OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Algorithm Implementation/Sorting/Selection sort

This article describes implementations of the selection sort sorting algorithm in a variety of real-world programming languages.

## C

This is an implementation of the unstable variant:
This is an implementation of the stable variant:

## Java

An iterative implementation:
A recursive implementation:
# Algorithm Implementation/Sorting/Radix sort
## Radix Sort

Radix Sort is a sorting algorithm designed to work on items where the key of each item is an ordered set of integers in the range 0 to (N-1) inclusive both ends, or can be transformed into such an ordered set.

### C# least significant digit (LSD) radix sort implementation

Here we sort an unsigned integer array that's passed to the RadixSort method (Note: all arrays in C#/.NET are reference types, and therefore a is a reference to an array).
Source: article on www.osix.net (here)
# Algorithm Implementation/Statistics

* Fleiss' kappa
* Cohen's kappa
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/R Programming
## R Programming
### R Programming Features
#### Regular Expression

| Metacharacter | Description | Metacharacter | Description |
| . | Matches any single character | * | Matches zero or more of the previous items |
| + | Matches one or more of the previous items | ? | Matches zero or one of the previous items |
| ^ | Matches the beginnning of the string | $ | Matches at the end of the string |
| \ | The Or operator | \ | The escape character |
| | Matches the single character that is contained within the square bracket | [^] | Matches the single character that is not contained within the square bracket. |
| | Groups character into substring | | |

#### Time and Date Functions
### How to write R Functions
#### Example of Function

* Mean
* Median

#### Return Values

| > oddcount<-function(x) + { + k<-0 + for(n in x) + { + if(n%%2==1) { k<-k+1 } + } + return(k) + } > y<-c(2,9,11,22,21,5) > oddcount(y) [1] 4 | > oddcount<-function(x) + { + k<-0 + for(n in x) + { + if(n%%2==1){ k<-k+1 } + } + k + } > y<-c(2,9,11,22,21,5) > oddcount(y) [1] 4 |

#### Binary Operations

* It creates a new operator using function definition. It starts with % and end with %.

#### Anonymous Functions

* A single line function can be written without the name.

#### Functional Programming Features
##### Scope

-Functions can be defined inside the function. Variables in Functions inside the function is not the part of top-level environment.
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Rehabilitation

'See also Rehabilitation Engineering.
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/The Mathematical Tools

This chapter introduces popular open source programming language 'R'.
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/The Technological Tools
## Computers

Biomedical engineers spend the most time using computer. Computers provide some very basic functions, like Internet access and word processing software. In addition to writing research reports and reading scholarly scientific journals online, biomedical engineers use computers to organize data and control the other equipment for the experiments.

## Microscopes

Biomedical engineers use various types of microscopes to observe the object. High-resolution light microscopes can analyze the grown cells or DNA. Scanning electron microscopes provide digital images that biomedical engineers collect to make time-lapse videos or photo comparisons.

## Further Reading

* Bronzino, Joseph D. (April 2006). The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition. [CRC Press]. ISBN 978-0-8493-2124-5.
* Villafane, Carlos, CBET. (June 2009). Biomed: From the Student's Perspective, First Edition. [Techniciansfriend.com]. ISBN 978-1-61539-663-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Information related to biomedical engineering.
# Biomedical Engineering Theory And Practice/Resources

* Wikiversity:School:Engineering
* Wikiversity:School:Medicine
* Biological Physics Book

# Bibliography
## Chapter name Bibliography

Book_title. (YYYY). City: Publisher. A brief annotation of Book_title.
Title_of_the_article. (YYYY). Title_of_the_journal, volume#(issue#), page#. A brief annotation of Title_of_the_article.

