OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Public International Law/Table of Contents

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Part I - History, Theory, and Methods
* § 1 History of International Law
** § 1.1 Founding Myths
** § 1.2 Nineteenth Century
** § 1.3 Decolonization
* § 2 Nature and Purpose of International Law
** § 2.1 International Law and Violence
** § 2.2 Consent
** § 2.3 Enforcement
* § 3 Methodology
** § 3.1 Case Analysis
** § 3.2 Interdisciplinarity
* § 4 Approaches to International Law
** § 4.1 Positivism
** § 4.2 TWAIL
** § 4.3 Feminism & Queer Theory
** § 4.4 Marxism
* § 5 Interaction
** § 5.1 Interaction within International Law
** § 5.2 International Law and Domestic Law
Part II - General International Law
* § 6 Sources of International Law
** § 6.1 Treaty Law
** § 6.2 Customary Law
** § 6.3 General Principles
** § 6.4 Other Sources
* § 7 Subjects and Actors in International Law
** § 7.1 States
** § 7.2 Indigenous Peoples
** § 7.3 International Organizations
** § 7.4 Individuals
** § 7.5 Women in International Law
** § 7.6 Non-governmental Organization
** § 7.7 Corporations
** § 7.8 Animals
** § 7.9 Cities
* § 8 Jurisdiction
* § 9 State Responsibility
* § 10 Diplomatic Relations
* § 11 Immunities
* § 12 Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
** § 12.1 Evidence
* § 13 Use of Force
Part III - Specialized Fields
* § 14 Law of Armed Conflict
* § 15 Law of the Sea
* § 16 International Environmental Law
* § 17 International Climate Change Law
* § 18 International Migration Law
* § 19 International Law in Cyberspace
* § 20 Space Law
* § 21 Human Rights Law
** § 21.1 Recurring Themes in Human Rights Doctrine
** § 21.2 Institutional Human Rights Protection
*** § 21.2.1 United Nations Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.2 African Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.3 European Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.4 Inter-American Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.5 Arab and Islamic Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.6 Asian Human Rights System
** § 21.3 Critique of Human Rights
* § 22 International Criminal Law
** § 22.1 International Crimes
** § 22.2 International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
** § 22.3 Domestic Prosecution of International Crimes
* § 23 International Economic Law
** § 23.1 Investment Law
** § 23.2 Trade Law
** § 23.3 Monetary Law
# Public Meeting Notices and Agendas
## Public Meeting Notices
### Checklist for Publishing Meeting Notices with Agendas
#### Acknowledgments

Thanks to the efforts of the PublicMeetings.info, a project of E-Democracy.org. This effort is funded by the Ford Foundation.
The eCitizen Foundation is helping to research and use its methodologies to create a checklist of open standards that municipalities and other organizations can use to better enable citizens to participate.
Slideshow explaining process of building the checklist: Slideshow about Project

#### Book Mission and Guidelines

Mission Create a checklist for publishing a meeting notice with an agenda that makes it easier for citizens to learn about and participate in public meetings, especially for meetings that municipalities and communities. The checklist will stress methods and incorporate standards that are inclusive and as open as possible (OPIA- Open, Public and Integrated Architecture). Specifically, the requirements gathering will concentrate on three aspects of any public system architecture: the business layer, the legal issue layer and the technological implementation layer (BLT methodology). In addition, there will be a focus on the sociological aspects such as marketing and social networking.
* Guidelines
* General Requirements
* Requirements Gathering
* Resources, Standards and Ideas to Consider

#### Integration with Other Systems
   #### Aggregation
   #### Calendaring/Busy Services
   #### Social Media
   #### Search Engine Optimization SEO
   #### Legal/Auditing Systems
   #### Mobile
   #### Printed Material
#### Business Layer

    What business processes and procedures for publishing

#### Legal Layer

    What Types of Legal Issues Must be Considered and Represented

#### Technology Layer

    Standards that Implement the Notice

#### Sociological Components

    How to Market and Publicize the Notice

#### Appendix D: List of Organizations and Efforts
## Background

For further information on this exploration see the Public Meetings main page with the Participation 3.0 initiative. Join the Public Meetings Online Technical Working Group to participate more actively.
# Professionalism/Larry Gibson and Mountaintop Removal

