OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Catalog
## Catalog Basics

The Catalog is a feature that some TI calculators have. It contains most of the commands that can be executed on the calculator. The Catalog can be accessed on some calculators (namely the TI-84 family, TI-83 family, and some others) by pressing 2ND:CATALOG(0). On other calculators, other button combinations may be used.
The Catalog is sorted alphabetically, and upon entering the Catalog, the cursor style is automatically set to ALPHA for easy searching. You can jump to a letter in the catalog by pressing that letter. Should no commands beginning with that letter exist, the Catalog will automatically take you to the next letter. Operands such as +, -, /, *, ', ", :, and π are stored at the end of the Catalog. Press CLEAR at any time to exit the Catalog.
Once you find the command you wanted to insert, you can insert it by pressing ENTER, and it will insert the content into the program editor or home screen.

## The Catalog

Returns the absolute value of value.
Returns true only if valueA and valueB are both true or non-zero.
Returns the polar angle of a complex number or list of complex numbers.

## Using Catalog Help (TI-83/TI-84 Families Only)

TI-83/84 families of calculators have an app called Catalog Help (CtlgHelp). While it says that it works only on the TI-83 family, it also works on the TI-84 family. Start the app by going to the apps menu (APPS), then running the CtlgHelp app. Keep pressing ENTER until you reach the Home Screen again. The next time you open the Catalog, press + with the cursor on an entry, and the command's syntax and usage will be displayed. You can use the up and down arrow keys to navigate to other commands in the Catalog. Press TRACE and the command will be inserted into the Program Editor or Home Screen, the same way you would insert it from the Catalog itself. Press GRAPH at any time to exit the Catalog Help environment.
Previous: Appendix A: List of Commands
# TI-Basic Programs/CStart
## Program Description

CStart is a title screen start-up program which works in conjunction with prgmCHASE. A user must have both programs on their calculator in order to play Chase. When both programs are in place, the user never needs to actually run prgmCSTART, but it must be un-archived while playing Chase so that Chase can access it. The user simply runs prgmCHASE and the program will then link to CStart automatically. CStart doesn't change any part of the actual gameplay of Chase, but it displays a very cool start-up screen. As outlined in the Program Description section for prgmCHASE in this wikibook, the title screen gives the player four options: 1) New Game (to start a new game) 2) Continue (to continue a currently saved game) 3) Instructions (to bring up the instructions for Chase) 4) Quit (to leave the program and return to the main screen)
It also displays a large drawing of the word "CHASE" with the vicious ≠'s as part of the E. It displays the current High Score in the upper-right (which will show 0 if the user has not played before), and an image of a < sign with angry eyes and sharp teeth chasing a frightened X in order to eat him.
Choice 3 will clear the screen and draw up page 1 of the instructions for Chase. This page gives an introduction and a background for Chase and tells the player what his goal is. The program will be paused when this screen is displayed and it will wait for the player to press ENTER, upon which the screen will be cleared again and page 2 of the instructions will be displayed. On this page, the player will see a diagram of which keys are to be used for controlling the > symbol during gameplay. It also tells of how the game will slow down, and needs to be re-booted using the ENTER key while playing in order to get it back up to speed.

## Program Code

Notes:
* Many of these lines of code can be linked together in one line by just typing a ":" instead of pressing ENTER and typing the next command on the next line. Also, some of the commands displayed here are already linked in this way.
* The "¤" found in the command, " :Text(8,69,"¤ ", is actually a very small square and it can be found in the CATALOG menu on your calculator. It will be above what looks like a small plus sign (+), near the bottom of the list.
# TI-Basic Z80 Programming/Advanced Variables

The calculator can work with variables of other types in programs. Here, we show some examples of manipulating and accessing all other types of variables from a program. It is assumed you understand basic operation of the variable types.

## Complex

Complex numbers on the calculator use the same variables as Real numbers. So, the A variable can hold both 3.14 and 3i+2, but not at the same time. Essentially, you do not have to use different types of variables for real and complex numbers.

