OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Drawing

It's a good idea for a student of graphic design to learn how to draw. Sure, you can bypass this and do everything by computer, but drawing by hand trains your mind and your eye to seek out details and improve your grasp of visual forms. It develops different parts of your mind that relate to composition, color, anatomy, depth and mood, and helps you directly perceive things and interpret them.
Much of what we relate to in our lives is linear. For effective visual communication you need to develop a nonlinear, direct connection to the actual tensions, feelings, and dimesions you are interpreting and expressing in your work. Drawing can be an invaluable way to develop a direct connection to the world around you and develop your own outlook.
The ultimate aim of the graphic designer is to understand, use and coordinate the tools of the craft (typeface, art, photography, printing, etc.) and create a message that rises above them. As in music, you do not pay attention to the instruments alone but to the composition as a whole.
Draw some architecture, some life studies, and some abstract compositions. Start with basic media like pencil and charcoal, and then try some things in color. Look at master drawings for ideas and inspiration.
In interpreting three dimensions on a flat surface with a defined page shape, you encounter a number of issues. Evaluate how light falls across an object and how you can make shapes out of shadows. Shading, the gradation of darkness, is one of the most important factors when you draw an object. Shading and defining basic forms can provide a truer understanding of a dimensional object on a flat surface, and can make the difference between a really shoddy piece and a proper drawing. Get beyond outlining in your definition of form.
Appreciate your overall use of the page. Be familiar with positive and negative space (negative space is that space that falls between the objects) and understand they are all part of the overall composition.
To be successful at graphic design you need to develop a taste for solving visual problems and a set of strategies for resolving them.

## Examples
### Negative Space

With negative space, shape can be implied without drawing the feature itself.
This graphic only draws leaves, but implies a stem through negative space.
# Graphic Design/Elements of Design

That line can be straight (although some would argue that a line can never be truly straight) or curved. Lines are used to delineate objects as in a line drawing, or used to create graphs, or used to outline areas as in a framed effect. Imaginary lines are created when two areas of different colors, textures, or values meet to create a line between those effects.
* Colour - Hues, which are represented by the shades (add black), tones (middle ranges), and tints (add white) of any given color. Get a color wheel. You'll love yourself for that effort, because a color wheel can help you to determine various color schemes such as contrasting colors, triadic schemes, etc.
* Volume - Although volume is often represented by three-dimensional objects, a two-dimensional designer or artist can create the illusion of volume (and, therefore, depth and/or distance) through various techniques like perspective, shading, and highlights.
* Movement - Movement is not animation, although animation illustrates movement. Movement is how you as a designer move the viewer's eye through a space with the line, contrast, volume, and the placement of objects within a design (composition).
* Space - Space comes in two flavors: Positive space, which is represented by highlights or by an object; Negative space, which is represented by open space or by shadow. The balance of space creates a composition.
* Texture - Texture is illusion in two-dimensional design. In other words, the designer/artist creates the 'feel' of a brick, water, or other object through drawing or through photographic representation. Collage artists may represent texture through the actual object, such as sandpaper that represents sand.
* Value - Value is light and dark and all the shades in between (gray scale). The use of this element creates contrast.
* Typography - In design, topography is an element; however, it's an element created by other elements such as line, space, volume, and value.
# Graph Theory/k-Connected Graphs
## Definition of connectedness

Let u and v be a vertex of graph $G$.
* If there is a $u-v$ path in $G$, then we say that $u$ and $v$ are connected.
* If there is a $u-v$ path for every pair of vertices $u$ and $v$ in $G$, then we say that $G$ is connected or connected graph.

## Edge Connectivity

The minimum number of edges lambda($G$) whose deletion from a graph $G$ disconnects $G$, also called the line connectivity. The edge connectivity of a disconnected graph is 0, while that of a connected graph with a graph bridge is 1.

## Vertex Connectivity

The minimum number of vertices kappa($G$) whose deletion from a graph $G$ disconnects it.
Let lambda($G$) be the edge connectivity of a graph $G$ and delta($G$) its minimum degree, then for any graph,
kappa($G$) ≤ lambda($G$) ≤ delta($G$)

## k-connected Graph

A graph has edge connectivity k if k is the size of the smallest subset of edges such that the graph becomes disconnected if you delete them.
A graph has vertex connectivity k if k is the size of the smallest subset of vertices such that the graph becomes disconnected if you delete them. A 1-connected graph is called connected; a 2-connected graph is called biconnected. A 3-connected graph is called triconnected.

