OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Defence in Depth for Securing Computer Systems/Performance Measurement

Defence in Depth for Securing Computer Systems/Preparation/Performance Measurement

## Performance Measurement

Now that you know what is out there, you need to know what is normal. Knowledge of how your network should run is essential for you to be able to determine any anomalous actions that may indicate some form of attack or intrusion.
What needs to be undertaken is a measurement of each item of infrastructure over a period of time to determine how it runs normally. This should include aspects such as:
 CPU utilisation
 Hard drive usage (and rate of increase)
 Bandwidth utilisation
 Log file examination
These are fairly common attributes which should be considered. Specific items that need to be included in this list will of course depend upon the type of infrastructure within your network.

## How do I do this?

There are a number of ways of going about both these activities. For performance measurement, a simple approach can be to use tools included with the operating system or the network device. These will provide a very quick, easy and low cost indication of how your network is running.
For more complex and in-depth analysis and reporting, there are a number of commercially available tools available. These include:
MRTG
Multi Router Traffic Grapher is a tool available under the GNU public licence. It is available on both Windows and Linux platforms and undertakes in-depth analysis of traffic on network links.
http://www.people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/mrtg/
SolarWinds
SolarWinds is a commercial product that contains a suite of tools which will do pretty much everything you could need for performance measurement. The unfortunate thing with this software is that while it will do it all, it does come at a price. That said, it does do what it claims very well and has the capability of producing a variety of reports.
http://www.solarwinds.net
For configuration management, there are also a number of software packages available. The problem that may be faced here however, is that configuration of a network is a very unique thing. What works for one organisation may not work for another. The best advice with this is to examine any choices of software here very carefully and ensure that it fits you network requirements before any purchase is made.
# Defence in Depth for Securing Computer Systems/Preparation

Defence in Depth for Securing Computer Systems/Preparation

## Baselining

Before you can look at defending anything from attack you need to know two things:
1. Where does your boundary lie
2. What exactly are you defending
The first requirement is simple. Where is the boundary of your defences? Where does your domain end and the rest of the world (i.e. internet) begin? You can’t defend the castle if you are unsure where the castle wall is located.
The second requirement is just as simple. What is in your network? What are you defending? What types of defences do you need to mount? There is a quote from the Art of War (Sun Zhu), that describe this type of situation well:
If you know the enemy and know yourself you need not fear the results of a hundred battles
Basically the simple answer is to know what’s out there before the attacker does (and knowing the enemy will come a little later in this paper).
Undertaking baselining activity consists of two steps:
* Configuration Control and Documentation
* Performance Measurement
# Defence in Depth for Securing Computer Systems/The Physical

If an attacker has unrestricted physical access to a system, then, unless the data is encrypted, it becomes almost impossible to prevent full compromise. Programs such as the Ophcrack liveCD allow Windows passwords to be easily broken; while any liveCD will allow access to the data stored on the drives. It also becomes possible for an attacker to install malicious hardware, such as a keylogger, or a hidden wireless access point, allowing them into the network from outside, Because of this, it is crucial that you keep your site physically secure.
# Digital Electronics/Mathematic and Logic Operations/Digital Subtractor
## Half Subtractor

The half-subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction of two bits. It has two inputs, X (minuend) and Y (subtrahend) and two outputs D (difference) and B (borrow).

### Truth Table

The truth table for the half subtractor is given below.
| X | Y | D | B |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
From the above table one can draw the Karnaugh map for "difference" and "borrow".

## Full Subtractor

The full subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction of three bits. It has three inputs, X (minuend) and Y (subtrahend) and Z (subtrahend) and two outputs D (difference) and B (borrow).

### Truth Table

The truth table for the full subtractor is given below.
| X | Y | Z | D | B |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
So, logic equations are D = (X xor Y)xor Z, B = (Z and (not(X xor Y)))or ((not X)and Y)

## References

* ↑ ""Subtraction using Logic gates"".
* ↑ ""Subtraction using Logic gates"".
# Digital Electronics/Mathematical Operations
## Basic Mathematics
### Addition

