OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Azerbaijani/Contents (Latin)/Cardinal numbers
## 1-10

| Number (digit[s]) | Azerbaijani |
| 0 | sıfır |
| 1 | bir |
| 2 | iki |
| 3 | üç |
| 4 | dörd |
| 5 | beş |
| 6 | altı |
| 7 | yeddi |
| 8 | səkkiz |
| 9 | doqquz |
| 10 | on |

## 11-19

Once you learn all the numbers from 1 to 10, afterwards it gets much easier. In the case of 11 to 19, just add a number from 1 to 9 after on to make on bir, on iki, etc. (11 and 12 respectively).
| Number (digit[s]) | Azerbaijani |
| 11 | on bir |
| 12 | on iki |
| 13 | on üç |
| 14 | on dörd |
| 19 | on doqquz |
| 20 | iyirmi |

## 20-99

The same thing applies here. Just add the name of a unit after the name of a ten. For example, to make the number 36, just take the words otuz and altı to make otuz altı (36). As long as you know your numbers from 1 to 10, all you really need to learn here are the names of the tens.
| Number (digit[s]) | Azerbaijani |
| 20 | iyirmi |
| 21 | iyirmi bir |
| 22 | iyirmi iki |
| 30 | otuz |
| 40 | qırx |
| 50 | əlli |
| 60 | altmış |
| 70 | yetmiş |
| 80 | səksən (həşdad also used) |
| 90 | doxsan |
| 99 | doxsan doqquz |

## 100-999

This also works the same way. Now that you know your tens and units, hundreds are extremely easy. Yüz is 100. To say 300 in Azerbaijani, all you do is put üç (3) before yüz, leaving you with üç yüz (300).
| Number (digit[s]) | Azerbaijani |
| 100 | yüz |
| 101 | yüz bir |
| 123 | yüz iyirmi üç |
| 200 | iki yüz |
| 300 | üç yüz |
| 999 | doqquz yüz doxsan doqquz |

## 1000+

Thousands, millions and more work in exactly the same ways. After millions, all values have the same names as their English equivalents, although spelt differently (e.g. trillion = trilyon in English and Azerbaijani respectively). However, don't feel frightened by this, because the spellings aren't unique (i.e. they all end in -yon).
The only problem you may face among the words below is with the Azerbaijani terms for billion. Although bilyon can be used, the term milyard tends to be much more common.
| Number (digit[s]) | Azerbaijani |
| 1000 | min |
| 1234 | min iki yüz otuz dörd |
| 2000 | iki min |
| 9999 | doqquz min doqquz yüz doqsan doqquz |
| 10,000 | on min |
| 100,000 | yüz min |
| 1,000,000 | (bir) milyon |
| 1,234,567 | (bir) milyon iki yüz otuz dörd min beş yüz altmış yeddi |
| 1,000,000,000 | milyard (milyar, however, is more common) |
| 1,000,000,000,000 | trilyon |
| 1,000,000,000,000,000 | katrilyon |
# Azerbaijani/Contents (Latin)/Commons phrases
## Azeri (Turkic)

