is a city on the western part of the southern continent. Coneria is to the east, and Pravoka is further east. Refugees from Melmond claim that the earth itself is rotting.
# Final Fantasy/Key Items/Key

The Mystic Key opens the doors to the Treasury of Coneria as well as a number of other locked doors throughout the world, including two doors in the Temple of Fiends and the door to the treasury of Elfland. It was given to the Prince of Elfland for safekeeping when the Four Fiends reappeared and the artifacts of Coneria were sealed in the Treasury.
# Final Fantasy/Locations/Crescent Lake

Crescent Lake is a town on the shores of the lake from which the town gets its name. The sage Lukahn moved to Crescent Lake from Coneria after prophesying that Garland would kidnap Princess Sara and that the Light Warriors would eventually rescue her.
# Final Fantasy/Locations/Elfland

Elfland is a secluded and hidden realm. It is home to the Elves and ruled by the benevolent Prince of Elfland. As far as any human is able to discern, the city has no logical layout. Paths branch off at random intervals, and not all paths lead to anything at all. There is a castle in Elfland, but the city is not protected by walls of any sort. Instead, the elves depend on the surrounding forest for protection.
Like most major cities, Elfland has an Inn and a Healer. In addition, the elves have established numerous shops, including a Weapon Shop that sells the powerful Silver Sword among its other wares, an Armor Shop stocked with magical Copper Bracelets, and an Item Shop that sells Houses. Being mystical creatures, the elves operate not only one but two of each Black Mystics and White Mystics for a total of four spell vendors. There is also a graveyard deep in the woods of Elfland.
The Mystic Key to the Treasury of Coneria is hidden in the castle of Elfland for safekeeping. The Prince holds the Key, but has been asleep for five years after being cursed by the evil Dark Elf Astos. No one has seen where Astos went after attacking the castle and raiding the treasury, stealing everything that was not protected by locks that can only be opened by the Mystic Key. He is said to be in disguise somewhere nearby. Some speculate that he may have something to do with the spooky Northwest Castle. Regardless of Astos's current location, if the Prince does not awaken soon, the dark elves will be able to conquer Elfland. The wise elves attending the Prince say that the only thing that can waken him is the Herb. Rumor has it that Matoya is able to prepare the Herb.
Final Fantasy Origins: Elfheim
# Final Fantasy/Locations/Matoya's Cave

Matoya's Cave is an isolated cave in the mountains north of Coneria and northwest of Pravoka. Matoya, the blind witch, lives alone in the cave along with her animated, speaking brooms.

## Treasure

* Heal Potion x 2
* Pure Potion
# Final Fantasy/Locations

Locations:
* Coneria (Cornelia)
* Crescent Lake
* Elfland (Elfheim)
* Gurgu Volcano (Gulg Volcano)
* Matoya's Cave
* Melmond
* North Bridge
* Northwest Castle
* Pravoka (Pravoca)
* Temple of Fiends (Temple of Chaos)
# Final Fantasy/Locations/North Bridge

The North Bridge connects Coneria to the continental mainland. It fell into disrepair after the return of the Fiends, but after the Light Warriors rescued Princess Sara of Coneria from Garland her father, the King of Coneria, rewarded the Light Warriors by ordering the bridge repaired.
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