    0 + 0 = 0
    0 + 1 = 1
    1 + 0 = 1
    1 + 1 = 1 0

### Subtraction

    0 - 0 = 0
    0 - 1 = 0 1
    1 - 0 = 1
    1 - 1 = 0

### Multiplication

    0 x 0 = 0
    0 x 1 = 0
    1 x 0 = 0
    1 x 1 = 1

### Division

    0 / 0 = x
    0 / 1 = 0
    1 / 0 = x
    1 / 1 = 1

## Logic Mathematics

NOT AND OR XOR NAND
# Digital Electronics/Synchronous Device
## Synchronous Device

* Flip Flop
* Register
* Counter
# Digital Electronics/Synchronous Device/Flip Flop
## Flip Flop

Flip Flop is a Digital Circuit can be constructed from two NAND or NOR gates to form a circuit that has 2 stable states Set or RESET , 1 Unused state and 1 store state

## NAND Flip Flop
### Truth Table

    SR latch operation SRAction 01Q = 1 10Q = 0 11Previous state

### Symbol
## NOR Flip Flop
### Truth Table

    SR latch operation SRAction 01Q = 1 10Q = 0 11Keep state
# Communication Systems/Noncoherent Receivers

This page will discuss the mathematical basis, and the design of noncoherent receivers.
This section of the Communication Systems book is a stub. You can help by expanding this section.
# Communication Systems/M-ary Modulation Schemes

Now what if try to cram more information into a single bittime? If we take 2 bits at a time, and arrange them together, we can assign each set of 2 bits to a different symbol, and then we can transmit the different symbols.

## Example: Q-ASK

Let us use the following scheme:
* "00" = +5V
* "01" = +1.66V
* "10" = -1.66V
* "11" = -5V
we can see now that we can transmit data twice as fast using this scheme, although we need to have a more complicated receiver, that can decide between 4 different pulses (instead of 2 different pulses, like we have been using).

## Bits Per Symbol

All popular communication systems transmit an integer number of bits per symbol. We can relate the number of bits ("k") and the number of different symbols ("m") with the following equation:
    $m=2^{k}$
This causes the number of symbols to be a power of two.
With M-ary modulation techniques, the "symbols per second" rate can be much slower than the "bits per second" data rate.

## QPSK

Quadrature phase shift keying (aka 4-PSK) is PSK modulation that has four points in the constellation.
There are several variations on this technique:
* simple QPSK
* DQPSK (differential QPSK)
* OQPSK (offset QPSK)
* SOPSK (shaped offset QPSK)
* π/4 QPSK (shifted constellation QPSK)

## CPFSK (MSK)

[MSK]minimum shift keying

## For further reading

* Wikipedia:Constellation diagram
* Wikipedia:Quadrature amplitude modulation
# Communication Systems/IEEE 802 Working Groups

The 802 portion of the IEEE is responsible for publishing standards on a number of different protocols. Any chapter with a note such as (IEEE 802.3) is referring to the group below that has published the currently accepted standard for that topic.
| Working Group | Task | Status |
| 802.1 | Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group | Active |
| 802.2 | Logical Link Control Working Group | Inactive |
| 802.3 | Ethernet Working Group | Active |
| 802.4 | Token Bus Working Group | Disbanded |
| 802.5 | Token Ring Working Group | Inactive |
| 802.6 | Metropolitan Area Network Working Group | Disbanded |
| 802.7 | Broadband TAG | Disbanded |
| 802.8 | Fiber Optic TAG | Disbanded |
| 802.9 | Isochronous LAN Working Group | Disbanded |
| 802.10 | Security Working Group | Disbanded |
| 802.11 | Wireless LAN Working Group | Active |
| 802.12 | Demand Priority Working Group | Inactive |
| 802.14 | Cable Modem Working Group | Disbanded |
| 802.15 | Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group | Active |
| 802.16 | Broadband Wireless Access Working Group | Active |
| 802.17 | Resilient Packet Ring Working Group | Active |
| 802.18 | Radio Regulatory TAG | Active |
| 802.19 | Coexistence TAG | Active |
| 802.20 | Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) Working Group | Active |
| 802.21 | Media Independent Handoff Working Group | Active |
| 802.22 | Wireless Regional Area Networks | Active |
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Tavola Rotonda a Civiltà Cattolica

