OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Clarinet/Introduction

The Clarinet is a superb instrument with a unique sound quality to it. Anyone can play the clarinet. The Clarinet is an ideal instrument for beginners and after a small amount of study students can usually play simple melodies with ease. If you don't read music then don't let that deter you from trying the clarinet. Many melodies can be played by ear and it is one of the instrument's virtues that as soon as you can create a sound it is well within your abilities to improvise to recorded music.
If you are not sure if you would like to play this instrument, ask yourself,
* Would I be good at an instrument that requires air?
* Do I like the sound of the clarinet?
* Am I ready for a challenge?
If you feel that the clarinet is the right instrument for you, go ahead and read on. This book is intended to be a guideline for the beginner, advancer, and professional clarinetist. It is not intended to be a replacement for lessons. In fact, it is recommended that you find a music instructor who can teach you the clarinet, as well as use this book for a guideline to their teachings. A professional clarinet teacher will increase the speed at which you learn and introduce you to the clarinet's techniques and repertoire.

## Goals of this Book

* To provide basic information on a clarinet
* To provide a fingering chart for reference
* To provide techniques of improving your playing
* To suggest methods of upgrading your clarinet experience
* To help understand the basics of reading music
Note from original author: This book is being written to help educate the beginner, advancer, and even the professional on good technique of the clarinet. Please do not take this as a replacement for private lessons. Do not challenge your instructor with this material, everyone teaches differently, but they should mostly follow the guidelines of this book!
# Classical Chinese/Lesson 2
## Text

性惡 1: 人之性惡，其善者偽也。 今人之性，生而有好利焉，順是，故爭奪生而辭讓亡焉； 生而有疾惡焉，順是，故殘賊生而忠信亡焉； 生而有耳目之欲，有好聲色焉，順是，故淫亂生而禮義文理亡焉。 然則從人之性，順人之情，必出於爭奪，合於犯分亂理，而歸於暴。 故必將有師法之化，禮義之道，然後出於辭讓，合於文理，而歸於治。 用此觀之，人之性惡明矣，其善者偽也。

## Vocab & Translation

* 人之性惡，其善者偽也。- Human nature is evil, all that is good about human nature is man-made (i.e. not really human nature).
** 人 (ren2) - person, people
** 之 (zhī) - possessive particle similar to modern Chinese 的 (it roughly corresponds to English ending ´s), go to, it
** 性 (xìng) - nature
** 惡 (è) - evil
** 其 (qí) - his/her/theirs
** 善 (shàn) - good
** 者 (zhě) - that which/those who/he who
** 偽 (wěi) - man-made
** 也 (yě) - see grammar
* 今人之性，生而有好利焉，順是，故爭奪生而辭讓亡焉； - [The common person's nature,] following life and compassion, follows old disputes and ceases life, yet ignores the following of death. (Now it is human nature for one to be born with fondness of profit, following this leads to contention and strife arising while sense of modesty and yielding disappears.)
** 今 - now
** 有 - to have
** 好 - goodwill, fond
** 利 - profit
** 焉 - thereupon
** 順 - to go along
** 是 - indeed, this
** 故 - ancient, hence
** 爭 - dispute
** 奪 - to covet by force
** 生 - life
** 而 - yet
** 辭 - dismiss, modesty
** 讓 - the permittance of, yielding
** 亡 - death
** 焉 - thereupon
* 生而有疾惡焉，順是，故殘賊生而忠信亡焉；- One is born with feelings of envy and hate, following these leads to banditry and theft arising while loyalty and trustworthiness disappears.
** 疾 - sickness
** 惡 - wickedness
** 殘 - spoiled
** 賊 - thieved of
** 忠 - devotion, loyalty
** 信 - belief, trust

