OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Economic Sophisms/70

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"
WE have just seen that whatever increases the expense of conveying commodities from one country to another—in other words, whatever renders transport more onerous—acts in the same way as a protective duty; or if you prefer to put it in another shape, that a protective duty acts in the same way as more onerous transport.
A tariff, then, may be regarded in the same light as a marsh, a rut, an obstruction, a steep declivity—in a word, it is an obstacle, the effect of which is to augment the difference between the price which the producer of a commodity receives, and the price which the consumer pays for it. In the same way, it is undoubtedly true that marshes and quagmires are to be regarded in the same light as protective tariffs.
There are people (few in number, it is true, but there are such people) who begin to understand that obstacles are not less obstacles because they are artificial, and that our mercantile prospects have more to gain from liberty than from protection, and exactly for the same reason which makes a canal more favourable to traffic than a steep, roundabout, and inconvenient road.
But they maintain that this liberty must be reciprocal. If we remove the barriers we have erected against the admission of Spanish goods, for example, Spain must remove the barriers she has erected against the admission of ours. They are, therefore, the advocates of commercial treaties, on the basis of exact reciprocity, concession for concession; let us make the sacrifice of buying, say they, to obtain the advantage of selling.
People who reason in this way, I am sorry to say, are, whether they know it or not, protectionists in principle; only, they are a little more inconsistent than pure protectionists, as the latter are more inconsistent than absolute prohibitionists.
The following apologue will demonstrate this:—
There were, no matter where, two towns called Stulta and
# Economic Sophisms/7

<pagequality level="4" user="Theornamentalist" />
BY
FRÉDÉRIC BASTIAT.
TRANSLATED FROM THE FIFTH EDITION OF THE FRENCH,
BY
PATRICK JAMES STIRLING, LL.D., F.R.S.E.,
AUTHOR OF "THE PHILOSOPHY OF TRADE," ETC.
EDINBURGH:
OLIVER AND BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT.
LONDON: SIMPKIN. MARSHALL, AND CO.
# Economic Sophisms/71

<pagequality level="4" user="Mudbringer" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"Puera. They completed at great cost a highway from the one town to the other. When this was done, Stulta said to herself, "See how Puera inundates us with her products; we must see to it." In consequence, they created and paid a body of obstructives, so called because their business was to place obstacles in the way of traffic coming from Puera. Soon afterwards, Puera did the same.
At the end of some centuries, knowledge having in the interim made great progress, the common sense of Puera enabled her to see that such reciprocal obstacles could only be reciprocally hurtful. She therefore sent a diplomatist to Stulta, who, laying aside official phraseology, spoke to this effect: "We have made a highway, and now we throw obstacles in the way of using it. This is absurd. It would have been better to have left things as they were. We should not, in that case, have had to pay for making the road in the first place, nor afterwards have incurred the expense of maintaining obstructives. In the name of Puera, I come to propose to you, not to give up opposing each other all at once—that would be to act upon a principle, and we despise principles as much as you do—but to lessen somewhat the present obstacles, taking care to estimate equitably the respective sacrifices we make for this purpose." So spoke the diplomatist. Stulta asked for time to consider the proposal, and proceeded to consult, in succession, her manufacturers and agriculturists. At length, after the lapse of some years, she declared that the negotiations were broken off.
On receiving this intimation, the inhabitants of Puera held a meeting. An old gentleman (they always suspected he had been secretly bought by Stulta) rose and said: The obstacles created by Stulta injure our sales, which is a misfortune. Those which we have ourselves created injure our purchases, which is another misfortune. With reference to the first, we are powerless; but the second rests with ourselves. Let us, at least, get quit of one, since we cannot rid ourselves of both evils. Let us suppress our obstructives without requiring Stulta to do the same. Some day, no doubt, she will come to know her own interests better.
A second counsellor, a practical, matter-of-fact man, guiltless of any acquaintance with principles, and brought up in the ways
# Economic Sophisms/76

<pagequality level="3" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"
An atheist, declaiming one day against religion and priestcraft, became so outrageous in his abuse, that one of his audience, who was not himself very orthodox, exclaimed, "If you go on much longer in this strain, you will make me a convert."
In the same way, when we see our beardless scribblers, our novel-writers, reformers, fops, amateur contributors to newspapers, redolent of musk, and saturated with champagne, stuffing their portfolios with radical prints, or issuing under gilded covers their own tirades against the egotism and individualism of the age—when we hear such people declaim against the rigour of our institutions, groan over the proletariat and the wages system, raise their eyes to Heaven, and weep over the poverty of the working classes (poverty which they never see but when they are paid to paint it),—we are likewise tempted to exclaim, "If you go on longer in this strain, we shall lose all interest in the working classes."
Affectation is the besetting sin of our times. When a serious writer, in a spirit of philanthropy, refers to the sufferings of the working classes, his words are caught up by these sentimentalists, twisted, distorted, and exaggerated, usque ad natiseam. The grand, the only remedy, it would seem, lies in the high-sounding phrases, association and organization. The working
# Economic Sophisms/69

