OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Variation Be3

White moves the queenside bishop, allowing White to develop the bishop and make preparations for a queenside castling. Often, Black responds with Nf6.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Be3 |
| | 4 | 5 |
| | ... Nf6 | Qd3 Be7 | = |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# French Defence: Exchange Variation: 4. Nf3

White develops the kingside knight in the standard position, allowing White to develop and make preparations for kingside castling. Often, Black responds with Nf6.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Nf3 |
| | 4 | 5 |
| | ... Nf6 | Bd3 Be7 | = |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Variation c4
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
* 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.c4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Be7
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Duras Gambit/Fred Defence
### 1...f5?

1...f5? is the 'Duras Gambit,' a very disadvantageous move for Black. In the starting position of chess, it is well known that the two most vulnerable pawns are f2 and f7 because only the King guards them. Less well understood is that moving the f2 and f7 pawns creates open diagonals to the King, and makes the King more difficult to defend. (Chessmaster 10th edition opening theory table.)
2.exf5 is said to give a clear advantage to White, but not necessarily the game. 2.f4 transposes directly to the Swiss gambit normally reached by 1.f4 f5 2.e4, while 2.d4 transposes to the Staunton gambit normally reached by 1.d4 f5 2.e4.
Some good lines may be 1. e4 f5 2. exf5 Nf6 3. d4 d5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5. Nf3 Ne4 6. O-O Bxf5.
Trying to keep the pawn with 6. Nh4 seems good.
An interesting line is 1.e4 f5 2.exf5 Kf7? 3.Qh5+! g6 4.fxg6+ Kg7 5.gxh7 Rxh7. White should now play 6.Qe5+, after which both 6... Nf6 7.Bd3 or 6... Kf7 7.Nf3 give a clear advantage. Even after 6.Qg5+? Kh8 7.Bd3 Bh6 8.Qg4 Rg7 9.Qh4, white's position is still better.

## Statistics

No stats as 1...f5? occurs very rarely among serious chess players.
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## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
# Variation c4
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.c4 Nf6 5.Nc3 |
| | 5 |
| | ... Be7 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Kingston Defence
### 2... f5!?

This odd defense challenges white's center, where white has 3 options. White will most likely play 3. exf5 and black can either exchange or go for a gambit with 3... Nf6. An analogue of the advance variation is possible with 3. e5, where black should challenge white with d6 and c5. White can also play 3. Nc3, where black should play 3... fxe4 which is a transpositon to the Staunton gambit. In this case, white will most likely recapture with a slight advantage or play 4. f3 with a dangerous position for black.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 e6 2.d4 f5
| 3 | 4 | 5 |
| exf5 exf5 | Bd3 Nc6 | Nf3 | += |
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## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Exchange Variation

After Black's natural response (exd5) there is a symmetric position on the board, and whatever kind of an advantage White hopes to get from their next moves Black can usually attain that very same kind of an advantage in response, by simply copying White's moves. Although this variation has a reputation of being dull and drawish, both White and Black players have found ways to unbalance the game. This is namely done by White if they choose to play with an isolated d-pawn in exchange for some space advantage, in which case White can play 4.c4. The traditional approach, however, is rapid development by playing moves like 4.Bd3, 4.Nf3 or - in case White prefers castling to the queenside - 4.Be3.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 |
| | 4 | 5 |
| Classical Variation | Bd3 Bd6 | Nf3 Nf6 | = |
| Variation c4 | c4 Nf6 | Nc3 Be7 | = |
| Variation Nf3 | Nf3 Nf6 | Bd3 Be7 | = |
| Variation Be3 | Be3 Nf6 | Qd3 Be7 | = |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Exchange Variation

The easy way for Black to keep the balance, and also the main line, is maintaining the symmetry: 4...Bd6. If Black wants to unbalance the game and reduce the chances that the game ends in a draw, they can try 4...c5. Although this allows White to give Black an isolated d-pawn (5.dxc5), Black gets a space advantage and some initiative as a compensation.
Black can also try to go for queenside castling and unbalance the game this way: 4...Nc6, followed by development of Bc8 and Qd8.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4. Bd3 |
| | 4 | 5 |
| Main Line | ... Bd6 | Nf3 Nf6 | = |
| 1 | ... c5 | dxc5 Bxc5 | = |
| 2 | ... Nc6 | Nf3 Bg4 | = |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Monte Carlo Variation