## Grammar Notes

English sentence of the type: A is B (A was B, etc.), where A and B are nouns, is rendered in Classical Chinese this way: AB也
Note that 也 (yě) is a particle, not a verb like and English is. (Were it verb, it would have been placed between A and B).
Construction «AB也» is used if A is always B in any case. So, for example, you can say «I am a man» — «吾人也», but not «I'm a minister», because it´s something that can be taken from you.
In this case the verb 為 (wéi) is used, and it is a verb, not a particle (therefore it´s put between two nouns, line in English): A為B
For example, «吾為臣» — «I´m a minister».
Note that 為 (wéi) doesn´t change its forms like English verb does (am, is, are, be).
# Classical Chinese/Lesson 4
## Text

道德经 1 章: 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼。此兩者，同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，眾妙之門。
道德经 12 章: 五色令人目盲；五音令人耳聾；五味令人口爽；馳騁畋獵，令人心發狂；難得之貨，令人行妨。是以聖人為腹不為目，故去彼取此。

## Vocabulary & Translation

* 道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名: The way that can be spoken of is not the constant way. The name that can be named is not the constant name.
** 道 (dao4) - The first & third: noun the dao, the way, the path; the second: verb to say
** 可 (ke3) - can, that can be
** 非 (fei1) - is not
** 常 (chang2) - eternal(ly), common, constant(ly)
** 名 (ming2) - The first & third: noun the name; the second: verb to name
* 無名天地之始；有名萬物之母: Without a name [it is] the beginning of heaven [and] earth. Having a name [it is] the mother of thousands of things.
** 無 (wu2) - without
** 天 (tian1) - heaven, the heavens
** 地 (di4) - land, earth
** 之 (zhi1) - possessive marker like English 's
** 始 (shi3) - start, beginning
** 有 (you3) - to have
** 萬 (wan4) - 10,000
** 物 (wu4) - things,
** 萬物 (wan4 wu4) - the myriad things
** 母 (mu3) - mother
* 故常無，欲以觀其妙: Therefore constantly [be] without desire in order to see its mystery.
** 故 (gu4) - reason, cause, therefore
** 欲 (yu4) - desire
** 以 (yi3) - in order to
** 觀 (guan1)- to see
** 其 (qi2)- his, her, its, their
** 妙 (miao4) - mystery
* 常有 , 欲以觀其徼: [But] constantly have desire in order to see its frontier.
** 徼 (jiao4) - frontier, border
# Classic Mac OS/Application Menu

The Application menu is located at the far right of the main menu bar, and displays the name of the current (frontmost) application, as well as its icon. Inside this menu are the following commands:
* Hide (name of application): This command hides all the windows of the current application from the screen, and brings to the front another application. The application so hidden is still running, and its windows are still open; you just can't see them.
* Hide Others: The converse to the above command, this command hides the windows from all applications except the current one.
* Show All: This command undoes the effects of the other commands in this menu. It restores all windows to visibility on the screen.
Below the Show All command is a separator, and below that is one item for each currently running application. (Since the Finder is always running, you will always see its name in the menu here.)

## Customizing the Application Menu

Despite its apparent simplicity, the Application menu supports a deep array of customization options. The first choice is whether or not to display the name and icon of the current application, or just the icon. (You might choose to display only the icon when you have many other items in the menu, and you are running out of space.) To do this, click the small, textured grip-strip just to the left of the Application menu's icon. Click the grip-strip again to restore the name. You can even drag this strip to the right to create an in-between state where only part of the application name is displayed.
# Global Issues: Austria & Czech Republic/Case Reports/OPEC OFID

