OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction to Physical Science/Chapter 1
## Chapter One

This Chapter is built to guide you through the most direct basics of what is contained in this course. To continue beyond this point you will need a "lab notebook." This can be any type of small notebook that can contain all the parts of the experiments done in this course. In the first section you will learn all about the different methods used to record lab data and procedures. This knowledge can then be used to record all future experiments in your lab notebook. You will also need the following materials for this chapter

### Material List

Notebook Pencil Graduated Cylinder (100 ml) Balance (Equal arm, Tri Arm, not Electronic) Mass Standards (If Using an Equal-Arm Balance)
# Basic Formula
## Volume

Cube=E^3
Rectangular Prisim=L*W*H
Sphere=4/3π*R^3
Triangular Prisim=(1/2B)H
Cylinder=(πR^2)H
Cone=1/3(πR^2)H
Pyramid=B*H*1/3 (where "B" equals the area of the base)

## Other Useful Mathematics

In trigonometry the acronym SOH CAH TOA represents:

## Properties

Concentration=M/100cm^3 (Mass of the Solute per 100 cm$^3$ of solution)
Density=D=M/V
# Introduction to Physical Science/Authors
## Main Authors

--Basejumper123, Founding Author--Ben Mitchell; MA, USA, 01966
--J.M.Pearce (talk)
--Jayreimer Current teacher (2012) building this text for grade 9 course at Dalat International School, Malaysia.

## Contributors

During the Spring Semester of 2008, students in Clarion University's Physical Science 112 course will be contributing problems and solutions in different sections in the IPS book. These users can be found here
# Introduction To Physical Science Bible
## Authors

Welcome to the IPS project. Before you start writing it would be a good idea to read this guide and get aquainted with the point and audience for this book. This guide is written as a general reference and is, of course, not scripture but it is how the project should genneraly conducted. If you disagree with anything is this guide, I request that you ask the other contributors in the discussion page before changing it to make sure that there is an agreement. Again, welcome to the project and I hope we can all strive to make this a productive experience. --Basejumper123

## Purpose

* To serve as a one year course in IPS (introductory physical sicence)
* To effectively educate through
** Critical Thinking
** Answering Questions
** Hands-On Work
** Gradual Assesment
* To serve as a complete teacher resource including
** Homework
** Worksheets
** Questions and Problems
** Assesments
* And to fully integrate these resources into the course.

## Following the Purpose

* Remember to ask before you tell
* Keep students fully involved by forcing them to read in order to answer the chapter questions.
* Order the text so that it logically explains the details of the subject

## Audience

* This book is targeted at
** 7th-9th graders who have already finished earth and life science
** Generally people ages 13-15
** People who generally need a highly structured learning environment
** The following help
*** Concice Points
*** Logical Procedure
*** Frequent References to previous learning
*** Frequent glossaries, word banks, examples
*** Resources to gain information on the information (expantion)
*** Diagrams
*** Real-Life Examples

# Formats

There are certain formats that should be followed in order to keep this book organized and logical. Keeping sections known will allow the readers of this book (7th-9th graders) to keep on point and will allow the teachers of this course to assign tasks by simply mentioning a section.

## Module Formatting

* Prose (text regarding the topic)
* Vocabulary
* Questions
** Covering the Reading (questions that check reading comprehension)
** Critical thinking (questions that ask the reader to built answers off what he has learned)
** Exploration (questions that ask the reader to take their learning further (like a small project)

## Discussion Formatting

* References
* Photo References
* Tasks
* Discussion
# Introduction to Physical Science/Energy
## Many Forms of Energy

By 9th grade (U.S. system) some students can identify potential energy (energy stored in objects due to their position - snow on a steep slope) and kinetic energy (displayed by snow when it breaks loose and an avalanche falls down the steep slope.) Some students recognize the heat is a form of energy as well. In fact, depending on the context of the discussion, students may identify many forms of energy, such as: Potential, Kinetic, Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Magnetic, Sound, Nuclear and so on.
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20
## Welcome

Hello and welcome to the Wikibook Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019–20.
This book is collaboratively written by students at University College London (UCL) taking the module 'Approaches to Knowledge', a first-year undergraduate course that forms part of the core of the Arts and Sciences degree programme.
The book is split into four sections, covering four common issues facing those conducting interdisciplinary work:
* History
* Truth
* Evidence
* Power
Each chapter explores how one of these issues might play out in an actual example of interdisciplinary work.
Potential readers may range from stakeholders in interdisciplinary education (e.g. educators or policy-makers) to students thinking of pursuing an interdisciplinary degree programme, either at UCL or elsewhere.
This book is a sequel to the Wikibook Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2018-19.
Any interested parties can contact the module convenors, James Everest and Lauren Bird, for further information. Contact details are available on the UCL Arts and Sciences departmental webpage.

