OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ecology/A final note about the Guide

Both this book and all articles in Wikipedia are free content that can be added to or edited by anyone. It is an opportunity for the user of these documents to contribute information, or even state given information more clearly, simply by editing a page. As a student with a textbook and a lecturer (teacher), you may find yourself in possession of useful facts, another point of view on existing facts, or a report you prepared of exceptional quality. Any of these can be added to an appropriate page in this Guide or the Wikipedia. However, this caution is strongly advised: Do not place into the book any text or pictures taken verbatim (or close to verbatim) from a text book, web site, or other copyrighted source without permission of the copyright holder. In general, this means, anything you submit should be your own work.
Consider that the purpose of a guide lies somewhere between that of an outline and that of a textbook. Your contribution to expanding or improving an article at Wikipedia that is linked from the book is as important as preparing or adding to a chapter or module here. However, developing the Guide is a balancing act. Eventually, it can become desirable to simply polish a module in the Guide rather than refer the reader on to an article that may have become too complex or for some other reason not perfectly suitable as an "assignment".

## Note to future contributors

Although conceived as a guide, by which is meant a sort of outline with links to Wikipedia articles, it is not necessary to maintain this format. Indeed, for various reasons, ecology requires more in-depth discussion within each module than similar guides at Wikibooks (see Invertebrate Zoology and Botany). If, as a contributor, you would prefer to flesh out any module with minimal reference to Wikipedia, that should be acceptable, so long as your contribution exceeds what is available on the topic at Wikipedia. In this instance, "exceeding" is a reference to quality and not quantity. In such cases, it might remain helpful to the student to place the reading "assignment" as a "See also:" link on the chapter page.
Use of any Wikipedia article as a substitute for text should include consideration of the quality of information and writing at the assigned article. It is simply one approach to work on that article to ensure quality before assigning it. Another approach would be to ignore the article at Wikipedia and develop the necessary text in the module itself. This does have a disadvantage in that, through hyperlinks, the student may well later arrive at the "rejected" Wikipedia article anyway. If the information found there conflicts or confuses, the student may have difficulty establishing which bits of information are correct and which are not.
# Eclipse/FAQ/manifest.mf

manifest.mf (bundle manifest, plugin manifest) -- OSGi version of plugin.xml.

## See also

* plugin.xml

## Links

* FAQ How do I use the plug-in Manifest Editor?
* Organizing Manifest Files
# Ecology

Contributors
    Introduction to the Guide
    How to use this Guide
    A special note ~ How to contribute

## Detailed contents

    Chapter 1 ~ Introduction
      * Definition of Ecology
      * Scope of Ecology
      * History of Ecology
    Chapter 2 ~ Biological Organization
      * Basic Definitions
      * Units of the Biosphere
      * Gaia Theory
      * Species and Habitat
Section I – Communities
    Chapter 3 ~ The Abiotic World
      * The Physical Environment
      * Organism Morphology
      * Organism Physiology
      * Organism Behavior
    Chapter 4 ~ Biological Communities
      * Communities
      * Terrestrial Biomes
      * Succession
      * Limnology
    Chapter 5 ~ Community succession and stability
      * Community Stability
      * Disturbance
      * Problems Determining Stability
      * Charles Elton
    Chapter 6 ~ Invasive Species Ecology
      * Introduction
      * Species status
      * Invasive Theories
      * Summarization
    Chapter 7 ~ Species Richness and Diversity
      * Species Richness and Diversity Introduction
      * Rapoport's Rule
      * Metabolic Hypothesis
      * Diversity Measurements
    Chapter 8 ~ Island Biogeography and Habitat Fragmentation
      * Island Biogeography
      * Endemism
      * Habitat Fragmentation
      * Metapopulation Theory
Section II – Populations
    Chapter 9 ~ Species and Populations
      * Species Concept
      * Population Biology
      * Predation
    Chapter 10 ~ Resource Competition
      * Population Growth
      * Competition Types
      * Modeling Interspecific Competition
    Chapter 11 ~ Predation and Herbivory
      * Types of Predation
      * Herbivory
      * Plant Defenses
      * Predator-Prey Models
    Chapter 12 ~ Parasitism
      * Introduction
      * Types of Parasitism
      * The Host
      * Parasite Community Effects
Section III – Ecosystems
    Chapter 13 ~ Ecosystems
      * Introduction
      * Ecosystem Concept
      * Basic Structural Components
      * Characteristics of Esosystems
      * Basic Functional Components
      * Food Webs
    Chapter 14 ~ Energy in Ecosystems
      * Introduction
      * Energy
      * Organisms Role in the Flow of Energy
      * The Laws of Thermodynamics as They Relate to Ecology
      * Measuring Energy Flow
    Chapter 15 ~ Biogeochemical Cycles
      * Introduction
      * Biogeochemical Cycles
      * Soil
Section IV – Ecology of the Organism life history examples
    Chapter 16 ~ Manatee
    Chapter 17 ~ Short-Tailed Hawk
    Chapter 18 ~ Peregrine Falcon
    Chapter 19 ~ North American River Otter
    Chapter 20 ~Pinewoods Treefrog
    Chapter 21 ~ Cottonmouth Snake
Section V – Practical Ecology
    Practical Vegetation Sampling
Appendix A – Glossaries of Ecological Terms
    Glossary 1 – Basic Ecology
    Glossary 2 – Invasive Species
    Glossary 3 – Methodologies
# Ecology/Contributors
## Contributors

