OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Web Programming in Visual Basic .NET

Web Browsing functionality is available in the .Net Framework Class Library. In this article we will look at techniques for loading and manipulating web pages using Visual Basic .Net. You will need Microsoft Visual Basic .Net 2005 to use the example code.

## The Web Browser Object

Let's look at the Web Browser Object. This object is present in the .NET Framework Class Library. It is new to the framework in version 2.0. If you distribute a program that uses the object, the target system must have version 2.0 (or greater) installed.
The WebBrowser object does not require a form. You can use it to load web pages programmatically without displaying them. However, your program is subject to the configuration settings that you have set for your traditional browser. For example, if you are allowing popups, then any web page that you load into the wbInCode object will have permission to launch popups. The popups will launch in browser windows that are external to your program, even if your WebBrowser object is not displaying in a window.
If a JavaScript method crashes on a loaded page and your are configured to halt on such errors, the web browser control will also halt. Your program will hang. In short, if you plan to use the control in an automated environment you will need to take a close look at your default browser settings. Otherwise you will find that your application has been held up by defective web pages and your display has been inundated with popups.

## Load a WebPage into the Browser Object

Use the Navigate method of the WebBrowser object to load a web page:
Wait until the load operation is finished:
You can also have the object tell you when it's finished. The DocumentCompleted event fires after a page has loaded. This example adds an event handler method that will be called when the page has finished loading.

## Print a Web Page from the Browser Object

We’re not done yet. Here is the ReadyToPrint method that we referred to in the previous code. The name of the method is arbitrary but the argument list is necessary. Note that you don't have to explicitly call this method. It will be called for you by the WebBrowser object after the web page has loaded.

## Access the HTML Stored in the Browser Object

After you have loaded your web site you have access to the underlying HTML. The document object is a property of the web browser object.
# Web Science

A new academic field in computer science has emerged called Web Science with its first text published by Philip Tetlow in 2007. It now has its own journal and an inaugural article about the field by Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James A. Hendler, Kieron O'Hara, Nigel Shadbolt and Daniel J. Weitzner
It is thought that as the field is so new an interesting project would be to develop an open source text book here as the field emerges so that there will be free access to information and techniques from the beginning.

## Chapters

* The Semantic Web
* Human-Computer Interaction and the Web
* Topology and Traffic Density
* E-Commerce

## References

* ↑ Philip D. Tetlow, The Webs Awake (An Introduction to the Field of Web Science and the Concept of Web Life),.
* ↑ Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James A. Hendler, Kieron O'Hara, Nigel Shadbolt and Daniel J. Weitzner, Foundations and Trends in Web Science, Volume 1 Issue 1,.
# Web Science/E-Commerce
## Classic E-Commerce - Amazon, eBay etc.

When one thinks of e-commerce the first things which come to mind are the early American online companies and the dot.com boomers such as Amazon.com operating since 1995, eBay Inc and lastminute.com.

### SibeliusMusic.com

SibeliusMusic.com has a paperless online music store model for displaying music with protection of the copyright. It developed as an offshoot of the Sibelius music setting software.

## E-Commerce by Classic Businesses - Supermarkets and Mailorder

Constraints on the growth of supermarkets due to market saturation, land availability and competition considerations have meant that to maintain their edge many such traditional businesses have used their supply chain to enable a mail-order catalogue and an online web site for ordering and home delivery. This brings shop based businesses into competition with pure e-business and traditional mail-order catalogues.

## Online Financial Services

One of the greatest challenges for any business is to attract new customers, not just any customers, but want to meet the right customers, the customers who know they need your products and services and who are ready to buy. Finding new customers can be time consuming, but it is a critical part of building value into business. It's need process. Working with a financial advisor or company like wellfargo or acura, would be a better option.

## Ecommerce Development Services

The most effective solution for expanding the customer base and achieving the biggest platform with a very small investment is E-Commerce. But surely, developing an Ecommerce website is not an easy task. E-Commerce is a field that requires an experience and a day to day operation in setting up website such as an online store. By joining an Ecommerce web development company like shopify or will reduce many issue when developing a ecommerce website. Those ecommerce company offer solution to those who would like to sell their products and services online. They have a highly experienced team that will help out in setting up the store and also a technical maintenance team to help out if face any problems in day to day operation.

