OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/Lending Laws

Certain lending laws are applicable to all lenders providing real estate financing. Since the purpose of such laws is to provide protection for the borrower, the limitations and requirements imposed through these laws must be strictly adhered to. Among the pertinent lending laws are the following.
USURY A number of states have laws which limit the interest rate that can be charged to individuals borrowing money in that state. These laws affect all lenders in a state regardless of what federal or state agency issued their charter. It should be noted that, if there is a national economic emergency, the federal government may temporarily suspend state usury laws.
California's usury law limits the interest rate on nonexempt real estate loans to the discount rate charged by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco plus 5%. The California Constitution states that the following kinds of loans are exempt from state usury laws: (1) loans made by banks, savings and loans, and credit unions; (2) loans made by personal finance companies and pawnbrokers; (3) loans made or arranged by real estate brokers.
As a practical matter, the state`s usury laws now apply only to private lenders.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/Should You Use Leverage When Investing in Real Estate

Leverage means use of other people`s money (OPM) in an effort to increase the reward for investing. To a lot of people, it means risk. The fact of the matter is, using leverage in real estate investing is an exciting way to earn big yields on small dollars, and you should not fear taking a chance. When you are building real estate wealth, leverage will help you grow quickly without involving too much risk (as long as you watch out for some pitfalls, which will be discussed later). High leveraged investing in real estate is especially powerful when inflation is in full swing. High leverage investors have numbers going for them because property values rise faster than the interest charges on their borrowed money.
To see the full power of high leverage investing, take a look at the following example:
Example You pay a seller $100,000 cash for a piece of property. During the next 12 months, the property appreciates 5 percent and grows in resale value to $105,000. The $5,000 gain equals a 5 percent yield on your investment. But suppose you had put down only 10 percent ($10,000) in the property and mortgaged the balance. Now, your return on investment leaps to an astonishing 50 percent! ($5,000/$10,000). Another way of looking at the result is: Since you only put down $10,000 on $100,000 worth of property, you actually control the asset 10 times the value of your actual cash outlay. This means 5% x 10 times = 50%. (In this example, for simplicity, we`ve omitted mortgage interest costs as well as the return on the $10,000 you would have invested somewhere else, plus any rental income you would have earned from the property).
Let us expand the scenario to further see the impact of leverage.
Example Instead of putting 100% down ($100,000), you put down 10% ($10,000) and bought nine more pieces of property, each costing $100,000, and each bought with 10% down ($10,000). Again assume that they appreciate at the rate of 5 percent. Therefore, your wealth increases: $5,000 a piece x 10 pieces = $50,000. All that in one year.
Tip: Tying up your wealth in one property ($100,000) cost you $45,000 ($50,000 - $5,000). Conversely, by spreading your funds over more properties and leveraging the balance, you would multiply your earnings 10 times.
Remember: The lower the amount of cash invested, the higher your return (from value appreciation and/or rental income). On the other hand, the larger your cash investment, the lower your return. Also, remember, a higher appreciation will greatly increase earnings on your leveraged investment.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/Online Loan Application

Many lenders (such as www.lendingtree.com, www.eloan.com, www.ditech.com, and the like) have online loan processing system in place. Typical online loan application involve the following steps:
* Apply: Complete an online loan application. Before starting the online loan application you will need to create an account, to protect your privacy and security of your information.
* Review: A loan officer will review your application. The lender will notify you of their decision by phone and/or mail. Your loan agent will contact you within 24 hours to confirm information and discuss your loan application.
* Sign: The lender will assign a processor to your loan and set up a signing appointment.
* Fund: Once they approve your application, you sign the loan documents and you satisfy all closing conditions, they will disburse your loan proceeds, usually within 7-10 days.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/Pitfalls of High Leveraged Real Estate Investing

High leverage real estate investing sounds real good as long as you watch out for some of the pitfalls. They are:
* Property values can go down as well as up. Some types of real estate and some parts of the country are experiencing value declines.
* Select the property carefully.
* Anticipate a rising market due to a lower mortgage rate or a high inflation rate before you jump in a high leverage world.
* Look out for negative cash flow. Income from highly leveraged property may be insufficient to cover operating expenses and debt payments. Do not overpay for property and underestimate costs. Warning: Buying for little or nothing down is easy. The difficult part is making the payments. You should try to avoid negative cash flow (Note: losses are tax deductible, however).
* Watch out for deferred maintenance. Deferred maintenance can create lots of problems down the road. You can avoid hidden costs and potential future expenditure by bargaining for a fair (or less than market) price and reasonable terms. In any case, over repair is poison to the high leverage investor.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/Should You Buy a Home or Rent