## Matrices

Matrices store data in two dimensions, much like a table. To instantiate a matrix:
    DelVar [A]
    {x,y}→dim([A])
To get and set a value in the matrix:
    [A](x,y) // Get a value
    3.14→[A](x,y) // Storing a value

### Examples
#### 4x4 Multiplication Table

    DelVar [A]
    {4,4},dim([A])
    For(I,1,4)
    For(J,1,4)
    I*J→[A](I,J)
    End
    End
    Disp [A]

#### Hadamard Product

The Hadamard product for two matrices of equal dimension is (in this example 3x3 matrices):
${\begin{bmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\end{bmatrix}}\circ {\begin{bmatrix}b_{11}&b_{12}&b_{13}\\b_{21}&b_{22}&b_{23}\\b_{31}&b_{32}&b_{33}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}a_{11}\,b_{11}&a_{12}\,b_{12}&a_{13}\,b_{13}\\a_{21}\,b_{21}&a_{22}\,b_{22}&a_{23}\,b_{23}\\a_{31}\,b_{31}&a_{32}\,b_{32}&a_{33}\,b_{33}\end{bmatrix}}$
This code performs the Hadamard product of Matrix A and B and stores it into Matrix C:
    DelVar [C]
    If sum(dim([A])≠dim([B]))≠0 // Comparing lists
    Stop
    dim([A])→L1
    L1→dim([C])
    For(X,1,L1(1))
    For(Y,1,L1(2))
    [A](X,Y)*[B](X,Y)→[C](X,Y)
    End
    End

## Y-Vars

The Y-Vars are special strings that hold the expressions used in graphing. They operate just like normal strings, but are used when graphing and are parsed as expressions. Entering a string into a Y-Var will allow it to be graphed on the screen. Use the letter X to denote the variable, just like you would when entering an equation into the Y= screen.

### Examples
#### Simple Graph

    ZStandard
    "3X+2"→Y1
    DispGraph

## Pics

Pics store a snapshot of the graph screen, including all the drawings made to the graph screen. Pics do not store the equations that make up the drawing, but rather just the pixels that are colored.
To store and recall Pics means to write and read pics, respectively:
Where n is a number from 0–9, or a Pic variable like Pic1.

## Graph Databases

Graph Databases (GBD) are used for storing the current graphing information. It includes:
* The current graphing mode (one of FUNC, PAR, POL, or SEQ)
* All graphing equations in the current mode
* Window variables excluding zoom and table settings
* Graph formatting
To store and recall GBDs:
Where n is a number from 0–9, or a GBD variable like GBD1.
Previous: Loops Next: GetKey Table of Contents: TI-Basic Z80 Programming
# TI-Basic Programs/GuessMe
## Program Description

GuessMe is a wonderful, enjoyable game based upon the simple concept of guessing a number. In this game, the player interacts with the calculator in a sort of dialogue. When the program is initiated, a Main Menu opens and the player is given five options:
* 1,000
* 10,000
* 100,000
* HI SCORES
* QUIT
Option 4 types up a screen which displays the current high score for each of the three difficulty levels, and Option 5 simply quits the program and returns to the main calculator entry screen. If the player selects Option 1, 2, or 3, the game will begin. The game begins by the calculator choosing a random number for the player to guess. If the player chose Option 1, then the number chosen by the calculator will be any number from 1 to 1000. The maximum number for Option 2 is 10000 and the maximum number for option 3 is 100000. This means that there are three difficulty levels that the player can choose from and that the calculator will save a separate high score for each difficulty which can all be seen on the High Score page by selecting Option 4 from the Main Menu. After selecting a number for the player to guess, the calculator tells the player what is going on and prompts him for his first guess. It does so with these messages: "Im thinking of a number between 1 and 1,000..." (This will say "10,000" in difficulty 2 and "100,000" in difficulty 3), "What is it?" The player can then enter his first guess.
After each guess, the calculator will respond with a message saying "Higher" if the player's guess was too low or "Lower" if the player's guess was too high. In difficulty 3, the calculator may also say "Much higher" or "Much lower". If the player guesses a number which is less than 1 or more than the maximum, the calculator will respond with, "Hey! I said it was between 1 and 1,000!" (As before, this final number will depend on which Option was chosen). If the player's guess is within 1 number of the answer then the calculator will say "Youre SO close! Just a little higher!" or "Youre SO close! Just a little lower!" After 20 guesses, the calculator will taunt the player with the message, "Hurry it up!" After 30 guesses, the calculator says "Gosh! You take forever!!!" The only other message that the calculator might show to the player is one that will only be displayed if the player cheats to guess the answer on his first try or if by chance he guesses the secret number on his very first try. If this is done, the calculator will simply say, "YOU CHEATER!" and the program will abruptly end.
When the player eventually guesses the correct number, a series of messages will be displayed. The first is: "You got it!!!", followed by the correct answer, then "In this many tries:", followed by the number of guesses it took the player to find the number. Then, if the player has broken the high score for that difficulty level, he will see the message, "HIGH SCORE!!"
Note: The variables used by the calculator to operate GuessMe are stored in the [J] matrix.
# TI-Basic Programs/Writing a Program

