OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Handbook of Management Scales/Search for new technologies
## Search for new technologies (composite reliability = 0.82)
### Description

The authors identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities. These capabilities are each conceptualized as a second-order factor and measured through a distinct bundle of routines. The following routines underlying improvement capabilities are identified: continuous improvement, process management, and leadership involvement in quality. The routines closely related to improvement capability are: search for new technologies, cross-functional product design, and processes and equipment development. The items to measure each routine were selected based on a review of the relevant literature. Items were included that have been used in prior studies. A panel of five academic researchers and managers with expertise in manufacturing operations reviewed each of the items.

### Definition

Search for new technologies captures a manufacturing plant’s orientation towards acquiring cutting edge processes and technologies, and is manifested in activities through which resources are allocated for identifying and leveraging new technologies.

### Items

* We pursue long-range programs, in order to acquire manufacturing capabilities in advance of our needs.
* We make an effort to anticipate the potential of new manufacturing practices and technologies.
* Our plant stays on the leading edge of new technology in our industry.
* We are constantly thinking of the next generation of manufacturing technology.

### Source

* Peng et al. (2008): Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 730-748.

### Comments

Given that a 7-point Likert scale was used ("4" indicating "neutral"), the mean value (5.14) is quite high. Therefore, the wording might be changed (e.g., "We always pursue" rather than "We pursue").
# Handbook of Management Scales/Score keeping
## Score keeping (alpha = 0.90; AVE = 0.71; CR = 0.91)
### Description

The authors measured performance measurement system (PMS) use for attention focusing and score keeping with the scales of Vandenbosch (1999).

### Definition

Score keeping represents “a diagnostic PMS use (Simons, 1990) for reporting and surveillance (Feldman and March, 1981), where the guiding question is: “How am I doing?” (Simon et al., 1954)”.

### Items

Please rate the extent to which your upper management currently uses PMS to…
* …track progress towards goals. (0.67)
* …review key performance indicators. (0.60)
* …monitor results. (0.93)
* …compare outcomes to expectations. (0.91)
Items were measured with a 7-point Likert scales ranging from “1 = not at all” to “7 = to a very great extent”.

### Source

* Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
# Handbook of Management Scales/Risk management infrastructure
## Risk management infrastructure (alpha = 0.91)
### Description

A new scale was developed to measure risk management infrastructure. A substantive validity test was used for scale purification.

### Definition

Risk management infrastructure describes a firm’s structure of resources designed to manage risk in the supply chain (Blackhurst et al., 2011).

### Items

* We have a department to manage supply chain risks and disruptions. (0.78)
* We have KPI and metrics to monitor supply chain risk. (0.94)
* We have information systems in place to manage supply chain risks and disruptions. (0.96)
(1 = disagree strongly, 7 = agree strongly)

### Source

* Ambulkar/Blackhurst/Grawe (2015): Firm’s resilience to supply chain disruptions: Scale development and empirical examination. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 33–34, pp. 111–122

### Comments

The three items might measure the construct in a formative rather than reflective way. The three items could be interpreted as yes–no questions, i.e. a 7-point scale might not be suitable here.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Risk taking
## Risk taking (alpha = ?)
### Items

* Taking gambles is part of our strategy for success.
* We take above-average risks in our business.
* Taking chances is an element of our business strategy.
* Our strategy can be characterized by a strong tendency to take risks.

### Source

* Jambulingam/Kathuria/Doucette (2005): Entrepreneurial orientation as a basis for classification within a service industry: the case of retail pharmacy industry. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 23-42.

## Related Scales

* Firm risk preference
* Risk aversion
# Handbook of Management Scales/Sales performance
## Sales performance (alpha = 0.88/0.92)
### Items

* Contributing to your company's gaining significant market share.
* Generating a high level of sales.
* Quickly generating sales from the new product.
* Identifying major accounts and selling to them.
* Exceeding sales targets.
* Assisting your sales supervisor in achieving his/her objectives.

### Source

* Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Previously used by Sujan et al. (1994).
# OpenOffice.org/Macro

If you want to perform a repetitive task, doing this automatically using a macro is the way to go. A macro is a series of instructions for the computer to perform. Macros are widely used by professionals and expert users in Microsoft Office. OpenOffice.org can also perform macros. OpenOffice.org can be scripted through OpenOffice.org Basic (the easiest and most common language), Python, Beanshell, and Javascript, this feature is more widely known as Macro.
* Imagine you have twelve spreadsheets which need your name as a page footer, the top row made bold and the fourth column highlighting in red. How would you do this without going through each one individually? The answer is record a macro.
A simple macro called Main to zoom out to 75% in OpenOffice.org Basic looks like this.