For many people, the decision to buy a home is more emotional than economic. But if you are wondering about whether or not to go on renting, here are some questions to help you answer when renting is right:
* Do you have enough money to put down to buy a home? The initial cost of home ownership can be substantial. For example, for a $100,000 house you should figure on having anywhere between $10,000 to $20,000 (10% to 20%) for the down payment, $3,000 to $6,000 (3% to 6%) for closing costs and a $2,000 cushion for contingencies. Thus, at the time of purchase you will need to pay cash of anywhere between $15,000 and $28,000.
* Are you the roving kind? If you stand a good chance of being relocated in a few years it doesn`t make sense to buy because of high borrowing, closing, and commission costs.
* Do you live in an area where renting makes sense? In regions where there is a housing glut and rent controls and values are flat or falling, renting ends up being a bargain.
* Are you lazy or a born renter? Can you deal with maintenance and lawn mowing? Or would you rather leave it up to a landlord by renting? Are you enjoying the appeal of community living and access to amenities such as swimming pools and tennis courts?
The disadvantages of renting are primarily financial and economic. Owning a home is still the best tax shelter there is. The renter does not receive any federal tax deductible benefit from rent payments. Also, the rent payment does not contribute to building your equity, you are at the mercy of rent increases and the landlord.
Homeownership has the following advantages:
* You are building equity due to the appreciation in the value of the home.
* In the United States, interest and property taxes are deductible on the tax return.
* Usually less costly than renting.
* You may enjoy extra living space and privacy.
* Single family homes are usually in better locations than apartments.
* You will have a sense of stability and roots in the community.
* You will enjoy pride of ownership.
Note: The disadvantages of homeownership tend to be the advantages of renting and vice versa.
In comparing rental and purchase costs, a worksheet based on Table 1 can be useful:
Table 1. COMPARISON OF RENTAL AND PURCHASE COSTS
| Rental Cost |
| Annual Rental Cost ($850 x 12) | $10,200 |
| Purchase Costs (assuming 30% tax bracket) |
| Add: |
| Mortgage Payment ($100,000 @ 10%, 30 years) | $10,608 |
| Principal = $608 (approximate) |
| Interest = $10,000 (approximate) |
| Property Taxes | $1300 |
| Property Insurance | $250 |
| Maintenance | $400 |
| Cost of lost interest on $20,000 down payment @ 5% (after tax) | $1000 |
| Subtract: |
| Principal reduction in loan balance | ($608) |
| Tax savings due to mortgage interest deduction ($10,000 * .3) | ($3,000) |
| Tax savings due to property tax deduction ($1300 % .3) | ($390) |
| Net annual after-tax purchase costs | $9,560 |
| Annual Benefit of Buying | $640 |
Note that annual benefit does not include appreciation in the value of your home.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Russia/Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia provides information and services in the following sections:
* About the Ministry;
* Press office;
* Foreign policy;
* Activity;
* Appeals of citizens;
* Useful information.

## E-services

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia provides users with the following services in electronic form:
* rendering state information and consulting services;
* the service of giving clarifications on international law issues in connection with the requests of individuals and legal entities;
* electronic reception - the section is intended for receiving citizens' appeals in electronic form. You can submit an appeal without registering your personal account in the "Submit Appeal" section, and you will not be able to receive information on the progress and results of the consideration of appeals. Users can submit a request with the possibility of obtaining information on the progress and results of the consideration of requests in the "Personal Account" section, and additional registration is required.

## Open Data

Open data of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia - section of the web portal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, which provides information on the activities of the Russian Foreign Ministry and Rossotrudnichestvo, posted on the Internet in the form of public data.
The open data registry contains:
* Typical conditions for using public data.
* List of subordinate organizations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
* List of territorial bodies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
* List of subordinate educational institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
* Information to be presented using coordinates (main part).
* Information to be submitted using coordinates (service part).
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Russia/Ministry of Internal Affairs

The Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation offers services and information in the following main sections:
* The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia;
* Activity;
* For citizens;
* Contacts;
* Online services.

## E-services

Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) - provides support for the following online services:
* Reception of applications of citizens and organizations
* Your precinct / Police department;
* Attention wanted!;
* Search for children;
* Migration services;
* Mobile application of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia;
* Children's page.

