OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Economic Sophisms/Advertisement

| ←The Right Hand and the Left | Economic Sophisms by Author:Frédéric Bastiat Domination by Labour | Advertisement→ |
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of Profits and Prices: Including an Examination of the Principles which determine the relative Value of Corn, Labour, and Currency.
Template:Fs90/s "We shall greatly mistake the rank or character of this treatise, if we but regard it as a successful exposition of its first and early rudiments for the benefit of those who are yet schoolboys on the subject. It is something far higher than an exposition, — ^it is a rectification of first principles ; for the author grapples with some of die first and fundamental doctrines of those who have been esteemed the greatest masters in the science, and, as we think, overturns them. Such are the changes which he advocates on the alphabetic characters of the science as lead to different readings and different lessons throughout, and will help onward to the establishment of a different school from any of those which now are most prized and most resorted to."—DR CHALMERS, IN NORTH BRITISH REVIEW. Template:Fs90/e
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of the Precious Metals: With Historical Notices of the Effects of the American Mines on European Prices in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth,
Template:Fs90/s "Toutes les questions de fait et de doctrine qui se rattachent à la découverte des nouvelles mines d'or ont été étudiées par M. Stirling avec sagesse et sobriété. Son livre est un des meilleurs recueils de faits et d'idées qui aient été publiés sur cette question."—JOURNAL DES ÉCONOMISTES.
M. Stirling fait remarqner que la dépréciation des métaux précieux est déterminée moins par les quantités extraites que par la réduction des prix de revient. Cette demonstration est l'originalite de son livre."—REVUE DES DEUX MONDES. Template:Fs90/e
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HARMONIES of POLITICAL ECONOMY. By FRÉDÉRIC BASTIAT. Translated from the French, with a Notice of his Life and Writings. Part I. 8vo, 7s. 6d.
HARMONIES of POLITICAL ECONOMY, Part II, with Notes and an Index to both Parts. 8vo, 68. 6d.
Template:Fs90/s "Bastiat speaks with the greatest force to the highest order of intellects. At the same time, he is almost the only Political Economist whose style is brilliant and fascinating, whilst his irresistible logic is relieved by sallies of wit and humour which make his Sophismes as amusing as a novel."—RICHARD COBDEN. Template:Fs90/e
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# Economic Sophisms/98

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"not the necessary, eternal, and indestructible mainspring to which Providence has confided human perfectibility. Are we not represented as being all angels of disinterestedness? And does the thought never occur to those who say so, that the public begins to see with disgust that this affected language disfigures the pages of those very writers who are most successful in filling their own pockets at the public expense? Oh! affectation! affectation! thou art verily the besetting sin of our times!
What! because material prosperity and peace are things correlative, because it has pleased God to establish this beautiful harmony in the moral world, am I not to admire, am I not to adore His ordinances, am I not to accept with gratitude laws which make justice the condition of happiness? You desire peace only in as far as it runs counter to material prosperity; and liberty is rejected because it does not impose sacrifices. If abnegation has indeed so many charms for you, why do you fail to practise it in private life? Society will be grateful to you, for some one, at least, will reap the fruit; but to desire to im- pose it upon mankind as a principle is the very height of absurdity, for the abnegation of all is the sacrifice of all, which is evil erected into a theory.
But, thank Heaven, one can write or read many of these declamations without the world ceasing on that account to obey the social motive force, which leads us to shun evil and seek after good, and which, whether they like it or not, we must denominate personal interest.
After all, it is singular enough to see sentiments of the most sublime self-denial invoked in support of spoliation itself. See to what this boasted disinterestedness tends! These men who are so fantastically delicate as not to desire peace itself, if it is founded on the vile interest of mankind, put their hand into the pockets of others, and especially of the poor; for what article of the tariff protects the poor? Be pleased, gentlemen, to dispose of what belongs to yourselves as you think proper, but leave us the disposal of the fruit of our own toil, to use it or exchange it as we see best. Declaim on self-sacrifice as much as you choose,
it is all very fine and very beautiful, but be at least consistent.
# Economic Sophisms/99

