OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Starting and Running a Business/Laws related to raising capital
## Laws related to raising capital

When businesses need to raise money (called 'capital'), more laws come into play. A highly complex set of laws and regulations govern the offer and sale of investment securities (the means of raising money) in most Western countries. These regulations can require disclosure of a lot of specific financial and other information about the business and give buyers certain remedies. Because "securities" is a very broad term, most investment transactions will be potentially subject to these laws, unless a special exemption is available.
Capital may be raised through private means, by public offer (IPO) on a stock exchange, or in many other ways. Major stock exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq (USA), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), and so on. Most countries with capital markets have at least one.
Business that have gone "public" are subject to extremely detailed and complicated regulation about their internal governance (such as how executive officers' compensation is determined) and when and how information is disclosed to the public and their shareholders. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other Western nations have comparable regulatory bodies.
# Reaktor/Ensembles
## Dissected ensembles, with description of their inner workings

* L3
* Weedwacker
# Reaktor/Hardware/Controllers

* Lemur - programable multitouch contoller. Tutorial how to use Lemur and Reaktor together
* Faderfox Although designed for Ableton Live, may be used with Reaktor
# Reaktor/Hosts/Ableton Live
## Links

* Ableton Live User Forums

## Known integration problems

* none?
# Reaktor/Ensembles/Best

You can add a list of your favourite ensembles, but please add a comment WHY you like them, what is so special about them etc...

## Twisted Tools

* Buffeater: Insane glitch effects plugin! Probably the best out there...internal automation, dynamic routing, high quality
* Vortex: Amazing granular sampler/sequencer with a lot of modulation options. Easy to use and nice looking.
* Colorflex Unique sequencer with cell matrix. Fun poly-rhythmic stuff!
* Flakes Cool free granular sampler (there are a bunch of other cool free ones too...)

## User 1

* Wilderbeast: It's spacy and trippy in a 70s analog lasershow freakout kinda way.
* Haseline II: Someday musicians will be replaced by machines. That day has come.

## Ogo Pogo

* Crow Orpheus: a monster-synth!
* Vocal Modeler Xtreme: amazing vocal fx ensemble
* Crow Oberline: a recreation of the Oberheim Sem

## Kush Arora

* Squarepusherizer: Generative drum and bass drum loop beat slice sequencer
* FX swithcer: Sequencer based fx matrix
* Bassy bass drum: The bassiest digital synth bass drum i've ever heard
# Reaktor/Hardware/Computers
## Processor

* For audio processing, it’s usually much better to have a slower CPU with good hardware acceleration of floating-point operations (such as a Pentium) than a faster integer-based CPU (such as a Celeron)

## Quiet computer

* How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Silencing
* Super-quiet Power Supplies at Sound on Sound

## On the web

* Setting Up A Computer Studio at Sound on Sound
* New Intel Chipsets: Good For Musicians? at Sound on Sound. September 2004
* Pentium-M laptops at Sound on Sound. December 2003
# Reaktor/Hardware

Hardware recommendations, optimization issues, known problems and resolutions, purchasing guides (but not just a brand advertising, it should be brand-independent, general guide, if you name a particular brand it should be based on your experience)
* Computers
* Controllers
* Soundcards
# Reaktor/History

* 1996: Generator 0.96 - modular synthesizer for the PC requiring a proprietary audio card for low-latency operation
* 1998: Generator 1.5 - total redesign featuring hierarchical structures and support for any standard Windows soundcard
* 1999: Generator/Transformator/Reaktor 2.0 - adds granular sampling, real-time display of envelopes and filters, and support for the Macintosh
* 2000: Reaktor 2.3 - introduces the Premium Library and plug-in support for VST, VSTi, DirectConnect, MOTU, and DirectX formats
* 2001: Reaktor 3.0 - redesigned audio engine, new graphic design, event and audio tables, XY control, new synthesis and sampling Modules
* 2002: Reaktor 3.5 - improved sample handling, improved VST performance, integrated browser, total cross-platform compatibility
* 2003: Reaktor 4.0 - many improvements, new features, lots of bugs
* 2003-09: Reaktor 4.0.4 update
* 2004-04: Reaktor 4.1.2 update
* 2004-09: Reaktor 4.1.3 update
* 2005-04: Reaktor 5.0 announcement
* 2005-05-30: Reaktor 5.0 released. New features: core technology, skinable panel elements, new graphical modules, breaktpoint envelopes, improved RTAS support... full list
# Reaktor/Hosts
## Reaktor as plugin