## Contents
### History

* History of the Nuclear Family in Britain
* The issue of History in the 2013 - 2016 EVD epidemic
* The Issue of History in Wellbeing

### Truth

* Truth in Lie Detection through Neurolaw
* Truth in the Ted Bundy Case
* Truth in Free Will
* Truth in The Nanjing Massacre
* Truth in the Prison System
* Truth in the Formation of Social Groups
* Truth in Nazi Germany
* Truth in the Creation of the Universe
* Truth in Gender
* Truth in the treatment of hysteria: from ancient Greece to the end of the 19th century
* Truth in Abortion
* Interdisciplinary Depictions of Human Nature
* Truth in Cults
* Truth in Cambridge Analytica Scandal
* Truth in The Advertisement of Tobacco

### Evidence

* Evidence in Dreams' Significance
* Evidence in Religious Experience
* Evidence in the Causes of Homosexuality
* Evidence in the Afterlife
* Evidence in the Nature of Crime
* Evidence in Intermittent Fasting
* Evidence in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
* Evidence of the Vichy-Regime after World War Two
* Evidence: Is private school really better than public school?
* Evidence in Addiction

### Power

* Power in corporate aggregation
* Power in single-parent families
* Power in the impact of Pornography
* Power of the Unconscious in Decision Making
* Power and Pregnancy
* Power in Guilt
* Power in Blaxploitation Cinema
* Power Over Disney Princesses
* Power in Voluntourism
* Power in climate action
* Power in Film Production
* The Power of the Hijab
* Power in the United States Opioid Crisis
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Truth

* Issue: Truth
* Disciplines: Economics, psychology, philosophy
* Case study: Advertising for Black Friday on social media
# IB/Group 4/Project

Group 4 subjects are tougher when compared to subjects from other groups however are fun to do. They comprise of the sciences and are STEM based subjects.
# IB/Group 5/Mathematics/Higher

== Course content ==

### Algebra, functions, and equations

| Counting principles Exponents and logarithms Polynomials Algebraic structures The theory of functions | Transformation of graphs Sequences and series Binomial expansion Complex numbers Mathematical induction |

### Geometry

| Circular measure and trigonometric functions Trigonometric equations and identities Geometry of triangles and circles | Further trigonometry Vectors Lines and planes in space |

### Calculus

| Basic differentiation and its applications Basic integration and its applications Further differentiation methods | Further integration methods Further applications of calculus |

### Probability and statistics

| Summarising data Probability | Discrete probability distributions Continuous distributions |

### Options

| Statistics and probability Sets, relations and groups | Calculus Discrete mathematics |

## Supplementary

| Exams Examination information Past papers | Glossaries Glossary of terminology Glossary of proofs |
# IB/Group 5

The Group 5 (or Mathematics) subjects of the IB Diploma Programme consist of four different mathematics courses

## Subjects

Further Mathematics Higher Level
Higher Mathematics Level
Standard Mathematics Level
Mathematical Studies Standard Level
# IB/Group 5/Mathematics/Higher/Algebra, functions, and equations

| Counting principles Exponents and logarithms Polynomials Algebraic structures The theory of functions | Transformation of graphs Sequences and series Binomial expansion Complex numbers Mathematical induction |
# IB/Group 4/Computer Science/System Fundamentals
## Table of Contents

1.1 Systems in Organisations
1.2 System Design Basics
# ID Board Review/Fungi

Fungi account for 5% of the ABIM ID Certification Exam. Based off the ABIM blueprint, therapies, specific diagnostic testing and syndromes may be emphasized more than Bacterial or Viral Diseases.

