OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Handbook of Management Scales/Delivery performance
## Delivery performance (alpha = 0.873; composite reliability = 0.879; average variance extracted = 0.71)
### Description

Multi-item constructs served as variables for four performance measures of quality performance, delivery performance, flexibility performance and cost performance. Construct validity was given by satisfactory psychometric properties on content validity, unidimensionality, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity. The development and design of the survey instrument by an international group of senior researchers, as well as the grounding of each measurement item in empirical operations management literature, assured content validity.

### Items

Respondents were asked to indicate their performance relative to their competitors' performance on a number of dimensions, using a scale ranging from "far worse" (value = 1) to "far better" (value = 7).
* Order fulfillment speed
* Delivery speed
* Delivery as promised

### Source

* Power et al. (2010): The cultural characteristic of individualism/collectivism: A comparative study of implications for investment in operations between emerging Asian and industrialized Western countries. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 206-222.

### Comments

The endpoints of the scale are "far worse" (value = 1) and "far better" (value = 7). Therefore, an optimal mean value would be 4, if normal-distributed data is aimed at. However, all mean values are above 5. Therefore other endpoints might me recommendable to shift the mean value to 4.

### Related scales

* Comparative organizational performance
* Cost performance, flexibility performance, and quality performance
* Firm's financial performance over the past 5 years
* Performance
* Organizational performance: liquidity, profitability, growth, stock market performance
# Handbook of Management Scales/Dependence
## Dependence (alpha = 0.90)
### Items

Please indicate your opinion on the following statements referring to the relationship with this supplier (1: strongly disagree - 5: strongly agree):
* If our relationship with this supplier had been discontinued, we would have had difficulty achieving our goals.
* It would have been difficult for us to replace this supplier.
* We were quite dependent on this supplier.
* We did not have a good alternative to this supplier.

### Source

* Bode et al. (2011): Understanding responses to supply chain disruptions: Insights from information processing and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54. Previously used in: Jap/Ganesan (2000).

### Related Scales

* Buyer dependence
# Handbook of Management Scales/Customer involvement
## Customer involvement (alpha > 0.7; composite reliability = 0.85; average variance extracted = 0.55)
### Description

The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, employee involvement, JIT delivery by suppliers, pull, set up time reduction, statistical process control, supplier development, supplier feedback, and total productive/preventive maintenance.

### Definition

Lean production is an integrated socio-technical system whose main objective is to eliminate waste by concurrently reducing or minimizing supplier, customer, and internal variability. This dimension of lean production is about focusing on a firm’s customers and their needs.

### Items

Please indicate the extent of implementation of each of the following practices in your plant. (1) no implementation; (2) little implementation; (3) some implementation; (4) extensive implementation; (5) complete implementation.
* We frequently are in close contact with our customers.
* Our customers give us feedback on quality and delivery performance.
* Our customers are actively involved in current and future product offerings.
* Our customers are directly involved in current and future product offerings.
* Our customers frequently share current and future demand information with key marketing department.

### Source

* Shah/Ward (2007): Deﬁning and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.

## Customer involvement (alpha = 0.672)
### Items

* We are frequently in close contact with customers.
* Our customers seldom visit our plant. (not used in Flynn/Flynn 1999)
* Our customers give us feedback on quality and delivery performance.
* Our customers are actively involved in the product design process.
* We strive to be highly responsive to our customers' needs.
* We regularly survey our customers' requirements.

### Source

* Morita/Flynn (1997): The linkage among management systems, practices and behaviour in successful manufacturing strategy. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 17, No. 10, pp. 967-993.
* Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Customer orientation
## Customer orientation
### Description

Narver & Slater’s (1990) scale was used to measure customer orientation.

### Items

Please rate the extent to which the following items describe your logistics organization:
* We have a very good understanding of customer needs.
* There is a high commitment to serving customers’ needs.
* We have very clear objectives regarding customer satisfaction.
Items were measured with a 7-point Likert scale ranging from “1 = I strongly disagree” to “7 = I strongly agree”.

