OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Compilation of SPM8 on Windows 7

This page describes the compilation of SPM8 MEX files on Windows 7 SP1 32bit with MATLAB R2008a (7.6) and Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 (8.0) Express Edition.
If you use other versions of MATLAB and/or compiler, make sure that they are compatible: Supported compilers

## Installation of Microsoft Visual C++

Download and install Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 (8.0) Express Edition.
Download and install Microsoft Windows Server 2003 SP1 Platform SDK.
An environment variable called MSSDk has to be specified if absent:
* Go to Control Panel
* Go to System
* Go to Advanced system settings
* Go to Advanced
* Go to Environment Variables...
* If a variable called MSSDk does not appear in User variables for systems:
** Click on New...
** And enter:
*** Variable name: MSSDk
*** Variable value: C:\Program Files\Microsoft Platform SDK

## Installation of MinGW/MSYS

Download and install MinGW from:
in directory C:\MinGW, selecting component MinGW Developer Toolkit (including MSYS) only.

## Configuration of MATLAB compilation environment

Start MATLAB and type:
and follow the instructions:
If there is an error message:
it means that the environment variable MSSDk was not set properly: check again the installation of the compiler above.
Do not worry if there is a warning:

## Compilation

From the Start menu, choose:
* All Programs
** Visual C++ 2005 Express Edition
*** Visual Studio Tools
**** Visual Studio 2005 Command Prompt
then launch MSYS from there:
Move to the SPM8 source directory with
and then type the following to start the compilation process
# Single Case Study

* Comparing a single patient versus a group of controls
* Crawford modified t-test
# Structural Equation Modelling

* SEM toolbox by Douglas Steele
* another SEM toolbox
* OpenMx
# Compilation of SPM5 on Windows XP

SPM MEX-files can be compiled using MinGW (tools that allow you to compile C code) and MSYS (a minimal shell system that allows you to use Makefile). The compiled MEX files come already shipped with the SPM5 package but you might need to recompile them to have them running faster (tuned for your exact platform) or because you developped your own routine relying on the core SPM5 functions.

## Installation of MSYS

First, download the most recent MSYS package (MSYS-1.0.10.exe at time of writing) and install it in <install_dir>\msys\.
If you get an error saying error creating INI entry file c:\windows\MSYS.INI, you can safely ignore it. You can also answer n when asked for a post-installation.

## Installation of MinGW

Second, download the most recent MinGW package (MinGW-4.1.10.exe at time of writing) and install it in <install_dir>\msys\mingw\ (this directory should already have be automatically created when installing MSYS). Choose to do a full installation with selecting:
* current/runtime
* w32api
* binutils
* gcc-core
* ming32-make
You could have as well chosen to download these packages separately and uncompressing them in the same directory (the package names are mingw-runtime, w32api, binutils, gcc-core, mingw32-make).

## Installation of GnuMEX

GnuMEX need also to be installed. Just specify that you want to compile using MinGW (MinGW linking).

## Compilation

You can then launch MSYS by double-clicking on <install_dir>\msys\msys.bat. Move to your SPM5 directory with
and then type make to start the compilation process
This will create several MEX files (*.dll or *.mexw32) that are copied to their right location in SPM using the command
You can then remove all the files that have been created during the compilation with
# The Information Age/Further Reading