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries or OPEC was originally formed among a group of Persian Gulf nations in response to the United States refusal to buy oil from the region. Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, Venezuela were the founding nations. Over the years the organization grew with more members. The rest of the member states joined in 1973. Those states include Indonesia, Libya, Algiers, and Gabon. Ecuador joined in 1973 but later withdrew itself from the organization. OPEC controls oil prices by regulating the production of oil among its member nations, therefore creating balance in the market.
The organization faced a dire situation in 1975 when it came under attack from a terrorist ground led by llich Ramirez Sanchez. The armed group stormed into the room where oil ministers were meeting and after killing several people, took the oil ministers and nearly 70 people hostage. They forced the oil ministers to read propaganda on the airwaves.
Vienna, Austria is the current location that houses OPEC. Vienna along with the Austrian government makes efforts to provide lodgings when OPEC holds it annual meetings, which bring over a 1000 people into the city. In return OPEC spends nearly its entire 20 million Euro budget in Austria. OPEC provides money for social institutions.
In 1975 after the ministers of OPEC first gathered in Algiers, they laid the groundwork for a financial institution that would be able to promote economic development in the southern hemisphere. This organization is now known as OFID or the OPEC Fund for International Development. This is an institution that is directly connected to OPEC. The ministers make voluntary donations but also utilize public sector money in offering grants to those in need. At the end of April 2010 1,205 grants were dispersed among 125 countries, totaling $483 million USD.
OPEC and OFID are globally important institutions. Due to the economic connections that countries now have through fuel needs, OPEC has become an important mediator of the issue. OPEC is as only as strong as its member nations and Saudi Arabia is its strongest member. In the early 1980s the country made huge sacrifices on profits to keep OPEC quotas. OPEC has the power to fine nations that veer away from their set production quotas. The fines are needed because too much oil on the market could drive down the price too low and could be costly for everyone involved.

## References

* http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/OPEC.html
* http://www.ofid.org/about/about.aspx
* http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/201
* http://www.ofid.org/publications/PDF/OFID_HQ_Engl_Feb24_2010.pdf
* http://www.wien-vienna.com/opec.php
# Complex Analysis/Elementary Functions

In this chapter, we examine the behavior of elementary functions and introduce exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.

## Chapter 3: Elementary Functions

* Polynomial Functions
* Exponential and Trigonometric Functions
* Logarithmic Functions
* Inverse Trigonometric Functions
# Complex Analysis/Complex Numbers

In order to fully appreciate this book, the reader should have a basic understanding of elementary mathematics (especially complex numbers and basic set theory). However, certain conventions will be used throughout the text, so an introduction is warranted.

## Chapter 1: Complex Numbers

* Introduction
* The Topology of the Complex Plane and Stereographic Projection
# EverQuest II/Crafting Reference/Recipes/artisan components volume 5 & 6

This book contains the following recipes.

## Refine

This book contains no Refine recipes.

## Interim

* Alder Stave
* Bronze Edge
* Bronze Hammer Head
* Bronze Plate
* Cochineal Ink
* Copper Sheet
* Faceted Lapis Lazuli
* Planned Alder Lumber
* Sackcloth Cloth
* Tempered Glass
* Waxed Leather Hide Plate
* Waxed Leather Strap
* Worn Poison Vial

## Finish

This book contains no Finish recipes.
# Evolution of Operating Systems Designs/Historiography
## CP derivatives

* CP
* CP-VM
* CP/M
** CP/M-86
*** DOS
*** DRDOS
**** FreeDOS
* Microsoft Windows
** Windows 3.x
** Windows 95/98/Me
** See NT-based versions below

## MULTICS derivatives

* UNIX
** Unix V5 (SCO Unix)
** Modern Unix (Solaris / BSD)
*** FreeBSD
*** OpenBSD
** Xenix
** Linux
** Plan 9
*** Inferno
** QNX
** VSTa
** Mac OSX
** MIPS RISC/os
** RISC iX

## VMS derivatives

* VMS
** OpenVMS
* OS/2
** eComStation
* Microsoft Windows NT-based
** Windows NT
** Windows 2000
** Windows XP
** Windows Vista
** Windows 7
** Windows 8 (and 8.1)
** Windows 10
** ReactOS (clone of Windows NT-based, not from Microsoft)

## MacOS derivatives

* Mac OS
** Mac OS 9

## Cambridge CAP Computer derivatives

* KeyKOS
** EROS
*** Coyotos
*** CapROS

## IBSYS derivatives

* OS/360
* OS/400

## AmigaOS derivatives

* AmigaOS
* AROS
** AmigaOS 4.x
** MorphOS

## Misc. operating systems

* Grasshopper
* ITS
* BeOS
* RISC OS
# EverQuest II/Crafting Reference/Recipes/White Tea Leaf
## Description

Brewing various materials together to make white tea leaf.

