OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General Chemistry/Electronegativity

← Overview of bonding ·Ionic bonding →
What determines the type of bond formed between two elements? There are two ways of classifying elements to determine the bond formed: by electronegativity, or by metallic/non-metallic character.

## Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a property of atoms that is reflected in the layout of the periodic table of the elements. Electronegativity is greatest in the elements in the upper right of the table (e.g., fluorine), and lowest in the lower left (e.g., francium).
Electronegativity is a relative measure of how strongly an atom will attract the electrons in a bond. Although bonds are the result of atoms sharing their electrons, the electrons can be shared unequally. The more electronegative atom in a bond will have a slight negative charge, and the less electronegative atom will have a slight positive charge. Overall, the molecule may have no charge, but the individual atoms will. This is a result of the electronegativity—by attracting the electrons in a bond, an atom gains a slight negative charge. Of course, if two elements have equal electronegativity, they will share the electrons equally.
Metallic elements have low electronegativity, and non-metallic elements have high electronegativity. If two elements are close to each other on the periodic table, they will have similar electronegativities.
Electronegativity is measured on a variety of scales, the most common being the Pauling scale. Created by chemist Linus Pauling, it assigns 4.0 to fluorine (the highest) and 0.7 to francium (the lowest).

## Notation

When drawing diagrams of bonds, we indicate covalent bonds with a line. We may write the electronegativity using the symbols $\delta +$ and $\delta -$. Look at this example.
${\begin{matrix}\delta +&&\delta -\\H&-&F\end{matrix}}$
The plus goes over the less electronegative atom. From the above diagram, we can see that the fluorine attracts the electrons in the covalent bond more than the hydrogen does. Fluorine will have a slight negative charge because of this, and hydrogen will have a slight positive charge. Overall, hydrogen fluoride is neutral.
# Guide to First Year Teaching/Trouble shooting/Trouble With Mandy

Situation: I teach 8th language arts and have had a difficult time reaching some of the students, especially in my 5th period. In this class, I have many students who are below grade level. One particular student, Mandy, refuses to write or read anything I give her. "Miss, why do I have to read this anyway?" I try to explain to her that it is required for the 8th grade and that she might finding it interesting if she gave it a chance. She just brushes me off. When I assign writing projects, she would rather take a zero instead. I know that she has potential; she seems very bright. I just don't know how to reach her. --New Teacher (sample)
Response #1: Relevant Reading Materials You have tough situation on your hands. As a teacher of Language Arts myself, I find that students who refuse to read or write usually feel that the stuff we assign them is boring. (Granted after reading it over and over for the last couple of years, I might agree!) One way I work around this is to bring popular trade books or magazines. At the beginning of the year, I give all my students an interest survey, which helps me get ideas about their hobbies and what topics they like. Then, I visit with the librarian to see what materials we might have available. Sometimes, I build my own library of interesting materials by going to yard sales. I hope this helps. --Miss. Carter, Central Middle School, Texas (sample)
Response #2: Success Builds on Success Having worked with at-risk students in my district for the last 5 years, I have discovered that students like Mandy oftentimes refuse to do work because they believe that they are not good in the subject. So, rather than try, they simply don't put forth the effort. This way if they fail, they can chalk it up to not caring. I would begin with small, simple reading passages or assignments. These assignments should have high interest value and incorporate higher thinking skills. If Mandy can complete these smaller assignments in class with success, she might begin to love her fear of failing and begin to see herself as successful. --Mr. Tweedmoore, Western Middle School, Alaska (sample)
# Guide to First Year Teaching/What to Expect

As a teacher nearing the end of my first year, I have learned so much! A few things you can definitely expect:
Everything you think you know will probably change From what you expect from your students to your homework policy down to your lesson plans, you will discover things that work wonderfully and some things not at all. My classroom has not been the most organized or most efficiently run this year. So, I have already begun new plans for next year. The biggest thing I am changing is my homework policy. I did a really terrible job of getting my students to turn their work in on time, mostly because there was no accountability, but next year things are going to be different. I am also changing the structure of my classroom. Well, maybe I should say I am putting a firmer structure into place. I have learned structure is everything!
Students will test you As a new teacher, the students will try to get everything by you. They want to see what they will be able to get away with. You must begin being firm from the very start and let them know that you are in charge.
Lesson plans always change It is difficult planning lessons too far in advance because inevitably something will happen that will put you behind. Just learn to go with the flow, be flexible, and don't let it stress you out.
Spring is extremely busy When other teachers tell you this, BELIEVE them. I knew that the spring would be busy, but I had no idea it would be crazy. Make sure during the fall semester that you are using your time wisely and covering as much information as possible, especially if you teach a TAKS subject. When spring rolls around, you can expect lots of absent students for extracurricular activities and lots of catch-up work. Just be prepared.
These are only a few things you should probably know before going into your first year; there are countless others. Hopefully this will help!
# Guide to First Year Teaching/Planning for Learning