This book is a class project until May 17, 2013. Editors who are not students in the class are requested to refrain voluntarily from substantive content edits until then. Comments on the talk pages, as well as formatting edits (especially those that help the book adhere to Wikibooks conventions), are invited, welcome and appreciated. Thank you.
# Public International Law/Interaction

Author: Jane Doe
   Required knowledge: Link
   Learning objectives: Understanding XY.
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## Further Readings

* Source I
* Source II

## Conclusion

* Summary I
* Summary II

## Table of Contents

Back to home page
Part I - History, Theory, and Methods
* § 1 History of International Law
** § 1.1 Founding Myths
** § 1.2 Nineteenth Century
** § 1.3 Decolonization
* § 2 Nature and Purpose of International Law
** § 2.1 International Law and Violence
** § 2.2 Consent
** § 2.3 Enforcement
* § 3 Methodology
** § 3.1 Case Analysis
** § 3.2 Interdisciplinarity
* § 4 Approaches to International Law
** § 4.1 Positivism
** § 4.2 TWAIL
** § 4.3 Feminism & Queer Theory
** § 4.4 Marxism
* § 5 Interaction
** § 5.1 Interaction within International Law
** § 5.2 International Law and Domestic Law
Part II - General International Law
* § 6 Sources of International Law
** § 6.1 Treaty Law
** § 6.2 Customary Law
** § 6.3 General Principles
** § 6.4 Other Sources
* § 7 Subjects and Actors in International Law
** § 7.1 States
** § 7.2 Indigenous Peoples
** § 7.3 International Organizations
** § 7.4 Individuals
** § 7.5 Women in International Law
** § 7.6 Non-governmental Organization
** § 7.7 Corporations
** § 7.8 Animals
** § 7.9 Cities
* § 8 Jurisdiction
* § 9 State Responsibility
* § 10 Diplomatic Relations
* § 11 Immunities
* § 12 Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
** § 12.1 Evidence
* § 13 Use of Force
Part III - Specialized Fields
* § 14 Law of Armed Conflict
* § 15 Law of the Sea
* § 16 International Environmental Law
* § 17 International Climate Change Law
* § 18 International Migration Law
* § 19 International Law in Cyberspace
* § 20 Space Law
* § 21 Human Rights Law
** § 21.1 Recurring Themes in Human Rights Doctrine
** § 21.2 Institutional Human Rights Protection
*** § 21.2.1 United Nations Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.2 African Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.3 European Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.4 Inter-American Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.5 Arab and Islamic Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.6 Asian Human Rights System
** § 21.3 Critique of Human Rights
* § 22 International Criminal Law
** § 22.1 International Crimes
** § 22.2 International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
** § 22.3 Domestic Prosecution of International Crimes
* § 23 International Economic Law
** § 23.1 Investment Law
** § 23.2 Trade Law
** § 23.3 Monetary Law

## Footnotes

* ↑ The first footnote. Please adhere to OSCOLA when formating citations. Whenever possible, provide a link with the citation, ideally to an open-access source.
# Public International Law/International Economic Law

Author: Jane Doe
   Required knowledge: Link
   Learning objectives: Understanding XY.
This is where the text begins. This template follows our style guide. Please take into account our guidelines for didactics. If you're wondering how to create text in Wikibooks, feel free to check out our guide on how to write in Wikibooks.
This is your advanced content. You can create this text box using our template "Advanced". How to do this is described here.
   Example for to example topic: This is your example.
Just replace the content above and below with your content.

