OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Civ/Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri/Pop Boom

Pop Boom is a part of the game mechanics that causes a 1 population per a turn increase for as long as the city has at least 1 extra nutrient available when the growth social engineering stat reaches 6 in that city. This can have an outstanding effect on the growth of an empire but must be balanced with proper drone control. Only a faction inherent social penalties/ bonuses, social engineering choices, the children's creche facility, and golden ages can effect your growth stat; though, the cloning vat secret project does in effect trigger a pop boom in ALL of your bases without any other growth modifiers being in effect. All factions are capable of triggering a pop boom.

## A summary of values that can affect growth

* +2 growth Democratic social engineering choice
* +2 growth Children's Creche
* +2 growth Planned social engineering choice
* +2 growth Golden Age
* -1 growth The Cybernetic Consciousness (inherent)
* -1 growth the Nautilus Pirates (inherent)
* +1 growth the Usurpers (inherent)
* +1 growth the Human Hive (inherent)

## Broadly speaking each faction can be lumped into 1 of 2 categories

* Those that can pop boom without golden ages by running democratic and planned social choices on cities with children's creches:
The University of Planet, the Spartan Federation, Gaia's Stepdaughters, the Lord's Believers, the Peacekeeping Forces, The Free Drones, the Data Angels, the cult of the planet, and the Manifold Caretakers fall into this category.
By far, these factions have it the easiest when needing to produce a pop boom as they are not forced to crank up the econ values to cause golden ages. These groups can sometimes end up with improperly planned pop booms due to the fact that they are so easy to trigger. It should be noted that these groups could also trigger a golden age by not having either a creche, a planned economy, or a democratic system by substituting a golden age for the missing growth points.
* Those that can only pop boom by using golden ages:
The Human Hive (can not use democracy), the Morgan Industries (can not use planned), the Usurpers (can not use democracy), the Cybernetic Consciousness (inherent -1 growth), and the Nautilus Pirates (inherent -1 growth) fall into this category.
Less flexible than the previous groups, these factions must use all of the growth adding social models (planned and democracy) that they can barring faction restrictions noted above, creches, and golden ages.
# C Sharp Reference/System namespace/AccessViolationException class

This exception is thrown if trying to read from / write to protected memory.

## Constructors

* AccessViolationException
# C Sharp Programming/The .NET Framework/Marshalling

The .NET Framework currently supports calling unmanaged functions and using unmanaged data, a process called marshalling. This is often done to use Windows API functions and data structures, but can also be used with custom libraries.

## GetSystemTimes

A simple example to start with is the Windows API function GetSystemTimes. It is declared as:
LPFILETIME is a pointer to a FILETIME structure, which is simply a 64-bit integer. Since C# supports 64-bit numbers through the long type, we can use that. We can then import and use the function as follows:
Note that the use of out or ref in parameters automatically makes it a pointer to the unmanaged function.

## GetProcessIoCounters

To pass pointers to structs, we can use the out or ref keyword:
# C Sharp Reference/System namespace
## Classes

* AccessViolationException
* ActivationContext
* Activator
* Console
# C Sharp Programming/The .NET Framework/Windows Forms/Control/Form

The System.Windows.Form class is the key graphical building block of Windows applications. It provides the visual frame that holds buttons, menus, icons, and title bars together. Integrated development environments (IDEs) like Visual C# and SharpDevelop can help create graphical applications, but it is important to know how to do so manually:
The example above creates a simple Window with the text "I Love Wikibooks" in the title bar. Custom form classes like the example above inherit from the System.Windows.Forms.Form class. Setting any of the properties Text, Width, and Height is optional. Your program will compile and run successfully if you comment these lines out, but they allow us to add extra control to our form.
C# Windows Controls
Control class | Form | Button | Label | TextBox | RichTextBox ListBox | ComboBox | TabControl and TabPage
# C Sharp Programming/The .NET Framework/Windows Forms/Controls

C# Windows Controls
Control class | Form | Button | Label | TextBox | RichTextBox ListBox | ComboBox | TabControl and TabPage
A Windows application written in C# consists of control objects that are all derived from the System.Windows.Forms.Control class.
# C Sharp Reference

The C Sharp Reference book is a book containing all information related to namespaces, classes, interfaces ,properties, methods concerning .NET Framework.