## Open Data

Open Data The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia provides more than 20 open data sets in the .csv format.
This section provides information on the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, posted on the Internet in the form of open data.
Information is also available to users - the registry of open data in the .csv format.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Russia/Portal of state programs

The portal of the state programs of the Russian Federation contains official information provided by federal executive bodies. Data is periodically updated.

## E-services

The portal of the state program of the Russian Federation provides information and services in the following sections:
* summary analytics:
** summary reporting;
** indicators of state programs;
** financing of state programs;
** ranking of state programs;
** ratings;
* proactive coordination;
* open data;
* ask a question. In order to ask a question, registration on the state programs portal is necessary.

## Open Data

Open data of the portal of state programs of the Russian Federation - official information provided by federal executive bodies. Data is updated periodically.
The portal contains in the open and restricted access registers of summary reports and government programs, divided into categories:
* A new quality of life;
* Innovative development and modernization of the economy;
* Ensuring national security;
* Balanced regional development;
* Effective state.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Russia/Federation Council

The official web portal of the Council of the Federation provides information and services in the following sections:
* Services;
* Structure;
* Activity;
* Developments.
Also on the portal there is an opportunity to watch the TV channel and live broadcasts.

## E-services

The Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation provides the following electronic services:
* appeals of citizens;
* discussions;
* directory;
* excursions (virtual tour).

## Appealing to the Federation Council

The Federation Council have e-service for appeals. The appeals of citizens can be sent without registration in the "Personal Account" through a special form, in which it must be specify:
* Full name;
* Sex;
* E-mail address;
* Region;
* City;
* Index;
* Address;
* Citizenship;
* The name of the organization (if the appeal is sent from the organization);
* Social status;
* Preferential category;
* Type of application: complaint, request for activity of state bodies, application, response, proposal;
* The text of the appeal.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Russia/Ministry of Labor

The Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation provides users with sections containing electronic services and information:
* The Ministry;
* Activity;
* Press center;
* Documents;
* State services;
* Open ministry.

## E-services

The Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation provides the following services to users:
* list of state services of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation;
** consideration of disagreements on the examination of the quality of a special assessment of working conditions, disagreement of workers, trade unions, their associations, other authorized employees of representative bodies, employers, their associations, insurers with the results of the examination of the quality of a special assessment of working conditions;
** formation and maintenance of the register of organizations conducting a special assessment of working conditions;
** certification of the right to perform work on a special assessment of working conditions and the issue of an expert certificate for the right to perform work on a special assessment of working conditions as a result of its performance;
** medical and social expertise;
** accreditation of organizations providing services in the field of labor protection;
* list of state services of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the sphere of delegated powers of the Russian Federation
** state service provided by the social security authorities in the area of ​​delegated authority of the Russian Federation on the appointment of a monthly payment in connection with the birth (adoption) of the first child.

## Open data

Ministry of Labor of Russia provides open data sets in the "Open Ministry" section.
The portal of the Ministry of Labor of Russia has 37 sets of open data.
In addition to the open data sets, the following information is provided in the section "Open Ministry":
* Principles of operation of the "Open Ministry" system;
* Project Center of the Ministry of Labor of Russia;
* Public declaration;
* Plans and work program;
* Public Council;
* Discussion of draft normative legal acts;
* Reports on the results and main directions of the Ministry of Labor of Russia;
* Working with reference groups;
* Plans of legislative activity;
* The plan of activity of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation for 2013-2018.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Russia/Internet representation of the President of Russia

The site of the President of the Russian Federation is divided into the following main sections:
* Developments;
* Structure;
* Video and photo;
* Documents;
* Contacts.

## E-services

The official website of the President of the Russian Federation has the following subsections with electronic services and information:
* The constitution of the Russian Federation;
* Send a letter to the president;
* State symbols of Russia;
* President of Russia - citizens of school age.