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"
MACHINE-BREAKING—prohibition of foreign commodities—are two acts founded on the same doctrine.
We see men who clap their hands when a great invention is introduced, and who nevertheless adhere to the protectionist régime. Such men are grossly inconsistent!
With what do they reproach free trade? With encouraging the production by foreigners, more skilled or more favourably situated than we are, of commodities which, but for free trade, would be produced at home. In a word, they accuse free trade of being injurious to national labour?
For the same reason, should they not reproach machinery with accomplishing by natural agents what otherwise would have been done by manual labour, and so of being injurious to human labour?
The foreign workman, better and more favourably situated than the home workman for the production of certain commodities, is, with reference to the latter, a veritable economic madbine, crushing him by competition. In like manner, machinery, which executes a piece of work at a lower price than a certain number of men could do by manual labour, is, in relation to these manual labourers, a veritable foreign competitor, who paralyzes them by his rivalry.
If, then, it is politic to protect national labour against the competition of foreign labour, it is not less so to protect human labour against the rivalry of mechanical labour.
Thus, every adherent of the régime of protection, if he is logical, should not content himself with prohibiting foreign products; he should proscribe also the products of the shuttle and the plough.
And this is the reason why I like better the logic of those men who, declaiming against the invasion of foreign merchandise, declaim likewise against the exccess of production which is due to the inventive power of the human mind.
# Economic Sophisms/96

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"personal interest—since we must give it its right name—a principle so active, so vigilant, so foreseeing, when it is free in its action. In what situation, I would ask, would the inhabitants of Paris be, if a minister should take it into his head to substitute for this power the combinations of his own genius, however superior we might suppose them to be—if he thought to subject to his supreme direction this prodigious mechanism, to hold the springs of it in his hands, to decide by whom, or in what manner, or on what conditions, everything needed should be produced, transported, exchanged, and consumed? Truly, there may be much suffering within the walls of Paris—poverty, despair, perhaps starvation, causing more tears to flow than ardent charity is able to dry up; but I affirm that it is probable, nay, that it is certain, that the arbitrary intervention of government would multiply infinitely those sufferings, and spread over all our fellow-citizens those evils which at present affect only a small number of them.
This faith, then, which we repose in a principle, when the question relates only to our home transactions, why should we not retain, when the same principle is applied to our inter- national transactions, which are undoubtedly less numerous, less delicate, and less complicated? And if it is not necessary that the préfecture should regulate our Parisian industries, weigh our chances, balance our profits and losses, see that our circulating medium is not exhausted, and equalize the conditions of our home labour, why should it be necessary that the Customhouse, departing from its fiscal duties, should pretend to exercise a protective action over our external commerce?
# F Sharp Programming/Notes for Contributors

Would-be contributors are asked to observe the following:
* We aim to present functional programming in F# in a simple manner. Many texts go into great detail about the theoretical aspects of FP (e.g. lambda calculus) fairly early on which is :
** distracting to beginners who assume that functional programming is for "boffins" only.
** unnecessary for learning how to use functional programming techniques.
* Ensure that you only use a language construct or concept after it has been explained. It is the task of any tutorial to split things up into digestable chunks. This may mean explaining or demonstrating things in a clumsier or less general way than you would like. So be it.
* Do not treat the existing text or structure as sacrosanct. If it would be better done another way then by all means do it. Remember that WikiBooks are under version control, so any mistake can always be backed out. (Having said that, major changes should probably be discussed first).
Additionally topics should be organized in a way that makes sense to first-time programmers and those who have no prior experience with functional programming languages. In particular:
* Readers should be able to start at the beginning of this book and understand each section. No page should reference code or language constructs before they are properly introduced.
* Each section should build on prior sections. In other words, this book is meant to be read in serial format: from start to finish. Readers are not expected to understand code or concepts by skipping over material.
* An emphasis should be placed on explaining writing F# code properly, rather than on syntax alone. This is extremely important, but unfortunately overlooked in many programming tutorials on the web. There's no real point learning F# if programmers only intend to transcribe C++ in a different syntax; mastering this language means mastering its idioms and functional programming style.
* Its good for articles to have a high density of short, explanatory code samples. Always accompany new concepts with code that that reader can experiment with.
The text of this page is adapted from the page for Haskell.
# F Sharp Programming/License