## Table of Contents

* System namespace
# Concurrent Engineering/Contributors

The majority of this book was created by the ME518 class at Oregon State University. The following contributed:
* Michael Koch (talk)
** Introduction
* Chris Fagan (talk)
** Design Process
* Farzaneh Farhangmehr (talk)
** ARL Trade Space Visualizer (ATSV) >>
** Collaborative Decision making within the optimization domain >>
** Benefits and limitations of SysML >>
** Risk and Uncertainty Management >>
** Tool Team >>
* Chris Cookston (talk)
** Design Process
** Interview with a Designer
* Scott Kramer
** kramer@engr.orst.edu
* Karl Jensen (talk)
* Justin Hovland (talk)
** Communication Systems
* Adam Aschenbach (talk)
** FMEA and DFM
* Joe Lutnesky (Team Building)
** lutneskj@onid.orst.edu
* Dean Watts (talk)
** Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
* Peter Burke (talk)
# Concurrent Engineering/Interviews
## Interview with Dustin Kassman (Project.net)
### Interview notes by Brian Rurik

Dustin is the engineering manager for project.net. Project.net is a software company that offers open-source as well as server-based project management software. The company was started in early 2000 and is a subsidiary of ICS. Project.net employs 10 engineers distributed around the world.
The project.net software has three main components, the schedule, the wiki, and the blog. The schedule element is very similar to all other project management software packages. It manages the tasks, deliverables, timeline, and resource for a project. The wiki is an open area for project goals and definitions to be established and communicated. Because everyone on the project has access to the wiki, it can be written and modified as needed to best suit the needs of the project team and stakeholders. The blog is used to post progress updates and challenges. Progress is posted by the team members working on the tasks assigned. This allows the project manager to quickly assess the progress on each task and how each team member is contributing.
Project.net relies on online forums with the open source users and direct client contact with paying clients to receive customer feedback on their product. The customers’ needs are written into customer stories. These stories are used to define updates or improvements to their software. Developments to the software are done in 4 week sprints. The first three weeks are spent coding the next round of updates. The final week is spent debugging and getting the update ready for release. The content produced in each sprint is determined by the user stories created from customer feedback.
During the development sprint, the team uses the Project.net software to communicate progress and issues that arise. Daily conferences are held using Skype. This open dialogue allows larger issues to be resolved more quickly. Also, by using their own product to aid in the projects and team communication, Project.net is able to more easily identify useful improvements without direct customer input.
# Concurrent Engineering/Personal Experiences
## Experiences in Industrial Management as a Ship Superintendent at US Coast Guard Yard

- Scott Kramer
# Concurrent Engineering/Format Team
## from something

* availability
* ease of use --> use focus group to understand
** changeability
** navigation
* keep up to date -->info reliability
* IP - open access
# Concurrent Engineering/Leftovers

This page will house any leftover pieces of info or works in progress that don't have anywhere else to go. --Michael Koch (talk)

## Teams

The development team for this textbooks is divided into 4 teams, as detailed below.

### Format Team

This team has the goal of formatting the site and dealing with IP issues.

### Tool Team

This section will detail tools helpful to concurrent engineering.
Read more details >>

### Team Team

This section will detail the following:
* Building a concurrent team
* Managing a concurrent team
* Communicating within & between teams

### Examples Team

This section will outline examples pertinent to concurrent engineering
* Real-world
** case studies
** interviews
* charts & graphs
* good & bad
* history

## Software

* Mitre, Risk Management Toolkit
* Ullman, David, Robust Decisions

## RSS Feeds

History --> RSS (bottom left) --> subscribe to history changes
# Chemical Information Sources/CIIM/Science Citation Index and Web of Knowledge

Chemical Information Instructional Materials
* SciSearch in SearchPlus at LANL A Brief Guide 1900+
* Web of Science: Citation Indexes on the Web (Gary Wiggins: PowerPoint)
* ISI Web of Knowledge Library Center
* ISI Web of Knowledge Tutorial
# Chemical Information Sources/CIIM/Reviews

Chemical Information Instructional Materials
* The Entire Index for Annual Reviews, Jan 1984-
* Reviews in Computational Chemistry Home Page
* Bibliographic List of Review Chapters Relating to Electrochemistry (Zoltan Nagy)
* Finding Review Articles
* Synthesis or Reaction Chemistry
# Chemical Information Sources/CIIM/Science Writing Tutorials and Courses

Chemical Information Instructional Materials
* Online Technical Writing
* A Quick Guide to Writing Using the ACS Style Guide, 3rd Edition (Nan Butkovich, Penn State)
* The Chemistry Style Manual 2nd revised ed., 2004 by Kieran F. Lim (Deakin University)
* Writing Guidelines for Engineering and Science Students by : Michael Alley, Virginia Tech; Leslie Crowley, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Jeff Donnell, Georgia Tech; or Christene Moore, University of Texas at Austin.
* Guides for Better Science Writing (Gary Wiggins, Indiana)
# Data Compression/Executable Compression/ECM file on Linux

How to compress or decompress an ECM file on GNU/Linux?