## External links

* Getting Started with Macros - OpenOffice.org Wiki
* OpenOffice.org BASIC Programming Guide - OpenOffice.org Wiki
* OpenOffice.org Macros Explained
* Linux.com :: Getting started with OpenOffice.org macros

### General Macro help

* Record and use Excel macros - Excel - Microsoft Office Online
* Hands On: Make your first macro - Computeractive
* Create macros for Office applications - 12 May 2008 - Computeractive
* Short and sweet: Using macros in Word and Excel - 03 Nov 2004 - Computeractive
* Macros made easy - 21 Feb 2003 - Computeractive
# Adding a Formula

Math is used to insert a formula into a document. Open a new text document in OpenOffice. Then move the cursor to the point in the document where you want to insert your formula. Next select "Insert" "Object" and "Formula" from the tab, drop-down, and pop-out menus, respectively.
This will cause a new pane to appear below your text page and change the symbols at the top of the page. The formula elements are added in the lower pane while the formula itself will appear in the top pane.
When you first start Math, you should see two panes, one showing the text you have entered to get the formula (bottom pane), and one showing the rendered mathematical formula (top pane). There should also be a window open with some symbol buttons which can be used to enter code into the text window.

## Example Formulas

$a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}$
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
$\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {1}{1+x^{2}}}\,dx=\pi$
int_{-infinity}^{infinity} {1 over {1 + x^2} } dx = %pi
$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n!}}={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}}$
sum from {n = 1} to {infinity} {1 over fact{n}} = {%pi^2 over 6}
$\mathbf {F} _{e}={\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}r^{3}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}}$
{nitalic bold F}_e = {{ q_1 q_2 } over { 4 %pi %varepsilon_0 r^3 }} {nitalic bold hat r}

# Symbols

To quickly access a list a of non-math-specific non-standard symbols, click Catalog (the "Σ" button).

# View - Selection

sum from{i,j} ln((P(d_{ab}^{ij}) mline C) over (P(d_{ab}^{ij})))

# Enclosures - Braces, Brackets and Parentheses

Use the curvey brackets to group formula elements. For example, if you want to divide something by n - 1, your Math formula would include "over {n -1}"

# Sub, Super

To get a subscript, include the following in your formula "{ X sub i}"
To get a superscript, include "{X ^ Y}"
# OpenOffice.org/OASIS File Format

OpenDocument (OASIS Open Document Format for Office Application) is the native file format of OpenOffice.org. It is an Open Standard file format, meaning it is freely available and implementable without the need for paying a royalty fee. A common OpenDocument Format file is a plain XML file (Extensible Markup Language), usually contained inside a ZIP archive.

## Brief History of OpenDocument Format

OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards) takes the base for the OpenDocument standard from OpenOffice's native file format, which originates from Sun's proprietary office suite StarOffice file format. Later OpenOffice became the first and the de facto standard for implementation of OpenDocument.

## Competing Formats

* Microsoft's OpenXML file format, which is largely hailed as an incompatible competitor to the OpenDocument Format. This standard is implemented on the new Microsoft Office 2007, and updates would be available to support this format on previous versions of Microsoft Office. On the most current release, OpenOffice.org does natively support Microsoft's OpenXML format.
* Microsoft's binary proprietary format, which is Microsoft Office's native file format prior to Microsoft Office 2007. OpenOffice.org could open and save to this format, however the conversion process could take some time for really large and complex files. OpenOffice.org is reported to be capable to open old files created by previous version of Microsoft Office that even the newer Microsoft Office Suites cannot.
* Microsoft Works format - OpenOffice.org can open documents in Works' format, however saving is not supported.
# OpenOffice.org/Some useful template

If you try to open a file with .stw extension, you will get a copy of that document that will be called Untitled. That's how templates work. But then you might ask: "How do I then edit a template?". Go File->Templates->Edit.
An article about various template collections

## Writer templates

* (A rather poor) imitation of default Latex article class: multilevel numbering of headings (useful for books or other longer, highly structured texts e.g. thesis). The default text body style is courier new, which is ideal for editing, as you might spot misspellings easier, but you most probably want to change it before printing. I usually edit texts in web view (View->Web View), and zoom in a lot, so that I strain my eyes less, but still I can see the end of line, which is wrapped. (Actually if you edit that way, it will remind you the interface of Lyx word processor).
# OpenOffice.org/Quickstarter

A quickstarter is a feature that can be found in the system tray (at the bottom right of the computer, along with the clock etc. (at least on MS Windows Operating Systems). Basically it serves to accelerate the process of starting programs such as OpenOffice.org. In OpenOffice.org it typically reduces the time taken to load the initial document from maybe 50 seconds down to 15 or 20 seconds.
The downside of having it constantly monitoring your computer could be that it uses memory, which on a low cost computer may be better used by other, more crucial, programs. Nevertheless any current operating system has virtual memory support, and programs are swapped to disk when they are inactive. In these cases no resources will be wasted if we have enough swap space.
It is started by default unless you indicate that you do not want the quickstarter feature when you first install the program.

