OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Computer Revolution/Properly Dispose of Hardware Containing Data
## Properly Dispose of Hardware Containing Data

Protecting the privacy of personal information is very important for both individuals and businesses. Information that individuals and businesses can include tax returns, and passwords for personal websites or social websites, sometimes can include, personal videos pictures, or even music.One key way of doing this is protecting the information located on paper documents and hardware (such as backup media, used CDs, obsolete computers, and mobile phones) that you will be disposing. Papers, CDs, DVDs, and other media containing sensitive data should be shredded. Hard drives should be wiped with special disk-wiping or disk-erasing software before being sold or recycled. Data that has been erased or reformatted can still be recovered so it is best to properly wipe the drive. Physically destroying all of these hardwares is also good so there is no way of getting the important data back and data destruction services are available. Many companies and business do that so no thief or rival can get a hold of their data. Although you can wipe of your hard drive, sometimes be recovered, but many find difficult to do so. By breaking your hard drive, disks, or CD's with a hammer, it is a safer way to do so. Some companies even melt their information and throw it in a fire. A movie i have recently watched "Argo", showed of a U.S base, destroying their files a perfect example of properly disposing their data, informations and hard drives with fire, so the country they were in would not get a hold of their data.
Source: Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow Deborah Morley, Charles S.Parker. Chapter 15 pg. 616
# The Computer Revolution/Quantum Computing
## Quantum Computing

The premises behind quantum computing is to use quantum mechanics and quantum physics of atoms or nuclei to perform calculations. These atoms or nuclei are the quantum bits, or qubits, that work as both the processor and the memory for the computer. They can represent more than one state, and many states at the same time. It is not well suited for general computing tasks, but is expected to be used for encryption and code breaking.

## Developments

Quantum computing was first thought of in the 1970s, but more recently it has become heavily invested and researched by technology corporations. Quantum computers are still in their infancy, but there has already been progress in their production. In 2001, IBM's Almaden Research Center created a quantum computer programmed by radio frequency that is composed of the nuclei of seven atoms (7-qubits) that can interact with each other and successfully factored the number 15. Canadian scientists recently created a 16-qubit quantum computer that is able to solve Sudoku puzzles. HP scientists created a quantum computer equivalent of a transistor. In 2009, researchers were able to control the actions of a single qubit in a matrix of other qubits which is a step towards creating more advanced quantum computers.

## References

Morely, Deborah; Parker, Charles. Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow. Course Technology, 2011. Pages 83–84. Print.
Waldner, Jean-Baptiste. Nano-informatique Et Intelligence Ambiante: Inventer L'ordinateur Du XXIe Siècle. Paris: Hermès Science Publications, 2007. 157. Print.
# The Computer Revolution/Programming/Object Oriented Programming

OOP (Object Oriented Programming)uses objects which are self-contained items that have a data type, a data structure, and can also have the data. For example, an object might be road objects, vehicle objects, landscape objects which could be part of a driving simulation. The data within an object can be in a couple different formats. Such as text, numeric, video, image, audio etc. This and the ability to change different types of objects with the same methods leads to the development of programs that were near impossible to make with procedural programming languages.
The object is self-contained in that it only has necessary data sent to it, and the results are sent back. To change a current object takes a little more work. Especially if the source code is not available for the object, only the functionality. The objects have both functions and data and can be related to other objects.
One of the principal advantages of object-oriented programming techniques over procedural programming techniques is that they enable programmers to create modules that do not need to be changed when a new type of object is added. A programmer can simply create a new object that exhibits many of its features taken from existing objects. This makes object-oriented programs extremely easier to modify.
To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented programming language (OOPL). Java, C++ and Smalltalk are three of the more popular languages, and there are also object-oriented versions of Pascal.
An Example of Object-Oriented Programming Software: Visual Basic
One of the easiest programming software to learn to use is called Visual Basic. It is a product of Microsoft which was designed based on the BASIC programming language. It is was designed to be very user friendly and is taught in many schools as an intro into the world of computer programming. One of its biggest appeals is that it employs a graphical user interface which helps many newcomers to familiarize themselves with computer programming as opposed to just having them use a text based software when starting out with coding.
# The Computer Revolution/Programming/Procedural Programming