| Translation | Phrase | IPA |
| Azeri | azəri, Azərbaycan dili | /a:zæ'ri/, /a:zærbaj'dʒan dili/ |
| Hello | salam | /sa'lam/ |
| Good-bye | xudahafiz | /xu'da:fiz/ |
| Please | lütfən | /'lytfæn/ |
| Thank you | minnətdaram | /minnæt'daram/ |
| You're welcome | dəyməz | /dæj'mæz/ |
| Sorry | üzr istəyirəm | /'yzristæjiræm/ |
| Excuse me | bağışlayın | /baɣɯʃ'lajɯn/ |
| Yes | bəli /formal/ hə /informal/ | /'bæ:li/ /hɛ̃/ |
| No | xeyr /formal/ yox /informal/ | /xɛjr/ /jox/ |
| English | ingilis | /ingʲi'lis/ |
| Do you speak English? | (siz) ingiliscə danışırsınızmı? | /siz ingʲi'lisdʒæ danɯ'ʃɯrsɯnɯzmɯ?/ |
| I don't speak Azeri | (mən) azəricə danışmıram | /mæn a:zæ'ridʒæ da'nɯʃmɯram/ |
| I don't understand | (mən) başa düşmürəm | /mæn ba'ʃa 'dyʃmyræm/ |
| Where is the bathroom? | ayaqyolu haradadır? | /ajagjo'lu 'har(a)dadɯr?/ |
| Welcome | xoş gəlmisiniz | /xoʃ gʲæl'misiniz/ |
| That one | o | /o/ |
| How much | neçə, nə qədər | /nɛ'tʃæ/, /'nægædær/ |
| I don't know | (mən) bilmirəm | /mæn 'bilmiræm/ |
| I love you | (mən) səni sevirəm | /mæn sæ'ni sɛ'viræm/ |
| generic toast | sizin sağlığınıza! | /si'zin saɣlɯɣ(ɯ)nɯ'za/ |
# Azerbaijani/Contents (Latin)/Definite and Indefinite Articles
## The Definite and Indefinite Articles

§ 1. There is no Definite Article in Azerbaijani ; all nouns, when used alone in a sentence, are usually considered as definite. Ex.: ata the father, ana the mother, qardaş the brother.
§ 2. The Indefinite Article is bir a, an. Ex. bir at a horse, bir it a dog, bir qız a girl, bir adam a man.
§ 3. The Adjective always precedes the noun. Ex. gözəl beautiful, yaxşı good, pis bad, gözəl qız the beautiful girl, yaxşı adam the good man, bir pis oğlan a bad boy. However, the adjective more commonly precedes the indefinite article: pis bir oğlan a bad boy.
§ 4. The Azerbaijani Substantives have no difference of termination to express their Genders: all inanimate things are Neuter: and living creatures have either different names to express their sexes; as, kişi the man, qadın the woman, buğa the bull, inək the cow or they are formed by prefixing erkək for the Masculine, and qız or dişi for the Feminine as erkək pişik the male cat, qız pişik or dişi pişik the female cat.
# Azerbaijani/Contents (Latin)/Adjectives

Adjectives are placed before nouns, as in English. They are indeclinable, retaning the same form whatever the number, gender, or case of the noun may be.
yaxşı at the good horse isti su hot water çox evlər many houses pis vərdişlər bad habits
When an adjective is used with the indefinite article, it is customary to put the adjective before the article, and not after it as in English.
gözəl bir gün a beautiful day yaxşı bir at a good horse
Azerbaijani adjectives are also used as adverbs, with a corresponding shade of meaning; in fact, there is no distinction between these two parts of speech.
yaxşı good (adjective) also means well (adverb) çox many (adjective) also means much (adverb)

### COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

The comparative and superlative degrees of all adjectives are formed quite simply, by placing in front of them the words daha (more) and ən (most).
"More than" is expressed by the use of the ablative case. yaxşı good böyük big daha yaxşı better daha böyük bigger ən yaxşı best ən böyük biggest Məndən daha varlısınız.You are richer than me. Sizdən daha güclüyəm. I am stronger than you.
Apart from this regular way, the Azerbaijani language makes use of a peculiar method of forming superlatives, by introducing a syllable closely resembling the first syllable of the adjective itself. The result is a curious expression like the English phrases "shilly-shally", "dilly-dally".
yam-yaxşı very good qap-qara "jet" black bös-böyük very big yep-yeni "brand" new dop-dolu "brim" full büs-bütün the absolute whole
Bu gün daha yaxşıyam. Today I am better. Yam-yaxşıyam. I am very well.
# Azerbaijani/Contents (Latin)/Alphabet

This page will teach you the Azerbaijani (also known as Azeri Turkish) alphabet, or əlifba. As you may have already noticed, this book will teach you the Latin version of Azerbaijani, so the alphabet shouldn't be too hard to get to grips with.

