OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Social Ballroom Dancing/Salsa
## Basics

Like many other musical styles, salsa has many of the well-known music (beat) measures. If you are a musician, or you are able to tell rhythm, then you can perform your basic step. It is important to note however, that we have 8 "tics" when dancing. This means that you are going to do your steps twice as quickly as the "1-2-3-4" count. It is also important to mention that the foot movements are done in every tick but 4 and 8. So, for the basic salsa step there would be a total of six movements (1-2-3, 4 5-6-7, 8) So, in the eight measures. Movements to make the basic step:
* left foot forward (tick 1)
* right foot stepping in place (tick 2)
* left foot comes back next to the right foot (tick 3)
* (tick 4 is left alone)
* Right foot moves back (tick 5)
* Left foot steps into place (tick 6)
* Right foot goes back next to * left foot (tick 7)
* (tick eight is left alone)
There are quite a few steps for the salsa dance, but this is the one that seems to be the most commonly used for the leader (being the male).

### Variations and turns

Once the basic step is performed, it can be done in some different ways. For example, one can step to the sides instead of stepping to the front and back. So the left foot would move left, then step back next to the right foot; thus, the right foot is moved right and stepped back to the left foot. When turning, the leader raises his right hand and motions it to the desired turning side. Raising the hand is important since there has to be constant contact with the fingers as the person rotates. So if the person is turning, their hand is too, always touching the fingers, so that at the end of the turn the hands can be back together again.

## Points of connection

* Preferably, leader's right hand grabs onto follower's shoulder, follower grabs leaders shoulder.
* right elbow has to be under the follower's arm
* left leader's hand is held with right follower's hand.
Note: These three points of connection are the ones commonly used; although there can be variations of such points, depending on the type of turn and type of steps which are implemented.

## See also

* Rueda de Casino
# Social Ballroom Dancing/Tango/American
## Positioning
### Torso, shoulders, and head

Both partners should try to keep their torso erect at all times. Imagine that you are resting on your hips. Your torso should be straight up at all times - do not arch your back or lean backwards. As should your head. Shoulders should be relaxed and loose. Keep your head straight up at all times, and looking slightly to the left of your partner. As to the position of your neck and head: imagine you are standing up against a wall. No matter where you move, that wall is still behind you, and you must not move your head in front of it or into it.

### Arms

Your elbows should be up and to the side at all times.

### Feet

In closed position, for both the lead and follow, the left and right foot should be locked together. The positioning of the feet depends upon the role.

#### lead

    The left foot should be ahead of the right foot so that the heel of the left foot fits into the curvature of the right.

#### follow

    The right foot should be ahead of the left foot so that the heel of the right foot fits into the curvature of the left.

## Technique
### Line of dance

Tango, like most other traveling ballroom dances, follows a large, oval-like path around the dance floor. Couples travel counterclockwise. Instead of always utilizing turns, a tango lead should apply a gradual curve to the couple's movement as necessary to follow line of dance. If you are just practicing a move, there is no need to apply this curve - it is only important when one is dancing around the dance floor.

## Steps
### Basic

lead:
* left forward (slow)
* right forward (slow)
* left forward (quick)
* right side (quick)
* tap close (no weight change) (slow).
follow:
* right back (slow)
* left back (slow)
* right back (quick)
* left side (quick)
* tap close (no weight change) (slow).

### First Promenade

lead: after tap close (where left foot is free), turn both torsos to face lead's left, walk forward two steps as if beginning a basic, on the third turn follower in front of you, then, now aligned with your partner, forward side-close.

### Corté

Lead: left foot back, replace right, forward, close.
# Social Ballroom Dancing/Rumba/American Rhythm Technique

