OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# FHSST Biology/The Importance of Units
## The Importance of Units

Without units much of our work as scientists would be meaningless. We need to express our thoughts clearly and units give meaning to the numbers we calculate. Depending on which units we use, the numbers are different (e.g. 3.8 m and 3800 mm actually represent the same length). Units are an essential part of the language we use. Units must be specified when expressing physical quantities. In the case of the curtain example at the beginning of the chapter, the result of a misunderstanding would simply have been an incorrect amount of material cut. However, sometimes such misunderstandings have catastrophic results. Here is an extract from a story on CNN's website:
   NASA: Human error caused loss of Mars orbiter November 10, 1999 WASHINGTON (AP) -- Failure to convert English measures to metric values caused the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter, a spacecraft that smashed into the planet instead of reaching a safe orbit, a NASA investigation concluded Wednesday. The Mars Climate Orbiter, a key craft in the space agency's exploration of the red planet, vanished after a rocket firing September 23 that was supposed to put the spacecraft on orbit around Mars. An investigation board concluded that NASA engineers failed to convert English measures of rocket thrusts to newton, a metric system measuring rocket force. One English pound of force equals 4.45 newtons. A small difference between the two values caused the spacecraft to approach Mars at too low an altitude and the craft is thought to have smashed into the planet's atmosphere and was destroyed. The spacecraft was to be a key part of the exploration of the planet. From its station about the red planet, the Mars Climate Orbiter was to relay signals from the Mars Polar Lander, which is scheduled to touch down on Mars next month. ``The root cause of the loss of the spacecraft was a failed translation of English units into metric units and a segment of ground-based, navigation-related mission software," said Arthus Stephenson, chairman of the investigation board.
This story illustrates the importance of being aware that different systems of units exist. Furthermore, we must be able to convert between systems of units!
>> Next: Choice of Units
# FHSST Computer Literacy

A Textbook for High School Students Learning Basic Computer Literacy.
To do list
Contents
Contributors
Guidelines
About FHSST
# FHSST Biology/Numbers
## Scientific Notation, Significant Figures,Rounding and Chi Squared Test

If you are only sure of say, both digits of a two-digit number, and put it in a formula and get a long series of numbers to the right of the decimal place, then those digits are probably not very accurate. This is the idea of significant figures.
Take 10 and divide by 3. If you are not sure that the number 10 is perfectly accurate, then you do not need to write down 3.333... and can get away with something like 3.3 or 3.33. Usually, in Biology, we only need figures to 1 decimal place, but sometimes we need them to 2 places.
The main situation in which we would need to be careful and accurate with our numbers is in statistics. In particular, we would need figures to 2 decimal places if we wanted to use the Chi (pronounced Ki) Squared Test (abbreviated as X$_2$ test) to decide whether a result is significant or not.
>> Next: Conclusion
# FHSST Biology/Microscope Skills
## Microscope Skills

>> Next: Doing dissections
# First Aid/Secondary Assessment

The secondary assessment/survey is done once the primary survey is completed and non-life threatening injuries can be assessed. This survey can be performed after removing the athlete from the field. When performing this type of assessment it is vital for the clinician to gain as much information as possible in order to properly diagnose the injured person. This assessment involves many different things and can be done in steps. Clinicians should be sure to get a thorough history on the individual, a thorough description of what the person felt, feels, how they were injured, what hurts the most, where hurts the most, etc. Clinicians should also be able to determine if the individual has appropriate function of the injured area or if they are in need of EMS.
The secondary assessment is used after a primary assessment has been done. This is where the clinician goes through step by step head-to-toe to figure out what happened. This can include but is not limited to inspection, bony and soft tissue palpation, special tests, circulation, and neurological. Secondary assessments are used in order to determine the injury, how the injury occurred, how severe the injury is, and to eliminate further injury.
# First Aid/Severed Body Parts

A severed body part (amputation) is a series soft and sometimes hard tissue injury that if left untreated may be lethal or become seriously infected. Treatment of this injury takes place during the C part of the primary survey by placing a tourniquet about 20 cm (8 inchs) above the injury and immediately calling EMS for advance treatment and a trip to the ER.
There are 2 types of tourniquets:
1. Rubber – a simple role of rubber that makes a good first choice. Just role the tourniquet around The limb so tight that it blocks the main artery and tie it securely.
2. Improvised – a more complicated kind that can be used at a pinch. For the arm take a long peace of materiel and create a half loop around your hand take the 2 strings and pull them partly through the loop to create a full loop. Place the loop over the arm and tighten by pulling the 2 ends to both sides and tie as tightly as possible then tie on opposite side in a knot. For the leg (only for femoral bleeding) –tie on the outside of the leg once place a long thin object on top and tie once more. Twist tight and tie on the inside securely.
# Chess Variants/Double Chess
## Introduction

Double Chess is a large variant that uses a 12 x 16 board, with each player in control of two full chess armies.