## Əlifba

| Letter | Name of the letter | IPA | Pronunciation of the letter (English approximation) |
| A a | a | ɑ | Like a in father |
| B b | be | b | Like b in bad. |
| C c | ce | ʤ | Like j in jump. |
| Ç ç | çe | tʃ | Like ch in church. |
| D d | de | d | Like d in duck, but slightly softer. |
| E e | e | e | Like e in ten. |
| Ə ə | ə | æ | This letter does not match its IPA value (a in about)! Like a in cat. |
| F f | fe | f | Like f in four. |
| G g | ge | g' | Like g in girl. |
| Ğ ğ | yumuşaq ge | ɣ | You never find these at the beginning of words because they are always preceded by vowels. Has no exact English equivalent, but sounds same as French r. It is sort of similar to the Arabic ﻍ. |
| H h | he | h | Same as the English. |
| X x | xe | x | Like the kh in khan. |
| I ı | ı | ɯ | Has no exact English equivalent. Somewhat similar io in nation. |
| İ i | i | ɪ | Like i in it. |
| J j | je | ʒ | Like j in dejavu. |
| K k | ke | k | Like the c in cat. |
| Q q | qe | g | Slightly softer g. Pronounce it towards the back of your throat. Like the g in gun. Like x at the end. |
| L l | le | l | Same as English. |
| M m | me | m | Like m in more. |
| N n | ene | n | Like n in no. |
| O o | o | ɔ | Like o in odd. |
| Ö ö | ö | œ | Same as the German ö in öfters. Closest English equivalent is possibly the i in bird. |
| P p | pe | p | Like p in port. |
| R r | re | ɾ | Same as the r in rat. |
| S s | se | s | Like s in six. |
| Şş | şe | ʃ | Same as the English sh as in sheet. |
| T t | te | t | Like the t in ten, but instead of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth behind the teeth, it should touch the teeth themselves. |
| U u | u | u | Like the u in put. |
| Ü ü | ü | y | Same as the German ü, or the French word eu. A close example would be the u in flute, or better yet, the ü in the English slang expression über. |
| V v | ve | v | Same as the English. |
| Y y | ye | j | Same as the English. |
| Z z | ze | z | Same as the English. |
# Azerbaijani/Contents (Latin)
## Contents
### Introduction

* Introduction
* Alphabet

### Lessons

* Lesson One - Greetings and responding to a greeting
* Lesson Two - Getting Acquainted
* Lesson Three - Introductions
* Lesson Four - Politely Speaking
* Lesson Five - Saying Goodbye

### Reference
#### Grammar

* Definite and Indefinite Articles
* Number
* Pronouns
* TO BE in the Present Tense
* Possessive Pronouns and Suffixes
* Past tense
* Present tense
* Future tense
* Nouns
* Adjectives

#### Vocabulary

* Family
* Cardinal numbers
* Commons phrases
* Some words with example sentences

#### Phrasebook

* Greetings
* Getting Acquainted
# Bartending/Alcohol/Chocolate liqueur
## Ashanti Gold

    Origin: Denmark, produced and bottled by Peter F. Heering A.S
    Flavor: Chocolate
    Appearance: brandywine
    56 proof 750 ml

## Godiva Chocolate Liqueurs
### Godiva Dark Chocolate liqueur

NO LONGER PRODUCED
       17% ABV (34º proof)
       Origin: Belgium
       Flavor: Dark chocolate
       Appearance:

### Godiva Milk Chocolate liqueur

       15% ABV (30º proof)
       Origin: Belgium
       Flavor: White chocolate
       Appearance:

### Godiva White Chocolate liqueur

       15% ABV (30º proof)
       Origin: Belgium
       Flavor: White chocolate
       Appearance:

### Godiva Capuccino liqueur

       15% ABV (30º proof)
       Origin: Belgium
       Flavor: Chocolate, coffee, steamed milk
       Appearance: cafe latte