{moed from w:Rumba (dance)}
The basic move in American Style Rumba is known as a Box Step. It is similar in basic structure to Waltz and other box-step dances in step position, but uses a 4/4 timing versus the 3/4 timing found in Waltz. Assuming an eight count step (two measures of 4/4), steps occur on one, three, four, five, seven, and eight. This leaves a "slow--quick-quick-slow--quick-quick" pattern to the dance in its most basic form.
* Description
* Step 0, Starting position. Lead (represented in blue) and Follow (represented in pink) face each other, feet closed, roughly squarely in front of each other.
* Step 1. Beginning of movement. Lead steps forward with the left foot while Follow steps backward with the right foot. This begins slightly before the first count in the music, so that the foot comes down on the first count. Dancers hold this position through the second count. This is the first slow in the slow--quick-quick pattern described above.
* Step 2. Lead brings the right foot forward and then to the right, while Follow brings left foot back and to the left. This occurs for the third count. This is the first quick in the slow--quick-quick pattern.
* Step 3. Lead's left foot steps to the right to meet the right foot while Follow's right foot steps left to meet the left foot. This occurs for the fourth count of music. This is the second quick in the slow--quick-quick pattern.
* Step 4. Lead steps backward with the right foot while Follow steps forward with the left foot. This move is basically the reverse of Step 1, and occurs with the fifth count of music in the same manner that Step 1 occurred with the first count. Dancers hold this position through the sixth count of music. This is the first slow in the second part of the slow--quick-quick pattern.
* Step 5. Lead brings the left foot backward and then to the left, while Follow brings right foot forward and to the right. This occurs on the seventh count. This is the first quick in the second part of the slow--quick-quick pattern.
* Step 6. Lead's right foot steps to the left, meeting the left foot, while Follow's right foot steps to the right, meeting the left foot. This occurs on the eighth count of music. This is the second quick in the second part of the slow--quick-quick pattern, and leaves the Dancers in the position in Step 0, to begin again at Step 1 on the next count of music and with the next slow--quick-quick pattern.
The basic is only to provide a framework for the rest of the dance. Mastering the dance requires learning additional steps that fall within this framework.
# Social Deviance/Early Theories
## Utilitarianism

Early on, thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham believed that criminals committed crimes because in the utilitarian calculation of utility, the criminals regarded the cost of their crimes as smaller than the benefits that they reaped. Therefore, in order to prevent deviance, the society must impose strict sanctions upon the offender in order to increase the costs of deviance, causing the utility of crime to be far less beneficial for people.
* Cesare Beccaria

## Biological Theories

Cesare Lombrosos and his Italian School of criminology argued against the utlitarian school by assuming that deviants and criminals break social norms and laws due to atavistic traits. In other words, they believed that these people are not as highly advanced in the evolutionary process as normally functioning members of society. The Italian School also believed that these atavistic traits are indicated by physical, biological indicators of a person such as body type or the shape of the face. These theorists believed that deviants are not flexible individuals; criminal tendencies stem from biological factors, and thus they believed that punishment would not work since biological determinants on crime would be more or less fate. Therefore, if punishment would not work, then neutralization of the deviant was necessary. The theorists in the Italian School believed that institutions such as mental hospitals, lifetime imprisonment, or the death sentence would neutralize the deviant and thus make the society fit for the normal people to live safely.
Ever since sociology has been used as a tool to describe and analyze deviance, however, the biological theories such as those found in the Italian School has fallen into unpopularity. Biological theories of deviance have been seen as racist, since ideas such as eugenics have been justified with these theories. US schools are currently the only schools that consider biological theories of deviance in any detail. Foreign schools only mention these ideas briefly and refute them with sociological studies in social deviance courses. This is due to the availability and interest of the study of DNA in the US. However, these "biosocial" theories are generally not accepted by the mainstream sociological community because of the tenuous (at best) link between biology and behavior, as well as the strong evidence that these biosocial theories base their ideas on flawed research, confounded variables, and confusion about causality (correlation does not imply causation).
# Social Ballroom Dancing/Waltz

The waltz is a smooth, progressive dance in 3/4 or 6/8 time, done primarily in closed position. It first became fashionable in Vienna in about the 1780s, then spread to many other countries within the next few years. The waltz, and especially its closed position, became the example for the creation of many other ballroom dances. Subsequently, new types of waltz have developed, including many folk dance and several ballroom dance types.
In contemporary ballroom dance, fast versions of the waltz are called Viennese waltz.
International Standard Waltz has only closed figures; that is, the couple never leaves closed position.
Contrast American Style Waltz, in which some figures involve breaking contact entirely. For example, the Syncopated Side-by-Side with Spin includes a free spin for both the man and lady. Open rolls are another good example of an open dance figure, in which the lady alternates between the man's left and right sides, with the man's left or right arm (alone) providing the lead.
See http://www.centralhome.com/ballroomcountry/International-American.htm for a more information regarding the differences between International and American Waltz.
A typical waltz figure (from the man's perspective) starts lowered into the knees and travelling forward with a strong heel lead. Count 2 rises and is taken on the ball of the foot, and count 3 starts on the ball of the foot and lowers to the heel as the couple begins to lower in preparation for the next measure. A smooth rise-and-fall action is a primary characteristic of this dance.

