OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spanish/Tenses/Past participle

| -AR | -AR | -AR | -ER / -IR | -ER / -IR | -ER / -IR |
| conjugation | example | translation | conjugation | example | translation |
| -AR | hablar | to speak | -ER / -IR | comer | to eat |
| stem+ado | hablado | spoken | stem+ido | comido | eaten |
Some things to note:
* There are several irregular participles: romper (roto), volver (vuelto), resolver (resuelto), escribir (escrito), poner (puesto), decir (dicho), hacer (hecho), satisfacer (satisfecho), morir (muerto), cubrir (cubierto), ver (visto), abrir (abierto), imprimir (impreso but also the regular imprimido), freír (frito but also the regular freído). -Er/-Ir double vowels, excluding -uir verbs, will place an accent over the 'i': caer (caído), leer (leído), creer (creído), oír (oído), etc. The participle of verbs composed of a prefix plus a previously mentioned irregular will follow the pattern: devolver (devuelto), componer (compuesto), descubrir (descubierto), etc.
* The past participle can also be used as an adjective. If used as such, they must agree with the subject. Las palabras habladas (the spoken words), not las palabras hablado.
* The past participle is used with the verb ser to form the passive voice: Las casas fueron destruidas. (The houses were destroyed.)
* Past participles are used in perfect tenses along with the verb haber.
* Past participles are non-finite, or impersonal, meaning they are not conjugated based on the subject of the sentence. Regardless of whether it is ellos, nosotras, or yo who have spoken, it is the verb haber that must agree with the subject, tense, and mood.
* "Las palabras habían sido habladas" (the words had been spoken) uses the past participle as part of the verb. Las palabras habladas uses it as an adjective.
* -ER and -IR verbs follow the same structure
# Sport Innovation/Vibram FiveFingers Footwear/Features of the Vibram FiveFinger

Background
THE VIBRAM FIVEFINGER
With their individual toe compartments and thin, flat surface, Vibram FiveFingers are unlike any other running footwear on the market. Falling into three categories (Men's, Women's and Kids) are the 36 styles of Vibram FiveFingers; ensuring that every individual and their desired sport is catered for.
Enhancing Sports Performance
Transitioning to Barefoot Running Shoes
FAQs
Reference List
# Sport Innovation/ripnet/FAQS

FAQS

## Can you upload videos to the RipNet database?

As of right now an option to upload video analysis to the RipNet database hasn't been found during this research.

## How much does RipNet cost?

The Cost varies between players, parents, and coaches. Players would pay $19.95(US), parents would pay $16.95(US) and coaches/recruiters would pay $14.99(US).

## How long does RipNet provide its services?

Once a customer as purchased RipNet they have total access to service for a year. Once a full year is up depending on when they purchased RipNet they have the option to renew or cancel services.

## Are there other systems out there that are similar to RipNet?

There are several scoring systems available for example keepmygolfscore.com a score tracking software http://www.keepmygolfscore.com/ designed similar to RipNet. Golfers can enter in scores at any time and analyze player statistics but know of which have a social networking component to their software. The closest thing would be ESPN https://espn.go.com/ or Australian affiliated sports broadcasting social networks such as Sportal https://www.sportal.com.au/afl/
# Sport Innovation/The influence of Social Media on 2014 FIFA

