OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Circuit Idea/Building Circuits
## The Idea

The idea of ​​the building approach is to use the elementary electrical devices as a kind of "cubes" to "build" the more complex electronic devices.

## Examples

* We can "assemble" a parallel voltage summer from the elementary electrical voltage-to-current converters, current summer and current-to-voltage converter. Later we can add an operational amplifier to it and get an almost ideal voltage summer.
* We can build a voltage integrator from elementary electrical voltage-current converters and a current-voltage integrator.
* Also, we can build a voltage differentiator from a voltage-to-current differentiator and a current-to-voltage converter.
Then, we can then enhance the passive circuits above using an operational amplifier. So, we can consider electronic devices as improved electrical analog devices.

## Web resources

How to Present Circuits (introducing the circuit idea, building the circuit configuration and demonstrating the circuit operation)
# Circuit Idea/Carrying Out "Man-Controlled" Experiments

To "feel" the operation of more abstract electronic devices, they can be manually emulated and then their evolution to fully automatic can be "played out". Thus, for example, the role of an operational amplifier in negative feedback circuits can be performed:
* first by a "manually controlled voltage source",
* then by a personal computer with analog I/O peripherals and appropriate software,
* finally by a real operational amplifier.
In this way, by actually "playing" the evolution of an electronic circuit from "manual" to fully automatic, the person mentally identifies with the studied object (personal analogy, empathy), imagines how it performs its functions, and thus understands even better its action.
# Chrono Trigger/Walkthrough/Chapter 7

Chapter 7: The Factory Ruins (2300 A.D. first time)

## The Factory

You'll need to pick Marle or Lucca to accompany Crono and Robo, I personally prefer Marle because she has the Aura spell. Anyway, three security robots patrol the front hallway. After you've dealt with them, you can take the left or the right passage to the lab or the factory proper. You'll probably want to head into the factory first, although if you feel like cheating you could skip it all together.
On the factory side of things, search the room for chests, including one hidden in a passageway that seems to go nowhere, check out the conveyor belt to the south. Your goal will be to cross over it to the left, without bumping into any of the robots. If you touch a robot you'll have to go through a long series of fights before you get back where you started. I find it easiest to wait until a group of two robots has gone by than run as fast as I can until I reach an alcove. Keep making it all the way to the end, and you'll reach a new area where you'll fight some bugs. Cross a walkway, and go through the right door to learn the two codes which control the crane, XA, and BB. Go through the left one to reach the control panel, and enter the codes to open up a path to a new area and back to the start so you won't have to repeat the conveyor belt sequence. Head to the left and go through the door to pick up a bolt sword for Crono, and learn a password I could have told you anyway. Go back to the elevator and head out, and go down the other elevator this time to the lab.
In the lab, kill the acid creatures to activate the computer and open the hatch to the next level. Head to another computer on the next level to deactivate the lasers, and fight off some more acid creatures, while picking up some helpful armor and weapons along the way. Head down another ladder or take the elevator to get to a computer that requires a password, "XABIE."
Regardless of whether or not you completed the factory portion of the place, you can just enter in the code "X-A-B-Y" to skip to the last part of the level. Robo will flip a switch and you'll need to escape the factory before it goes haywire. You'll eventually come to the long walkway with robots, and Robo's old buddies will beat him up and take his lunch money. Crono and whichever partner you picked will need to take on the six robots. Crono's Cyclone technique works well, and have the other partner heal or provide support. You'll rescue Robo and piece him back together with Lucca's help, before heading off together into a time gate.

## Challenging Lavos

Impossible during this stage of the game since you have no access to a time gate.
Continue to Chapter 8: The End of Time (End of Time)
# Circuit Idea/"Live" Analogies
## "Live" analogies

To show the connection between an analogy and its corresponding circuit diagram, we can "live" the analogy on the monitor screenwith the help of a computer. For this purpose, we can connect the circuit under test by means of an analog-to-digital periphery to a personal computer operating under the control of an appropriate software. An analogy of the studied circuit will be displayed on the screen, which responds adequately to changes in the circuit and thus strengthens associations with it.

### "Live" voltage diagram

Such an arrangement is used in another Wikibooks story to illustrate a more sophisticated version of the Ohm's experiment by a kind of a "geometric analogy". There it is stylized but it can be also thought as a kind of mechanical analogy that can be named "Archimedes double lever" (a lever operated from both its ends).