## History

Double chess was created by Julian S. Grant Hayward in 1916, but it would take until 1929 for the variant to reach the public when the British Chess Magazine included it in its January 1929 issue.

## Rules

Despite the larger board, the game plays mostly like the standard game, with the following modifications:
* Only one of the kings needs to be checkmated to win.
* Pawns are allowed to move anywhere between one and four spaces on their first move.
* A pawn may be captured en passant if an enemy pawn can move diagonally to any of the squares it crossed over.
* A king may only castle with a rook on its side of the board, following the restrictions of the traditional game.

## Sub-variants

This chess variant does not not have any notable sub-variants.
# Chess Variants/Dunsany's Chess

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## Introduction

Dunsany's Chess is an asymmetric chess variant that pits the standard chess army against a horde of pawns. The exact number of pawns in the horde differs from subvariant to subvariant, but the basic rules of the variant remain the same.

## History

Dunsany's Chess was created by Anglo-Irish writer and dramatist Lord Dunsany in 1942, from whom the variant gets its name.

## Rules

As already stated, in Dunsany's Chess both players are given very different armies: White is given a horde of 32 pawns that fill the first through fourth ranks, while Black is given the standard chess army in their usual positions.
The goal of the White player is to checkmate the black king, while the goal of the Black player is to capture every single one of the white pawns. All of the pieces have their usual moves, but only Black's pawns have the initial two-step move. Also, unlike regular chess Black moves first.

## Sub-variants

There are two main subvariants of Dunsany's chess, both using the name Horde chess. The two subvariants differ in who gets the horde of pawns:
* The black version of Horde chess give Black the horde of pawns. Black has 32 pawns, like in the normal variant. They occupy the eighth through fifth ranks, but with two black pawns on d4 and e4 instead of d8 and e8. White moves first, and the black pawns on the seventh rank have the usual two-step move.
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* The white version of Horde chess is offered as an available variant on both Chess.com and lichess.org. Compared to the normal variant it adds four more white pawns. Also, White's pawns on the first and second ranks have the initial two-step move. Unlike in regular chess, this does not have to be the pawn's first move.
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# Chess Variants/Grasshopper Chess

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## Introduction

Grasshopper Chess is a variant named after its titular piece, the grasshopper.

## History

Grasshopper chess was created in the 1950s by a Frenchman, J. Boyer. The grasshopper piece was inspired by the cannon from xiangqi (Chinese Chess), which must jump another piece when capturing.

## Rules

Grasshopper chess is set up like the standard game, but the pawns are advanced one rank forward and grasshoppers are placed on the second and seventh ranks, eight per player.
The grasshopper moves like a queen, but it must jump over one piece (called the screen) during its move, and lands on the square immediately beyond that piece. The screen can be of either colour, but it must be there.
A grasshopper cannot move to a square if there is no screen for it to jump over, and it cannot jump two pieces in one turn.
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A pawn is allowed to promote to a grasshopper, if that player wishes.

## Sub-variants

This chess variant does not not have any notable sub-variants.
# Chess Variants/Cylinder Chess

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## Introduction

Cylinder Chess (also known as Cylindrical Chess) is a variant that alters the geometry of the board, turning it from a flat plane into a cylinder. This altered geometry allows for pieces to make sneaky surprise attacks and enriches the tactical opportunities chess offers.

## History

Cylinder chess is a rather old variant. In 947 CE the Arabic historian Ali al-Masudi wrote a chess book that described six different variants of chess (then known as shatranj), and cylinder chess was amongst the variants described. The variant's unique board geometry has also been used in chess problems.

## Rules

Cylinder chess is played using the exact same starting position and rules as the standard game, with one key difference - the board is assumed to be a cylinder, with the a- and h- files connected. If a piece moves off the edge of the board, it loops around to the other side and may keep moving. So for instance, a rook on a3 could move to h3 even if there was a piece on b3, since the rook could loop around the board to get to h3.
Usually, it is forbidden to make a move that would leave the board position unchanged, such as moving a rook across an empty rank to the square where it started. Also, pawns can capture en passant over the board edge (e.g. if White has a pawn on h5 and black a pawn on a7, then if Black plays 1... a5 White can capture with 2. axh6).
There are two different version of the castling rules in Cylinder chess:
* One version outright eliminates castling altogether. The proponents of this version state that the altered board geometry makes all of the files equivalent, defeating the purpose of castling.
* The other version allows the king to castle like normal, but allows it to castle with the wrong rook, over the board edge, if the player so wishes. So for instance the king could castle kingside with the queen's rook, moving the king from e1 to g1 and the queen's rook from a1 over the board edge to f1.