By playing 4.c4, White gains some space at the expense of not being able to defend the d-pawn. This move also tries to destabilize the d5 pawn, and open up a line for the bishop. c4 is also commonly played in other openings so it may be caused by habit as well.
Common responses by Black include Nf6 which guards the pawn and develops a knight, c6 also guarding the pawn, just taking the c4 pawn with dxc4, or Bb4+ to gain a tempo on the white king and develop a bishop.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 4 | 5 |
| c4 Nf6 | Nc3 Be7 | = |
| ... c6 | Nc3 Nf3 | = |
| ... Bb4+ | Nc3 Ne7 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Monte Carlo Variation

With Nf6, black defends the pawn with the knight, refusing to capture on c4 (Which after Bxc4 would recapture and develop the bishop at the same time). This position is similar to the Marshall Defense when it comes to the Queen's Gambit, but unlike the Queen's Gambit, there's are no pawns on the e-file.
The most common move for white in this position is Nc3, developing a knight and adding pressure on the pawn on d4. Nf3 tries to accelerate short castling instead.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
| 5 | 6 |
| Nc3 Be7 | = |
| Nf3 Bb4+ | Nc3 Nc6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Apache/Introduction/History
## History and name

The first version of the Apache web server software was created by Robert McCool, who was heavily involved with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications web server, known simply as NCSA HTTPd. When McCool left NCSA in mid-1994, the development of httpd stalled, leaving a variety of patches for improvements circulating through e-mails. These patches were provided by a number of other developers besides McCool, and they thus helped to form the original "Apache Group".
There have been two explanations of the project's name. According to the Apache Foundation, the name was chosen out of respect for the Native American tribe of Apache (Indé), well-known for their endurance and their skills in warfare. However, the original FAQ on the Apache Server project's website, from 1996 to 2001, claimed that "The result after combining [the NCSA httpd patches] was a patchy server. The first explanation was supported at an Apache Conference and in an interview in 2000 by Brian Behlendorf, who said that the name connoted "Take no prisoners. Be kind of aggressive and kick some ass". Behlendorf then contradicted this in a 2007 interview, stating that "The Apache server isn't named in honor of Geronimo's tribe" but that so many revisions were sent in that "the group called it 'a patchy Web server'". Both explanations are probably appropriate.
Version 2 of the Apache server was a substantial re-write of much of the Apache 1.x code, with a strong focus on further modularization and the development of a portability layer, the Apache Portable Runtime. The Apache 2.x core has several major enhancements over Apache 1.x. These include UNIX threading, better support for non-Unix platforms (such as Microsoft Windows), a new Apache API, and IPv6 support. The first alpha release of Apache 2 was in March 2000, with the first general availability release on April 6, 2002.
Version 2.2 introduced a more flexible authorization API. It also features improved cache modules and proxy modules.
# Apache/Security

Numerous robots use to try to crack some databases (for instance via PhpMyAdmin or WordPress). To be protected from them, we can play on several criteria.
For example, to forbid to visualize a directory files which hasn't got any index (e.g.: .html, .php), add the code: Options -Indexes.

## Protection by provenance

Authorize only two IP to read the directory:

### whitelist with allow (obsolete in Apache 2.4)

If the authorization ranges have some addresses in common with the prohibited ranges, it's better to specify their precedence (the lines order in the .htaccess file doesn't change anything):

#### order allow, deny

    begin by the authorizations and then start the interdictions, by risking to ban what was previously allowed.

#### order deny, allow

    the contrary is less restrictive.

### blacklist avec deny (obsolete in Apache 2.4)
## Protection by password
### Authentication configuration

It's imperative to allow the authentication parameters modifications in the Apache settings.
The directive AllowOverride of a parent directory must contain the option AuthConfig.
The directives to place in the .htaccess are:

#### AuthType basic

    authentication type communally adopted but poorly secured.

#### AuthName "My message"

    the text as an invite in the dialog box.

#### AuthUserFile /etc/apache2/my_passwd

    the passwords file path.

#### Require valid-user

    specifies that a valid account is needed to accede to the folder.
We can also use Require user toto sasa to authorize only the two accounts toto & sasa.
The authentication type basic uses not crypted passwords.
Some other more secured types exist, like digest, which is recommended to combine with HTTPS.
The first request is addressed to the protected directory and provokes the displaying of the dialog box, from which the user should identify (with login and password):
* If the password is invalid, the dialog will be displayed again.
* If it's valid, the navigator can record it, and never ask it again until the next relaunching.

