OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# AppleScript Programming/Sample Programs/Mail alert

Note: the following will bring your volume low after raising it with the alert.
From anyone (at "Tools->Rules", create a new rule, add criterion such as "Is not junk email", and for an action, choose "Run AppleScript", selecting the script file for the script below):
The code above does work, yet there are a couple of technical improvements that could be made to it.
We don't need to tell Finder to set the volume and to say "You've got mail!". These commands are built into AppleScript, so we could and should do the following instead:
There's another improvement that needs to be made and that is the script shouldn't change the volume from what it was to one. In general code shouldn't have "side-effects" like this. Things should be restored to what they were before the script was called:
Mail can be configured to call different scripts, depending upon different conditions such as who the email is from. If you wanted your Mac to say "You've got mail from Bob!" when receiving and email from Bob, you could define the following script and install it in Mail's scripts folder and define an email rule to call this script when receiving email from Bob.
# AppleScript Programming/Sample Programs/Letter Replacer

A problem: "I need a script to change the unicode character to old Slovenian ASCII character because of some fonts we use. Right now we use find and replace in TextEdit, but it is a pain to do it on 50 documents and with 10 different replacing character in each text."
Result: Automatic Letter Replacer
Just copy the code, paste it in ScriptEditor, edit all necessary info (read the comments), and save as a program. Then just happily drag and drop - a punch at a time, so you don't have to do it one by one.
Note: I would suggest testing the program with a single document first (with "autosave" off), as all the letters that you put into variables might not appear correct in TextEdit. The script has difficulties to respect - for example - Scandinavian letters "ä" and "ö".
More sophisticated version would save the changed document with different name, maybe even in different location. It could be a lot better, but current shall satisfy for now.
# AppleScript Programming/Sample Programs/Safari Quit Warning

Note: This script is obsolete for its purpose, since by these days Safari prompts user for confirmation if there is more than one window/tab open while quitting. But as the code itself is valid, it may be kept as a general example.
This is quite much doing same than Firefox's alert box that pops up when you're about to quit the browser with more than one window/tab open.
I use external tool (iKey) to force this script to be run when cmd+Q is hit while Safari is active application. I just plain hate it, when I mispress it instead of cmd+W or opt+Q.
# AppleScript Programming/Sample Programs/Archive selected mail

This script tell is supposed to tell Mail.app to move the selected mails to a certain directory/mailbox. Is supposed to work with gmail, but is not general. It doesn't work unless everything is configured for this script.
# AppleScript Programming/Sample Programs/Converter for temperatures

Simple script that converts temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit and back.
Edited by Smiler121: Now it doesn't crash when letters and symbols are accidentally entered
# AppleScript Programming/Sample Programs/Guess The Character
## Guess The Character

This is a small game that you can make with AppleScript, and then you must play it with a friend. You must type in a character and then your friend must guess. If your friend is right, he/she will win a point. You can type in the names, choose how many levels will be played and choose any character, but only one. It includes the if statement, the repeat function and many variables and dialogs. It's long, but the whole code is necessary for playing the game. Copy this code to the Script Editor:
# AppleScript Programming/Sample Programs/Run QuickTime in full screen

Copy the script, paste it into ScriptEditor, and save as an application.
When you drop a movie-file on the application, it'll first check if there is more than one file dropped into the application. If more than one, then it'll note about it and end the program. Else, it'll open QuickTime and bring it on front, open the dropped movie in QT, make it full screen and start playing it.
If you start the application with double-click, it'll just give you a dialog and quit. Notice that this script checks for cases that it can't handle and let's the user know.
# Accountancy/Debtors