### Internet Based Stockbroking
#### Spreadbetting
## Security in E-Commerce
### Bibliography

* Warwick Ford and Michael S. Baum, Secure Electronic Commerce, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-027276-0.
* Raymond R. Panko, Corporate Computer and Network Security, (Prentice Hall, 2003), ISBN: 0130384712.
* Stephen Northcutt, Lenny Zeltser, Scott Winters, Karen Fredrick, Ronald Ritchey, Inside Network Perimeter Security: The Definitive Guide to Firewalls, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), Routers, and Intrusion Detection Systems, New Rideres Publishing - ISBN: 0735712328
# Structural Biochemistry/DNA recombinant techniques/Designer Genes
## The Modern Approach to Gene Design

A typical gene design cycle starts with defining a desired target protein. From there the scientist, using a gene composer computer program, inputs information such as functional characterization data, sequence alignments or knowledge of related 3D structural information from various sources that pertain to the desired protein. Secondary structural information is annotated and amino acids in the active domains (i.e. - participate in ligand binding sites, are water exposed, or form crystal contacts) are labeled, and multiple amino acid sequence variants are generated. The next step is back-translating designed amino acid sequences into nucleic acid sequences. The program will generate optimized nucleic acid sequences based on defined criteria input by the user, such as codon optimization for highly expressed proteins, suppressing strong mRNA structure forming elements and avoiding undesired restriction sites. Finally, sequences for complete genes are output. The adoption of this new method of protein design allows heterologous expression of proteins to be tested more quickly and minimizes failure rates.

## Benefits/Uses of Gene Design

Gene/Protein design is currently being utilized for a number of important applications including:
1. Immunotoxins- chimeric protein made from a gene for an antibody and a gene for a toxin, which can be used to kill cells that are recognized by the antibody
2. Synthetic vaccines- recombining DNA to create noninfectious coat proteins of viruses
3. Completely new genes and proteins with functions not found in nature
4. New enzymes
5. New drugs
6. Disease research for Malaria, Anthrax, HIV, Alzheimer's and Various Cancers

## Sources

http://www.biosciencetechnology.com
http://boinc.bakerlab.org/rosetta/rah_medical_relevance.com
# Structural Biochemistry/DNA recombinant techniques/Detecting specific genes
## Overview

A genomic library is a collection of all the genes of an organism. After creation of a genomic library, a particular gene usually needs to screened from the genomic library just created. A method to do this is to carry out a colony hybridization experiment.

## Colony Hybridization Experiment

This technique is used to screen for a plasmid based genomic library. Bacteriophage plaques are screened. First, bacteria is transformed with a plasmid by using a bacteriophage to infect the colony. These are plated on a petri dish and incubated so that phage plaques are allowed to form. A plague with an identical phage will develop on the petri dish wherever the phage is located and infected by the bacterium. Next, replication of the original plate is made by placing a nitrocellulose sheet on top of the original plate. This allows the plaques to be transferred in a certain array. Both infected bacteria and phage DNA will be release from the lysed cells to attach to the nitrocellulose sheet to form spots. This is then treated with 2M NaOH to lyse the phages and separate the strands of DNA. When the DNA is denatured by the 2M NaOH treatment, the DNA strand is more accessible to be hybridize with the 32P probe. One must next neutralize the dish and then allowed to dry to immobilize the DNA. This is then mixed with a 32P probe and allowed to anneal to target any DNA sequence present on the nitrocellulose sheet. This is then subject to autoradiography by placing it on an x-ray film. The spots show where the probe has hybridized with the DNA and this is used to locate the genomic clone from the plaques on the original petri dish.
# Structural Biochemistry/DNA recombinant techniques/Genomic Library
## Overview

Genomic libraries are a catalog of genes of a particular organism. They are also commonly referred to as gene banks. To create a genomic library, the complete genome of an organism is cleaved into fragments and inserted into a cloning vector. It can also refer to the collection of vector molecules.