While Wikibooks offers somewhat clearer opportunities for "authorship" than Wikipedia, there remains the fact that anything put here is really just a contribution, and everyone who furthers the effort is a contributor. In this respect there are no "authors". If you are interested in developing a particular subject within ecology as part of this textbook, please start the module and link it here. We will work out the chapter arrangement after you get started. Of course, you can also just expand on an existing chapter.
* Eric Guinther is a biologist and environmental consultant living in Kane'ohe, Hawai'i. He first envisioned and applied the approach of creating a textbook around articles found in Wikipedia with the Wikibooks Botany textbook. By working to expand and improve those articles at Wikipedia referred to as "assignments", the quality and quantity of the Study Guide to Basic Ecology was gradually enhanced. These efforts were done with the steady help of numerous talented contributors at Wikipedia who, collectively, would have no interest in working on a textbook project per-se. Ultimately, the user of the guide benefits from the textbook's approach: 1) by having more control over the depth into any subtopic pursued and 2) being limited in that pursuit only by that considerable information available at Wikipedia and other linked websites.
* Others (add your name and thoughts here if you are a serious contributor)
* Other anonymous Wikibook contributors (see individual page histories).
* Numerous other Wikipedia contributors.
# English-Hanzi/Christmas Day

Special:search/Christmas Day prefix:English-Hanzi/
Christmas Day is a festival on December 25.
圣诞日 是 一个 在 12月25日 的 节日。
# English-Hanzi/Chromium

Special:search/chromium prefix:English-Hanzi/
Chromium is a mineral in our body. It can control our body to get energy from food. We can get chromium from food, such as meat, brown rice, broccoli, and potatoes.
铬 是 我们 身体 中 的 矿物质。它 可以 控制 我们 的 身体 从 食物 中 获得 能量。我们 可以 从 食物 中 获取 铬，例如 肉类，糙米，西兰花，和 土豆。
# English-Hanzi/Christian

Christian is a person who believes in Christianity.
基督教徒 是 信奉 基督教 的 人。
# English-Hanzi/Choir

A choir is a musical ensemble of singers.
合唱团 是 歌手 的 音乐 团体。
# English-Hanzi/Cholesterol

Special:search/cholesterol prefix:English-Hanzi/
Cholesterol is a substance in the body. It can cause cardiovascular diseases if too much cholesterol.
胆固醇 是 体内 一种 物质。如果 胆固醇 过多，会 引起 心血管病。
# English-Hanzi/Child

A child is a human. It is still young and not yet become an adult.
儿童 是 一个 人。它还年幼，尚未成年。
# English-Hanzi/Chemical substance

A chemical substance is any material with a known chemical composition. For example, water has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it came from a river or was made in a laboratory. Typical chemical substances found in the home include water, salt (sodium chloride) and bleach. Generally, substances exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas, and may change between these phases of matter when there are changes in temperature or pressure.
化学物质 是 具有 已知 化学组成 的 任何 物质。例如，无论 是 来自 河流 还是 实验室 制造，水 具有 相同 的 性质 和 相同 的 氢气 与 氧气 比例。在 家中 发现 的 典型 化学物质 包括 水，盐（氯化钠）和 漂白剂。通常，物质 以 固体，液体 或 气体 的 形式 存在，并且 当 温度 或 压力 发生 变化 时 可以 在 这些 物质 状态 之间 变化。
# English-Hanzi/Christmas

