OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/Item/Item

This table contains one record for every Inventory item.
Used by: Inventory, Order Entry/Invoicing, Purchasing, Quotation/Estimation
Key: Item Number
Fields:
* Item Number (a unique Identifier assigned by the user)
* Type (Item/Service/Time Billing)
* Category (Hardware/Raw Material/Finished Goods)
* Class (user-defined)
* Active (Yes/No)
* Description
* Long Description
* Picture
* Thumbnail
* BOM Number
* Configurable (Yes/No)
* Stocking UOM
* Selling UOM
* Buying UOM
* Conversion Factors between UOMs
* Weight
* Dimensions (length,width,height, thickness)
* Shape (rod, sheet, etc.)
* Alloy (Aluminum, Stainless Steel, etc.)
* On-Hand (sum of all locations)
* On-Order
* Allocated
* Minimum
* Re-order Quantity
* EOQ
* Lead Time (Days)
* Lot Number
* Serial Number
* Cycle Count
* Last Count Date
* Duty Percentage (used to calculate anticipated duty on receipts)
* Costing Type
* Last Cost
* Average Cost
* Standard Cost
* Selling Price
* YTD Units
* YTD Amount
* GL Distribution Group (contains all the postable account numbers)
* Notes
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/Item/Item Location

This table contains one record for each location of each item.
Used by: Inventory
Key: Item Number, Location
Fields:
* Item Number
* Location
* Quantity
* Lot
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Jesús Jiménez Barbero

Jesús Jiménez Barbero is a Spanish scientist who has contributed to the advance of glycoscience by unraveling the conformational properties of carbohydrates and analogues and the molecular basis of their interactions with proteins, using a multidisciplinary approach that employs carbohydrate synthesis, molecular biology, molecular modeling and specially Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

## Academic Career

He studied chemistry at the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid where he obtained his PhD in 1987. He continued post-doctoral research at National Institute for Medicinal Reseacrh at Mill Hill. From 1990 to 1992, he was visiting scientist at Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburg, USA). He returned to Spain, rising to Senior Research Scientist of CSIC at the Institute of Organic Chemistry (1996) and Research Professor of CSIC at the Centre for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC) (2002) where he heads the Chemical and Physical Biology Department.

## Positions

* Secretary General of Royal Society of Chemistry of Spain since 2004.
* Member of the editorial boards of:
** Chem. Eur. J. (2001-)
** Carbohydr. Res.(2001-)
** J. Carbohydr. Chem. (2002-)
** Org. Biomol. Chem. (2007-2008)
** Glycoconj. J.(2008-)
** Eur. J. Org. Chem. (2009-)
* Current Responsible (Gestor) of the Basic Chemistry (BQU) Programme of the National Plan for Research of Spain.

## Awards

* In 2003 Janssen-Cilag Prize in Organic Chemistry of RSEQ
* In 2008 Prize of the NMR group of RSEQ.
* In 2010 Roy L. Whistler International Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry

## Publications

* He is co-author of more than 300 publications in international journals
* He has delivered more than 120 lectures at symposia and institutions
* He has tutored 14 PhD Thesis.

## References

* Publications
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Kurt Wüthrich

Kurt Wüthrich (born October 4, 1938) is a Swiss chemist and Nobel Chemistry laureate.

## Biography

Born in Aarberg, Switzerland, Wüthrich was educated in chemistry, physics, and mathematics at the University of Berne before pursuing his Ph.D. under the direction of Silvio Fallab at the University of Basel, awarded in 1964. He continued post-doctoral work with Fallab for a short time before leaving to work at the University of California, Berkeley for two years from 1965 with Robert E. Connick. That was followed by a stint working with Robert G. Shulman at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey from 1967 to 1969.
Wüthrich returned to Switzerland, to Zürich, in 1969, where he began his career there at the ETH Zürich, rising to Professor of Biophysics by 1980. He currently maintains a laboratory both at the ETH Zürich and at The Scripps Research Institute, in La Jolla, California.