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Youtube ⇒ playlist
Tavola Rotonda sulle difficoltà di comunicare al pubblico la cooperazione internazionale e i processi di dialogo
Il 22 aprile 2015 presso la Civiltà Cattolica a Roma si è svolta una tavola rotonda su i problemi connessi alla comunicazione dei mass media della solidarietà e la cooperazione internazionale e alle difficoltà molteplici che mantengono tale comunicazione piuttosto marginale e poco incisiva nell'ambito dell'informazione, specialmente della carta stampata. L'iniziativa è nata nell'Anno Europeo dello Sviluppo Sostenibile quando le Nazioni Unite sono chiamate a decidere in via definitiva gli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile che saranno il filo conduttore nei prossimi 15 anni dell'ONU e degli Stati per portare avanti gli Obiettivi del Millennio avviati nel 2000. Al seminario hanno partecipato esperti in materia e coinvolti a diverso titolo con i problemi connessi non solo ai progetti di cooperazione, ma anche alla loro narrazione e alla promozione sui media di tale ambito di impegno sociale.
Hanno partecipato:
* Padre Luciano Larivera SJ, Civiltà Cattolica
* Carlo di Cicco, giornalista – moderatore
* Stefano De Santis, autore Vrinda Project
* Padre Carmine Curci, direttore MISNA
* Giulia Pigliucci, consulente di comunicazione Associazione di'Dee
* Simona Di Ciaccio, AIPEC Associazione di imprenditori dell'Economia di comunione
* Monica Di Sisto, giornalista e vice presidente Fairwatch
* Feruccio Ferrante, Caritas Italiana
* Maddalena Grechi, AGIRE - Agenzia Risposte alle Emergenze
* Anna Luise, ISPRA - Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale
* Tiny McKinney, consulente di comunicazione
* Paolo Dieci, presidente di Link 2007
Youtube ⇒ playlist

## External links

⇒ The Vrinda Project Documentary: Stories of Millennium Development Goals
⇒ The Vrinda Project Channel on YouTube
⇒ The Vrinda Project Page on Facebook ⇒ TVP Channel Page on Google+
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Roberto Gualtieri

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist
Roberto Gualtieri EU Parliamentarian  EU Parliament Brussels July 2011
Roberto Gualtieri is an elected member of the EU Parliament EU Parliament.
Roberto Gualtieri insegna Storia contemporanea all'Università di Roma "La Sapienza". È membro della direzione nazionale del PD ed è vicedirettore della Fondazione Istituto Gramsci. Membro dei Democratici di Sinistra dal 2001, ha contribuito alla nascita del PD, collaborando alla redazione del suo "Manifesto".

### Testimonianze
##### Il contesto storico piu ampio della globalizzazione e la governance dei processi economici

La nostra storia e' caratterizata
dalla cooperazione
(e non dallo scontro)
delle civilizzazioni

##### La tendenza dei media di dare attenzione solo ai drammi crea una distorsione della realta'

I media
nella ricerca di notizie negative mancano poi di obiettivita' e di responsabilita'
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Stefano talks to Mirela and Liviana

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Stefano De Santis discusses with Romanian partners about the challenges of international cooperation for development.
Youtube ⇒ playlist
Stefano De Santis, Mirela Ciucur, Liviana Mustafa Sofia, Bulgaria
October 2010
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Stefano De Santis

Stefano De Santis, founding member of the Kautilya Society is one of editors of the articles of this wikibook and the director of the Vrinda project documentary. See ⇒ The Documentary Story
Youtube ⇒ playlist
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Rilli Lappalainen

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist ⇒ Development education conference
Rilli Lappalainen Secretary general of Kehys, the Finnish NGDO Platform
Brussels, May 2011
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Silvia Costa

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist
Silvia Costa European Parliamentarian from Italy Brussels 13 July 2011
Silvia Costa is an elected member of the EU Parliament EU Parliament. She was interviewed by Francesco Brancatella and Fausto Aarya De Santis on the 14th of July 2011 in Brussels, Belgium
Silvia Costa, Parlamentare Europea inizia il suo percorso politico con il movimento femminile nazionale della Democrazia Cristiana fino a diventarne uno dei principali esponenti, partecipando poi nel 1993 alla Assemblea nazionale fondativa del Partito Popolare Italiano. Quando il Partito Popolare confluisce nella nuova formazione politica «Democrazia è Libertà - La Margherita» nel 2001, entra a far parte della Direzione Nazionale. Entra a far parte poi del Partito Democratico al momento della sua creazione, avvenuta nel 2007 grazie all'unione dei Democratici di Sinistra con la Margherita.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Toine Mandres