Here are some resources on this topic:
In Classroom Instruction That Works: Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement, Robert J. Marzano analyzes research from more than 100 studies on classroom management. He synthesizes the findings from these studies into a series of "Action Steps", which include specific strategies that educators can use. The Action Steps relate to setting the tone, establishing effective rules and procedures, implementing appropriate disciplinary interventions, fostering productive student-teacher relationships, developing a positive "mental set," and helping students contribute to a positive learning environment. Marzano and his coauthors Jana S. Marzano and Debra Pickering provide stories of teachers and students in classroom situations to help illustrate how the action steps can be used successfully.
Also available are books by Emmer, Evertson and Worsham, including Classroom Management for Secondary Teachers and Classroom Management for Elementary Teachers.
The best-selling book on this topic (according to Amazon.com) is The First Days of School by Harry Wong.
# Guide to First Year Teaching

Welcome to your first year as: The Teacher. Holding this title entails all sorts of possibilities, responsibilities, and challenges. Being a teacher in today's classroom requires more than knowing about a subject matter or about child psychology. Teachers must juggle a gazillion different things at once, including classroom interactions with all kinds of students and the tremendous amounts of paperwork that pile up on the desk.
This book presents a set of guidelines and advice for those who find themselves teaching their first year at the K-12 level. As a beginning teacher (or experienced teacher wanting to revisit some key concepts about teaching), you are encouraged to use this as a resource. The authors of this text have crafted the book into various modules. Feel free to pick and choose which modules you need and when.
We have divided the text into these core areas: What to expect, The First Days of School, The School Environment, Planning for Learning, Student Discipline, Legal Stuff You Need to Know and the Substitute Teacher. A final section, called Trouble Shooting, provides a way for the new teacher to post a short situation or question not addressed in the text and have authors respond accordingly. For more information about each section, please click on the appropriate link.

## Chapters

* What to Expect
* The First Days of School
* The School Environment
* Planning for Learning
* Student Discipline
* Legal Stuff You Need to Know
* Substitute Teaching
* Trouble Shooting
* Authors' Page
* References (Using APA Style Format)

## See Also

* Teachers' Toolbox
* Tips and ideas for new teachers: http://www.vtnea.org/vtnea07.htm
# Guide to First Year Teaching/Authors page

In order to track the diversity and qualifications of those writing this book, please post brief information about yourself. It might be helpful to arrange ourselves in alphabetical order.
--AJ Castro supervises a Transition to Teaching Grant from the Department of Education and is instructor/curriculum developer for a Teacher Certification Program in Austin, Texas. He is currently a doctoral student in Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests include teacher development and training, induction and retention, educational policy, and curriculum design.
--C. Swan is a teacher in Connecticut where she taught French and Spanish for 25 years and is currently the Technology Integration Resource teacher and Professional Development teacher leader at a prestigious Connecticut high school. She serves on the board of CECA (Connecticut Educator's Computer Association), functions as an advisor to the New York Tech-Forum Conferences sponsored by Technology and Learning Magazine, and has been invited for the past two years to judge the ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education) SigTel Online Learning Awards.
--L. Wahl is currently a writer on education and technology, with an M.A. in Education, who spent ten years as Executive Director of the Center for Accessible Technology in Berkeley. She's writing for a website developed by WestEd and the Alliance for Technology Access, for Leading and Learning with Technology (a magazine from ISTE), and to have authored chapters for Computer Resources for People with Disabilities, and Edutopia: Success Stories for Learning in the Digital Age.
# Guide to First Year Teaching/Legal stuff you need to know

Any profession that involves the supervision of young people will always be highly regulated by a set of laws and ethics. This section will hilight key laws and ethics for profesional conduct that every new teacher should adhere to.
Ethics and Professional Expectations
# Guide to First Year Teaching/Trouble shooting

The Trouble shooting Section is designed to deal with real issues that the new teacher might be experiencing. The new teacher, or mentor teacher, will submit a module detailing the scenario. Then experienced teachers will respond. Please read the sample below.
Trouble With Mandy (Sample)
# KanjiMemo/国國group
## common kanji

