OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IB Computer Science/Science Systems Life Cycle and Software Development/System Analysis
## System Analysis
### Importance of Formulating A Problem Precisely

In order to create a good solution it is vital to understand what the problem is, so that the solutions are all focused towards it. There might be team of specialists that work on the problem; and all of them must be fully concerned about the issue. Furthermore the user of the system often knows the matter perfectly and he must be interviewed so that he can provide a good description of his requirements. There is also an economic concern, since the cost of the system is directly proportional to the benefits it will provide, all this information should then be written in a feasibility report. Lastly the most important thing of all; a system must be tested continuously to see if it satisfies all the requests, it is not possible to test a system without knowing what it was supposed to do.

### Aspects In A Considered Problem

Various aspects are to be considered in finding a solution to a specific problem. This initial phase of analysis in systems can also be called fact finding. The reasons for this analysis are for the purpose of determining what aspects of the problem can be solved by computer means, what solutions have been used in the past to solve a similar problem, or what the costs may be in generating a new solution. Additionally information can be found such as how much time it may take to install a new system, and the responsibilities given to various persons in the development team.
All of the information that must be obtained, as described above, can be found through conducting interviews, or sending out questionnaires to employees in a company for example. The development team may also look up a history of the organization to see what information is available about the current system through existing documents. Research into other sources with different solutions to a similar problem and the observation of employees working under the existing system can also be investigated. Obviously, these methods of analysis are used at the development team's discretion, since they all have advantages and disadvantages (see topic 1.2.3 for more)

### Outcomes

It is likely that after the analysis stage a number of possible solutions will be made. Therefore a decision will need to be made on which is the most suitable solution and whether it is worth making the change.
If the decision is to go ahead with the change a detailed plan must be produced, tasks must be allocated, and a feasibility report must be created.

### Parts That Can Be Solved Using A Computer

Not all problems that can be solved with a computer are feasible or cost effective once both hardware and software constraints have been taken into account.

### Three Basic Control Aspects

In general, the three basic control aspects of the system will be:
* Input
* Process
* Output

### Analysation By Modules

Modular decomposition breaks down the problem into smaller components. We usually find the modules deal with inputs, processes and outputs.
# IB Computer Science/Science Systems Life Cycle and Software Development/Systems Design
## System Design
### Parts Of A System

The main parts of any computer system follow the input-process-output model of data flow:
However, hardware also needs backing storage, as there is no permanent storage in the CPU:
Layers of software have also been implemented, so no direct contact with hardware is necessary:

### Data in a System

When data is in a system it is often shown in flow diagrams with the following symbols:

### Data Capture and Output Presentation

* Data Capture
** Manual Data Entry - Keyboard, mouse (Example: adding client records to a database)
** Direct Data Entry - OCR/OMR scanners, barcode scanner etc (Example: Lending a book or locating borrower details)
** Automatic Data Entry - Sensors (Example: automatic temperature control)
* Data Presentation
** Temporary Displays - VDU, LCD Display (Example: showing a price on a display)
** Permanent Display - Printer (Example: a receipt)
** Electrical/Mechanical Output - Actuator (Example: Sending credit card data from a bank to a cash machine)

### Suitable Interface

The major two user interfaces are command line interfaces (CLI) and graphical user interfaces (GUI).
CLI's are much easier to implement and use less memory, however there is a much greater learning curve, yet long-term users may find them quicker than other interfaces.
GUI's are much more complex to implement and use more memory, they also require a mouse. Yet, icons make it easier to remember commands and these are grouped in menus. There is a much smaller learning curve. GUI's can also be referred to as 'WIMP' (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers)

### System Flowchart

Usually X-shaped with inputs at the top of the X, processing in the middle and outputs at the bottom. Some of the shapes are parallelogram for input/output, trapezium for manual input, square for process, rectangle with curved bottom for document, and cylinder for disk storage.
# IB Cultural Anthropology
## Overview

IB Cultural Anthropology is divided into several volumes. These in turn are divided into chapters that you can read and study for the IB exam. A review of the IB Cultural Anthropology Course is provided under the Course volume. Ethnographic examples will be added into the text as necessary, but it is highly recommended that you read as many ethnographies before the test as possible (at least five). This text will help you review several ethnographies in the Ethnographies volume. A description of the IB test itself and strategies for taking it is provided under the Exam volume.