Special:search/Christmas prefix:English-Hanzi/
Christmas is a festival that its period is on and around December 25.
圣诞节 是 一个 期间 在 12月25日 及其 前后 的 节日。
# English-Hanzi/Christmas Eve

Special:search/Christmas Eve prefix:English-Hanzi/
Christmas Eve is the day before Christmas Day. It is on the 24th day of December each year.
平安夜 是 圣诞日 的 前一天，在 每年 的 12月24日。
# English-Hanzi/Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction happens when one or more chemicals are changed into one or more other chemicals. Examples:
* iron and oxygen combining to make rust
* vinegar and baking soda combining to make sodium acetate, carbon dioxide and water
* things burning or exploding
* many reactions that happen inside living things
* electrochemical reactions when discharging or recharging batteries
当 一种 或 多种 化学品 变成 一种 或 多种 其他 化学品 时 发生 化学反应。例子：
* 铁 和 氧 结合 生锈
* 醋 和 小苏打 混合 制成 醋酸钠，二氧化碳 和 水
* 东西 燃烧 或 爆炸
* 在 生物体 内 发生 许多 反应
* 电池 放电 或 充电 时 的 电化学反应
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Clinical Engineering

See also Clinical Engineering

## Further Reading

* Bronzino, Joseph D. (April 2006). The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition. [CRC Press]. ISBN 978-0-8493-2124-5.
* Villafane, Carlos, CBET. (June 2009). Biomed: From the Student's Perspective, First Edition. [Techniciansfriend.com]. ISBN 978-1-61539-663-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Information related to biomedical engineering.
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Health Informatics
## Further Reading

* Bronzino, Joseph D. (April 2006). The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition. [CRC Press]. ISBN 978-0-8493-2124-5.
* Villafane, Carlos, CBET. (June 2009). Biomed: From the Student's Perspective, First Edition. [Techniciansfriend.com]. ISBN 978-1-61539-663-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Information related to biomedical engineering.

## Reference

Health Informatics: Practical Guide for Healthcare and Information Technology Professionals (Fifth Edition) by Robert E. Hoyt, Nora Bailey , Ann Yoshihashi
Wikipedia, health informatics
International Medical informatics Association
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Biotransport

7.1 What is biotransport?: The role of fluid, heat, and mass transfer in biological systems. A brief review of differential equations and their role in modeling biomedical situations and some notes on common boundary conditions.
7.2 Molecular Mass Transfer and mass transfer rate equations: Concentration, molar velocity, flux, Fick’s law, diffusivity permeability & pore size, partition coefficient, mass transfer coefficient, solute molecular mass, Convective mass transfer, mass balances, equation of continuity, Fick’s second law, Concentration boundary layer analysis, solute Transport in capillary beds and tissues.
7.3. Fluid Mechanics and Flow in biological systems. Motion of fluid elements, Shear stress & rate, viscosity friction and wall drag, Newtonian Vs. Non-Newtonian fluids, Steady Flow in a circular pipe, Bernoulli Equations, Hydraulic networks,
7.4 heat transfer modes and equations: Conduction, Connvection(laminar flow, turbulent flow), radiation thermal conductivity & resistance, radiative heat transfer, phase change & heat transfer, Heat Exchangers, mass/heat transfer equations & coefficients, Detmining mass and heat fluxes with and without biochemical reactions, Finite Element Methods for Biotransport and the use computer models,
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Further reading
## Overview

Wikipedia,Biomedical engineering
Bureau of Statistics, Occupational OutLook Handbook, Biomedical Engineer

## Introduction

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Anatomy/Terminology_and_Organization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_for_anatomical_location
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronyms_in_healthcare

## Physiologic System

Wikibook,Human Physiology

## Physiological Modeling and Simulation
### Compartment Models of Physiologic system

Physiome Project
Wikipedia,Pharmacokinetics
http://www.gnu.org/software/mcsim/
Basic_Physics_of_Nuclear_Medicine/Dynamic_Studies_in_Nuclear_Medicine

## Bioelectric phenomena

Wikipedia,Electrophysiology

## Neuro engineering

Wikipedia, Neural Engineering

## Biomechanics

Wikipedia,Biomechanics

## Biomaterials

Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine by Buddy D. Ratner, Allan S. Hoffman, Frederick J. Schoen, Jack E. Lemons
Wikipedia,Biomaterials