## Career

During his graduate studies Wüthrich started out working with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and the subject of his Ph. D thesis was "the catalytic activity of copper compounds in autoxidation reactions". During his time as a postdoc in Berkeley he began working with the newly developed and related technique of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the hydration of metal complexes. When Wüthrich joined the Bell Labs, he was put in charge of one of the first superconducting NMR spectrometers, and started studying the structure and dynamics of proteins. He has pursued this line of research ever since.
After returning to Switzerland, Wüthrich collaborated with among others nobel laureate Richard R. Ernst on developing the first 2 dimensional NMR experiments, and established the nuclear Overhauser effect as a convenient way of measuring distances within proteins. This research later led to the complete assignment and of resonances for among others the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and glucagon.
He was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1991 and half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 for "his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution". He taught at Duke University as Handler Memorial Lecturer in 2007.
In Oct 2010 Wuthrich will be participating in the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Lunch with a Laureate program where middle and high school students will get to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize winning Scientist over a brown bag lunch. Wuthrich is also a member on the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Advisory Board.

## References

* ↑ http://www.usasciencefestival.org/2010festival/schoolprograms/lunchwithalaureate
* ↑ http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Jacobi coordinates

In the theory of many-particle systems, Jacobi coordinates often are used to simplify the mathematical formulation. These coordinates are particularly common in treating polyatomic molecules and chemical reactions, and in celestial mechanics. An algorithm for generating the Jacobi coordinates for N bodies may be based upon binary trees. In words, the algorithm is described as follows:
   Let m$_j$ and m$_k$ be the masses of two bodies that are replaced by a new body of virtual mass M = m$_j$ + m$_k$. The position coordinates x$_j$ and x$_k$ are replaced by their relative position r$_{jk}$ = x$_j$ − x$_k$ and by the vector to their center of mass R$_{jk}$ = (m$_j$ q$_j$ + m$_k$q$_k$)/(m$_j$ + m$_k$). The node in the binary tree corresponding to the virtual body has m$_j$ as its right child and m$_k$ as its left child. The order of children indicates the relative coordinate points from x$_k$ to x$_j$. Repeat the above step for N − 1 bodies, that is, the N − 2 original bodies plus the new virtual body.
For the four-body problem the result is:
    ${\boldsymbol {r_{1}=x_{1}-x_{2}}}\ ,$
    ${\boldsymbol {r_{j}}}={\frac {1}{m_{0j}}}\sum _{k=1}^{j}m_{k}{\boldsymbol {x_{k}}}\ -\ {\boldsymbol {x_{j+1}}}\ ,$
with
    $m_{0j}=\sum _{k=1}^{j}\ m_{k}\ .$
The vector R is the center of mass of all the bodies:
    ${\boldsymbol {R}}={\frac {1}{m_{0}}}\sum _{k=1}^{N}\ m_{k}{\boldsymbol {x_{k}}}\ ;$   $m_{0}=\sum _{k=1}^{N}\ m_{k}\ .$

## References

* ↑ David Betounes (2001). Differential Equations. Springer. p. 58; Figure 2.15. ISBN 0387951407.
* 1 2 Patrick Cornille (2003). "Partition of forces using Jacobi coordinates". Advanced electromagnetism and vacuum physics. World Scientific. p. 102. ISBN 9812383670.
* ↑ John Z. H. Zhang (1999). Theory and application of quantum molecular dynamics. World Scientific. p. 104. ISBN 9810233884.
* ↑ For example, see Edward Belbruno (2004). Capture Dynamics and Chaotic Motions in Celestial Mechanics. Princeton University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0691094802.
* 1 2 Hildeberto Cabral, Florin Diacu (2002). "Appendix A: Canonical transformations to Jacobi coordinates". Classical and celestial mechanics. Princeton University Press. p. 230. ISBN 0691050228.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Kendrick mass

The Kendrick mass is a mass obtained by scaling the atomic mass unit (u), or dalton (Da) to simplify the display of peak patterns in hydrocarbon mass spectra.