### "Live" analog scale

For example, in this way we can represent the operation of an op-amp circuit with negative feedback by displaying a "live" analog scale on the screen. Input and output voltages are represented by weights of proportional size on both sides of the scale.

### "Live" discrete scale

Similarly, we can illustrate the operation of an analog-to-digital converter with a discrete weight, where the output value – a digital code – is presented as a sum of reference weights. The picture below shows such a demonstration in the laboratory performed using a MICROLAB system connected to an 8-bit DAC. The PC video output is connected to a multimedia projector.
A stylized image of a mechanical scale is visible on the screen. The left pan houses the analog input weight, and the right pan houses some of the 8 binary standards with weights from 1 to 128. Shown below are the reference voltage (10 V) of the on-board DAC, the input voltage (1.928 V) , the current code (49) and the DAC output voltage (1.914 V).
# Circuit Idea/Bistable Mode of Current Inversion NIC

Circuit idea: Making the positive feedback dominate over the negative one.

## See also

Revealing the mystery of negative impedance Investigating the linear mode of negative impedance converters with current inversion Negative impedance converter from Wikipedia considers NIC with current inversion (INIC).
# Circuit Idea/Combining and Varying Electrical Quantities
## The Idea

A large part of the electronic devices we can "invent" by combining and varying with the parameters of the studied object. For this purpose, in a series of experiments, we choose successively an independent and a dependent variable, keeping the other quantities constant. We then begin to vary the independent variable and observe the behavior of the dependent variable. By making such separate "sections" of the studied object, we "reverse" and combine the cause-and-effect relationships between individual quantities, get new points of view and penetrate deeply into the essence of things

## Examples

If we assume that in a basic electrical circuit voltage causes current (the usual cause-and-effect relationship), and start varying the quantities voltage and resistance, we get a voltage-to-current, resistance-to-current, and voltage-to-current dividers already mentioned.
* Conversely, if we assume that the current causes voltage (reversing the cause-and-effect relationship) and vary the quantities current and resistance, we obtain the remaining converters (current-to-voltage, resistance-to-voltage, and current x resistance multiplier).
* Using the same techniques, we can turn a digital-to-analog converter into a programmable amplifier and multiplier, and an analog-to-digital converter into a ratio meter and digital sample & hold circuit.
# Alekhine's Defence

Black has reduced White's control over the center. Black usually gives up his bishop for the knight and doubled pawns on the f-file.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6
| | 4 |
| Main Line | Be2 - | = |
| | c4 - | = |
| | Bc4 - | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Alekhine's Defence:Modern Variation

Black prepares to fianchetto his King's bishop, and add another piece to the assault against white's pawn center.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Alekhine's Defence

Black would very much like to put pressure on the d-pawn with ...Nc6 and ...Bg7. Playing 6...Nc6 now however runs into d4-d5, maybe even on the next move, and the knight will find itself kicked around the board. So Black is in most games patient, and plays 6...g6 to prepare 7...Bg7.
| 6 |
| ... g6 | = |
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# Alekhine's Defence

Now that the knight has left the d-file, the threat of 5...dxe5 6.dxe5 Qxd1+ 7.Kxd1, shattering White's pawns and preventing castling, must be dealt with. White has two main choices now: the aggressive Four Pawns Attack (5. f4) and the subtle Exchange Variation (5. exd6).

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4. c4 Nb6
| | 5 |
| Four Pawns Attack | f4 - | = |
| Exchange Variation | exd6 - | = |
| Modern Variation | Nf3 - | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Alekhine's Defence

White still has a space advantage, but Black is intending to attack the c- and d-pawns with moves like ...Nc6 and ...Bg7. Meanwhile, White has not yet moved any pieces and needs to develop. Most modern masters prefer to delay playing Nf3, since such a knight can quickly become a target to ...Bg4, so the most common move is 6.Nc3.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
'1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4. c4 Nb6'
| 6 |
| Nc3 - | = |
| Nf3 - | = |
| Be3 - | = |
| Be2 - | = |
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# Alekhine's Defence
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4. c4 Nb6 5.exd6 exd6'
| 6 |
| Nf3 - | = |
| Nc3 - | = |
| Bf4 - | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6/2. e5/2...Nd5/3. d4/3...d6/4. c4/4...Nb6/5. exd6/5...exd6/6. Nc3