This page should not include a list of all known VST hosts, but manuals for use of Reaktor with a host, issues and solutions etc.
* Steinberg Cubase
* Cakewalk Sonar
* Emagic Logic
* Ableton Live
* Digidesign Pro Tools
* MOTU Digital Performer
* Tracktion
* EnergyXT
* Plogue Bidule
* Renoise
* FL Studio
* Cakewalk Project5
# Reaktor/Ensembles/L3

L3 is a loop-based sample transformer. You can modifying the sound of loaded loops using different sound effects using a step-sequencer. These modifications, which are grouped into patterns (from A to H), can also be sequenced.
Each pattern consists of a number of step-sequenced sound modifications. Each step represents a 1/16 note. The sound parameters that can be modified are offset inside the sample, gain, panning, pitch, reversing a portion of the sample, rolling (stutter effect) a portion of the sample, and modifying the attack and the decay of the sample portion.
The ensemble can be separated into two big units, the sequencer unit and the audio unit. Roughly, these units are separated into the modules "Seq V5" (pattern sequencer), "Editor" (pattern editor/sound parameter sequencer) for the sequencer unit, and "Engine" for the audio unit.

### Seq V5

SeqV5 is, according to its comment, a sequencer built by [Walker-Hall]. It is the part of the L3 ensemble that sequences the patterns, and handles the pattern length. On the L3 panel, it is the top bar with the pattern names on top, and crosses underneath the activated patterns, as well as the bar and beats-per-bar scale value field on the left. It has no input port (except the mysterious inactive "*"), and outputs the pattern length in 96th (port 96L), the current pattern number (port #), the current position inside the current pattern in 96th (port 96P), as well as the same information in 16th, which isn't used in the L3 ensemble.
SeqV5 consists of 4 modules. "Time" handles the bars and beat-per-bars inputs, and outputs the length of the pattern in 96th. It somehow involves the number of voices of the instrument, which is locked to 32. The maximum number of bars is voices module beats-per-bar, which is kind of obscure. "96P" handles the midi clock information and the pattern sequencer, and outputs the current bar, whether the module is playing, and the position in 96th inside the active pattern. "Pattern" handles the pattern sequencer, and outputs the number of current pattern according to the information out of "96P". "16P" transforms the 96th time into 16th time.
"96P" determines the current pattern and the sequences of pattern inside a macro "Loop", which interprets the mouse-area messages over the pattern sequencer. The Mouse macro converts the 0-1 X coordinate of the mouse area to a value from 1 to 16, and passes the mouse clicks to the loop area macro. This macro catches the x-coordinate of the mouse on the first click, and merges this first x-coordinate with future coordinates (moving the mouse with the button pressed). These coordinates are sorted, and the resulting range is the active pattern range in the pattern sequencer. The LLd and LSd outputs are used for the display of the selected range, while LL and LS are the actual outputs. They get triggered when a snapshot is recalled or when the mouse is released.
# Reaktor/Hardware/Soundcards
## General

Regardless of the sound card you choose, if you use Windows you will have to tweak your system to get smooth low latency operation. Some basic tips:
* If it's a PCI sound card, make sure it's not sharing an IRQ with anything. In the device manager, choose view resources by type and make sure nothing else is on the same IRQ as your card. If there is, you might try moving it to a different PCI slot.
* Turn off screen savers, virus scanners, firewalls, Palm Pilot sync and any other memory resident programs that might interfere. A hardware gateway/router that does NAT is a good idea if you have a highspeed connection - running a Windows-based computer on a highspeed connection with no firewall at all is suicidal.
* DO NOT lower the hardware acceleration on your video card as some resources have suggested. Running in 16 bit color could help. more info
* Make sure you have the latest drivers for your unit.

