OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of China/Song Dynasty

The Song dynasty (宋朝), divided into Northern Song (960 - 1127 AD) and Southern Song (1127 - 1279 AD), was known for being militarily weak on purpose. After its first emperor was raised to the throne by his own army, he became wary of the threat generals pose to him. Thus a national policy of focusing on culture and studies rather than military strength was put into place, swapping generals around every few years to minimize loyalty to generals personally. Generals were also allocated troops only during times of war. A flourishing literary stage appeared as a result, creating many of the greatest Chinese writers and poets. Another focus was on concentrating power in the central authority and weakening regional governments, due to the fact that the previous Tang and period of fracture featured many coups and usurpation of power. Thus various checks and balances were placed on multiple levels of government to prevent one individual gaining too much power.
Because its military was weak, states set up by originally northern nomadic peoples like the Liao dynasty, Jīn dynasty and the Mongol empire was able to take over lands traditionally Chinese. The Jīn dynasty even raided and looted the capital Bianjing (汴京), captured the incumbent emperor and the previous one back to their homeland, and caused the Song court to flee south and establish a new capital, creating the Southern Song dynasty. The national hero Yue Fei (岳飛) was also born during this period. He was famous for leading his militia to fight against Jīn forces, almost recovering the old capital in the process. In the end the Song dynasty was conquered by the Mongols in 1279 AD.
# History of China/The Southern and Northern Dynasties

The Southern and Northern Dynasties (南北朝), was a period when northern and southern China had separate states and their respective successions. The Northern Dynasties lasted from 493 to 581 AD, and consisted of Northern Wei and its successor states. The Southern Dynasties lasted from 420 AD to 589 AD, and consisted of the successor states of the previous Eastern Jin Dynasty, starting with Liu Song. The Northern Dynasties were mostly ruled by so-called northern barbaric peoples, for example Xianbei people, while the south had mostly Han rulers. In 581 AD, Yang Jian (楊堅), a powerful noble and general in Northern Zhou usurped the child emperor's throne and established the Sui Dynasty. Sui conquered the Chen Dynasty in the south and united China, ending 273 years of disunity.
# History of Christianity/Apostolic Christianity/Acts

The history of Christianity spread between the years 700 CE and 1500 CE into the three main populated continents of Europe, Asia and Africa. In these continents there are many saints who preached there, with a questions [ who are they?, what kind of teachings they preach?, and what are the countries they arrive and start to preach? ].
# How to Protect your Internet Anonymity and Privacy

From protecting your online privacy, bypassing censorship, to fighting tyranny, this book aims to provide practical software and instructions for novices and the experienced. The emphasis is on the use of free and widely available tools to level the playing field against resourceful and powerful adversaries. With increasingly powerful computers, a modest laptop can use a massive P2P network such as Tor to hide your trails, or create a virtual machine with a virtual private network for kids to play safely online.
The game changer in this space is the popularity of low cost cloud hosting, and at the other end, netbooks and nettops. Users can have their own proxy, VPN, or more sophisticated anonymity systems such as TOR. Anonymity conscious users will push their defense from the firewall to the cloud, just like when they pushed their defense from PC based software to low-cost firewalls. The success of the firewall is not because every user wants security bad. It's because it's a necessity for home networking, connecting all your computers, printers, scanners, game consoles, media centers, and even Skype phones.

## Table of Contents

* Threat Models
* Type of Proxy Servers
* Open Source Anonymity Networks
* Proprietary Anonymity Networks
* Your own proxy and VPN on Amazon EC2
* Your own TOR node on Amazon EC2
* TOR VPN
* TOR Hidden Service for Anonymous Websites
* Securing your Browser
* Securing your Computer
* Risk Analysis Tools

## Further reading

* Computers & Society/Identity & Privacy
# How to Program a TI-83 Plus/Inputs
## Using the Prompt function

Let's start with a fairly primitive command. Prompt is a basic function that prompts you to input a value into one of the 27 possible variables (the 26 letters of the alphabet + theta (θ)). You can find it as the 2nd command in the "I/O" section.
This can be made to make some simple math programs, for example:
This is a small program that can do the Pythagorean theorem. See if you can make a program for something else math-related, like the area of a shape!
The Prompt function is great, but what if you want to say a message when asking someone for a variable?

## Using the Input function

Input is a more complex command, but still very easy to learn. It works like this:
That's it! That's all you need to do to use input. There's also one other thing you can do with the Input function; strings.