## Other Chapter name Bibliography

Other_Book_title. (YYYY). City: Publisher. A brief annotation of Other_Book_title.
Other_Title_of_the_article. (YYYY). Title_of_the_journal, volume#(issue#), page#. A brief annotation of Other_Title_of_the_article.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Copyright Act/Article 56

| ←Article 53 to Article 55 | Copyright Act Republic of China (Taiwan) Law Article 56 | Article 56-1→ |

## Promulgated amendment on 2003-07-09
### Article 56

    For the purposes of public broadcasting, a radio or television broadcasting organization may, with its own equipment, sound record or video record a work; provided, this shall be limited to situations where the public broadcasting has been licensed by the economic rights holder, or situations otherwise comporting with the provisions of this Act.
    Except where preservation of the recording referred to in the preceding paragraph has been approved for a designated place by the specialized agency in charge of copyright matters, such sound or video recordings shall be destroyed within six months from the time of recording.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "Copyright Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2003-07-09. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Copyright Act/Article 26-1

| ←Article 26 | Copyright Act Republic of China (Taiwan) Law Article 26-1 | Article 27 to Article 28-1→ |

## Newly adopted and promulgated on 2003-07-09
### Article 26-1

    Except as otherwise provided in this Act, authors of works have the exclusive right of public transmission of their works.
    Performers have the exclusive right of public transmission of their performances reproduced in sound recordings.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "Copyright Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2003-07-09. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Copyright Act/Article 34

| ←Article 29 to Article 33 | Copyright Act Republic of China (Taiwan) Law Article 34 | Article 35 to Article 37→ |

## Promulgated amendment on 2001-11-12
### Article 34

    Economic rights for photographic works, audiovisual works, sound recordings, and performances endure for fifty years after the public release of the work.
    The proviso of the preceding article shall apply mutatis mutandis to the preceding paragraph.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "Copyright Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2003-07-09. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Copyright Act/Article 29

| ←Article 28-1 | Copyright Act Republic of China (Taiwan) Law Article 28-1 | Article 30 to Article 34→ |

## Promulgated amendment on 2003-07-09
### Article 29

    Except as otherwise provided in this Act, authors of works have the exclusive right to rent their works.
    Performers have the exclusive right to rent their performances reproduced in sound recordings.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "Copyright Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2003-07-09. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Copyright Act/Article 49

| ←Article 37 to Article 48-1 | Copyright Act Republic of China (Taiwan) Law Article 49 | Article 50→ |

## Promulgated amendment on 1992-06-10
### Article 49

    When reporting current events by means of broadcasting, photography, film, newspaper, or otherwise, works that are seen or heard in the course of the report may be exploited within the scope necessary to the report.

## Promulgated amendment on 1998-01-21
### Article 49

    When reporting current events by means of broadcasting, photography, film, newspaper, or otherwise, works that are seen or heard in the course of the report may be exploited within the scope necessary to the report.

## Promulgated amendment on 2003-07-09
### Article 49

    When reporting current events by means of broadcasting, photography, film, newspaper, network, or otherwise, works that are seen or heard in the course of the report may be exploited within the scope necessary to the report.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

Network was added in 2003.
* ↑ Derived from 2003 text.
* ↑ Unchanged from 1992 text, derived from 2003 text.
* ↑ "Copyright Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2003-07-09. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Copyright Act/Article 50

| ←Article 49 | Copyright Act Republic of China (Taiwan) Law Article 50 | Article 51 to Article 53→ |

## Promulgated amendment on 1998-01-21
### Article 50

    Works publicly released in the name of a central or local government agency or a public juristic person may, within a reasonable scope, be reproduced or publicly broadcasted.

## Promulgated amendment on 2003-07-09
### Article 50

    Works publicly released in the name of a central or local government agency or a public juristic person may, within a reasonable scope, be reproduced, publicly broadcast, or publicly transmitted.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

Public transmission was added in 2003.
* ↑ Derived from 2003 text.
* ↑ "Copyright Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2003-07-09. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Copyright Act/Article 53

| ←Article 50 to Article 52 | Copyright Act Republic of China (Taiwan) Law Article 53 | Article 54 to Article 56→ |

## Promulgated amendment on 2003-07-09
### Article 53

    Works that have been publicly released may be reproduced in Braille or with accompanying sign language translation or text for the visually impaired or the hearing impaired.
    For the purpose of promoting the welfare of the visually impaired or the hearing impaired, legally accredited non-profit institutions or organizations may, by means of sound recordings, computers, verbal imagery, accompanying sign language translation, or otherwise, exploit works that have been publicly released, for exclusive use by the visually impaired or the hearing impaired.