## Mozart Chocolate Liqueurs
### Mozart Black Chocolate Liqueur

       17% ABV (34º proof)
       Origin: Austria
       Flavor: bittersweet chocolate
       Appearance: brandywine

### Mozart White Chocolate Liqueur

       15% ABV (30º proof)
       Origin: Austria
       Flavor: chocolate, vanilla, caramel and cream
       Appearance: chocolate milk

### Mozart Gold Chocolate Liqueur

       17% ABV (34º proof)
       Origin: Austria
       Flavor: chocolate and cream
       Appearance: coffee with a touch of cream

### Amadé Chocorange Liqueur

       17% ABV (34º proof)
       Origin: Austria
       Flavor: chocolate, vanilla and orange
       Appearance:

## Sabra liqueur

       27% ABV (34º proof)
       Origin: Israel
       Flavor: chocolate orange
       Appearance:

## Vandermint

       26% ABV (52º proof)
       Origin: Holland
       Flavor: Chocolate mint
       Appearance: Opaque dark brown - Cola-like

## Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur

       17% ABV (34º proof}
       Origin: Holland
       Flavor: Chocolate and cream
       Appearance: Chocolate milk
# Canadian Criminal Procedure and Practice

This book is a reference for practitioners, police officers, and law students who need a convenient way to look up legislation, principles, and case law. The reader is assumed to already have a knowledge of criminal law.
There is no guarantee whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the information provided in this or any other companion text. Nothing here should be taken as legal advice.
For recent developments on these series of books see News on Canadian Criminal Law series.
CAUTION: this wikibook ceased active development in 2012. A more up-to-date branch of this text can be found at http://criminalnotebook.ca.

## Contents

* Introduction

### Police Investigation

* Arrest and Detention
** Investigative Detention
** Warrant Arrests
** Warrantless Arrests
** Arrest Procedure
*** Right to Counsel
** Exclusion of Evidence
** Waiver of Charter Rights
* Search and Seizure
** Rights against Search and Seizure
** Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
** Warrantless Searches
*** Search by Consent
*** Search Incident to Detention
*** Search Incident to Arrest
*** Search for Abandoned Property
*** Search in Plain View
*** Exigent Circumstances
** Warrant Searches
*** Execution of Warrants
** Types of Search Warrants
*** Bodily Samples
*** Wiretaps
*** CDSA Warrants
*** Foreign Warrants
** Seizure of Property
** Exclusion of Evidence
** Waiver of Charter Rights

### Counsel

* Role of the Crown and Defence
* Disclosure
** Third Party Records
** Demand for Particulars
** Production Orders

### Court Proceedings

* Jurisdiction
* Types of Offences
** Election
* Informations and Indictments
** Charges
* Pleas
* Pre-Trial and Trial Motions
** Case Management Hearings
** Applications and Motions Procedure
** Adjournments
** Public and Media Restrictions
** Change of Venue
** Withdraw and Dismissal of Charges
** Stay of Proceedings
*** Delay of Proceedings
** Peace Bonds
** Mandamus, Certiorari, and Prohibition
** Habeas Corpus
** Challenging Legislation
** Costs
* Preliminary Inquiry
* Trials
** Trial Process
** Representation at Trial
** Accused at Trial
** Opening and Closing Submissions
** Calling of Witnesses
** Examinations
** Role of Trial Judge
** Juries
*** Selection
*** Instructions
** Weighing Evidence
** Verdicts
* Appeals
** Indictable Offence Appeals
** Summary Offence Appeals
** Standard of Review
* Mental Illness
** Fitness to Stand Trial
** Not Criminally Responsible

### Appendix

* Readings
* Cases
* Search Warrant Chart
* Motions Chart
* Re-Elections Table
* Model Examinations
# Canadian Criminal Procedure and Practice/Appendix/Model Examinations
## Bail