### Note: String variables

If you press the VARS button, you'll be met with a menu. If you go down to the bottom, you'll be met with the string variables. These can be used to store strings, which normal variables can't. Back to the Input function now!
If you ask a Prompt command to use a string variable, it won't be able to, but Input will use it just like it would any other variable.

## Conclusion

Input and Prompt are the ways to make your programs truly interactive.
Go to the next page here.
# Introduction to TI-BASIC

This page will introduce you to the concept of TI-BASIC, as well as how to start your first program.

## What is TI-BASIC?

TI-BASIC, to put it briefly, is the language made by Texas Instruments for their graphing calculators. Despite this, it can do quite a bit in terms of calculations and games.
To make a program in TI-BASIC, you need to follow these steps:
* Turn on your calculator.
* Press the PRGM button.
* Press the right arrow twice to go to the NEW menu.
* Press enter.
* Name your program.
* Start programming.
Great job! Now, you're in the right place to begin typing code, so let's learn our first piece of code!
This is how you display "Hello World" in TI-BASIC, and this is what it looks like when you run it.
We can make this fairly easily. Start by making a program named "INTRO". In this program, press the PRGM button again. This will send you to a menu with many commands that you can put into the source code. Press the right arrow and then the 3 key. This will input the command "Disp"—which is short for "Display"—into the program. From there, you can use ALPHA to type '"HELLO WORLD"' into the program. Make sure to surround it with double quotes. You may now go to the home screen by pressing 2ND and then the MODE button.
You can run your program by going into the PRGM menu from the home screen and selecting your program in the "EXEC" portion of the menu. Then, press ENTER on the home screen to run the program.
Congratulations! You've made your first program! You can swap out the text that says "HELLO WORLD" in the source code by going into the PRGM menu and pressing the right arrow to go to the EDIT portion, or you can leave it like it is.
You can go to the next page here.
# How to Program a TI-83 Plus/Foreword

So, you want to program your calculator. If your calculator is not on the list, use another book.
* TI-83$^†$
* TI-83 Plus
* TI-83 Plus Silver Edition
* TI-84 Plus
* TI-84 Plus Silver Edition (not the C silver edition)
†: The original TI-83 does not support apps, so you won't be able to do certain things.
If you found your calculator on the list, you've come to the right place.
Welcome to the official unofficial TI-BASIC programming tutorial! This wikibook will include each and every feature that you'll need to make a TI-BASIC program. But first, we need to know what TI-BASIC is.
# High School Biology/Human Genetics

* Human Chromosomes and Genes
* Human Inheritance
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Endocrine System

The nervous system is the system that directs the actions of the body by the transmission and receipt of signals.
The nervous system is considered to be formed of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
The PNS consists of the nerves. Each nerve is a fibre that is enclosed in a sheath to insulate. The nerve transmit information using electrical signals. The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system and enteric nervous system.
# High School Biology/Meiosis

Mitosis,a process whereby one cell(mother cell)gives rise to two cells(daughter cell's)with the identical genetic make-up as the original(mother cell).This is possible due to a process called DNA replication,where an identical copy of the DNA material is made just before the cell starts to divide.Once DNA replication has occurred,each chromosome appears as two chromotids,which are held together at the centromere.Mitosis takes place in the body cell's (somatic cell's)of both plants and animals.The process of mitosis can be divided into 4phases which are continues.The cell cycle refers to a series of phases through which a cell progresses when it is actively dividing. Phase 0 is the Interphase,it is the longest phase during which growth occurrs
# High School Biology/Immune System and Disease

* Nonspecific Defenses
* Immune Response
* Immune System Diseases
* Environmental Problems and Human Health
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Ecology and Human Actions

* The Biodiversity Crisis
* Natural Resources
* Natural Resources II
* Climate Change
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Evolutionary Theory

* Darwin and The Theory of Evolution
* Evidence for Evolution
* Evolution Continues Today
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/History of Life

* Studying the History of Life
* Early Life
* Multicellular Life
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Evolution in Populations

* Genetics of Populations
* Genetic Change in Populations
* The Origin of Species
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Foundations of Life Science

* Nature of Science
* Communicating Ideas
* Tools and Techniques
* Principles of Biology
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Matter