## Promulgated amendment on 2014-01-22
### Article 53

    For the purpose of exclusive use by the visually impaired, learning disabled, hearing impaired or other persons with a perceptual disability, works that have been publicly released may be exploited by local or central government agencies, non-profit organizations and all levels of legally established schools, by means of translation, Braille, sound-recording, digital transformation, verbal imagery, accompanying sign language or otherwise.
    The preceding paragraph shall be applied mutatis mutandis to the disabled persons or their guardians referred to in the preceding paragraph for personal and nonprofit use by the disabled.
    The copies reproduced in accordance with the preceding two paragraphs may be distributed or publicly transmitted among the disabled persons, local or central government agencies, non-profit organizations and all levels of legally established schools as prescribed in the preceding two paragraphs.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "Copyright Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2003-07-09. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
* ↑ "Copyright Act: Article 53". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2014-01-22. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Copyright Act/Article 28-1

| ←Article 26-1 to Article 28 | Copyright Act Republic of China (Taiwan) Law Article 28-1 | Article 29→ |

## Newly adopted and promulgated on 2003-07-09
### Article 28-1

    Except as otherwise provided in this Act, authors of works have the exclusive right to distribute their works through transfer of ownership.
    Performers have the exclusive right to distribute their performances reproduced in sound recordings through transfer of ownership.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "Copyright Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2003-07-09. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Tumors Basic/Ollier disease

Ollier's disease
Ollier's Disease is a rare condition in which benign tumors form in developing bones and prevent proper bone growth. It is also known as Multiple Enchondromatosis. The condition was first described by French surgeon Louis Ollier (1830-1899).
In individuals with Ollier's disease, benign tumors called enchondromas form in the cartilage cells of the long bones, usually o­n o­ne side of the body, preventing cartilage production, calcification and growth. As a result, bones
o­n o­ne side of the body are shorter than o­n the other. The difference in length continues to increase until bone growth is completed, typically at adolescence. Other bones can be affected including, but not limited to pelvic, rib and skull. The bones are also more prone to fractures.
These tumors can become malignant (cancerous)in the form of chondrosarcoma. Therefore, periodic bone scans are recommended to detect possible malignancies early, and so limit the extent of the damage. Although the exact cause of Ollier's Disease is not known, it is believed to be a random spontaneous mutation.
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Tumors Basic/Parosteal Osteosarcoma

Parosteal osteosarcoma is the 2nd most common type of osteosarcoma. 80% occur between the ages of 20 and 50. They are commonly found at the distal femoral metaphysis, posteriorly, less commonly in the proximal tibia and humerus. Parosteal osteosarcoma arises from the surface of the bone and is seen as a soft tissue mass often growing around the bone of origin. The osteoid matrix is typically more mature and densely sclerotic, especially centrally. MRI appearance is variable depending on the amount of osteoid formation, cellularity and presence of cartilage, usually appearing quite heterogeneous. If there is little cellularity and cartilage the lesion will be lower signal intensity. They are low grade tumors and grow slowly, but with recurrence can become more aggressive. Metastases are less common than with conventional osteosarcoma but can metastasize to the lung. Differential includes myositis ossificans, cortical desmoid tumor and osteochondroma. Myositis ossificans is typically more dense peripherally rather than centrally, helping in differentiation. Osteochondroma has more normal appearing marrow and cortical bone.
Parosteal sarcoma arising from the posterior margin of the femur with a large soft tissue mass and dense osteoid matrix Parosteal sarcoma arising from the posterior margin of the femur with a large soft tissue mass and dense osteoid matrix Parosteal sarcoma arising from the posterior margin of the femur with a large soft tissue mass and dense osteoid matrix
Fig. 1 Parosteal sarcoma arising from the posterior margin of the femur with a large soft tissue mass and dense osteoid matrix.