## Recommended soundcards

* Echo Indigo DJ Portable CardBus card for a laptop, doesn't require power supply, very low latency ~5ms, two independent outputs (line, phones), non-exclusive driver, which allows to run multiple sound application at the same time and mix their signal on the card
* RME Multiface 8-in 8 out interface with PCI card or Cardbus, very low latency ~5ms
* M-Audio 24/96 An inexpensive low latency solution, good for beginners. ~5ms or less with a bit of tweaking.
* 01Xray site dedicated to the 01XThe yamaha 01X is ideal for Reaktor as not only do you get a low latency soundcard ~5ms or less but yo also get a control surface which is great for tweaking all those knobs and faders in Reaktor. RRP £1299 although it is available for about £1000 from most retailers.
# Reaktor/Synthesis/Additive
## Additive synthesis in general

* Synthesizer at Wikipedia
* Additive synthesis at Wikipedia
* An Introduction To Additive Synthesis at Sound on Sound
* Broken Gadget Articles on Additive Synthesis
* Digital Music Online Course Additive Synthesis Technique
# Reaktor/Synthesis/Frequency Modulation

"Frequency Modulation Synthesis" is mostly abbreviated to "FM synthesis" and this abbreviation will be used further on.

## FM synthesis in general

* Synthesizer at Wikipedia
* Frequency modulation synthesis at Wikipedia
* An Introduction To Frequency Modulation at Sound on Sound
* FM Tutorial
* Digital Music Online Course Frequency Modulation Synthesis Technique
* Digital Sound Synthesis Using FM

## Examples of FM Instruments for Reaktor

* SoundForum Synth

## Classic hardware FM instruments

* Yamaha DX7
# Reaktor/Modules/System Info
## Comments

* The CR output fires constantly at the control rate (typically 400hz). So, if the CR output is connected to a complex event structure, you will have a lot of events being processed that will eat more CPU.
# Reaktor/Modules/Unison Spread

Spread gives an offset value which is different for each of the voices which are playing the same midi note (Unison). When only one voice is playing a note, the value is zero. The offsets are grouped around zero and are multiples of the value at the module's input.
If someone can give ideas of what it is used for that would be most welcome.
# Reaktor/Synthesis
## Synthesis techniques available in Reaktor

* Subtractive Synthesis
* Frequency Modulation Synthesis (FM)
* Additive Synthesis
* Wavetable Synthesis
* Granular Synthesis
* Physical Modelling
* Amplitude Modulation

## Synthesis techniques NOT available in Reaktor

* Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

## Books on Synthesis

* The Csound Book Whilst this book is about a competing product, the free and text based csound program it does contain a huge amount of information on various types of synthesis. Check the reviews on amazon to see if it's appropriate for you.
# Reaktor/Synthesis/Granular
## Granular synthesis in general

* Granular synthesis at Wikipedia
* Granular Synthesis Resource Site

## Examples of Granular synthesis Instruments for Reaktor

* Reaktor/Ensembles/Travelizer

## Classic hardware granular synthesis instruments

* do they exist at all?
there's at least one: v-synth
# Reaktor/Modules/Terminal
## Terminal Modules

* In Port
* Out Port
* IC Send
* IC Receive
* Send
* Receive
* OSC Send
* OSC Receive
# Beat Mashery

This page is for gathering the information from this thread on the Reaktor Forums and for documenting the planning and implementation of beat mashing / editing tools.

## Ideas and Inspiration

The GURU drum machine has some nice editing features, such as click / drag to create a row of hits with up / down dragging changing the timing of the hits (8ths , 16ths etc..) then if the SHIFT key is held down, up / down dragging can create velocity fades.

## Instruments

Dave Pape suggested working on 3 components that each handle a major part of the process
* Break Slicer
* Chop-player (Sequencer)
* Sample-player

### Break Slicer

Automatic slicer using threshold with user control for slice points.
Creates map across keyboard for use in the sample player
* Single Hits
* Processed single hits : Need to define a set of processes, tag which hits are interesting
* Break Sections
For the processed hits section maybe look at how to generate them as .wav / .aiff files as well.

