OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction to .NET Framework 3.0/Preface

This book has been written in order to educate programmers (especially .NET programmers) about the latest trends in Microsoft's .NET Framework. Microsoft .NET 3.0 is a major milestone in the evolution of the .NET framework and this book is equally indispensable as a study material in understanding .NET 3.0.
This book is made up of four units. The first unit comprises a general introduction about the .NET framework and enhancements introduced by .NET2.0 as masterpages. The reason for including a brief introduction of masterpages is that the concept of masterpages shall be in extensive use in .NET Framework 3.0 applications and a coverage of masterpages as an overview seemed a necessity. The second unit comprises a brief overview of the new enhancements brought forth in .NET 3.0 with regard to the use of generic and nullable data types. Unit 3 includes a detailed coverage of the four major components newly introduced in .NET 3.0: Windows Communication Foundation(WCF), Windows Presentation Foundation(WPF), Windows Workflow Foundation(WWF) and Windows Cardspace.It is here that the .NET course actually commences. The fourth and final unit comprises an overview of IIS 7.0 and Windows Powershell, which is the new command-line interface(CLI) introduced by .NET 3.0.
-Ravichandar Krishnamurthy, Author, August 9, 2007.
# Introduction to .NET Framework 3.0
## Introduction

* An Overview
* Advantages of .NET 3.0
* An Overview of Master Pages

## Features of .NET Framework 3.0

* Caching
* Generics
* Nullable Types

## Components of .NET Framework 3.0

* Windows Presentation Foundation
* Windows Communication Foundation
* Windows Cardspace
* Windows Workflow Foundation

## Other Components

* Features of IIS 7.0
* Windows PowerShell
# Introduction to .NET Framework 3.0/Nullable Types

.NET 3.0 supports nullable data types. Previously, nullification of only 'int' values were supported by .NET. However, this addition comes as a big boon to developers who might find it easy even to have 'null date-time' values and the kind. Values might be nullifed in .NET by placing a '?' after the datatype name in the variable declaration
Examples
Note: Nullable support is available since .Net 2.0
# Metal Gear Series/Otacon
## Otacon

| Japanese voice actor | English voice actor |
| Hideyuki Tanaka | Christopher Randolph |
Dr. Hal Emmerich, nicknamed Otacon, is an American weapons designer and computer hacker who functions as a Q-like sidekick to Solid Snake, usually giving him support via codec.
Otacon is first introduced in Metal Gear Solid as the designer of Metal Gear REX, and is being held captive at the outset on Shadow Moses Island. After Snake rescues him, he joins the FOXHOUND team and guides Snake through the process of disarming and destroying Metal Gear. He also becomes infatuated with FOXHOUND member Sniper Wolf while in captivity and is crushed when she is later killed in battle by Solid Snake. During the cutscene where Snake reveals Metal Gear's true purpose, Otacon says nuclear weapons must be written into his genes. Genetics being a major theme of Metal Gear solid. He then reveals that his grandfather worked on the Manhattan Project and his father was born on August 6, 1945, the day Hiroshima was bombed.
In Metal Gear Solid 2, Otacon and Solid Snake form Philanthropy, an anti-proliferation organization. Otacon supports Snake via the radio as he infiltrates a converted tanker to photograph Metal Gear RAY, and later, supports Snake and Raiden as they infiltrate the Big Shell in a bid to rescue his foster sister, Emma, while attempting to destroy Arsenal Gear. Later on in the game, Emma is killed by Vamp. Lead character designer Yoji Shinkawa stated in an interview that Otacon is designed to look somewhat "tougher" than he did in Metal Gear Solid.
Though Otacon himself does not appear in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (the game being set in the 1960s), his grandfather (also a scientist) is mentioned in conversation between Naked Snake and Sigint and also appears in a photograph alongside Russian weapons designer Aleksandr Leonovitch Granin.
Otacon also appears in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots trailers, still supporting Solid Snake as a member of Philanthropy. In early trailers, he's remote controlling a robot reminiscent of the Metal Gear Mk. II from an earlier Hideo Kojima directed game, Snatcher.

## References

Williamson, Colin, Yoji Shinkawa interview, 12 December 2000, accessed 1 January 2007
# Metadata

Metadata are structured assertions that describe some form of communication. Metadata are usually used to assist in the organization, discovery, use, and management of these communications.
Metadata can be machine-generated, human-generated, or generated by a combination of these approaches. Some examples of metadata:
* A library catalog card, which is a structured expression of information that describes a book and its content.
* EXIF data as recorded by a digital camera or smartphone, which describe a digital photograph (see thumbnail on the right)
* ID3 metadata, which allows a song's title, artist, album, and track number to be stored within an MP3 file.
* CDWA records for works of art in museums.
* This page's history log, which documents all changes to the page you are viewing right now.

