OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Haxorware Modem Firmware/Stealth

This page is where you enter basic information for your modems behavior when the ISP SNMP scans your modem or you request a DHCP lease. The modem can tell the ISP it is anything you want and these are the fields you would enter this in. Many times ISP's check for specific information when querying a modem to determine whether it gets allowed online, a firmware update, etc. Many ISP's will not allow your modem online if it believes you are running an outdated firmware so be sure to enter the most current information on this page.

## Modem Identifiers

Vendor Enter the manufacturer you want to emulate or tell the ISP you are running (such as "Motorola", etc.) Model This is where you enter the Model number information you want to supply Software Version This is where you enter the firmware version you want to supply Override Hardware Version Check this to supply a different hardware version to the vendor other than what it is.
Hardware Version Enter the hardware version you want to supply here Override Bootloader Revision Check this to override the default bootloader revision sent to your ISP
Bootloader Revision Enter revision information here

## SNMP Agent

Server Port Port number for snmp scans Disable SNMP Agent after registration Check this to disable snmp probe requests from your isp after initial registration when the modem goes online (recommended)
Redirect SNMP Traps When SNMP requests are sent redirect them to another device and port (such as another modem on the network) IP IP address to redirect to
Port Destination port at redirected IP
# Health Sociology/Bodies
### Further reading

Journal articles
* Aphramor, L. (2005). Is a weight-centred health framework salutogenic? Some thoughts on unhinging certain dietary ideologies. Social Theory and Health, 3, pp. 315-340.
* Campos, P., A. Saguy, et al. (2006). The epidemiology of overweight and obesity: public health crisis or moral panic. International Journal of Epidemiology. 35, pp. 55-60.
* Cundiff, D.K. (2006). BMI: a poor surrogate for diet and exercise in assessing risk of death. International journal of obesity. , 30, pp. 1173-1175.
* Evans, B. (2006). “Gluttony or sloth”: critical geographies of bodies and morality in (anti)obesity policy. Area., 38(3), pp. 259-267.
# Health Sociology/Chronic Illness
## Further reading

* Bury, M. (1982). Chronic illness as biographical disruption.Sociology of health and illness, 4(2), pp.167-182.
* Bellaby, P. (1990). What is genuine sickness? The relation between work discipline and the sick role in a pottery factory’, Sociology of health and illness, 12 (1), pp. 47-68.
# Health Sociology/Complementary and Alternative Medicine
## Further reading

* Bury, M. (1982). Chronic illness as biographical disruption.Sociology of health and illness, 4(2), pp.167-182.
* Bellaby, P. (1990). What is genuine sickness? The relation between work discipline and the sick role in a pottery factory’, Sociology of health and illness, 12 (1), pp. 47-68.
# Haxorware Modem Firmware/Static IP

Force Static IP Check this to force your modem to override any DHCP assigned Information to the contents below. Note that this does not stop your provider from assigning your IP to another user since you did not pull from their pool.
Suppress DHCP Requests Check this to ignore any requests from the provider to provide your modem with a DHCP lease IP Address Enter your desired IP Address here Subnet Mask Enter the applicable subnet mask here Gateway Enter the appropriate gateway here TFTP IP Enter your desired TFTP server IP address here TFTP Filename Enter the Configuration filename on the TFTP server provided you wish to run ToD IP Enter your desired Time Of Day server address here. This is generally the same as the TFTP server IP
# Historical Rhetorics/A Little Aristotle and the Other Socrates/Isocrates' ''Against the Sophists''
## Isocrates. Vol. II. Trans. George Norlin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2000. 159-179.
### Why Does Isocrates Mistrust the Sophists