## Sub-variants

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* Horizontal cylinder chess turns the board into a horizontal cylinder, with the first and eighth ranks connected. Due to this, a different starting position is used so the kings do not check each other at game start.
* Toroidal chess combines both standard cylinder chess and horizontal cylinder chess, with both files and ranks connected. Due to this, a different starting position is used so the kings do not check each other at game start.
# Chess Variants/Dice Chess
## Introduction

Dice Chess is a variant that adds randomness to chess by using dice to determine what pieces may move.

## History

There is literary evidence to suggest that dice chess originated in Europe between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, and possibly earlier than that in Myanmar and India.

## Rules

As its name suggests, dice chess is played using dice - more specifically two six-sided dice.
Before a player takes their turn they roll the dice, and the numbers they roll determine what piece they may move that turn, as follows:
* 1 for a pawn,
* 2 for a knight,
* 3 for a bishop,
* 4 for a rook,
* 5 for the queen,
* and 6 for the king.
If a player rolls doubles (the same number on both dice), they may move any piece they want.
If a player does not have any legal moves of the pieces indicated by the dice, they lose their turn.
If castling is legal, a player wanting to castle must roll a 4, 6 or doubles.
An en passant capture can only be performed if the player rolls a 1 or doubles immediately after the enemy pawn has moved.
If a player is in check the only moves they may make are legal responses to the check. If no such moves are possible the player loses their turn but they do not immediately lose the game.
If a player rolls the number of a piece attacking the opponent's king they may capture said king, which will immediately end the game in victory.

## Sub-variants

This chess variant does not not have any notable sub-variants.
# Chess Variants/Extinction Chess
## Introduction

Extinction Chess is a variant which give every piece the same role as the king - lose them, and you lose the game.

## History

Extinction chess was created by R. Wayne Schmittberger, the editor of Games magazine, in 1985.

## Rules

Extinction chess is played exactly like the standard game, with one key difference - checkmate is no longer the objective. Instead, the objective is to eliminate all of a particular type of the opponent's pieces. So, there are six ways to achieve victory:
* Capture the opponent's king
* Capture the opponent's queen
* Capture both of the opponent's bishops
* Capture both of the opponent's knights
* Capture both of the opponent's rooks
* Capture all eight of the opponent's pawns
The king in extinction chess does not have royal power. Ergo, it may capture and be captured just like any other piece, there is no check or checkmate, and a pawn may promote to a king if it wishes.
A promoted pawn is no longer considered a pawn, but rather the type of piece it promotes to. So if a pawn promotes to a queen, both queens must be captured to achieve victory, and if a player promotes their last pawn, they automatically lose the game.
There can be situations where pawn promotion brings about extinction for both sides. For example, say White has their last pawn on b7 and Black their last bishop on c8. If white plays bxc8=(any), then both the white pawns and black bishops will be extinct. In this case White is ruled to have won, since it was a White move that brought this situation around, and also because this move is thought of as having two parts (the bishop is removed from the board before the pawn is promoted).

## Sub-variants

This chess variant does not not have any notable sub-variants.
# Chess Variants/Grid Chess
## Introduction

Grid Chess is a variant played on a specially marked grid board.

## History

Grid chess was created by Walter Stead in 1953. The variant and its main gimmick have been used in fairy chess problems.

## Rules

Grid chess is played on the standard 8 by 8 board, marked with a grid of lines that partition the board into sectors. There are several different ways to arrange these lines, but the most common arrangement divides the board into 16 2 by 2 squares.
The rules are the same as standard chess, with one addition: for a move to be legal the piece must cross a grid line. So for example in the diagram the black queen could not move to e1, f1 or f2 as those moves would not take it over a grid line - and so the white king is not in check despite the two pieces' proximity.

## Sub-variants

This chess variant does not not have any notable sub-variants.
# Chess Variants/King of the Hill
## Introduction

King of the Hill (KOTH) is a variant with a strong emphasis on centre play.

## History

It is not known where the variant came from or how it got its name, but one theory is that the variant's name was derived from the children's game of the same name.

