OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Interlingual Energizers/Aa ram sam sam

Facilitator :
| amount | 1 |
| language level | (simple) |
| Participants ||
| age | 4+ |
| group size | a lot |
| Setting ||
| materials | nothing special |
| space | free space outdoor or indoor |
| time | 5 min |
| Outcome ||
| energizer, let the group get closer ||
The activity Aa ram sam sam (svenska: Aa ram sam sam, română: Aa ram sam sam, Deutsch: Aa ram sam sam) is part of the collection of interlingual energizers. See a list of all activities.

## Introduction

The introduction is also available in 2 other languages: svenska, Deutsch
Let's sing a song. It just consists of syllables, so it's pretty simple.

## Rules

The rules is also available in 2 other languages: svenska, Deutsch
Let's stand in a circle. I'll sing the song. Copy the movements which I'm doing. Now, for the second turn we will do the movements on the person next to us.
    Aa ram sam sam (slap your/your neighbour’s thighs)
    aa ram sam sam (slap your/your neighbour’s thighs)
    gulli gulli gulli gulli (tickle your/your neighbour’s chin)
    Ram sam saa (slap your/your neighbour’s thighs)
    A ra vi, a ra vi (lift your arms)
    gulli gulli gulli gulli (tickle your/your neighbour’s chin)
    Ram sam saa (slap your/your neighbour’s thighs)
* The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsi­ble for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
# Interlingual Energizers/Balance

Facilitator :
| amount | 1 |
| language level | (medium) |
| Participants ||
| age | 10+ |
| group size | 5-10 |
| Setting ||
| materials | nothing special |
| space | free space without close tables, wardrobes etc. |
| time | 10-15 |
| Outcome ||
| calmness, trust (teambuilder) ||
The activity Balance (Deutsch: Balance, română: Balanță) is part of the collection of interlingual energizers. See a list of all activities.

## Introduction

The introduction is also available in 1 other languages: Deutsch
Let's do something relaxing. In this game we're going to be completely silent and completely in somebody else's hands.

## Rules

The rules is also available in 1 other languages: Deutsch
* Let's stand in a circle. It should be a close circle. Our shoulders should almost touch each other.
* Lift your hands to chest level.
* Who wants to start? Please go in the middle and close your eyes.
* Let yourself fall. Keep the tension and trust in the others. They will catch you.
* Make sure that you can step back a bit. Give the person in the middle an impulse so she/he swings to the opposite site.
This is how this game can look in detail:

## Possible extensions

* In case the group has already strong bonds, the people in the circle can also close their eyes.
* The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsi­ble for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
# Interlingual Energizers/Banana-Palm tree-Elephant

Facilitator :
| amount | 1, more to keep active groups under control |
| language level | (medium) |
| Participants ||
| age | 3+ |
| group size | up to 20 |
| Setting ||
| materials | nothing special |
| space | free space, preferably outdoor |
| time | 10-30 min |
| Outcome ||
| energizer, game for breaks ||
The activity Banana-Palm tree-Elephant (svenska: Banan-Palm-Elefant, Deutsch: Banane-Palme-Elefant, română: Banană-Palmier-Elefant, español: Banana-Palmera-Elefante) is part of the collection of interlingual energizers. See a list of all activities.

## Introduction

The introduction is also available in 1 other languages: español
Let's play tag. In this much cooler version it's not just about catching somebody else but about turning her or him into a banana, a palm tree or an elephant.

## Rules

The rules is also available in 3 other languages: español, svenska, Deutsch
* In the moment the catcher touches somebody she or he can decide in which creature the person shall be. It can be either a banana, a palm tree or an elephant.
* The caught person freezes as one of this creatures and has to stay like this until somebody else rescues her or him with a certain movement.
* The movements are like this: …
* the banana
* the palm tree
* the elephant

## End of the Game

We all got tired. I think it is enough.