First, they claim more than they should. Be wary of anyone who claims the ability to teach everyone (168).
    I marvel when I observe these men setting themselves up as instructors of youth who cannot see that they are applying the analogy of an art with hard and fast rules to a creative process. For, excepting these teachers, who does not know that the art of using letters remains fixed and unchanged, so that we continually and invariably use the same letters for the same purposes, while exactly the reverse is true of the art of discourse? For what has been said by one speaker is not equally useful for the speaker who comes after him; on the contrary, he is accounted most skilled in this art who speaks in a manner worthy of his subject and yet is able to discover in it topics which are nowise the same as those used by others. But the greatest proof of the difference between these two arts is that oratory is good only if it has the qualities of fitness for the occasion, propriety of style, and the originality of treatment, while in the case of letters there is no such need whatsoever. (171)
    Formal training makes such men more skilful (sic) and more resourceful in discovering the possibilities of a subject; for it teaches them to take from a readier source the topics which they otherwise hit upon in haphazard fashion. But it cannot fully fashion men who are without natural aptitude into good debaters or writers, although it is capable of leading them on to self-improvement and to a greater degree of intelligence on many subjects. (173)
Second, they claim to do it for way too cheap.
Third, the claim to predict the future. Note that Isocrates is wary of anyone who claims to offer "exact knowledge," prefering instead those who operate from judgments (167); he dismisses this "art" as "stuff and nonsense" (167).
Fourth, there's the problem with those who teach the rather useless art of disputation (see 177).
# Historical Linguistics/Subgrouping and Linguistic Classification

As a language changes, given time and distance or isolation, its speakers will no longer be able to understand each other, creating separate languages. For instance, you are probably familiar with the fact that Spanish, French, Italian, and Romanian are all descended from Latin, which is descended from Proto-Indo-European. As such, we call the Romance languages, however, these languages are not special in that regard; we can classify most languages into groups, subgroups, and supergroups based on the various changes they share.
We can often reasonably construct language groups among related languages purely by comparing data from the languages, without knowing any of the historical background behind subgroupings. This is done by comparing shared innovations from whatever we reconstruct or have attested in the protolanguage. The more shared innovations and the less likely they would be to occur independently, the stronger the evidence for a subgrouping. It should be noted that shared conservation of older forms are not evidence for a group: it is expected that languages will have features from their parent languages.
Remember that sound changes are often crucially ordered. This restriction often makes some proposed shared innovations incompatible with one another.

### Language Families

All of known natural languages can be grouped into approximately 420 different families, including isolates and dead languages.
The Indo-European language family, including all those languages descended from Proto-Indo-European, is the largest language group in the world by number of speakers (by number of languages, the Niger-Congo family, including languages found predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa, is the largest). The common descent of Indo-European languages has been known longer than any other major language family, and consequently the historical research in this family is extremely robust.

## Language Isolates

Some languages, known as isolates. have no known related languages. Well-known examples might include include Basque, Ainu, and Burushaski. It is unlikely that there have never been divergences in their language families, but instead it is probable that all other members of the families simply no longer exist. For example, the Siberia language Ket is known to belong to the Yeniseian family, which includes several known dead-languages, but no other living languages. There are also known cases of languages once thought to be isolates for which related languages have been discovered.
Some languages are not well-known enough to be classified, including extinct languages with few attestations, and modern languages which have been scarcely studied. These languages are considered distinct from isolates, as if more information were available, they might potentially be classifiable as members of an existing language group. An example would include Pictish, the language spoken in today's Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.
# Historical Linguistics/Semantic Change

Just as the pronunciation of words change over a language history, so do their meanings and connotations. Unlike sound changes and other highly regular processes, semantic change is entirely unsystematic: the change of any one word is independent and generally unaffected by the changes of other words.

## Common Types of Semantic Change
### Influences of Phonetic Similarity

Words which sound similar will converge or become more similar in meaning.
* eg. Obnoxious once meant "exposed to injury," but now means "annoying, offensive, or objectionable" - a change motivated by the words resemblance to "noxious"
* eg. Some speakers use "bemused" and "amused" interchangeably.

### Widening

A word comes to refer to a more general set of things than its earlier use.