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist
Toine Mandres is a European Union Parliamentarian from Netherlands.
Toine Mandres - EU Parliament
Brussels, Belgium
June 2011
# English-Hanzi/Eukaryote

A eukaryote is an organism with complex cells, or a single cell with a complex structures. In these cells the genetic material is organized into chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
真核生物 是 具有 复杂 细胞 的 生物体，或 具有 复杂 结构 的 单细胞。在 这些 细胞 中，遗传 物质 被 组织 成 细胞核 中 的 染色体。
# English-Hanzi/Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a landlocked country in the east of Africa.
埃塞俄比亚是非洲东部内陆国家。
# English-Hanzi/Energy

Energy is from energy resources. It can provide light and heat or to operate machines.
能量 来自 能源。它 可 提供 光 和 热 或 操作 机器。
# English-Hanzi/Energy resource

Energy resource is a source of energy, such as fuel, light, heat, water power, and wind power.
能源 是 能量 的 泉源，如 燃料，光，热，水力，和 风力。
# English-Hanzi/Engine

An engine is a machine for providing power, such as a diesel engine, and jet engine.
发动机 是 用于 提供 动力 的 机器，例如 柴油 发动机，和 喷气 发动机。
# English-Hanzi/English

English is the common language in the world.
英语 是 世界上 的 共同语。
# English-Hanzi/Entertainment

Entertainment is an activity for amusement.
娱乐 是 一种 消遣 活动。
# English-Hanzi/Endpoint

An endpoint is the starting point or ending point of a line.
一个 端点 是 一条 线 的 起点 或 终点。
# English-Hanzi/Enzyme

Enzyme is a substance in a living thing. It helps to activate a chemical reaction in the body.
酶素是生物中的一种物质。它有助于激活身体的化学反应。
# English-Hanzi/Equipment

An equipment is a machine that can work.
设备 是 可以 工作 的 机器。
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/Packages/perturb
## Description

“perturb” evaluates collinearity by adding random noise to selected variables. “colldiag” calculates condition numbers and variance decomposition proportions to test for collinearity and uncover its sources.

## General API

* colldiag
* consumption
* perturb
* reclassify
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/Packages/spam
## Description

Set of function for sparse matrix algebra. Differences with SparseM/Matrix are: (1) we only support (essentially) one sparse matrix format, (2) based on transparent and simple structure(s), (3) tailored for MCMC calculations within GMRF. (4) S3 and S4 like-“compatible” ... and it is fast
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/Packages/optimsimplex/optimsimplex.print
## Description

optimsimplex.tostring formats the coordinates and function values in a character vector.
optimsimplex.print displays to screen the content of the current simplex with dimensions, coordinates and function values. This function calls optimsimplex.tostring to format the content of the simplex.

## Arguments

| this | A simplex object. |

## Value

optimsimplex.tostring returns a vector of character string of length nbve, where nbve is the number of vertices.
optimsimplex.print does not return any value but print to screen (or log file) the content of the current simplex.

## Authors

Author of Scilab optimsimplex module: Michael Baudin (INRIA - Digiteo)
Author of R adaptation: Sebastien Bihorel (sb.pmlab@gmail.com)
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/Packages/optimsimplex/optimsimplex.reflect
## Description

This function returns a new simplex by reflection of the current simplex with respect to the first vertex in the simplex. This move is used in the centered simplex gradient.

## Arguments

| this | An simplex object. |
| fun | The function to compute at vertices. The function is expected to have the following input and output arguments: myfunction <- function(x, this){ ... return(list(f=f,this=this)) } where x is a row vector and this a user-defined data, i.e. the data argument. |
| data | A user-defined data passed to the function. If data is provided, it is passed to the callback function both as an input and output argument. data may be used if the function uses some additional parameters. It is returned as an output parameter because the function may modify the data while computing the function value. This feature may be used, for example, to count the number of times that the function has been called. |

## Value

Return a list with the following elements:
    r The reflected simplex object.
    data The updated user-defined data

## Authors

Author of Scilab optimsimplex module: Michael Baudin (INRIA - Digiteo)
Author of R adaptation: Sebastien Bihorel (sb.pmlab@gmail.com)
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/Print version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Data_Mining_Algorithms_In_R