Debtors are people who have taken your stuff but have not paid for it yet. Debtors are people who "owe" you. So debtors are assets. When somebody buys something from you on credit they become your Debtor.
In this example we will sell some things to Bob on credit:
Journal - Page 1 :
| Date | Date | Description | Post Ref. | Dr | Cr |
| 2005 Feb | 1 | Debtors - Bob (Asset) | | 10 | |
| | | Sales (Income) | | | 10 |
Later WHEN Bob pays us.
Journal - Page 1 :
| Date | Date | Description | Post Ref. | Dr | Cr |
| 2006 Feb | 1 | Cash (Asset) | | 10 | |
| | | Debtors - Bob (Asset) | | | 10 |
Note that when a bank sends you a bank statement, they show you the position from the bank's point of view, not yours. So when you have a debit position, you owe the bank money - the balance is an asset of the bank. When you are in credit, the bank owes you money
# Disclosures

Financial statement disclosures can be broken down into the following categories:
* Primary financial statements
* Nature of operations
* Basis of reporting
* Significant accounting policies
* Financial statement accounts
* Broad transaction categories

# Primary financial statements

| Disclosure name | Disclosure description | Disclosure type |
| Balance sheet | Reports assets and liabilities and equity as of a point in time. Also called statement of financial position. | Roll up of assets. Roll up of liabilities and equity |
| Income statement | Reports net income for a period of time. Also called statement of earnings | Roll up of net income (loss) |
| Cash flow statement | Reports cash flow for a period of time. Also called statement of cash flow | Roll up of net cash flow |
| Changes in equity | Reports changes in the line items of equity. Also called statement of changes in equity | Roll forward of each equity account |
# Accountancy/Financial Accounting

Financial Accounting is about Financial Reporting.
There 2 mainstream: International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) - Used in most countries Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) - Used in USA, Canada, India, UK( before 2005)
Many countries use the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which is established and maintained by the International Accounting Standards Board.
financial accounting also explains the differences in the accounting methods and valuations. Depreciation is accounted for by financial accountants
IFRS
GAAP
# Cost Flow Assumptions

* Cost flow assumptions affect the more important Income Statement and less important Balance Sheet
* Assume that the most recent cost is most relevant cost

## Specific Identification

* Keeps track of the cost of each, specific good sold

### The Good

* Perfect matching of costs of goods to goods sold

### The Bad

* Often impossible or too costly
* Allows manipulation by management

## FIFO

* First-In-First-Out
* Assigns first costs incurred to COGS (Cost of Goods Sold) on the Income Statement

### The Good

* Disallows manipulation by management
* Cost flow agrees with ideal, physical flow of goods
** Counter-Argument – Agreement of cost flow and ideal, physical flow of goods is not important

### The Bad

* Uses the least relevant cost for the Income Statement
* Underestimates or overestimates cost of goods sold if prices are rising or falling, respectively

## LIFO

* Last-In-First-Out
* Assigns last costs incurred to COGS on the Income Statement

### The Good

* Disallows manipulation by management
* Uses the most relevant cost for the Income Statement

### The Bad

* Underestimates or overestimates cost of goods sold if prices are falling or rising, respectively
* Cost flow disagrees with ideal, physical flow of goods
** Counter-Argument – Agreement of cost flow and ideal, physical flow of goods is not important

## Weighted Average

* Assigns average cost incurred to COGS on the Income Statement

### The Good

* Disallows manipulation by management
* Better estimation of the cost of goods sold than FIFO or LIFO if prices are rising or falling

### The Bad

* Tends to ignore extreme costs of inventory
* There is no theoretical reasoning for using this method

## Notes

* LIFO and Weighted Average cost flow assumptions may yield different end inventories and COGS in a perpetual inventory system than in a periodic inventory system due to the timing of the calculations. In the perpetual system, some of the oldest units calculated in the periodic units-on-hand ending inventory may get expended during a near inventory exhausting individual sale, in the LIFO system; in the weighted average system, in the perpetual system, each sale moves the weighted average, so it is a moving weighted average for each sale, whereas in the periodic system, it is only the weighted average of the cost the beginning inventory, the sum cost of all the purchases, less the cost of the inventory , divided by the sum of the beginning units and the total units purchased.
# Accountancy/Depreciation/Property, plant, and equipment

IFRS system definition:
According to paragraph 6 of IAS 16: Prpety plant and equipment are tangible items that:
    a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes; and
    b) are expected to be used during more than one period.