Arquilla, John and David Ronfeldt. 1999. The emergence of noopolitik: toward an American information strategy.Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Defense Research Institute.
Brown, John Seely & Paul Duguid. 2000. The Social Life of Information. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Bridges.org. What is the digital divide? 2000-2001. Available from http://www.bridges.org/digitaldivide/index.html. Accessed 8 August 2002.
Cairncross, Frances. 1997. The death of distance: how the communications revolution will change our lives. London: Orion.
Castells, Manuel. 2001. The Internet galaxy. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
_____________. 1996. The rise of the network society. In The information age: economy, society & culture. Vol. 1. Oxford: Blackwell.
Covell, Andy. 2000. Digital convergence: how the merging of computers, communica'-'tions, and multimedia is transforming our lives. Rhode Island: Aegis.
Coyle, Diane. 1999. The Weightless World: Strategies for Managing the Digital Economy. Cambrdige,MA: MIT Press
Dertouzos, Michael. 1997. What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change our Lives. New York: HarperEdge.
Dunnigan, James F. 2002. The next war zone: confronting the global threat of cyberterrorism. New York: Citadel Press.
Ericksen, Gregory K. 2000. Net entrepreneurs only: 10 entrepreneurs tell the stories of their success. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Forrester, Tom & Perry Morrison. 1990. Computer ethics: cautionary tales and ethical dilemmas in computing. Oxford: Blackwell.
Graham, Mark. 2008. Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development. Geography Compass, 2(3), 771-789.
Head, Simon. 2005. The New Ruthless Economy. Work and Power in the Digital Age. Oxford: Oxford UP.
Lessig, Lawrence. 2001. The future of ideas: the fate of the commons in a connected world. New York: Random House.
Levy, Steven. 2001. Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government—Saving Privacy in the Digital Age. New York: Viking Press.
Moody, Glyn. 2001. The Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution. Lon-don: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press.
Prakash, Aseem & Jeffrey A. Hart, eds. 1999. Globalization and governance. Lon-don: Routledge.
Ohmae, Kenichi. 2000. The invisible continent: four strategic imperatives of the new economy. New York: Harper Business.
Reich, Robert. 2001. The future of success. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Rifkin, Jeremy. 1995. The end of work: the decline of the global labor force and the dawn of the post-market era. New York: JP Putnam.
Shapiro, Carl & Hal Varian. 1999. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Networked Economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Spar, Deborah. 2001. Ruling the waves: from the compass to the Internet, a history of business and politics along the technological frontier. NY: Harcourt.
Tapscott, Don, David Ticoll & Alex Lowy. 2000. Digital capital: harnessing the power of business webs. London: Nicolas Brealey Publishing.
Wilhelm, Anthony. 2000. Democracy in the Digital Age: Challenges to Political Life in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge.
# The Housework Manual/The Kitchen/Washing Dishes

One way to save time when washing dishes is to avoid drying the dishes manually. In many circumstances, leaving dishes to dry in the dish rack overnight won't cause any problems. Several hours later (e.g. overnight), the dishes should be mostly dry, and can be put away with minimal manual drying required.
# The Information Age
## Table of Contents

* Preface
* Introduction
* The Digital and ICT Revolutions
* Information Knowledge and the New Economy
* New Work
* The Information Society
* Globalization
* The Digital Divide
* The Challenge Ahead
* Notes
* Further Reading
* Contributors
* Acknowledgements

## Information

This book is donated by UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) to the community. The original publication by:
Authors: Emmanuel C. Lallana and Margaret N. Uy © UNDP-APDIP, 2003, 46 pages
is located at http://www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-infoage.pdf
This wikibook is available under the terms off GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution License 2.5

## Notes

Numbers that are just placed in the middle of the sentence are citations, and should be linked to the Notes page. Do not remove these citation numbers! Instead, use the {{tiacite}} template to link them.
# The Housework Manual/Laundry/Separation and Washing

This article describes how the laundry separation and washing options should be set. Special focus is given on a simplified procedure; one which still ensures proper washing yet on a speedy/simple manner. Some methods describe more separation of laundry and several washing periods (for several types of fabrics), yet this method consumes more time, electricity and cleaning agent.

## Separation

When a cloth is dirty and thus removed from the body, it should be separated immediately into a correct bin, so that the sorting of the laundry does not need to be done twice. If the first separation method is followed, two bins should be placed in the room where the filthy clothes are discarded. These containers include one bin for white & heavily polluted clothes and one bin for colored clothes.

### Separation method 1

* White and heavily polluted clothes and fabrics are sorted together. These include white clothing and fabrics as towels (kitchen towels, bath towels, ...), linen, white socks, and heavily polluted clothing as underwear, handkerchiefs, pillow cases, ... Note that most of the heavily polluted clothes are generally white as well so that no color blending can occur, in regions or instances where this is not the case, an alternative method should be used. Also note that heavily polluted clothing refers to the amount of bacteria/microorganisms the clothing generally carries after use, rather than the degree of visible filth.
* Colored clothes. These include pants, shirts, colored socks, skirts, ...