## Description

The ECM format allows you to reduce the size of a typical CD image file (ISO, BIN, CDI, NRG, CCD, or any other format that uses raw sectors). It works by eliminating the Error Correction/Detection Codes (ECC/EDC) from each sector whenever possible. The encoder automatically adjusts to different sector types and automatically skips any headers it encounters. Since the data skipped is nearly impossible to compress with traditional tools, the resulting ECM file will compress far better than the raw CD image.

## ECM on Linux

Install the "ecm" package, it is available in Debian repositories:
https://packages.debian.org/stretch/ecm

### Compress

use "ecm-compress" command
EXAMPLES
run "man ecm-compress" for more information

## De-compress

use "ecm-uncompress" command
EXAMPLES
run "man ecm-uncompress" for more information

## Sources

* https://packages.debian.org/stretch/ecm
* https://www.unix.com/man-page/all/1/ecm-uncompress/
# Data Compression/Inference Compression
## Inference Compression

The idea behind inference compression is that since the algorithm and its creators do not previous knowledge about the source data but compression can be optimized to different types of data, they will base the compression on a process of type inference. This process is mostly dynamic and non-deterministic consisting in reading part of the source data into a buffer (sniff) and execute some tests to infer its type/characteristics as to decide what compression algorithm to apply. This selection is often rule based (pre-defined on the algorithm).
This of course permits some latitude on how to perform the inference, some algorithms can use for instance the file extension (if present) or even by the file header alone (using file type identifiers like magic numbers or file designator strings), to recognize some well known file formats. They will then use that information to optimize the guessing process to determine the best compression scheme. An example might be the LHA and LHZ compression algorithms that contain a number of compression rules, permitting dynamic optimization in response to rule-base differentiation of the different file types.
Depending on some limitations and requirements (speed and memory utilization for instance), the rule base selection can be dynamic, for instance based in an asymmetric compression scheme, that will allow for multiple inferences, and let them compete to see which compression scheme will do the best job of compressing the data.
The idea is that the more closely you can infer the type of file, the more tightly you can compress it with a compression rule based particularly on that type of data. By tuning to the exact nature of the data, compression can often generate files that are significantly smaller than techniques which only approximate the type of data. For instance, a compression scheme that assumes Shakespearean text -- lots of common English words -- will probably not deal well with stock market tables -- rows of data showing the ticker symbol of a company, its closing price, etc.

## Markov models

We discuss Markov models in more detail in a later chapter, Markov models.

## data differencing

We discuss data differencing in more detail in a later chapter, data differencing.
# Data Compression/Models
## Models in Compression

After Information Theory showed how to build a perfect code for any specific symbolic system, people found that it was relatively easy to come up with new coding conventions for new types of data, and the digital revolution was on. At one point it was wondered just what couldn't be stored in a computer.
It was about this time, that scientists started looking for more extraordinary ways to reduce storage costs. One scientist hit on a solution. He said, if we model our data, we will find that certain patterns develop in the data. If we can code the longest and most prevalent patterns with the shortest codes and the shorter patterns with less prevalence with longer codes, we can reduce the size of a file without losing any data.
Unfortunately what he found was that the model needed to optimize the length of a file in one type of data was not the same as the model needed to optimize the length of a file in another type.
Another scientist noticed that when he looked at the binary codes of his data, there were strings of repetitive patterns. Why not, he said, abstract out the patterns, and simply count how many of them ran in a row and code the file so that the code efficiently handled statistically significant numbers of repetitions. So for instance consider a letter on a paper. Using this technique all white space that consisted of blanks would be reduced to a single space, and a number to indicate how many were needed to fill out the line.
In each of these cases, the scientist modelled their data, and used something they recognized in their model to significantly reduce storage. The model was what gave them the leverage to reduce the storage size without losing information.
Now a cautionary note, I once worked with a man that had great ideas about how to encode data. He wanted to develop a compression scheme that could be re-entered and compress even further. But his chosen technique didn't include a model of how encoding the data changed the data. He is still looking for a model today.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Los derechos de la hospitalidad para las personas sin hogar