## Possible extensions

* If you play with bigger groups two or more persons can catch instead of one.
* for the beginning it can be good to use only one or two movements: here only Banana
* …and only Banana and Elephant
* for bigger groups you can use more than one catcher
* The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsi­ble for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
# Jini and Network Computing/Subclassing the UnicastRemoteObject class

When using the JRMP mechanisms provided in the java.rmi package, the java.rmi.UnicastRemoteObject class can be subclassed to get some simple programming tasks done for you.
In Jini2.0 and later, the use of net.jini.export.Exporter implementations, requires that subclassing not be performed, and instead, explicit exporting and unexporting be done. There are several important points about this.
* Each place that a remote object leaves the VM might need to explicitly export, and manage the lifecycle of the remote object returned by the exporter.
* If there is local and remote use of the same object, you might need to keep two different references around, one for local use, and one that will be passed out of the VM for remote use unless #1 applies, in which case, you can just export as needed.
Set the section on Using Jini Exporters for more information.
# Jini and Network Computing/Eight fallacies of distributed computing

L. Peter Deutsch asserted:
Essentially everyone, when they first build a distributed application, makes the following eight assumptions. All prove to be false in the long run and all cause big trouble and painful learning experiences.
* The network is reliable
* Latency is zero
* Bandwidth is infinite
* The network is secure
* Topology doesn't change
* There is one administrator
* Transport cost is zero
* The network is homogeneous
This set of fallacies provide a wide range of responses and reactions, as one might imagine.
# Jini and Network Computing/Introduction

The original Jini toolkit and specification was developed by Sun Microsystems. It was released under a flurry of marketing pointing at toaster automation and a kitchen full of communicating gadgets.
Jini is now an Apache License Version 2 licensed, open source, community driven and supported system. The specification provides the compatibility control. The licensing of the specification and Sun Microsystems contributed implementation under the ALV2 license provides the opportunity for everyone to participate in the continued evolution of this powerful technology.
Jini exploits the RMI programming model to make use of mobile Java code. The original Java Applet mechanism demonstrated the power of downloading software on the fly to perform a task that was not programmed into the environment of the user. The Java Platform/Java Security Model allows a secure and predictable outcome to software running in an instance of The Java Platform/Java Virtual Machine. In The Jini Platform/Jini 2.0, the The Jini Platform/Jini Extensible Remote Invocation API provided extensions to the Java Security Model which provided more control over security.
The Jini and Network Computing section contains more information on using Jini for advanced network computing.
# Jini and Network Computing/JavaSpaces05

JavaSpace05 (http://www.jini.org/nonav/standards/porter/doc/specs/api/net/jini/space/package-summary.html) is a standard extension interface which JavaSpaces implementations may optionally support. It provides:
* Batch operations for write and take designed to reduce network round-trips.
* contents - a streaming read which has some properties of an iterator but is adapted for remote operation.
* registerForAvailabilitEvent - a notify variant which provides a broader set of events concerning the state transitions of an Entry.
In some cases, it's expected that contents and registerForAvailabilityEvent will be used together to bring a client up to speed with current state. This is achieved by having the client first register for events and then using contents to recover state which was created prior to registration for events.
Both the batch operations and contents support the use of multiple templates to allow logical OR matching semantics.
# Jini and Network Computing/Moving an RMI application over to Jini

When moving an RMI application over to Jini, the main issue is to stop subclassing UnicastRemoteObject and switch to using Jini Exporters instead.
The RMI registry is replaced with the Jini Lookup Service (referred to with LUS in many cases)). The RMI registry is for local registration and remote lookup. The Jini Lookup Service can be used from anywhere on the network that the appropriate routing is available. The Jini Service Lookup Specification provides for the use of multicast lookup which allows for come as you are computing to occur with no specific knowledge of the network. Where multicast is not supported or routed, unicast lookup can be used with specific IP addresses/host names.
# Jini and Network Computing/Specifying a Codebase

The classic specification of an RMI codebase is typically performed using the java.rmi.server.codebase system property on the command line starting the Java Virtual Machine. There are more powerful techniques that allow a single JVM to serve out remote objects with varied codebases. This mechanism is through the codebase annotation service provider interface available through the RMIClassLoaderSPI abstract class.
One can simply subclass this class, providing the appropriate annotations that are appropriate for the classes in the getClassAnnotation(Class) call. A container could allow the user to specify a codebase that is associated with a classpath that it could associate with a specific ClassLoader. Then the implementation of RMIClassLoaderSPI would use the passed Class to find the appropriate ClassLoader that would then designate the codebase annotation that applied.
# Jini and Network Computing/The jini-users mailing list