### Sequencer

Something like an event table containing blocks of MIDI data: rolls, filter sweeps etc
* Automatic layout of all hits from the sample map
* Each row can have a different quantize setting which is easy to adjust while editing
* Keyboard modifiers for preset and custom row patterns

#### Row Patterns

Have a set of predefined patterns and custom patterns. Hold down key (or select from list) to activate pattern, mouse click inserts selected pattern at cursor position.
Maybe have option for 'wrap pattern' so that patterns that go off the right edge wrap back to the start.

#### Controller Data

Preset lanes for controllers like cutoff, pitch shift. Ideally allow adding custom lanes to control anything, see the EVENT BUS from the user lib.

### Sample Player

Sample-based instrument containing a sample map made from the output of the Break Slicer. Plays MIDI from the sequencer.
# Reaktor/Modules/Value

When an event arrives to the IN port (and only in such case), it is immediately changed to a value set by VAL port. It's a simple and very fast substitution of one value to another one.
# Reaktor/Modules/XY
## On the web

* XY tutorial by Programchild. Available to registered Reaktor 4 users
# SPM/F and T tests
## Pages from WikiPedia

F test
T_Test
# SPM/Haemodynamic Response Function

Generally speaking, cognitive processing is associated with increases in neuronal firing rates. The increased neural activity leads to increased metabolic requirements for the neurons. The onset of neural activity leads to a systematic series of physiological changes in the local network of blood vessels that include changes in the cerebral blood volume per unit of brain tissue (CBV), changes in the rate of cerebral blood flow (CBF), and changes in the concentration of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin.
There are different fMRI techniques that can pick up a functional signal corresponding to changes in each of the previously mentioned components of the haemodynamic response. The most common functional imaging signal is the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent signal (BOLD), which primarily corresponds to the concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin. In simple terms, the magnetic resonance signal comes from exciting hydrogen nuclei with a radiofrequency pulse, and detecting the radio waves emitted as the nuclei return to a lower-energy configuration. Deoxyhaemoglobin has different magnetic properties than oxyhaemoglobin - it is paramagnetic, which means that it will make the local magnetic field over a microscopic domain inhomogeneous. This has the effect of dephasing the signal emitted by the nuclei in this domain, causing destructive interference in the observed MR signal. Over a macroscopic domain (i.e., one functional voxel) greater amounts of deoxyhaemoglobin lead to less signal. The functional BOLD signal is seen as an increase in the MR signal that corresponds to a decrease in the concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin. The decrease of deoxy-Hb concentration is seen because the increase in CBF following neural activity more than accounts for the effect of increased uptake of oxygen.
For the purposes of estimating the BOLD signal in an experimental paradigm, SPM makes use of a canonical haemodynamic response function (HRF). This function is assumed to be the response of the system (as reflected by the MR signal) to a brief, intense period of neural stimulation. The SPM HRF is shown in the graph on the right, and exhibits a rise peaking at 5 sec, followed by an undershoot that persists for a considerable period (with a peak around 15 sec). The code for this graph is below.
In this graph, the y-axis is in arbitrary units. A common way to plot the impulse response is in units of percent signal change from a baseline condition. A very robust stimulus (such as a contrast taken between a flickering visual stimulus and no visual stimulus) may produce changes on the order of 2%-4% in the BOLD signal. The change observed in contrasts involving higher-level cognitive processes is typically much smaller.
# SPM without Graphical Output

* Start MATLAB with options:
** -nodisplay -nosplash
** -noFigureWindows on Windows platforms
* Initialise SPM with the following:
* Enable the Command Line mode in your SPM scripts:
* Use Xvfb (X virtual framebuffer) on Linux platforms.
# Copying your files from the scanner
## FTP

You will probably need an FTP program like SmartFTP (for Windows) or AxyFTP (for Linux) to connect to your scanner and download all the images that have been acquired.