## References

* Osteosarcoma by Todd Kooy, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology
* Treatment of Osteosarcoma (cancer.gov)
* Wikipedia Listing for Osteosarcoma
* Murphey MD, Robbin MR, MacRae GA, Flemming DJ, Temple HT, Kransdorf MJ. The many faces of osteosarcoma. RadioGraphics 1997;17(5).
* Osteosarcoma (Emedicine)
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Tumors Basic/Maffuci syndrome

Maffucci's syndrome is defined as multiple enchondromatosis with soft tissue and visceral hemangiomas. Patients with Maffucci's syndrome are believed to be at far greater risk for malignant transformation than those with Ollier's disease.
Maffuci syndrome
Fig. 1 Maffucci's syndrome. Soft tissue masses with phleboliths are consistent with hemangiomas. Note remodeling of underlying bone.

## References

Enchondromas and Related Disorders by Jeffrey P. Kanne, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Tumors Basic/Maffucci syndrome

Maffucci's syndrome is defined as multiple enchondromatosis with soft tissue and visceral hemangiomas. Patients with Maffucci's syndrome are believed to be at far greater risk for malignant transformation than those with Ollier's disease.
Maffuci syndrome
Fig. 1 Maffucci's syndrome. Soft tissue masses with phleboliths are consistent with hemangiomas. Note remodeling of underlying bone.

## References

Enchondromas and Related Disorders by Jeffrey P. Kanne, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Tumors Basic/Giant cell tumor

Giant cell tumors of the bone are uncommon bone tumors which represent around 4-5% of primary bone tumors and 18% of all benign bone lesions. They are interesting in the fact that their classic radiographic appearance is easily identifiable.
Giant cell tumors can either be benign or malignant, although the majority of them are benign. Radiographically, benign versus malignant tumors are difficult to distinguish. In most patients, the tumor has an indolent course, but repeated local recurrence of the tumor does happen. Approximately 5% of giant cell tumors are defined as malignant. Malignancy usually occurs as the result of malignant transformation after radiation therapy.
These tumors are slightly more common in females, with 50-57% of cases occurring in females. The general age range for giant cell tumors is 20–40 years old. Approximately 85% of tumors occur in the long bones, namely the distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus, and distal radius. Another location typical of giant cell tumor is the spine, particularly the sacrum. Spinal involvement is typically in the vertebral body, although its location is variable.
Clinical presentation is nonspecific, and it usually is pain at the tumor site. Pathologic fracture occurs around 10% of the time. Local mass effect can cause a range of symptoms, for example, from posterior expansion into the spinal canal.

## Radiology

Spinal involvement is less specific, and vertebral body destruction and collapse can be identified. As described above, the most common location for giant cell tumor is in the vertebral body.
CT: Imaging findings are similar to that of the plain film.
MRI: Heterogeneous low-to-intermediate T1 and T2 signal for the solid portions of the tumor. Hemosiderin can be seen in 60% of the tumors. Cystic areas are of the typical high T2 signal, and fluid levels can be identified within the tumor. As is typical for MRI, it is helpful in determining the extent and local involvement of the tumor.
Bone scan: Homogeneous uniform uptake, nonspecific.

## Treatment

Typical treatment for giant cell tumors is curettage and packing of the lesions. The main complication is local recurrence.

## References

Giant Cell Tumor by Eddie Lee, M.D., University of Washington, Department of Radiology
Dahlin, David C. Bone Tumors. Second edition. (1967). p. 78-88.
Danhert, Wolfgang. Radiology Review Manual. Third edition. (1996). p. 64.
Resnick, et al. Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. Second edition. (1988). Volume 6. p. 3787-3806.
Weissleder, et al. The Primer of Diagnostic Imaging. Third edition. (2003). p. 432.
# CACS/Index

This page is not yet a normal Index. The capabilities of search engines now satisfy some of the needs formerly addressed by a paper index. That means that as this volume nears completion, the content or use of this page may need redesign.
Currently the page is more of a notepad or guide for an author than it is an aid to the ultimate reader. For any index entry, there is simply a list of those pages, by full name, that have some bearing on the subject. Having this cross reference will aid in updating topics that involve several pages as well as reviewing them to ensure consistency.
Please Direct comments and suggestions for the format and content of this page to its Talk Page.