## External Links

Websites to refer to:
http://www.dancetv.com/tutorial/index.html
http://www.ballroomdancers.com/Learning_Center/
http://www.renez.com/Dancing/quotes&jokes.htm#jokes
# Social Ballroom Dancing/Tango

American tango
Argentine tango
Characterizations of the three styles of tango:
http://www.dance-forums.com//showpost.php?p=568&postcount=1
On a thread of general dance jokes:
http://www.dance-forums.com//showthread.php?t=213
# Social Deviance/Social Control
## Shift From Torture To Prison
### Foucault

Michel Foucault was a French philosopher who died in 1984. His work which relates most closely to the theme of social control was Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. In this work, Foucault traces the history of punishment from the middle of the 18th century to the present. Although the book starts with a vivid image of harsh corporeal punishment, Foucault's main purpose in this work is to discuss not merely how we have become a "nicer" society, but how punishment has changed. For Foucault, the change that occurred in our treatment of criminals moved the target of our punishment from the body to the "soul", or the psyche.

### Economic Theories

Sometimes norms are informally enforced. Foreign cars are not popular in Detroit (and Michigan as a whole) because they are a threat to the local economy. Those cars tend to be vandalized (especially keyed). Since most people do not want to have their cars damaged they will buy an American one. Those who still drive foreign cars in Michigan do so at their own risk. In Atlanta (and most of Georgia) drinking Coca-Cola is a social norm. This is enforced by the lack of Pepsi products at restaurants and stores.

## Scrubs Theories

* Placing your gum in the trash is a social norm. Chris Turk violated this norm when he spit his gum on the floor. The Janitor enforced this norm when he used gum to write "Gum goes in the trash" on the windshield of Turk's car (the Janitor violated a social norm).
* Not farting is a social norm. The Todd violated this norm when he farted in the OR. Dr. Wen made him leave (he enforced the norm).
* Respecting others' property is a social norm. Dr. Cox violated this norm when he increased the speed on Dr. Kelso's treadmill (which resulted in him being thrown against the wall). Dr. Kelso enforced this norm when he spoiled the Heat-Lakers game for Dr. Cox.

## The Current Prison System
### Law Enforcement

A local law enforcement ensures or at least tries to ensure that deviant behaviour can be controlled.
# Suomen kieli käyttöön/Pyöräilijä liikenteessä

Pyöräilijä liikenteessä.
Polkupyöräilijän on ajettava pyörätiellä tai kevyen liikenteen väylällä, jos sellainen on. Kevyen liikenteen väylä on tarkoitettu jalankulkijoille, pyöräilijöille ja joskus myös mopoille. Se on merkitty liikennemerkeillä. Jos pyörätietä tai kevyen liikenteen väylää ei ole, pyöräilijän on ajettava tien oikeanpuoleisella pientareella tai oikeassa reunassa. Piennar on erotettu ajoradasta valkoisella viivalla. Alle 12-vuotias saa ajaa pyörällä jalkakäytävällä. Kevyen liikenteen väyliä on kahdenlaisia.
Pyörätie ja jalkakäytävä ovat rinnakkain.
Pyöräilijöille ja jalankulkijoille on oma puolensa. Ne on erotettu toisistaan valkoisella viivalla. Liikennemerkki osoittaa, kumpi puoli on pyöräilijöille. Pyöräilijä ajaa oman väylänsä oikeassa reunassa.
Pyörätie ja jalkakäytävä on yhdistetty.
Pyöräilijä ajaa väylän oikealla puolella. Hän ohittaa samalla puolella kävelevän jalankulkijan ja muut pyöräilijät vasemmalta puolelta.
Kevyen liikenteen väylillä syntyy joskus vaaratilanteita risteyksissä ja tunneleissa. Ennen niitä on syytä hidastaa nopeutta varsinkin, jos ne ovat mäen alla. Väylien risteyksessä pyöräilijän on väistettävä oikealta tulevia pyöräilijöitä.
Pyöräilijän on tarvittaessa varoitettava muita soittokellolla.
Kypärä
Käytä pyöräilykypärää. Se suojaa päätä vammoilta, jos kaadut.
Kypärän on oltava sopivan kokoinen. Se ei saa kiristää, eikä se saa olla liian löysä. Sopiva kypärä on mukavan tuntuinen päässä. Kokeile kypärää jo kaupassa, ennen kuin ostat sen.
Kypärä on laitettava päähän niin, että se suojaa myös otsaa. Tärkeintä on, että kypärä pysyy päässä kaatuessakin.
Pyöräilykypäriä myydään esimerkiksi polkupyöräliikkeissä, urheiluliikkeissä ja tavarataloissa. Myyjät neuvovat oikean kypärän ostossa.
Tarkista, että kypärässä on merkintä CE. Tällöin kypärän kestävyys on testattu ja hyväksytty.
# Suomen kieli käyttöön/lukeminen
## Introduction