There are just a few steps to follow in order to write a program onto your TI-83+ or TI-84 calculator using TI-BASIC.
* Turn on your calculator and press the PRGM button.
* Press the right arrow button twice to move to NEW.
* Press Enter to select Create New.
* Name the program. If the program is of your own creation, give it whatever name you would like it to have using the letters above each button or any of the numbers 0-9. If you are copying a program from this book, type in the name already given.
* Write the code of the program by using the digits and commands found on the calculator and by using the PRGM sub-menus while within the program code. These menus contain lists of many of the most vital programming commands, such as If, Then, End, While, Menu(, and many others. Other helpful menus of commands are the MATH, TEST, and DRAW command lists.
Note: Some of the programs in this book use lower-case letters in their program codes. In order for a TI calculator user to type in lower-case letters you must have MirageOS on your calculator. You must also check the checkbox for Enable Lowercase in Miscellaneous Options on the Options screen within MirageOS. The Options screen can be opened by pressing the ALPHA key in MirageOS. RAOSX is also useful for enabling lowercase letters and other common assembly functions.
For the instructional wikibook on TI-BASIC programming, see TI-Basic Z80 Programming.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix II: Paleography/Attribution by Order of Appearance
## Hand Attribution by Order of Appearance

Identified Hands :
| Name | Abbreviation |
| Margaret Douglas | MD |
| Mary Shelton | MS |
| Thomas Howard (1) | TH1 |
| Thomas Howard (2) | TH2 |
| Mary (Howard) Fitzroy | MF |
| Henry Stuart | HS |
Paleographic Samples :
| Hand 1 | Hand 7 | Hand 13 |
| Hand 1.1 | Hand 7.1 | Hand MS |
| Hand 2 | Hand 8 | Hand MD |
| Hand 3 | Hand 9 | Hand MF |
| Hand 4 | Hand 10 | Hand TH1 |
| Hand 5 | Hand 11 | Hand TH2 |
| Hand 6 | Hand 12 | Hand HS |
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Back Matter

* ←ffortyn ells
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 93v
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 94r
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 94v
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 95r
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 95v
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 96r
f. [93v] f. [94r]$^1$ f. [94v] f. [95r$^{2,}$$^3$] f. [95v$^{4,}$$^5$] f. [96r$^6$]

## Notes & Glosses

1. This is a scrap from the original endsheet, with some scribbles; among them what appears to be a name: "John Koss[tt?]lache, [ ] BA."
 2. This is vellum manuscript bits from binding papers. It appears to be Latin and is black and red.
 3. The script is a very fine rounded gothic (XIII or XIV century?) with what might be contemporary marginal notes. The two scraps (very small and damaged) are fragments of the same page of a manuscript, recto and verso, dealing with some legal issue or judicial proceedings. The marginal notes and one incipit mention the "libellenses", who were officers who presented petitions to the Roman emperor and registered them. "Arbitros," people appointed to inquire into a cause, are also mentioned. Several names of Roman magistrates are present together with legal terms (i.e. "appellatio", meaning appeal). The "questor palatii" was a sort of chancellor named by emperor Constantine. Since "prefectus" and "pretor" are present as well, the text may have something to do with the government of a Roman province. The text could be from one of the Latin legal Codices.
 4. This is vellum manuscript bits from binding papers; appears to be Latin, black and red.
 5. See note on 95r as to the nature of the scraps.
 6. This is an excerpt from binding papers. It is an elaborate script, but smudged and hard to decipher: "Wlbe lyned / nl owe" Slogan: "Nowe or / neuer."
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Bownd am I now & shall be styll