国、國 国くに、国家コッ　カ nation, country. [国コク] 掴、摑 掴つかむ grasp, grab, catch. (掴カク)

## common words

【国際】コク サイinternational. 【外国】ガイ コクforeign. 【全国】ゼン コクwhole country. 【愛国】アイ コクpatriotism. 【帝国】テイ コクempire. 【国籍】コク セキnationality. 【国境】コッ キョウnational border. 【国語】コク ゴnational language. 【王国】オウ コクkingdom. 【天国】テン ゴクkingdom of heaven. 【米国】ベイ コクUnited States of America. 【英国】エイ コクUnited Kingdom, England. 【中国】チュウ ゴクChina. 【韓国】カン コクKorea.

## rare kanji

腘、膕 (腘カク) 帼、幗 (帼カク) 蝈、蟈 (蝈カク)
# KanjiMemo/韋group
## common kanji

違 違ちがう wrong, no! [違イ] 偉 偉えらい great (person). [偉イ] 囲,圍 囲かこむ、囲かこう surround, enclose, encircle, to fence. [囲イ] 韋 背そむく go against, disobey. 鞣革なめし　がわ tanned leather. (韋イ)

## common words

【違反】イ ハンviolation, offense, transgression, infringement, contravention. 【偉大】イ ダイgreatness.

## rare kanji

韙 良よい good. (韙イ)
# KanjiMemo/白
## Core kanji

♬ ハク 白 伯 迫 泊 拍 魄 舶 ビャク 白 ヒャク 百 ヒョウ 拍
百百ヒャク, hundred.
楽楽たのしい, funny. 楽たのしむ, enjoy. 楽たのしみ, fun. 楽ラク, ease, confort. 音楽オン ガク, music.
迫迫せまる, to approach.
伯
泊泊とめるめる, stay.泊とめるまる.
拍拍手ハク シュ, clap hands.拍子ヒョウ シ, beat, rhythm.
魄魄たましい, 魂魄コン パクsoul.
舶船舶セン パク, (large) ship.

## Extra kanji

ハク 柏 箔 珀 畠 狛 粕 怕 帛
箔(アルミ)箔ハク, (aluminum) foil.
珀琥珀コ ハク, amber.
狛狛犬こま いぬ, guardian lion.
穆
粕粕かす, dregs, lees.
畠畠はたけ, (crop) field.
怕怖こわい, scary.恐おそれる, to fear, be afraid.
帛絹きぬ, silk.
鉑プラチナ, platinum.

## Not Included Kanji

铂 帕 岶 胉 砶 袙 絈 貃 鲌 鮊 癿 劰 敀 苩 皁 皀 皍 皛 廹 兠
# KS3 Computing/unattached/KS3 Computer Science/Computers

A computer is any device which can take information as input, processes it in some way and then output the results back to the user again. It doesn't have to be electronic like the computer you are reading this on. It could even be a living organism!
People have used computers since the prehistoric times. The first known device used to perform calculations were tally sticks, which at first were just notches carved into bone.
Computers have been with us in one form or another for a very long time. However when we talk about computers these days we normally mean electronic computers like PCs or laptops.
# KanjiMemo
## Memorizing Kanji

This book aims to be a reference book to learn and memorize in an efficient way thousands of Kanji used in the Japanese Language.
Including over 6000 Kanji tested in Kanken Test, sufficient to read most of Japanese texts (manga, novels, news, websites, etc.).
Over 430000 Kanji exist, but most are very rare and not included here.

## Entry
### Sample

望望のぞむ、希望キ　ボウ、望のぞみ。「欲望ヨク　ボウ、絶望ゼツ　ボウ、望のぞましい、願望ガン　ボウ、野望ヤ　ボウ」(望モウ)(朢)

### Explanation

望 is a Kanji to be memorized. Links to English Wiktionary provides translation of Japanese words.
望む , 希望 & 望み are keywords representing the main meanings of the Kanji 望.
Derived words examples are given between 「corner brackets」 (as: 欲望, 絶望, 望ましい, 願望 & 野望).
Pronunciation (Kanji Readings) are written above the Kanji as Furigana.
On Readings are derived from Ancient Chinese, written here with Katakana
(as "ボウ" above "望" in the words: 希望, 欲望, 絶望, 願望 & 野望).
Kun Readings are Native Japanese readings, written here with Hiragana
(as "のぞ" above "望" in the words: 望む, 望み & 望ましい).
"モウ" is a rare reading of 望. 朢 is a less common variant (alternative shape).