## Using and removing the quickstarter

If you right click on the OpenOffice.org logo (the seagull on ocean logo in the system tray) you get a list of options to create new OpenOffice.org documents, or to open a template, you also get an opportunity to open an existing document, of any format. At the bottom you can see options to exit the quick starter, and above it there should be a tick where it asks whether you want to load OpenOffice.org during system startup. If you click to exit the quickstarter, then when you restart the computer the quickstarter will re-appear. To make it go away for good you must click where it asks if you want to load OpenOffice.org during system startup, so that the tick disappears. If you hold the mouse over the quickstarter a piece of text indicates OpenOffice.org, version, and quickstarter. If you left click a box appears offering options to open documents, templates or samples, create new documents, or explore the My Documents folder. This is the best way to take advantage of the features the quickstarter offers.

## If you want quickstarter to reappear

Windows: Find the quickstart executable (in a typical Windows install, it would be at C:\Program Files\OpenOffice.org 2.0\program), and launch it.
You should then see an icon in the System Tray. Right click the System Tray icon and select "Load OpenOffice.org During System Start-Up".
# Open Scholarship Press Collections: Training
## Table of Contents

This annotated bibliography is included in the Open Scholarship Press Collections.
ISBN 9798210902603

### Digital Humanities Pedagogy and Training

* Digital Pedagogy and Training Discourse, Theory, and Best Practices
* Practical Approaches to Digital Humanities Pedagogy and Training
* Digital Humanities Assignments, Curricula, and Programs
* Student Training and Labour in Digital Humanities
* Digital Humanities Training in Libraries

### Open Resources

* Open Educational Principles and Practices
* Open Educational Resources (OERs)
* Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
# Operating System Design/Interface
## Interface

An interface is a connection between two devices or organisms or between a device and an organism. Interfaces are usually characterized by a standard, by protocols, and by physical links. The earliest computers had only a plug-board and lights for input and output. Scientists had to put customized plugs into the plug-board, and then read the results off of the lights. Then, a printer interface was created that allowed the computer to form letters in much the same way as typewriters did. Then punch cards were created that let operators enter programs one line at a time. From this evolved command languages that operated on a line at a time, these early protocols were later called Command Line Interfaces or CLI's. As computers became more powerful, more devices were allowed to hook up to them, and more interfaces were designed. Different computer companies made different types of interfaces for the same devices, and so there was always a demand that the manufacturers settle on a common standard for their interfaces. From this developed first buses, then Interface cards, then standard interface designs, until today, computers come with many standard hardware and software interfaces that allow them to talk to many different types of hardware, and to connect to humans in different and gradually more and more intuitive ways.
Fiction would have us believe that the most intimate interface would be an implant within the head that allowed us to interface directly with a computer, that might also be within our heads. Until this is practical we are limited to interfaces based on graphics and pointing devices, and a type of interface called a GUI or Graphics User Interface. The most popular of these interfaces is called WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers), which was originally written in Smalltalk for the Xerox star, and was rewritten to suit other platforms when it was found to be so useful. You are probably using a variation of this interface now.
# Operating System Design/History

The earliest computers were purely mechanical devices which could run through a series of inputs and produce some output. Usually instructions and data were combined, or the instructions were built into the computer. Over time more generalised computers appeared that could be programmed. These early programmable computers did not have any operating system. However, some tasks are common to most programs (reading input and writing output for example) and so standard routines were developed to perform those tasks.
As computers were large and expensive, companies offered computer services to those who could pay for them. Initially this would have been on an ad hoc basis, but quickly developed into time sharing services where many people would run their programs on the same computer (in quick succession) and would be billed for the amount of time that their program took. These time sharing systems were the earliest operating systems.
As hardware has developed so have operating systems, removing inefficiencies and providing more services to the application programmer, and even the end user. Interactive systems have become common, particularly as more modern schedulers allow a single processor to perform a task while another task waits for I/O.

## Further reading

A good reference book for computer history is "A History of Modern Computing" by Paul E. Ceruzzi. It outlines the development of the computer from a single operator machine to a multiple operator machine and beyond.
* Evolution of Operating Systems Designs gives a more detailed history of operating systems.
Previous: Case studies — Next: Processes
# Operating System Design/Initialization
## Initialization

When a computer is first started, it is in an unknown state. Static electricity and remnants of previous states can lead to values that are not valid states for the machine. In defense, computer programmers have learned to initialize all variables before using them.
After the initial start-up process, the next step depends on the type of computer

## Mainframes

For large mainframe computers, the Initial Program Load, or IPL, is used to load a bootstrap program, typically very tiny, whose purpose is to load the actual boot loader from disk, tape or other media.