## Menger's Theorem

The size of the minimum edge cut for $u$ and $v$ (the minimum number of edges whose removal disconnects $u$ and $v$) is equal to the maximum number of pairwise edge-disjoint paths from $u$ to $v$
The size of the minimum vertex cut for $u$ and $v$ (the minimum number of vertices whose removal disconnects $u$ and $v$) is equal to the maximum number of pairwise vertex-disjoint paths from $u$ to $v$ ( An edge cut is a set of edges whose removal disconnects the graph, and similarly a vertex cut or separating set is a set of vertices whose removal disconnects the graph. )

## max-flow( maximum flow ) min-cut( minimum cut ) Theorem

The maximum flow between vertices $u$ and $v$ in a graph $G$ is exactly the weight of the smallest set of edges to disconnect $G$ with $u$ and $v$ in different components.
* maximum flow : The maximum flow between vertices $u$ and $v$ in a graph $G$
* minimum cut : the smallest set of edges to disconnect $G$ with $u$ and $v$ in different components.
# Graphic Design
## Discipline

    Graphics
    Type
    Web Design
    Corporate Identity Design

## Theory

    Form and Function
    Principles of Design
    Planning

## History

    Pioneers of Graphic Design

## Application and Techniques

    Project List
    Drawing
    Photography
    Sign Making
    Silkscreening

## Etc

    Statistics about graphic designers
    Authors
    Example of Immunization Record
# Corporate Identity Design

Looking at the logo for any well designed corporate identity schema gives the observer only a superficial glimpse, the tip of the iceberg, so-to-speak, of what amounts to a complex and often heavily regulated system of graphics, phrases, and service/product concepts designed to present the strongest, best face of a company to its consumers.
Corporate identity differentiates itself from branding by referring less to the identity of a product or service and more to the identity of the organization behind the product or service, though often these commingle (The Coca Cola Company and its product "Coca Cola" being perhaps the most well-known example).
An organization's identity package can be one of its most valuable assets, and, as such, great care should be taken in its development and usage. The identity is what customers will imagine, when they think of the company. Corporate identities can define companies as old corporate names, or as vibrant imaginative enterprises.
* Introduction
** What Identity is
** What Identity means to a company
* The Logo
** Definition of Logo
** Logotype vs. "Icon" style
** Applications of the Logo
** What a logo is not
* Additional Graphic Elements
* The Corporate Slogan/Motto/Mission Sentence
* Color
* Stylistic Considerations

## For further reading

* w:Strategic planning
# Marathi/Words

An updated list of Marathi language dictionaries, available on the Marathi language Wikipedia, is linked: w:mr:विकिपीडिया:भाषांतर प्रकल्प/ऑनलाइन शब्दकोश यादी. You can use this content to help translate English words to Marathi.

## Vocabulary List
### Nouns

डाळ: beans
मसूर: lentils
केस: hair
घडयाळ: clock
काळ: time
सकाळ: morning (noun)
दुपार: afternoon
संध्याकाळ: evening
रात्र: night
रंग: color (noun)
भाऊ: brother
बहीण: sister
बदाम: almond
रवि: the Sun
दगड: stone (noun)
टरबूज: melon
देश: country
शीरा: sheera; a dish of cracked wheat, cooked
आजोबा: grandfather
ताझा: fresh
शीळा: stale
झोडे: sandal-like shoes
पान: leaf
सफरचंद: apple
ओठ: lip
ओळख: recognition
ऊन: heat of the sun
बक्षीस: reward
आवाज: voice
आजी: grandmother
पशु: animal
आई: mother
बाबा: father

### Adjectives

मेला: dead (masculine)
मऊ: soft (adjective)
जंगली: wild (adjective)
ढग: cloud
पाळीव: domestic
पाणी: water
ज्वारी: sorghum
वाटाणा: pea
मानसशास्त्र: psychology
# Marathi language portal

Structure of page Marathi language
* Marathi language portal/Top paragraph
* Marathi language portal/Learn with pictures
* Marathi language portal/Learn with ease
* Marathi language portal/audiance
* Marathi language portal/brief index
* Marathi language portal/miscellaneous
* Marathi language portal/things to do
* Marathi language portal/translations
# Marathi/Verbs

Marathi verbs, as listed in a dictionary, usually end in nay:णे, similar to how an English dictionary would list verbs as per their bare infinitive forms.
Examples:
असणे: to be, to exist
होणे: to become, to occur
हसणे: laugh, verb
वाचणे: read, verb
# Marathi language portal/Learn with ease/1