The texts here will help you to understand Finnish. The texts are provided by teachers and are used to develop the learners' understanding of Finnish.
The material is sourced from an original Finnish-text article. Each Finnish-text article has a discussion page entirely in Finnish. These pages are subscribed to by people whose mother tongue is Finnish and can answer questions about the text. Please do not ask questions in English here!!
Each article can also have a number of parallel pages in the language of the learners. There pages are created and maintained entirely by the learners themselves. They record their understanding of the material and editors of these pages will often refer to the original Finnish discussion page to find answers to their questions. If they cannot find an answer to their question, they can try raising a question in the English translation article's discussion page in English, or can pose the question in Finnish on the Finnish article's Finnish discussion page.

## Editing and correcting pages

Translation pages will, by their very nature, be incomplete until completed by the students! If you do some work on a translation article (for example by translating sections not yet translated) please publish your translation by updating the page of the book for the benefit of others!! DO NOT WORRY THAT YOUR UNDERSTANDING MAY BE WRONG!!! Others with a better understanding than you will soon discover your error and change it. If you find an error anywhere in any page, please change it immediately. If you are not certain about a change you would like to see, raise the matter in the article's discussion page.
# Suomen kieli käyttöön/rahankäytöopas

Rahankäytönopas
Jos et maksa laskuja tai velkaa
Laskut ja velat on aina maksettava ennemmin tai myöhemmin. Velat eivät noin vain katoa tai vanhene. Mitä myöhemmäksi maksamisen jättää, sitä kalliimmaksi se tulee. Velat vanhenevat kymmenessä vuodessa, jos luotonantaja ei peri velkaa. Mutta yleensä luotonantajat pitävät huolta siitä, että velat eivät vanhene. Se tarkoittaa, että velkaa ei saa anteeksi, vaan se pitää maksaa ja sen korot kasvavat koko ajan.
Maksujärjestelyt
Joskus voit joutua tilanteeseen, jossa et pystykään maksamaan velkaasi. Ota silloin heti yhteys pankkiin tai siihen yritykseen, josta olet lainan saanut. Voit yrittää sopia uuden aikataulun, jossa maksat velan hitaammin. Usein sopiminen onnistuu, jos rahapula on tilapäinen.
Perintä
Jos et maksa laskua eräpäivään mennessä, saat muistutuskirjeitä. Jos et maksa velkaa kahden muistutuskirjeen jälkeen, asia voi siirtyä perintätoimistolle. Sen jälkeen perintätoimisto lähettää muistutuskirjeen. Myös perintätoimiston kanssa voit neuvotella uudesta maksuaikataulusta. Laskun ja viivästyskoron lisäksi joudut maksamaan perintäkulut. Jos olet ostanut osamaksulla tavaran, myyjä saattaa ottaa tavaran takaisin.
Viivästyskorko
Jos maksat laskun myöhässä tai et maksa sitä ollenkaan, joudut maksamaan viivästyskorkoa. Korko on nykyisin kymmenen prosenttia. Sadan euron laskusta kertyy siis vuodessa kymmenen euroa viivästyskorkoa.
Ulosotto
Jos et maksa laskua vielä perimistoimistollekaan, asia voidaan viedä käräjäoikeuteen. Jos laskuun ei liity mitään epäselvää, käräjäoikeus antaa tuomion. Sen avulla laskun perijä saa rahat ulosoton kautta.
Ulosoton toteuttaa niin kutsuttu ulosottomies. Hän lähettää ensin perintäkirjeen. Vielä tässäkin vaiheessa voi neuvotella maksuaikataulusta. Jos ei neuvottele eikä maksa velkaa, ulosottomies voi alkaa ulosmitata tuloja tai omaisuutta. Se tarkoittaa, että ulosottomies voi ottaa suoraan työnantajalta kolmasosan nettopalkasta. Nettopalkka on se rahasumma, joka jää palkansaajalle käteen verojen vähentämisen jälkeen. Omaisuuttakin voidaan ulosmitata. Kaikkea ei kuitenkaan voida ulosmitata, vaan palkasta täytyy jäädä sen verran, että tulee jotenkin toimeen.