## Microcomputers

For typical desktop, server, or rack-mounted blade computers, the power-on-self-test or POST initializes the computer, which then passes execution over to the ROM, where the BIOS system initializes the bottom page or so of RAM, then passes execution to the boot process.

## Bootstrap

One of the first things that the boot process does is load the boot loader, which then loads the operating system.
* Boot loader
* Hardware Initialization
# Operating System Design/Initialization/Bootloader

A boot loader is a small program which is started from the Master Boot Record (MBR) of a hard disk, floppy disk, CD/DVD or other storage device. It is loaded by the computer's BIOS after the BIOS has initialized a small portion of the system's hardware. The role of a boot loader is to load an operating system from a storage device, set up a minimal environment in which the OS can run, and run the operating system's startup procedure.
Due to the fact that on most systems (most notably the IA-32 IBM compatible systems), the boot loader is only allowed to have a very small size, (510 effective bytes on a floppy disk, 446 bytes on a hard disk), the boot loader is usually split into stages. Stage 1 will load stage 2 from a specific sector on the disk, then stage 2 will initialize the system and load the kernel from a specific file on the disk. This means that the stage 2 boot loader will have to be able to interpret the system's file system. Sometimes, an extra stage (commonly called stage 1.5) is placed between stage 1 and stage 2, which is also capable of interpreting the file system, and allows the stage 2 boot loader to be moved around the disk, possibly due to disk defragmentation or editing of the stage 2 boot loader.
Often, boot loaders allow the user to select between several different operating systems, and choose which one to boot. This feature is called multi booting (or dual-booting). Many boot loaders also support passing parameters to the kernel. These are like command-line arguments, and are generally used to tell the kernel about the configuration of the system. Some even load 'modules' into memory for the OS.

## LILO, GRUB and GRUB2

For *nix users, the LILO and GRUB boot loaders are the most common. Apart from booting Linux, they can boot Windows using chain loading. Microsoft Windows has its own proprietary boot loader.
LILO is the LInux LOader.
GRUB is the acronym for the GR and Unified Boot loader. GRUB is popular among operating system developers because it can bring the system to 32-bit protected mode without much effort, after which the kernel can be started as if it were any other application. GRUB supports the Multiboot Specification, which specifies how any kernel can be loaded by GRUB.
The next version of GRUB, GRUB2, supports 64-bit systems and will have a new extensible implementation of the Multiboot Specification.

## ReactOS Bootloader (FreeLoader)

The ReactOS bootloader is the bootloader from the ReactOS project. It supports only FAT, but can load Windows, ReactOS and Multiboot kernels as well.

## See Also

* X86 Assembly/Bootloaders describes boot loaders on x86 systems.
* Embedded Systems/Bootloaders and Bootsectors describes boot loaders on all other kinds of systems.
* LPI Linux Certification/Troubleshooting Bootloaders
* The Linux Kernel/Booting
* The Linux Debugging Overview discusses some bootloader debugging tools and kernel debugging tools.
# Operating System Design/Glossary
## G

GUI - Graphical User Interface. Pronounced "gooey", this refers to a user interface based on graphics instead of text commands (CLI)
# Operating System Design/File Systems/RAID

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a method of storing data combines multiple physical drives into one unit. Data is distributed and duplicated across the drives in various ways. The term has now come to mean any technology that divides and replicates data over multiple drives. The main advantages is in reliability: depending on the RAID level, there is a certain amount of data redundancy, which allows there to be faults and errors without data being lost.

## further reading

* The Computer Revolution/Hardware/RAID
* LPI Linux Certification/Configuring RAID
# Operating System Design/File Systems/Faults

In engineering in general, fault-tolerance refers to the ability of something to continue to function (though perhaps at reduced levels) after something as gone wrong. More specifically, in filesystem design, it refers to the ability of a filesystem to store data reliably, even in the face of hardware mistakes.
Many things can go wrong in a storage system, especially one with moving parts like hard disk drives. Bad sectors only prevent the use of a few sectors, while a head crash can permanently ruin an entire disk. Other kinds of crash (software bugs, unexpected loss of electric power, etc.) generally cause no physical damage to the disk. Such crashes often garble the sector(s) that were in the middle of a write at the time of the crash. Because many computer systems buffer writes in RAM and re-order the sequence of writes before the data is stored on non-volatile media, such crashes often lead to inconsistent data.
There are several ways of improving fault tolerance in filesystems:
* RAID, which duplicates data.
* Journaling, which helps avoid problems in case of a crash.
* Dealing with bad blocks, which prevents use of corrupted disk sectors.