## Volumes

* The Course
* The Ethnographies
* The Exam
* Contributors

## External links

* UK Revision Notes
# IB Cultural Anthropology/The Course
## Overview

This volume serves as a textbook for the IB Cultural Anthropology Course. The text acts as review for the material to reinforce the knowledge needed to do well on the IB Examination. The course will be divided into thirteen chapters. These chapters are, in turn, divided into sections.
It should be noted that this book correlates to the standard level course. The higher level course requires more ethnography and has a larger theory component.

## Chapters

* The Nature of Anthropology
* The Nature of Culture
# IB Cultural Anthropology/The Ethnographies

An ethnography is a detailed study of a single culture. This volume contains several summaries of ethnographies of various cultures.

## Introduction

* How to Read an Ethnography

## Ethnographies

* Mbuti Pygmies
* Tiwi
* Toraja
* Traveller-Gypsies
* Trobrianders
* Urban Poor of Puerto Rico
* Yanomami
# IB Cultural Anthropology/The Ethnographies/How to Read an Ethnography

Back to IB Cultural Anthropology/The Ethnographies
An ethnography is usually a book that studies a particular culture in depth. Ethnographies do not necessarily need to be books, however- they can also be films.

## Steps to reading ethnography

* Find the interpretation.
** Separate the interpretation from the description
* Examine the selection of data.
** What did the anthropologist spend the most time on?
* Examine the theoretical framework the ethnography is working within.
* Find the fundamental questions the ethnography is trying to answer.
** These are usually provided in the introduction or first chapter.
* Examine the organization of the ethnography.

## Interpretation vs. Description

An example of the difference between description and interpretation is as follows:
Examine the “wink.”

### Description

A description of a wink would be: blinking one eye. This, however, is hardly satisfying.

### Interpretation

Interpretation of this data would show that winking is a gesture that indicates:
* Joviality
* Flirting
* Knowing
* Other emotions
This would provide a much more thorough understanding of what a “wink” really is.
Back to IB Cultural Anthropology/The Ethnographies
# IB Cultural Anthropology/Contributors

Back to IB Cultural Anthropology
# IB Computer Science/Science Systems Life Cycle and Software Development/Software Life Cycle
## Software Life Cycle
### Major Stages

You should outline the major stages in the software life cycle. One model includes: system analysis, leading to a precise statement of the problem that needs solving (a requirements specification); software design; program construction, including testing and debugging; installation and operation; and maintenance. Other models are acceptable, as long as they emphasize the cyclical nature of the life cycle.

### Cyclical nature of software production

Computers systems are used over long periods of time. The software in these systems requires periodic improvement. After the original design and implementation, further analysis, redesign and restructuring are required to accommodate changing needs. This will continue through many cycles of analysis, design, implementation and use.
# Gothic/2/Stems

Hails!
* Introduction
* Gothic on your Computer
* Gothic Alphabet
* Accentuation
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Cases of the Noun
* Pronouns
* Conjugation of the weak Verb
* Word Declension
* Exercises
* Reading texts
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Numbers
* Exercises
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Word Order
* Strong verbs
* Comparatives
* Conjunctions
* Neologisms
* Exercises
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Gothic-to-English Translation Exercises
* English-to-Gothic Translation Exercises
* Neologism Exercises
* Further Resources
* Gothic Glossary
* Answers to Exercises

### Stems

In Gothic, like in many, if not all languages, words will change stems to show their meaning. Stems are sounds added to the ends of a root word to denote what the word really means. For example:
* The stem of gifted is ed and the root is gift. ed denotes that the action happened in the past.
* The stem of precaution is pre and the root is caution. pre denotes that this word is before an action.
* The stem of lemony is y and the root is lemon. y denotes that the word it is describing is similar to the root.
Now that you get the gist of what stems are, you are ready to learn the Gothic stems. The stems used by Gothic are probably larger than in Modern English. They are based on the gender given to an object, their strength, and their case in basis.