By analysing the past versions of the competition it is possible to forecast some of the new ways of technology in use. The two-way communication channel is the new sensation as a tool to get event organisers closer to supporters, answering question in a more personalised manner;
Even at the inaugural World Cup in Uruguay in 1930, fans could use the technology of the day — telephones — to connect to one another! In 2002, the Korean/Japan organisers were one of the firsts to utilize the Internet by creating homepages for teams and multiple websites for the tournament. However, social media outreach was still limited in scope.
During 2006 Germany World Cup interactive social communities were limited online until the birth of Twitter later in 2006. In just the two years since the Euro Cup (2008), social media has exploded around the football world. Almost any site that even mentions football has embraced social media efforts from blogs to live streams to mobile apps. Even still, new initiatives are launched daily, such as Foursquare’s partnership with CNN to create two new World Cup badges and more than 100 viewing parties taking place across the globe.
Social media also helped to link those already in South Africa trying to stay connected between the 10 far-flung football stadiums, some more than 1,000 miles apart.
During 2014 tournament events will happen simultaneously from North to South of Brazil in a distance approximately of 4.454,7 km. In this case, social media will have an specific aim for events coordinators, connecting fans, teams, players all over the nation and the world.
The 2014 FIFA World Cup™ edition, which will be held in Brazil, is counting down days to kick-off. One of the greatest sport events is presenting a variety of communication channels to keep in touch with their followers and supporters around the world.
The event’s website is linked to FIFA.com and is thoroughly detailed with a special page designed for the main competition. The webpage has a community engagement based in promotions such as the FIFA Match Predictor. A weekly Predictor winner walks away with a customized football jersey and the overall winner receives a trip for two to the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
Other links used to attract fans and supporters are the display of the event’s countdown and the whole range of news and media releases available to the spectators. These tools create excitement and keep general public updated within the event information.
Social media is also part of the public relations tactics shown by the event organisers which relies in two way communication channels such as Facebook, Google+, Smart Phones Apps, RSS, Twitter and more. The website coverage is based as follows:
* Live-Coverage of 59 premier leagues worldwide
* Extensive FIFA Tournament Coverage including min-by-min match updates
* World Football’s latest headlines and photos
* Latest FIFA World Ranking

#### Footnote

Back to: Social Media in Soccer
# Sport Innovation/ZoomSpec Overview

Page 1
This is the evolution of sunglasses. ZoomSpec Design
# Sport Innovation/Vibram FiveFingers Footwear/Reference List

Background
Features of the Vibram FiveFinger
Enhancing Performance with Vibram FiveFinger
Transitioning to Barefoot Running
FAQs
REFERENCES
Bates, C. (2012). Barefoot running causes spate of injuries as enthusiasts are 'too quick' to ditch the trainers.
Collier, R. (2011). Low-tech running shoes in high demand. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(1), 20. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.109-3747
Kerrigan, D., Franz, J. R., Keenan, G. S., Dicharry, J., Croce, U. D., Wilder, R. P. (2009). The effect of running shoes on lower extremity joint torques. Physical Medication and Rehabilitation Journal, 1(12), 1058-1063. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.09.011
Lieberman, D. E., et al. (2010). Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners. Nature, 463, 531-536. doi: 10.1038/nature08723
MacGregor, H., & Wallack, Roy. (2011). Practically barefoot: Whether you're a street ninja or a minimalist runner, barefoot shoes offer some protection. Chicago Tribune, 24,
Rixe, J. A., Gallo, R. A., & Silvis, M. L. (2012). The barefoot debate: Can minimalist shoes reduce running-related injuries? Current Sports Medicine Reports, 11(3), 160-165. doi: 1537-890X/1103/
Ryan, T. J. (2010). Barefoot to lightweight.
# Sport Innovation/Vibram FiveFingers Footwear/Transitioning to Barefoot Running

Background
Features of the Vibram FiveFinger
Enhancing Performance with Vibram FiveFinger
TRANSITIONING TO BAREFOOT RUNNING
It is crucial to gradually incorporate your Vibram FiveFingers into your training to ensure adequate adaptation and minimise the risk of injury. Many methods have been suggested to allow successful integration; these of which will be briefly presented.
walk on different surfaces to improve balance, increase circulation and sensation, and adjust foot stride length. Foot Strength Training Program including heel raises, toe grips, dorsi/plantar flexion and towel grabbing be patient and build gradually (progressing around 10% each week)
most importantly, although some discomfort is expected for the first couple of weeks whilst your feet and lower legs adapt and compensate, stop if you feel pain at any time.
FAQs
Reference List
# Punjabi/Vocabulary/Flowers
## ਫੁਲ - Flowers

Flower is called ਫੁਲ in Punjabi. ਕਮਲ i.e. lotus, a symbol of spirituality, fruitfulness, wealth, knowledge and illumination, is the National flower of India. Some other flowers are called:
* ਗੁਲਾਬ = rose
* ਚਮੇਲੀ = jasmine
* ਗੇਂਦਾ = marigold
* ਨਰਗਸ = narcissus
* ਗੁਲ ਬਹਾਰ = daisy
* ਗੁਲਦਾਉਦੀ = chrysanthemum
* ਚਾਂਦਨੀ = plumeria
* ਗੁਲਨਾਰ = carnation
* ਡੇਹਲੀਆ = dahlia
* ਮਹਿੰਦੀ = mignonette, henna
* ਸੂਰਜਮੁਖੀ = sunflower
* ਸਰ੍ਹੋਂ = mustard
* ਰਾਤ ਦੀ ਰਾਣੀ = night blooming jasmine
* ਚੰਬੇ ਦੀ ਕਲੀ = Cabe of clove