## How to Create a Genomic Library

First, a variety of restriction endonucleases are used to cleave at certain base pairs to create the necessary fragments of the DNA. These restriction endonucleases are chosen in such a way that the cohesive ends are compatible with a cloning vector and that the complete genome is represented by these fragments. This also means that the cloning vector is cleaved with the same restriction endonucleases and the original fragments are combined with the cloning vector using a ligase. This mixture is then inserted into a bacterial cell to produce a library. Each cell will have a different DNA molecule. Ordering of individual clones is archived by identifying overlapping sequences. This set of overlapping sequences of the catalog is defined as a contig.

## Roles of Genomic Library

With the complete information in the library for a specific organism, researchers can perform a variety of experiments on the DNA. By doing so, they can determine the actions and interaction of separated genes along the strand. Also, they can compare the genomic library of healthy and unhealthy individuals of the same species to see where differences in genetic coding may be led to unexpected mutations.
In physical reality, a genomic library for humans is a collection of bacteria, the most common one is E. coli. The usable sequence of DNA from the human genome gets transferred and carried through the E. coli. The DNA is prepared by digesting it with a restriction enzyme. Then the target segments are inserted into the bacteria by using lambda phage. This creates a basic unamplified library, where the bacteria have been allowed to multiply and create additional copies of each section of the DNA.
# World Stamp Catalogue/C
### C

* Cambodia
* Cameroun
* Canada
* Canada, British Columbia
* Canada, New Brunswick
* Canada, Newfoundland
* Canada, Prince Edward Island
* Canada, Vancouver Island
* Canal Zone
* Cape Juby
* Cape of Good Hope
* Cape Verde Islands
* Caroline Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Central Africa (British)
* Central African Republic
* Central Lithuania
* Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
* Chad
* Chile
* China
* China (PRC Regional Issues)
* China (PRC)
* Chinese Provinces
* Christmas Island
* Cilicia
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Colombia
* Columbian state, Bolívar
* Columbian state, Boyacá
* Columbian state, Cundinamarca
* Comoro Islands
* Congo
* Cook Islands
* Costa Rica
* Crete
* Croatia
* Cuba
* Cundinamarca
* Cyprus
* Cyrenaica
* Czech Republic
* Czechoslovakia
# World Stamp Catalogue/Canada
## Canada

Canada Post has a description of the commemorative stamps issued since 1999. Each of these include a picture and description of each stamp.
* Acadian Deportation 1755–2005
* Polio Vaccination 1955–2005
* Postage stamps and postal history of Canada

## References

* ↑ Canada Post 1999 - current issues.
# World Stamp Catalogue/Cameroun
## Cameroon

* Postage stamps and postal history of Cameroon
# World Stamp Catalogue/Canada/Acadian Deportation 1755–2005

The Canadian postage stamp of Acadian Deportation 1755–2005, issued for release on August 15, 2005, is a domestic 50 cent stamp marking the 250th anniversary of the Expulsion of the Acadians. Canada Post chose August 15 as the release date for the stamp, recognizing Acadian National Day.
The stamp consists of a waving Acadian flag, as well as a visually "floating" reproduction of the 1930 "Grande Pré" stamp, created originally for the 175th anniversary of the Acadian deportation. This "stamp-on-stamp" concept, an occasional practice for the Canadian postal service, was proposed for this particular stamp by the Stamp Advisory Committee. The original stamp was also worth 50 cents, a very high stamp denomination at the time.
The designer, Pierre-Yves Pelletier was reportedly excited and challenged by the project. "The Acadian community, naturally, is sensitive to its past and I wanted to pay tribute to their heritage and to what they have been through." Later Pelletier commented "It was important to keep the design simple and clean. The colourful flag works well with the dark blue of the old stamp and its perforated edges."
To represent the sea voyage of the Acadians, Pelletier included a backdrop of waves, in a five percent screen. Pelletier commented "The waves are in a very light screen so as not to detract from the main element, which is the flag."
The original Grande Pré stamp portrays the famous statue of Evangeline, and the Acadian chapel, both at Grand-Pré National Historic Site. Pelletier scanned a mint condition version of the stamp.
Two-and-a-half million stamps were printed by Canadian Bank Note, with PVA gum and 13+ perforations. The stamps are lithography in six colours, on Tullis Russell Coatings paper. The stamp was 39.65 mm × 48 mm, vertical. The panes of sixteen stamps have general tagging on four sides.
The Official First Day Cover Cancellation was issued in Grandé Pre, Nova Scotia. Last day of sale was August 14, 2006.