F# is distributed under the Apache License.
# Ecology/Practical Ecology
## Practical Vegetation Sampling

Done using the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) survey.
US System
UK System
The National Vegetation Classification is a system of classifying natural habitat types according to the vegetation they contain. Different systems exist in different countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom. A large scientific meeting of ecologists, botanists, and other related professionals in the United Kingdom resulted in the publication of a compendium of five books ISBN 0521797160 by Cambridge University Press which detail the incidence of plant species in 5 major habitat types in the United Kingdom natural environment. They are the first systematic and comprehensive account of the vegetation types of this country. They cover all natural, semi-natural and major artificial habitats in Great Britain (but not Northern Ireland), representing the fruits of fifteen years of research by leading plant ecologists. From the data collated from the books was developed a commercial software product called 'MATCH' which helps to classify vegetation identified into one of the many habitat types found in Great Britain.
# Ecology/Scientific Method Glossary

Introduction to the Scientific Method
In Ecology, as with many sciences a series of steps known as the scientific method are involved in trying to support or nullify a hypothesis.
There are two ways to support your hypothesis. The first way is by a weak inference, which is basically using one distinct hypothesis and trying to support that hypothesis through observation. The other way is by using strong inference. This method is regarded as having more credibility as it uses numerous hypotheses with a null hypothesis for each. Instead of trying to support one hypothesis as with a weak inference, the researcher tries to disprove numerous hypotheses through controlled experimentation to support a single hypothesis.
# Ecology/Short-Tailed Hawk

Short-Tailed Hawk Introduction:
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/Accounts Payable Invoice

This data consists of the following two tables:
* Header
* Line
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/Accounts Payable Invoice/Header

This table contains one record for each invoice.
Used by: Accounts Payable
Key: Supplier Number, Invoice Number
Fields:
* Supplier Number
* Invoice Number (from supplier's invoice)
* Invoice Type (Regular, Adjustment, Prepayment)
* Invoice Date
* Terms
* Due Date (calculated from the Invoice Date and Terms)
* Discount Date (calculated from the Invoice Date and Terms)
* Invoice Amount
* Tax Amount
* Freight Amount
* Currency
* Purchase Order Number
* Batch Number
* Hold Date
* Hold Authorization (User and Date/Time, encrypted)
* Hold Type
* Holdback Percentage
* Holdback Amount
* Authorization To Be Paid (User and Date/Time, encrypted)
* General Ledger Account Number (Discount)
* General Ledger Account Number (Tax)
* General Ledger Account Number (Freight)
* Posted to General Ledger Date/Time
* Notes
* UDF
# ERP5 Handbook/Meta

ERP5's wiki lives on http://www.erp5.org/

# Authors

Dear authors:
* handbook shall be readable from chapter to chapter
* do not go into details to fast, refer to wiki
* be more descriptive than technical - technical information shall be on wiki/in code
* better explain something few times with examples, short and technical explanation style shall be in wiki - handbook shall prepare reader to wiki-like documentation
* you are kindly asked to add yourself to authors page.

# What to put in handbook and what on wiki
## HandBook

* descriptive information and introductory content about ERP5
* complete tutorial-like documents
* group links to ERP5 wiki with descriptions - readers shall be lead
* might be less precise, little inadequate - concentrate on what reader shall understand and not on details - this is wiki work

## Wiki

* everything what is ERP5's wiki like - look how wiki looks right now
* various HowTos, Technical Notes, etc.