This mailing list is a popular list for discussing both technical and community topics related to the Jini platform. There are a wide range of questions asked here and many repeating themes that have created a wide range of attempts at documenting as well as improving on the issues associated with Jini and distributed computing in general.
# History of the National Hockey League/1917–1942/Early years

* Joe Malone
* WCHL

## Early years

The NHL's first superstar was "Phantom" Joe Malone. A two-time NHA scoring champion, Malone scored five goals for the Montreal Canadiens in a 7–4 victory over the Ottawa Senators on the NHL's opening night. Malone went on to record a league-leading 44 goals in 20 games in 1917–18. He again led the NHL in scoring in 1919–20, scoring 39 goals in 24 games with the Quebec Bulldogs. During that season, on January 20, 1920, Malone scored seven goals in one game against the Toronto St. Patricks, a record that still stands today. Malone was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950.
The first goal in NHL history was scored by Dave Ritchie of the Montreal Wanderers one minute into a 10–9 win over Toronto, which was the only victory the Wanderers recorded in the NHL. On January 2, 1918, a fire destroyed the Montreal Arena, home to both the Wanderers and the Canadiens. While the Canadiens relocated to the 3,000-seat Jubilee Arena, Lichtenhein chose to withdraw the Wanderers, citing the lack of available players due to the war. The NHL continued on as a three-team league until Quebec returned to it in 1919.
In its first years, the NHL continued the NHA's split season format. The first-half champion Canadiens fell to the second-half champion Toronto team in the 1918 playoffs for the O'Brien Cup by a combined score of 10–7 in a two-game, total goals series. The victory gave Toronto the right to face the Pacific Coast Hockey Association's champion, the Vancouver Millionaires, in the Stanley Cup final. The Torontos defeated Vancouver to become the first NHL team to win the Cup.
The Canadiens won the NHL championship over the Senators in 1918–19, and traveled west to meet the PCHA's champion, the Seattle Metropolitans. The series is best remembered for its cancellation with the series tied at two wins, two losses, and a tie (2–2–1) due to the Spanish flu pandemic. Several players from both teams became ill, prompting health officials in Seattle to cancel the sixth, and deciding, game. Canadiens defenceman Joe Hall died as a result of the flu on April 5, 1919.
Meanwhile, defending champions Toronto finished in last place in both halves of the 1918–19 season. On February 20, 1919, Toronto informed the league that it was withdrawing from competition. The NHL avoided being reduced to two teams for 1919–20 when the team was reorganized as the Toronto St. Patricks. The Quebec Bulldogs also returned, increasing the league to four teams. The Bulldogs posted a 4–20 record in their one season in Quebec, despite the return of Malone, before relocating to Hamilton, Ontario to become the Hamilton Tigers in 1920.
Throughout, Livingstone continued to try to revive the NHA, convening league meetings on September 20 and December 11, 1918, which representatives of the Canadiens, Senators and Wanderers determined to close out the expired league for good.
# History of the National Hockey League/1917–1942/Early years/Joe Malone

‹ Contents ‹ Early years
The National Hockey League's (NHL) first superstar was "Phantom" Joe Malone. A two-time National Hockey Association (NHA) scoring champion, Malone scored five goals for the Montreal Canadiens in a 7–4 victory over the Ottawa Senators on the NHL's opening night. Malone went on to record a league-leading 44 goals in 20 games in 1917–18. He again led the NHL in scoring in 1919–20, scoring 39 goals in 24 games with the Quebec Bulldogs.
Malone was noted for numerous multi-goal games. In the league's inaugural season, Malone had three five-goal games. On January 20, 1920, Malone scored seven goals in one game against the Toronto St. Patricks, a record that still stands today. He also scored scored six goals on March 10 of the same year.
Malone started his professional career with the Quebec Bulldogs in 1909; he played with the Bulldogs until 1917, and again in 1919–20. He played for the Montreal Canadiens from 1917 to 1919, and from 1922 to 1924. When Quebec moved to Hamilton to become the Tigers, Malone remained part of the team for two seasons from 1920 to 1922. He finished his professional career with 343 goals and 32 assists during 15 seasons.
Malone won three Stanley Cups: he won it twice consecutively with the Bulldogs in 1912 and 1913, and in his final season of playing, in 1924, with Montreal. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950, and in 1998, he was ranked 38th on The Hockey News' 100 Greatest Ice Hockey Players.
WCHL ›
# History of the National Hockey League/1917–1942/Early years/WCHL
### Competition with the WCHL