Procedural programming focuses on the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer what to do to solve a problem. This is the other most significant approach to programming, next to object-oriented programming (OOP). Procedural programming is based on procedure call which is locating specific tasks in procedures that are called by the main program code whenever a task needs to be completed. When it is done programming, the program control will return to the main program.
Procedures are small sections of program code that are called by the main program code when the tasks need to be performed. After a procedure finishes, the program control returns to the main program.
By doing this approach, this allows each procedure to be performed as many times as needed without requiring unnecessary multiple copies of the same code. This makes the program smaller and the main program is easier to understand. With using this programming, it allows faster development time.
Structured programming is a type of programming that involves breaking the program into smaller modules of code. The modules have a duty of performing a single task, therefore eliminating the need to use the GOTO statement. The GOTO statement was very heavily used before procedural programming was created. It is basically a statement to send program control to a specific line of a code to complete commands at that specific point until another GOTO statement is reached.
In structured programming the overall general tasks that need to be performed first are of the highest priority and then the tasks get more and more specific as it goes on- the top-down philosophy. Sometimes structured programming and procedural programming are used interchangeably.
# The Computer Revolution/Programming/Object Oriented vs. Structured programming

Although there are differences between Structured programming and object oriented programming, they are both useful to programmers.So now let's have a lookup at it.

## Structured Programming

* Structured programming takes on the top-to-bottom approach.
* Structured programming is based around data structures and subroutines.
* It splits the tasks into modular forms. This makes the program simpler and easier to read with less lines and codes.
* This type of program accomplishes certain tasks for that of a specific reason.
* For example, invoice printers use structured programming. This type has clear, correct, precise descriptions.
* A structured program is decomposed into a hierarchy of processes. A process in this context is a body of code, typically a function or subroutine, that takes some input and manipulates it to produce an output. A process may be composed of other, more specialized processes, i.e., it may be a function that calls other functions.

## Object Oriented Programming

* This type of programming uses sections in a program to perform certain tasks.
* It splits the program into objects that can be reused into other programs.
* They are small programs that can be used in other software.
* Each object or module has the data and the instruction of what to do with the data in it. This can be reused in other software .
* An object-oriented program is decomposed into a network of collaborating objects. An object represents a thing or concept and has a known set of behaviors that may be invoked by other objects. For any activity of the program, an object responsible for that activity may interact with other objects by invoking their behaviors, or "methods", until the activity is complete.
# Source SDK: Mastering the Source/Help Menu

The Help Menu is one of the easiest on the whole Control Bar. It contains two simple buttons, which may prove very useful to you in development.

## Help Topics

This button acts as a link to the Hammer Tutorial Directory of the Valve Developer Community Wiki. You can follow that exact link here: https://developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/Category:Hammer

## About...

This button opens a small text box featuring the copyright properties of the Hammer Editor and Valve Corporation.
# Source SDK: Mastering the Source/Items

Items are entities that can be used in the Source game Half-Life 2, and it's episodes. They act as place markers for various items that can be placed around your map.
* item_ammo_357
* item_ammo_357_large
* item_ammo_ar2
* item_ammo_ar2_altfire
* item_ammo_ar2_large
* item_ammo_crate
* item_ammo_crossbow
* item_ammo_pistol
* item_ammo_pistol_large
* item_ammo_smg1
* item_ammo_smg1_grenade
* item_ammo_smg1_large
* item_battery
* item_box_buckshot
* item_dynamic resupply
* item_healthcharger
* item_healthkit
* item_healthvial
* item_item_crate
* item_rpg_round
* item_suit
* item_suitcharger
# Source SDK: Mastering the Source/Edit Menu

The Edit Menu on the Control Bar houses a variety of useful tools that can assist you in creating your map.

## Undo(CTRL+Z)

This button undos any action or edit you've made to anything in your level. The undo button has a limit.

## Redo(CTRL+Y)

This button gives you the opportunity to redo an undo. The Redo button has a limit.

## Toggle Undo/Redo

This button toggles ON and OFF your ability to use the Redo and Undo tools.

## Find Entities(Ctrl+Shift+F)

This button opens a small search box that allows you to search any entity you have in your level, in case you have misplaced them. (add image of find entity search box)

## Replace...(Ctrl+Shift+R)

This button opens a small search box that allows you to take any entity in your map and replace it with another. (add image of replace search box)

## Cut(Ctrl+X)

Cuts a selected brush or entity out of the level and onto your clip board, for it to be pasted.

## Copy(Ctrl+C)

Copies a selected brush or entity out of the level and onto your clip board, for it to be pasted.

## Paste(Ctrl+V)

Pastes whatever item you have in your clipboard onto the map. Because the button pastes the item as soon as you click it, making it difficult to aim where you paste it when using the drop down box, so it's smarter to use the hotkey.

## Delete(Del)

Deletes any selected brush or entity within the map.

## Clear Selection

De-selects any brush or entity you have selected in the map.

