OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Emulation/What is Emulation?

Emulation, is quite simply the translation of software written for a different subset of hardware or for a different operating system into software which will run on the current platform. To put it quite simply it's any computer program that mimics the behavior of any other piece of computer hardware, such as an older computer or video game console. Why would one want to do this? Here are some reasons:
* Maintaining Investment in Older Software - Software isn't cheap these days, yet most of us have investments in older software that is still perfectly functional, except for incompatibilities with newer hardware and operating systems. Why throw it away?
* Experimentation - Oftentimes when writing drivers for a piece of hardware or when writing software to run on a microprocessor one often wants to make sure they have a working piece of software before writing it onto the hardware. Sometimes the hardware you're writing the software for may not even exist yet. In either case emulation software is invaluable as it allows you to debug errors in your program without risking the hardware device, emulators can also provide more detailed information on errors that occur, thus they are ideal for testing software without risking the hardware.
* Nostalgia - Let's face it. We all have old games or operating systems that we know and love. Perhaps it is no longer practical to use them full time, but it's always pleasant to play around with them once in a while.
# Emulation/PlayStation Portable
## PlayStation Portable Emulators
### PPSSPP

PPSSPP (PlayStation Portable Simulator Suitable for Playing Portably) is currently the best PlayStation Portable (PSP) emulator and is available for several platforms, including Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android. PPSSPP is free and open-source software, and it's easy to use.
# Emulation/PlayStation Vita
## About PlayStation Vita

Compared to its predecessor, the PlayStation Vita sports a significantly more complex computer. Combined with other factors, because of this little progress in PlayStation Vita emulation has been made.

## PlayStation Vita Emulators
### Vita3K

An experimental open source emulator. It used to have limited homebrew and commercial game compatibility, but recently it is able to play 1000+ games with minor to no issues.

## References

* ↑ "GitHub - Vita3K/Vita3K: Experimental PlayStation Vita emulator". GitHub. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
# Emulation/Sega Saturn
## About the Sega Saturn

The Sega Saturn is an early 3D capable console of the mid-1990s. The Sega Saturn had a very unusual architecture, increasing its historic relevance, while also its difficulty in emulation.

## Sega Saturn Emulators
### Mednafen

Mednafen is a multi system emulator with support for the Sega Saturn.

### Yabause

Yabause is an open source Sega Saturn emulator.
# Emulation/PlayStation 4
## About PlayStation 4

The PlayStation 4 is an x86 based console.

## Emulators
### Spine

Closed source emulator capable of running a good number of 2D indie titles. Currently only runs on Linux.

### Orbital

An open source experimental PS4 emulator based on virtualization - Currently not intended for use outside of development.

### GPCS4

An open source (GPL 3.0) emulator for Windows, meant to be an educational project for it's author, it doesn't run games at playable speeds yet.

## References

* ↑ "PS4 Finally Gets A Working Emulator Eight Years Later" (in en-us). Kotaku. https://kotaku.com/ps4-finally-gets-a-working-emulator-8-years-later-1847651649.
* ↑ "You Can ACTUALLY Run PS4 Games On a PC now..." Retrieved 11 September 2021.
* ↑ "GitHub - AlexAltea/orbital: Experimental PlayStation 4 emulator". GitHub. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
* ↑ "GitHub - Inori/GPCS4: A Playstation 4 emulator just begin". GitHub. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
# Complex Analysis/Complex Functions/Analytic Functions

From our look at complex derivatives, we now examine the analytic functions, the Cauchy-Riemann Equations, and Harmonic Functions.