## Index Subjects
### component

    (as used in the book) CACS/Preface#Terminology

### HTML

    CACS/Glossary/HTML

### Hypertext Markup Language

    CACS/Glossary/HTML
# CAPTCHA/Integration/Images and PHP
## image.php

This is the CAPTCHA itself.

## form.php

This is the form code.

## validate.php

This will validate the CAPTCHA.
# CAPTCHA/Integration/Pre-made
## Examples of Pre-made CAPTCHA

* hCAPTCHA
* reCAPTCHA
# CAPTCHA/Integration

You can integrate a CAPTCHA into your website or form. Select the way you wish to do it:
* /Pre-made
* /Roll your own
* /Plugins for software
# CAPTCHA/Integration/Plugins for software
## WordPress

There are many CAPTCHA plugins available for WordPress. Search with Google.

## DokuWiki

A DokuWiki plugin is available and has many types of CAPTCHAs available.

## MediaWiki

ConfirmEdit is a extension for MediaWiki that provides a CAPTCHA and is configurable. It is well known as Wikimedia Foundation projects use them.
# CACS/Hardware Introduction

This part contains a survey of the world of computer hardware. This chapter introduces computer hardware and provides a very short history of computing. This section introduces the computing environment thrugh a brief history of computers and an overview of the subjects within hardware.

## Outline of computer history

There is some disagreement about when the digital age began. After all, the Babylonians used a kind of abacus about 500 BC. If we call it the computer age, we can get a much cleaner mark. 1951 was a watershed year, and two events identify it as the beginning. The UNIVAC became the first commercially available digital computer. That same year a research team at MIT completed the first user-interactive computer (named Whirlwind) that used a keyboard and a television screen or CRT. Considering developments by decades gives a pretty clear picture of the evolution of computers.
* 1950s the vacuum tube decade - introduction of computers and their use in business and major scientific research;
* 1960s the mainframe decade - transistor-based computers used in business;
* 1970s the PC decade - the first CPU on a chip to widely available personal computers;
* 1980s the software decade - windows, games, and spreadsheets make the PC useful;
* 1990s the internet decade - creation and then commercialization of the Web.

### Vacuum tubes

computer hardware notes

### World Wide Web
## Computer Hardware

All notes of Computer hardware
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Lesson 6

| Lessons: | Pron. - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 | Search inside this book using Google |
| Subpages: | Examples - Exercises - Stroke Order | Search inside this book using Google |

# Lesson 6: What do you want to buy? 你想要買什麼?

| 王明：你好，李红。 李红：嗨！王明。你去哪儿？ 王明：我去图书馆。你呢？ 李红：回家。 王明：再见。 李红：再见。 | Wang Ming: Nǐ hǎo, Lǐ Hóng. Li Hong: Hài! Wáng Míng. Nǐ qù nǎr? Wang Ming: Wǒ qù túshūguǎn, nǐ ne? Li Hong: Huí jiā. Wang Ming: Zài jiàn. Li Hong: Zài jiàn. | Wang Ming: Hello, Li Hong. Li Hong: Hi, Wang Ming. Where are you going? Wang Ming: I'm going to the library. What about you? Li Hong: Going home. Wang Ming: See you. Li Hong: See you. |
NOTE: It's also appropriate with close friends (ones who you would use "你" (nǐ) instead of "您" (nín) with) to greet with "哎" (aì), the closest equivalent in English being "Hey". This can precede or even take place of the traditional "你好" greeting, and partially serves as an attention-getter. However, if the pronunciation of "哎" (aì) is stretched/lengthened, it may sound as if you are complaining about something, which uses the same word.

## Vocabulary

* 嗨 / hài = hi
* 去 / qù = go
* 哪儿 （哪兒） / nǎr = where
* 图书馆 (圖書館） / túshūguǎn = library
* 再见 （再見 / zàijiàn = bye, goodbye (literally: see you again)
| Lessons: | Pron. - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 | Search inside this book using Google |
| Subpages: | Examples - Exercises - Stroke Order | Search inside this book using Google |