## Select All

Simultaneously selects all brushes and entities in the entire map.

## Properties

Shows the current properties of a selected entity.
# Source SDK: Mastering the Source/File Menu

The File drop down box is the first item located on the Control Bar. It allows you to save, run, and compile your map, as well as perform a number of useful configuration programs.

## New(Control+N)

Creates a new blank map.

## Open...(Control+O)

Open a previously created or downloaded map. A set of recently opened maps will appear at the bottom of the File drop down box, for easy access to a map you've previously been working on.

## Close

Closes a currently opened map. Of course you can always skip this step and simply move onto opening another map, thereby closing the current map automatically.

## Save(Ctrl+S)

Saves the current version of an already created map.

## Save as

Saves a newly created map as a brand new file.

## Run Map(F9)

Compiles and launches your map, allowing you to personally play test it in game. You do not have to save the changes to your map in order for them to appear in game. On occasion, if you accidentally press F10 instead of F9, you're temporarily unable to launch your map by hotkey, so simply use the button located in the File drop down box.

## Exit

Closes out the Hammer Editor. Does not close out the Application Browser. Of course this can alternatively be done by clicking the red 'X' icon in the top right corner.

# Notes

* If you are currently editing a map when you select the new, open, close, save, save as, or exit button, a question box will appear asking if you'd like to save any currently unsaved changes to your map.
# Source SDK: Mastering the Source/Making a House

Now that we understand and have used the basics of the Source SDK, it's time to put them to use and make ourselves a simple house. We will combine all of the skills we've learned in chapter 2 in this project in order to properly familiarize you on how to use them properly.
# Source SDK: Mastering the Source/Half-Life 2: Weapons

Weapons can be placed throughout your map in hammer by placing entities as place markers.
* weapon_357
* weapon_alyxgun
* weapon_annabelle
* weapon_ar2
* weapon_brickbat
* weapon_bugbait
* weapon_citizenpackage
* weapon_citizensuitcase
* weapon_crossbow
* weapon_crowbar
* weapon_extinguisher
* weapon_frag
* weapon_physcannon
* weapon_physgun
* weapon_pistol
* weapon_rpg
* weapon_shotgun
* weapon_smg1
* weapon_stunstick
# Source SDK: Mastering the Source/How do I get Source?

The Source SDK is easy to download and 100% free, and it's time you learned how to get it for yourself. it's important to know that the only way to download the Source SDK is through Steam, and you must have a Steam account to do so. Also, in order to download the Source SDK, you must first own the game you wish to edit for on Steam.

# Navigating to the Download

Once on Steam, click on the drop down box labeled "Games" at the top of the screen, and click "View Games Library". When you're in your Games Library you'll notice a box labeled "ALL GAMES" directly above your games list, click it and select Tools from the drop down box. This will take you to a gallery of special programs that you have access to depending on the games you own on steam. Just like we went over previously the Source SDK has many versions, so to be able to download one version, you must also own the game the SDK belongs to on Steam. Note that even if you download one of the games that works for the basic SDK, such as half-life 2, or Team Fortress 2, you can still only access the games you own. Meaning that if you have Team fortress 2, but not half-life 2, you cannot make maps for Half-life 2, even though they share the same version of the Source SDK. This is important to note, but most likely since you're here you already own the game you plan on editing for, so this will most likely not be a problem.

# Downloading

It's as simple as can be from here on. Locate whichever form of the SDK you wish to download, and double click it. This will then open up three windows, the first window will show you the disk space the program requires, how much disk space you have available, and an estimated download time. Click "Next", and you'll move onto the second window which presents two check boxes, one asking if you'd like a start menu shortcut for the program, and another asking if you'd like a desktop shortcut for the program. Choose whatever suits you and click "Next" and you'll move onto the third window where the download will begin. It's as simple as 1, 2, 3, literally.

# Launching the Source SDK

It's important to note that the Source SDK will not appear in your Games Library after you download it. Just like before it will be located in the Tools Library, and on your desktop or start menu, depending on what you chose during the download. If you did not choose to place a shortcut during the download, you can always go back to the already downloaded program in your Tools Library, right click and select "Create Desktop Shortcut", there is no option for a start menu shortcut this way. Double click on whatever outlet you're using and the Source SDK Application Browser will open up.
All right, you've got it installed and know where to find it. Now let's move onto the Application Browser.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Ukraine/Ministry of Social Policy

The web portal of the Ministry of Social Policy provides services and information for citizens in the following sections:
* About the ministry;
* Press center;
* Normative base;
* Organizations;
* Citizens;
* E-services;
* Contacts.