## 2.4.1 Holomorphic functions

Note: Holomorphic functions are sometimes referred to as analytic functions. This equivalence will be shown later, though the terms may be used interchangeably until then.
Definition: A complex valued function $f(z)$ is holomorphic on an open set $G$ if it has a derivative at every point in $G$ .
Here, holomorphicity is defined over an open set, however, differentiability could only at one point. If f(z) is holomorphic over the entire complex plane, we say that f is entire. As an example, all polynomial functions of z are entire. (proof)

## 2.4.2 The Cauchy-Riemann Equations

The definition of holomorphic suggests a relationship between both the real and imaginary parts of the said function. Suppose $f(z)=u(x,y)+v(x,y)i$ is differentiable at $z_{0}=x_{0}+y_{0}i$ . Then the limit
    $\lim _{\Delta z\to 0}{\frac {f(z_{0}+\Delta z)-f(z_{0})}{\Delta z}}$
can be determined by letting $\Delta z_{0}(=\Delta x_{0}+\Delta y_{0}i)$ approach zero from any direction in $\mathbb {C}$ .
If it approaches horizontally, we have $f'(z_{0})={\frac {\partial u}{\partial x}}(x_{0},y_{0})+i{\frac {\partial v}{\partial x}}(x_{0},y_{0})$ . Similarly, if it approaches vertically, we have $f'(z_{0})={\frac {\partial v}{\partial y}}(x_{0},y_{0})-i{\frac {\partial u}{\partial y}}(x_{0},y_{0})$ . By equating the real and imaginary parts of these two equations, we arrive at:
    ${\frac {\partial u}{\partial x}}={\frac {\partial v}{\partial y}},{\frac {\partial v}{\partial x}}=-{\frac {\partial u}{\partial y}}$
These are known as the Cauchy-Riemann Equations, and leads us to an important theorem.
Theorem: Let a function $f(z)=u(x,y)+v(x,y)i$ be defined on an open set $G$ containing a point, $z_{0}$ . If the first partials of $u,v$ exist in $G$ and are continuous at $z_{0}$ and satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations, then f is differentiable at $z_{0}$ . Furthermore, if the above conditions are satisfied, $f$ is analytic in $G$ . (proof).

## 2.4.3 Harmonic Functions

Now we move to Harmonic functions. Recall the Laplace equation, $\nabla ^{2}(\phi ):={\frac {\partial ^{2}(\phi )}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}(\phi )}{\partial y^{2}}}=0$
Definition: A real valued function $\phi (x,y)$ is harmonic in a domain $D$ if all of its second partials are continuous in $D$ and if at each point in $D$ , $\phi$ is analytic in a domain $D$ , then both $u(x,y),v(x,y)$ are harmonic in $D$ . (proof)
Next
# Complex Analysis/Complex Functions/Complex Functions