## Associate cost

    paragraph 17
    Inclusion:
    Exclusion:
Allocation the cost based on fair values, for example. A acquire furniture and buildings for 15000 and 90000, while the total cost are 90000 in actual. Allocate to each asset
    furniture 15000/105000*90000
    land 90000/105000*90000

## The cost model

tge depreciation methods : straight-line
# Accountancy/Cost Accounting

Cost accounting is the branch of accounting which involves the recording, classifying, summarizing and allocating the expenditure in order to determine the cost of product or service and report same to the management.
# Accountancy/Creditors

Creditors are people that you owe money to. So if Example Company Ltd bought a motor car on credit, the accounting entries would be as follows:
Journal - Page 1 :
| Date | Date | Description | Post Ref. | Dr | Cr |
| 2006 Feb | 1 | Motor vehicle (Asset) | | 10,000 | |
| | | Creditors (Liability) | | | 10,000 |
Later we make a payment
Journal - Page 1 :
| Date | Date | Description | Post Ref. | Dr | Cr |
| 2006 Feb | 28 | Creditors (Liability) | | 100 | |
| | | Cash (Asset) | | | 100 |
Whew! Those repayments are going to take some time...
As we saw when we discussed with debtors, when you receive a bank statement the bank shows you the position from the bank's point of view. When you are in credit, you have the asset and you are a creditor of the bank - the account is a liability account for the bank, as it owes you money , if and when you can withdraw all your money. When you are in debit, you are a debtor to the bank, and the bank is your creditor, and your account with the bank is an accounts receivable or asset to the bank.
# Accountancy/Financial Accounting/IFRS

IASB The most common financial accounting standard.

## Conceptual Framework
### The framework is not a Standard

The main goals of the framework are: Objectives of financial statements
Identification of characteristics to ensure quantitative information in the statements.

### Explain the procedure of recognizing and measuring elements of financial statements

    Assets
THERE are 3 essentials:
* The resource must contain future economic benefits
* The entity must have control over the future economic benefits
* There must be a past event
    Liabilities
Present obligation is one of the 3 essentials; giving up resources;past transaction or event
    Income
    Expenses

## Tax Purpose

The tax-effect accounting desire to identify net tax-effect of all perodic transactions recognised.
Because tax purpose is different from accounting purpose, as there are several accounts not possible posted to Tax department, e.g.
There 2 methods: Current Tax
Determines current tax liability Analyses differences between accounting and taxable profit
Deferred Tax Determines net effect of deferred taxes and deductions arising from current period transactions Analyses differences between accounting and tax balance sheets
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Img
## Description

The Img attribute differs from Image in that, while both can be applied directly to an object, Img cannot be applied to types.
Example usage of the attribute:
which has the same meaning as the more verbose:
where T is the (sub)type of the object X.
Note that technically, in analogy to Image, X'Img returns a parameterless function that returns the appropriate string when called. This means that X'Img can be renamed as a function-returning-string, or used in an instantiation as a function parameter.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Index
## Description

Within a precondition or postcondition expression for entry family E, denotes the value of the entry index for the call of E.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Initialized
## Description

For the syntax and semantics of this attribute, see the SPARK 2014 Reference Manual, section 6.10.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Invalid Value
## Description

For every scalar type S, S’Invalid_Value returns an undefined value of the type. If possible this value is an invalid representation for the type. The value returned is identical to the value used to initialize an otherwise uninitialized value of the type if pragma Initialize_Scalars is used, including the ability to modify the value with the binder -Sxx flag and relevant environment variables at run time.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Large

The Large attribute is provided for compatibility with Ada 83. See the Ada 83 reference manual for an exact description of the semantics of this attribute.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Identity
## Description

X'Identity is an Ada attribute where X is any task. This attribute returns a unique identifying string (of type "Task_ID"). This string is used in some Ada tasking libraries for task identification. It may also be used directly by the user for output purposes, to determine if two tasks are the same task, etc.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Attributes