## Handbook and wiki synchronisation

There is possibility that some information will start to duplicate on wiki and handbook. Then some decision shall be made - if it is on wiki, and is not so technical, propose to move it into handbook. If it is on handbook and it is to technical - create/reference to proper wiki page.
Decision shall be made by humans.

# TODOs

Put here list of extensions, which you'd like to see in book. Sign yourself with 4 tildes.

## Generic

* automatic documentation reference generator, at least parts which are fetch able from source-code
* maybe use of DocBook system or its derivative instead of wikibooks?

## Wikibooks extensions

* automatic TOC generation
# ERP Internals/Data Tables

Even a small ERP has a hundred data tables. A large, full-function one has thousands. The following list covers the major groups of tables. Supporting Tables covers the minor tables and Parameters cover the miscellaneous options and values for each module.
Note that the definition of these tables is not complete in that we do not include field length or format (i.e. we define "Customer Number" but we do not say how long it is, whether it is divided into segments, or whether it is numeric or alphanumeric). For the purposes of this document, that amount of detail is not necessary.
Since many tables are used by more than one module, the tables are listed in alphabetical order.
* Accounts Payable Check
* Accounts Payable Invoice
* Accounts Receivable Invoice
* Accounts Receivable Payment
* Bank
* Bank Check
* Bank Deposit
* Bank Transaction
* Bill of Materials
* Bondholder
* Bondholder Transaction
* Chart of Accounts
* Contact
* Currency
* Customer
* Employee
* Employee Check
* Employee Transaction
* Fixed Asset
* Fixed Asset Transaction
* General Ledger Account Balance
* General Ledger Budget
* General Ledger Reports
* General Ledger Transaction
* HR Benefits
* HR Deductions
* HR Hiring
* HR Planned Days Off
* HR Qualifications
* HR Review
* Item
* Item Analysis
* Item Transaction
* Job
* Job Transaction
* Maintenance
* Master Production Schedule
* Material Requirements
* Opportunity
* Purchase Order
* Quotation/Estimate
* Sales Analysis
* Sales Compensation
* Sales Order
* Sales Representative
* Service Contract
* Shareholder
* Shareholder Transaction
* Supplier
* Time
* User
* Unit
# ERP Internals

For the purposes of this book, an “enterprise” is a group of people organized for some long-term purpose. A business is an enterprise. So is a non-profit charity. An Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) package is a computer software package that integrates all departments and functions within an enterprise into a single, integrated system that maintains a single, integrated set of data. Any transaction entered in one area causes an immediate update in related areas. An ERP enables departments to share information and communicate with each other much better and more quickly using one consistent set of numbers available to all users.
This book is written for people who want to understand the internal operations of ERP packages. It describes a generic ERP rather than any actual package. It is written in simple, everyday language and assumes only a little business knowledge. Consult the accompanying Glossary for a definition of any terms you are unfamiliar with. Although it is written for programmers and analysts, our goal is that you do not need to be a programmer, analyst, or even a business person to understand it.
ERP Internals is a work in progress. It is incomplete and should only be used as part of your own research. We encourage you to contribute to make it better.
* Enterprise Size
* Types of Enterprises
* Modules
* Data Tables and Parameters
* Miscellaneous
* Glossary
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/Accounts Payable Check

This table contains one record for every Accounts Payable invoice paid by check. Each check pays one or more supplier invoices.
Used by: Accounts Payable
Key: Bank Account Number, Check Number, Supplier Number, Invoice Number
Fields:
* Bank Account Number
* Check Number (same as the number that appears on the printed check)
* Supplier Number
* Invoice Number
* Amount
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/Accounts Payable Invoice/Line