### Source

* Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6

### Comments

The scale was used as a control. No reliability indicators were reported for this scale.

## Customer orientation (AVE = 0.70; CR = 0.91)
### Description

Based on a comprehensive scale development and validation procedure, the authors find support for a five-dimensional scale to measure customer-based corporate reputation of a service firm: customer orientation, good employer, reliable and financially strong company, product and service quality, and social and environmental responsibility.

### Definition

Customer orientation is defined as the customers’ perceptions about the degree to which the company and employees go to satisfy customer needs, and puts the customers at the center of its focus.

### Items

* Has employees who are concerned about customer needs. (0.73)
* Has employees who treat customers courteously. (0.74)
* Is concerned about its customers. (0.70)
* Treats its customers fairly. (0.68)
* Takes customer rights seriously. (0.67)
* Seems to care about all of its customers regardless of how much money they spend with them. (0.65)

### Source

* Walsh & Beatty (2007): Customer-based Corporate Reputation of a Service Firm: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 127-143.

### Related Scales

* Customer responsiveness
# Canadian LGBT History/Bill C-150

The court case of Everett George Klippert caused much discussion of homosexuality among Canadians. In 1965 Everett George Klippert was interrogated by the police as part of an arson investigation in the Northwest Territories. Klippert was arrested after admitting that he had had sex with other men. When psychiatrists determined that he was unlikely to stop having sex with men, he was declared a dangerous offender and sentenced to life in prison. Maclean's, Canada's popular newsweekly, then printed an article sympathetic to homosexuals. This led to increasing calls to reform Canada's law on homosexuality. Klippert was released in 1971.
Same-sex sexual activity was decriminalized in Canada as a result of legislation (Bill C-150 AKA the omnibus bill) introduced in 1967 and passed in 1969 by then-Justice Minister and Attorney General of Canada, Pierre Trudeau (who later became the 15th Prime Minister of Canada). He famously commented, "There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation."

## References

* ↑ "Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos". CBC Digital Archives (video clip). Retrieved 2008-03-29.
* ↑ Chronology: Same-sex marriage, Canada.com, Tuesday, June 28, 2005
* Canadian LGBT History
* Introduction • Contributors • Print version
* Pre-colonial History • Overview • Two Spirit
* New France • Overview
* British North America • Overview • Buggery Law • Alexander Wood
* Early Canada • Overview
* Inter-war Canada • Overview
* Post-WWII Canada • Overview
* 1960s Onward • Overview • Bill C-150 • LGBT Publications • Bathouse Raids and Riots • Pride Parades • LGBT Services • LGBT Rights
# Canadian History/Viking Contact

‹ Back to North America before Europeans
The Viking Landings, talk about Red and Eriksson, the Scandinavian colonization of Iceland, Greenland and temporarily of Vinland.
Mention the historical notes of white skinned natives in Labrador and Newfoundland, also the proposed reasons for the colony's failure.

## Leif Ericsson

Christopher Columbus was not the first European to discover North America. Nearly five hundred years early, Leif Ericsson or “Leif the Lucky” heard of a mysterious land to the west. He set off in search of this place and discovered the land he called Vinland. This expedition is documented in two sagas: Grœnlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða. They describe Erikson establishing a Norse settlement in Vinland.
Leif Eriksson grew up with his father’s adventuresome spirit and urge to travel bred within him. When he was only 13 years old, Leif’s father, Erik the Red, was banished from Iceland and so the family voyaged to Greenland. It was then that Leif first learned how to man a ship. At the age of 24, he captained his first expedition – a trip to bring gifts for King Olav in Norway. Leif came back Christian and restless for another voyage.
In an attempt to prove claims of land to the west, Leif Eriksson set off on his second expedition. Bjarni Herljulfsson, a Norse trader, had been blown far off course during his last voyage and described seeing a lush, forested land. Leif Eriksson was enticed by these tales and bought Bjarni’s ship. With a crew of 34, he sailed for 600 miles before landing on a flat, glacier covered area. Leif named it Helluland after the flat rocks. The barren place (now thought to be Baffin Island) was disappointing and he left in search of a more fertile land. Leif travelled south and came to a wooded territory with white beaches. He named it Markland or Woodland. Yet, this too did not match Bjarni’s descriptions and he sailed on once more.
Leif and his crew journeyed for two days and arrived at another land, which is now believed to be somewhere near Newfoundland. According to the Grœnlendinga saga, the salmon were bigger than they had ever seen, there were abundant pastures for cattle, and rich forests grew. One of the crew members went missing while exploring the area and came back babbling about a patch of grapes. For this reason, Leif named it Vinland (Wineland). He built at least one permanent settlement and stayed in Vinland for the winter. The next spring, Leif and his crew returned to Greenland. There are no records stating that Leif Eriksson ever came back to Vinland.