### Ada Reference Manual

* 13.3 Operational and Representation Attributes (Annotated)
* Annex K Language-Defined Attributes (Annotated)
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Image
## Description

X'Image(Y) is an Ada attribute where X is any discrete type and Y is an instance of that type. This attribute returns a string representation of the value passed as input.
This attribute is a useful way to automatically convert from a type value to a string suitable for output.
In Ada 2022 a simplified version was added:
Y’Image return String
Image of the value of Y as a String.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Attributes
* Ada Programming/Attributes/'Value

### Ada Reference Manual

* 13.3 Operational and Representation Attributes (Annotated)
* Annex K Language-Defined Attributes (Annotated)
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Has Tagged Values
## Description

The prefix of the Has_Tagged_Values attribute is a type. The result is a Boolean value which is True if the type is a composite type (array or record) that is either a tagged type or has a subcomponent that is tagged, and is False otherwise. The intended use of this attribute is in conjunction with generic definitions. If the attribute is applied to a generic private type, it indicates whether or not the corresponding actual type has access values.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Input
## Description

Reads and returns one value from the Stream argument.
For every subtype S of a specific type T:
S'Input denotes a function with the following specification:
S'Input reads and returns one value from Stream, using any bounds or discriminants written by a corresponding S'Output to determine how much to read.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Integer Value
## Description

For every integer type S, S'Integer_Value denotes a function with the following spec:
The value returned is the integer value V, such that:
where T is the type of Arg. The effect is thus similar to first doing an unchecked conversion from the fixed-point type to its corresponding implementation type, and then converting the result to the target integer type. The difference is that there are full range checks, to ensure that the result is in range. This attribute is primarily intended for use in implementation of the standard input-output functions for fixed-point values.
# Basic Computer Security/Web Security/HTTP HTTPS and SSL

* Introduction
* General Security and Passwords
* Malware
* Web Security
* Choose a Better Browser
* HTTP, HTTPS and SSL
* Email Security
* Phishing and Spam
* Enhancing Web Services Security
* PC Security
* Privacy
* Network Security
* Further reading

## Introduction

HTTP, or Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol used by most webservers and web browsers.. HTTP is used to transfer HTML (Hypertext Markup Language, essentially the language of the Internet) between servers and clients. HTTPS, or Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is a variation of the standard HTTP, in which the connection is layered with SSL, which stands for Secure Sockets Layer.

## About HTTPS and SSL

HTTPS works by layering SSL over a standard HTTP connection, thus resulting in a more secure connection to the Internet. While other ways of securing an HTTP connection exist, such as SHTTP, HTTPS is by far the most well-known and widely used protocol. TSL, and its predecessor SSL are cryptographic protocols used for securing communications over the Internet. SSL is not only used in web browsing, but also in email, IM, and VoIP programs as well.

## What It Means

These additional security protocols usually ensure that information cannot be read or intercepted before it reaches its destination. Use of a secure connection can usually be denoted by a lock icon in the address bar, or "https://" instead of "http://" preceding a URL. Use of secure connections is common for online shopping websites and websites that require personal information or financial/credit card information.
* ↑ "HTTPS". instantssl.com. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
* ↑ "Secure Sockets Layer". instantssl.com. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
# Basic Computing Using Windows/Appendices

* Computers and Peripherals
* Operating Systems and Controls
* The Desktop
* File Systems
* Concepts and Settings
* Networks and the Internet
** FTP
* Email, Chat-rooms, and IM
* Appendices
** Switching the Control Panel to Classic View
** Connecting to the Internet
** Dual Booting
** Contributors
    Switching the Control Panel to Classic View
    Connecting to the Internet
    Dual Booting
    Contributors
# Basic Computing Using Windows/Appendices/Connecting to the Internet