| Colombia | MDG1: Eradicate extreme poverty |
⇒ Playlist on Youtube
⇒ Colombia 2 – Production
⇒ MDG 1 - Eradicate extreme poverty
A city with a duty of hospitality towards its citizens who do not have a shelter Bogota', Colombia , May 2011
Project managed by the Social Integration Secretariat of the Alcaldia of Bogotá
Being a rolling stone. Some of us, at times, are tempted to abandon all ties, to just leave, to get on the road, with the hope that it will take us somewhere new. And most of us hide within ourselves a deep intimate fear that we might suddenly lose all we posses, get abandoned by all we love - and find ourselves on the road, with nowhere to go and no one who waits for us.
In Bogotà, as in most big cities of the world, the homeless are many; here, becoming homeless could well mean ending up as victims of drugs and violence. But if you live in Bogotà, even if you are homeless, you are not without the possibility of a temporary, but dignified, shelter.
Hogares de paso is a project of the Municipality of Bogotà for the social inclusion of those who live on the streets. In such “centres of passage”, the homeless can suspend their wanderings and re-plan their wayward and derailed lives. Municipality centres offer a temporary place to sleep, to eat, to wash, to get social support. What you wouldn't get here is pity; because to stay here is your legal right and, as the workers constantly repeat, hospitality is not a gift: it is your entitlement.
In the weeks when the homeless take a break from living on the streets, these centres become a home for them, shared in dignity with others who are passing through similar stages of life.
So, in the midst of violence and poverty, many are the success stories of the “passage centre” guests. Being treated as one who is “entitled to rights” makes a huge difference in re-gaining self confidence. By interacting with others of the centre, the homeless sometimes return to use their abandoned skills, find new companions and re-establish new homes.
And it is these centres of passage that give to Bogota a lasting sense of confidence: of being not just a metropolis of migrants but a human community, endowed with a sense of pride; of being a city of “no exclusion”.

### Video clips

⇒ Los derechos de la hospitalidad - playlist

## See also

⇒ Bogotá
⇒ Proceso de Consulta Política Pública de Cooperación 2011-2023
⇒ Secretaría de Integración Social, Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá
Related stories: ⇒ Villas Del Sol - Barrio Rafael Uribe Uribe (2) - ⇒ playlist ⇒ Community at Work - Ciudad Bolivar - Jan Pablo II (1) - ⇒ playlist
⇒ Muisca Indigenous Heritage - (8) - ⇒ playlist
⇒ Desplazados - Santander (8) - ⇒ playlist
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Need Assessment - Eugenio & Osman in Liberia and Guinea

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. World Food Summit, 1996 There are many issues confronting agriculture in Africa. A large number of inhabitants of Africa are involved in agriculture, ranging between 30 %-40% in North Africa to over 80 % in West Africa. Majority of farmers in Africa are subsistence farmers, who have small farm holdings, ranging from 0.5 hectare to about 4 hectares. They produce food for their household plus little for sales in the neighbourhood. Agriculture in Africa is labour intensive, as they rarely use advanced technology in farming; rather they use limited technology, such as hoes and cutlasses. Farmers in Africa are not financially adequate; they are unable to invest in modern technology. Majority of farmers in Africa are aging, as rural-urban drift is prevalent among the youths. For example in Botswana, the rural-urban drift has been phenomenal. While the rural population of Botswana constituted 90.4% in 1991, it fell to j47% in 2001.
Large number of African farmers are illiterate who cannot read or write in any language
According to the n.1, food security is the basic prerequisite for any other purpose of millennium. We'll try to understand what are the difficulties of local agriculture and how to improve the productive capacity of the rice sector and some vegetables (aubergine and onions), together with a field training of farmers, to fight against rising prices and improve the general food safety. We'll be focused on women empowerment as agriculture workers as well. Is there any difference in the empowerment of women, as agriculture workers, compared to the empowerment of men? Any prejudice to face?
The drama is represented by the difficulties of an Italian NGO (cisv) in training local farmers (men and women) and in trying to give them more power and consciousness of their value, as part of local agriculture communities (FUMA and FUPRORIZ). The drama is given by the difficulties in overcoming prejudices, specifically in the tension between men and women, as they are both empowered for agriculture roles.
We will visit many infrastructures they have built in order to improve agriculture production. Moreover we will speak to people who received benefits from the program so they can explain about new technique they learnt and how, sometime even small changes, could mean new hopes for the future for a better life quality. We will put in evidence the importance of cooperation, training and synergy among the various local communities to be more influential in the local market
Landscape of upper Guineè is one of the most beautiful in the country
African agriculture could still have a huge potential.
# Ba Zi/Chinese New Year

