# First Aid/Obstructed Airway
## Conscious Victims

A person may be choking if:
* they are desperately grabbing at their neck
* they cannot speak or cry out
* their face turns blue from lack of oxygen
The initial action if you suspect choking is to clearly ask the victim "Are you choking?"
If the victim can reply verbally, you should not undertake any physical contact, but do encourage the victim to cough.

### Treatment for adults and children

* Encourage the victim to cough - some victims are in so much panic they require encouragement to cough.
* Deliver up to 5 hard blows with the heel of your hand to the centre of the victims back between the shoulder blades.
* If the object has still not been removed, and the victim is still choking, you should perform up to five abdominal thrusts.
** The rescuer stands behind and to the side of the victim and wraps their arms around the victim's sides, underneath the victim's arms.
** One hand is made into a fist and placed, thumb side in, flat against the victim's upper abdomen, below the ribs but above the navel.
** The other hand grabs the fist and directs it in a series of upward thrusts until the object obstructing the airway is expelled.
** The thrusts should not compress or restrict the ribcage in any way.
** If you're not able to compress the victim's diaphragm due to their size or pregnancy, then perform the thrusts at the chest.
* Continue a cycle of back blows and abdominal thrusts until the blockage is removed, or the victim becomes unconscious (see below for action when unconscious).
Note that even when performed correctly, abdominal thrusts can injure the person they are performed on, and so should always be used as a last resort after encouragement to cough and back blows. Abdominal thrusts should never be performed on someone who can still cough, breathe, or speak - encourage them to cough instead.
If the victim loses consciousness, call for an ambulance. They fall - you call

### Obstructed Airway for Infants

For infants, a severe obstruction may be accompanied by a high-pitched, crow-like sound which is not present in adults or children. This is due to the incomplete formation of the infant's airway. Instead of abdominal thrusts, alternate 5 chest thrusts with 5 back blows:
* Hold the infant with the head in your hand, and the spine along your forearm and the head below the rest of the body.
* Compress the chest 5 times as you would for infant CPR.
* Switch the infant to your other forearm, so their chest is now against the arm.
* Perform 5 back blows, keeping the infant's head below the rest of the body.
* Continue until the obstruction is cleared, or the infant goes unconscious.

## Unconscious Victims

Send a bystander to activate the Emergency Medical System if possible.
* Rescuers alone with an adult victim should call an ambulance immediately.
* Rescuers alone with a child or infant victim should first perform about 2 minutes of CPR and then call an ambulance.
Commence a primary assessment, starting with Airway.
It is highly likely that the patient will not be breathing if they are unconscious as a result of airway obstruction, so you should be prepared to commence CPR if this is the case. You should continue to attempt to put breaths in to the patient, even if they appear to not be reaching the lungs.