OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Public Digital Backbone/7. Global Relevance
## 7. Global Relevance

Introduction:
In our interconnected world, the lessons learned from pioneering digital infrastructures like India's are universally relevant. We attempt to examine the potential of Public Digital Backbones in varied global contexts, drawing parallels, pointing out divergences, and outlining potential roadmaps for nations at different stages of their digital evolution.
Estonia: Estonia has been a pioneer in digital government, and its e-Estonia initiative has made it possible for citizens to access a wide range of government services online, from tax filing to voting. Estonia's success has been attributed to its strong political will, its focus on open data and standards, and its investment in digital infrastructure.
South Korea: South Korea has also been a leader in digital government, and its government has invested heavily in high-speed internet and mobile connectivity. South Korea's digital infrastructure has helped to boost its economy and improve the lives of its citizens.
Brazil: Brazil is one of the largest countries in the world, and it is facing the challenge of providing digital public infrastructure to its citizens in a cost-effective way. Brazil has been experimenting with a number of different approaches, including public-private partnerships and the use of open source software.
Kenya: Kenya has been praised for its use of mobile technology to provide government services to its citizens. The M-PESA mobile money platform has been used to provide financial services to millions of Kenyans, and the government has also used mobile technology to deliver healthcare services and education.
United States: The United States has a long history of public investment in infrastructure, but it has lagged behind other countries in the development of digital public infrastructure. The US government is now investing in a number of initiatives to improve its digital infrastructure, including the Build Back Better Act and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.
Singapore: Singapore is another country that has made significant investments in digital public infrastructure. The government has created a number of digital platforms that make it easier for citizens to access government services, such as the SingPass national digital identity and the GovTech National Digital Repository.
Malaysia: Malaysia is developing a national digital infrastructure called MyDIGITAL, which aims to make the country a leader in the digital economy. MyDIGITAL includes a number of initiatives to improve the country's digital infrastructure, such as the development of a high-speed broadband network and the implementation of a national cloud computing platform.
Uruguay: Uruguay has been praised for its use of digital technology to improve the lives of its citizens. The government has used mobile technology to provide healthcare services, education, and financial services to remote rural communities.
# Bibliography

1. Nandan Mohan Nilekani (2009). Imagining India: The Idea of a Renewed Nation https://archive.org/details/imaginingindiaid00nile/page/n6/mode/1up
2. Nandan Nilekani; Viral Shah (2015). Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kovICgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
3. Nandan Nilekani; Tanuj Bhojwani (2022). The Art of Bitfulness: Keeping Calm in the Digital World https://amzn.eu/d/bBZslnR
# Public Digital Backbone/8. Conclusion
## 8. Conclusion

Introduction:
As we stand at the cusp of further technological evolution, what does the future hold for Public Digital Backbones? This concluding chapter casts an eye forward, speculating on future innovations, potential expansions, and the evolving needs of societies globally. Through forward-thinking discourse, we aim to paint a picture of a world continuously bettered by digital public infrastructure.
# Proteomics/Protein Sample Preparation
### Presentation

| Introduction to Proteomics | Protein Sample Preparation | Experimental Protocols | List of Topics | Experimental Protocols |