## Medical Imaging & Analysis

Wikipedia,Medical imaging

## Biotechnology

Wikipedia,Biotechnology

## Biosensors & Biochips

Wikipedia,Biochip
Wikipedia,Biosensor

## Health Informatics

Health Informatics: Practical Guide for Healthcare and Information Technology Professionals ISBN-10: 1105437558
Wikipedia,Health informatics

## Clinical Engineering

Wikipedia,Clinical engineering

## The Mathematical Tools

R programming
How to use R
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Ethics
## Further Reading

* Bronzino, Joseph D. (April 2006). The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition. [CRC Press]. ISBN 978-0-8493-2124-5.
* Villafane, Carlos, CBET. (June 2009). Biomed: From the Student's Perspective, First Edition. [Techniciansfriend.com]. ISBN 978-1-61539-663-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Information related to biomedical engineering.
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Introduction to Biostatistics with R for Bioengineers

Biomedical engineers today collect all kinds of data from patients, animals, cell counters, microassays, imaging systems, pressure transducers, bedside monitors, manufacturing processes, material testing systems, and other systems that supports research, design and manufacturing process. The problems of health professionals today can involve some part of device and system analysis, and their design and application, and as such are of extreme importance to engineers and scientists. As many aspects of engineering and scientific practice are related to nondeterministic outcomes, statistics is important to any engineer and scientist. Statistics is a guide to the unknown. It is a science that treats designing experimental protocols, collecting, summarizing, and presenting data, and making decisions in the presence of variability and uncertainty. For example, R.A. Fisher and R. Race proposed a model for the evolution of the RH (rhesus) genes based on a statistical analysis of the experimental data.
R is a popular statistical computer program, made available through the Internet under the General Public License (GPL) . It exists for Microsoft Windows 95 or later, for various Unix and Linux platforms, and for the Apple Macintosh (OS versions newer than 8.6). This chapter introduce how to use R for Bioengineering briefly.
Section 1.Introduction to R gives information about where to set up and understand R environment and R studio which is the most popular graphic user interface for R. In addition, how to use the package which is a library of prewritten code for some task, how to enter data or import data could be introduced. Basic specific statistical variable type which is important but can be igonored sometimes, would be discussed.
Section 2.R language:
Section 3.R programming:
Section 4.R graphics:

## Reference

* ↑ R.Race and R.A. Fisher, 1948. The Rh blood groups. Ph.D. Thesis, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK.
* ↑ Fox, John and Andersen, Robert (January 2005). "Using the R Statistical Computing Environment to Teach Social Statistics Courses" (PDF). Department of Sociology, McMaster University. Retrieved 2006-08-03. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Vance, Ashlee (2009-01-06). "Data Analysts Captivated by R's Power". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/07/technology/business-computing/07program.html. Retrieved 2009-04-28. "R is also the name of a popular programming language used by a growing number of data analysts inside corporations and academia. It is becoming their lingua franca..."
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Chapters Description

This page should be some sort of a detailed outline for the rest of the book. It should also focus on the best approach for reading this book. It should also be emphasized that the reading order is totally arbitrary and that each chapter is self-contained. Chapters are linking between each other especially to point out necessary tools.

## Chapter # 1 Introduction

1.1 What is biomedical engineering? 1.2 A very brief history biomedical engineering. 1.3 The state of the art.: a broad look at things. 1.4 Opportunities for growth.

## Chapter # 2 Biomedical Instrumentation:

2.1 The role of instrumentation in biomedical engineering. 2.2 a very swift review of basic electronics: Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, Resistance
Kirchhoff ’s Law's, Resistors in Series and Parallel Voltage and Current Divider Rules
Linear Network Analysis: Nodal Mesh etc
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems
Inductors, Capacitors & Combinations 2.3 Bioinstrumentation specific stuff: Amplifiers for Biopotential
Time Variant Signals & Phasors
Passive & Active Filters
instrumentation Design
Waveform Generators for testing
Signal analysis and software

## Chapter # 3 Physiological Modeling and Simulation:
## Chapter # 4 Bioelectric phenomena:
## Chapter # 5 Neuro engineering
## Chapter # 6 Biomechanics:

6.1 A very brief review of basic mechanics: Vectors and kinematics,Force and Motion, Kinetic and Potential Energy and Work, Conservation of Energy, Energy Absorption, Center of Mass and Linear & Angular Momentum, Rotation, Torque, and Elasticity,Axial Stress and Strain Shear Stress, Bending, Torsion,Failure Under Load, 6.2 Cellular Biomechanics 6.3 Mechanics of Hard &Soft Tissue Tissues
6.4.1 mechanics of the Musculoskeletal & digestive systems 6.4.2 Joint Surface & Lubrication 6.4.3 Analysis of Gait and movement 6.5 Mechanics of the cardiovascular,Lymphatic, andrespiratory systems 6.6 Mechanics of the inner ear
# C++ Language/Overview

