# AnyLang Programming Language Comparison/Appendix:PLEAC Crossref:Subroutines
## Subroutines
### Introduction

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Accessing Subroutine Arguments

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Making Variables Private to a Function

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Creating Persistent Private Variables

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Determining Current Function Name

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Passing Arrays and Hashes by Reference

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Detecting Return Context

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Passing by Named Parameter

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Skipping Selected Return Values

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Returning More Than One Array or Hash

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Returning Failure

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Prototyping Functions

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Handling Exceptions

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Saving Global Values

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Redefining a Function

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Trapping Undefined Function Calls with AUTOLOAD

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Nesting Subroutines

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |

### Program: Sorting Your Mail

| ada | c++ | commonlisp | cposix | erlang | factor | forth |
| groovy | guile | haskell | haskell-on-steroids | java | masd | merd |
| nasm | ocaml | perl | php | pike | pliant | python |
| R | rexx | ruby | smalltalk | tcl | | |