* 6...Be7
* 6...Bf5
* 6...Nc6
* 6...g6
# Alekhine Defence:Exchange variation

Black must decide whether he will take back with the c pawn : 5...cxd6 or with the e pawn : 5...exd6.
In the first case, Black will have a majority of pawns in the center, which may be useful for a later e5 push.
In the second case, the game will be more positional, relying more on the pieces placements than on the pawns fight.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
'1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.c4 Nb6 5.exd6'
| 5 |
| ... cxd6 | = |
| ... exd6 | = |
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# Alekhine's Defence - Four Pawns Attack

White has built a huge pawn center. Black will try to destroy it from a distance. It would be a good idea to exchange the d pawn so as to weaken the king side : 5...dxe5.
A more quiet line is : 5...Bf5, developing the bishop. 5...g6 is also a line which has been played by Magnus Carlsen - on g7 the bishop will exert pressure along the long diagonal, and helps to the attack against d4 and e5. It also gives White other attacking plans, such as h4-h5. 5...g5!? is an objectively unsound but creative idea, since 6.fxg5? dxe5 7.dxe5 Qxd1+ 8.Kxd1 Bg7 followed by ...Nc6 and ...Nd7 will win back the pawn with a much stronger structure & development, but declining it often allows White an advantage.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.c4 Nb6 5.f4
| 5 |
| ... dxe5 | = |
| ... Bf5 | = |
| ... g6 | = |
| ... g5 | = |
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# Alekhine's Defence

White grabs even more space and wins a tempo. Black's knight is under attack again. The only reasonable move is 4...Nb6.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.c4
| 4 |
| ... Nb6 | = |
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# Sicilian, Kan, 5.Nc3
### 3...a6
## Theory table

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.Nc3 a6
| | 4 | 5 |
| Sicilian, Kan, 5.Nc3 | d4 cxd4 | |
| Sicilian | g3 b5 | |
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* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Sicilian 2...e6

Moves:1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4
    4...Nc6: Taimanov
    4...a6: Kan Sicilian
    4...Nf6: Scheveningen

## Theory table

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4
| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Nxd4 Nc6 | Nc3 Nf6 | Ndb5 d6 | Bf4 e5 | = |
| ... a6 | Bd3 Nf6 | O-O d6 | c4 Be7 | = |
| ... Nf6 | Nc3 d6 | Be2 Be7 | O-O O-O | = |
| ... Qb6 | Nb3 Bc5 | = |
| ... d6 | c4 Nf6 | += |
| ... Bc5 | Be3 Qb6 | = |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Sicilian 2...e6

This is the flexible move. The Knight comes out to f6 and threatens the e4 pawn. It's important that Black determines how White deals with the e4 pawn before moving pawns further if White plays Nc3 then he can no longer play c4 first. 5.e5? is a common mistake as ...Qa5+ picks up material.

## Theory table

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6
| 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Nc3 d6 | Be2 Nc6 | O-O Be7 | = |
| Bd3 Nc6 | Nxc6 bxc6 | O-O d5 | = |
| Bg5 Qa5 | =+ |
| f3 Nc6 | =+ |
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## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Sicilian
## 3.Nc3
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.Nc3
| | 3 |
| Sicilian, Taimanov | ... Nc6 | d4 | to 2...Nc6 3.Nc3 e6 |
| Sicilian, Kan, 5.Nc3 | ... a6 | d4 | |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Sicilian - Taimanov

This is the initial position at the start of the Taimanov or Taimanov system, developed by Russian GM Mark Taimanov. It can be thought of as a mirror to the position leading to most variations such as the Dragon, with the c6 knight developed rather than the f6 one and the e6 pawn developed rather than the d6 one.
White responding with 5. Nxc6 is a mistake, as it gives black immediate equality after 5... bxc6 6. Nc3 d5. Otherwise, black will most likely follow up with a6 and Qc7, with other moves depending on White's setup, which most often involves either Qf3-g3, Be3 and Qd2, a Maroczy Bind, or Nc3 and Bb5. Black's main idea of a6 and b5, however, is a constant in many of these variations.

## Theory table

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6
| | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| 1 | Nc3 Qc7 | Be3 a6 | Qd2 Nf6 | = |
| 2 | ... a6 | Nxc6 bxc6 | Bd3 d5 | += |
| 3 | ... d6 | c4 Nf6 | N1c3 a6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4

White opens up the center, and in most variations Black trades pawns, although 3...d5 is possible as now 4. exd5 exd5 doesn't allow 5. Qxd8+. The trade is almost inevitable; after the trade 4...a6 reaches the Sicilian Kan, 4...Nc6 reaches the Taimanov, 4...Nf6 reaches the Normal Line, and 4...d6 could become a normal Open Sicilian variation.