## Introduction

As technological advances are made in the field of proteomics, it is seen that advances are necessary in the preparation of protein samples prior to any particular procedure. A number of issues arise in this respect; including sample clean-up, fractionation, enrichment, and the also sample condition optimization. Considerations of this nature can be crucial in obtaining relevant results from an experiment; some so much so that experts feel the field of proteomics is currently being limited by the lack of significant advancement in sample preparation techniques.
This facet of proteomics is becoming particularly critical in the case of high throughput protocols where the necessary conditions of a sample in one stage may directly conflict with the efficacy of a second stage. For example, during the initial step in 2D electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, all proteins in a sample are given a net charge of zero; while the second step, gel electrophoresis, requires a negative charge on all products in the sample in order to induce movement through the gel matrix.
Many companies offer pre-packaged kits that will allow you to prepare samples for many different techniques. They also offer many protein samples, and other protein technologies. Many of these companies are also on the forefront of protein analysis technology. Some examples are:
* www.millipore.com
* www.bio-rad.com
* www.qiagen.com
* www.gelifesciences.com
* www.invitrogen.com
* www.eksigent.com
* www.agilent.com
* www.beckmancoulter.com
* www.caliperls.com
* www.glygen.com
* www.piercenet.com
* www.bioproximity.com
This section is part of an ongoing project at the Rochester Institute of Technology, involving the Bioinformatics department. Currently the project is being worked on by a Proteomics Class taught by Dr. Paul Craig.

## Bibliography

* Jörg von Hagen, VCH-Wiley 2008 Proteomics Sample Preparation. ISBN 978-3-527-31796-7
# Proteomics/Protein Identification - Mass Spectrometry/References

* Instrumentation
* Types of Mass Spectrometry
* Data Analysis/ Interpretation
* Applications for mass spectrometry
* Databases
* References

# References

-F. Hillenkamp, M. Karas, R. C. Beavis, B. T. Chait, Anal. Chem., 1991, 63, 1193
-P. Roepstorrf, J. Fohlmann, Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 1984, 11, 601; R. S. Johnson, K. Biemann, Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrom., 1989, 18, 945
-Sysoev A, Adamov A, Viidanoja J, Ketola RA, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T. Development of an ion mobility spectrometer for use in an atmospheric pressure ionization ion mobility spectrometer/mass spectrometer instrument for fast screening analysis. 2004 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom;18(24):3131-9.
-McLafferty, F. W. and Turecek, F., Interpretation of Mass Spectra, University Science Books; 4th edition (May, 1993) ISBN 0935702253
-Merenbloom, S.I., Koeniger, S.L., Valentine, S.J., Plasencia, M.D., and Clemmer, D.E.; IMS-IMS and IMS-IMS-IMS/MS for Separating Peptide and Protein Fragment Ions; Anal. Chem., 78, 8, 2802 - 2809, 2006
-Owens, K. G.; How well do we REALLY understand MALDI?; 4th Annual NIST Polymer MS Workshop, November 9, 2005, Retrieved from http://polymers.msel.nist.gov/maldirecipes/PDF/Owens.pdf
# Proteomics/Protein Primary Structure
### Presentation

| Protein Identification - Mass Spectrometry | Protein Primary Structure | Post-translational Modification | List of Topics | Post-translational Modification |
# Adding new Users and Groups
## Users and Groups

Access to a Linux system is based on users and groups. You need a user account and password to login. Every user also belongs to one or more groups. A group is a set of users who are "alike". For example, a group named audio might contain all users who work with audio and need access to the soundcard of a computer, while the group named plugdev might contain all users who need automount of pluggable storage devices. What groups you are in determines which files and hardware you can access and how you can access them. When you login, Linux remembers who you are, and makes access decisions based on your identity. The whoami command displays the current user. The groups command displays the user's groups.

## Adding New Users

You can add new users with the adduser command. Open a terminal, go root and type adduser followed by the desired username. You will be prompted for a password for this new user, and various other information (full name, initial home directory, etc.).

## Adding a User to a Group

When you create a new user, s/he is only part of one group, his/her own. This user will therefore not have permission to access any other files besides his/her own, and will not be able to fully access certain hardware, such as cdrom, modem, sound and video card. To give a user these rights, you need to add him/her to the groups s/he needs access to.
The default Live CD user, lintian, has access to the following groups:
To add a new user to an existing group, use adduser again, followed by the username and name of the group you want to add the user to. To add luther to group audio, go root and do:
To add a user to multiple groups at once, use usermod, followed by -G and the names of the groups, then -a and the name of the user. Use a comma between the group names, no space! Another luther example:

## Adding groups

You can add new groups using the addgroup command, followed by the name of the group. And you can remove groups with groupdel.