Beginning in 1921, the NHL faced competition from a third major league, the prairie-based Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). With three leagues competing for talent, ice hockey players were among the highest-paid athletes in North America. They commanded salaries equivalent to the top Major League Baseball players of the era. The WCHL only survived for six seasons, merging with the PCHA in 1924, but challenged the NHL for the Stanley Cup four times. In the 1923 Stanley Cup Finals, the Senators defeated the Edmonton Eskimos after eliminating the PCHA's Vancouver Millionaires. In 1924, the Canadiens defeated the PCHA's Millionaires and the WCHL's Calgary Tigers on the strength of two shutouts by Georges Vezina and a strong offensive showing by rookie forward Howie Morenz.
In 1924–25, the Hamilton Tigers finished first in the NHL after four consecutive last-place finishes. While the Canadiens and St. Patricks prepared to play in a semi-final playoff round, the Tigers' players, upset that the team had turned a sizable profit despite claiming financial difficulty, went on strike to demand a C$200 playoff bonus each. Threatened with fines, suspension and a possible lawsuit by league president Frank Calder, the players, led by Billy Burch and Shorty Green, held firm. Calder then suspended the entire team and declared Montreal the NHL champions after they defeated Toronto in the semi-final.
The Canadiens faced the Victoria Cougars, then of the WCHL, in the 1925 Stanley Cup Finals. Victoria defeated Montreal three games to one in the best-of-five final. In doing so, they became the last non-NHL team to win the Stanley Cup. The WCHL ceased operations one year later, with its assets purchased by the NHL for $300,000. The rights to the Tigers' players, meanwhile, were purchased for $75,000 by New York mobster Bill Dwyer to stock his expansion New York Americans. The Americans began play in 1925, replacing the Tigers.
# History of the National Hockey League/1917–1942/Great Depression/Chicago's All-American team
### Chicago's "All-American" team

In the mid-1930s, Black Hawks owner and staunch American patriot Frederic McLaughlin commanded his general manager to compile a team of only American players. At the time, Taffy Abel was the only American-born player who was a regular player in the league. The Black Hawks hired Major League Baseball umpire Bill Stewart to be the first American coach in NHL history. They were led in goal by Minnesotan Mike Karakas, one of eight Americans on the 14-man roster. The 1937–38 Black Hawks "All-American" team won only 14 of 48 games, finishing third in the American division. In the playoffs, however, the Hawks upset the Canadiens and the Americans to reach the Stanley Cup Final against the heavily favoured Maple Leafs.
In the first game of the final, the Hawks were forced to use minor-league goaltender Alfie Moore after Karakas suffered a broken toe. Moore led the Hawks to a 3–1 victory before being ruled ineligible to play the rest of the series by the NHL. After Chicago lost game two, Karakas returned wearing a steel-toed boot and led the Hawks to victories in games three and four, and the Stanley Cup. The 1938 Black Hawks remain the only team in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup despite a losing regular-season record.
# History of the National Hockey League
## Table of Contents
### 1917–1942: Founding

* Origins
** Eddie Livingstone
*** Later court battles
* Founding
* Early years
** Joe Malone
** WCHL
* Expansion in the 1920s
* Toronto Maple Leafs
** Maple Leafs Gardens
** Conn Smythe
** Ace Bailey
** 1942 Stanley Cup Finals
* Great Depression
** Initial team foldings
** Howie Morenz
** Chicago's All-American team
** Six-team league
* Rules and innovations
** Clint Benedict

### 1942–1967: Original Six

* World War II and after
* Maurice Richard
* Television
* Dynasties
** Detroit Red Wings
** Toronto Maple Leafs
*** 1967 Stanley Cup Finals
** Montreal Canadiens
* Breaking the colour barrier
* Norris Hockey League
* Expansion
* Rules and innovations
** Goaltending
* Unionization
** Alan Eagleson