Velan määrä kasvaa koko ajan, sillä laskuun lisätään viivästyskorko, perintäkulut, oikeudenkäyntikulut ja ulosottomaksu.
Sakot, verot, vakuutusmaksut
Sakkojen, verojen ja vakuutusmaksujen periminen etenee nopeammin kuin muiden maksujen. Niitä voidaan ulosmitata ilman oikeuden päätöstä. Jos ei maksa sakkoa ulosottomiehellekään, tuomioistuin voi muuttaa sakon vankeusrangaistukseksi.
Luottotiedot
Jos ei hoida laskujaan tai velkaansa, voi saada merkinnän maksuhäiriöstä Suomen Asiakastieto Oy:n rekisteriin. Jos saa merkinnän rekisteriin, luottotiedot eivät ole kunnossa. Silloin ei yleensä voi saada uutta pankkilainaa tai luottokorttia eikä voi ostaa tavaroita osamaksulla. Luottotiedot voidaan tarkistaa myös, kun hakee vuokra-asuntoa tai uutta työpaikkaa. Merkintä voi tulla rekisteriin kahdeksi vuodeksi. Joissain tapauksessa merkintä säilyy rekisterissä neljä vuotta.
# The Computer Revolution/Ruggedized Devices

Ruggedized devices are devices that are designed to withstand much more physical abuse than conventional devices and range from semirugged to ultrarugged. These devices are usually used for consumers whose needs for protection aren’t met with just a regular protective case. For example, most police cars are equipped with portable laptops that have been ruggedized due to the nature of their jobs. Semirugged devices typically have more durable cases and are spill resistant. The ultrarugged devices are designed to withstand falls from three feet or more onto concrete, extreme temperature ranges, wet conditions, and use while being bounced around over rough terrain in a vehicle. Ultrarugged devices are usually used by construction workers and outdoor technicians whose jobs put them in unpredictable working conditions.
However, you don’t have to purchase a ruggedized device in order to amp up your portable device’s ability to withstand a toddler’s errant hand or an unlikely fall into a water receptacle.
Common sense goes a long way. Keep your devices out of dusty areas and away from water. Also, don’t leave your device where it will be subject to extreme heat or cold.
Thin layers of sheeting that will provide protection from scratches can be purchased to cover screens. If there is a device that has been made in mass, then there is most likely a customized protective case to go with it. Everything from hard cases to soft cases to protective sleeves exists in the marketplace.
Although there is no guarantee against a shattered screen or a trip through a laundry cycle, owning either a ruggedized device or accessorizing it with the latest protective wear and keeping your portable device in a safe environment will help ensure your hardware is protected.

## References

Reference: Morley, Deborah and Charles S. Parker. Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition.
# The Computer Revolution/Security
## Security

* Attacks
* Defenses
* Cyber Villains
* Passwords
* Biometrics
* Computer Crime
* Encryption
* Firewall
* Prevent Identity Theft
* Dirty Data
* Cyber Threats
* Cyber Bullying
* The Evil Twin Attack
* Malware
* Technology Misuse
* Privacy Threatened
* The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
* Properly Dispose of Hardware Containing Data
* Surveillance Systems
* Employee Monitoring
* Digital Counterfeiting
* What Is Phishing
* Presence Technology