## Kanji Group Index

Grouped by a shared Phonetic Kanji Component, indicating similar On Readings (with exceptions).
終　白　国,國　韋　愛　不　且　両,兩　令　侵　倝　朝　兵　同　坴　埶　孚　巤
# KanjiMemo/draft
## This is just author's personal Sandbox

Japanese keywords with links to Wiktionary.
鬱,欝
鬱病ウツ ビョウ、 鬱陶ウッ トウしい、 気き が 鬱ふさぐ。
鬱,欝
鬱病ウツ ビョウ、 鬱陶ウッ トウしい、 気き が 鬱ふさぐ。
白 白しろ、 白しろい white. →明白メイ ハク obvious.
中 (の)中なか(に)、 …中チュウ in, inside. middle, center. during, while. among, within. →中心チュウ シン center, middle, heart, core, focus. →中央チュウ オウ center.

## Variants used only in China

This section include many simplified Chinese characters created in Communist China after WW2, not allowed in Japanese Orthography, to be learned apart.
# KanjiMemo/終

終おわる, 終おえる, 終しまう, to end, finish, terminate.　 終おわり, 終了シュウ リョウ, 終結シュウ ケツ, 終末シュウ マツ, end, final.
最終サイ シュウ, last.　 終戦シュウ セン, end of war.　 終身シュウ シン, end of life.　 終点シュウ テン, end point, terminus, last stop.　 終焉シュウ エン, end, demise.　 終盤シュウ バン, final stage.　 終始シュウ シ, from beginning to end.
# Kannada/Accommodation

| English | Transliteration | Kannada |
| house | mane | ಮನೆ |
| storey | mahaDi | ಮಹಡಿ |
| room | kONe | ಕೋಣೆ |
# History of Apple Inc./2000s resurgence
## Why?
### Poor pricing?

Macs used quite expensive machines starting at nearly $1500 where one could pick up a Windows-based PC for about $500. However, Recent price drops with products such as the Mac mini and the white polycarbonate MacBook, Macs have become more accessible to the general public.

## 2007

The name change from Apple Computer, Inc. to Apple Inc.
# History of Apple Inc./Apple Interactive Television Box

* Apple Interactive Television Box
* Apple Interactive Television Box (rear view)
# History of Apple Inc./Apple Pippin

* Apple Pippin
* Apple Pippin (rear view)
# History of Apple Inc.

Welcome to the wikibook on History of Apple Inc. (previously known as Apple Computer, Inc.)
In 1976, friends Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak quit their jobs and moved into Steve's garage in Cupertino, CA. Here they came up with the idea of creating an inexpensive and user-friendly computer. Wozniak being the engineer had been working on an encased circuit board which included switches with flashing lights. Jobs insisted that he and Wozniak try to sell this play toy for computer hobbyists which they called the Apple I. That day the Apple Computer was born and the rest, as they say, is history.

## Content

* Early successes
* The Apple Inc. is established
* Progress in the 1990s
* Failure
* Apple Interactive Television Box
* Apple Pippin
* Platform Wars
* Disadvantages of closed hardware
* Hamstrung by an Established User Base
* 2000s resurgence
* Smartphone revolution
* After Jobs
# History of video games/Platforms/Atari XEGS
## History

The Atari XEGS was released in 1987 at a cost of around $199.
At launch the XEGS often sold out, attracting users who were intimidated by the 8-bit computes the XEGS was based on. All 100,000 units manufactured at the time had sold during the US Christmas 1987 season. However Nintendo and Sega were already vastly ahead in the market and were spending millions on marketing, while Atari only spent $300,000 on marketing the XEGS.

## Technology
### Compute

The Atari XEGS is essentially an Atari 65XE computer.
The XEGS uses the 8 bit Atari 6502c CPU, a custom version of the MOS Technology 6502 clocked at 1.79 MHz.
The system has 64 kilobytes of RAM and 16 kilobytes of VRAM.

## Notable games

See the List of Atari XEGS games on Wikipedia.

## Gallery

* XEGS Unit. From left to right buttons are labeled Power, Start, Select, Option, and Reset.
* XEGS rear ports.
* XEGS Keyboard. A prominent help button sits on top of the unit.
* XG-1 lightgun.
* Compatible Atari XE joystick.

