OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carpentry/Power Tools/Table Saw
## Brief Description

A table saw consists of an electric motor, mounted below a table, which drives a circular saw blade projecting through an opening in the table's surface. The blade rotates toward the front of the table; the operator pushes the work into the blade, against the direction of rotation.
The two primary table saw operations are ripping, in which a board is reduced in width (cutting along the grain) while being pushed along a fence which is parallel to the blade and fixed at a distance from the blade equal to the desired width, and crosscutting, in which the board is reduced in length (cutting across the grain) while being carried through the blade by a mitre gauge, which holds the board perpendicular to the blade while sliding along a groove in the table's surface parallel to the blade (known as a mitre slot).
There are many variants of these operations. The motor may be pivoted laterally so that the blade forms an angle other than 90º to the table's surface, permitting beveled rips and crosscuts. The mitre gauge may be adjusted to form an angle other than 90º to the mitre slot and saw blade, thereby allowing mitres to be cut. And a series of adjacent, parallel cuts can be made with the blade's height set lower than the thickness of the work to create dados and rabbets; these can also be cut using a stack of blades known as a dado set.

## Types of Table Saws

Table saws can be divided into several categories. The bench or bench-top saw, also known as a portable or jobsite saw, is compact and lightweight; its durability and accuracy suffer as a result, but it still represents a considerable improvement over a circular saw with a rip guide for production work in the field.
The contractor's saw is a substantial tool, offering a cast-iron table, typically with a pair of stamped steel extension wings, a 1 1/2 horsepower motor, and a reasonably reliable fence and mitre gauge. The hybrid saw improves on the contractor's saw with cast-iron extensions in place of the stamped steel, a more powerful motor, and a longer fence adjustable to finer tolerances.
Finally, the cabinet saw, so named because of its enclosed base, features massively rugged construction throughout, from the trunnions supporting the motor, to the handwheels that adjust the height and tilt of the blade, to the rails the fence clamps to. This saw is typically powered by a 3 or 5 horsepower motor, is often accompanied by an extended table and fence/rail system for ripping wide panels, or a sliding-table attachment for crosscutting large pieces, and may weigh in at 500 pounds or more.
# Carpentry/Workbench

Many people work at some sort of workbench.
In addition to building workbenches for other kinds of work, occasionally a woodworker builds a woodworking workbench for another woodworker. This is reminiscent of the way every blacksmith receives his first set of iron tongs from some previous blacksmith. (See Wikipedia: tongs).
While many forms of carpentry must be performed "on site", many carpenters have a workshop including a workbench.

## Further reading

* John Doran. "a tour of my laboratory" for electronics.
* the AirBorn Electronics Workshop
* Dave Hylands. Electronics Workbench
* Dave Hylands. Work Bench (is this a woodworking workbench?)
* John R. Bentley. Workshop Pictures showing metal-working workbenches.
* Mark Csele. woodworking workshop.
* Mark Csele. electronics workshop.
* "Quick Work Bench" for electronics.
* "The Heavy-Duty Hideaway Bench" for woodworking.
* "Build a Work Bench".
* David L. Jones. "My Work Bench" for electronics.
* Sonia ZJAWINSKI shows us a workstation built by Samuel Blanco. "How to Make Your Own Ergonomic Computer Workstation". 2009
# Carpentry/Power Tools/Drill

A drill is a tool used to bore holes in a material. A drill may either be manually turned by the user or automatically turned by a motor. The latter is an electric drill. The drill bit is the cutting element of the drill. This bit is a cylendrical shaped piece of metal with a spiral cut. Drill bits can be almost any size from fractions of an inch to larger. A drill press is an electric drill fixed to a pedistal.
# Carpentry/Survey/Builder's Level

Level spelled backward is level,as both ends of a foundation should be! Bubble levels come in many shapes and sizes, the smallest one used to level the longest length. It is a line level and the idea is to stretch a string as taut as one dares to and hang this little 3 inch level on it. These are hard to work with and wind can cause false readings. The best level for long foundations is the water level. Other builders levels are the torpedo, a 9" level, that are great for scaffold building if they are magnatized. There are 18", 2ft,4ft, and 6ft levels. It is always a good idea to check one level against another by simply stacking one on top of the other to make sure that they read the same.
# Carpentry/Power Tools/Saws/Circular