A complex function is one that takes complex values and maps them onto complex numbers, which we write as $f:\mathbb {C} \to \mathbb {C}$ . Unless explicitly stated, whenever the term function appears, we will mean a complex function. A function can also be multi-valued – for example, ${\sqrt {z}}$ has two roots for every number. This notion will be explained in more detail in later chapters.
A complex function $f(z):\mathbb {C} \to \mathbb {C}$ will sometimes be written in the form $f(z)=f(x+yi)=u(x,y)+v(x,y)i$ , where $u,v$ are real-valued functions of two real variables. We can convert between this form and one expressed strictly in terms of $z$ through the use of the following identities:
    $x={\frac {z+{\bar {z}}}{2}},y={\frac {1}{i}}{\frac {z-{\bar {z}}}{2}}$
While real functions can be graphed on the x-y plane, complex functions map from a two-dimensional to a two-dimensional space, so visualizing it would require four dimensions. Since this is impossible we will often use the three-dimensional plots of $\Re (z),\Im (z)$ , and $|f(z)|$ to gain an understanding of what the function "looks" like.
For an example of this, take the function $f(z)=z^{2}=(x^{2}-y^{2})+(2xy)i$ . The plot of the surface $|z^{2}|=x^{2}+y^{2}$ is shown to the right.
Another common way to visualize a complex function is to graph input-output regions. For instance, consider the same function $f(z)=z^{2}$ and the input region being the "quarter disc" $Q\cap \mathbb {D}$ obtained by taking the region
$Q=\{x+yi:x,y\geq 0\}$ (i.e. $Q$ is the first quadrant)
and intersecting this with the disc $\mathbb {D}$ of radius 1:
    $\mathbb {D} =\{z:|z|\leq 1\}$
If we imagine inputting every point of $Q\cap \mathbb {D}$ into $f$ , marking the output point, and then graphing the set $f(Q\cap \mathbb {D} )$ of output points, the output region would be $UHP\cap \mathbb {D}$ where
$UHP=\{x+yi:y\geq 0\}$ ($UHP$ is called the upper half plane).
So, the squaring function "rotationally stretches" the input region to produce the output region. This can be seen using the polar-coordinate representation of $\mathbb {C}$ , $z=r{\text{cis}}(\theta )$ . For example, if we consider points on the unit circle $S^{1}=\{z:|z|=1\}$ (i.e. the set "$r=1$") with $\theta \leq {\tfrac {\pi }{2}}$ then the squaring function acts as follows:
    $f(z)=1{\text{cis}}(\theta )^{2}={\text{cis}}(2\theta )$
(here we have used ${\text{cis}}(\theta ){\text{cis}}(\phi )={\text{cis}}(\theta +\phi )$). We see that a point having angle $\theta$ is mapped to the point having angle $2\theta$ . If $\theta$ is small, meaning that the point is close to $z=1$ , then this means the point doesn't move very far. As $\theta$ becomes larger, the difference between $\theta$ and $2\theta$ becomes larger, meaning that the squaring function moves the point further. If $\theta ={\tfrac {\pi }{2}}$ (i.e. $z=i$) then $2\theta =\pi$ (i.e. $z^{2}=-1$).
Next
# Complex Analysis/Complex Functions

In this chapter we introduce the notion of a complex function and its derivatives.

## Chapter 2: Complex Functions

* Complex Functions
* Limits and Continuous Functions
* Complex Derivatives
* Holomorphic and Harmonic Functions
* Analytic Functions
# Complex Analysis/Complex Functions/Analytic Functions/Proof

Namely if the function is analytic its real and imaginary parts must have the partial derivative of all orders the function is analytic it must satifiy the Cauchy Riemann equation.
A holomorphic function is harmonic, provided it is of class C$^2$
Let the function f = u+iv be holomorphic and of class C$^2$.
By the Cauchy-Riemann equations, we have:
d$^2$u/dx$^2$=d/dx(dv/dy)=d/dy(dv/dx)=-d$^2$u/dy$^2$
Which proves that u is harmonic. Similar reasoning proves the same result for v, and thus f is harmonic.
# Complex Analysis/The compact-open topology
## ${\mathfrak {S}}$-convergence and definition

What I will write on ${\mathfrak {S}}$-convergence will require knowledge of uniform structures as taught by Bourbaki's general topology book. It will not be necessary to understand the concept in order to understand anything else in the book.
Let $S$ be any set and $X$ a uniform space. Let $A\subset S$ be a subset of $S$. We consider the set of functions from $S$ to $X$; we may denote it by $X^{S}$. Assume we are given an entourage $V$ of $X$. We may then define the set of all pairs functions $(f,g)$ contained in the set $X^{S}\times X^{S}$ which have the property that for all $x\in A$, we have $(f(x),g(x))\in V$; this set will be denoted by
    $W(A,V)$.
In fact, as $V$ ranges over a fundamental system of entourages of $X$, the sets $W(A,V)$ form a fundamental system of entourages on $X^{S}$, and the topology induced by the corresponding uniform structure is called the topology of uniform convergence on $A$.
Now suppose that we have a family of subsets $(A_{i})_{i\in I}$ of $X$; we shall call it, as it is customary, ${\mathfrak {S}}:=\{A_{i}|i\in I\}$. For each $i$, we may form the topology of uniform convergence of $A_{i}$ as above; for each $i$ will result a topology on $X^{S}$. Then we may form the least upper bound topology of these topologies; this is what's called the topology of ${\mathfrak {S}}$-convergence.
The compact-open topology is a special case of this construction; let $S$ be a topological space, and take ${\mathfrak {S}}$ to be the set of all compact subsets of $S$. The topology of ${\mathfrak {S}}$-convergence for this situation is called the compact-open topology. We now write this in a fashion so that everyone, even those who are not familiar with uniform spaces, will be able to understand the definition:
Definition 7.1:

## Normal families

Definition 7.2:
Let ${\mathcal {F}}$ be a family of functions whose domain of definition is a metric space $(M,d)$

## A general Arzelà–Ascoli theorem

The classical Arzelà–Ascoli theorem is a well-known theorem in analysis. It states that whenever we have a bounded, equicontinuous family of functions defined on a compact set, this family will constitute a relatively compact set
# Complex Geometry/Complex and holomorphic vector bundles
## Exercises

* Let $M:=\mathbb {C} P^{n}$ and define the tautological line bundle over $\mathbb {C} P^{n}$ to be the vector bundle $\tau :=\{([z],x)\in \mathbb {C} P^{n}\times \mathbb {C} |x\in [z]\}$ with the projection $\pi :([z],x)\mapsto [z]$. Find natural local trivialisations of $\tau$ that turn $\tau$ into a holomorphic line bundle.
# Compojure/Dependencies

All of the following dependencies are stored in the 'deps' subdirectory for convenience.
Clojure and Clojure-Contrib are required libraries for Compojure:
Jetty is used as the default web server for Compojure, but because Compojure uses standard Java servlets, you could potentially use any web server with servlet support.
For unit testing, Compojure uses Fact:
# Compojure/Getting Started
## Build from Source

To download and build Compojure, you will need Git (git), Leiningen (lein), and a Java runtime environment (java).
This will generate the compojure.jar file. Put this in your Java classpath.
The deps lein target will download the needed dependencies. If this fails, you can manually download them from:
http://cloud.github.com/downloads/weavejester/compojure/deps.zip
Unzip the file in the compojure directory and rerun lein.

## Hello World with Embedded Jetty

Create a shell script called "compojure" to run Clojure with compojure.jar and the deps directory in the classpath:
or, for Windows:
Then create a Clojure source file called "hello.clj":
Next, run this file using the compojure shell script:
Your web application should now be accessible at: http://localhost:8080/

## Hello World in a War file

First, create your servlet file:
Next, create your WEB-INF directory:
Copy compojure.jar, clojure-contrib.jar and clojure.jar to WEB-INF/lib.
You now need to create WEB-INF/web.xml:
Finally, compile the War file. Here is an ant build script that does just that:

## A bit more verbose example

Here is an example of a simple calculator.
# Complex Geometry

* Complex manifolds
* Complex and holomorphic vector bundles
# Complex Geometry/Holomorphic manifolds

Definition (holomorphic manifold):
A holomorphic manifold is a differentiable manifold whose transition maps are holomorphic.
Example (Riemann sphere):
Consider the set $\mathbb {C} \cup \{\infty \}$
Theorem (Riemann's extension theorem):
Let $M$ be a complex manifold, let $f:M\to \mathbb {C}$ be holomorphic, and let $g:M\setminus Z(f)\to \mathbb {C}$ be holomorphic, such that for all $p\in Z(f)$ and all $\epsilon >0$, the function $g$ is bounded on $B_{\epsilon }(p)\cap Z(f)^{c}$. Then there exists a unique function $G:M\to \mathbb {C}$ that extends $g$.