## Changing Passwords

To change your own or another users password, use passwd followed by the name of the user. To change the password for user luther, you go root and type passwd luther, you will be prompted for the new password twice.

## Removing Users

You can remove users from a system using the deluser command. Open a terminal, go root and type deluser followed by some options (depending on your wished) and the name of the user to be removed. To view all options of deluser, type man deluser.
For instance, to remove user "luther" and his home folder, and making a backup of all files contained in the userhome and the mailspool-file to a file named luther.tar.bz2 or luther.tar.gz, you type:
# Puredyne/Burning and Booting the live CD or DVD

These instructions work for both the CD edition and the DVD edition. (Note: for the CD edition you'll need a blank CD of at least 700MB, some are smaller!)

## Burning the puredyne image onto a disc
### On Linux

Burning a disc on Linux can be done with a lot of different applications. We recommend Brasero. First, insert an empty disc in your computers disc drive. After starting Brasero, choose Burn image. In the Image burning setup, click on path and select the puredyne iso file. After that press Burn.
If the burn button is not available, this means something is wrong. Perhaps the disc or DVD you inserted in your drive is not writable or has already got data on it. Check the disc and try again.

### On Windows

There are plenty of disc burning applications for Windows (such as Infrarecorder). Start your favourite disc burning application and choose to burn a disc image from an iso file. Select the Puredyne iso file and burn the disc.

### On Mac

Insert a blank disc. Start Disk Utility (it's in the /Applications/Utilities folder on most Macs). From the File menu, choose Open Disk Image and select the ISO to be burned. In the list of volumes, you will now see an item representing the ISO file. Select it. Click the Burn button and follow the instructions.

## Booting from the disc

To boot from disc, insert the disc into your disc-drive and (re)boot your computer. In most cases, your computer will automatically boot from the Puredyne disc. (On a Mac you may need to hold the "c" key while the Mac starts up, to boot from drive.) After about a minute the desktop should appear (it logs in automatically). You are ready to start using Puredyne.

### Changing the BIOS

If your computer doesn't automatically boot from disc, you need to change a setting in your computer's BIOS. Most PC's allow you to enter the BIOS settings quickly after you start your computer. You are usually prompted to press F12 or F2 to enter the BIOS (check your computers manual if no information is displayed at boot).
Once you entered the BIOS settings, look for the Boot Sequence. You should change the sequence so that the disc drive is first in the list, the hard drive later. It differs per computer how this is done, please check the manual of your computer if you are unsure how to change these settings.
# Puredyne/Coding Style
## Shell Scripting

This guideline is heavily inspired from the Debian Live Coding Style.

### Compatibility

* Don't use syntax or semantics that are unique to the Bash shell. For example, the use of array constructs.
* Only use the POSIX subset - for example, use $(foo) over `foo`.
* You can check your scripts with 'sh -n' and 'checkbashisms'

### Indenting

* Always use tabs over spaces.

### Wrapping

* Generally, lines are 80 chars at maximum.
* Use the "Linux style" of line breaks:
* The same holds for functions:

### Variables

* Variables are always in capital letters.
* Use braces around variables; eg. write ${FOO} instead of $FOO.
* Always protect variables with respect to potential whitespaces, write "${FOO}" not ${FOO}.
* For consistency reasons, always use quotes when assigning values to variables:
* If multiple variables are used, quote the full expression:

### Miscellaneous

* Use | as a separator in calls to sed, e.g. sed -e 's|foo|bar|'.
* Don't use the test command for comparisons or tests, use [ ], e.g. if [ -x /bin/foo ]; ... and not if test -x /bin/foo; ....
# Puredyne/Booting a live USB stick
## Notes on Puredyne USB sticks

* Currently, Puredyne USB keys do not boot on Intel-based Apple Macintoshes - if you know why, please get in touch with us!