## Sources

A Viking Voyage by W. Hodding Carter
The Canadian Encyclopedia: Viking celebration
BBC - History - Vikings (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ )
Forward to First Contact ›
# Canadian LGBT History
## Chapters

* Introduction
* Contributors
* Print Version

### Pre-colonial History

* Overview
* Two-Spirit (Rupp, Leila J. Sapphistries, p.81-85)

### New France (1608-1763)

* Overview

### British North America (1763-1867)

* Overview
* Buggery Law
* Alexander Wood
* Boston Marriages in Eastern Canada

### Early Canada (1867-1914)

* Overview

### Inter-war Canada

* Overview

### Post-WWII Canada

* Overview
* Lesbian Bar Culture of the '50s and '60s (Sources: Elise Chenier in Rethinking Canada, p. 301-318)

### 1960s Onward

* Overview
* Bill C-150
* LGBT Publications
* Bathhouse Raids and Riots
* Pride Parades
* LGBT Services
* LGBT Rights
# Haskell/Understanding monads/Solutions/IO
## Print a list of arbitrary values

The function map would print out every value from the list, but would produce [IO]. We'd thus need to chain sequence $ map, which is exactly how the function mapM is defined. Because we are not collecting the results of print but focus only on its actions, we can discard them with mapM_.

## Generalize the bunny invasion example

If we were not working with monads, applying function f :: a -> a three times would be achieved by f(f(f(x))), which can be rewritten as (f . f . f) x. This suggests that if we want to generalize it to apply the function n times we could fold the list of fs using the (.) as the accumulating function:
The initial value for foldr is id since $f^{0}(x)=x$.
Now all we have to do is translate this to monads, that is replace (.) with monad composition operator (>=>), id with return and arbitrary f with generation, yielding:
We can verify that it works as expected:

## What is the expected behavior of sequence for the Maybe monad?

The Maybe monad represents a possible failure. If a failure occurred at any point in computing a list then the whole list cannot be computed, thus we expect that sequence of a list will produce Nothing if there are Nothings in the list and Just a list otherwise. This is indeed what happens:
# Common Lisp/Reference/cons

The cons is both Lisp's fundamental memory object and the name of a Lisp operator. The cons, as the memory object, is a memory construct which is able to store a pair of objects, known as the car and the cdr.
The cons operator offers a way to both create a cons object and also set the values. So, for example, the following command creates a cons object with the car field set to 1 and the cdr field set to 2:
As the cons object can also store references to other cons objects in its car and cdr fields, the cons field is also able to be used as a basic building block for a series of data structures. So, a singly linked list could be constructed with cons objects such as:
The previous car nested structure generates an equivalent singly linked list to the following:

## See also

* car
* cdr
* list
# Common Lisp/Reference/defstruct

The defstruct construct declares a new user-defined data type which has a fixed number of named components. It also creates structure constructor.

## Example

The following example declares a Lisp structure with the symbol point and three slots referenced by the symbols x, y, and z. Here constructor is named make-point.