## Contents

* Forms of Metadata
* Metadata Standards
* Uses of Metadata
* Metadata and Information Retrieval

## Related Wikibooks

* XML - Managing Data Exchange
* Cataloging and Classification
# Metadata/Forms of Metadata
## Structural metadata

Certain communities, such as database administrators, are more concerned with another type of metadata: structural metadata. This type of metadata documents how data is structured and stored.
For example, a store might keep a database that tracks how much money customers spend on groceries. In this case, we would know that the customer's name would always be a string of characters, and that the amount of money they spend would always be a positive number. Knowing this, we would be able to set up a database that stores the data more efficiently. While creating the database, they might issue a command like:
This establishes a schema -- a set of constraints -- for our database table. Here are some of the constraints:
* The purchase_date must be in SQL's timestamp. The database will throw an error if somebody tries to enter Last Tuesday for a transaction's purchase_date, but will accept 2020-02-14 09:22:15.
* Customers cannot spend a negative amount of money during a purchase, because the amount_spent column only allows values with an UNSIGNED INTEGER type, which must be positive.
* Customers with very long names may find their names shortened in the database, since the VARCHAR(50) type only allows 50 characters of data in the customer_name column.
After the database has seen some use, we might have the following in our table:
| purchase_id (UNSIGNED INTEGER) | customer_name (VARCHAR(50)) | amount_spent (UNSIGNED INTEGER) | purchase_date (TIMESTAMP) |
| 1 | Ashok Kumar | 2784 | 2020-02-14 09:22:15 |
| 2 | Hong Gil dong | 3516 | 2020-02-14 09:30:02 |
| 3 | Joe Borg | 499 | 2020-02-14 09:31:43 |
| 4 | Israel Israeli | 2495 | 2020-02-15 09:00:04 |
By themselves, the values 499, Hong Gil dong, 4, and 2020-02-14 09:22:15 are meaningless. However, the structural metadata we entered allows us to define, interpret, maintain, and efficiently store the data in the table.
Confusingly, structural metadata has a second definition. In the digital library community, the term structural metadata is frequently used to refer to a specific type of descriptive metadata, namely metadata that describes the physical and/or logical structure of a particular communication. For example, if a digital library project had created digital images of all the pages in a book, structural metadata would document the order of the pages, and perhaps which page each chapter or section began with.
# Metal Gear Series/Meryl Silverburgh

Meryl Silverburgh is a character in the Metal Gear series. Her first appearance is in Metal Gear Solid, and is also Colonel Roy Capmbell's daughter.
She is shot by Sniper Wolf whilst trying to help Snake and then taken to Liquid (Snake's) brother. At the end of Metal Gear Solid Liquid and Solid Snake both fight and Snake is able to save Meryl.
At the end Snake, Otacon and Meryl all leave Shadow Moses together.
# Metal Gear Series

This book is designed to give detailed facts and information on the fictional universe of the Metal Gear videogame series. Most of the information in this book is based on plot details given in the Metal Gear videogames themselves, as well as various documents related to the series.

## Table of Contents

* Timeline
** Early History
** Big Boss Era
** Solid Snake Era
** Comparisons to Reality
* Plot Summary
** Outer Heaven Uprising
** Zanzibar Land Disturbance
** In the Darkness of Shadow Moses: The Unofficial Truth
** The New York Mirror
** The Shocking Conspiracy Behind Shadow Moses
* Character Biographies
** Solid Snake
** Big Boss
** Raiden
** Ocelot
** Roy Campbell
** Gray Fox
** Liquid Snake
** Solidus Snake
** Otacon
** Meryl Silverburgh
* Places
** Tselinoyarsk
** Outer Heaven
** Zanzibar Land
** Shadow Moses Island
** USS Discovery Tanker
** Big Shell
* Organizations
** The Philosophers
** The Patriots
** FOX
** FOXHOUND
* Strategy guide for Metal Gear Solid 5: The Phantom Pain

## Notes

* ↑ This timeline was taken from the deleted Wikipedia article Metal Gear timeline
* ↑ This comparison is taken from the deleted Wikipedia article Metal Gear timeline compared to reality
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places

This page will provide a list of places mentioned and visited in the Harry Potter series of novels. Emphasis is given to places where a substantial amount of action has occurred, or that play a significant off-stage role in the story arc. Primarily, this page will consist of links to more in-depth articles about these places.
We note that some places are also institutions (e.g. the Ministry of Magic) or groups of people (e.g. the House of Gaunt). Articles linked from this page will concern themselves with the location; other aspects will be covered in articles under different headings.