## Definition

The Kendrick mass unit is defined as
    m($^{12}$CH$_2$) = 14 Ke
In words: "the group $^{12}$CH$_2$ has a mass of 14 Ke exactly, by definition."
    1 Ke = 14.0156/14.000 Da = 1.00111429 Da = 1.00111429 u

## Kendrick mass defect

When expressing the masses of hydrocarbon molecules in Kendrick mass, all homologous molecules will have the same mass defect Δm defined as:
    Δm = m - round(m)
or more rigorously
    Δm = m - A·Ke
where
* Δm is the Kendrick mass defect
* A is the mass number of the molecule
* m is the mass of the molecule (or isotopologue) which is also referred to as exact mass
* round(m) and A·Ke are the integer masses of the molecule

## Equivalence relation

The Kendrick mass scale was introduced to find an equivalence relation for hydrocarbons. The same relation could be expressed with modular arithmetic using the modulo operation without introducing a new mass scale.
    A ~ B (mod CH$_2$)
The above statement is read: "A is modulo CH$_2$ equivalent to B."
Or, when considering the mass of the molecules A and B:
    m(A) ~ m(B) (mod m(CH$_2$))
"A has the same modulo CH$_2$ mass as B."
In a computing code the Kendrick mass defect of a molecule M, Δm(M), would be expressed as the remainder r:
    Δm(M) = r = m(M) mod m(CH$_2$)
or, if the modulo operation nor the remainder operation are defined
    Δm(M) = m(M) - m(CH$_2$)·round(m(M)/m(CH$_2$))
Note that:
* most programming languages implement the modulo operation with trunc or floor instead of round
* this approach with modular arithmetic works independent of the mass units (or mass scale)
* this approach is more generalized and allows for other building blocks than CH$_2$, e.g. in polymer chemistry
* the Kendrick mass defect Δm is defined different than the mass defect in nuclear physics

## Notes

* ↑ Kendrick, Edward (1963). "A mass scale based on CH$_2$ = 14.0000 for high resolution mass spectrometry of organic compounds". Anal. Chem. 35: 2146–2154. Retrieved 2010-01-25. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
* ↑ Marshall AG, Rodgers RP (2004). "Petroleomics: the next grand challenge for chemical analysis". Acc. Chem. Res. 37 (1): 53–9. doi:10.1021/ar020177t. PMID 14730994. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
* ↑ http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/1039/2010/amt-3-1039-2010.html
* ↑ Hughey CA, Hendrickson CL, Rodgers RP, Marshall AG, Qian K (2001). "Kendrick mass defect spectrum: a compact visual analysis for ultrahigh-resolution broadband mass spectra". Anal. Chem. 73 (19): 4676–81. PMID 11605846. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Kovats retention index

Kovats retention index (shorter Kovats index, retention index; plural retention indices) is a concept used in gas chromatography to convert retention times into system-independent constants. The index is named after the Hungarian born Swiss chimist, Ervin Kováts who lied down this retention concept during the 1950s while contributing to the composition analysis of the essential oils.
The retention indices of a certain chemical compound is its retention time normalised to the retention times of adjacently eluting n-alkanes. While retention times vary with the individual chromatographic system (e.g. with regards to column length, film thickness, diameter, carrier gas velocity and pressure, void time), the derived retention indices are quite independent of these parameters and allow comparing values measured by different analytical laboratories under varying conditions. Tables of retention indices can help identify components by comparing experimentally found retention indices with known values.

## Expression

The method takes advantage of the linear relationship between the values of $log(t_{r}')$ and the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. The value of Kovats index is usually represented by I in mathematical expressions. Its applicability is restricted to organic compounds. For isothermal chromatography, the Kovats index is given by the equation
$I=100\times \left[n+(N-n){\frac {log(t_{r(unknown)}')-log(t_{r(n)}')}{log(t_{r(N)}')-log(t_{r(n)}')}}\right]$
Where;
$I=$ Kovats retention index, $n=$ the number of carbon atoms in the smaller alkane, $N=$ the number of carbon atoms in the larger alkane, $t_{r}'=$ the adjusted retention time.
For temperature programmed chromatography, the Kovats index is given by the equation
$I=\left[{\frac {t_{r(unknown)}-t_{r(n)})}{t_{r(N)}-t_{r(n)}}}\right]*(100\times z)+(100\times n)$
Where;
$I=$ Kovats retention index, $n=$ the number of carbon atoms in the smaller alkane, $N=$ the number of carbon atoms in the larger alkane, $z=$ the difference of the number of carbon atoms in the smaller and larger alkane, $t_{r}=$ the retention time.