## Washing procedure
### Washing method 1 (requires additional ironing afterwards)

The washing method for washing laundry with a washer machine after the separation method 1 has been followed is the following:
* The separated laundry piles (see laundry separation above) are inserted separately in the machine (thus in 2 runs). When the separation method 1 is used, the white and heavily polluted clothes/fabrics are washed at 60°Celsius and the colored clothes are washed at 40°Celsius.
* Never wash dish cloths, face towels, towels or sheets with soiled underwear and socks. New studies have shown that faecal bacteria can transfer to these items during the washing cycle.

## Ironing

Usually, after the separation and washing, the clothes undergo another procedure called ironing. This procedure de-wrinkles the clothes and again kills off leftover bacteria in the clothes due to the process of rapid heating (to 100°Celsius) and cooling. The de-wrinkling is often unnecessary in the developing world for casual dressing; if the wrinkling is not excessive (in first world countries, appearance is more strictly guarded). In such cases, this step could be thus be skipped, if the wrinkling is kept to a minimum by tricks as adding vinegar to the washing machine and optimizing air flow. This discarding of the ironing however also has a antibacterial working, meaning that the laundry separation & washing method 1 can not be used. Instead, higher temperatures (nearing 100° Celsius; e.g. 90° Celsius) should be used.

## External links

* WikiHow's washing method with more separation of fabrics
# The Information Age/Acknowledgements
## Original Acknowledgement

Shahid Akhtar played a crucial role in making this series a reality. He mooted the idea during our first meeting and provided funding for it. He not only gave important inputs during the writing and publishing phases, but was also very understanding when deadlines were not met.
Mr. Roberto R. Romulo, generous mentor, provided the “enabling environment” that made writing and publishing this series on the Information Economy, Society and Polity a lot easier.
Janet Pearce, Fellow at the Center for Telecoms Management, University of Southern California, and Chris Coward, Director of the Center for Internet Studies, University of Washington, read and critiqued this primer on the information age.
Rudy, Patricia, Joey, Zorah, Edwin and Vicky/Bibi were game enough to undertake the project with me. Margaret Uy readily agreed to be drafted when I needed help.
Patricia Pascual made leading this project less demanding. Katch Nakpil and Shelah Lardizabal provided the critical administrative support during the lifetime of the project. So did Yenny, Nannie, Mel, Evelyn, Kitty, Claire, Myra, Rhiza, Macki, Ruel and Len.
Pat Arinto skillfully copyedited the primers. Jenny Pascual gave the series its look. Reynaldo Lane made sure that we have an online version of the series. Ruth Pison and Veni Ilowa helped fine tune the layout.
The UNDP-APDIP team not only facilitated the project but also provided critical inputs that made the primers better.
Jose Estrella provided the inspiration and the motivation to see this (and other projects) through.
I dedicate this work to my parents.
# The Information Age/Contributors
## History

This book was originally written Emmanuel C. Lallana, PhD. This book was donated to the wikibooks project in August 2006 by the Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme of the United Nations Development Programme. For further information about the APDIP, see their website at:
    http://www.apdip.net
The original text of this book, in PDF format can be found at:
    http://www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-infoage.pdf

## Contributors

* Emmanuel C. Lallana, PhD, conducts research and training on ICT for development issues. He is lead author of Business@Philippines.com: Electronic Commerce Policy Issues in the Philippines (1999), e-primer: An Introduction to Electronic Commerce (2000) and e-Government in the Philippines: Benchmarking Against Global Best Practices (2002). Dr. Lallana has also organized and taught at a number of training programs on e-Commerce and e-Government in various Southeast Asian countries. He was Executive Director of the e-ASEAN Task Force from 2000 to 2002.
* Andrew Whitworth handled the initial conversion and uploading of the text to wikibooks.
Additional contributors are welcome to sign their names here as well.

## License

This book has been released under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Any person may edit, distribute, or use this book under the terms of that license.
# Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Amino Acid Degradation
## Introduction

When there are unneeded amino acids from either protein digestion or turnover, they are broken down into certain compounds. This process usually occurs in the liver.
In amino acid degradation the amino group is removed and turned into an α-ketoacids which is then modified so that the carbon chain could enter the metabolism and eventually become glucose or intermediates of the citric acid cycle.