### Exercises

1. Write names of any five flowers in Punjabi.
* ਗੁਲਾਬ (rose)
* ਗੇਂਦਾ (marigold)
* ਕਮਲ (lotus)
* ਸੂਰਜਮੁਖੀ (sunflower)
* ਚਮੇਲੀ (jasmine)

### Conclusion

In this chapter you have been introduced to flowers of Punjab. In the next chapter you will learn fruits
# Punjabi/Vocabulary/Colors
## ਰੰਗ: Colors رنگ

Color in Punjabi is ਰੰਗ. The picture shows the National Flag of India, called ਤਿਰੰਗਾ - the Tricolor. The three strips have the following colors
* ਕੇਸਰੀ = safron (Top strip)
* ਚਿੱਟਾ = white (Middle strip)
* ਸਾਵਾ = green (Lower strip)
The ਕੇਸਰੀ color represents bravery, the ਚਿੱਟਾ color represents peace and ਸਾਵਾ color symbolizes progress. In the middle of the flag is Ashok Chakra in ਨੀਲਾ (blue) color having twenty four spokes portraying the prevalence of righteousness all 24 hours of the day.
The following are some more colors in Punjabi. ( musculine/ feminine)
* ਰੱਤਾ = red لال
* ਪੀਲਾ = yellow پیلا
* ਗੁਲਾਬੀ = pink گلابی
* ਸੁਨਹਿਰਾ = golden سنہرا
* ਚਾਂਦੀ= silver چاندی
* ਭੂਰਾ = brown بھورا
* ਨਾਭੀ = maroon
* ਸੂਹਾ = crimson سوہا
* ਸੰਤਰੀ, ਨਾਰੰਗੀ, ਕੇਸਰੀ = orange
* ਜਾਮਨੀ = purple
* ਲੀਲਾ= blue
* ਕਾਲਾ = black کالا
* ਭੂਸਲਾ, ਭੂਸਲੀ = grey
* ਊਦਾ, ਊਦੀ = violet
* ਗੋਰਾ, ਗੋਰੀ = light
* ਹਨੇਰਾ, ਹਨੇਰੀ = dark
ਰੱਤਾ color is associated with danger while ਸੂਹਾ color is generally associated with bridal wear. Many young Sikhs prefer ਨਾਭੀ color turbans (sikh head-wear).

### Exercises

1. Write the Punjabi names of the colors found in the Tricolor.
* Safron: ਕੇਸਰੀ
* White: ਚਿੱਟਾ
* Green: ਸਾਵਾ
* Blue: ਨੀਲਾ
2. What are the following colors called in Punjabi
* Pink
* Purple
* Golden
* Red
* Pink: ਗੁਲਾਬੀ
* Purple: ਜਾਮਨੀ
* Golden: ਸੁਨਿਹਰਾ
* Red: ਰੱਤਾ

### Conclusion

In this chapter you were introduced to Punjabi vocabulary through colors. Colors make excellent adjectives like-
* ਰੱਤਾ ਦੁਪੱਟਾ = red head scarf
* ਗੁਲਾਬੀ ਗੱਲ੍ਹ = pink cheek
* ਸੁਨਹਿਰਾ ਭਵਿਖ = golden future
* ਨਾਭੀ ਪੱਗ = maroon turban
* ਕਾਲਾ ਕਾਂ = black crow
Next chapter shall be devoted to the introduction to birds of Punjab.
# Punjabi/Vocabulary/Food
## ਖਾਣ- ਪਾਣ - Food

ਰੋਟੀ also called ਫ਼ੁਲਕਾ or ਟੁਕ / ਟੁਕਰ is a flat bread cooked in tandoor, a special oven or a flat pan called ਤਵਾ. It is the staple food of Punjabis. It is made of wheat flour. ਮੱਕੀ ਦੀ ਰੋਟੀ made of the corn flour or ਮਿਸੀ ਰੋਟੀ made from gram flour, called ਵੇਸਣ, are also Punjabi delicacies. Other foods are-