## Further Readings

* Source I
* Source II

## Conclusion

* Summary I
* Summary II

## Table of Contents

Back to home page
Part I - History, Theory, and Methods
* § 1 History of International Law
** § 1.1 Founding Myths
** § 1.2 Nineteenth Century
** § 1.3 Decolonization
* § 2 Nature and Purpose of International Law
** § 2.1 International Law and Violence
** § 2.2 Consent
** § 2.3 Enforcement
* § 3 Methodology
** § 3.1 Case Analysis
** § 3.2 Interdisciplinarity
* § 4 Approaches to International Law
** § 4.1 Positivism
** § 4.2 TWAIL
** § 4.3 Feminism & Queer Theory
** § 4.4 Marxism
* § 5 Interaction
** § 5.1 Interaction within International Law
** § 5.2 International Law and Domestic Law
Part II - General International Law
* § 6 Sources of International Law
** § 6.1 Treaty Law
** § 6.2 Customary Law
** § 6.3 General Principles
** § 6.4 Other Sources
* § 7 Subjects and Actors in International Law
** § 7.1 States
** § 7.2 Indigenous Peoples
** § 7.3 International Organizations
** § 7.4 Individuals
** § 7.5 Women in International Law
** § 7.6 Non-governmental Organization
** § 7.7 Corporations
** § 7.8 Animals
** § 7.9 Cities
* § 8 Jurisdiction
* § 9 State Responsibility
* § 10 Diplomatic Relations
* § 11 Immunities
* § 12 Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
** § 12.1 Evidence
* § 13 Use of Force
Part III - Specialized Fields
* § 14 Law of Armed Conflict
* § 15 Law of the Sea
* § 16 International Environmental Law
* § 17 International Climate Change Law
* § 18 International Migration Law
* § 19 International Law in Cyberspace
* § 20 Space Law
* § 21 Human Rights Law
** § 21.1 Recurring Themes in Human Rights Doctrine
** § 21.2 Institutional Human Rights Protection
*** § 21.2.1 United Nations Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.2 African Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.3 European Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.4 Inter-American Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.5 Arab and Islamic Human Rights System
*** § 21.2.6 Asian Human Rights System
** § 21.3 Critique of Human Rights
* § 22 International Criminal Law
** § 22.1 International Crimes
** § 22.2 International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
** § 22.3 Domestic Prosecution of International Crimes
* § 23 International Economic Law
** § 23.1 Investment Law
** § 23.2 Trade Law
** § 23.3 Monetary Law

## Footnotes

* ↑ The first footnote. Please adhere to OSCOLA when formating citations. Whenever possible, provide a link with the citation, ideally to an open-access source.
# Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Perfect/Present

| | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR |
| | conjugation | example | translation |
| | -AR / -ER / -IR | hablar | to speak |
| Yo | he + past participle | he hablado | I have spoken |
| Tú | has + past participle | has hablado | You have spoken |
| Él | ha + past participle | ha hablado | He has spoken |
| Nosotros | hemos + past participle | hemos hablado | We have spoken |
| Vosotros | habéis + past participle | habéis hablado | You all have spoken |
| Ellos | han + past participle | han hablado | They have spoken |
Some things to note:
* This tense (and all perfect tenses) uses a form of the irregular helping verb haber (meaning to have done). As this is the present perfect indicative, it takes the simple present indicative form of haber.
* The past participle of a regular verb is formed by adding -ado to the stem of an -AR verb, and -ido to the stem of an -ER or -IR verb.
* As the structure for this tense is a form of haber with the past participle, there are no irregular verbs in this tense. Any irregularity would come from a verb with an irregular past participle, but the haber + past participle structure still holds true.
* While the past participle is oftentimes the same word as the adjective form of a verb (las palabras habladas - the spoken words), the past participle itself is not an adjective, and therefore does not have to "agree" with the subject. Regardless of the subject's gender or number, the past participle remains the same. Ellas han hablado, NOT ellas han habladas.
* Be careful not to confuse the past participle with the gerund. He hablado, not he hablando.
# Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Simple/Imperfect

| | -AR | -AR | -AR | -ER / -IR | -ER / -IR | -ER / -IR |
| | conjugation | example | translation | conjugation | example | translation |
| | -AR | hablar | to speak | -ER / -IR | comer | to eat |
| Yo | stem+aba | hablaba | I spoke | stem+ía | comía | I ate |
| Tú | stem+abas | hablabas | You spoke | stem+ías | comías | You ate |
| Él | stem+aba | hablaba | He spoke | stem+ía | comía | He ate |
| Nosotros | stem+ábamos | hablábamos | We spoke | stem+íamos | comíamos | We ate |
| Vosotros | stem+abais | hablabais | You all spoke | stem+íais | comíais | You all ate |
| Ellos | stem+aban | hablaban | They spoke | stem+ían | comían | They ate |
Some things to note:
* The -ER and -IR verbs take exactly the same endings, just as they did in the preterite.
* There are only three irregular verbs (ser, ver, and ir) in this tense, making it by far the easiest tense to learn.
* The only difficulty with this tense arises because the yo and él forms are conjugated exactly the same (-aba and -ía). Although Spanish is a pro-drop language (meaning subject pronouns are usually excluded), it is often a good idea to include subject pronouns in these cases for clarity.
# Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Simple/Conditional

| | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR |
| | conjugation | example | translation |
| | -AR / -ER / -IR | hablar | to speak |
| Yo | infinitive+ía | hablaría | I would speak |
| Tú | infinitive+ías | hablarías | You would speak |
| Él | infinitive+ía | hablaría | He would speak |
| Nosotros | infinitive+íamos | hablaríamos | We would speak |
| Vosotros | infinitive+íais | hablaríais | You all would speak |
| Ellos | infinitive+ían | hablarían | They would speak |
Some things to note:
* Endings in the future tense are attached to the infinitive, not just the stem, of the verb.
* -AR, -ER, and -IR verbs all take the same endings.
* If these endings look familiar, it is because they are the same as the -ER/-IR endings of the imperfect tense. And thus, as with the imperfect, the yo and él forms are the same and may use subject pronouns for clarity.
# Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Simple/Future

| | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR |
| | conjugation | example | translation |
| | -AR / -ER / -IR | hablar | to speak |
| Yo | infinitive+é | hablaré | I will speak |
| Tú | infinitive+ás | hablarás | You will speak |
| Él | infinitive+á | hablará | He will speak |
| Nosotros | infinitive+emos | hablaremos | We will speak |
| Vosotros | infinitive+éis | hablaréis | You all will speak |
| Ellos | infinitive+án | hablarán | They will speak |
Some things to note:
* Endings in the future tense are attached to the infinitive, not just the stem, of the verb.
* -AR, -ER, and -IR verbs all take the same endings.
# Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Simple/Present

| | -AR | -AR | -AR | -ER | -ER | -ER | -IR | -IR | -IR |
| | conjugation | example | translation | conjugation | example | translation | conjugation | example | translation |
| | -AR | hablar | to speak | -ER | comer | to eat | -IR | vivir | to live |
| Yo | stem+o | hablo | I speak | stem+o | como | I eat | stem+o | vivo | I live |
| Tú | stem+as | hablas | You speak | stem+es | comes | You eat | stem+es | vives | You live |
| Él | stem+a | habla | He speaks | stem+e | come | He eats | stem+e | vive | He lives |
| Nosotros | stem+amos | hablamos | We speak | stem+emos | comemos | We eat | stem+imos | vivimos | We live |
| Vosotros | stem+áis | habláis | You all speak | stem+éis | coméis | You all eat | stem+ís | vivís | You all live |
| Ellos | stem+an | hablan | They speak | stem+en | comen | They eat | stem+en | viven | They live |
Some things to note:
* All yo forms of regular verbs end in -o, all tú forms in -s, él forms in -a or -e, nosotros in -mos, vosotros in -is, and ellos in -n. As Spanish is a pro-drop language, you must get used to determining a verb's subject based on its ending.
* Notice the similarities between the -ER and -IR verbs. While not completely similar, they differ only in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
# Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Perfect/Future

| | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR |
| | conjugation | example | translation |
| | -AR / -ER / -IR | hablar | to speak |
| Yo | habré + past participle | habré hablado | I will have spoken |
| Tú | habrás + past participle | habrás hablado | You will have spoken |
| Él | habrá + past participle | habrá hablado | He will have spoken |
| Nosotros | habremos + past participle | habremos hablado | We will have spoken |
| Vosotros | habréis + past participle | habréis hablado | You all will have spoken |
| Ellos | habrán + past participle | habrán hablado | They will have spoken |
Some things to note:
* This tense (and all perfect tenses) uses a form of the irregular helping verb haber (meaning to have done). As this is the future perfect indicative, it takes the simple future indicative form of haber.
* The past participle of a regular verb is formed by adding -ado to the stem of an -AR verb, and -ido to the stem of an -ER or -IR verb.
* As the structure for this tense is a form of haber with the past participle, there are no irregular verbs in this tense. Any irregularity would come from a verb with an irregular past participle, but the haber + past participle structure still holds true.
* While the past participle is oftentimes the same word as the adjective form of a verb (las palabras habladas - the spoken words), the past participle itself is not an adjective, and therefore does not have to "agree" with the subject. Regardless of the subject's gender or number, the past participle remains the same. Ellas habrán hablado, NOT ellas habrán habladas.
* Be careful not to confuse the past participle with the gerund. habré hablado, not habré hablando.
# Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Perfect/Imperfect

| | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR |
| | conjugation | example | translation |
| | -AR / -ER / -IR | hablar | to speak |
| Yo | había + past participle | había hablado | I had spoken |
| Tú | habías + past participle | habías hablado | You had spoken |
| Él | había + past participle | había hablado | He had spoken |
| Nosotros | habíamos + past participle | habíamos hablado | We had spoken |
| Vosotros | habíais + past participle | habíais hablado | You all had spoken |
| Ellos | habían + past participle | habían hablado | They had spoken |
Some things to note:
* This tense (and all perfect tenses) uses a form of the irregular helping verb haber (meaning to have done). As this is the pluperfect indicative, it takes the simple imperfect indicative form of haber.
* The past participle of a regular verb is formed by adding -ado to the stem of an -AR verb, and -ido to the stem of an -ER or -IR verb.
* As the structure for this tense is a form of haber with the past participle, there are no irregular verbs in this tense. Any irregularity would come from a verb with an irregular past participle, but the haber + past participle structure still holds true.
* While the past participle is oftentimes the same word as the adjective form of a verb (las palabras habladas - the spoken words), the past participle itself is not an adjective, and therefore does not have to "agree" with the subject. Regardless of the subject's gender or number, the past participle remains the same. Ellas habían hablado, NOT ellas habían habladas.
* Be careful not to confuse the past participle with the gerund. había hablado, not había hablando.
# Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Perfect/Preterite

| | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR | -AR / -ER / -IR |
| | conjugation | example | translation |
| | -AR / -ER / -IR | hablar | to speak |
| Yo | hube + past participle | hube hablado | I had spoken |
| Tú | hubiste + past participle | hubiste hablado | You had spoken |
| Él | hubo + past participle | hubo hablado | He had spoken |
| Nosotros | hubimos + past participle | hubimos hablado | We had spoken |
| Vosotros | hubisteis + past participle | hubisteis hablado | You all had spoken |
| Ellos | hubieron + past participle | hubieron hablado | They had spoken |
Some things to note:
* This tense (and all perfect tenses) uses a form of the irregular helping verb haber (meaning to have done). As this is the preterite perfect indicative (also called the preterite anterior), it takes the simple preterite indicative form of haber.
* The past participle of a regular verb is formed by adding -ado to the stem of an -AR verb, and -ido to the stem of an -ER or -IR verb.
* As the structure for this tense is a form of haber with the past participle, there are no irregular verbs in this tense. Any irregularity would come from a verb with an irregular past participle, but the haber + past participle structure still holds true.
* While the past participle is oftentimes the same word as the adjective form of a verb (las palabras habladas - the spoken words), the past participle itself is not an adjective, and therefore does not have to "agree" with the subject. Regardless of the subject's gender or number, the past participle remains the same. Ellas hubieron hablado, NOT ellas hubieron habladas.
* Be careful not to confuse the past participle with the gerund. Hube hablado, not hube hablando.
# Spanish/Tenses/Indicative/Simple/Preterite

| | -AR | -AR | -AR | -ER / -IR | -ER / -IR | -ER / -IR |
| | conjugation | example | translation | conjugation | example | translation |
| | -AR | hablar | to speak | -ER / -IR | comer | to eat |
| Yo | stem+é | hablé | I spoke | stem+í | comí | I ate |
| Tú | stem+aste | hablaste | You spoke | stem+iste | comiste | You ate |
| Él | stem+ó | habló | He spoke | stem+ió | comió | He ate |
| Nosotros | stem+amos | hablamos | We spoke | stem+imos | comimos | We ate |
| Vosotros | stem+asteis | hablasteis | You all spoke | stem+isteis | comisteis | You all ate |
| Ellos | stem+aron | hablaron | They spoke | stem+ieron | comieron | They ate |
Some things to note:
* Most significantly, the -ER and -IR verbs have exactly the same endings. This makes learning the preterite simpler.
* The nosotros forms of the -AR and -IR verbs appear exactly the same as they do in the present. You must figure out their meaning based on context.
* Accent marks are essential. Hablo and Habló are completely different; an accent mark makes the difference between "I speak" and "he spoke."