An atom is a positively charged nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by shells of negatively charged electrons. Elements differ from each other in the amount of protons in their atoms, likewise atoms from the same element can have different numbers of neutrons or electrons. Isotopes are atoms of an element which have different amounts of neutrons in their nucleus.
The atoms of some elements prefer to gain a more stable state through the gain or loss of electrons. These atoms are capable of receiving, losing, or sharing electrons with other atoms. Atoms are capable of doing so through the use of atomic bonds. There are three common types of bonds: Covalent, Hydrogen, and Ionic bonds.
Ionic bonds occur when one atom is willing to release an electron, while another atom is seeking an extra electron. Through loosing an electron, an atom becomes positively charged (a cation), while gaining an electron causes the atom to gain a negative charge (an anion). Because opposite charges attract, these two atoms will join together to form an ionic bond.
Covalent bonds occur when two or more atoms share electrons. Covalent bonds form with pairs of atoms being shared, with atoms being able to form multiple covalent bonds. Covalent bonds themselves are separated into two distinct groups, polar bonds and non-polar bonds. If the involved atoms are sharing their electrons equally, then the charges cancel each other out. However should the sharing be unequal, then the atomic bond gains a charge and becomes polarized.
The majority of the bonds discussed within the text book will be composed of weak bonds, mainly for the reason that weak bonds can easily be broken when the atoms are needed for other purposes. Hydrogen bonds are a common weak bond. A hydrogen bond occurs when a hydrogen atom forms a polar covalent bond with another atom. Since hydrogen requires another electron to achieve stability, it will forcibly bond with other atoms to form a polar hydrogen bond. Water is a prime example of hydrogen bonding. Due to two electrons being required to form a hydrogen bond, a single hydrogen atom will attract two oxygen atoms and form the most recognized of molecules, H2O.
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# Hydroculture/Biofilter/Passive

For a passive biofilter to work, aerobic conditions must be met for beneficial bacteria. The concept is to provide a medium for beneficial bacteria to grow in aerobic conditions. Here are numerous nonmechanical subsystem and passive biofilter projects:

## Netpot biofilter

Put a synthetic screen or scrub pad over a net pot, and this cannot be a material that holds much water or that is easily decomposable. Fill it with sand, gravel, ceramic material, charcoal or any porous substrate of choice, while pushing it inside the net pot. Sand helps remove small particles. This works to remove small particles if water passes from the top.

## Ground layer biofilter

Gravel in the bottom of the tank will assist with biofiltration. It will help clear up the water.

## Aquaponic symbiosis

Plants and microorganisms remove fish byproduct waste that is dangerous to aquatic animals. Fish provide properly balanced nutrients necessary for plant growth. Different types of aerobic bacteria complete the symbiotic cycle by providing the proper nutrient fixations and reduction of toxins.
# Hydroculture/DIY

Here are common tools, instructions, and observations for hydroculture gardening.

## Common tools

* drill bit
* hole saw with guide drill (short guide drills can easily slip, while using a hole-saw)
* cutting utensil: gardening clippers (with proper care and measurement could also be used in place of a hole-saw)
* drill
** hex bit screwdriver: fits on end of drill bit or hole-saw to function as a hand-drill (impractical for use with large diameter hole-saws)
** or electric (not recommended with adjustable hole saws)
* pipe cutter
* pvc primer and cement

## Water tight seals

* Materials: 2 o-rings; 2 threaded pvc or metallic connectors
Put one o-ring on the male connection, place through hole in plastic material. Then add another o-ring, and screw on the female connector. Corresponding components must be of the same size. Connection must be snug. Check for drips.
Threaded fittings with o-rings can reduce or eliminate the need for pipe cement. If the desired threaded fitting is not available in pvc form, galvanized or brass fittings will connect to pvc fittings. Any metallic connector should be non-lead.

### Commonly used method

Pipe thread, or pvc primer and cement.

## Adding containers

Adding a second plastic container. Obviously both containers are to be at about the same level. Run a tube with required o-rings and threaded connectors between totes. Place halfway between bottom and water level, in case of a failure, not all of the water will drain out. Make sure this setup is watertight and ready before adding fish or plant setups. Water will transfer passively. A second air pump connection and an aeration stone is required in this setup.

### Connecting two aquatic containers together

This is a fancy setup for fish room and for fish to travel between containers. For this to work, the containers must be sturdy. If this aquaponics system is in a permanent spot, two cylindrical bins can possibly be connected together, side by side. Use 3" or wider diameter threaded coupling, four o-rings and two more threaded connectors. This setup must be watertight and safe from damage. Again, make the connections halfway from the bottom, in case of a leakage or damage failure.