This table contains one record for every line on every invoice.
Used by: Accounts Payable
Key: Supplier Number, Invoice Number, Line Number
Fields:
* Supplier Number
* Invoice Number
* Line Number (a unique number assigned by the ERP package)
* Item Number
* Description
* Quantity
* Price
* Tax Code
* Tax Amount
* Extended Amount (Price x Quantity - Tax)
* Job Number
* General Ledger Account Number
* Notes
* UDF
# Understanding listboxes
## Example data table

| Reference | Title | Start Date | Simulation State |
| 001 | Sale Order | 2007/10/11 | Draft |
| 002 | Purchase Order | 2006/10/11 | Confirmed |
| 003 | Sale Invoice Transaction | 2006/10/11 | Planned |
| 004 | Production Order | 2011/12/12 | Planned |

## Listbox filtering

Take a look on above table and try to remember it. Above data will be used to explain some nice types of lixtbox filtering.

### Simple filtering

You may filter by using full values of given columns. If you'd type Sale Invoice Transaction in Portal Type column then only object 003 would be shown.
% sign may be used as part of word. If you'd type Sale% in Portal Type column, then objects 001 and 003 would be shown.
Using this types of filtering - which may apply on any columns and types is almost enough.

### Complex filtering
#### Date ranges

You may use two operators to define date range - >= which is mean after this date, including it and <= - before this date, including it. When Start Date would be set to >= 2007/10/11 then objects 001 and 004 would be shown. When it'd set to <=2006/10/11 objects 002 and 003 would be shown.

#### Not operator

If you'd type !=Draft in Simulation State column, then objects 002, 003 and 004 would be shown. Note, that you might not have any space after not operator != - != Draft won't work.

## Domain Tree

If the listbox has a domain root defined, it will display this icon - when you click on it, the listbox will enter a "domain tree mode". Then you can select a base category from the dropdown that appears to the left of the listbox.
When you select a base category (like Region), the listbox will present an expandable tree of all regions that are defined in the system. When you click on any of them, the listbox will show only these people that live in this region (or in any sub-region). Here, we selected Europe/Poland/Mazowieckie region, and we see everyone who lives in Siedlce or Warszawa.
Refer to http://wiki.erp5.org/HowToConfigureListbox for technical details about listbox configuration.
# Electronics/Digital Circuits
## Overview

In Digital circuits there are two parts one is Digital the other is circuits.
Digital
    means a description of system which operates on digits or numbers.
    The numbers that a digital system operates upon are binary numbers.One binary digit just have two values '0' and '1'. This '0' or '1' are analogous to 'off' and 'on', 'false' and 'true', etc. The Binary digIT is known as 'bit'. In day to day activities we use numbers and every digit of that number can be between 0 - 9. We use combination of such digital to for numbers bigger than 9. Similarly we can use combination of bits, i.e. combination of 1 & 0, to form bigger binary numbers.
Circuit can be any electric circuit and Digital circuit is a circuit which is designed to implement the description of digital circuit.
Digital circuits are developed using a special type of mathematics called 'Boolean Algebra'.
# Electronics/Dielectrics

A dielectric is the material between two charges. It impeds the flow of charge until a certain voltage threshold at which point charge starts flowing.
When I first learned about capacitors I thought that this was the way capacitors were used. They charge up to a strong enough voltage and then the dielectric breaks down and then they charge up again. I thought this was the basis for timer circuits. We need to be careful to separate dielectric breakdown from things that are supposed to happen in electronic circuits.
# Electronics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies
## Introduction

The goal of electro-mechanical analogies is to integrate electrical and mechanical components in a simple graphical way that illustrates the behavior of the system. Of course, one needs to be familiar with simple lumped electrical systems to appreciate the analogy. This is warranted because these circuits and procedures are still used in the transducer industry to model shakers, speakers, dynamic microphones, and other systems.
The two analogies between electrical and mechanical systems are the impedance analogy and the mobility analogy.
The impedance analog is often easier for most acoustical systems while the mobility analog more "naturally" represents mechanical systems. It also may be easier to draw one analog or the other in some cases.

## Electro-mechanical Equivalent Components

1) The Equivalent Spring
2) The Equivalent Mass
3) The Equivalent Resistance