# References

* ↑ Kovats, E. (1958). "Gas-chromatographische Charakterisierung organischer Verbindungen. Teil 1: Retentionsindices aliphatischer Halogenide, Alkohole, Aldehyde und Ketone". Helv. Chim. Acta. 41: 1915–32. doi:10.1002/hlca.19580410703.
* ↑ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "retention index, I in column chromatography". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
* ↑ Retention index guide
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Isotopic shift

The isotopic shift (also called isotope shift) is the shift in atomic spectra which occurs when one nuclear isotope is replaced by another. If the spectra have also hyperfine structure the shift refers to the center of gravity of the spectra. There are two effects which contribute to this shift:

## References

* ↑ D. J. Hughes, C. Eckart (1930). "The Effect of the Motion of the Nucleus on the Spectra of Li I and Li II". Phys. Rev. 36: 694. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.36.694.
* ↑ W. Pauli, R. E. Peierls, Phys. Z. 32 (1931) 670
* ↑ P. Brix, H. Kopfermann, Festschrift Göttinger Akad. Springer, 17 (1951)
* ↑ H. Kopfermann, Nuclear Moments, Academic Press 1958
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Karplus equation

The Karplus equation, named after Martin Karplus, describes the correlation between $^3$J-coupling constants and dihedral torsion angles in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy:
    $J(\phi )=A\cos ^{2}\phi +B\cos \,\phi +C$
where J is the $^3$J coupling constant, $\phi$ is the dihedral angle, and A, B, and C are empirically-derived parameters whose values depend on the atoms and substituents involved. The relationship may be expressed in a variety of equivalent ways e.g. involving cos 2 φ rather than cos$^2$φ —these lead to different numerical values of A, B, and C but do not change the nature of the relationship.
The relationship is used for $^3$J$_{H,H}$ coupling constants. The superscript "3" indicates that a $^1$H atom is coupled to another $^1$H atom three bonds away, via H-C-C-H bonds. (Such hydrogens bonded to neighbouring carbon atoms are termed vicinal). The magnitude of these couplings are generally smallest when the torsion angle is close to 90° and largest at angles of 0 and 180°.
This relationship between local geometry and coupling constant is of great value throughout nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and is particularly valuable for determining back bone torsion angles in protein NMR studies.

## References

* ↑ Dalton, Louisa (2003-12-22). "Karplus Equation". Chemical & Engineering News. 81 (51): 37.
* ↑ Karplus, Martin (1959). "Contact Electron-Spin Coupling of Nuclear Magnetic Moments". J. Chem. Phys. 30 (1): 11–15. doi:10.1063/1.1729860.
* ↑ Karplus, Martin (1963). "Vicinal Proton Coupling in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 (18): 2870–2871. doi:10.1021/ja00901a059.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Kautsky effect

Kautsky effect (also named fluorescence transient, fluorescence induction or fluorescence decay) is a phenomenon consisting on a typical variation on the behavior of a plant fluorescence when is exposed to light. It was discovered in 1931 by H. Kautsky and A. Hirsch.
When dark-adapted photosynthesising cells are illuminated with continuous light, chlorophyll fluorescence displays characteristic changes in intensity accompanying the induction of photosynthetic activity.

## Explanation

When the plant is illuminated the fluorescence intensity increases with a time constant in the microsecond or millisecond range. After a few seconds the intensity falls again and finally reaches a steady-state level. The initial rise of the fluorescence intensity (A) is attributed to the progressive saturation of the reaction centers in the photosynthesis. Therefore the quenching of the fluorescence by the photosynthesis decreases with the time of illumination, with a corresponding increase of the fluorescence intensity. The quenching by the photosynthesis pathway is called photochemical quenching. The slow decrease of the fluorescence intensity at later times (B) is termed non-photochemical quenching. Non-photochemical quenching is most likely due to a protection mechanism the plant has to avoid the adverse effect of an excess of light. Several processes cause non-photochemical quenching, e.g. photoinhibition.

## References

* Kautsky, H., Hirsch, A. (1931), Neue Versuche zur Kohlensäureassimilation, Naturwissenschaften, 19:964-964.
* Govindjee (1995), Sixty-three years since Kautsky chlorophyll a fluorescence, Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22, 131-160.
* Lazar, D. (1999), Chlorophyll a fluorescence induction, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1412, 1-28.
* Lazar, D. (2006), The polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence rise measured under high intensity of exciting light, Funct. Plant Biol. 33, 9-30.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Kratos MS 50