### Leeched Diminutives

A word frequently used as a diminutive changes to refer to the thing it describes generally
* A subset of widening
* eg. New High German Mädchen 'girl' was originally a diminutive of Magd 'girl'

### Narrowing

A broad category comes to refer to a specific element
* eg. corn, meaning grain, shifted to refer specifically to maize.
* eg. meat, meaning food, shifted to refer specifically to food made from animal flesh.

### Pejorization amd Meliorization

Respectively, when a word comes to refer to positive or negative instances of its base meaning.
* eg. dom, meaning judgement, became doom, meaning peril, a pejorization.

### Semantic Bleaching

An intensifier becomes weaker in meaning.
* eg. terribly once meant "so extreme as to be terrifying" whereas now one might say "I terribly glad to see you."

### Euphemism

Taboo terms are replaced with other existing words.
# Historical Rhetorics

This wikibook project began in the Fall of 2009, as part of a course in Historical Rhetorics at the University of South Florida that centers on exploring the various and conflicting definitions of rhetoric throughout classical and modern history. The course will be offered again in the Fall of 2011, and this project will receive some much needed attention. Over the course of the semester, we hope to expand upon the lecture notes already here, create individual pages for relevant secondary sources, and add more sources to the project. This page should maintain a neutral point of view (in accordance with Wikibooks' core policy).
The dominant definition of rhetoric stems from Aristotle: "let rhetoric be an ability, in each case, to see the available means of persuasion." While the idea of persuasion has a powerful place in the history of rhetoric, it differs significantly from sophism and the Roman, and Christian conceptions of rhetoric. Thus, this course will attempt to place the definition of "persuasion" alongside other conceptualizations of rhetoric's purpose. Further, the course's concluding examinations of Ramus, Petrarch, Blair, Campbell, and Whatley will address how and why critical appreciation for epistemic rhetoric sharply declines as the Enlightenment and Italian Humanism rise.
Graduate students participating in the Fall 2011 course will be required to compile annotated bibliographies on important secondary articles. Those annotations will be transformed into pages for this wiki. My long term goal is to make this a sustainable resource for other graduate and undergraduate courses covering the history of rhetoric. Please forgive any omissions in the secondary sources listed below. For the first semester running this project, I have chosen to emphasize journal articles instead of either complete books or chapters in anthologies. Feel free to add articles to pages as suggestions for future research.
As the semester rolls on, I hope that students will come back to this page and create links to their brief summaries of significant articles (and "hope" should be heard in that professorial tone of "I hope they also will consider handing in their final paper and attending every class session").
* Plato's Battle Against an Oral World
* Plato's Relationship to Rhetoric
* The Big Aristotle
* A Little Aristotle and the Other Socrates
* Sophists Old and New
* Contemporary Sophistic Scholarship
* Cicero's Public and the Greek Tradition
* Should We Read Quintilian?
* Rhetoric's Medieval Resurgence
* The Death of Rhetorics of Substance
* Rhetoric During the Birth of the Modern University
# Historical Rhetorics/A Little Aristotle and the Other Socrates
## Chapter Five: A Little Aristotle and the Other Socrates