* Computers and Peripherals
* Operating Systems and Controls
* The Desktop
* File Systems
* Concepts and Settings
* Networks and the Internet
** FTP
* Email, Chat-rooms, and IM
* Appendices
** Switching the Control Panel to Classic View
** Connecting to the Internet
** Dual Booting
** Contributors
The Internet is an integral part of Windows. There are many ways of connecting to the Internet.
* Using a dial-up connection:-To create a new dial-up connection to the Internet (that is, not a high-speed broadband connection) navigate to one of the three places above (if it is the last one click on ‘Show all connections’). Then there will be either an icon that says ‘Make New Connection’ or an item on the left-hand side labeled ‘Create a new connection’. Open the one that your computer has and follow the instructions. If it is called ‘Create a new connection’ you can also create a high-speed connection in there. This system is outdated , with most computers not having an RJ-45(telephone jack) connector anymore. Dial-ups are also very slow.
* Using Ethernet:- Mostly , you can simply connect the cable and then connect to the Internet. If that does not work , make sure that the latest drivers are installed and that the connection is not disabled. Ethernet is often faster than Wi-Fi , where CAT5E can get up to 1 Gbit/s (125 MB/s) while the latest Wi-Fi 802.11 ac can get up to about 600 Mbit/s (75 MB/s) and the more common 802.11 n can get up to about 130 Mbit/s (16.25 MB/s) to 300 Mbit/s (47.5 MB/s). The common types of Ethernet are:-
** CAT3 , offers up to about 10 Mbit/s (1.25 MB/s)
** CAT5 , offers up to about 100 Mbit/s (12.5 MB/s)
** CAT5E , offers up to about 1 Gbit/s (125 MB/s)
Note that they are both backwards and forward comparable(both socket and cable) but you'll not get the benefit of the newer standard.
Note that they can reduce their speeds dynamically (eg - from 11 Mbit/s to 5 Mbit/s) if there is not enough range.
# Basic Computing Using Windows/Appendices/Contributors

* Computers and Peripherals
* Operating Systems and Controls
* The Desktop
* File Systems
* Concepts and Settings
* Networks and the Internet
** FTP
* Email, Chat-rooms, and IM
* Appendices
** Switching the Control Panel to Classic View
** Connecting to the Internet
** Dual Booting
** Contributors
This book was written by Wikibooks contributors. Thank you!
Contributors: You can best decide what category you fall in. Please add your name in alphabetical order.

## Major Contributors

The users who have written or updated content.
Singpolyma
FosterHaven (talk/mail) (verify)

## Minor Contributors

The users who improved the clarity of pages through spell checking and other minor errors.
Tails0600
Titan602
# Basic Computer Security/Web Security/Online Security Good Practices

Most people surf the internet for several uses, like getting information about a topic, checking email, shopping, reading, or even selling goods. The internet has made all of these activities easier and faster to achieve with less time and effort. Still, this convenience does not come without a price.
Internet security is a concern for everyone who uses the internet. How can you be sure that your identity, passwords, personal information, shopping information and credit card numbers, etc are all protected and that they are not available for hackers and malicious users. These are some tips that can helps with this:
* NEVER give your username and password for anyone.
* MAKE sure you read the privacy policy of the websites that you visit before giving any personal information.
* If you are shopping online, NEVER shop from an untrusted website. If you have doubt about the website check the privacy policy of that website and any information about their method of protecting that data, if available. If you are still in doubt, then do not shop from that website and keep searching to a more trusted websites.
* Don't provide you email username and password for any websites that will enable the website to logon to your account automatically. This is a big risk that personal information through emails can be accessed.
There are also some preventive measures that you can take to prevent invasion of keyloggers (programs that record what you typed and send them off through the internet without the user noticing) and trojans onto your computer. These include: 1) Up to date antivirus programme (there are some free ones around that will do a good job, I recommend: AntiVir Guard) 2) Fire wall (yet, another free and reliable one: ZoneAlarm) 3) Anti-adware/spyware: e.g.Ad-Aware and Spybot
Having these programmes will provide you a security of your computer. Though, behaviour practises as discussed in the early part are also essential to provide good online security.