Like many programming languages, C++ uses a "variable" to name a memory location which can store some value. A running C++ program executes an assignment statement iX=1; to assign value 1 into variable iX. But first, each variable has a "type" (its way of using its memory bits to represent its values, such as int) which must be specified by the programmer "defining" that variable within some "scope".
Assignment is only one example of a statement; a sequence of statements can be grouped into a code block (written within braces). The execution of that code block can be conditional, depending on the result of testing a "relational expression" (e.g., the equality of two sub-expressions in if (iX + iY == 33) {block}). Generally, a program's execution linearly flows from first statement to last statement, but that program flow can jump around as controlled by loops or by "calling a function". Information can be "passed" into the function (via its "parameters"), and/or returned from the function (by a return 123; statement).
C++ enables object-oriented programming (OOP), where an "object" is an instance of a type whose data is a combination of "data members" (as had already been listed in some "class" definition). That class definition also describes "member functions", whose usage is designed to manipulate a specific instance of those data members (i.e., to manipulate a specific object).
# C++ Language/Preprocessing/CompileTimeAssertions

The traditional way to assert the truth of something at compile-time was to use the preprocessor's #error (within some #if block). But some compile-time activity happens after the preprocessor has finished, so modern code uses a static_assert compile-time assertion.
Additional information about compile-time assertions (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Objects/UnwantedCompilerGeneratedFunctions

The compiler automatically generates several member functions, if the programmer hasn't manually programmed them (e.g., a default constructor). If you want to prevent the compiler from doing that, write that function's signature followed by = delete;.
Additional information about compiler-generated functions
# C++ Language/ObsoleteFeatures/ObsoleteFunctionBinding

Some callable-object classes (std::unary_function<>) and functions (std::bind1st) are now obsolete.
Additional information about obsolete function binding
# C++ Language/ObsoleteFeatures/VariadicsBeforeAnsi

The pre-ANSI varargs.h has been replaced by stdarg.h.
Additional information about pre-ANSI variadics
# C++ Language/ObsoleteFeatures/TrigraphCharacters

The preprocessor used to support weak keyboards by allowing "trigraphs" (e.g., typing ??!??! instead of ||).
Additional information about trigraph characters
# C++ Language/Preprocessing

When you run the C++ compiler on your source file, the first thing the compiler does is to process your source file using its "preprocessor" component.
* Macros
* Tokenization
* Preprocessing Strings
* Compile-time Constants
* Compile-time Assertions
* Conditional-Compilation
# C++ Language/ObsoleteFeatures

There is a formal specification of the C++ language, which has been updated every three years. The language used to contain some features, which are now considered to be obsolete.
* Trigraph Characters
* An Obsolete Smart Pointer
* Variadics before ANSI
* Obsolete Function Binding
* Boost Feature Graduation
# C++ Language/ObsoleteFeatures/BoostFeatureGraduation

Some Boost features are now obsolete because they have been moved into the official language.
Additional information about Boost feature graduation
# C++ Language/ObsoleteFeatures/ObsoleteSmartPointer

Type std::auto_ptr<> is no longer used.
Additional information about auto_ptr
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 8

* Student Soapbox

## Curriculum

Chapter Introduction

## Special Features

Experts Take Sides
In the News
Chapter FAQ
The Scoop From Someone Who Knows

## Content Articles

8.1.1 -- Is it still the "Three R's"?
8.2.1 -- Is there a "hidden curriculum"? Where is it hiding?
8.3.1 -- Controversial Issues: Who decides what is taught?
8.4.1 -- AP & IB: Are we moving toward a National curriculum?
8.5.1 -- College Prep vs. Technical/Vocational Education: Preparing All Students for Life After High School
8.6.1 -- The Effects of Standardized Testing on School Curriculum

## Concluding Information

Chapter Review
Additional Resources
* CLICK HERE to sign up to be an AUTHOR of this chapter.
* CLICK HERE to sign up to be an EDITOR of this chapter.
* Questions? Refer to How to Use This Book
# English-Hanzi/Monday

Monday is the day after Sunday.
星期一 是 星期日 之后 一日。