## Amino Acid Degradation

The amino group is transferred to α-ketoglutarate which forms glutamate. Then the glutamate is oxidatively deanimated to form the ammonium ion NH4+
Aminotransferases catalyzes the reaction that turns the α-amino group from an α-amino acid to an α-ketoacid. These enzymes catalyze α-amino groups from a variety of amino acids to α-keto-glutarate for conversion to NH4+
Aspartate aminotransferase, catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of aspartate to α-ketoglutarate.
Alanine aminotransferase catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of alanine to α-ketoglutarate.
The nitrogen from the α-ketoglutarate in the transamination reaction is converted into an ammonium ion by oxidative deamination. This reaction is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is special in that it is able to utilize either NAD+ or NADP+. The reaction dehydrogenates the C-N bond, and then hydrolyses of the Schiff base to make a ketoglutarate
The equilibrium for this reaction favors glutamate. But the reaction can be pushed forward by the consumption of ammonia. Glutamate dehydrogenase is found in the mitochondria. This compartmentalization prevents interaction with ammonia. In vertebrates, the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is allosterically regulated.
# Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Analysis of Purification Result

After each purification steps, the types of protein that exist in the solution is expected to decrease while its specific activity is expected to increase. These two qualities are desirable because experiment done using a pure protein sample gives a more quantifiable result. One method used to check the purity of the sample is using a form of Gel Electrophoresis, such as SDS PAGE or native PAGE.
Purification can also be quantitatively evaluated by measuring total protein, total activity, specific activity, yield and purification level. Total protein is the quantity of protein present in a fraction and can be determined by measuring the protein concentration of a part of each fraction and multiplying by the fraction's total volume. Total activity is measured by the enzymatic activity in the volume of fraction used in the assay multiplied by the fraction's total volume. Specific activity is the total activity divided by total protein. The yield is the amount of activity retained after each purification step. The purification level is the increase of purity which can be measured after each purification step by dividing its specific activity by the specific activity of the initial extract.
a good purification takes into account both purification levels of yield. A high amount of purification and a poor yield give little protein to work with. on the other hands, a low purification and a high yield give contaminated protein in the experiment.
# Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Cutting Enzymes
## General Information

Some enzymes in the body are used to cleave or cut the peptide bonds in the polypeptides that make up proteins. These enzymes mostly operate by hydrolyzing the carboxy-terminal of the targeted amino acids. Specific enzymes target specific amino acids based on their physical or chemical properties such as polarity or hydrophilicity. This ability to shorten the polypeptides helps in sequencing proteins in Edman degradation. Since it is found that after utilizing Edman degradation sixty times the efficiency will decrease by 2%. By cleaving the polypeptides into shorter bonds it allows Edman degradation to keep an efficiency of 100%.

## Enzymatic Cleavage

The following are enzymatic cleavages that mainly cleave at the carboxyl side of a residue. The only exception is the carboxypeptidase A by which will cleave at the amino side of a c-terminal amino acid.
| Enzymatic Cleavage | Cleavage Site |
| Trypsin | Cleavage the peptide bonds at the carboxyl end of lysine and arginine residues. The exception to this is that lysine will not be cleaved if it is followed by a proline because proline transform the amine from primary amine to a secondary amine. Trypsin will only have hydrolysis with primary amines. |
| Clostripain | Cleavage at the carboxyl side of arginine residues |
| Chymotrypsin | Cleavage at the carboxyl side of tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, and methionine |
| Carboxypeptidase A | Amino side of C-terminal amino acid EXCEPT for arginine, lysine, and proline |
| Staphyloccocal protease | Cutting at the carboxyl side of aspartate and glutamate residue (for glutamate, certain conditions are applied) |
| Thrombin | The carboxyl side of arginine |

## Elastase

Cleavage at the carboxyl side of alanine and glycine

## Chemical Cleavage

Some chemicals can be used to detect the presence of certain amino acids in the polypeptide. Some examples are following:
| Enzymatic Cleavage | Cleavage Site |
| Cyanobromide | Cleavage at carboxyl side of methionine residues. |
| O-Iodosobenzoate | Cutting at carboxyl side of tryptophan residues |
| Hydroxylamine | Cutting at asparagine-glycine bonds |
| 2-Nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoate | Cleavage at the amino side of cysteine residues |
In addition, Edman degradation technique can be used to determine the amino terminal of the polypeptide. Phenyl isothiocyanate reacts with the uncharged amino group to form phenylthiocarbamoyl derivative. Under mildly acidic condition, the cyclic derivative contained the N-terminal amino acid (phenylthiohydantoin (PTH)-amino acid)was released and therefore the identity was determined through chromatographic procedures. This technique can be used to determine the sequence of a short polypeptide by repeating the same reaction and yielding another PTH-amino acid complex, which can again be identified by chromatography.
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Inducing Diuresis By Warming Kidney-yang