## Produces

* low grade white tea leaf
* medium grade white tea leaf
* white tea leaf
* high grade white tea leaf

## Used in the following recipes

* White Tea
# EverQuest II/Crafting Reference/Recipes/artisan essentials volume 3

This book contains the following recipes

## Refine

* Allspice Compound
* Allspice Emulsion
* Allspice Mixture
* Allspice Solvent
* Allspice Wash
* Birchroot Oil
* Birchroot Resin
* Birchroot Wash
* Birchwood Compound
* Birchwood Emulsion
* Birchwood Mixture
* Birchwood Solvent
* Chloro Compound
* Chloro Emulsion
* Chloro Mixture
* Chloro Oil
* Chloro Resin
* Chloro Solvent
* Chloro Wash
* Elm Lumber
* Fossil Temper
* Juniper Compound
* Juniper Emulsion
* Juniper Mixture
* Juniper Solvent
* Isonoid Reagent
* Lead Bar
* Liquified Allspice
* Liquified Birchwood
* Liquified Juniper
* Liquified Milkwood
* Liquified Sassafras
* Liquified Snakeroot
* Liquified Twinroot
* Malachite Gem
* Milkweed Compound
* Milkweed Emulsion
* Milkweed Mixture
* Milkweed Oil
* Milkweed Resin
* Milkweed Solvent
* Milkweed Wash
* Pressed Papeterie
* Rawhide Leather
* Refine Basil
* Sassafras Compound
* Sassafras Emulsion
* Sassafras Mixture
* Sassafras Oil
* Sassafras Resin
* Sassafras Solvent
* Sassafras Wash
* Silverberry Mixture
* Silverberry Solvent
* Snakeroot Compound
* Snakeroot Emulsion
* Snakeroot Mixture
* Snakeroot Oil
* Snakeroot Resin
* Snakeroot Solvent
* Snakeroot Wash
* Twinleaf Compound
* Twinleaf Emulsion
* Twinleaf Mixture
* Twinleaf Oil
* Twinleaf Resin
* Twinleaf Solvent
* Twinleaf Wash

## Interim

* Worked Poison Vial

## Finish

* Baked Frog Leg
# EverQuest II/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/EverQuest_II

# Crafting Reference

* Raw Materials - What comes from each harvesting node. (Oct 17, 2005)
* Recipes - Sorted by class and by book. (Oct 17, 2005)
** Food and Drink - Crafted food and drink stats. (Nov 18, 2005)
* MOB Drops - Items that drop from MOB's that can be used in crafting. (Oct 19, 2005)
# EverQuest II/Crafting Reference/Recipes/artisan essentials volume 5

This book contains the following recipes.

## Refine

* Barley Malt
* Dark Barley Malt

## Interim

* Elm Dowel
* Faceted Malachite
* Generic Threadbare Pattern
* Jumjum Juice
* Lead Ornament
* Mountblown Glass
* Rawhide Leather Binding
* Rawhide Leather Harness
* Rawhide Leather Strap
* Tin Buckle
* Tin Hammer Head
* Tin Shod
* Tin Strut
* Threadbare Fletching
* Threadbare Padding
* Sepia Dye
* Sepia Ink
* Spirarenoxin Concoction

## Finish

* Basil Grilled Deer
* Beer Braised Deer
* Cabbage Stew
* Chocolate Covered Jumjum
* Cracked Spire
* Dark Water
* Deer Jerky
* Dried Jumjum
* Elixir Of Enlightenment
* Elixir Of Invigoration
* Elixir Of Rejuvination
* Elixir Of Thought
* Elixir Of The Clear Mind
* Elm Strong Box
* Generic Elm Bed
* Gukta Bucket
* Herb Crusted Frog Legs
* Influence Of Hate
* Jumjum Brandy
* Jumjum Cider
* Kerran Catastrophe
* Mystical Influence
* Pond Juice
* Rawhide Leather Backpack
* Ravenous Incapacitation
* Roasted Cabbage
* Spirit Of The Ox
* Sunfish Soup
# Evolution of Operating Systems Designs