### Breads

* ਪਰੌਂਠਾ = A stuffed bread cooked with ghee (clarified butter)
* ਪੂਰੀ= A fried bread
* ਭਟੂਰਾ = A bread fried with baking powder and curd
* ਕੁਲਚਾ = A piece of bread like burger and filled with baked vegetable
* ਮਾਲ੍ਹ ਪੂੜਾ = Flour batter fried on tawa like a parantha and served with kheer

### Rice

* ਉਬਾਲੇ ਚੌਲ = Boiled rice
* ਪੁਲਾਉ = Rice fried with jeera or peas and then boiled in limited water
* ਜਰਦਾ = Sweet rice
* ਖਿਚੜੀ = Rice cooked with lentils
* ਖੀਰ = Rice pudding (Rice cooked in milk to add taste sugar or jaggery are added)

### Vegetables and dals

* ਭਾਜੀ = Baked Vegetable (also a vegetable dish)
* ਸਾਗ = A dish made from the mustard stems
* ਦਾਲ = A dish made from pulses specially lentils
* ਮਸਰ, ਮਾਂਹ,ਸਾਵਤ ਮੂੰਗੀ, ਧੋਵੀਂ ਮੂੰਗੀ , ਮੋਠ, ਰੌਂਗੀ, ਅਰਹਰ = Different types of lentils
* ਰਾਜ ਮਾਂਹ = Kideny beans
* ਕਾਬਲੀ ਛੋਲੇ = Chickpeas
* ਕਾਲੇ ਛੋਲੇ = Grams
* ਕੜ੍ਹੀ ਪਕੌੜਾ = Pakorhas cooked in curd with gram flour

### Non-vegetarian dishes

* ਮਾਸ = meat
* ਕੁਕੜ = Chicken
* ਮੱਛੀ = Fish
* ਆਂਡੇ = Eggs

### Dairy products

* ਦੁੱਧ = Milk
* ਦਹੀਂ = Curd
* ਰੈਤਾ = Vegetables in curd
* ਦਹੀਂ ਭੱਲੇ = Curd with deep fried moong balls
* ਮੱਖਣ = Butter
* ਲੱਸੀ = Butter milk

### Snacks

* ਪਤੌੜ = Deep fried balls of gram flour and vegetables
* ਸਮੋਸਾ = Potatoes and assorted vegetables rolled in wheat flour and cooked in oil
* ਆਲੂ ਟਿੱਕੀ = Mashes potatoes round shaped and fried on tawa

### Sweets

* ਜਲੇਬੀ = Orange sweet
* ਲੱਡੂ = Orange sweet made from gram flour
* ਬਰਫੀ = Indian confictionary made from milk
* ਪੇਠਾ = Pumpkin in syrup
* ਪੰਜੀਰੀ = A dry dish made from wheat flour with dry fruits
* ਪਿੰਨੀ = Sweets like Panjiri compressed into a ball
* ਸੇਵੀਆਂ = Vermicelli
* ਗਜਰੇਲਾ = Carrot dessert
* ਰਸ ਗੁਲੇ = A sweet made from coconut
* ਗੁਲਾਬ ਜਾਮਨ = A sweet made from milk powder
* ਬਾਲੂੂਸ਼ਾਹੀ = A sweet made from maida, yoghurt, oil and sugar
* ਕੁਲਫੀ = Frozen milk concentrate
* ਪੇੜਾ = A milk based sweet
* ਪਤੀਸਾ = A sweet made from besan
* ਗੁਲਗਲੇ = A sweet fried in oil.

### Flavours

* ਕਰਾਰਾ, ਕਰਾਰੀ = spicy
* ਮਿੱਠਾ, ਮਿੱਠੀ = sweet
* ਰਸੀਲਾ, ਰਸੀਲੀ = juicy
* ਲੂਣਾ, ਲੂਣੀ = salty
* ਕੌੜਾ, ਕੌੜੀ = bitter
* ਖੱਟਾ, ਖੱਟੀ = sour
* ਤੇਨਰਮ, ਤੇਨਰਮੀ = bland
* ਤਿੱਖਾ,ਤਿੱਖੀ = pungent
* ਸੁਆਦਲੀ = tasty
* ਸਥੂਲ = gross

### Cooking/ eating utensils

* ਚਮਚਾ = spoon
* ਕਾਂਟਾ = fork
* ਪਿਆਲਾ = glass
* ਥਾਲ = plate
* ਪਤੀਲਾ = pot
* ਤਵਾ = skillet
* ਭਾਂਡਾ = dishes
* ਕੜਛੀ = mixing spoon
* ਕਰਦ = kitchen knife