### The Gothic Stems

In Gothic, stems are used mostly to simply describe the case of a word and whether it is masculine, feminine, or neuter in nature. Here are the stems in Gothic. They are all suffixes, or stems that will got on the end of a root rather than the front.
* Masculine
** Strong
*** Nominative
*** Genitive
*** Dative
*** Accusative
** Weak
*** Nominative
*** Genitive
*** Dative
*** Accusative
** Other
*** Nominative
*** Genitive
*** Dative
*** Accusative
* Feminine
** Strong
*** Nominative
*** Genitive
*** Dative
*** Accusative
** Weak
*** Nominative
*** Genitive
*** Dative
*** Accusative
** Other
*** Nominative
*** Genitive
*** Dative
*** Accusative
* Neuter
** Strong
*** Nominative
*** Genitive
*** Dative
*** Accusative
** Weak
*** Nominative
*** Genitive
*** Dative
*** Accusative
** Other
*** Nominative
*** Genitive
*** Dative
*** Accusative
# Gothic/2/Text

Now that you've learned some important basic grammar, we'll read several texts in Gothic with the help of vocabulary.
Corinthians I 5:9 gamelida izwis ana þizai aipistaulein: ni blandaiþ izwis horam,
Gamelida = I wrote, 3rd preterite of gameljan (I weak) (to write)
izwis = you (acc plur)
ana = on + dative
þizai = this, dat. Fem. Sing.
aipistaulein = dat. of aipistaule, epistle
ni = not
blandaiþ = you merge (plur) (opt)
horam = dat. Plur. of hors (m. A) (fornicator).
The translation is:
— I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators:
Try to read the phrase with help of the vocabulary until you understand it.
iþ = but (here)
nu = now
blandan = to merge
jabai = if (supposing that the answer is yes)
hvas = any (here)
broþar (m. R nom.) = brother
namnids = called, past part. Nom. Sing.
sijai = is, opt
aiþþau = or, when there are more than two things
faihufriks = greedy, covetous, (adj. A nom. Sing. M.) (Adjectives will be explained in chapter 3)
Corinthians I 7:28 aþþan jabai nimis qen,
aþþan = but
nimis = you take
qen = wife, (acc. of qens (f. I) )
# Gothic/2/Vocab

Hails!
* Introduction
* Gothic on your Computer
* Gothic Alphabet
* Accentuation
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Cases of the Noun
* Pronouns
* Conjugation of the weak Verb
* Word Declension
* Exercises
* Reading texts
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Numbers
* Exercises
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Word Order
* Strong verbs
* Comparatives
* Conjunctions
* Neologisms
* Exercises
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Gothic-to-English Translation Exercises
* English-to-Gothic Translation Exercises
* Neologism Exercises
* Further Resources
* Gothic Glossary
* Answers to Exercises
Here is your vocabulary for this chapter. Note that there will be other vocabulary in the Pronouns and Articles sections that will be integrated within the tutorial.:

### Nouns

| Gothic | Latin | Definition | Gender |
| 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 | Hunds | A Dog/Hound | Masculine |
| 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰 | Baúrgja | Citizen | Feminine |
| 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 | Swein | Pig | Masculine |
| 𐍆𐍉𐌽 | fon | Fire | Neuter |

### Verbs

| Gothic | Latin | Definition | Gender |
| 𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 | Dreiban | To Drive | Masculine |
| 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 | Beitan | To Bite | Masculine |
Try to memorize them in the Gothic alphabet based on the Latin transcription. In further lessons when these are used, they will not use distinguished Latin characters and you must be able to know how to truly pronounce them. When to use which version of the word "the" will be covered in another page within this chapter.
# Gothic/2/Vocabulary

atta (masculine, n-stem) - father dags (masculine, a-stem) - day gasts (masculine, i-stem) - guest waurd (neutral, a-stem) - word
# Gothic/3/Adverbs
## Introduction to Adverbs

An adverb is a word or an expression that modifies a verb. For example: The man hardly works. The adverb hardly modifies the verb work
In Gothic, most adverbs are formed from adjectives using the suffix -ba. Examples: mikils great; mikilaba greatly; raihts right; raihtaba rightly.
Another way Gothic created adverbs was through the suffix -o. Some examples:
| Gothic | English |
| andaugjo | openly |
| analeiko | in the same manner |
| sinteino | continually |
| sprauto | quickly |
| sniumondo | quickly, with haste |