## Electrical

Having separate timers for pumps, water pumps, and lighting.
Running DC made components on solar power.
Constructing a dc voltage timer in place of an expensive specific interval timer.
# Hydroculture/Physiology/Aquatic

This is about aquaculture plant and symbiotic organisms in hydroculture systems: the focus is horticultural. Aquaponic and aquascaping organisms are covered in this section.

## Hydrophytes

Hydrophytes are aquatic plants. Aquatic plants can transport oxygen throughout its stem, unlike land plants. Hydrophytes need plenty of light, as in their natural environments.

### Semi-aquatic plants

Semi-aquatic plants are adapted to live with its root system in both submerged and land based environments. Only during this time, when a plant's root system is submerged it is involved in hydroculture. (cranberry and watercress)

## Symbiotic animals

Animals in aquaponics or aquaculture form a symbiotic relationship with plant-life. Aquatic animals need some light like in their natural environments.

### Freshwater

Goldfish, Loricariidae catfish, snails and shrimp eat algae.

### Plant-like animals

Coral are a saltwater animal that require high maintenance. There are freshwater and saltwater sponge.

## Aquascaping

Saltwater aquascaping is for aesthetic reasons. Coral, sponges and saltwater plants may (possibly) form a symbiotic relationship.
(Aquarium keeping, fishkeeping, other symbiotic animals and aquascaping)

## Aquatic gardening

garden ponds
# Hydroculture/Nutrition

* Introduction Historical | Root zone | Nutrition DIY | Aquaponic | Passive
Following pertains to plant minerals and pH levels. Dilute 1 tablespoon of fertilizer in a gallon container with water at a time before adding to system. (Adding too little is safer than adding too much). For non-hydroponic fertilizers use 1/10 of the dosing on the label, with the amount of water in the container in mind. The hoagland solution provides a basic reference point. (Please do more research on this).

## Essential elements

Calcium, carbon, hydrogen, magnesium, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur are essential macro-elements. Oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon are obtained from water and air.
Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur can be fixed by certain endophyte bacteria.
Boron, chlorine, copper, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, zinc and possibly nickel are essential micro-nutrients.
Hard tap water contains many plant nutrients.

## Nonessential minerals

There are other minerals used or taken up by plants, but they are not considered essential. Some nonessential minerals are contaminants to plant or human health.

## pH

Sodium bicarbonate helps buffer pH levels, and fortunately some may already be present in tap water.

## Testing

Measuring the conductivity of the water (using a multimeter) is a way of analyzing the total dissolved solids. This indicates whether the water solution is within range, but this method doesn't test for nutrient imbalances. Test paper, or a pH and nutrient meter is required for more testing.

## Formulations

* 1 ppm=1 mg/l
The weight ratio of an essential element within a nutrient compound needs to be found, and the atomic weight of these elements and a chart is helpful to solve this.

### Hoagland solution

w:Hoagland solution

## Advisories

Do not add mineral tablets (except calcium?) not made for fertilizer purposes to the nutrient solution. The nutrient solution should be clear when the system is set up.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Resh, Howard (1998). Hydroponics: Questions and Answers for successful growing. Mahwah, New Jersey: New Concept Press. ISBN 0-931231-96-5.
# Hydroculture/Passive/Bottle

A bottle or jar filled halfway with a combination of substrate material will function as a passive hydroponic system. In this setup, a bottle garden can serve the purpose of a passive hydroponic system. Certain combinations of substrates (expanded clay pellets, growstones, soilless mix, parboiled rice hulls) will wick water above water-level while maintaining aeration. Too much water retaining material (such as rockwool, cloth, or a sponge) will promote root rot, while other materials (expanded clay rocks, parboiled rice hulls, synthetic fibers) alone may not wick water high enough. It is important that most of the roots stay above water-level, unless this plant is semi-aquatic. Paint (use nontoxic) the bottom half of the container to reduce light around the plant's root-zone.
For a passive hydroponic garden, a bottle works better as it allows water to condense, keeping roots moist. Porous aggregate and condensation are enough to water plants' roots, so no further wicking material is needed in a passive hydroponic bottle garden. Unless this is a glass container, a valve drain may help rid of excess salts. When necessary, drain the water, partially at a time, by placing this valve halfway between the substrate level and the bottom of the container.