* Pronunciation as of English alphabet A same pronunciation is in Marathi as ए = used to seek attention amongst young kids. (Don't use with elderly or unknown people to you)
* Remember pronunciation ए is not as of other words starting with A
* Remember pronunciation ए is usually like pronunciation as of English vowel e in pet, get
* pronunciation ए is also like a in English as of ate,gate,mate,rate
* ए is Seventh vowel in Marathi language
** Vowels in Marathi language अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, ऋ,ॠ, ऌ,ॡ, ॲ, ऑ
# Marathi/Introduction

Marathi is the main language spoken in Maharashtra, India. It is the mother tongue of about 90 million people. Marathi is believed to have evolved from Apabhransha and Maahaarashtri languages, which were derivatives of Prakrit.
It is written in Devanagari script, which is also used to write Hindi and Sanskrit. Marathi is similar to Hindi in structure and grammar.
The earliest documented use of Marathi goes back to the 13th century, though the language may have existed for some time before that.
It makes extensive use of grammatical cases and inflections for nouns, as well as prepositions, conjunctions, and verb conjugations.
# Marathi/Months

Marathi months are not similar and don't match with English months.
List of Marathi Months
* वैशाख - Vaishakh - May to June
    Vaishakh is season of crop harvesting and the second month of hindu calendar.Also Buddha Purnima falls in this month.
* ज्येष्ठ - Jeshta -June to July
    Maharashtrians celebrate vat purnima in this month. This is third month of hindu calendar.
* आषाढ - Ashad - July to August
    In this fourth month, Maharashtrians celebrate Gurupurnima and ashadi ekadashi celebrate.
* श्रावण - Shravan - August to September
    This fifth month brings also the festivals of Naagpanchimi and Narali purnima, Rakshabandhan .
* भाद्रपद - Bhadrapad - September to October
    This is month marks the festival of Ganesh Chaturthi.
* आश्विन - Ashwin - October to November
    Navratri, Durga puja, Kojagiri, Dasra, are all festivals celebrated in the seventh month of Ashwin.
* कार्तिक - Kartik - November to December
    Lakshmi pujan implies the worship of goddess Lakshmi.
Diwali Bhaubeej is celebrated in the month of Kartik.
* मार्गशीर्ष -Margashirshya -December to January
    Shree Datta Jayanti celebrated in the month of Margashirsh.
* पौष - Paush - January to February
    Makar sankranti is celebrated in this month & Paush अमावस्या is also celebrated in this month.
* माघ - Maagh -February to March
    Mahashivratri is celebrated in this month. On this day, people worship Lord Mahadev.
* फाल्गुन - Faalgun - March to April
    This is last month in the Hindu calendar. Holi is celebrated in this month.
# Marathi/Nouns

Some nouns:
Animals:
छबी: puppy
गरुड: eagle
हरिण: deer
पोपट: parrot
मोर: peacock
कावळा: blackbird/crow
जिमणी: sparrow; an ubiquitous bird
कबुतर: pigeon
बदक: duck
कोंबडा: rooster
बगळा: stork
गाय: cow, female
बैल: Brahma Bull
घोडा: horse
शेळीबाई: female goat
मेदृ:brain
पांघरुण: blanket
चहा: tea
घसा:throat
खडक: stone
काळा:black
पांढरा:white
पिवळा: yellow
निळे: blue
हिरवा: green
लाल: red
दुःख: pain
पेरु: guava
रूमाल: handkerchief
खार: squirrel
# Marathi language portal/Learn with ease/2

* Pronunciation as of English alphabet B same pronunciation is in Marathi as बी = In Marathi बी means seed (of any plant; for singular usage only, plural is different we will not get in to plural at this stage)
* Note pronunciation of English word "Bee" is also similar.
* Remember pronunciation बी is not necessarily as of other words starting with B
* Remember pronunciation बी consonant ब् as in 'Bucket'; so just ब् is without vowel. To make sound as in English word Bee vowel sound ई 's is added to consonant ब् with ी sign. Hence, ब् + ी = बी
* We learned:
* Consonant ब्
** Series of this consonant : प्, फ्, ब्, भ् , म्
* and vowel sign to go with consonants ी for vowel ई ; In English many spellings with ee like Bee, See, Pee contain longer sound like ई ( ी) also few English words with single e like 'me' have longer ई ( ी) vowel sound. (Sounds formed with English i vowel are usually shorter like 'big', 'pig' are shown in Marathi with different vowel इ ( ि) ; To make the difference more clearer; English word 'keen' contains longer vowel pronunciation as of ई ( ी) and word 'kin' has shorter pronunciation as of इ ( ि) )
** Vowels in Marathi language अ, आ, इ, ई = ी , उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, ऋ,ॠ, ऌ,ॡ, ॲ, ऑ
# Investing