## Appealing to the President

Citizens of Russia can apply to the head of Russian Federation in several ways:
* Send an email with a proposal, statement, complaint, collective appeal or communication about corruption.
* Sign up for a personal reception to the President's Reception Office in your district.
* Contact the Electronic Reception.
Electronic Reception of the President of the Russian Federation "is an information and telecommunications system that provides direct communication with the Presidential Reception Office of the Russian Federation in Moscow through a network of terminals installed in the buildings of local government bodies of 194 cities with a population of more than 70,000 people removed from the nearest incoming Presidential Envoys by 100 and more kilometers.
The terminal of the "Electronic Reception President of the Russian Federation" provides:
* transmission of an appeal in the form of an electronic document (typed using a keyboard, converted from a paper medium transmitted from an external electronic medium);
* transmission of the appeal orally;
* personal reception by appointment in the video communication mode with an authorized person - an employee of the Presidential Reception of the Russian Federation for the reception of citizens in Moscow;
* provision of information by the information service of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation;
* access to information on the work of the President's reception rooms, reviews of appeals from citizens, organizations and public associations, the results of their consideration and the measures taken on them;
* normative legal acts regulating the procedure for consideration of applications.
The terminal is accessed by electronic reading of the visitor's identity document.
* Contact Mobile reception.
The mobile reception room of the President of the Russian Federation travels directly to the places, to the subjects of the Russian Federation, to resolve complaints of citizens and organizations. For the application it is necessary to fill in the form "Send complaint".
Reports on the work of the mobile reception are in the section "News of the mobile reception".
Send an SMS addressed to the head of state, through any cellular operator operating in the territory of the Russian Federation, to toll-free number 2316 (reference to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation).
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Russia/State Duma

On the web portal of the State Duma, users can find all the services of the State Duma website. Users can find information about the deputy, the transcript of the event, see a list of committees and commissions. They can also write an appeal, familiarize themselves with frequently asked questions, find out the schedule for receiving citizens. Services provide an opportunity to learn the results of voting on bills and get acquainted with the materials of parliamentary hearings. In addition, it is possible to receive timely news from the State Duma.

## E-services

Government services are grouped into four main categories:
* To find out:
** Deputy;
** Employee in the State Duma Office;
** Committee or Commission;
** Transcript;
** Search the site;
** Publications of the State Duma;
** Informational and analytical materials of the State Duma;
* Contact:
** Write a message;
** Frequently asked Questions;
** Request for the activities of the State Duma;
** Schedule of reception of citizens by factions in the State Duma;
** Tours;
** Reviews of the site;
* Lawmaking:
** Voting results;
** Find the bill;
** Draft regulations;
** Draft legislative initiatives;
** Legal bases;
** Materials of parliamentary hearings;
** The system of legislative support;
* Subscription:
** Enriched site summary (RSS);
** Application Programming Interface (API).

## Appealing to the State Duma

The State Duma web portal have e-service for appeals.
Appeals of citizens to the State Duma of the Russian Federation can be sent in the form of an electronic document, in which it is necessary to indicate:
* The name of the State Duma body or the full name of the person to whom the appeal is addressed;
* Name of the sender;
* The e-mail address of the sender;
* The essence of the proposal, application, complaint.
Necessary documents and materials can be attached to the appeals in formats: txt, doc, rtf, xls, pps, ppt, pdf, jpg, bmp, png, tif, gif.
Information about the progress and results of consideration of sent appeals can be viewed in the "Personal Account" after authorization.
# Rebol Programming/Language Features/Recursion/wikichanges

Here is an example of how to spider a wikibook using a recursive function
which gives this type of output
# Rebol Programming/Language Features/Parse/Splitting using specific delimiters

The parse string none expression breaks down when:
* you want to specify which characters shall be treated as whitespace
* you want to specify which characters shall be treated as delimiters
* you don't want the quotation marks to be handled specially
* you need something other than simple splitting

## Examples

These examples show, how you can influence how the PARSE function handles whitespace, or how you can use specific delimiters, instead of the default ones.

### To eliminate the special treatment of whitespace use the /ALL PARSE refinement

If you have different delimiter(s) you can supply a string rule to PARSE containing your delimiters.

### The #"#" character as a delimiter
### The space character as a delimiter
### The #"#" and #"*" characters as delimiters

Note that the order of the characters in the delimiter string is not important.
# Rebol Programming/Language Features/Rebcode

Rebcode is a dialect for creating very high performance code which can be useful for heavy computations and for creating algorithms.
In essence, Rebcode is an assembly language within Rebol. Rebcode should only be used when it's necessary, since it's based on performance, not ease of use, and is tedious to work with for longer scripts.
Also since Rebcode is designed for performance, it does not check for mistakes, and mistakes in Rebcode can crash Rebol, just like any other assembly language.
Rebcode is currently pre-alpha and is not finished. This section of the book will not be completed until we have a stable version of Rebcode which won't change too much or the release of a public release or late beta.

## External Links

Rebcode documentation