# Dimensionality Reduction

* Principal Component Analysis
* Singular Value Decomposition
* Feature Selection

# Frequent Pattern Mining
## Contents

* The Eclat Algorithm
* arulesNBMiner
* The Apriori Algorithm
* The FP-Growth Algorithm

# Sequence Mining

* SPADE
* DEGSeq

# Clustering

* K-Means
* Hybrid Hierarchical Clustering
* Expectation Maximization (EM)
* Dissimilarity Matrix Calculation
* Hierarchical Clustering
* Bayesian Hierarchical Clustering
* Density-Based Clustering
* K-Cores
* Fuzzy Clustering - Fuzzy C-means
* RockCluster
* Biclust
* Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM)
* CLUES
* Self-Organizing Maps (SOM)
* Proximus
* CLARA

# Classification

* SVM
* penalizedSVM
* kNN
* Outliers
* Decision Trees
* Naïve Bayes
* adaboost
* JRip

# R Packages

In this section, we will discuss about R packages that are related to datamining.

## Contents

* RWeka
* gausspred
* optimsimplex
* CCMtools
* FactoMineR
* nnet
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/Packages/optimsimplex/optimsimplex.shrink
## Description

This function shrinks the simplex with given coefficient sigma and returns an updated simplex. The shrink is performed with respect to the first point in the simplex.

## Arguments

| this | An simplex object |
| fun | The function to compute at vertices. The function is expected to have the following input and output arguments: myfunction <- function(x, this){ ... return(list(f=f,this=this)) } where x is a row vector and this a user-defined data, i.e. the data. |
| sigma | The shrinkage coefficient. The default value is 0.5. |
| data | A user-defined data passed to the function. If data is provided, it is passed to the callback function both as an input and output argument. data may be used if the function uses some additional parameters. It is returned as an output parameter because the function may modify the data while computing the function value. This feature may be used, for example, to count the number of times that the function has been called. |

## Value

Return a list with the following elements:
    this The updated simplex object.
    data The updated user-defined data.

## Authors

Author of Scilab optimsimplex module: Michael Baudin (INRIA - Digiteo)
Author of R adaptation: Sebastien Bihorel (sb.pmlab@gmail.com)
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/R Packages

In this section, we will discuss about R packages that are related to datamining.

## Contents

* RWeka
* gausspred
* optimsimplex
* CCMtools
* FactoMineR
* nnet
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/R Packages/RWeka
## Description

An R interface to Weka (Version 3.7.2). Weka is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks written in Java, containing tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules, and visualization. Package RWeka contains the interface code, the Weka jar is in a separate package RWekajars.

## Requirements

R (>= 2.6.0)
RWekajars (>= 3.7.2)
rJava (>= 0.6-3)
Java (>= 5.0)

## General API

* Evaluate Weka Classifier
* Predict Weka Classifier
* Predict Weka Clusterer
* Weka associators
* Weka classifiers
* Weka classifiers functions
* Weka classifier lazy
* Weka classifier meta
* Weka classifier rules
* Weka classifier trees
* Weka clusterers
* Weka control
* Weka converters
* Weka filters
* Weka interfaces
* Weka stemmers
* Weka tokenizers

## IO API

* Dot
* Read.arff
* Write.arff

## Package API

* WOW
* WPM
# ETD Guide/Students/Corel WordPerfect

The Corel WordPerfect Suite provides another possibility to produce large documents. It is a system like Microsoft Word, but sold by another vendor: Corel Inc. (see http://www.corel.com). It contains nearly the same features and capabilities as Microsoft Word. For writing a complex document like a thesis or dissertation using WordPerfect, it is advisable to use style sheets that are provided by the system itself or by the university. Those style sheets are called WordPerfect templates (WPT). They allow the users to structure their documents using structure components like headings, tables, lists, etc. Default style sheets can be used by clicking on File / New / and than choose one of the templates. Usually there has been a native WordPerfect template produced in order to help you with additional drop- down menus, etc. To use the provided template for WordPerfect 8, you have to choose File / New / Options / Add Project / Add New Document / Call it "Digital Dissertation" / Search for dissertation.WPT. This allows you to use the WordPerfect style sheet by choosing under the main window: File / New / Choose "Digital Dissertation" and Create. This enables the functions of the drop-down menu as in the following figure.
Next Section: LaTeX