## E-services

Ministry of Social Policy Services web portal contains services that state body of Ukraine provide:
* access to the Unified State Register of Residential Subsidy Beneficiaries;
* filing out an online application for a subsidy;
* filing out an online application for help at birth of a child.
A person who wants to use the services of the portal must have an electronic digital signature or a registered bank card, as well as an account in the BankID identification system or email account.
The Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine has opened access to the Unified State Register of Residential Subsidy Recipients, Ukrainians have the opportunity to enter their postal address and find out whether they are subsidized and what is its size for the heating and non-heating seasons.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Ukraine/Ministry of Economic development and trade

The web portal of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade provides information on the following sections:
* About the ministry;
* Activity;
* Documents;
* For public;
* Press center;
* Contacts;
* Vacancies.

## E-services

The web portal of Economic development and trade of Ukraine contains services that state body of Ukraine provide:
* for citizens:
** legal assistance to citizens - Protection of consumer rights;
** job - vacancies;
* for civil workers:
** personnel questions - Jobs and vacancies / Staff reserve;
* for the international community:
** Business in Ukraine;
** Ukraine on the world stage;
* for legal entities:
** Departure abroad;
** Enterprise protection, regulatory policy;
** Foreign economic activity;
** Investment activity;
** Macroeconomics;
* Calculation of the average market value of vehicles;
* Special sanctions;
* Comprehensive Measures Plan List.
To use the services of the web portal of the Economic development and trade of Ukraine, registration doesn't needed.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Ukraine/National Commission on Securities and Stock Market

The web portal of the National Commission on Securities and Stock Market (NCSSM) provides information on open data and services and other data on the following main sections:
* Sheets;
* About the commission;
* Activity;
* Registries;
* Documents;
* For market participants.

## Open Data

The public information database of the National Securities and Stock Market Commission on the securities market - is an information resource in which the Authorized Person places information received from the Disclosure entities that are required to disclose information in accordance with the regulations of the National Securities Commission of Ukraine and the current legislation of Ukraine.
As part of increasing the transparency of the capital market and ensuring maximum access to public information, the following registries operate on the National Securities and Stock Market Commission website:
* Securities issues;
* Professional market participants;
* Certified persons:
** Training of specialists;
** Certification of specialists;
** Register of specialists;
** Register of Certified Persons;
* Financial institutions;
* Auditors;
* Rating agencies;
* Law enforcement:
** Law enforcement;
** Register of cases;
** Case statistics;
* Inspections of subjects of financial monitoring:
** General Information;
** Schedule of inspections of subjects of primary financial monitoring;
** Guidelines;
** International institutions and documents;
** Typologies international organizations to combat money laundering;
** Countering Terrorism Financing;
* Issuers with signs of fictitiousness;
* Missing by location;
* Changes to the depository record system;
* Stop trading securities on the stock exchanges;
* Prohibition of trading in securities.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Ukraine/State Agency for Electronic Governance
## E-services

On the portal, in the “Directions and Projects” section, the user can receive information in the following categories:
* Electronic identification;
* Registry interaction;
* Electronic services;
* Electronic document management;
* E-democracy;
* National Informatization Program;
* Other.

## Open Data

State Agency for Electronic Government of Ukraine - the primary list of sets of open data, administered by the State Agency for Electronic Government, according to the Regulations on data sets to be published in the form of public data are:
* the Annual Procurement Plan;
* annex of the Annual Procurement Plan;
* changes to the annex to the Annual Procurement Plan.
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Ukraine/Ministry of Healthcare

The web portal of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine provides information on the following sections:
* Pro Ministry;
* Medical reform;
* Citizens;
* Press center;
* Documents;
* Contacts.

## E-services

The web portal of Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine contains services that state body of Ukraine provide:
* Accreditation agreement - Explanation on the process and procedure of accreditation of the health care institution:
** Licensing - Clarifications and samples of documents for obtaining a license for the conduct of economic activity in medical practice;
** State supervision (control) - Examples of documents based on the results of a planned (unscheduled) measure of state supervision (control) regarding the compliance of the entity with the requirements of legislation in the field of economic activity in medical practice.

## Open Data

The state registries of the Ministry of Health include:
* registries of the Ministry’s work plans and reports on the activities of the Ministry of Health;
* register of wholesale and discount prices for medical products;
* register of wholesale and preferential prices for medical appointments;
* state register of medical equipment and products for medical purposes;
* state Register of Medicines of Ukraine;
* accounting cards of the public information accounting system;
* reports on the processing of information requests for public information;
* a list of statements containing official information of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine;
* datasets to be made publicly available