This book is about operating systems concepts as they have evolved through the history of operating systems implementations. Politics and implementation details are irrelevant. Emphasis is given to technically successful designs, aesthetic operating systems, and not on commercial success. In fact, mere commercial success isn't sufficient to make an operating system noteworthy. It also emphasizes working implementations over mere projects.

## Table of Contents

* What is an Operating System?
* Historiography
* Languages as Operating Systems
* Storage: Mechanisms
* Storage: Addressing Schemes
* Properties of Namespaces
* Security: capabilities
* Networking: Security
* Internetworking and Distribution
* HCI: beyond WIMP
* Uniformity and Reflection
* State of current research
# GCSE Geography/Coasts/Coastal Landforms

The coastline is made up of a whole sequence of landforms, that owe their existence to the work of waves.
Waves are caused by the wind's friction over the sea surface. The wind tugs at the surface, causing the wave shape to move. The height of a wave depends on the speed of the wind, how long it has been blowing and the fetch. Any increase in any of these factors will cause the wave height to increase.
Wave changes shape in shallow coastal waters, which causes it to break.
# GCSE Geography/Coasts/Denudation Processes Operating Along a Coast
## Weathering
### Physical weathering

Also known as freeze-thaw or frost action by some textbooks, this process is where water enters a rock cavity and freezes. As it freezes, it expands, forcing the crack wider. The ice thaws, leaving a larger gap than previously. More water enters and freezes, forcing the gap yet wider. Over time, the process continues until the rock is pried away. This is common in highland areas where the temperature is above freezing in daytime, but below freezing during the night.

### Chemical Weathering or Carbonation

As rain falls, it absorbs a small amount of carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) and forms weak carbonic acid. When it reaches the ground and soaks into the soil, it absorbs yet more CO$_2$ from decomposing plants. This strong acid easily dissolves any rock which contains more than around 50% calcium carbonate (such as limestone or chalk), leaving very little behind. The chemical reaction involved is as follows: CaCO$_{3(s)}$ + H$_2$CO$_{3(aq)}$ → Ca(HCO$_3$)$_{2(aq)}$ Calcium carbonate + Carbonic acid → Calcium hydrogen carbonate

### Biological Weathering

This is the action of animals and plants on the land. Plant roots grow between rocks and, as they grow, they slowly prise them apart. Rabbits and other burrowing animals can also be responsible for this rock break-up.
# GCSE Geography/Glossary
## Coasts

* fetch - The distance over the sea which wind has travelled
# GCSE ICT/Edexcel GCSE ICT 2010/Unit 1 - Living in a Digital World

* Chapter 1: Let's communicate!
* Chapter 2: On the move
* Chapter 3: Entertain me - what to buy?
# GCSE Geography/Introduction

This is a book-in-progress designed to help GCSE Geography students. A basic understanding of some simple ideas helps, but all geographical terms will be glossed.
# GCSE ICT

This book will cover the major components of all the courses. It should not be based around any specific board and it is hoped that it will become a resource for those studying ICT at any level. It looks at visible applications of computers in the world around us and covers the topics in context. Anyone of these case studies should be looked at as a resource to help you produce coursework.
You might like to:
* pick up on a case study which hasn't been started yet;
* add something to an existing one;
* add a new one.
If you found something difficult to understand please alter it to help those who follow you or contact some one who can!
This resource will also need a content mapping / index - so that it is possible for teachers and pupils to find example of particular usage.