## Yeasts

* Candida spp
* Cryptococcus
* Other yeasts
** Trichosporon
** Saccharomyces

## Endemic mycoses

* Histoplasma
* Blastomyces dermatitidis
* Coccidioides spp
** Coccidioides immitis
** Coccidioides posadasii
* Sporothrix schenckii
* Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
* Talaromyces marneffei (Previously Penicillium marneffei)

## Molds

* Hyaline Molds
** Aspergillus spp
* Agents of Zygomycosis (mucormycosis)
* Dematiaceous Molds
** Bipolaris
** Exophiala
** Others:Scedosporium apiospermum/Pseudallescheria Boydii

## Superficial and subcutaneous mycoses

* Mycetoma
* Chromoblastomycosis
* Malassezia
* Dermatophytes

## Therapy

* Pharmacokinetics
* Drug interactions
* Spectrum
* Toxicity
* Prophylaxis
* Susceptibility testing
* Drug resistance

## Diagnostic testing

* Histopathology
* Culture
* Nonculture methods

## Syndromes

* Mucosal
* Skin
* Pulmonary
* Central nervous system and eyes
* Cardiac
* Disseminated
* ↑ https://www.abim.org/Media/mucpauyz/infectious-disease.pdf
# ID Board Review/Endemic Areas

This page is dedicated to help build differentials in part based on endemic areas and travel. Areas are organized by continent.
Because the ABIM Certification Exam is designed for physicians in the United States, special attention is paid to the regional geography of the U.S.A.
# ID Board Review/Contributions

This page is to help keep organized different large-scale contributions e.g. adding imaging, sections, etc.
Authors and Their Contributions :
| Full Name | Credentials | Username (optional) | Contributions |
| Glenn Hudson Beard | MD | BeardMD | Developed book's overall organization Set up page templates |
# Italian/Vocabulary/Animals

* l'anatra = the duck
* l'asino = the donkey
* la balena = the whale
* il cammello = the camel
* il cagnolino = the puppy
* il cane = the dog
* il canguro = the kangaroo
* il cavallo = the horse
* il cervo = the deer
* il cigno = the swan
* il coccodrillo = the crocodile
* il coniglio = the rabbit
* l'elefante = the elephant
* la farfalla = the butterfly
* la formica = the ant
* la gallina = the hen
* il gatto = the cat
* il gattino = the kitten
* il ghepardo = the cheetah
* la giraffa = the giraffe
* il leone = the lion
* il lupo = the wolf
* il maiale = the pig
* la mosca = the fly
* la mucca = the cow
* l'orso (m) = the bear
* la pecora = the sheep
* il pesce = the fish
* il pollo = the chicken
* la rana = the frog
* il rinoceronte = the rhino
* il rospo = the toad
* la scimmia = the monkey
* lo scoiattolo = the squirrel
* il serpente = the snake
* lo squalo = the shark
* lo struzzo = the ostrich
* la tartaruga = the turtle
* la tigre = the tiger
* il topo = the mouse
* il toro = the bull
* il tricheco = the walrus
* l'uccello = the bird
* la mucca = the cow
* la volpe = the fox
* la zanzara = the mosquito
* la zebra = the zebra
* l'animale domestico = the pet
# Hardware

* il computer
* il mouse
* il monitor
* lo schermo monitor
* il modem
* lo scanner
* la stampante printer
* il disco disk, disc
* il dischetto diskette
* il masterizzatore CD/DVD burner

# Software

* il programma program
* il file
* la directory
* la cartella folder
* il filesystem
* il sistema operativo operating system
* il compilatore compiler
* l'editor
* il word processor
* il foglio elettronico spreadsheet
* il browser

# Interface

* l'interfaccia grafica graphical interface
* la console
* il comando command
* la finestra window
* la finestra di dialogo dialog window
* il menu
* il pulsante button
* la barra di scorrimento scrollbar
* il puntatore pointer
* il cursore cursor
* le impostazioni settings
# Italian/Vocabulary/Day and Month

Days
* lunedì Monday
* martedì Tuesday
* mercoledì Wednesday
* giovedì Thursday
* venerdì Friday
* sabato Saturday
* domenica Sunday
* weekend / fine settimana Weekend
Months
* gennaio January
* febbraio February
* marzo March
* aprile April
* maggio May
* giugno June
* luglio July
* agosto August
* settembre September
* ottobre October
* novembre November
* dicembre December
NB. Remember that in Italian days of the week and months are written in lower case except when used at the start of a sentence. The week starts on Monday.
# Italian/Vocabulary/Adjectives