* ←Yowre ferefull hope cannot prevayle || width="200" align="right" | Farewell all my wellfare→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 8v
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 9r
f. [8v] 1 3# Bownd am I now & shall be styll 2 euer my lyff contynually 3 she shall be sure off my good wyll 4 so shall none els but she onlye 5 enduryng payne In hope of pyttye 6 Trusty & true she shall me fynd 7 in worde & dede neuer to offend 8 alas accepte myn Inward mynd 9 altho my power do not extend 10 I wyll be trew to my lyves end 11 Oh what payn yt ys to me 12 yf chawnce I cum in her pre{p'}synce$^1$ 13 when I wold speke yt wyll not be 14 my hart ys there my wyttes{es} be thence 15 I am in fere with{w+t+}owt offence 16 Marvell yt ys to se the lyff 17 whyche I do lede from day to day 18 my wyttes{es} & wyll allways in stryff 19 I know not what to do nor say 20 but yeld me to her gra{gA}race allway f. [9r] 21 A thowsand hartes{es} yff that I had 22 she shuld be sure of them all 23 ther were nothyng cold make me sad 24 yff in her favowre I myght fall 25 who hathe my hart & euer shall 26 sso fervently I do her love 27 as hart can thynke or tong expresse 28 my paynes{es} they ar all other above 29 thus love putes{es} me to grett dystresse 30 & noways can I fynd Relesse 31 How shuld I do my paynes{es} to cesse 32 alas whyche dare not me me com{_o}playn$^2$ 33 Ryght sore my sorows shall encrease 34 vnles I may her love optayn 35 I must endure allways in paynfynys fynys

## Notes & Glosses

1. This is an unusual form of abbreviation.  2. This is an older form of macron although still in use in the late 15th century.

## Commentary

Entered by H2, this poem remains unattributed and may be an original creation unique to this manuscript. Typical of late medieval and Tudor courtly love poetry, this poem depicts the speaker's longing at unrequited love: "my paynes{es} they ar all other above / thus love putes{es} me to grett dystresse" (28-9).
The capital letters that begin each stanza could be considered small size majuscules.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ See Anthony G. Petti, English Literary Hands from Chaucer to Dryden (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 22.
# The Computer Revolution/Internet/VoIP
### VoIP

Voip is the method in which the internet can carry voice transmission from one source to another. These may include PC to PC in which two computers use microphones. Another idea is PC to phone. Anyone can call from a personal PC to any phone line anywhere in the world.
(http://voip.teleclick.ca/voip-internet-telephony.php)

## Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

VoIP is the process of placing phone calls over the Internet. One example of this is a computer to computer call via the “Skype” service, which allows you to connect and talk with someone from another computer. Vonage is a VoIP provider which is a permanent setup designed to take the place of traditional landline phones. One advantage of this type of service is that it is low cost. The big disadvantage, is that it cannot function during a power outage, or if your Internet connection goes down.
# The Computer Revolution/MICR Reader

Magnetic ink character recognition is a technology used by banks, small businesses and retail stores to aid in processing checks. MICR characters are usually located on the bottom right side of the check and include the bank routing number, check number and account number. MICR readers are used to read those special characters and can add new characters, such as the transaction amount. There are also MICR readers incorporated in many ATM’s, making remote check deposit available 24/7. MICR technology is getting so advanced that consumers are able to use their cellphones to deposit checks into their accounts by sending a multimedia message to their bank account using specified apps!
# The Computer Revolution/MIS/Business IntelligenceI

The process of gathering, storing, accessing, and analyzing data about a company is called business intelligence (BI). BI helps make a business make better decisions by helping identify its most rewarding costumers and offering them products at the right prices to increase sales. Business intelligence systems are often used with data stored in a data warehouse or data mart. There is also intelligent software that helps find patterns and relationships between data; this is called data mining. Walmart is an example of a business that uses data mining. They market specific merchandise in local stores according to the characteristics of people who live in that area.
# The Computer Revolution/Internet/Searching

Many search sites, like Google, offer numerous tools to find specific types of information. Search sites use a search engine which is a software program as well as a database of information about websites to help you find what you are looking for. Search sites are updated on a regular basis using automated programs call spiders or web crawlers and from Web page authors who submit their information, URL's and keywords to the search site. The website also gives you the option of not just text information but also music files, videos, images, and maps. Google also allows a mixture of specific search criteria in its search box to find other convenient information, such as the status of a flight, the weather, a conversion or calculation. To find the status of a flight, you would type in for example AA 123. The information is then processed and the outcome is the flight details.