Investing involves using your money (or borrowed money that you control) to earn more money.
Before proceeding, make sure that you understand the concepts of Personal Finance. Topics covered here are:
* Stock market
* Mutual funds
* Bonds
* Real estate
* Rental properties
* Starting a business
* Insurances
* Retirement plans
* Estate planning
* Sustainable/Environmental
* Tax advantaged investing
* Technical Analysis on trading and investing
Many excellent resources available on the web:
* American Association of Individual Investors is a comprehensive on-line guide to investing, developed to assist individuals in becoming effective managers of their own assets. Find how-to articles and interactive tools to expand your investing knowledge and apply it.
* Google Finance
* Yahoo! Finance Resources on stocks, mutual funds, other investments
* The Motley Fool Advice and philosophy on investing
* Morningstar Ratings on stocks and mutual funds
* New York Times Create a virtual portfolio that the Times will track for you
* Wikinvest.com no longer a wiki - based investment site, it is now SigFig owned by BlackRock Investments. BlackRock is the world's largest investment management firm.
* National Association of Investors Corporation Investment Clubs organization committed to teaching individuals how to become successful strategic long-term investors.
# Investigating Critical & Contemporary Issues in Education/Open Letter

Dear President Obama and Education Secretary Duncan,
We the future educators of American public schools have identified twenty pertinent challenges facing modern education. As undergraduates at the College of Coastal Georgia we have thoroughly researched and concisely condensed each of these issues. These contemporary troubles are presented in a manner for general public understanding. To investigate these challenges further we have interviewed and surveyed leading scholars from related fields and practitioners from within the school walls. Their thoughts and insight are also captured. From these conversations we have identified disparities in theory and practice. Based on this data we provide you with a one page action item statement to be implemented in future education policy. To seriously reform education and assist us as future educators we urge you to seriously consider the recommendations presented in this book. We all strive to educate and mold the next “Greatest Generation” of Americans.
# Japanese/Grammar/Grammar Assorted
## Question Word + V-ても

No matter (who/what/when/where/etc.) 例：
* タイタニックは何回見ても感動(かんどう)します。 No matter how many times I see Titanic, it moves me.
* このスープは誰が飲んでみても、まずいです。 This soup is gross, no matter who tries it.
* コミケットはいつ行っても、込んでいます。 No matter when you go to Comic Market, it's crowded.
* どんなに頭のいい人でもこの問題(もんだい)は分かりにくいです。 No matter how smart someone is, this problem is hard to understand.

## ～まま

Do while leaving something in a certain state. While still ～.
| Verbs | (plain, $'''past'''$, affirmative) + まま (plain, present, negative) + まま | つけたまま*　あけたまま* 消さないまま*　閉めないまま* |
| i-Adjectives | い + まま | 若いまま　赤いまま |
| na-Adjectives | な + まま | 便利なまま　元気なまま |
| Nouns | の + まま | 去年のまま　このまま |
*Note that these verbs are transitive. This is a little confusing because in English, we say "I left window open when I left the house." and in Japanese it would be 窓を開けたまま出かけた which is "I left the window in the state of having opened it when I left the house."
例：
* 電灯をつけたまま寝てしまった。 I went to bed with the lights still on.
* 電灯を消さないまま寝てしまった。 I went to bed without turning off the lights. (Same meaning as above example.)
* このままにしておいて下さい。 Please leave it like you found it. (Leave it like it is now.)
# Japanese/Elementary Japanese/Lesson 2

Template:Elementary Japanese TOC

## Intro
### Dialog

You can check out the translation here
| 山田： 鈴木さん, それは何ですか。 鈴木： これは辞書です。 山田： ああ、そうですか。 | やまだ：すずきさん, それはなんですか。 すずき：これはじしょです。 やまだ：ああ、そうですか。 |

### Vocabulary

| です | copula Is |
| これ | pron. This |
| それ | pron. That |
| 何（なに） | pron. What |
| 辞書 (じしょ) | n. Dictionary |

## Lesson
### What is a copula?

In English, the verb 'to be' serves two purposes: It acts as the copula, and it acts as the verb for existence. However, in many languages, including Japanese, these two verbs are separate—so it helps to have an understanding of the difference between the two usages.
A copula can be thought of as an equals sign: it equates two things to each other. In the sentence "That is a dog," 'is' is the copula. In the sentence "The dog is inside," you don't mean that 'the dog' and 'inside' are the same thing; you mean that the dog exists inside.
These two usages have different verbs in Japanese, so it'd be good to get used to it now. Here are some examples:
Using 'to be' as a copula:
* That man is the president.
* Joe is a salesman.
* The dog is a golden retriever.
* This paper is my report.
Using 'to be' to mean existence:
* Sara is outside.
* The plate is on the table.
* The watch is on my wrist
* They are at the mall.
* There is John.