* Canadian Criminal Procedure and Practice/Model Examinations/Bail Hearing
* Canadian Criminal Procedure and Practice/Model Examinations/Variations

## Charter Application

* Canadian Criminal Procedure and Practice/Model Examinations/Right to Counsel

## See Also

* Canadian Criminal Law/Appendix/Model Examinations
* Canadian Criminal Evidence/Model Examinations
# Calculus/Kinematics
## Introduction

Kinematics or the study of motion is a very relevant topic in calculus.
If $x$ is the position of some moving object, and $t$ is time, this section uses the following conventions:
* $x(t)$ is its position function
* $v(t)=x'(t)$ is its velocity function
* $a(t)=x''(t)$ is its acceleration function

## Differentiation
### Average Velocity and Acceleration

Average velocity and acceleration problems use the algebraic definitions of velocity and acceleration.
* $v_{\rm {avg}}={\frac {\Delta x}{\Delta t}}$
* $a_{\rm {avg}}={\frac {\Delta v}{\Delta t}}$

#### Examples

Example 1:
* Find the average velocity over the interval $[2,7]$ :
    $v_{\rm {avg}}$ $={\frac {x(7)-x(2)}{7-2}}$ $={\frac {252-2}{5}}$ $=50$

### Instantaneous Velocity and Acceleration

Instantaneous velocity and acceleration problems use the derivative definitions of velocity and acceleration.
* $v(t)={\frac {dx}{dt}}$
* $a(t)={\frac {dv}{dt}}$

#### Examples

Example 2:
* Find $v(t)={\frac {ds}{dt}}$ .
    ${\frac {ds}{dt}}=12t^{2}+e^{t}$
* Find $a(t)={\frac {dv}{dt}}={\frac {d^{2}s}{dt^{2}}}$ .
    ${\frac {d^{2}s}{dt^{2}}}=24t+e^{t}$
* Find $a(3)={\frac {d^{2}s}{dt^{2}}}{\bigg |}_{t=3}$
    ${\frac {d^{2}s}{dt^{2}}}{\bigg |}_{t=3}$ $=24(3)+e^{3}$ $=72+e^{3}$ $=92.08553692\dots$

## Integration

* $x_{2}-x_{1}=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}v(t)dt$
* $v_{2}-v_{1}=\int \limits _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}a(t)dt$
Navigation:
Main Page · Precalculus · Limits · Differentiation · Integration · Parametric and Polar Equations · Sequences and Series · Multivariable Calculus · Extensions · References
This page or section of Calculus is a stub. You can help Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Calculus/L'Hôpital's rule/Solutions
## L'Hôpital's rule Solutions

$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {x+\tan x}{\sin x}}$
$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {1+\sec ^{2}x}{\cos x}}=\mathbf {2}$
$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {1+\sec ^{2}x}{\cos x}}=\mathbf {2}$
$\lim _{x\to \pi }{\frac {x-\pi }{\sin x}}$
$\lim _{x\to \pi }{\frac {1}{\cos x}}=\mathbf {-1}$
$\lim _{x\to \pi }{\frac {1}{\cos x}}=\mathbf {-1}$
$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {\sin 3x}{\sin 4x}}$
$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {3\cos(3x)}{4\cos(4x)}}=\mathbf {\frac {3}{4}}$
$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {3\cos(3x)}{4\cos(4x)}}=\mathbf {\frac {3}{4}}$
$\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {x^{5}}{e^{5x}}}$
${\begin{aligned}\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5x^{4}}{5e^{5x}}}&=\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5\cdot 4x^{3}}{5^{2}e^{5x}}}\\&=\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5\cdot 4\cdot 3x^{2}}{5^{3}e^{5x}}}\\&=\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5\cdot 4\cdot 3\cdot 2x}{5^{4}e^{5x}}}\\&=\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5\cdot 4\cdot 3\cdot 2\cdot 1}{5^{5}e^{5x}}}\\&=\mathbf {0} \end{aligned}}$
${\begin{aligned}\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5x^{4}}{5e^{5x}}}&=\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5\cdot 4x^{3}}{5^{2}e^{5x}}}\\&=\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5\cdot 4\cdot 3x^{2}}{5^{3}e^{5x}}}\\&=\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5\cdot 4\cdot 3\cdot 2x}{5^{4}e^{5x}}}\\&=\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {5\cdot 4\cdot 3\cdot 2\cdot 1}{5^{5}e^{5x}}}\\&=\mathbf {0} \end{aligned}}$
$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {\tan x-x}{\sin x-x}}$
$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {\sec ^{2}x-1}{\cos x-1}}=\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {2\sec x\cos ^{-2}x\sin x}{-\sin x}}=\mathbf {-2}$
$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {\sec ^{2}x-1}{\cos x-1}}=\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {2\sec x\cos ^{-2}x\sin x}{-\sin x}}=\mathbf {-2}$
Navigation:
Main Page · Precalculus · Limits · Differentiation · Integration · Parametric and Polar Equations · Sequences and Series · Multivariable Calculus · Extensions · References
# Calculus/Limits