Circular Saws
Most people are familiar with the basic circular saw, sometimes called a "skillsaw," though that is a brand, as when one refers to tissue as "Kleenex." These saws are constructed with a pistol-type grip to the rear, and a trigger-button which activates the saw.
Another popular type of saw is the "worm drive" or "framing" saw. This saw is a variation on the circular saw, which is designed to fit in smaller spaces; the motor is at the back. Because there is no motor beside the blade, the saw's width when viewed from the front (the direction of the cut) is much smaller.
These saws, as other tools, are manufactured to varying levels of quality and durability. The plastic ones such as DeWalt are lighter, and for framers cutting in a bent over position that is good! However they do not take well to drops or impacts. A sturdier tool would definitely be one with a metal body such as Ridgid or Makita, though these models are noticeably heavier.
# Carpentry/Survey/Laser Level

Laser levels are handy as they eliminate the need for two operators to get good readings. Some use a visible light and others do not. w:Laser line level
# Cascading Style Sheets/Applying CSS to XML

To apply a stylesheet to an XML document, place the modified following example into the prolog of the XML document.
Any XML declaration, such as <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>, must precede the stylesheet processing instruction.
This applies to XHTML too, if it is served with the correct MIME type: application/xhtml+xml.
A complete example, with an XML declaration and a stylesheet processing instruction:

## Bibliography

* XML - Managing Data Exchange/XSLT and Style Sheets
# Algorithm Implementation/Strings

* Levenshtein distance
* Longest common subsequence
* Longest common substring
* Longest common leading/trailing substring
* Dice's coefficient
* Longest repeated substring
# Algorithm Implementation/Strings/Longest repeated substring

A search conducted within one string for its longest repeated substring. This function finds the non-overlapping repeats as opposed to the overlapping repeats of other implementations. That is to say, for banana, this form will find only an and not the overlapping ana. The function has application in the pattern search of cipher text. A detected pattern of this non-overlapping kind can be used to find a Caesar cipher's key length when certain other factors obtain.

## VBA

Returns the longest repeated non-overlapping substring for a single string, and the number of repeats. In contests, if length is matched, the substring with most repeats is returned. If still matched, the one that was found first is returned. The worst case is for no repeats found where the number of cycles becomes maximum at (0.5*n)^2.
# Algorithm Implementation/String searching/Knuth-Morris-Pratt pattern matcher
## Ada

The following Ada implementation contains both the algorithms as well as a test program to test correctness of implementation.
Ada Programming/Algorithms/Knuth-Morris-Pratt pattern matcher

## C++

The following C++ implementation contains only the algorithms without a test program to test correctness of implementation.

## C

C implementations from the history of the Wikipedia page on the same topic with minor changes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knuth%E2%80%93Morris%E2%80%93Pratt_algorithm&oldid=781303383

## Lua

This implementation requires Lua version 5.1 or better.
# Algorithm Implementation/Strings/Longest common subsequence
## C#
### Finding the LCS

The following C# program calculates the longest common subsequence (note the singular) of 2 strings. For example, for the strings "computer" and "houseboat" this algorithm returns a value of 3, specifically the string "out".

### Example usage
## Common Lisp

This version only works for lists but can be generalized for all sequences.

## Python
### Usage example

It prints the following:

### Usage example

It prints the following:

## VB.NET

The following VB.NET program calculates the longest common subsequence (note the singular) of 2 strings. For example, for the strings "computer" and "houseboat" this algorithm returns a value of 3, specifically the string "out".

## Java

The Java implementation uses two classes. The first, an abstract class that implements the algorithm. The second, an concrete class implementing this for a string. Obviously, you could use this so that instead of comparing characters in a string, it could compare lines in a file, blocks of code, nodes in an XML document, or whatever you choose.