### Comparative Degree

The comparative degree of adverbs generally end in -is, -os. Examples:
| Gothic | English |
| aris | earlier |
| faurþis | beforehand |
| framis | further |
| hauhis | higher |
| sniumondos | with more haste |

### Superlative

Only two adverbs of the superlative degree are attested:
| Gothic | English |
| frumist | first of all |
| maist | most of all |

### Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time are expressed either by simple adverbs such as:
| Gothic | English |
| air | early |
| ƕan | when |
| ju | already |
| nu | now |
| þan | then |
Or by oblique cases of nouns and pronouns such as:
| Gothic | English |
| himma daga | today |
| gistradagis | tomorrow |
| du maurgina | tomorrow |
| dagis ƕizuh | day by day |
| ni aiw | never |

### Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of place end in -r or -a. Some examples:
| Gothic | English |
| aljar | elsewhere |
| her | here |
| ƕar | where |
| þar | there |
| faura | before |

### Adverbs of Motion

Adverbs of motion have either no suffix or end in -þ(d), -dre. Some examples:
| Gothic | English |
| dalaþ | down |
| ƕaþ, ƕadre | whither |
| jaind, jaindre | thither |
| hidre | hither |

### Adverbs with the Genitive Case

The genitive case is something used adverbially as allis wholly; andwairþis over against; nahts at night; and raihtis indeed.
# Gothic/4/Neologisms

There isn't a place where you can find a general overview of neologisms in Gothic. Although there is no general list, there are certain neologisms which are used in different places and can therefore be defined as neologisms which are accepted. Here are some examples:
garahnja (male an-stem) - computer fairrarodjands (male nd-stem) - telephone kaummunismus (male u-stem) - communism
maþl (neutral a-stem) - (online internet) forum
Some of these words are completely new made-up words, like garahnja or kaummunismus, but other words like maþl already exist, but have an added meaning which can be applied to this time. Another example is saliþwa, which ment a lodging or guest room, but can be used for the modern word 'hotel', as this word has about the same meaning.
# Gothic/2/Strength

Hails!
* Introduction
* Gothic on your Computer
* Gothic Alphabet
* Accentuation
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Cases of the Noun
* Pronouns
* Conjugation of the weak Verb
* Word Declension
* Exercises
* Reading texts
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Numbers
* Exercises
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Word Order
* Strong verbs
* Comparatives
* Conjunctions
* Neologisms
* Exercises
* Chapter Vocabulary
* Gothic-to-English Translation Exercises
* English-to-Gothic Translation Exercises
* Neologism Exercises
* Further Resources
* Gothic Glossary
* Answers to Exercises

### The Strong Word and the Weak Word

One of the bigger things you will have to wrap your head around is that Gothic differentiates between a "strong" word, a "weak" word, and has an "other" category. What does this all mean? A word which is in strong form is a word that will have a vowel changed to move it into another tense. A word which is in weak form will have its ending changed in order to demonstrate its tense, or timing. Other forms will experience a different change when using words. In Gothic, the verb(or action word) would be in strong form or weak form depending on which noun(a person, place or thing) is used.
Note that the Germanic Strength of a word is different from another term of grammar which is related to how a word will be pronounced in a sentence.
# Hitler's Germany

Wikiversity:Hitler's Germany This page is a soft redirect.
# Hobbyist CNC Machining/ShapeOko

The ShapeOko is a fully open source (open hardware) 3 axis CNC machine that anyone can build for about $300 (or a bit more, especially if one upgrades the machine).
Originally featured on a Kickstarter campaign, on July 26, 2011, 125 backers pledged $11,078 toward Project ShapeOko, far exceeding the funding goal of $1,500.
More details, including full assembly instructions and bill of materials are at the project wiki site which includes a forum: https://www.shapeoko.com/wiki
# Hobbyist CNC Machining/Team

You are free to edit the book without joining the team. Projects of this sort work better when there is an actual team, so please join if you wish. Just add yourself, signing with
# Hit Ferda in his neck
## Card game Hit Ferda in his neck

According to the speculations and written sources was this card game created in Chomutov grammar school in 2018. As founders are considered members of Klub mladého karbaníka (translated as a: Club of a young gambler). The game is similar to a world famous game: Pic kozu do vazu (Hit a goat in her neck). The game is adapted for school purposes.