* Zhen Wu Tang
* Wu Ling San
* Yin Chen Wu Ling San
* Shi Pi Yin
* Fu Ling Si Ni Tang
back to :
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Huai Jiao Wan

The formula Huai Jiao Wan, designed to clear the intestines and cool blood, treat enterorrhagia and ulcer or hemorrhoid caused by noxious heat, wind-heat or damp-heat in the stomach and intestines manifested as bleeding before or after passing stools, fresh blood in the stools, or prolapse of the anus, or swelling, itching and painful sensation in the anus, red tongue and rapid pulse, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Huai Jiao | 槐角 | 6 |
| 2 | Di Yu | 地榆 | 15 |
| 3 | Dang Gui | 当归 | 6 |
| 4 | Fang Feng | 防风 | 9 |
| 5 | Huang Qin | 黄芩 | 15 |
| 6 | Zhi Ke | 枳壳 | 9 |
back to:
* Arresting Bleeding By Clearing Away Heat
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Huang Lian E Jiao Tang

The formula Huang Lian E Jiao Tang, designed to nourish yin to reduce pathogenic fire, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Huang Lian | 黄连 | 6 |
| 2 | Huang Qi | 黄芪(膜荚黄芪) | 6 |
| 3 | Shao Yao | 芍药 | 9 |
| 4 | E Jiao | 阿胶 | 12 |
| 5 | Ji Zi Huang | 鸡子黄 | 2 pieces |
Source: Liu Gongwang, "Development of Formulas of Chinese Medicine", ISBN: 7-5080-2797-3. Huaxia Publishing House. 2002.
back to :
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Huang Lian Tang

The formula Huang Lian Tang, designed to harmonize the heat in the upper-jiao and cold in the lower-jiao, to regulate the stomach qi and keep the adverse qi downwards, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Huang Lian | 黄连 | 9 |
| 2 | Gan Cao | 甘草 | 9 |
| 3 | Ban Xia | 半夏 | 9 |
| 4 | Gan Jiang | 干姜 | 6 |
| 5 | Gui Zhi | 桂枝 | 6 |
| 6 | Ren Shen | 人参 | 6 |
| 7 | Da Zao | 大枣 | 3 |
back to:
* Clearing The Upper And Warming The Lower Part Of The Body
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Inducing Diuresis By Removing Heat From The Lung

* Ting Li Da Zao Xie Fei Tang
* Yue Bi Jia Zhu Tang
* Mu Fang Ji Tang
back to :
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Inducing Astringency By Warming The Middle-jiao

* Zhen Ren Yang Zang Tang
* Si Shen Wan
back to :
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Huai Hua San

The formula Huai Hua San, designed to clear away heat from the intestines to cool the blood, expel wind and descend qi, and is indicated for hematochezia and hemorrhoid with bleeding, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Huai Hua | 槐花 | 30 |
| 2 | Ce Bai Ye | 侧柏叶 | 15 |
| 3 | Jing Jie | 荆芥 | 9 |
| 4 | Zhi Ke | 枳壳 | 9 |
back to :
* Arresting Bleeding By Clearing Away Heat
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Huang Tu Tang

The formula Huang Tu Tang, designed to warm yang and invigorate the spleen, to nourish blood and arrest bleeding, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Gan Cao | 甘草 | 9 |
| 2 | Gan Di Huang | 干地黄 | 9 |
| 3 | Bai Zhu | 白术 | 9 |
| 4 | Pao Fu Zi | 炮附子 | 6 |
| 5 | E Jiao | 阿胶 | 9 |
| 6 | Huang Qin | 黄芩 | 9 |
| 7 | Zao Xin Huang Tu | 灶心黄土 | 30 |
back to :
* Arresting Bleeding By Warming The Spleen
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Inducing Diuresis By Strengthening The Spleen

* Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang
* Ling Jiang Zhu Gan Tang
* Ling Gui Gan Zao Tang
* Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang
* Wu Pi Yin
* Bu Qi Jian Zhong Tang
* Ji Ming San Jia Fu Ling
back to :