2.1 An Introduction to Limits
2.2 Finite Limits
2.3 Infinite Limits
2.4 Continuity
2.5 Formal Definition of the Limit
2.6 Proofs of Some Basic Limit Rules
2.7 Exercises
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Main Page · Precalculus · Limits · Differentiation · Integration · Parametric and Polar Equations · Sequences and Series · Multivariable Calculus · Extensions · References
# Canadian Criminal Evidence/Judicial Notice
## General Principles

A Judge accept something as fact thereby exempting the requirement to present evidence to establish the fact where:
* the fact is so notorious or generally accepted as not to be the subject of debate among reasonable persons; or
* the fact is capable of immediate and accurate demonstration by resort to readily accessible sources of indisputable accuracy
The improper taking of judicial notice is reviewed as a misapprehension of evidence.
* ↑ R. v. Potts, (1982), 66 C.C.C. (2d) 219 (Ont. C.A.) J. Sopinka, S. N. Lederman and A. W. Bryant, The Law of Evidence in Canada (2nd ed. 1999), at p. 1055 R. v. Find, 2001 SCC 32, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 863, 2001 SCC 32 at para 48 R v Williams 1998 CanLII 782, (1998) 124 CCC (3d) 481 at p. 489 R. v. Spence, 2005 SCC 71, [2005] 3 S.C.R. 458, at para. 53
* ↑ R. v. Charles, 2013 BCSC 23 (CanLII) at para. 36

## Permissible Examples of Judicial Notice

Wikipedia or similar sites to not necessarily contain accurate information to take judicial notice fact.
The judge may access the internet in order to consult with online maps such as Google maps.
Use of the internet by the trial judge to consult commercial information, conduct outside of the courtroom is not appropriate.
A judge may take judicial notice that cell phone was within a general vicinity of a cell tower recording a signal from the phone and that a travel route can be estimated based on the records of several towers. The court may also find as fact that a call from a cell phone is likely to register at the tower closest to the caller without taking expert evidence.
* ↑ R. v. Balen, 2012 ONSC 2209 (CanLII) at 61
* ↑ R v Calvert, 2011 ONCA 379 at 2-8
* ↑ Generally: United States of America v. Saad 2004 CanLII 9931 (ON CA), (2004), 183 C.C.C. (3d) 97 (Ont. C.A.), at p. 110 (leave to appeal refused, [2004] S.C.C.A. No. 232) Ardoch Algonquin First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2003), 311 N.R. 180 (F.C.A.), at para. 16 AstraZeneca Canada Ltd. v. Apotex Inc. 2003 FCA 487 (CanLII), (2003), 30 C.P.R. (4th) 431 (F.C.A.), at paras. 6-14 R. v. Whittaker 2001 ABQB 873 (CanLII), (2001), 301 A.R. 136 (Q.B.), at para. 25
* ↑ R v Ranger 2010 ONCA 759 (CanLII)
* ↑ R. v. Hamilton, 2011 ONCA 399 (CanLII), 271 C.C.C. (3d) 208, at paras. 259, 277, and 279 Any more precise triangulation may require expert opinion, see Hamilton, at para. 280; Ranger at para. 17