## Revision Guides

GCP Revision Guide

## Case studies

* ICT in Schools
* ICT and Voluntary Organisations
* ICT in Libraries
* ICT and the Police
* ICT at the DVLA
* ICT and Banks
* ICT and Travel
* ICT in Shops
* ICT and Estate Agencies
* ICT in Newspaper Production
* ICT for Weather Forecasting
* ICT and the Health Service
* ICT in Agriculture
* ICT in Manufacturing
* ICT and Local Authorities
* ICT in the Home

## Contributors

* User:RichardRothwell 2004/03/04
# GCSE ICT/Edexcel GCSE ICT 2010

* Unit 1 - Living in a Digital World
* Unit 2 - Using Digital Tools
# Economic Sophisms/197

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh""Consequently, I should base the law of national defence on these two enactments:
"'ART. 1st.—Every able-bodied citizen shall remain sous les drapeaux for four years—namely, from 21 to 25—for the purpose of receiving military instruction.'"
"A fine economy, truly! You disband four hundred thousand soldiers to create ten millions."
"Listen to my second article:
"'ART. 2d.—Unless it is proved that at 21 years of age he knows perfectly the platoon drill.'"
"Nor do I stop here. It is certain that in order to get quit of four years' service, there would be a terrible emulation among our youth to learn the par le flanc droit and the charge en douze temps. The idea is whimsical."
"It is better than that. For without bringing families to grief, without encroaching on equality, would it not secure to the country, in a simple and inexpensive manner, 10 millions of defenders capable of setting at defiance all the standing armies of the world?"
"Really, if I were not on my guard, I should end with taking a serious interest in your conceits."
Utopian free-trader getting excited. "Thank Heaven! here is my Budget relieved of 200 millions. I suppress the octroi. I remodel indirect contributions. I … "
"Oh! Monsieur l'Utopiste!"
Utopian free-trader getting more and more excited. "I should proclaim freedom of worship, freedom of teaching, and new resources. I would buy up the railways, pay off the public debt, and starve out stockjobbers."
"Monsieur l'Utopiste!"
"Set free from a multiplicity of cares, I should concentrate all the powers of government in the repression of fraud, and in the administration of prompt and cheap justice; I … "
"Monsieur l'Utopiste, you undertake too many things; the nation will not support you!"
"You have granted me a majority."
"I withdraw it."
"Be it so. Then I am no longer a minister, and my projects will continue to be what they were—UTOPIAS."
# Economic Sophisms/192

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh""Good. Then you land yourself in a deficit of other thirty millions. You have doubtless invented a new tax?"
"Heaven forbid! And besides, I do not flatter myself with possessing an inventive genius."
"It will be very necessary, however … Ah! I see. What was I thinking of? You intend simply to reduce the expenditure. I did not think of that."
"You are not singular. I shall come to that; but for the present, that is not the resource on which I depend."
"What! you are to diminish the revenue without reducing the expenditure, and withal avoid a deficit!"
"Yes; by diminishing other taxes at the same time."
(Here the interlocutor, raising the forefinger of the right hand to his forehead, tossed his head, as if beating about for ideas.)
"By my faith! a most ingenious process. I pay over 100 francs to the Treasury; you relieve me to the extent of 5 francs upon salt, and 5 francs upon postages; and in order that the Treasury may still receive 100 francs, you relieve me to the extent of 10 francs on some other tax."
"Exactly; I see you understand what I mean."
"The thing seems so strange that I am not quite sure that I even heard you distinctly."
"I repeat, I balance one dégrèvement by another."
"Well, I happen to have a few minutes to spare, and I should like much to hear you explain this paradox."
"Here is the whole mystery. I know a tax which costs the taxpayer 20 francs, and of which not one farthing ever reaches the Treasury. I relieve you of one-half, and I see that the other half finds its way to the Hôtel des Finances."
"Truly you are an unrivalled financier. And what tax, pray, do I pay which does not reach the Treasury?"
"How much does this coat cost you?"
"100 francs."
"And if you procured the cloth from Verviers, how much would it cost you ?"
"80 francs."
"Why, then, did you not order it from Verviers?"
"Because that is forbidden."