### Cooking verbs

* ਚੂਰਣਾ = Scramble
* ਭੁੰਨਣਾ = roast ( ਭੁੱਝਣਾ = to be roasted)
* ਉਬਾਲਣਾ = boil ( ਉਬਲਣਾ = to be boiled)
* ਜਿਊਰਣਾ = soak
* ਰਿੰਨਣਾ/ ਪਕਾਉਣਾ = cook ( ਰਿੱਝਣਾ/ ਪੱਕਣਾ = to be cooked )

### Staple foods

* ਫਲੀਆਂ = beans
* ਦਾਲਾਂ, ਮਸਰਾਂ = lentils
* ਫਲ= fruit
* ਤਰਕਾਰੀਆਂ, ਸਬਜ਼ੀਆਂ = vegetables
* ਮਾਸਾਂ, ਗੋਸ਼ਤਾਂ = meat
* ਅਨਾਜਾਂ = gains
* ਗਿਰੀਆਂ = nuts

### Diets

* ਸ਼ਾਕਾਹਾਰੀ = vegetarian
* ਮਸਾਸ਼ਹੀ = Non Vegetarian
# Punjabi/Vocabulary/Furniture
## Furniture

Furniture in Punjabi is ਸਜਣਾ. ਕੁਰਸੀ and ਮੇਜ਼ are the most commonly used articles of furniture.
* ਕੁਰਸੀ = chair
* ਮੇਜ਼ = table
* ਸੋਫ਼ਾ/ਗੱਦਾ = sofa
* ਮੰਜਾ/ਸੇਜ = bed
* ਗੱਦਾ = matteress
* ਤਖਤ = throne
* ਤਖਤਪੋਸ਼ = a broad wooden piece of furniture for sitting or squatting on
* ਬੈਂਚ = bench
* ਡੈਸਕ = desk
* ਸਟੂਲ = stool
* ਚੌਕੀ = a low broad stool
* ਪੀਹੜੀ = A small and low woven piece of furniture to sit on.
* ਮੂਹੜਾ = mat
* ਸੰਦੂਕ = wooden or iron trunk
* ਅਲਮਾਰੀ = wardrobe

### Exercises

1. List any five items of furniture in Punjabi.
2. Identify masculine and feminine nouns from amongst the items of furniture listed in this chapter by identifying regular noun forms.

#### Masculine nouns

* ਮੰਜਾ
* ਸੋਫ਼ਾ
* ਗੱਦਾ
* ਮੂਹੜਾ

#### Feminine nouns

* ਕੁਰਸੀ
* ਚੌਕੀ
* ਪੀਹੜੀ
* ਅਲਮਾਰੀ

### Conclusion

In this chapter you have been introduced to the commonly used furniture in Punjabi homes and offices. In the next chapter you will learn about the relations.
# Punjabi/Vocabulary/Metals
## Metals

Metal is ਧਾਤ in Punjabi. ਲੋਹਾ, that is iron, is the most common metal while ਇਸਪਾਤ, that is steel, is a very sturdy metal alloy. Punjabi women love gold(ਸੋਨਾ) jewellery. The picture shows the world famous Golden Temple, the Sikh shrine at Amritsar. The better part of the temple is gold plated.
* ਸੋਨਾ = gold
* ਚਾਂਦੀ = silver
* ਤਾਂਬਾ = copper
* ਲੋਹਾ = iron
* ਸਿੱਕਾ = lead
* ਕਾਂਸੀ = bronze
* ਪਲਾਟੀਨਮ = platinum
* ਇਸਪਾਤ, ਫੌਲਾਦ = steel
* ਪਿਤਲ = brass
* ਐਲੂਮੀਨੀਅਮ = aluminum
* ਰਾਂਗ = tin
* ਜਿਸਤ = zinc
* ਨਿਕਲ = nickel
# Punjabi/Vocabulary/Miscellaneous
## Insects