## C++

Usage:

## PHP
### Usage example

Include your class file and instantiate a new object of the class by passing both strings to the constructor Access the results by using $obj->remains and $obj->differences

## APL
### Usage example

Variable D is:

## J

See for details.
# Algorithm Implementation/Trees

* AVL tree
* B+ tree
# Algorithm Implementation/Strings/Longest common leading/trailing substring

This algorithm is a special case of the Longest Common Substring algorithm. The special case of leading (or trailing) gives a dramatic performance improvement - in my application roughly two orders of magnitude better.
Unfortunately I've only provided Perl at the moment, because thats what I need for my project! I'm hoping others who need this algorithm in other languages will record their implementation here.
# Algorithm Implementation/Strings/Dice's coefficient
## WARNING

Please check, if the implementation in the progamming Language you want to use meets your needs !
Some implementations (example: new unrevised javascript implementation) count equal bigrams only once, which is inadequate for string similarity (similarity of "ggggg" and "gg" will be "1" etc. ) Read the comment inside the Java Implementaion (which in my opinion seems to be correct) for this ! Could someone, who is really a specialist on this topic, review this to clarify the problem, and do this warning in a correct way ? See Discussion !

## Algorithm

Dice's coefficient measures how similar a set and another set are. It can be used to measure how similar two strings are in terms of the number of common bigrams (a bigram is a pair of adjacent letters in the string). Below we give implementations of Dice's coefficient of two strings in different programming languages.
From the Dice coefficient Wikipedia page, when taken as a string similarity measure, the coefficient may be calculated for two strings, x and y using bigrams as follows:
$d={\frac {2n_{t}}{(n_{x}+n_{y})}}$
where n$_t$ is the number of character bigrams found in both strings, n$_x$ is the number of bigrams in string x and n$_y$ is the number of bigrams in string y.
An alternative multiset-oriented description of d is as:
where A, B and AB are to be understood as multisets, with A and B corresponding to the bigrams in x and y respectively, and where AB is defined as the multiset such that, if an item, x, has multiplicity a in A and b in B, then it will have multiplicity min(a,b) in AB. Also for a multiset X, the notation |X| signifies the count of items in X.

## Haskell

a naive, non-optimized version

## C

A possible problem with the above example is that it considers the position of the bigrams as well as their presence/absence. An alternative implementation which is independent of bigram position is given below:
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Equivalent width

The equivalent width of a spectral line is a measure of the area of the line on plot of intensity versus wavelength. It is found by forming a rectangle with a height equal to that of continuum emission, and finding the width such that the area of the rectangle is equal to the area in the spectral line. It is a measure of the strength of spectral features that is primarily used in astronomy.

## Definition

Formally, the equivalent width is given by the equation
$W_{\lambda }=\int (1-F_{\lambda }/F_{0})d\lambda$.
Here, $F_{0}$ represents the continuum intensity on either side of the absorption (or emission) feature, while $F_{\lambda }$ represents the intensity across the entire wavelength range of interest. Then $W_{\lambda }$ represents the width of a hypothetical line which drops to an intensity of zero and has the "same integrated flux deficit from the continuum as the true one." This equation can be applied to either emission or absorption, but when applied to emission, the value of $W_{\lambda }$ is negative, and so the absolute value is used.

## Applications

The equivalent width is used as a quantitative measure of the strength of spectral features. The equivalent width is a convenient choice because the shapes of spectral features can vary depending upon the configuration of the system which is producing the lines. For instance, the line may experience Doppler broadening due to motions of the gas emitting the photons. The photons will be shifted away from the line center, thus rendering the height of the emission line a poor measure of its overall strength. The equivalent width, on the other hand, "measures the fraction of energy removed from the spectrum by the line," regardless of the broadening intrinsic to the line or a detector with poor resolution. Thus the equivalent width can in many conditions yield the number of absorbing or emitting atoms.
Measurements of the equivalent width of the Balmer alpha transition in T Tauri stars are used in order to classify individual T Tauri stars as being classical or weak-lined. The equivalent width can also be used in studying star formation in Lyman alpha galaxies, as the equivalent width of the Lyman alpha line is related to the star formation rate in the galaxy.