## Booting Puredyne from a USB stick

* Insert the USB stick into your computer and turn it on.
* Most computers will not automatically boot from the USB stick. If your computer does not, you need to change a setting in your computer's BIOS. Most PCs allow you to enter the BIOS settings quickly after you start your computer. You are usually prompted to press F1, F12 or F2 to enter the BIOS (check your computers manual if no information is displayed at boot). Once you entered the BIOS settings, look for the Boot Sequence page. You should change the sequence so that the USB pen drive is first in the list, the hard disk and CD-ROM/DVD drive later. It differs per computer how this is done, please check the manual of your computer if you are unsure how to change these settings. Also, some machines' BIOS offer a quick boot device selection menu like this during startup when pressing F12:
* After changing the boot options in your computers BIOS make sure to save the settings and reboot your machine.
* Once your computer has restarted you should be greeted with a boot menu. Press enter to begin booting Puredyne.
# Puredyne/Add Applications to the menu
## Adding an application to the Audio category

In our case we will add din (music software) to the Applications Menu under xfce4:
First, create a .desktop file via Create Launcher (right click), one can assing an icon and then when finished, it will appear on our Desktop.
To have it showing up under the Audio menu entry then, simply copy it over to:
/usr/share/applications
after that run this on a terminal:
sudo update-menus
it will appear under the entry labeled: Other
To make it appear under the Audio entry simply edit the .desktop file and add the following line:
Categories=Audio;AudioVideo;Music;
Re-run the update-menus command (as above).
That's all, took me a while to figure it out since the xfce4 methods are a bit of a mess.. Thanks krgn for the help.
# Burn CDs and DVDs

Burning CDs and DVDs on pure:dyne is very simple. In this small tutorial we'll explain how to use Brasero.
Brasero allows you to create audio and data CD/DVDs, copy CD/DVDs, and burn an existing CD/DVD image to disc. When you start the application, you can choose on of these 4 options.

## Audio and Data CD/DVD

First you need to put an empty, writable CD/DVD in your CD/DVD drive.
To add files to your project, use the browser panel within brasero. Simply browse for the files you want to include and either double click, or drag them from the browser panel to the project window on the right.
When you start adding files to your project, the bar at the bottom of Brasero indicates how much space your files take up (or time, in the case of an audio CD/DVD). When your project gets too big, the end of the green bar turns red and you receive a warning. To remove files, click and drag them out of the brasero window and release your mouse button. Your cursor will change into a trashcan and the file has been removed.
When you are finished adding files or music to your project, click on the burn button. In the disc burning setup you can select your CD/DVD writer and give your project a title. To finally start the burning process, click on burn.
If the burn button is not available, this means something is wrong. Perhaps the CD or DVD you inserted in your drive is not writable or has already got data on it. Check the disc and try again.

## Disc Copy

To copy a CD/DVD, insert the CD/DVD you want to copy into your disc drive. Start Brasero and select Disc Copy. When you click Copy, the disc you inserted will be copied to a disc image. After this is done, Brasero will prompt you to insert the empty CD/DVD (your disc drive will eject the original CD/DVD). Insert the emtpy CD/DVD and Brasero will start burning the copied disc image to the empty CD/DVD.
If the burning does not start automatically, and you get an error, the CD/DVD you inserted is probably not writable.

## Disc Image

Insert an empty CD/DVD into your disc drive. After starting Brasero, choose Burn image. In the Image burning setup, click on path and select the puredyne iso file. After that press Burn.
If the burn button is not available, this means something is wrong. Perhaps the CD or DVD you inserted in your drive is not writable or has already got data on it. Check the disc and try again.
# Pinyin/Mountain

A mountain is a very high hill, often with rocks near the top.
dahshan shih heen gao d shan, tongcharng shandiing shih yarnshir.
# Pinyin/Mountainous area