* ਕੀੜੇ = insects
* ਸ਼ਹਿਦ ਦੀ ਮੱਖੀ = bee
* ਕੀੜੀ = ant
* ਕਾਢਾ = big ant
* ਤਿਤਲੀ = butterfly
* ਮੱਖੀ = common fly
* ਮੱਛਰ = mosquito
* ਭਰਿੰਡ = wasp; a yellow fly with sting
* ਟਟਹਿਣਾ/ਜੁਗਨੂੰ- firefly
* ਮਕੜੀ- spider
* ਜੂੰ = louse
* ਟਿੱਡਾ = grasshopper, locust
* ਟਿੱਡੀ = cricket
* ਬੀਂਡਾ = cicada
* ਸਿਉਂਕ = termite
* ਸੁੰਡਾ/ਸੁੰਡ = big catterpillar, big hairy catterpillar
* ਸੁੰਡੀ = small catterpillar, worm, larva
* ਰੇਸ਼ਮ ਦਾ ਕੀੜਾ = silk worm
# Punjabi/Vocabulary/Festivals
## ਤਿਉਹਾਰ - Festivals

Punjab and indeed India is a land of festivals. Religious and secular festivals are celebrated with fervour alike. ਦਿਵਾਲੀ(Diwali), the Festival of Lights, is the most sacred Hindu festival while Eid is celebrated by Muslims. The following are the other festivals celebrated in India.
* ਬਸੰਤ ਪੰਚਮੀ = Basant Panchmi
* ਹੋਲੀ = Holi
* ਹੋਲਾ ਮੁਹੱਲਾ = Hola Mohalla
* ਵਿਸਾਖੀ = Baisakhi
* ਤੀਆਂ = Teeya
* ਦੁਸਿਹਰਾ = Dusehra
* ਦਿਵਾਲੀ = Diwali
* ਲੋਹੜੀ = Lohri
* ਈਦ = Eid
* ਮੁਹੱਰਮ = Muharam
* ਬੁੱਧ ਪੂਰਨਿਮਾ = Budh Purnima
* ਗੁਰਪੂਰਬ = Gurpurab (Guru's birthday)
* ਕੁੰਭ ਮੇਲਾ = Kumb Mela
* ਬੰਦੀ ਛੋੜ ਦਿਵਸ = Bandi Chhor Diwas (Prisoners Liberation Day)
# Punjabi/Vocabulary/Months
## Months of Gregorian Calendar

Month is called ਮਾਹ in Punjabi and date ਮਿਤੀ. The following are the months of the Gregorian calendar.
* ਜਨਵਰੀ = January
* ਫ਼ਰਵਰੀ = February
* ਮਾਰਚ = March
* ਅਪ੍ਰੈਲ = April
* ਮਈ = May
* ਜੂਨ = June
* ਜੁਲਾਈ = July
* ਅਗਸਤ = August
* ਸਤੰਬਰ = September
* ਅਕਤੂਬਰ = October
* ਨਵੰਬਰ = November
* ਦਸੰਬਰ = December

### Months of the Vernacular Calendar.

The following are the months of the Vernacular calendar. The vernacular calendar is in the lunar system. Its a very important part of Punjab.
* ਚੇਤ = Chet (March)
* ਵੈਸਾਖ = Vaisakh (April)
* ਜੇਠ = Jeth (May)
* ਹਾੜ = Harh (June)
* ਸਾਉਣ = Saaun (July)
* ਭਾਦੋਂ = Bhadon (August)
* ਅੱਸੂ = Assu (September)
* ਕੱਤਕ = Katak (October)
* ਮੱਘਰ = Maghar (November)
* ਪੋਹ = Poh (December)
* ਮਾਘ = Magh (January)
* ਫੱਗਣ = Phuagun (February)

### Exercises

* Write the names of the months of the Gregorian calendar in Punjabi.
* January
* Feburary
* March
* April
* May
* June
* July
* August
* September
* October
* November
* December
* Write the names of the months of the vernacular calendar in Punjabi.
* Write a date in Punjabi, both in the Georgian way and the Vernacular way.
# Punjabi/Vocabulary/Jewellery
## ਟੂਮਾਂ- Jewellery