## Building your own DICOM archive

Instead of copying your files via FTP or CD/DVD, you may set up a DICOM server or connect to a PACS/RIS using free DICOM tools.
There are some free DICOM toolkits around from which you can build your own DICOM archive. An ancient, but very robust DICOM server can be found at ftp://ftp.erl.wustl.edu/pub/dicom/software/ctn/. The software is known to compile and run under both 32bit and 64bit Linux. Once you have set it up, you can configure your scanner console to send the images to this server using the scanner GUI.

# Reconstruction of functional images

See with your physics team.

# DICOM conversion for structurals
## GUI

Go to Toolbox > DICOM
# SPM/Inference
## Pages from WikiPedia

Inference
# Stata/Random Number Generation

Stata
* Basics
** Introduction
** Settings
** Documentation
** Probability Function
** Random Number Generation
** Data Management
** Graphics
** Programming
** Mata
** Natural Language Processing
** Publication Quality Output
** Descriptive Statistics
* Methods
** Maximum Likelihood
** Bayesian Methods
** Bootstrap
** Non Parametric
** Matching
** Quantile Regression
* Topics
** Linear Models
** Binomial Outcome Models
** Multinomial Models
** Count Data Models
** Tobit and Selection Models
** Duration Analysis
** Multilevel Modeling
** Time Series
** Spatial Econometrics
** Factor Analysis
* Problems

## Generate a univariate uniform distribution

* The function -runiform- returns uniformly distributed pseudorandom numbers on the interval [0,1)
You have built-in random number generation methods for the main distributions. The keyword is rnd. The list of all available distributions is given in the following help file: -h rnd-

## The Inverse CDF method

* The basic function for generating random numbers is uniform. Therefore you generally have to use the inverse CDF method to sample from other distributions.
We can draw from a uniform distribution :
We can draw from a normal distribution :
We can draw from a $\chi ^{2}$ distribution
We can draw from a Fisher Snedecor distribution
We can draw from a Student distribution. Remember that invttail is not the inverse of the CDF (cumulative distribution function) but the inverse of the survival function (1 - the CDF).

## Multivariate Normal Distributions

drawnorm draws directly from a multivariate normal distribution.
# Stata/Settings

Stata
* Basics
** Introduction
** Settings
** Documentation
** Probability Function
** Random Number Generation
** Data Management
** Graphics
** Programming
** Mata
** Natural Language Processing
** Publication Quality Output
** Descriptive Statistics
* Methods
** Maximum Likelihood
** Bayesian Methods
** Bootstrap
** Non Parametric
** Matching
** Quantile Regression
* Topics
** Linear Models
** Binomial Outcome Models
** Multinomial Models
** Count Data Models
** Tobit and Selection Models
** Duration Analysis
** Multilevel Modeling
** Time Series
** Spatial Econometrics
** Factor Analysis
* Problems

## Text Editor

* Stata 11 includes a do-file editor with syntax highlighting.
* If you are not using Stata 11, you may want to use an external text editor with syntax highlighting. The list of external text editors are described here (http://fmwww.bc.edu/repec/bocode/t/textEditors.html)

## Customize Stata
### Memory

Stata loads the data in memory. If you are dealing with large datasets, you may have the following error message : no room for more observations . In that case, you just need to increase the amount of memory used by Stata. The maximum depends on your computer.
In Stata 12, these commands are not necessary because memory is managed automatically. Stata will inform you of this change any time you run the set mem command, using this message:
If you want to know more, just type mem

### Profile.do

* profile.do is executed each time you open Stata. It is a simple do-file which should be located in the same directory as the .exe (Windows) or .app (Mac OS) file. You can define your ado files directory and store them in profile.do

### System Parameters

* query gives all the system parameter
* help limits gives all the limits (ie maximum number of observations, maximum number of variable, maximum length of a string, etc).
* sysdir gives all the ado directories :
* about gives information about your version of Stata

## User-written ado files

* SSC website : a website that includes user-written Stata commands.
* ssc whatsnew : a command showing what's new in SSC
* ssc des : a command describing a user written command.
* ssc install : a command to install new commands from SSC
* ssc des a : a command describing all the SSC commands which names begins with 'a'
If you want to find new ado files, just use the findit command. For instance if you want to find new command about poverty, type :