### Rules and needs

* optional number of players (recomended 3-4)
* handover of the deck of cards after card of num.10 played, goes in the direction as a clock hands goes.
* 1 deck of cards, the best option is one-headed German Mariáš Cards (32 cards)

### Game process

* random player shuffles the deck and put it on the table with the face of cards going down
* the player turns over the first card in the deck as fast as he can, for fast visibility of the card for all players
* players are trying to complete a "task", which every card demands as fast as possible
* the last player who made the task, or the player who did not make it whatsoever takes the card
* If the time of accomplishment was identical, they will keep the card on the table and next card goes on it. Who will lose the next round takes the series of cards.
* The winner is an owner of the least number of cards taken due to lost tasks.

### Tasks

The game was invented in Czech Republic, so the tasks are in Czech version. You can try pronounce it and play it in an original way, or use the English translation.
* 7 - say: "Pic Ferdu do vazu!" (hit Ferda in his neck)
* 8 - say: "Rastajane" [Normal English pronounce], and do a facepalm
* 9 - say: "Rohlík s Paštikou!" (pastry with liver paste) and clap your hands at the same time
* 10 - say: "Všude jsem byl!" (I was everywhere) and another player on turn is now the man who is revealing the cards
* inferior - say: "Bonjour, Malej Dobrej!" (Bonjour Little Good!)
* superior - say: "Bonjour, Pani Chytrá!" (Bonjour Mrs.Smart!)
* King - say: "Pane vrchní Vopičáku!" (Sir boss/waiter little monkey!)
* Ace - say: "Móňa!" (Little Monica) and fastly slap your hand to the table to make a noise

### Bonus cards

Some cards have special abilities. These cards player keeps in front of him at one's place with the face of card going up. When one of these cards is revealed during the game, a player who as first performed a task, keeps it. If he was ought to take a card (or bunch of cars) in future, he could use it to buyback the mistake or his slowness. He throw away the bonus card on table and the game goes on. These cards will not count to losing cards if the player did not use them.
* eight of Hearts - say: "Červená osmička jako Tlamička" (Red eight like mouth) and do a facepalm
* Ace of Acorns - say: "Toho Lucifera nám byl čert dlužen" (Lucifer was the devil owed to us) and fastly slap your hand to the table to make a noise
* nine of Leaves - say: "Kdo chce všechno, nemá nic" (Whoever wants everything has eventually nothing) and clap your hands at the same time //in honor to HH
# Hobbyist CNC Machining/CNC Overview

CNC Machining is Computerized Numerical Control Machining.
The Numerical Control process is a way of moving various components in a system in a synchronized way that results in a specific action or part being created. When motion is combined with a working piece, such as a milling bit, it can remove material to form a specific shape. Similarly, it could have a working head that layers material in a specific way so as to form a part. The removal form is called subtractive machining. The creation of a part via adding layers is additive machining.
Numerical control was originally developed using cams, like a camshaft in a car engine, to pull levels, move pulleys, or any other mechanical linkage that could be driven by the cam. When electricity became available, the process moved to include electrical options. In the 1940s and 1950s, the electrical variations were heavily used in manufacturing processes. Cams were replaced with electrical devices that could store larger, more complex instructions. The machines would be built out with a number of very specific functions using logic circuits, relays, motors, and screws. The control unit would read in an instruction set, then use the prebuilt functions in the hardware to perform the function that was read off the storage media. Numerical Control refers to the last evolution to that progression.
When computers began entering industry, they replaced the control unit and hardcoded circuits. This allowed for simplified hardware and also allowed the control system to read in mathematical models and execute steps and actions based on the model rather than having to define each specific step in a linear fashion. Also, it allows newer functions to be defined in software, rather than hardware.
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Stations/XQH Brisbane
## Station XQH=

XQH was the licensed callsign of Horace Bruce Rockwell. Little has yet been discovered about his civilian transmitting activities, but a reasonable body of data has been gathered concerning his life and achievements
* Rockwell, Horace Bruce - A founder and first President of the Wireless Institute of Queensland 1912