Aggettivi Adjectives

## Colors

See Italian/Vocabulary/Colors

## Size

* alto = tall
* basso = short (in height)
* grande = big
* piccolo = small
* lungo = long (length or duration)
* magro = thin
* snello = slender
* grasso = fat
* minuto = minuscule
* enorme = emormous
* gigante = gigantic

## Personality

* orgoglioso = proud
* antipatico = antipatic
* simpatico = nice, pleasant
* bugiardo = liar
* onesto = honest
* audace = bold
* timido = shy
* energico = zippy
* pigro = lazy
* stressato = stressed
* rilassato = relaxed
* gentile = kind
* buono = good
* cattivo = bad
* felice = happy
* contento = joyful
* triste = sad
* allegro = jolly
* amorevole = all-loving
* fortunato = lucky
* sfortunato = unlucky

## Appearance

* bello = pretty
* brutto = ugly
* castano = brown
* biondo = blonde
* rosso = red
* riccio = curly
* liscio = straight
# Italian/Vocabulary/Common phrases

| Translation | Phrase | IPA | Pronunciation | Audio |
| Italian | italiano | /i.ta.ˈlja.no/ | (ee-tah-lee-AN-oh) | (listen) |
| hello | ciao | /ˈʧa.o/ | (chah-oh) | (listen) |
| good-bye | arrivederci | /a.rːi.ve.ˈder.ʧi/ | (a-ree-veh-DARE-chee) | (listen) |
| please | per favore | /per fa.ˈvo.re/ | (pehr fa-VOAR-ay) | (listen) |
| thank you | grazie | /ˈgra.tsje/ | (GRATS-yeh) | (listen) |
| that one | quello | /ˈkwe.lːo/ | (KWEL-low) (masculine) | (listen) |
| | quella | /ˈkwe.lːa/ | (KWEL-lah) (feminine) | (listen) |
| how much? | quanto | /ˈkwan.to/ | (KWAN-tow) | (listen) |
| English | inglese | /iŋ.ˈglɛ.ze/ | (in-GLEH-zeh) | (listen) |
| yes | sì | /si/ | (see) | (listen) |
| no | no | /no/ | (no) | (listen) |
| sorry | scusa | /ˈsku.za/ | (SKOO-za) | (listen) |
| | scusi | /ˈsku.zi/ | (SKOO-zee) (polite treatment) | (listen) |
| I don’t understand | non capisco | /noŋ ka.ˈpis.ko/ | (non kah pee skoh) | (listen) |
| where's the bathroom? | dov'è il bagno? | /do.ˈvɛ il ˈba.ɲːo/ | (doe VEH eel bah nyoh) | (listen) |
| generic toast | salute | /sa.ˈlu.te/ | (sall-OO-teh) | (listen) |
| | cincin | /ʧin.ˈʧin/ | (cheen cheen) | (listen) |
| Do you speak English? | Parla inglese? (formal) | /'par.la iŋ.glɛ.ze/ | (Par-lah een-gleh-zeh) | (listen) |
# Italian/Vocabulary/Clothes

* l'abito = the suit (man's)
* l'anello = the ring
* il berretto = the cap
* il braccialetto = the bracelet
* le bretelle the braces (UK) or the suspenders (US)
* le calze = the stockings
* la calzamaglia = the tights
* i calzini = the socks
* la camicetta = the blouse
* la camicia = the shirt
* la camicia da notte = the nightdress
* la cappa = the cape
* il cappello = the hat
* il cappotto = the coat
* la cintura = the belt
* la collana = the necklace
* il colletto = the collar
* il completo = the suit (woman's)
* il costume da bagno = the bathing costume
* la cravatta = the tie
* il fazzoletto = the handkerchief
* la giacca = the jacket
* la gonna = the skirt
* il guanto = the glove
* l'impermeabile = the raincoat
* gli indumenti = the clothes
* i lacci per le scarpe = the shoelaces
* la maglietta = the T-shirt
* la manica = the sleeve
* le mutande = the underpants
* le mutandine = the knickers
* il nastro = the ribbon
* gli occhiali da sole = the sunglasses
* gli orecchini = the earrings
* i pantaloni = the trousers
* le pantofole = the slippers
* il pigiama = the pyjamas
* il reggiseno = the bra, brassiere
* i sandali = the sandals
* le scarpe = the shoes
* la sciarpa = the scarf
* il soprabito = the overcoat
* la sottoveste = the petticoat
* gli stivali = the boots
* la tasca = the pocket
* l'uniforme = the uniform
* la vestaglia the dressing gown or the robe
* il vestito = the dress
# Italian/Vocabulary/Colors