## References

* 1 2 Carroll, Bradly; Ostlie, Dale (2007). An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics. Pearson Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0321442849.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* 1 2 3 Stahler, Steven; Palla, Francesco (2004). The Formation of Stars. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527405593.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Spitzer, Lyman (1998). Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 0471022322.
* ↑ Dijkstra, Mark; Westra, Eduard (2010). "Star formation indicators and line equivalent width in Lya galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 401 (4): 2343–2348.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Ernst angle

The Ernst angle is the flip angle (a.k.a. "tip" or "nutation" angle) for a particular spin that gives the maximal signal in the least amount of time when signal averaging over many transients. This relationship was developed by Richard Ernst, winner of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
The following equation relates the Ernst angle, theta, to the experimental interpulse delay, d1; the duration of the free induction decay, aka "acquisition time", or "at"; and the longitudinal relaxation time of the spin in question, T$_1$:
$cos(\theta )=e^{-(d1+at)/T_{1}}$
For example, if one wishes to get the best signal from a resonance with T$_1$=3 sec, and one wishes to use d1=1sec and at=2sec, the optimal tip angle is 68 degrees.
This relationship is especially important in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), where interscan delays (d1) and acquisition times (at) are often short relative to the signal's T$_1$ value. In MRI, there is typically just one resonance being observed - H$_2$O - and the T$_1$ of H$_2$O depends on its local environment. Note that d1 and at together may be referred to collectively as TR in the MRI community.

## References

* ↑ "1991 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry".
* ↑ "Application of Fourier transform spectroscopy to magnetic resonance (1966) Rev. Sci. Inst. v.37, p.93".
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Excitation wavelength

The excitation wavelength describes the light shone on a sample to transfer energy to ("to excite") a light-reactive chemical group in any compound. Its unit is usually given in nanometers (nm).
An example is the green fluorescent protein (GFP), which can be excited with light of 488 nm, to induce a fluorescence at 509 nm.
Excitation wavelength is based upon how much energy a specific group can absorb and reemit. Energy, however, can only be transferred in discrete units called quanta. Based upon the electron configuration of each chemical group, its electrons will be able to absorb a certain amount of quanta and move up in energy level. Upon returning to their original states, the electrons release more of these packets of energy, though at a different level. The release of this energy is the level of fluorescence achieved.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Exclusive correlation spectroscopy

Exclusive correlation spectroscopy (ECOSY) is an NMR correlation experiment introduced by O. W. Sørensen, Christian Griesinger, Richard R. Ernst and coworkers for the accurate measurement of small J-couplings.
The idea behind the experiment is to measure an unresolved coupling with the help of a larger coupling which is resolved in a dimension orthogonal to the small coupling. Three active nuclei are needed (SXI spin system) and the pulse sequence must be able to transfer magnetization from I to S without changing the spin state of X, otherwise the ECOSY pattern will vanish.

## References

* C. Griesinger and R. R. Ernst (1987). Frequency offset effects and their elimination in NMR rotating-frame cross-relaxation spectroscopy. J. Magn. Reson. 75, 261-271.
* C. Griesinger, O. W. Sørensen and R. R. Ernst (1985). Two-dimensional correlation of connected NMR transitions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 6394-6396.
* C. Griesinger, O. W. Sørensen and R. R. Ernst (1986). Correlation of connected transitions by two-dimensional NMR-spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 85, 6837-6852.
* C. Griesinger, O. W. Sørensen and R. R. Ernst (1987). Practical aspects of the E.COSY technique. Measurement of scalar spin-spin coupling constants in peptides. J. Magn. Reson. 75, 474-492.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/FLEX mission

The FLuorescence EXplorer (FLEX) is a mission submitted to the European Space Agency in response to the Call for Ideas for Earth Explorer Core Missions. Recently it has been chosen to pass to pre-phase A.