### 1967–1992: Expansion era

* Expansion years
** Broad Street Bullies
* World Hockey Associaton
** Bobby Orr
* Summit Series
** Legacy
* Twenty-one teams
* Wayne Gretzky
* Fall of the Iron Curtain
* Rules and innovations
* Entry draft

### 1992–present: Modern era

* Pre-first lockout
* Labour issues
** Background
** 1994–95 lockout
** 2004–05 lockout
* Dead-puck era
* Mario Lemieux
* Post-second lockout
* Rules and innovations

### Appendices

* Timeline of the National Hockey League
* Bibliography
# History of the National Hockey League/1917–1942

* Origins
** Eddie Livingstone
*** Later court battles
* Founding
* Early years
** Joe Malone
** WCHL
* Expansion in the 1920s
* Toronto Maple Leafs
** Maple Leafs Gardens
** Conn Smythe
** Ace Bailey
** 1942 Stanley Cup Finals
* Great Depression
** Initial team foldings
** Howie Morenz
** Chicago's All-American team
** Six-team league
* Rules and innovations
** Clint Benedict
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/System Zeros with Feedthrough

Let's say we have a transfer function defined as a ratio of two polynomials: ${\begin{aligned}H(s)={\frac {N(s)}{D(s)}}\\\end{aligned}}$ Zeros are the roots of N(s) (the numerator of the transfer function) obtained by setting $N(s)=0$ and solving for s.The values of the poles and the zeros of a system determine whether the system is stable, and how well the system performs. Similarly, the system zeros are either real or appear in complex conjugate pairs. In the case of system zeros with feedthrough, we take $D$ as full rank.

## The System

Consider a continuous-time LTI system, $G$ , with minimal statespace representation $(A,B,C,D)$
       ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)\\y(t)=Cx(t)+Du\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices needed as inputs are:
    ${\begin{aligned}A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}\\B\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times m}\\N\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\times n}\\\end{aligned}}$
In this case, $m\leq p$

## The LMI: System Zeros with feedthrough

The transmission zeros of $G(s)=C(sI-A)^{-}1B+D$ are the eigenvalues of $A-B(D^{T}D)^{-1}D^{T}C$. Therefore , $G(s)$ is a minimum phase if and only if there exists $P\in \mathbb {S} ^{q}$, where $P>0$ such that
       ${\begin{aligned}P(A-B(D^{T}D)^{-1}D^{T}C)+(A-B(D^{T}D)^{-1}D^{T}C)^{T}P<0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

If P exists, it ensures non-minimum phase. Eigenvalues of $A-B(D^{T}D)^{-1}D^{T}C$ then gives the zeros of the system.

## Related LMIs

LMIs_in_Controls/pages/systemzeroswithoutfeedthrough

## Implementation

https://github.com/Ricky-10/coding107/blob/master/systemzeroswithfeedthrough

## External Links

A list of references documenting and validating the LMI.
* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
* Control_Systems/Poles_and_Zeros
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Quadratic Stability Margins

LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Quadratic Stability Margins
${\begin{aligned}{\text{The quadratic stability margin of the system is defined as the largest }}\alpha \geq 0{\text{ for which the system is quadratically stable.}}{\text{This LMI applies for systems with norm-bounded uncertainty.}}\end{aligned}}$

## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+B_{p}p(t),&&p^{T}p\leq \alpha ^{2}x^{T}C_{q}^{T}C_{q}x\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices $A,B_{p},C_{q}$.

## The Optimization Problem

${\text{Maximize }}\beta =\alpha ^{2}{\text{ subject to the LMI constraint.}}$

## The LMI:

       ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find}}\;&P,\lambda ,{\text{ and }}\beta =\alpha ^{2}:\\{\begin{bmatrix}A^{T}P+PA+\beta \lambda C_{q}^{T}C_{q}&PB_{p}\\B_{p}^{T}P&-\lambda I\end{bmatrix}}<0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

If there exists an $\alpha \geq 0$ then the system is quadratically stable, and the stability margin is the largest such $\alpha$.

## Implementation

https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

## Related LMIs

Parametric, Norm-Bounded Uncertain System Quadratic Stability
Stability of Structured, Norm-Bounded Uncertainty
Stability under Arbitrary Switching

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.