* Aristotle's Rhetoric, Book Three
* Isocrates' ''Against the Sophists''
* Isocrates' ''Antidosis''
* Isocrates' "Busiris"
* Vitanza's ''Negation, Subjectivity, and the History of Rhetoric'', chapters 3 & 4
* Welch's ''Electric Rhetoric'', chapters 2 & 3
As there are a number of readings this week, I have tried to post my reading notes for our various texts. Click on the links above.
Relevant Secondary Sources
* Biescker, Barabara. "Coming to Terms with Recent Attempts to Write Women into the History of Rhetoric." Philosophy and Rhetoric 25.2 (1992):140-161.
* Benoit, William. "Isocrates and Aristotle on Rhetoric."
* Coulter, James A. "The Praise of Isocrates." Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 8 (1967): 225-236.
* Fortenbaugh, William W. "Aristotle's Platonic Attitude toward Delivery." Philosophy & Rhetoric 19 (1986): 242-54.
* Graff, Richard. "Reading and the 'Written Style' in Aristotle's Rhetoric." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 31.4 (Autumn 2001) 19-44.
* Jacob, Bernard E. “What if Aristotle Took Sophists Seriously? New Readings in Aristotle’s Rhetoric.” Rhetoric Review. 14.2 (Spring 1996): 237-52.
* Johnstone, Christopher. "Communicating in Classical Contexts: The Centrality of Delivery." Quarterly Journal of Speech 87 (2001): 121-142.
* Hasking, Ekaterina V. Rhetoric between orality and literacy: Cultural memory and performance in Isocrates and Aristotle." Quarterly Journal of Speech 87.2 (2001): 158-178.
* Haskins, Ekaterina V. "Philosophy, Rhetoric, and Cultural Memory: Rereading Plato's Menexenus and Isocrates' Panegyricus. RSQ 35.1 (Winter 2005): 25-46.
* Papillion, Terry. "Isocrates' Techne and Rhetorical Pedagogy." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 25 (1995): 149-163.
* Papillion, Terry. "Mixed Unities in the Antidosis of Isocrates." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 27 (1997): 47-62.
* Timmerman, David M. "Isocrates' Competing Conceptualization of Philosophy." Philosophy & Rhetoric (31.2) (1998): 145-159.
* Walker, Jeffrey. "Aristotle's Lyric: Re-Imagining the Rhetoric of Epideictic Song." College English 51 (1989): 5-28.
# Historical Linguistics/Subgrouping and Internal Reconstruction

As a language changes, given time and distance or isolation, its speakers will no longer be able to understand each other, creating separate languages. For instance, you are probably familiar with the fact that Spanish, French, Italian, and Romanian are all descended from Latin, which is descended from Proto-Indo-European. As such, we call the Romance languages, however, these languages are not special in that regard; we can classify most languages into groups, subgroups, and supergroups based on the various changes they share.
We can often reasonably construct language groups among related languages purely by comparing data from the languages, without knowing any of the historical background behind subgroupings. This is done by comparing shared innovations from whatever we reconstruct or have attested in the protolanguage. The more shared innovations and the less likely they would be to occur independently, the stronger the evidence for a subgrouping. It should be noted that shared conservation of older forms are not evidence for a group: it is expected that languages will have features from their parent languages.
Remember that sound changes are often crucially ordered. This restriction often makes some proposed shared innovations incompatible with one another.
# Historical Rhetorics/A Little Aristotle and the Other Socrates/Isocrates' ''Antidosis''
### Notes