## Common

Places where many events happen and/or where the characters spend a great deal of time.
* Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry
** Gryffindor House
** Hufflepuff House
** Ravenclaw House
** Slytherin House
** Headmaster's Office
** Hospital Wing
* The Burrow
* Hogsmeade
** The Shrieking Shack
** Zonko's Joke Shop
** The Hog's Head Inn
** The Three Broomsticks
** Honeyduke's Sweetshop
* Platform 9-3/4
* Hogwarts Express
* Number 4 Privet Drive, Little Whinging, Surrey

## Special

Places that are only visited once or a handful of times but where significant events may have occurred.
* Diagon Alley
** The Leaky Cauldron
** Apothecary (Note: while some sources name this as "Slug and Jiggers", the apothecary is not named in the books, so this name is not canon.)
** Eeylops Owl Emporium
** Florean Fortescue's Ice Cream Parlor
** Flourish and Blotts
** Gambol and Japes Wizarding Joke Shop
** Gringotts
** Madam Malkin's Robes for All Occasions
** Magical Menagerie
** Ollivanders: Makers of Fine Wands since 382 BC
** Quality Quidditch Supllies
** Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes
* Forest of Dean
* Godric's Hollow
* Number 12 Grimmauld Place
* in or near Hogwarts
** Chamber of Secrets
** The Forbidden Forest
** Hagrid's Hut
** Room of Requirement
* Knockturn Alley
** Borgin and Burkes
* Little Hangleton
** House of Gaunt
** Riddle Manor
* Malfoy Manor
* Ministry of Magic
* Shell Cottage
* Spinner's End
* St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries
* The Surrey Zoo

## Reference

Places that are only referenced but are significant enough to be known amongst certain characters.
* Azkaban Prison
* Beauxbatons Academy of Magic
* Durmstrang Institute
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Glisseo
## Overview

The Glisseo charm flattens the treads of a staircase, effectively turning it into a slide.

## Extended Description

We first see this charm in action in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when Ron, upset at what he believes to be a betrayal of the newly created Dumbledore's Army, attempts to fetch Hermione from her dormitory. After he has taken about three steps on the staircase, it turns into a slide under him, depositing him on the floor of the Common Room. Hermione later says that evidently the Founders felt girls were more trustworthy than boys, which is why the boys' dormitories are not similarly rigged to prevent girls from entering.
We do not hear the incantation, though, until Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. There, in the Battle of Hogwarts, the Trio have taken refuge behind the tapestry at the top of a flight of stairs. A pair of Death Eaters spot them, and Hermione uses Glisseo to turn the stairs into a slide to hasten their getaway.

## Analysis

Additionally, "glisseo" in Latin translates directly to "slide".

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Fwooper
## Overview

The Fwooper is an African bird that comes in green, yellow, orange, or pink. Its main use in the Wizarding world is as a source of particularly posh quills. Its main defence mechanism involves singing a song which eventually drives the listener to insanity.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Geminio
## Overview

Geminio is a spell used to duplicate things.

## Extended Description

The verbal component of this spell is based on the word Gemini, which is the English form of the zodiac symbol for "the twins". It is used by Hermione to duplicate the Horcrux in the Ministry of Magic, so that Umbridge will not be aware that it has been taken from her.

## Analysis

Note that this spell is similar, but not identical, to the Gemino curse.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* This spell duplicates objects, so why is this spell not used much in the books? For example, in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry, Ron, Hermione, Percy, Ginny, Fred and George all need a complete set of Lockhart books for Hogwarts. Seven sets of books were bought, but Mrs. Weasley presumably could have bought one set, and cast this spell to make seven complete sets for the price of one.

## Greater Picture
### Re: why did Molly not use it?

The question has been asked, why don't wizards use Geminio to twin objects that they need more of? Of course, this is never answered directly in the book, but there is implication that either the copy just isn't good enough, or there is some form of magical rights management, akin to Muggle DRM or copy protection.
Taking the latter case first: We have already seen that some spells can be countered; Alohomora can be blocked, as we see in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, where Professor Umbridge has locked her door in a manner that makes it impervious to that spell, and we see in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that some objects, notably the Sword of Gryffindor, are unaffected by Accio. It is to be expected that someone like Gilderoy Lockhart, concerned as he is with his own fame and profits, would have protected his books with a spell to prevent copying. Bookstores like Flourish and Blott's, of course, would be all in favour of such a spell, as they could not stay in business if their wares were copied indefinitely.
There is also the inferred "not good enough" issue. When Hermione uses the Geminio charm to create a duplicate of the locket, she says that she believes the copy will be good enough to fool Umbridge. This quite strongly suggests that even a witch as technically competent as Hermione cannot use the spell to create an identical copy. It is also mentioned that the copies produced by the similar Gemino curse are worthless. So if, as suggested, Mrs. Weasley were to use Geminio to replicate textbooks, the new textbooks might be as unusable as the end results of the failing Weasley spell-checking quill near the end of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince – the text might be present but scrambled, or the books might be solid blocks that only appear to be books, for instance.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Gemino
## Overview