## See also

* defclass
* s# macro

## References

* ↑ Fundamentals of CLOS by Nick Levine, Ravenbrook Limited, 2003-07-15
# Communication Course
## Communication

Communication is a way of exchange information between people, animals, and even machines. Communication is a two way communication between transmitters and receivers. Transmitters transmit information. Receivers receive information.

## Electronic Communication Theories

* Information
* Signal
* Signal Processing
* Transmitting Medium
* Communication Devices
* Communication Systems

## Telecommunication

* Telecommunication Systems
# Communication Course/Information

Information is a communication term used to describe any of the following entities
* Audible Sound in the frequency range of 2kHz - 20 kHz . Example human animal sound
* Audible Voice in the frequency range of 3kHz - 30 MHz . Example human speech conversation
* Video in the frequency range of 30Hz - 30 GHz . Example Tivi motion picture
* Data in the frequency range of 2kHz - 20 kHz . Example Computer data

## Information Processing

Information exists in many wave forms generate from different sources. Before information can be processed by electronic devices information needs to be converted to electronic waves forming a signal. Then signals can be processed by electronic devices to amplify the signal, with the volume controlled by adjusting the amplitude of the signal.
# Communication Course/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Course

# Information

Information is a communication term used to describe any of the following entities
* Audible Sound in the frequency range of 2kHz - 20 kHz . Example human animal sound
* Audible Voice in the frequency range of 3kHz - 30 MHz . Example human speech conversation
* Video in the frequency range of 30Hz - 30 GHz . Example Tivi motion picture
* Data in the frequency range of 2kHz - 20 kHz . Example Computer data

## Information Processing

Information exists in many wave forms generate from different sources. Before information can be processed by electronic devices information needs to be converted to electronic waves forming a signal. Then signals can be processed by electronic devices to amplify the signal, with the volume controlled by adjusting the amplitude of the signal.

# Signal
## Electronic Signal

Information exists in many wave forms generated from different sources. Before information can be processed by electronic devices information needs to be converted to electronic wave forms called signals. Then signals can be processed by electronic devices to amplifying the signal, with volume controlled by adjusting the amplitude of the signal.

## Types of electronic signals

* Sine wave
* Square wave
* Triangular wave

# Signal Processing
## Modulation

Sound, voice

### Types of Modulation

* Amplitude Modulation (AM)
* Frequency Modulation (FM)
* Phase Modulation (PM)

## Sampling
# Transmitting Medium
## Wires

Communication signals travel through wire as radiated electromagnetic wave to receiver

## Air

Communication signals travel through the air as radiated electromagnetic wave to receiver

# Communication Devices
## Communication Devices

* Microphone
* Speaker
* Antenna
* Phone
* Radio
* Cassette
* Disc Player
In computer technology field, communication devices may mean such things as sound cards, internet cards, modems and some other examples of computer interfaces.
# Common Lisp/Reference/cdr

The cdr operator, along with car, is one of the basic building blocks of Common Lisp which are used to build cons cells.
The cdr operator, when applied to a list, returns the remainer of that list. For example:

## See also

* cons
* car
* list
# Common Lisp/Reference/defvar

The defvar special form defines variables with a global scope. The following example declares a global variable with the symbol "temperature" and sets its value to 20:

## See also

* defparameter
* defconstant
# Common Lisp/Reference/car

car, along with cdr, is one of the basic building blocks of Common Lisp which are used to build cons cells.
The car operator, when applied to a list, returns the first element of that list. For example:
It can be replaced by first function :

## References

* ↑ Accessor FIRST at CLHS

## See also

* cons
* cdr
* list
* cadr
# Communication Course/Communication Devices
## Communication Devices

* Microphone
* Speaker
* Antenna
* Phone
* Radio
* Cassette
* Disc Player
In computer technology field, communication devices may mean such things as sound cards, internet cards, modems and some other examples of computer interfaces.
# Communication Course/Signal
## Electronic Signal

Information exists in many wave forms generated from different sources. Before information can be processed by electronic devices information needs to be converted to electronic wave forms called signals. Then signals can be processed by electronic devices to amplifying the signal, with volume controlled by adjusting the amplitude of the signal.