## References

* 1 2 "The Atari XEGS (XE Game System)". www.atarimuseum.com. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
* 1 2 "Retro Gaming : ​The Atari XE Game System". Retro Gaming Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2020. {{cite web}}: zero width space character in |title= at position 16 (help)
* ↑ "First Look Inside the XE Game System". www.atarimagazines.com. https://www.atarimagazines.com/v7n4/firstlook.html. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
* ↑ "Antic Magazine Volume 7 Number 01 (Sixth Anniversary)". May 1988. https://archive.org/stream/1988-05-anticmagazine#page/n40/mode/1up. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
* ↑ Schilling, Melissa A. (2003). "Technological Leapfrogging: LESSONS FROM THE U.S. VIDEO GAME CONSOLE INDUSTRY". California Management Review. 45 (3): 8. doi:10.2307/41166174. Retrieved 19 November 2020. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
* 1 2 "Home Page". Video Game Console Library. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Aya Neo
## History

Crowdfunding for the console started in mid-2021.
A special "Retro Power" edition was eventually released.

## Technology

The system uses an AMD Renoir APU, the Ryzen 5 4500U.

## References

* ↑ Gartenberg, Chaim (8 March 2021). "The Switch-style Aya Neo handheld gaming PC is now on Indiegogo, starting at $789" (in en). The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/8/22320306/aya-neo-handheld-gaming-pc-indiegogo-price-release-date-nintendo-switch.
* ↑ Gendron, Will. "Aya Neo's dynamic handheld is about to look like a Gameboy" (in en). Input. https://www.inputmag.com/gaming/aya-neos-dynamic-handheld-is-about-to-look-like-a-game-boy.
* ↑ November 2020, Zhiye Liu 09 (9 November 2020). "AMD's Ryzen 4000 APU Powers New Handheld Gaming Console" (in en). Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-ryzen-4000-apu-handheld-gaming-console.
# History of video games/Platforms/Atari Mirai
## History

The Atari Mirai is a console with little reliable information available. This chapter exists to catalogue such information.

### Development

Casing for the console was made.

### Legacy

The mystery surrounding the console is perhaps it's most enduring legacy.

## References

* 1 2 "12 Unreleased Video Game Consoles You Wish Existed". ScreenRant. 26 May 2016. https://screenrant.com/unreleased-video-game-consoles-you-wish-existed/.
* 1 2 "Six of the best: unreleased games consoles" (in en). the Guardian. 9 November 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/09/six-of-the-best-unreleased-games-consoles.
# History of video games/Platforms/Atari Flashback series
## Technology

The first revision of the Flashback suffered from a number of technical problems.

## References

* ↑ Harris, Craig (15 Dec 2004). "Atari Flashback" (in en). IGN. https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/12/15/atari-flashback.
# History of video games/Platforms/Atari Game Brain
## History

The Game Brain was developed by Atari as an early effort by the company to create a game console which used interchangeable cartridges.
Development on the Atari Game Brain was discontinued before release in order to focus efforts on the Atari 2600, which featured a more advanced design.

## Technology

Each cartridge for the Game Brain essentially contained all major hardware for the console, essentially being condensed versions of previous Atari dedicated consoles.
The use of 4 rounded buttons arranged in cardinal directions is considered a precursor of sorts to the later D-Pad design.

## Gallery

* On display at E3 2011.
* On display at E3 2011.

## External Resources

* Atari Museum - Game Brain Page with history and photographs.

## References

* ↑ "Atari Game Brain - Ultimate Console Database". ultimateconsoledatabase.com. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
* 1 2 "The Atari Game Brain (C-700)". www.atarimuseum.com. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
* ↑ Venables, Michael. "Adam Coe's Modded Future: Eco-Friendly, Ergo-Friendly, Evil D-Pads And White Zombies" (in en). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelvenables/2013/07/07/adam-coes-modded-future-eco-friendly-ergo-friendly-evil-d-pads-white-zombies/?sh=52dccfb45641.
# History of video games/Platforms/Atari Stunt Cycle SC-450
## History

The Atari Stunt Cycle SC-450 was a 1977 home console version of the 1975 arcade game Stunt Cycle.

## Technology

The system used a General Instrument AY-3-8760-1.
The console had a built in speaker.
The built in controller uses a Potentiometer with a resistance of 100,000Ω (100k Ohm).
The console required a DC power supply at 9 volts and 500mA.

## References

* 1 2 "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
* ↑ "Repair Questions for STUNT CYCLE SC-450". AtariAge Forums. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
* 1 2 "Stunt Cycle SC-450 teardown". AtariAge Forums. https://atariage.com/forums/topic/305410-stunt-cycle-sc-450-teardown/.