Ba Zi | Heavenly Stems | Earthly Branches | Hsia Calendar (Xia Calendar) | Hour Pillar | Luck Pillar | Life Cycle | Hidden Stems | Seasonal Cycle | Symbolic Stars | Aspects Of Life | Date Selection | List Of Ba Zi

## Lunar New Year

In the Western (Gregorian) Calendar, the Lunar New Year falls on the following days:
| Year | Month | Day |
| 1955 | 1 | 24 |
| 1956 | 2 | 12 |
| 1957 | 1 | 31 |
| 1958 | 2 | 18 |
| 1959 | 2 | 8 |
| 1960 | 1 | 28 |
| 1961 | 2 | 15 |
| 1962 | 2 | 5 |
| 1963 | 1 | 25 |
| 1964 | 2 | 13 |
| 1965 | 2 | 2 |
| 1966 | 1 | 21 |
| 1967 | 2 | 9 |
| 1968 | 1 | 30 |
| 1969 | 2 | 17 |
| 1970 | 2 | 6 |
| 1971 | 1 | 27 |
| 1972 | 2 | 15 |
| 1973 | 2 | 3 |
| 1974 | 1 | 23 |
| 1975 | 2 | 11 |
| 1976 | 1 | 31 |
| 1977 | 2 | 18 |
| 1978 | 2 | 7 |
| 1979 | 1 | 28 |
| 1980 | 2 | 16 |
| 1981 | 2 | 5 |
| 1982 | 1 | 25 |
| 1983 | 2 | 13 |
| 1984 | 2 | 2 |
| 1985 | 2 | 20 |
| 1986 | 2 | 9 |
| 1987 | 1 | 29 |
| 1988 | 2 | 17 |
| 1989 | 2 | 6 |
| 1990 | 1 | 27 |
| 1991 | 2 | 15 |
| 1992 | 2 | 4 |
| 1993 | 1 | 23 |
| 1994 | 2 | 10 |
| 1995 | 1 | 31 |
| 1996 | 2 | 19 |
| 1997 | 2 | 7 |
| 1998 | 1 | 28 |
| 1999 | 2 | 16 |
| 2000 | 2 | 5 |
| 2001 | 1 | 24 |
| 2002 | 2 | 12 |
| 2003 | 2 | 1 |
| 2004 | 1 | 22 |
| 2005 | 2 | 9 |
| 2006 | 1 | 29 |
| 2007 | 2 | 18 |
| 2008 | 2 | 7 |
| 2009 | 1 | 26 |
| 2010 | 2 | 14 |
| 2011 | 2 | 3 |
| 2012 | 1 | 23 |
| 2013 | 2 | 10 |
| 2014 | 1 | 31 |
| 2015 | 2 | 19 |
| 2016 | 2 | 8 |
| 2017 | 1 | 28 |
| 2018 | 2 | 16 |
| 2019 | 2 | 5 |
| 2020 | 1 | 25 |
| 2021 | 2 | 12 |
| 2022 | 2 | 1 |
| 2023 | 1 | 22 |
| 2024 | 2 | 10 |
| 2025 | 1 | 29 |
| 2026 | 2 | 17 |
| 2027 | 2 | 6 |
| 2028 | 1 | 26 |
| 2029 | 2 | 13 |
| 2030 | 2 | 2 |
| 2031 | 1 | 23 |
| 2032 | 2 | 11 |
| 2033 | 1 | 31 |
| 2034 | 2 | 19 |
| 2035 | 2 | 8 |
| 2036 | 1 | 28 |
| 2037 | 2 | 15 |
| 2038 | 2 | 4 |
| 2039 | 1 | 24 |
| 2040 | 2 | 12 |
| 2041 | 2 | 1 |
| 2042 | 2 | 22 |
| 2043 | 2 | 9 |
| 2044 | 1 | 30 |
| 2045 | 2 | 17 |
| 2046 | 2 | 6 |
| 2047 | 1 | 26 |
| 2048 | 2 | 14 |
The dates of the Lunar New Year are not used in the Hsia Calendar.
# Chess Guide for the Intermediate Player/Example Games
## Contents

* U$3rname008 vs Somewhat Weak Computer - Round 1
* Anderssen-Kieseritzky, London 1851
* Anderssen-Dufresne, Berlin 1852