## Summary

The FLuorescence EXplorer (FLEX) mission proposes to launch a satellite for the global monitoring of steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence in terrestrial vegetation. After more than 70 years of basic and applied research in chlorophyll fluorescence, it is now clear that fluorescence is a sensitive probe of photosynthetic function in both healthy and physiologically perturbed vegetation. Fluorescence is a powerful non-invasive tool to track the status, resilience, and recovery of photochemical processes and moreover provides important information on overall photosynthetic performance with implications for related carbon sequestration. The early responsiveness of fluorescence to atmospheric, soil and plant water balance, as well as to atmospheric chemistry and human intervention in land usage makes it an obvious biological indicator in improving our understanding of Earth system dynamics. The amenability of fluorescence to remote, even space-based observation qualifies it to join the emerging suite of space-based technologies for Earth observation. FLEX would encompass a three-instrument array for measurement of the interrelated features of fluorescence, hyperspectral reflectance, and canopy temperature. The program would involve a space and ground-truthing program of 3-years duration and would provide data formats for research and applied science.

## References

* FLEX to pre-phase A
* Workshop on the FLEX mission
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Elemental analysis

Elemental analysis is the process for determining the partial or complete chemical formula for a substance. Most commonly, it involves the complete combustion in air or oxygen of the substance and then quantifying the amount of elemental oxides produced. In the case of organic compounds, the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen to water. From these, the percent carbon and percent hydrogen in the substance can be found and compared with a proposed chemical formula for the substance at hand.
Element test: Put a small amount of the solid into a small piece of Na metal then roll it around the solid, followed by introduction into a fusion tube. The tube is heated with a gentle flame at a slow rate (in order not to evaporate N$_2$ present in solid) then strong heating till the bottom of the tube become red hot. The tube is then put in a beaker containing a minimal amount of water then heated, cooled, filtered and the filtrate divided into three parts.
1. Test for nitrogen: The filtrate and ferrous sulphate are boiled and cooled and dilute sulphuric acid is added. If green or blue color occurs the solid contain nitrogen.
The chemistry behind what happened: Na+C+N --> NaCN FeSO$_4$+NaCN gives Fe[CN]$_2$ Fe[CN]$_2$+4NaCN give the complex Na$_4$[Fe(CN)$_6$] ferrous oxidizes to ferric by the acid so 3Na$_4$[Fe(CN)$_6$]+4Fe$^{3+}$ --> Fe$_4$[Fe(CN)$_6$]$_3$
2. Test for sulphur: The filtrate is exposed to dilute acetic acid and lead acetate, yielding a brown or black precipitate.
The chemistry behind what happened: Na+S --> Na$_2$S Na$_2$S +Pb(CH$_3$CO$_2$H)$_2$ yields lead sulphide, a black precipitate.
or: The filtrate and sodium nitro prusside yield a violet color
Na$_2$S+Na$_2$[Fe(CN)$_5$NO] --> Na$_4$[Fe(CN)$_5$NOS] = violet color
3. Test for chlorine:
a) In the absence of N or S: The filtrate is exposed to dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate. Formation of a white precipitate suggests the presence of chlorine.
b) In the presence of N and/or S :
The filtrate is exposed to dilute sulphuric acid then boiled to 1/3 initial volume and cooled. Formation of a white precipitate after the addition of dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate suggests the presence of chlorine.
Equations:
NaCN+AgNO$_3$ --> AgCN white ppt Na$_2$S+AgNO$_3$ gives Ag$_2$S black ppt In the presence of N or S these two precipitates may interfere with the white colour of the result of the chlorine test. Therefore dilute sulphoric acid is added because in the presence of N or S: Na$_2$S+ dilute H$_2$SO$_4$ gives H$_2$S gas NaCN+ dilulte H$_2$SO$_4$ gives HCN gas
There is no interference with the white colour expected from the chlorine test in solid.
# Beekeeping/Allergies

If you are allergic to bee stings, you need to ask the advice of your doctor on measures you should take if stung.
# Beekeeping/Bears

Everyone knows what a honey bear is. But sometimes beekeepers have to deal with the origin of this popular honey container. Bears can be very destructive in their quest for honey, and many beekeepers put strong electrified fences around their hives.