## Rules

King of the Hill is played exactly like the standard game, with one key difference - if a player manages to move their king to one of the four centre squares (d4, e4, d5 or e5, called "the hill" in this variant), they automatically win the game. The move that places their king on the hill must be legal, so a king cannot move into check to get to the hill.

## Sub-variants

King of the Hill 960 is a variant combining the rules of King of the Hill with the random placement of Chess 960. The same rules apply to both games.
# Chess Variants/Knightmate

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## Introduction

Knightmate is a variant which switches the role of the king and the two knights.

## History

Knightmate was invented by Bruce Zimov in 1972. According to The Chess Variant Pages, "Knightmate tournaments have been played in the American postal chess organization NOST [Knights of the Square Table], and in the Italian chess variants organization."

## Rules

As already stated, Knightmate switches the roles of the king and the two knights. So both players start with non-royal kings (known as commoners or menn) where the knights normally start, and a royal knight where the king normally starts.
* The commoners move just like the king, one square in any direction. However, unlike the king they are not royal - therefore, they may capture and be captured just like any other piece.
* The royal knight moves in the same L-shaped move as a standard knight, but it is subject to the same check and checkmate rules that the king is subject to. Therefore, the royal knight may not move into check, and it must get out of check if possible.
The royal knight may castle with the rooks, if all the standard requirements are met. The knight is moved two squares towards the rook, and the rook is moved to the other side of the knight.
Pawns may promote to commoners, but not to knights.

## Sub-variants

This chess variant does not not have any notable sub-variants.
# College Guide/Sarah Lawrence College

Sarah Lawrence College is a competitive private four-year liberal arts college in Bronxville, New York.

## Admission

* 46% acceptance rate
* Early Action (November 15)
* Regular Application (January 1)
* SAT scores: N/A*
* Average high school GPA: 3.70

### Admission Factors

Very Important:
* Secondary school record
* Recommendations
* Essays
Important:
* Character
* Extracurricular activities
* Talent and Athletics
*Standardized test scores not considered

## Academics

* Student-faculty ratio - 6:1

## Demographics

* Enrollment: 1391
* M/F ratio: 25/75

## Cost and Financial Aid

* Tuition: $38,090
* Room and Board: $13,316

## Location

30 minutes from NYC

## Sports

Independent

## Campus Life

No fraternities or sororities

## Should You Go?

SLC is a unique college with no majors, fraternities, sororities, and practically no sports. It is also one of the top 10 most expensive colleges. Needless to say, it is not for everyone. But those who love it do so partly because of its 6:1 student-teacher ratio, or its atmosphere of learning for the sake of learning.

## Contact

1 Mead Way Bronxville, NY, 10708-5999 914-395-2510 http://www.sarahlawrence.edu

## See also

* College Navigator page on Sarah Lawrence
* StudentAdvisor.com page on Sarah Lawrence College
# College Survival Guide/Acknowledgements

Those who critique, edit, revise, or improve upon this book is allowed to write their name or alias in this great document.

# The Creator

* Cyberman
# College Survival Guide/Etiquette
## Your position as a student

* Improve the society with your acquired knowledge.

## Your rights as a student

* Typically outlined in a student handbook.
* Generally includes reasonable free speech, and especially speech of academic nature, at public universities in the United States.
* Generally includes the right to be secure and free from threats.
* Generally includes the right to due process for alleged conduct violations, as well as the right to be informed about such accusations.

## Talking in Class
### Active Learning Class

Most professors take an active learning approach, and ask for student participation. In these Classes
* Volunteer.
* Be an inspiration to the class.
* Avoid unacademic activities.

### Passive Lectures

Some professors prefer to lecture with no interruption. This is distinct from a professor who welcomes participation, but who's lecture style makes it difficult to participate.
* Write down your questions, ask them after the lecture.
* Stay focused and engaged. Pay attention to the professor and any demonstrations or board work performed.
* Take notes or do practice problems if possible.

## Not Talking in Class

Rules of Thumb:
* If you don't know something, ask the professor a question.
* If talking in class is not required, try to not talk too much, with the following exceptions:
** If the professor wants dialogue to make a point, and nobody is speaking up, you should take the initiative and bite.
** Some professors will be strict about not talking during a lecture, but absolutely encourage talking during post lecture Q&A's.
* If you are angry at the professor, email the professor or talk to the professor outside of class.
** Consider writing your thoughts out and articulating your points before you send a hasty message.
** Consider waiting a day, or asking an uninvolved peer if your grievance is justified.
* If the class is behind on lectures and covering new material, it is considerate at times to let class conversations die down for a few days.