## Impermissible Facts of Judicial Notice

It is impermissible to take judicial notice of the following:
* A person can "only obtain a drug stronger than Extra Strength Tylenol with a prescription".
* ↑ R. v. Charles, 2013 BCSC 23 (CanLII) at para. 33
# Canadian Criminal Evidence/Model Examinations
## Voir Dire

* Canadian Criminal Evidence/Model Examinations/Voluntariness Voir Dire
* Hearsay Voir Dire
* Canadian Criminal Evidence/Model Examinations/Exhibits

## Expert Evidence

* Canadian Criminal Evidence/Model Examinations/Fire Experts

## See Also

* Canadian Criminal Law/Appendix/Model Examinations
* Canadian_Criminal_Procedure_and_Practice/Appendix/Model_Examinations
# Canadian Criminal Evidence/Introduction
## Preface

This text was written as a reference on the law of evidence in criminal law. The audience for this text will be mostly criminal law practitioners, police officers, and law students, who need a convenient way to look up principles and case law. Where possible there are links to cited cases on CanLII for ease of reference.

## Organization of the Book

This book is set out in three sections. First section covers the basic elements that make up the rules of evidence, such as basis for accepting evidence, burdens and standards of proof, as well as shortcuts to proof.
The second section cover the types of evidence the law recognizes. Specifically, oral, document or real evidence. These chapters cover the requirements for these types of evidence to be accepted into evidence, including competency of witnesses and authentication of certain types of evidence.
The final section covers the many rules that limit or exclude evidence. This includes a variety of principles from opinion evidence, character evidence, hearsay, admissions, and privilege.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. f3

Can also be reached via 1. e4 e5 2. f3 Nf6 3. Bc4 or 1. f3 Nf6 2. e4 e5 3. Bc4.

## Bishop's Opening: Walkerling
### 3. f3?!

The Walkerling variation of the Bishop's Opening is a chess opening that begins with the moves 1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6 3. f3!?. This move is considered an obvious error by chess experts, as it weakens White's pawn structure and hinders the development of the king's knight, as well as weakening the kingside.
Black's main options are:
   * 3...Bc5 develops the bishop to an active square that attacks f2.
   * 3...Nc6 aims to activate both knights to active squares and control the center.
   * 3...d5 strikes back in the center and fights for a lead in development, which black already has.
    However, Black cannot play 3...Nxe4?, aiming to win a rook with 4...Qh4+, because white simply has 5. Kf1!, simply being up a piece.
1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6 3. f3?!
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. f3/3...d5/4. exd5/4...Qxd5
## Bishop's Opening: Walkerling, Main Line
### 4...Qxd5??

This move blunders the queen for no reason and is mostly played in fun games to look funny. After 5. Bxd5, Stockfish likes: 5...Nxd5 6. Nc3 Be6 7. Nh3 Nc6 8. O-O h5 9. Ng5 O-O-O 10. Nxe6 fxe6 11. d3 h4 12. Nxd5 Rxd5 13. Be3 h3 14. gxh3 Rxh3 15. c3 Bd6 16. Rf2 Kb8 17. Qe2 Ne7 18. b4 e4 19. dxe4 Rdh5 20. f4 Rh6 21. e5 Bxb4 22. cxb4 Nf5 23. Rd1 Rh8 24. Bc5 Re8 25. Qc4 Rhh8 26. Rfd2 Nh4 27. Rd7 Rc8 28. Qe4 Rhg8 29. b5 g5 30. fxg5 Rh8 31. Bf2 Ng6 32. Qxg6 with a forced mate in 9 for white!
1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6 3. f3!? d5! 4. exd5 Qxd5??