## Types of electronic signals

* Sine wave
* Square wave
* Triangular wave
# High School Geometry/Points, Lines, and Planes

Three of the most basic objects in geometry are the point, the line, and the plane. These are described in the table below.
| Object | Description |
| Point | A specific place in space. They are infinitely small (they have no size) and are denoted by a single capital letter; e.g. point $A$. |
| Line | A straight path that extends infinitely in both directions (denoted by the left and right arrows in the picture to the left. Lines are denoted by two points on the line under a left-right arrow symbol, such as ${\overleftrightarrow {AB}}$ or sometimes ${\overleftrightarrow {BA}}$. Also, lines are made up of an infinite number of points. |
| Plane | A flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions. Planes have no thickness whatsoever and can be made using a minimum of three points. Shown here is a plane being intersected by two lines. Planes are named by three points on the flat surface (i.e. "plane $ABC$"). Note that the letters cannot be on the same line, and the letters can be named in any order. When you can find a capital cursive letters in the plane you may do so. For example, if plane $ABC$ had a capital cursive letter ${\mathcal {Q}}$ on the plane, you may name it "plane ${\mathcal {Q}}$. |
# High School Geometry/Segments and Distance

A line segment is a portion of a line that has two endpoints and includes all of the points in between those endpoints. A segment, therefore, does not extend in two directions. It ends at two different places on a line (denoted by endpoints). A line segment can be named by these endpoints, with a horizontal bar above the letters ( ${\overline {AB}}$ ).
# High School Geometry/Quadrilaterals

* Interior Angles
* Exterior Angles
* Classifying Quadrilaterals
* Using Parallelograms
* Proving Quadrilaterals are Parallelograms
* Rhombi, Rectangles, and Squares
* Trapezoids
* Kites
# High School Geometry/Rays and Angles

A ray is a line that starts at one point and continues in on direction a way to write it is AB with a line and a dot
# High School Geometry/Reasoning and Proof

* Inductive Reasoning
* Conditional Statements
* Deductive Reasoning
* Algebraic Properties
* Diagrams
* Two-Column Proof
* Segment and Angle Congruence Theorems
* Proofs About Angle Pairs
# High School Geometry/Right Triangle Trigonometry

* The Pythagorean Theorem
* Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem
* Using Similar Right Triangles
* Special Right Triangles
* Tangent Ratio
* Sine and Cosine Ratios
* Inverse Trigonometric Rations
* Acute and Obtuse Triangles
# High School Geometry/Similarity

* Ratios and Proportions
* Properties of Proportions
* Similar Polygons
* Similarity by AA
* Similarity by SSS and SAS
* Proportionality Relationships
* Similarity Transformations
* Self-Similarity (Fractals)
# High School Geometry/Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

* Lines and Angles
* Parallel Lines and Transversals
* Proving Lines Parallel
* Slopes of Lines
* Equations of Lines
* Perpendicular Lines
* Perpendicular Transversals
* Non-Euclidean Geometry
# High School Geometry/Perimeter and Area

* Triangles and Parallelograms
* Trapezoids, Rhombi, and Kites
* Areas of Similar Polygons
* Circumference and Arc Length
* Circles and Sectors
* Regular Polygons
* Geometric Probability
# High School Geometry/Relationships Within Triangles

* Midsegments of a Triangle
* Perpendicular Bisectors in Triangles
* Angle Bisectors in Triangles
* Medians in Triangles
* Altitudes in Triangles
* Inequalities in Triangles
* Inequalities in Two Triangles
* Indirect Proof
# Fundamentals of Human Nutrition/Bibliography
## Bibliography

Please use the APA Style Tutorial to assist you with your entries. Use the Citation Machine to assist you with your bibliography entries.

### -A-

American Heart Association. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Understanding-Food-Nutrition-Labels_UCM_300132_Article.jsp