## Boolean Operators

Sometimes an internet search may return too many results. For example, if the word "coffee" is searched, a lot of the results that return would include companies that sell coffee like Starbucks or Duncan Donuts. That's where Boolean operators come in handy. They allow searches to be narrowed to specific search results with little effort. If you aren't interested in the companies and just want to know information about coffee, the search could be entered as "coffee NOT Starbucks". Or if you wanted to search information about coffee relating to health benefits you can search "coffee AND health". AND, OR & NOT are the three common Boolean operators, but their use varies between different search engines.
Search Websites Google and Bing are websites that can be used to help find specific information on the Internet, and are updated daily. To search the Internet using a search website, use the URL for the site into your address bar. The search sites allow users to search by a keyword, and brings up websites that match your search.
Keyword Searches Keyword searches are the most common type of Internet search. The website returns to a page with websites that match the keyword search these are called hits. Each site returns the websites with the closest match to your search. Websites also offer the most popular websites first, this is based on the amount of webpages that are linked to it, or the sites that pay the highest fee to be displayed in a search.
References: Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow
* ↑ Information found on page 315 of Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (13th Edition).
# Statistical Thermodynamics and Rate Theories/Diffusion
### Diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of chemicals from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration due to random movement of particles. Molecules diffuse so that they are spread out evenly in they space they are occupying, which can effect where a chemical reaction takes place.
Diffusion is pressure, temperature, and mass dependent. Diffusion is slower at high pressure and for heavier particles, and diffusion is faster at high temperatures.

### Fick's Law

Fick's law relates the concentration gradient to the rate of diffusion. In other words, the rate of flow of a molecule is related to the concentration gradient of that species and its diffusion coefficient. The equation for the rate of diffusion in one dimension is
$J=-D\operatorname {d} \!\rho _{N}/\operatorname {d} \!x$
where D is the diffusion coefficient, and ρ$_N$ is the number density of the particle.
For particular boundary conditions, Fick's law can be integrated to give the position-dependent number density of the diffusing gases at a function of time.
$\rho _{N}(x,t)=\rho _{N,0}{\text{erfc}}({\sqrt {x/2\surd (Dt)}}$

### Diffusion of two Gases

If there are two gases in a container with different masses and velocities, the diffusion coefficients of the gases will be
$D_{N}=1/3l_{N}(v_{N})$
where l is the mean free path length of particle N, and v$_N$ is the average velocity of particle N.
The mean free path length of two component forms is complex due to the fact that more than one type of collision can occur, and the collision cross section of each species is involved,
$l_{1}=4/(4\pi ^{2}\sigma _{1}^{2}\rho _{1,N}+\pi (\sigma _{1}+\sigma _{2})^{2}\rho _{2,N})$
where σ is the collision cross section.
Combining the diffusion coefficient equation and the mean free path length equation, the diffusion coefficient for one particle becomes,
$D_{1}=1/3(4/(4\pi ^{2}\sigma _{1}^{2}\rho _{1,N}+\pi (\sigma _{1}+\sigma _{2})^{2}\rho _{2,N}))(v_{N})$
or,
$D_{1}=1/3(8k_{B}T/\pi m_{2})^{1/2}(4/(4\pi ^{2}\sigma _{1}^{2}\rho _{1,N}+\pi (\sigma _{1}+\sigma _{2})^{2}\rho _{2,N}))$

### Self Diffusion

The self diffusion of a gas occurs when there is only one component in the system. Self diffusion occurs constantly as a gas molecule moves around in it's container. It can be observed by isotopic labeling. Since the gas molecules are the same the equation for the diffusion constant simplifies to
    $D_{simple}={\frac {1}{3}}\left({\frac {2}{\pi }}\right)^{3/2}\left({\frac {k_{B}T}{m}}\right)^{1/2}{\frac {1}{\rho _{N}\sigma ^{2}}}$
or,
    $D_{collision}={\frac {3}{8\pi ^{1/2}}}\left({\frac {k_{B}T}{m}}\right)^{1/2}{\frac {1}{\rho _{N}\sigma ^{2}}}$
for the diffusion coefficient in terms of collisions.