See also
# Pinyin/Movement

See also
A movement is an action of moving the whole or part of the body.
huordohng shih yirdohng zheenggeh huoh buhfehn shentii d dohngzuoh.
# Pinyin/Moving

See also
# Pinyin/Mouth

Search Pinyin mouth
The mouth is the part of your face below your nose that you use to eat and speak.
koou shih miahnbuh bir'zi xiahmiahn yohngyur chi dong'xi her shuohuah d buhfehn.
# Pinyin/Move

to move: to change position
yirdohng: gaaibiahn weihzhih
# Pinyin/Movie

See also
A movie is a story or series of events recorded by a video camera and shown on a screen in a theater or on television.
diahnyiing shih shehxiahngji shehluh, zaih xihyuahn huoh diahnshih bofahng d guhshih huoh shihjiahn.
# Pinyin/Mucous membrane

See also
# SAASTE Technology/Modules/Structures Grade 8
## Frame Structures
### SITUATION:

You have received a Hi-Fi / play station. It is a very expensive piece of equipment and needs to be kept safe. You will need to use the knowledge and skills of this module to address this situation. Your solution must be a frame structures that includes at least three structural elements you have learnt. (E.g. columns, beams, arches, buttress, struts, stays, guys and ties)
Structures have FIVE BASIC FORCES that acts on it. Structural elements are used to strengthen structures that are subjected to various forces that act on it

### Activity 1: Research Task

Look at pamphlets, magazines, furniture stores and various structures to get information.
* Cut out or Draw pictures showing how structures are strengthen by various structural elements.
* Identify and Show at least 2 structural elements in each picture / drawing.
* Make an A4 poster of these structural elements with labels and present it to the class.
Place this research task in your portfolio under the section: Investigate.
Assessment: RESEARCH

### Activity 2: Investigating rigidity

Investigate whether the following shapes are rigid or non-rigid.
Use the following as a guide in your investigation.
* Use sticky tape and strips of cardboard to make the shapes shown above.
* Use a small amount of force to check whether the shape is rigid or not.
* Make the non-rigid shape rigid with extra strip/s of cardboard.
* Record your results on the table below:
Draw on shape how each shape was made
* What can you deduce from this investigation?
* Find pictures or draw sketches that demonstrate this type of strengthening in the real world.
* Paste it on an A4 page and put it together with the above activity under INVESTIGATE.
===Activity 3: Practical task=== - Group work (4 learners per group)
Collect the following materials at home or at school.
* Cardboard
* Egg containers
* Straws
* Corks
* Plastic bottles, lids, plastic containers
* Nails
* Polystyrene
* Glue
* String
* Wood
* Wool
* Skewers
* Wire
* Sucker Ə
Design and make any article using at least 3 of the above materials and include at least 3 structural elements in the one design.
* Identify a problem, need or opportunity and write a brief
* State 2 specifications for the product.
* State the tools and materials list
* Evaluate the product against the specifications and whether the structure is stable/ rigid when a force is applied to it.
* Suggest one improvement to the product.
* You must also comment on the impact of your product on the environment.

## The use of Technology

People now use technology, but why. People would have fast and easy technical things like:•Mobile cellphone
•Microwave
And other technical things.In grade 8 we learn that frame structures have many sides.
* ↑ Lu, Yanning; Xiang, Yanzheng; Chen, Bo; Zhu, Haiyang; Yue, Junfeng; Jin, Yawei; He, Pengfei; Zhao, Yibo; Zhu, Yingjie; Si, Jiasheng; Zhou, Deyu (2022-10-27). "Steam turbine power prediction based on encode-decoder framework guided by the condenser vacuum degree". PLOS ONE. 17 (10): e0275998. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275998. ISSN 1932-6203.
# SAP ERP/Accounts Payable

Accounts Payable is used to manage and record accounting data for all the vendors. All invoices and deliveries are managed as per vendor requests. Payables are managed as per the payment program and all the payments can be made using checks, transfer, electronic transfers, etc.