# Visual Basic/Built In String Functions
## Comparison

Two strings are equal by value if they have the same content:
* If "Hello" = "Hello" Then MsgBox "A"
The statement Option Compare Text can be placed at the top of a module to make the comparison case-insensitive, impacting =, <, >, <=, >=, <>:
To test whether two strings are equal by reference, that is, whether they start at the same address, you can use StrPtr function.
To test whether a string is greater than or less than another using lexicographical order, you can use <, >, <=, >=, <>. To decide whether a string is less than another, the two are compared character by character and as soon as a character from one string is found to have a lower ASCII code than the corresponding (same position) character in the other string, the first is declared to be less than the second. The converse test also works.
Another way of testing whether strings are equal or greater than one another is the StrComp function. Unlike =, <, >, etc., the StrComp function has an optional argument that controls whether the comparison is case-sensitive.
Example:
Links:
* StrComp Function, Access 2007, office.microsoft.com
* StrComp Function, Office 2013, msdn.microsoft.com

## Concatenation

The operator intended to perform string contatenation is &. The operator + can sometimes be used to the same effect, but not always:

## Containment

To find out if one string is a substring of another, use the InStr function as follows:
InStr function returns the position of the substring if it is found or zero otherwise.
The two-argument use of InStr function is case-sensitive. A case-insensitive containment test can be done as follows:

## Replacing

To replace a string with another string inside a third string, use the built-in function Replace as follows:

## Indexing and Substrings

Strings can be used almost as if they were lists of characters. The nth character in a string can be returned by subscripting:
The values of n start from 1 rather than from 0.
It is also possible to return a substring of a string. The same function is used but instead of specifying 1, you specify the length of the substring:
If you ask for more characters than are available, you get just what there is, no error is raised:
You can also use Mid$ on the left-hand side of an assignment:
When Mid$ is on the left, it doesn't change the total length of the string: it just replaces the specified number of characters. If the right-hand side specifies fewer characters than are asked for, only that number of characters is replaced; if it specifies more, only the number asked for is used.
Links:
* MID, MIDB, Excel 2003, office.microsoft.com

## String constants

String constants can be declared like any other constant:

## String Functions

Strings are not objects so they do not have methods but there is a number of functions that manipulate strings. Note that none of the functions modify the original string, except for Mid$ when it is on the left hand side of an assignment statement:

### Asc

    Returns the integer code of the first character of the string. The inverse function would be Chr.

### Len

    Returns the length of the string.

### InStr

    Returns the character index of the first occurrence of the substring in a string or zero if the substring is not found.

### InstrB

    Like InStr except that it returns the byte position. It has to be remembered, that Visual Basic 6 strings are Unicode strings.

### InstrRev

    Like InStr except that it returns the character position of the last occurrence of the substring.

### Left$

    Returns the specified number of characters from the beginning of the string. If there are fewer characters in the string Left$ returns the whole string, no error is raised,

### Mid$

    Returns a number of characters starting at the given position, on the left hand side it replaces those characters,

### Right$

    Returns the specified number of characters from the end of the string, if there are not that many characters, then Right$ returns the whole string.

### IsNumeric

    Returns true if the string looks like a number.

### LTrim$, RTrim$, Trim$

    Returns a copy of the string with leading, trailing or leading and trailing spaces removed respectively. Note that only ASCII spaces (character code 32) are removed, other whitespace characters such as tabs are treated as non-spaces.

### LCase$, UCase

    Converts the whole string to lower case or upper case respectively.

### Val

    Returns a number corresponding to the number found at the start of the string. Note that Val is not locale aware, which means that it always expects decimal points regardless of the regional settings of your computer; if you are reading from a comma delimited file this is probably the function you want to use.

### Str

    Returns a string corresponding to the given number. Like Val this is not locale aware. This is the function you should use if you are creating a text file containing numbers to be read on someone else's computer.

### CStr

    Converts the expression to a string. This procedure is locale aware and the correct function to use if converting numbers and differently typed values to strings for user-display. Usually it is unnecessary because Visual Basic automatically converts when necessary and uses Regional Settings to do so.

### Format$

    Converts a number to a string using a specific format. The format is provided as a string of characters, that shows how many digits should be given before and after the decimal point. Like CStr, Format$ is locale aware so the decimal separator will be whatever is specified in the user's Regional Settings. Format$ also provides for conversion of dates to various built-in and custom string formats.

### CBool, CByte, CCur, CInt, CLng, CSng, CDbl, CDec

    Locale aware conversions to Boolean, Byte, Currency, Integer, Long, Single, Double, Decimal.

### Split

    Chops a string into pieces and returns a Variant Array. If no delimiter is specified then spaces will be used. Delimiters may be any string of any length. Two adjacent delimiters delimit an empty string.

### Hex$

    Returns a string of Hex characters representing a number.

### Oct$

    Returns a string of Octal characters representing a number.

### Replace$

    Returns a string with occurrences of a specified substring replaced with a new string. Note that the substring and the new string do not have to be the same size.

### StrComp

    Returns -1 if the first string is less than the second, 0 if they are identical, +1 if the first is greater than the second. Takes an optional argument that determines the comparison algorithm: vbBinary for exact comparisons using the character codes, vbTextCompare for case insensitive comparisons.

## Quotes in strings

Because the double quote (") is used to delimit strings, you can't use it directly to specify a quote within a string. For example
One way is to use that Chr function to specify the character code (34)
Another is to double the double-quotes. You might find this more or less readable than the above way.

## Startswith and Endswith

Visual Basic does not have functions "startsWith" (or "BeginsWith") and "endsWith" found in some other programming languages. But it has "Like" comparison operator used for simple pattern matching that does the job when used with "*" to stand for "any string of characters":
Furthermore, you can write these functions yourself using "Left" function:
For a one-off comparison to a constant string, a function call may be an overkill:

## Pattern Matching

You can do simple pattern matching with Like keyword; for complex pattern matching, see Regular Expressions. The special characters in the patterns of Like include ? for a single char, * for any number of chars, # for a single decimal digit, [...] for a single char in the list, and [!...] for a single char not in the list.
Examples:
Links:
* Like Operator, Visual Basic for Applications, msdn.microsoft.com
* Like Operator, Visual Studio 2005, msdn.microsoft.com
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