## References

* Eveline Santilly, "Acadian Deportation 1755–2005", Canada's Stamp Details, Volume XIV, No 3, ISSN 1191-8217
* Press release, with image of stamp
Template:Canadian stamps
# World Stamp Catalogue/Burma
## Burma

* Postage stamps and postal history of Burma
# World Stamp Catalogue/Cambodia
## Cambodia

* Postage stamps and postal history of Cambodia
# World Stamp Catalogue/Burundi
## Burundi

* Postage stamps and postal history of Burundi
# World Stamp Catalogue/Bushire
## Bushire under British occupation

* Postage stamps of Bushire under British occupation
# World Stamp Catalogue/Bulgaria
## Bulgaria

* Postage stamps and postal history of Bulgaria (English)
* История почты и почтовых марок Болгарии (Russian)
# World Stamp Catalogue/Burkina Faso
## Burkina Faso

* Postage stamps and postal history of Burkina Faso
# Structural Biochemistry/Topical Dosage Forms
## Ointments

It is the semisolid preparations with various functions in serving as vehicles for topical application of medicinal agents, emollients like lubricating agents, or protectants (to prevent the skin from getting irritants). Ointment is generated for external use only, on skin or mucous membranes.

## Pastes

They are ointment-like preparations that is stiffer, less greasy, and absorb water better than ointments. Because of these characteristics, pastes are used to treat oozing, weeping lesions by applying externally.

## Creams

semisolid emulsions with medical agents. Use externally only.

## Powders

Finely divided, solid medicine used for external application. Some certain powdered drugs are used for asthma patients.

## Gels/Jellies

Preparation for external used only. It consists of 2 phases: a solid internal phase diffused throughout a viscous liquid phase

## Transdermal Patches

Will deliver a constant, controlled dose of medication being absorbed into the blood stream by adhering to the patient's skin. The most commonly used are nitroglycerin, scopolamine, nicotine, estrogen, and fentanyl patches. Warning: clean with alcohol. Repeating applications to the same site many time may cause irritation.

## References

Reifman, Noah. Certification Review For Pharmacy Technicians. 9th ed. the United States of America: AuthorHouse, 2011. 61–88. Print.
# Human Mediator Complex

The Mediator complex in humans has roles in regulating RNA polymerase II's ability to express genes for proteins. Not much is known about how it works, because of the sheer size of Mediator, 26 sub units and 1.2MDa, and can change composition if the promoters are different. This makes it seem like Mediator has an infinite number of regulatory functions.
Studying Mediator is difficult, because it is a challenging process to isolate it from human cells. It is not very abundant and is found taking different forms in the body. Another reason is that bioinformatics cannot be used to study its function. There is no conclusive evidence for Mediator being in microbes, so it is currently assumed to be only in eukaryotes.

## Mediator Control of Transcription Machinery

Mediator's first discovered function was activity in activator-dependent transcription. Researchers found that Mediator is a target of DNA-biding transcription factors. However, Mediator may also play a role in activator-independent transcription, because it can cause basal transcription (a type of activator-independent transcription). This suggest Mediator could have control over initiation of transcription. More evidence to support this is RNA pol II recruitment is enhanced and transcription complexes are stabilized at the promoter by Mediator. Mediator has been shown to interact with Pre-Elongation Complex (PEC), which is the transcription initiation machinery, through its large surface area that allows for multiple protein-protein interactions. Also Mediator acts as a frame for PEC assembly.