### Passwords file

The following command creates a passwords file called with one user toto:
To add or modify a user:
Then, tell to .htaccess the .htpasswd path with:

## References

* ↑ https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/en/howto/access.html
* ↑ https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/en/upgrading.html
* ↑ http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/core.html#allowoverride
# Apache/Introduction

Apache is primarily used to serve both static content and dynamic Web pages on the World Wide Web. Many web applications are designed expecting the environment and features that Apache provides.
Apache is redistributed as part of various proprietary software packages including the Oracle Database and the IBM WebSphere application server. Mac OS X integrates Apache as its built-in web server and as support for its WebObjects application server. It is also supported in some way by Borland in the Kylix and Delphi development tools. Apache is included with Novell NetWare 6.5, where it is the default web server. Apache is included with many Linux distributions.
Apache is used for many other tasks where content needs to be made available in a secure and reliable way. One example is sharing files from a personal computer over the Internet. A user who has Apache installed on their desktop can put arbitrary files in Apache's document root which can then be shared.
Programmers developing web applications often use a locally installed version of Apache in order to preview and test code as it is being developed.
Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) is the main competitor to Apache, followed by Sun Microsystems' Sun Java System Web Server and a host of other applications such as Zeus Web Server or Nginx.
# Apache/Introduction/License
## License

The software license under which software from the Apache Foundation is distributed is a distinctive part of the Apache HTTP Server's history and presence in the open source software community. The Apache License allows for the distribution of both open and closed source derivatives of the source code.
The Free Software Foundation does not consider the Apache License to be compatible with version 2 of the GPL in that software licensed under the Apache License cannot be integrated with software that is distributed under the GPL:
   This is a free software license but it is incompatible with the GPL. The Apache Software License is incompatible with the GPL because it has a specific requirement that is not in the GPL: it has certain patent termination cases that the GPL does not require. We don't think those patent termination cases are inherently a bad idea, but nonetheless they are incompatible with the GNU GPL.
However, version 3 of the GPL includes a provision (Section 7e) which allows it to be compatible with licenses that have patent retaliation clauses, including the Apache License.
The name Apache is a registered trademark and may only be used with the trademark holder's express permission.

## References

* ↑ Various Licenses and Comments about Them from GNU
# Apache/SSL

Install and Configure Apache2 with PHP5 and SSL Support

## Configuration Steps
### Step 1: generate certificate

For generating certificate Use the following command to generate certificates
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
This will complete the certificate now you need to make sure you have the correct permissions for .pem file if not use the following command to set the correct permissions
Note: For generating a certificate signing request give the following command

### Step 2: listen the port

By default the server will listen for incoming HTTP requests on port 80 - and not SSL connections on port 443. So you need to enable SSL support by entering the following entry to the file /etc/apache2/ports.conf save and exit the file.

### Step 3: enable SSL support

If you want to enable SSL support for your apache web server you need to use the following command
Module ssl installed; run /etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload to enable. Now you need to restart the apache2 server using the following command

### Step 4: configuring SSL Certificate to Virtual Hosts in Apache2

First you need to edit the /etc/apache2/sites-available/default file change
to
Now you need to configure Virtual hosts using port 80.

## Example

configure Virtual hosts using port 443 the main difference is you need to use the following two lines for each SSL hosts.
Example
Now you need to restart your apache web server using the following command
Sample Files : sample for “ports.conf” file
sample for “default” file
# Apache/Configuration

Configuring Apache WebServer
GUI Tools:
There are some GUI tools to configure Apache web server but they mostly do the basic or intermediate levels of configurations. For advanced configuration, modifying the configuration file. is the way to go. Some GUI tools are: Comanche, TkApache, LinuxConf, WebMin, ApacheConf, user_manage. Among them, Webmin is browser based and may be a better choice than the others.
Basic Apache Configuration Information is as below:
Apache has three configuration files:
httpd.conf is the main file, you can forget about the others.
A basic configuration file may look like the following:
You can create your own user and set that to access webpages
then use
# Apache/Configuration/Performance
## Performance