## Exercises

* Consider the stereographic projection from a sphere to the complex plane, where the sphere is of radius $1$ and tangent to the zero point of the complex plane. Prove that the function $z\mapsto 1/z$ corresponds to a reflection of the sphere about the equator.
# Complex Geometry/Complex manifolds

Definition (complex manifold):
A complex manifold is a manifold of type the category of open subsets of some $\mathbb {C} ^{n}$ with holomorphic maps over [[the site $\operatorname {Ouv} (X)$]], where $X$ is a topological space.
Theorem (holomorphic functions on compact connected complex T1 manifolds are constant):
Let $X$ be a compact connected complex $T_{1}$ manifold and let $\varphi :X\to \mathbb {C}$ be holomorphic. Then $\varphi$ is constant.
Proof: [[Since $X$ is compact and $|\varphi |$ is continuous, $|\varphi |$ attains its maximum on $X$]]. Let $x_{0}\in X$ be the point where it does so. Suppose that $\psi :U\to V\subseteq \mathbb {C} ^{n}$ is a chart st. $x_{0}\in U$. Then $\varphi \circ \psi ^{-1}$ is holomorphic and hence constant by the maximum principle. Thus, we have shown that the nonempty set $\{x\in X||\varphi (x)|=\max _{y\in X}|\varphi (y)|\}$ is open. Since $|\varphi |$ is continuous and $X$ is $T_{1}$, it is also closed. Since $X$ is connected, it therefore equals $X$. $\Box$
# Compojure

Compojure is an open source web framework for the Clojure programming language. It emphasizes a thin I/O layer and a functional approach to web development.

## Getting Started

The Getting Started section covers how to build Compojure and create a simple "Hello World" application.

## Dependencies

Information on Compojure's Dependencies.

## Core Libraries

The Core Libraries section details how to use the main Compojure libraries.

## Tutorials and Tips

The Tutorials and Tips section covers how best to use Compojure in practice.

## Links

* Compojure GitHub repository
* Compojure google group
* Postgresql with compojure
* Install compojure on a Slicehost VPS
* Compojure security: authentication and authorization
* Compojure + Google AppEngine
* Getting Started with Compojure and MySQL
* Compojure.org
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The Vrinda project Documentary/Backstage scenes

⇒ The backstage dialogues
The backstage scenes reveal the "interpretations" and the work done for integrating the diverse viewpoints collected on the ground. Besides giving a plot to the various independent stories and opinions of experts, putting "us" in the story removes the typical journalist pretentiousness of being "objective"; and since the team members belong to different cultural contexts, their dialogue enables the articulation of different cultural viewpoints. So, the viewers from different parts of the world will find that they are not only the "observed ones" but also "the observers". And enables us to broadcast, without major editorial changes, the same product in the different countries which have been partners of the global effort to achieve the MDGs.
Dialoghi tra Stefano e Francesco discutono in Africa sulla metodologia di comunicazione del progetto
Stefano e Carlo discutono in un bar dell'Avana (Cuba) sull'etica della comunicazione sociale
Backstage - Africa - Dialoghi interni al team di Eugad sulla metodologia dei documentari
Difficoltà nelle relazioni tra il team Rai e il team di Eugad in Africa
Debate among Sierra Leonian & Italian journalists
Eugenio & Osman in Liberia and Guinea
Stefano talks to Mirela and Liviana in Sofia
The significance of music for Our project
Backstage - India - Stefano and Fausto
Backstage - All'ufficio di Armadilla di Roma -
Francesco Brancatella parla del lavoro fatto in India insieme al team del progetto Eugad
Alla sede della RAI a Roma ' Francesco Brancatella racconta l'esperienza on il progetto EUGAD
Backstage - Lebanon 2 - Beirut
Backstage - Syria - Stefano and Francesco - Retorica e Dialettica nella comunicazione e nella politica
Stefano e Francesco a Brussels - Dialogo sulla UE
Backstage - India - Francesco talks to Gauri about the India
Mixed collection of backstage dialogues
Dialogues within the Team
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The development aid organization/Organizational Structure