The Kratos MS 50, or EI 50, is a tool for electron ionization (EI). The EI 50, used for relatively small molecules (as opposed to methods like MALDI), ionizes molecules via electron ionization (normally under 70 electronvolt conditions) and then accelerates them through an electric potential. The spectroscopy is done by analyzing the different displacements by a magnet. For equal charge, these displacements depend only on velocity, thus for the EI 50's constant kinetic energy conditions, these displacements are uniquely determined by a particle's mass.
# DirectX/9.0/DirectSound
## Direct Sound

If you can use Direct3D; DirectSound is a breeze. There aren't as many errors that can occur; and you can basically skip the initialization because it's almost the same.
# DirectX/9.0/Direct3D

Direct3D is the most advanced and complex component of DirectX. It deals with one of the most complex areas of modern computing - graphics. It relies heavily on mathematics, specifically Trigonometry and Algebra.

## Prerequisites

Understanding the majority of Direct3D requires understanding some mathematical concepts; including Vectors, Matrices, and Trigonometry. While you will be able to do much of the basics in developing for DirectX without these, they become important later on and most people are generally unable to understand why we are doing something.

## Goals

This section of the DirectX book will (hopefully) teach you the basics of Direct3D, such as initialization, vertex and index buffers, cameras, models, textures, lights, and particles. Throughout the book, we will implement a benchmarking tool to test our understanding.

## Resources

These files will be used to provide a framework for our benchmark application:
* Framework main.cpp

## Contents

* Initialization
* Primitives and Rendering
# DirectX/9.0/Direct3D/Primitives and Rendering

Now that we have successfully initialized our device, we can get to the fun stuff: drawing on the screen! This is not nearly as tedious as initialization, and we can easily see the results of our hard work. We will be exploring several methods of putting primitives on the screen, and explain why some are faster than others.
# English-Hanzi/Water and other non-caloric drinks are the best

Water and other non-caloric drinks are the best. Sugary drinks increase blood sugar, increase body weight and increase the risk of getting diabetes.
水和其他无热量的饮料是最好的。 含糖饮料会增加血糖，增加体重并增加患上糖尿病的风险。
# English-Hanzi/Way

A way is a method of doing thing.
方式 是 做事 的 方法。
# English-Hanzi/Ways to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease include eating healthy

Ways to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease include eating healthy, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking. Sometimes medications for diabetes, high cholesterol or high blood pressure are used.
降低冠心病风险的方法包括饮食健康，规律运动，保持健康体重以及不吸烟。 有时会使用糖尿病，高胆固醇或高血压的药物。
# English-Hanzi/We must have confidence in the people

We must have confidence in the people, and we must have confidence in the party. These are two basic principles. If we doubt these principles, we will achieve nothing.
我们必须对人民有信心，我们必须对党有信心。 这是两个基本原则。 如果我们怀疑这些原则，我们将一事无成。
# English-Hanzi/Water is essential for all known life forms

Water is essential for all known life forms, even though it does not provide calories or organic nutrients.
水对于所有已知的生命形式都是必不可少的，即使它不提供卡路里或有机营养。
# English-Hanzi/Waters

Waters is the water area.
水域 就是 水 的 区域。
# English-Hanzi/Water

Water is the liquid state of H$_2$O.
水 是 H$_2$O 的 液体 状态。
# English-Hanzi/Water is an inorganic, transparent, odorless, tasteless, almost colorless chemical substance

Water is an inorganic, transparent, odorless, tasteless, almost colorless chemical substance. It is the main component of the Earth's hydrosphere and most biological fluids.
水是一种无机，透明，无气味，无味道，几乎无色的化学物质。 它是地球水圈和大多数生物液体的主要成分。
# English-Hanzi/Water power

Water power is the force of water flow. It can be used to produce electricity.
水力 是 水流 的 力量。它 可以 用来 发电。
# English-Hanzi/We live on a planet called Earth

We live on a planet called Earth, which is part of our solar system. But where is our solar system? It is only a small part of the Milky Way.
我们生活在一个叫做地球的星球上，这是我们太阳系的一部分。 但是我们的太阳系在哪里？ 它只是银河系的一小部分。
# English Opening
## 2...b6
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 b6
| | 2 |
| English | g3 c5 | zz |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Queen's Gambit Declined
### 3...d5
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 d5
| | 4 |
| Queen's Gambit Declined | d4 Nc3 | see 1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 e6 3. c4 d5 |
| | e3 c6 | |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.