Although the main design goal of Apache is not to be the "fastest" web server, Apache does have performance comparable to other "high-performance" web servers. Instead of implementing a single architecture, Apache provides a variety of MultiProcessing Modules (MPMs) which allow Apache to run in a process-based, hybrid (process and thread) or event-hybrid mode, to better match the demands of each particular infrastructure. This implies that the choice of correct MPM and the correct configuration is important. Where compromises in performance need to be made, the design of Apache is to reduce latency and increase throughput, relative to simply handling more requests, thus ensuring consistent and reliable processing of requests within reasonable time-frames.
# Apache/Installation
## Windows

The program can be installed alone from http://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.cgi.
However the best is generally to get it with an all-in-one solution like WAMP or EasyPHP, because it includes the installation or PHP and MySQL at the same time.
Apart from that, a portable all-in-one is XAMPP.
Remark (on a PC):
By default Apache is set to automatically launch at startup which is convenient on a server. However on a PC, it may be better to create a script to start and stop it manually. Example with EasyPHP:

## Unix-like
### Configuration

The service should be restarted manually after the most part of the configuration modifications:
# Apache/Virtual hosting
## Principle

Virtual hosting in Apache allows a single instance of the Apache software to host more than one distinct web site. Since only one instance of Apache can use port 80 on a server at once, without virtual hosting each new web site you hosted would need a new server.
Sites hosted under virtual hosting appear to end users as normal sites in every way; the only difference is that fewer server machines are needed to host them. Virtual hosting is commonly used by high-volume low-price web hosting companies, who give each of their customers a virtual host, with potentially hundreds of customers sharing the same server.

## Configuration

To add a virtual host, edit apache2.conf (or httpd.conf). Example:

## References

* ↑ https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/en/vhosts/examples.html
# Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Interaction/GoogleTalk

Google Talk is a very valuable tool for interacting with electronic language exchange partners, particularly when used in conjunction with Gmail as the combination provides free e-mail with huge storage (over 2.7 GB), presence (you can see the online status of your contacts), text chat, file sharing and voice communication (between Windows users). And all text chat is stored centrally by default.
But it gets a bit complicated concerning the type of communication that is available under different scenarios. As best as I can figure out, it goes like this.
* Gmail user to any other e-mail user
** e-mail
* Gmail user to any other Gmail user
** e-mail and text chat (if both Gmail users are online)
* Gmail Windows user with Google Talk installed to another Gmail Windows user with Google Talk installed
** e-mail
** text chat (if both users are online)
** file transfer (if both user are online)
** audio call (if both users are online)
** voicemail (if second user is not online or doesn't answer audio call)
If you mouse over a contact in your Quick Contacts list and see that the "Call" button is "live" (the letters of "Call" are black and the telephone icon is green), this means that your contact has Google Talk installed and running on a Windows computer and you can do any of the above things. If the "Call" button is greyed out, your contact does not have Google Talk installed and running. You can invite him or her to install Google Talk via the Google Talk application "+ADD" button on the bottom of Google Talk (but he or she can do so only if he or she has a computer running Windows 2000, 2003 Server or XP).
# Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Input/References

* Brown, J. Marvin, & Palmer, Adrian S. (1988). The listening approach: Methods and materials for applying Krashen's Input Hypothesis. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-58290-720-9
* Gass, S. (1997). Input, Interaction, and the Second Language Learner. Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ. ISBN 0805822097; ISBN 978-0805822090
* Wong, W. (2005). Input enhancement: From theory to research in the classroom. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
# Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Exercise/References

Exercise and Courseware References
# Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Journals
## Journals with articles on second language learning acquisition, learning and teaching

* Applied Linguistics
* Applied Psycholinguistics
* Canadian Modern Language Review
* Foreign Language Annals
* Language Learning
* Modern Language Journal
* Second Language Research
* TESOL Quarterly

## Journals with articles on technology for second language learning and teaching

* CALICO Journal
* Language Learning and Technology
* ReCALL
* System: An International Journal of Educational Technology and Applied Linguistics Educational Technology

## Journals with articles on educational technology

* Journal of Educational Computing Research
# Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning/Interaction/References

* Cziko, G. A. (2004). Electronic tandem language learning (eTandem): A third approach to second language learning for the 21st century. CALICO Journal, '22(1), 25-39.
* Freiermuth, M., & Jarrell, D. (2006). Willingness to communicate: can online chat help?. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16(2), 189-212. Retrieved May 1, 2007 from the Academic Search Premier database.
* Ng, W., & Nicholas, H. (2007). Technology and Independent Learning. Roeper Review, 29(3), 190-196. Retrieved May 1, 2007 from the Academic Search Premier database.