# The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix I: Paleographic Features
## an

Paleographical feature: {_a}.
Details: a-tittle: line or double curve of abbreviation, tittle or tilde over a, often indicating omitted n or m.

## de

Paleographical feature {d,}.
Details: d with a descending hook, sometimes abbreviating de but more often otiose (Petti, p. 23).

## en

Paleographical feature {_e}. Details: e-tittle: line or double curve of abbreviation, tittle or tilde over e, often indicating en or em.

## es

Paleographical feature {es}. Details: so-called swash e, a form for terminal es, is, or ys with looped descender (Petti, p. 23).

## ger

Paleographical feature {g'}. Details: g with ascending stroke hooking backwards over the letter.

## gra

Paleographical feature {gA}. Details: g with a curled or flourished u or a, sometimes only a serrated line, written above g and standing normally for gra.

## in

Paleographical feature {_i}. Details: i-tittle: line or double curve of abbreviation, tittle or tilde over i, often indicating omitted n or m.

## ion

Paleographical feature {_on}. Details: on-tittle or ou-tittle: line or double curve of abbreviation, tittle or tilde over on or ou, often abbreviating ion or ioun, (Petti, p. 23) or ascending curl (Petti 22-3).

## mar

Paleographical feature {m'}. Details: m with final raised hook often standing for mer, mar.

## ne

Paleographical feature {n'}. Details: n with final raised hook often standing for omitted er and other times for ne, in which case the mark is generally otiose (Petti, p. 24).

## on

Paleographical feature {_o}. Details: o-tittle: line or double curve of abbreviation, tittle or tilde over o , sometimes indicating omitted i, y, n, or m.

## our

Paleographical feature {o+r+}. Details: shortened from our.

## pri

Paleographical feature {p`}. Details: p with a superscript stroke like an opening quotation or i, infrequently abbreviating pri (Petti, p. 24).

## pre

Paleographical feature {p'}. Details: p with a superscript hook, often standing for pre (Petti, p. 24).

## per

Paleographical feature {p+}. Details: p with cross bar through descender, often standing for par or per (Petti, p. 24) or por (Cappelli xxx).

## per

Paleographical feature {p1}. Details: p with convex curl (frown) through descender, made to the left and down and around through the shaft towards the right, often standing for par and per.

## pro

Paleographical feature {p2}. later Details: p with a loop made from the base-line to the left and down to meet the midpoint of the descender, either not crossing it to make a convex or concave curl or crossing it; normally standing for pro.

## pro

Paleographical feature {p3}. Details: p with concave curl (smile) through descender, made from the bottom up to the left and around through the shaft towards right, often standing for pro (the bottom half of 0 is concave, like an o with a tail given a quarter counterclockwise turn ).

## quod

Paleographical feature {q+d+}. Details: double-letter abbreviation for quod using q and superscript d.

## re

Paleographical feature {r'}. Details: r with ascending hook, or connected apostrophe, indicating omitted e (Petti 22-3).

## ser

Paleographical feature {{s}8}. Details: long-s with double curl made through descender to form an 8-shape, or with a / made through its descender, often a abbreviation of ser, sir, sur, or syr (Petti, p. 24).

## ter

Paleographical feature {t'}. Details: t with a superscript hook, standing often for ter (Petti, p. 24).

## tra

Paleographical feature {tA}. Details: t with a curled or flourished a, sometimes only a serrated line, written above t and standing normally for tra.

## the

Paleographical feature {{th}+e+}. Details: two-letter abbreviation for the using thorn and superscript e.

## there

Paleographical feature {{th}+er+}. Details: thorn plus superscript er standing for there.

## that

Paleographical feature {{th}+t+}. Details: thorn plus superscript t standing for that.

## thou

Paleographical feature {{th}+u+}.
Details: thorn plus superscript u standing for thou.

## uer

Paleographical feature {u'}. Details: u with a superscript hook, standing often for uer.

## un

Paleographical feature {_u}. Details: u-tittle: line or double curve of abbreviation, tittle or tilde over u, often indicating omitted n or m.

## us

Paleographical feature {9}. Details: letter shaped like 9, Tironian abbreviation for initial con for terminal us or ous (Petti, pp. 23-4) and for terminal hook following consonants and indicating omitted us, os, is, s (Cappelli xxiv).

## ver

Paleographical feature {v'}. Details: v with a superscript hook, standing often for ver.

## which

Paleographical feature {w+c+}. Details: double-letter abbreviation for which using w and superscript c.

## with

Paleographical feature {w+t+}. Details: two-letter abbreviation for with and superscript t.

## yn

Paleographical feature {_y}. Details: y with a macron, indicating omitted n.

## See also

* Textual Introduction

## External Links

* Ian Lancashire, Renaissance Electronic Texts: Encoding Guidelines
* Manuscript Studies, Medieval and Early Modern University of Alberta course website on researching and interpreting early modern manuscript and print materials.