Note how Isocrates opens his Antidosis distinguishing himself from the Socrates of Plato's Apology and Gorgias (p. 189). Isocrates falls back on no existence independent of the people, culture, and history around him (unlike Socrates' transcendental court).
Poetic Style
On the value of poetic style, what Isocrates refers to as his "philosophy": 213. On the value of praising the past: 221; also 283, why we need to keep telling stories of ourselves, because Athens is so vast, and misrepresentation so easy. On the value of Hellenistic learning (vs. instrumental learning) 229.
On Paideia and PanHellenism (the need for Oratory)
Men of wisdom and a concern for Hellas: 229.
Isocrates' depiction of Socrates' critical insistence: 221. For Isocrates' differentiating himself from Plato etc, 232-233.
For what it means to be wise ("courting the favor of men"), to have judgment, to act ethically in accordance with Isocrates' teaching, 259-263. The need for a leader to learn to "feed the beast," as Socrates might say: 261.
Practice and study of oratory brings peace and tranquility, 271.
Why do we study oratory? Because "it is the source of most of our blessings" (327). [NOTE: Look here for Isocrates' most comprehensive definition of rhetoric]. Advantage and the "end" of rhetoric, 337-343. A dedication to the common good (339).
Page 337 leads us to a notion of "advantage," for an explication of this term, see "On the Peace," sections 28-35. Basically, Isocrates is laying down a foundation for what we might call a laissez-faire morality, one in which every citizens seeks to live virtuously, to work to improve their own security and the health of their city. While the base seize the advantage for mere personal gain, or use the tools of oratory to trick others into giving them what they don't deserve, the good seize the advantage and use oratory in order to strengthen themselves and their city.
Advantage as "The ability to govern both ourselves and the commonwealth" (343) by transforming *my thought* into *our course of action.*
Rhetoric as a form of ethical choice-training, 335 (compare to Vitanza, NSHoR 153).
Teaching Oratory
On the mind/body split underlying the righteousness of discourse, 289.
Teaching forms of discourse, 289-291.
Opposition to Socrates
Returning to the question of who can learn from Against the Sophists, 291. On his opposition to disputation as a career (but not as an exercise), 331-333. See 333-335 for his scathing critique of metaphysics.
For an almost direct response to Socrates' condemnation of politics in the Apology and of rhetoric in the Gorgias, see 323.
Another return to the critique of the sophist in Against the Sophists (esp, the extent of their claims to teach all comers, 337).
# Horticulture/Salvia guaranitica

Anise Sage :
| Binomial: | Salvia guarnitica |
| Type: | Herbaceous perennial |
| Light requirements: | Full sun to light shade |
| Water requirements: | Maintain adequate moisture to prevent wilting. |
| Soil requirements: | Well-drained, deep soils |
| USDA Hardiness Zone: | 8-10, to zone 6 for some cultivars. |
| Pest issues: | rare |
| Disease issues: | rare |
| Bloom season: | Midsummer to freeze |
| Weediness: | Aggressive spreader |
| Pollination: | Insects, attracts hummingbirds |
| Root: | Large tubers |
| Toxicity and edibility: | Edible |
Salvia guaranitica (Anise-scented sage or Hummingbird sage) is a species of sage native to South America, including Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.

## Description

It is a perennial or subshrub growing 1-3 m tall. The leaves are ovate, 4-13 cm long, mint green, and anise-scented when crushed. The inflorescences are up to 25 cm long, with each flower 3-5 cm long in varying shades of blue, with a dark basal calyx 10-12 mm long. Flowering begins in mid summer and continues through late autumn.
Salvia guaranitica is only a perennial in USDA Zones 7 to 10, but can be perennial in cooler climates, if planted in sunny microclimate.

## Growing conditions

Deep, well-drained soils with adequate irrigation during drought periods. Water needs are low. In colder climates, the plant should be sited against a building or masonry.

## Varieties

Numerous cultivars have been selected, including:
* 'Argentine Skies' (pale blue flowers)
* 'Black and Blue' (very dark violet blue calyx)
* 'Blue Enigma' (green calyx and blue flowers
* 'Blue Ensign' (large blue flowers)
* 'Purple Splendor' (large purple flowers)

## Uses

Salvia guaranitica is a popular ornamental plant in mild areas where the temperature does not fall below −12 °C. It is most often planted in order to attract hummingbirds.

## Maintenance

Prune to the ground in early spring, before new stems grow. Can be sheared to encourage bushiness. Staking is sometimes necessary. Excellent container plant.

## Propagation

Division or stem cuttings. In colder climates, it can be dug in early autumn and kept indoors either in a pot or in vermiculite for dormant storage. It's hardiness can be greatly extended if planted against a building or masonry to maintain higher winter soil temperatures.

## Pests and diseases

See Salvia for a list of pests and diseases affecting the genus Salvia.

## References

* Christopher Brickell and Judith D. Zuk (1997). The American Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. DK Publishing. p. 929. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
* Staff of the L. H. Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press. p. 999. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
* A Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden, Betsy Clebsch, page 90-92