In Italian, some color adjectives are invariable, meaning they do not change according to the gender or number of the noun they modify. This is usually for colors that are also the names of objects of that color. For example, "viola" (purple) is also the word for the flower, so it does not change when used as an adjective.
    Quella casa è viola.
    That house is purple.
| English | Italian | Variable/Invariable | Listen |
| The color | Il colore | | |
| White | Bianco | Variable | bianco Listen to 'bianco' |
| Black | Nero | Variable | nero Listen to 'nero' |
| Red | Rosso | Variable | rosso Listen to 'rosso' |
| Pink | Rosa | Invariable | rosa Listen to 'rosa' |
| Yellow | Giallo | Variable | giallo Listen to 'giallo' |
| Blue | Blu | Invariable | blu Listen to 'blu' |
| Light blue | Azzurro | Variable | azzurro Listen to 'azzurro' |
| Sky blue | Celeste | Variable | celeste Listen to 'celeste' |
| Turquoise | Turchese | Variable | |
| Navy blue | Blu marino | Invariable | |
| Green | Verde | Variable | verde Listen to 'verde' |
| Purple | Viola | Invariable | viola Listen to 'viola' |
| Orange | Arancione | Variable | arancione Listen to 'arancione' |
| Brown | Marrone | Variable | marrone Listen to 'marrone' |
| Grey | Grigio | Variable | grigio Listen to 'grigio' |
| Silver | Argento, Argentato | Invariable (Argento), Variable (Argentato) | |
| Gold | Oro, Dorato | Invariable (Oro), Variable (Dorato) | |
| Light | Chiaro | Variable | |
| Dark | Scuro | Variable | |
| Bright | Luminoso, Brillante | Variable | |
| Phosphorescent | Fosforescente | Variable | |
| Intense | Intenso | Variable | |
| Cyan | Ciano | Invariable | |
| Indigo | Indaco | Invariable | |
| Violet | Violetto | Variable | |
| Magenta | Magenta | Invariable | |
| Beige | Beige | Invariable | |
| Olive | Oliva | Invariable | |
| Teal | Turchese Scuro | Variable | |
| Lime | Lime | Invariable | |
# Indonesian/Lessons/The house

| ( v • d • e ) | Indonesian Language Course | (discussion) |
| Learning the Indonesian Language • Downloadable and Print Versions Lessons • Grammar • Appendices • Texts • About • Q&A • Planning Introductory •  Level One •  Level Two •  Level Three •  Level Four |||
^ Indonesian ^ | << Lesson 8: My Family | Lesson 9: My Home | Lesson 10: At School >>
Lessons
Information • Introductory • Print Versions • Q&A • Planning
Basic:  Learning Indonesian • The Alphabet • Greetings • This and that • Pronouns • Simple Sentences • Numbers • Rainbow • Prepositions
Beginner:  Introducing Yourself • My Body • My Family • My Home • At School • At Work • To the Market • What Time is it? • Happy Birthday! • Going to Bali
Expert:  Me and you • Slang language • Money • Transportation
# Indonesian/Lessons/Time