An organization is, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment. Organization design involves the creation of roles, processes, and formal reporting relationships in an organization. One can distinguish between two phases in an organization design process: Strategic grouping, which establishes the overall structure of the organization (its main sub-units and their relationships), and operational design, which defines the more detailed roles and processes.
Organizational structures are different and can be bigger or smaller, more participatory or more hierarchical: but they all require the construction and preservation of a collective identity where work is shared in a team spirit and organized in line with a team leadership.
Organization structures can be divided in three ways: functional, matrix and projectized.
They differ basically by allocation, supervision and coordination according to Project Manager (PM) authority, PM allocation and budget control.
| Organization structure | Characteristics |
| Functional | Functional manager controls budget PM works as part-time in projects |
| Matrix | Varies from weak matrix to strong matrix based on: Higher PM authority If functional manager or PM controls budget PM working as part-time or full-time in projects |
| Projectized | PM as authority PM controls budget PM works as full-time in projects |
But besides the different classifications based on process-related or functional categories, what really classifies an organization is it capacity to generate a positive communication climate that reinforces and maintains its culture in line with its mission and identity.

## See also

* in other sections of this handbook
** Human Behaviour in Organizations
* on Wikipedia
    Organizational Communication
* on other Wikibooks
    Organizational Behavior
    Managing Groups and Teams
    Learning Agents
    Organizational Behavior
    Managing Groups and Teams
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The Vrinda project Documentary/Documentary Episodes

Documentary Episodes:
       related to the issue 1 - National Governments and International Organizations – their commitment to MDGs
       related to the issue - Do cooperation for development actions really benefit the target populations?
       related to the issue 5 - Do developed and developing nations agree on the road map for global development? Is there a difference in the way different cultures see "development"?
       related to the issue 3 - NGOs as development actors: their role, their limits; their challenges
       related to the issue 8 - How to design and manage successful cooperation programmes?
       related to the issue 2 - How can local policy actors contribute to the achievement of MDGs and other global policy objectives?
       related to the issue 10 - Sharing knowledge and resources
       related to the issue 7 - What is the relationship between "Global" and "Local" agendas and responsibilities?
       related to the issue 4 - Our role as individuals - Can we as individuals contribute to the achievement of the Global Development Agenda?
       related to the issue 9 - Media and the international communication climate. Professional and ethical challenges
# Development Cooperation Handbook/The development aid organization//Human Behaviour in Organizations
## See also

* in other sections of this handbook
** Human resources management
   * Manage the Project Team
   * Team Conflict Management
   * Decision Making in Groups
* on other Wikibooks
    Organizational Behavior
    Managing Groups and Teams
    Learning Agents
    Organizational Behavior
    Managing Groups and Teams
# Calculus/Chain Rule/Solutions

$f'(x)$
$f(x)=(x^{2}+5)^{2}$
$f(u(x))=u^{2}$
$u=x^{2}+5$
    $f(x)=x^{4}+10x^{2}+25$
    $\mathbf {f'(x)=4x^{3}+20x}$
Second method:
    $f'(u(x))={\frac {df}{du}}\cdot {\frac {du}{dx}}=2u\cdot 2x=2(x^{2}+5)\cdot 2x=\mathbf {4x^{3}+20x}$
    $f(x)=x^{4}+10x^{2}+25$
    $\mathbf {f'(x)=4x^{3}+20x}$
Second method:
    $f'(u(x))={\frac {df}{du}}\cdot {\frac {du}{dx}}=2u\cdot 2x=2(x^{2}+5)\cdot 2x=\mathbf {4x^{3}+20x}$
$y={\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}$
$y={\sqrt {u}}$
$u=1+x^{2}$
${\frac {dy}{du}}={\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {u}}}};\quad {\frac {du}{dx}}=2x$
    ${\frac {dy}{dx}}={\frac {dy}{du}}\cdot {\frac {du}{dx}}={\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}}\cdot 2x=\mathbf {\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}$
${\frac {dy}{du}}={\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {u}}}};\quad {\frac {du}{dx}}=2x$
    ${\frac {dy}{dx}}={\frac {dy}{du}}\cdot {\frac {du}{dx}}={\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}}\cdot 2x=\mathbf {\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}$
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