# Open Sicilian 2...e6 3.d4

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| Sicilian Kan | ... cxd4 | Nxd4 a6 | Nc3 Qc7 | = |
| Sicilian Taimanov | ... ... | ... Nc6 | Nc3 Qc7 | = |
| Sicilian Scheveningen | ... ... | ... Nf6 | Nc3 d6 | = |
| Marshall Counterattack | ... d5 | exd5 exd5 | Bb5+ Nc6 | += |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Sicilian Defence

Moves:1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4
    4. Nxd4: Sicilian Paulsen; Taimanov; Scheveningen

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4
| 4 | 5 |
| Nxd4 a6 | Bd3 Nf6 | += |
| Qxd4 Nc6 | Qd1 Nf6 | =+ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. b3
## 3. b3

This opening has some very interesting ideas. With this move White prepares to fianchetto the dark squared bishop to b2 but depending on what Black plays next White's ideas aren't really clear.
Black can continue with the usual Taimanov or Kan setup and Black can also play the 4...d5 pawn break, but the most played move in the chess database right now is 4...b6.
# Sicilian - Taimanov
## Theory table

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6 5.Nc3
| | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Bastrikov variation | ... Qc7 | Be3 a6 | Qd2 Nf6 | = |
| Sicilian Four Knights | ... Nf6 | Ndb5 d6 | Bf4 e5 | = |
| | ... a6 | Nxc6 bxc6 | Bd3 d5 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Sicilian - Four Knights Variation

Black deploys their knight to f6, where it puts pressure on the pawn on e4. One of Black's main idea in this position is to play Bb4, where it would pin the white knight and threaten to take it on e4.

## Theory table

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6 5.Nc3 Nf6
| | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| | Ndb5 d6 | Bf4 e5 | Bg5 a6 | = | | | | | | | |
| Exchange Variation | Nxc6 bxc6 | e5 Nd5 | Ne4 Qc7 | f4 Qb6 | c4 Bb4+ | Ke2 f5 | exf6 Nxf6 | Be3 Qd8 | Nd6+ Bxd6 | Qxd6 Bb7 | ∞ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Common Lisp/Basic topics

* Lists
* Functions
* Macros
# Lisp manipulation of C structures
## Overview

Ultimately, dealing with a struct generated by a C or C++ program involves loading that structure into a buffer and picking out the individual fields. Similarly, sending such a structure involves composing a buffer.
Some type conversion is necessary when using strings or characters in Lisp.
The preferred approach here is to use '(unsigned-byte 8) for bits coming from or going to the C structure.
While character arrays may be cheap in other languages like C or permit exploiting the de facto nature of the ASCII character set, that's the wrong approach for ANSI Common Lisp.
The ANSI specification does not guarantee that a character will contain ASCII or ISO-8859-1 or similar character sets. In fact, the ANSI spec only guarantees up to character code 96 even though contemporary implementations may support Unicode.
Similarly to what's advised for Files and Directories, simply read or write a vector of unsigned bytes.
Anything in the rest of your Lisp program that needs to work with actual strings or characters should convert only as needed after reading.

## Reading

Use of fill-pointer for the array is optional but recommended to help track the actual length received, which may differ from what was attempted to be read.

## Processing

When processing the vector of '(unsigned-byte 8) elements, convert each field of the corresponding C structure as needed based upon byte offsets. (Note that it's actually a vector despite being created with make-array. The distinction is that this has only a single dimension.)
Extracting a string from the raw bytes:
Extracting just one byte:
Of course, you'll need to assign the resulting value from each of those prior two examples.
Meanwhile, assigning into the buffer of raw bytes:
It's important to protect what you're assigning into; use of bitmasks like logand work well for this.
For more than just one byte, such as inserting sequence2 to become a subset within sequence1, you could use:
or following the examples above:
A helper function is provided below that avoids an intermediate vector from getting created.

## Time & Epochs

If converting time values from another language, let alone operating system, be aware that the epoch (semantics for value 0) may be different.
ANSI Common Lisp has midnight 1 January 1900 UTC as the value 0 while Unix and many C libraries use 1 January 1970. Simple arithmetic converts between the two.