Gemino is a protective curse; cast on an object, it makes that object multiply repeatedly when it is touched.

## Extended Description

The verbal component of this spell is based on the word Gemini, which is the English form of the zodiac symbol for "the twins".
According to Griphook, it is apparently fairly common for valuable items in the vaults at Gringotts to be protected with the Gemino and Flagrante curses. The former causes the touched item to produce multiple copies of itself, thus confusing the burglar into taking the valueless copies.

## Analysis

Note the similarity to the Geminio charm, which produces a single replica of the object it is cast upon.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Ghoul
## Overview

The ghoul, while not exactly the best looking of all magical creatures, isn't all that dangerous. It occupies attics or barns owned by wizards, and resembles a buck-toothed ogre. The most harm it can cause is to growl at someone who unluckily comes across it. It often groans and throws things around.

## Extended Description

In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, it is mentioned that there is a Ghoul living in the attic of The Burrow, the Weasley home; Ron is rather dismissive of it, saying that it is nowhere near as good as having a house-elf. There is mention of a "murderous old ghoul" elsewhere in the books, which would imply that ghouls can also become dangerous as they get old; possibly, like many animals, they get senile.

## Analysis

In the case of the Weasleys' attic, the ghoul is used as part of the ongoing illustration of the Weasley family's relative poverty; the idea, one supposes, is that rich families have house-elves to take care of them. Ron does find out that having a house-elf can be a double-edged sword, though, when he has to deal with Kreacher.
Ghouls are also mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Ron, with the help of his father, changes his ghoul into a replica of himself with "Spattergroit", so that he can search for the Horcruxes with Harry and Hermione.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* What do ghouls eat? Boggarts feed off our fears and so act to inspire fear; what would Ghouls feed off that would cause them to prefer noise? Could it be irritation?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Gillyweed
## Overview

Gillyweed is a magical plant, apparently native to the Mediterranean Sea. It is described as looking like "slimy grayish green rat tails." Consumption of the raw weed results in gills appearing in the subject's neck, and apparently also hands and feet lengthening and growing webs to become effective fins.

## Extended Description

When Harry Potter is having difficulty figuring out a way to complete the second task of the Triwizard Tournament (which requires him to rescue Ron from the bottom of a lake), Dobby steals some Gillyweed from Professor Snape's store cupboard and gives it to Harry to use.
We later learn that Professor Moody had given a book on Magical Water Plants of the Mediterranean to Neville, with the expectation that Harry would ask Neville for help in the Challenge. Harry never consulted Neville, however; so Moody deliberately mentioned Gillyweed in Dobby's hearing.

## Analysis

More than breathing underwater, this plant forces partial adaptation to an underwater existence, providing Harry with gills and extending his feet and hands into flippers. These effects last for about one hour in fresh water.
Note: In the film version of this series, it is in fact Neville who provides Gillyweed to Harry; this is managed by having Mad Eye Moody summon Ron and Hermione to Professor McGonagall's office, when he confronts the trio in the library. He then introduces Neville, who mentions the plant while helping Harry put books away, instead of having Fred and George do it. This is likely a cost-cutting decision by the filmmakers; by eliminating Dobby from this one scene, they remove any need to have house-elves in the film.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Furnunculus
## Overview

Furnunculus apparently causes whoever it hits to erupt in boils.

## Extended Description

This is one of the classic duelling spells. Harry used it first in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire; he had been goaded into duelling with Draco. The spell hit Draco's Densaugeo jinx and ricocheted, hitting Goyle.

## Analysis

In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire we learn that combining jinxes can have unexpected effects – apparently, Harry's Furnunculus curse combines with George's Jelly legs curse to afflict Crabbe with little tentacles all over his face. We can't be certain that the boils that afflicted Goyle in the earlier episode were the intended effect; the spell may well have been modified by hitting the Densaugeo spell. However, "Furnunculus" in Latin translates directly to "boil".

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.