Punjabi womenfolk are particularly fond of jewellery, which finds a prominent place in Punjabi folklore and literature.
* ਹਾਰ = necklace
* ਗਾਨੀ = chain worn round the neck
* ਮਾਲ਼ਾ = necklace of beads
* ਕੈਂਠਾ = a thick solid necklace
* ਕੋਕਾ, ਲੌਂਗ = nose pin or nose stud
* ਨੱਥ = a chain like jewel for nose
* ਮੁੰਦਰੀ, ਛਾਪ, ਛੱਲਾ = ring
* ਵਾਲੀਆਂ = earring
* ਝੁਮਕੇ = ear droppings
* ਬੁੰਦੇ = ear studs
* ਚੂੜੀ, ਵੰਗ, ਕੰਗਣ = bangle
* ਗਜਰਾ = a thick bangle for women
* ਕੜਾ = stout
* ਝਾਂਜਰ, ਪੰਜੇਬ, ਪਾਇਲ = anklet
* ਟਿੱਕਾ = a Jewel for forehead
* ਸੱਗੀ ਫੁੱਲ = a head ornament
Other objects and metals connected with jewellery are ਹੀਰਾ (diamond), ਮੋਤੀ (pearls), ਸਿਉਨਾ (gold) and ਚਾਂਦੀ (silver) etc.

### Exercises

1. Write in Punjabi names of four jewellery items worn around the neck.
* ਹਾਰ
* ਗਾਨੀ
* ਮਾਲ਼ਾ
* ਕੈਂਠਾ
2. Write in Punjabi names of three jewellery items worn on ears.
* ਵਾਲੀ
* ਝੁਮਕੇ
* ਬੁੰਦੇ
# Radium Core/Use Cases/Proof of Author

Proof of Author has uses beyond Bitcointalk but this usage scenario is intended as a Smartchain based Proof-of-Developer and uses the Project Radon Smartchain client to secure file downloads from infamous "repost trolls." Terrible Problem: OP Dev Alice posts wallet update on thread Scammer Billy quotes Alice but changes the html in her link Noob Bob downloads Billys link thinking it is Alice's release and Bobs computer becomes infected.
Low Cost Avoidance: OP Dev Alice secures the hash of her github source (likely zipped) and file download links (zipped or unzipped however theyre linked) in the Smartchain using her known registered Smartchain username. OP Dev Alice requests users wishing to run her coin wallet or program to also download the Project Radon One-Click-Verify tool and use it on any downloads posted. OP Dev Alice posts updated files whose hashes have been stored in the Smartchain. Scammer Billy quotes new links and changes the URL to an imposter. Noob Bob downloads nefarious links but runs the Project Radon Smartchain One-Click-Verify tool and notes the files do not belong to Dev Alice. Bob does not run the executables Bob also reports Scammer Billy. Crisis averted, Bobs computer remains safe.
This scenario helps people double check a file they downloaded is from who they intended it to be from. It requires no Radium client or Smartchain client to verify a file so it is easy for the end user. A prospective developer would need to run the clients and accumulate a small amount of Radon tokens to secure hashes in the Radium chain as well as the initial verification of their name.
This scenario will allow you to make sure you get Alice's file but if Alice's file is malicious the Smartchain is not responsible for the content of anything stored within.
# Radium SmartChain/Introduction
### Introdcution

What if you had something to prove? Prove you had an idea before anyone else. Prove you made a contract with your friend. Prove that your great grandmother really did give you her secret recipe. {last line edited to appeal to target} Prove that a file download offered by your organization is authentic, and has not been compromised by hackers. Enter the Radium SmartChain.
In a world of increasing cyber attacks, people have been searching for new ways to protect their customers and computers systems. The Radium Smartchain allows people the ability to encode a file’s hash onto a blockchain and also allows them to verify that the file they downloaded has not been tampered with. To create a file hash, the program code is run through an algorithm that creates a unique string of numbers and letters that only that file can create. Any modification to the code or file will result in a different string of numbers and letters. This string is called the "hash" of the file. By encoding the file’s hash onto a blockchain, people can be certain that the hash on the blockchain is the correct hash. This isn't the case when you download a file from a website that has the file’s hash in a webpage. If an attacker wants to fool you, they will modify the file and then update the hash on the website. So, even if you did try to check the validity of the program against the hash on the website, it would come back valid even after it had been tampered with. The key reason why storing a hash on a blockchain is better is because a blockchain is incredibly difficult to modify, if not impossible.
With the Radium Smartchain, an author can register their name or company onto the blockchain. Then, when they release software or an update, they can store the new file’s hash on the blockchain. When a user or customer downloads the file, they can then verify that file with the Smartchain client. The client will hash the file and check to see if that hash has been encoded onto the blockchain. The Smartchain client will also show who the author is, when it was encoded onto the blockchain and show you that the file hash is validated or not. With this system, it's easy to increase the security of software downloads and reduce the risk of spreading viruses or malware.