### The Japanese Copula

In Japanese, です is the copula. It is used to equate two things. Let's look into translating the sentence, "This is a dictionary," into Japanese.
Since Japanese uses subject-object-verb word order, the copula (and all other verbs) come last in the sentence. If we were to form the English sentence in this way, it'd go like this: "This a dictionary is." If we directly translate the words to Japanese and throw in a particle to separate and denote the function of the words in the sentence, then we'll be done.
The word 'is', as I mentioned above, becomes です. We can use これ and じしょ for 'this' and 'dictionary', respectively. In this instance, これ is our subject (actually our topic), so we add the topic particle は after it (the direct-object, dictionary, does not need a particle when used with the copula.) Now, our sentence is "これはじしょです。", which is a complete, understandable Japanese sentence.

### Review

* AはBです。- A is B, A is a B.

## Translation for the text

| Sentences breakdown | English translation |
| Dialog やまだ：すずきさん、それはなんですか。 すずき：これはじしょです。 やまだ：ああ、そうですか。 | Dialog Yamada: Mr. Suzuki, What is that? Suzuki: This is a dictionary. Yamada: Ah, I see. |
Template:Elementary Japanese TOC
# Japanese/Grammar/Honorific prefixes
## Meaning

お o- is an exalted prefix. It shows respect for the individual or object to whom it pertains. ご go- plays a similar role, being attached to a separate group of words as explained below. Both お o- and ご go- can be written as 御.

## Translation

There is no equivalent in English. In translation it is either dropped, or (when appropriate) translated as your, etc.

## Usage

お o- can be applied to nouns, na-adjectives, i-adjectives, and verbs.
Because お o is exalted, it is not used on or about the speaker. For example,
    お元気(げんき)ですか。 O-genki desu ka?
is the formal way of asking "How are you." The normal response is
    元気(げんき)です。 Genki desu.
In the first example, person A is exalting person B by placing the exalted prefix お o- in front of the word 元気(げんき) genki, which refers to person B's health. In the response, person B omits the お o- prefix because he does not wish to exalt himself.
Note that お o- is usually only applied to words of Japanese origin, and most Sino-Japanese words take the honorific prefix 御(ご) go- instead, as in 御主人(ごしゅじん) master/husband. (元気(げんき) genki is a notable exception.)

## Examples

Words that commonly use お o- or 御(ご) go- include:

### Nouns

* お茶(ちゃ) o-cha "tea"
* お水(みず) o-mizu "water"
* お仕事(しごと) o-shigoto "job"
* お家(うち) o-uchi "home"
* お部屋(へや) o-heya "room"
* お父(とう)さん otousan "father"
* お母(かあ)さん okaasan "mother"
* お兄(にい)さん oniisan "older brother"
* お姉(ねえ)さん oneesan "older sister"
* お祖父(じい)さん ojiisan "grandfather"
* お祖母(ばあ)さん obaasan "grandmother"
* お子(こ)さん o-ko-san "child"
* ご主人(しゅじん) go-shujin "master/husband (of the person who is spoken to)"
* ご飯(はん) go-han "meal or (cooked) rice"

### Na-Adjectives

* お元気(げんき) o-genki "healthy"
* お好(す)き o-suki "liked"

### I-Adjectives

* お早(はや)い o-hayai "early"

### Verbs

* お入(はい)り o-hairi "Please enter."
* お座(すわ)り o-suwari "Please sit."
# Knots/Loop knots/Figure-eight loop

The figure-eight loop (not to be confused with the figure-eight knot, which is similar, but it is a stopper knot) is a loop knot that is used in climbing. It can be tied in two ways:
* Tie a figure-eight knot in a rope, then put the working end around something and follow the rope back through the figure-eight. This is the method used to attach a rope to a harness.
* Tie a figure-eight knot in a bight. This is not the way to attach a rope to something that you can't slip the loop over or into.
# Knots/Loop knots/Triple crown knot

One knot that might come in handy is the triple crown knot. It forms two fixed loops and can be tied without access to the ends of the rope, like the Knots/Loop knots/Bowline on a bight.
# Knots/Loop knots/Bowline on a bight

* Bowline on a bight
* Use: This makes a secure loop in the middle of a rope which does not slip.
* How to tie:
* A bight is the middle part of the rope (not the ends)
* In the middle of a rope, form a small loop.
* Thread the bight through the loop.
* Spread out the bight a little.
* Pass this down and around the whole knot.
* Continue until it come back to the neck where it started.
* Tighten the bight to complete the knot. Tighten carefully so that you don't get a kind of slip knot.