| ( v • d • e ) | Indonesian Language Course | (discussion) |
| Learning the Indonesian Language • Downloadable and Print Versions Lessons • Grammar • Appendices • Texts • About • Q&A • Planning Introductory •  Level One •  Level Two •  Level Three •  Level Four |||
* Pukul berapa? -What time is it? (formal)
* Jam berapa? - What time is it? (informal)
Tepat waktu - on time.
Indonesia uses 24-hour time format, so use pukul 20 instead of 8 pm. Because Indonesia is so large there are three time zones: West: Sumatra, Java and surroundings (Waktu Indonesia Barat <WIB>); Central: Bali and surroundings (Waktu Indonesia Tengah<WITA>); and East: Papua and surroundings (Waktu Indonesia Timur <WIT>). Each zone differs from the next by 1 hour. In spoken indonesian, 12 hour format is prefer to use and adding the time indicator after it.
| Kata (Word) | Arti (Meaning) | Waktu / Kondisi (Time / Condition) |
| Pagi | morning | Sun is already risen, but before 10am. |
| Siang | noon | Around noon. Usually 10am-2pm. |
| Sore | afternoon | Sun is still up, but after 2pm. |
| Malam | night | Sun must have set. |
| Dini hari | midnight | Rare to use, usually occur in movie or TV schedule |
| Subuh | dawn | around 3-5 am. Rare, usually to express "it is too early" |
Examples:
* 6.00 am = 6:00 pagi
* 11.00 am = 11:00 siang
* 6.00 pm = 6:00 sore
* 11.00 pm = 11:00 malam
"Jam" ("lit. clock") or "at time", often added before the time (e.g "pukul 6 pagi" means at 6 am) In written Indonesian, the 24-hour format is used.

## Minutes

To say minutes, first, you say "the hours" then "kurang/lebih" (lit. less/more) then "the minutes". examples:
* 6.11 = enam lebih sebelas (lit. six more eleven <minutes>)
* 11.54 = duabelas kurang enam (lit. twelve less six <minutes>)
use only if the minutes not more or less than 15 minutes, see below.
use the word "setengah" to say half-hour
examples:
* 6.30 = setengah tujuh (lit. half seven)
* 11.30 = setengah dua belas (lit. half twelve)
* 2.31 = setengah tiga lebih satu (lit. half three more one <minute>)
* 4.25 = setengah lima kurang lima (lit. half five less five <minutes>)
* 6.16 = setengah tujuh kurang empat belas (lit. half seven less fourteen <minutes>)
Lessons
Information • Introductory • Print Versions • Q&A • Planning
Basic:  Learning Indonesian • The Alphabet • Greetings • This and that • Pronouns • Simple Sentences • Numbers • Rainbow • Prepositions
Beginner:  Introducing Yourself • My Body • My Family • My Home • At School • At Work • To the Market • What Time is it? • Happy Birthday! • Going to Bali
Expert:  Me and you • Slang language • Money • Transportation
# Indonesian/Lessons/Weather

| ( v • d • e ) | Indonesian Language Course | (discussion) |
| Learning the Indonesian Language • Downloadable and Print Versions Lessons • Grammar • Appendices • Texts • About • Q&A • Planning Introductory •  Level One •  Level Two •  Level Three •  Level Four |||

## Cuaca (Weather)

* Cerah = Sunny
* Sinar Matahari = Sunshine
* Mendung/Berawan = Cloudy (awan = cloud)
* Berkabut = Foggy (kabut = fog)
* Hujan = Rain
* Hujan Deras = Heavy Rain
* Hujan Sedang = Moderate Rain
* Gerimis = Drizzle
* Berangin = Windy (angin = wind)
* Badai = Storm
* Petir = Lightning
* Guntur = Thunder
* Salju = Snow
* Panas = Hot
* Dingin = Cold
* Hangat = Warm
* Sejuk = Mild, Cool
* Suhu = Temperature
* Derajat = Degrees
* Basah = Wet
* Kering = Dry

## Season (Musim)

* Musim Panas = Summer
* Musim Dingin = Winter
* Musim Semi = Spring
* Musim Gugur = Autumn
* Musim Hujan = Rainy season
* Musim Kemarau = Dry season
As one of equatorial country, Indonesia only has two seasons: musim hujan and musim kemarau.
Lessons
Information • Introductory • Print Versions • Q&A • Planning
Basic:  Learning Indonesian • The Alphabet • Greetings • This and that • Pronouns • Simple Sentences • Numbers • Rainbow • Prepositions
Beginner:  Introducing Yourself • My Body • My Family • My Home • At School • At Work • To the Market • What Time is it? • Happy Birthday! • Going to Bali
Expert:  Me and you • Slang language • Money • Transportation