## CDK8 Submodule

Strangely, Mediator can also block RNA pol II from working with PEC, with the help of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8). CDK8 contains the proteins CDK8, MED12, MED13, and cyclin C. CDK8's effect was discovered by separating Mediators with CDK8 and Mediators without and seeing that CDK8 Mediator could not begin transcription. It does this by inhibiting Mediator's ability to bind RNA pol II C-terminal Domain and recruit RNA pol II to a pre-elongation complex. Another role of CDK8 is regulating serum response genes such as FOS, EGRI, EGR2, and EGR3. CDK8 helps regulate RNA pol II phosphorylation and elongation at these genes.

## Mediator Gene-Selective Functions

Mediator is likely to have a role in all protein-coding genes. New research has shown that MED1, the largest Mediator subunit is generally targeted by nuclear receptors. MED1 is phophorylation by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), stabilizing MED1 in Mediator. When MED1 is phophorylated, it shows better ability to activate transcription.

## References

The human Mediator complex: a versatile, genome-wide regulator of transcription - Dylan J. Taatjes
# Structural Biochemistry/Transdermal
## Introduction

Transdermal refers to the process in which the drug diffuses through the intact skin for the purpose of systematic distribution (as opposed to topical distribution). In order to achieve this route of administration, utilities such as transdermal patches, transdermal gels, and transdermal implants can be used for medical purposes.

## Pathways
### Transcellular Pathway

The transcellular pathway is the more direct path in which drugs can make its way across the skin. In this route, drugs are transported across the skin by proceeding through the membranes of dead kertinocytes (the predominatn cell type within the epidermis) that make up the top layer of skin, which is known as the stratum corneum. Even though the path distance for this method is the shortest, drugs can experience resistance due to the phospholipid membranes that they have to cross.

### Intercellular Pathway

The intercellular pathway is the more common pathway in which the drugs pass through the skin by navigating through small spaces that exist between the cells of the skin.

## Disadvantages

Even though the skin is easily accessible for the purpose of drug delivery, its main function of preventing foreign substances from entering the body can limit the types and amounts of drugs that are taken in through this route of administration. In order to reach the microcirculation of the dermis, the drug must manage to go through the Epidermis and the Dermis, which are two significant layers of the skin.

## References

* McCarley, K.D & Bunge, A.L. (2001). "Review of pharmacokinetic models of dermal absorption." J Pharmaceut Sci. 90: 1699–1719.
* Hadgraft, J. (2001). "Modulation of the barrier function of the skin." Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 14(1): 72-81.
# Structural Biochemistry/Topical

Topical For topical drug administration, drugs are applied directly to the affected area. The effect reminds in the local area. The advantage of topical administration is that drugs can be given to the patient. No trained personnel are required for application. Usually, there is no pain involved in administration. Side effects are very minimal.
Epicutaneous Drugs are applied directly onto the skin surface. This administration can be used to test if a patient is allergic to certain drugs or substance. Epicutaneous administration can also be used for local anesthesia to relieve minor pain for cuts or burns. Eye drops Drugs are applied directly into the affected eye. Eye drops are saline-containing liquid. Examples of eye drops are rinse eye drops, Glaucoma eye drops, steroid and antibiotic eye drops. Inhalational Drugs are inhaled through the mouth by the patient. Inhalational administration drugs can be used to treat asthma or acute infection in upper airway. The advantage of inhalational administration is that the response of body is much faster than oral administration because the drug does not have to go through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Also, because the drug does not have to go though liver, so the damage to liver is minimized. Intranasal route Intranasal route administration is also known as nasal spray. Examples of nasal spray are decongestant nasal spray or allergy relive.
# Structural Biochemistry/Transforming Growth Factor Beta/Cytokine

Cytokines are protein molecules, generally small, that are responsible for a variety of cell-signaling and transducing functions. These molecules vary in form and function, and the term cytokine broadly covers molecules produced by all types of cells in the body. Each cytokine has a corresponding receptor, which enables the expression of the protein and can result in up-regulation or down-regulation of other mediating agents.