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />Template:Block center/s
| 20 | francs, | its price at Brussels. |
| 10 | " | duty. |
| 5 | " | reduced carraige by railway. |
Template:Block center/e
Now, I ask, would we not have attained the same result by lowering the tariff by 5 francs? We should then have—
Template:Block center/s
| 20 | francs, | the price at Brussels. |
| 5 | " | reduced duty. |
| 10 | " | carriage by ordinary roads. |
Template:Block center/e
And by this process we should have saved the 200 millions which the raillway cost, plus the expense of Customhouse surveillance, for this last would be reduced in proportion to the diminished encouragement held out to smuggling.
But it will be said that the duty is necessary to protect Parisian industry. Be it so; but then you destroy the effect of your railway.
For, if you persist in desiring that the Belgian product should cost at Paris 40 francs, you must raise your duty to 15 francs, and then you have—
Template:Block center/s
| 20 | francs, | the price at Brussels. |
| 15 | " | protecting duty. |
| 5 | " | railway carraige. |
Template:Block center/e
Then, I venture to ask, what, under such circumstances, is the good of your railway?
In sober earnestness, let me ask, is it not humiliating that the nineteenth century should make itself a laughing-stock to future ages by such puerilities, practised with such imperturbable gravity? To be the dupe of other people is not very pleasant, but to employ a vast representative apparatus in order to dupe, and double dupe, ourselves—and that, too, in an affair of arithmetic—should surely humble the pride of this age of enlightenment.
# Economic Sophisms/72

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"of his forefathers, replied: "Don't listen to that Utopian dreamer, that theorist, that innovator, that economist, that Stultomaniac. We shall all be undone if the stoppages of the road are not equalized, weighed, and balanced between Stulta and Puera. There would be greater difficulty in going than in coming, in exporting than in importing. We should find ourselves in the same condition of inferiority relatively to Stulta, as Havre, Nantes, Bordeaux, Lisbon, London, Hamburg, and New Orleans, are with relation to the towns situated at the sources of the Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, the Tagus, the Thames, the Elbe, and the Mississippi, for it is more difficult for a ship to ascend than to descend a river. (A Voice: Towns at the embouchures of rivers prosper more than towns at their source.) This is impossible. (Same Voice: But it is so.) Well, if it be so, they have prospered contrary to rules." Reasoning so conclusive convinced the assembly, and the orator followed up his victory by talking largely of national independence, national honour, national dignity, national labour, inundation of products, tributes, murderous competition. In short, he carried the vote in favour of the maintenance of obstacles; and if you are at all curious on the subject, I can point out to you countries, where you will see with your own eyes Road-makers and Obstructives working together on the most friendly terms possible, under the orders of the same legislative assembly, and at the expense of the same taxpayers, the one set endeavouring to clear the road, and the other set doing their utmost to render it impassible.
# Economic Sophisms/73

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"
Do you desire to be in a situation to decide between liberty and protection? Do you desire to appreciate the bearing of an economic phenomenon? Inquire into its effects upon the abundance or scarcity of commodities, and not upon the rise or fall of prices. Distrust nominal prices; and they will only land you in an inextricable labyrinth.
M. Matthieu de Dombasle, after having shown that protection raises prices, adds—
"The enhancement of price increases the expense of living, and consequently the price of labour, and each man receives, in the enhanced price of his products, compensation for the higher prices he has been obliged to pay for the things he has occasion to buy. Thus, if every one pays more as a consumer, every one receives more as a producer."
It is evident that we could reverse this argument, and say—
"If every one receives more as a producer, every one pays more as a consumer."
Now, what does this prove? Nothing but this, that protection displaces wealth uselessly and imjustly. In so far, it simply perpetrates spoliation.
Again, to conclude that this vast apparatus leads to simple compensations, we must stick to the "consequently" of M. de Dombasle, and make sure that the price of labour will not fail to rise with the price of the protected products. This is a question of fact which I remit to M. Moreau de Jonnés, that he may take the trouble to find out whether the rate of wages advances along with the price of shares in the coal-mines of Anzin. For my own part, I do not believe that it does; because, in my opinion, the price of labour, like the price of everything else, is governed by the relation of supply to demand. Now, I am convinced that restriction diminishes the supply of coal, and consequently enhances its price; but I do not see so clearly that it increases the demand for labour, so as to enhance the rate of wages; and that this effect should be produced is all the less likely, because the quantity of labour demanded depends on the disposable capital. Now, protection may indeed displace capital, and cause its transference from one employment to another, but it can never increase it by a single farthing.
# Economic Sophisms/68

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"Now, among these obstacles there is one which we have ourselves set up, and at no little cost, too, between Brussels and Paris. There are men who lie in ambuscade along the frontier, armed to the teeth, and whose business it is to throw difficulties in the way of transporting merchandise from the one country to the other. They are called Customhouse officers, and they act in precisely the same way as ruts and bad roads. They retard, they trammel commerce, they augment the difference we have remarked between the price paid by the consumer and the price received by the producer—that very difference, the reduction of which, as far as possible, forms the subject of our problem.
That problem is resolved in three words: Reduce your tariff.
You will then have done what is equivalent to constructing the Northern Railway without cost, and will immediately begin to put money in your pocket.
In truth, I often seriously ask myself how anything so whimsical could ever have entered into the human brain, as first of all to lay out many millions for the purpose of removing the natural obstacles which lie between France and other countries, and then to lay out many more millions for the purpose of substituting artificial obstacles, which have exactly the same effect; so much so, indeed, that the obstacle created and the obstacle removed neutralize each other, and leave things as they were before, the residue of the operation being a double expense.
A Belgian product is worth at Brussels 20 francs, and the cost of carriage would raise the price at Paris to 30 francs. The same article made in Paris costs 40 francs. And how do we proceed?
In the first place, we impose a duty of 10 francs on the Belgian product, in order to raise its cost price at Paris to 40 francs; and we pay numerous officials to see the duty stringently levied, so that, on the road, the commodity is charged 10 francs for the carriage, and 10 francs for the tax.
Having done this, we reason thus: The carriage from Brussels to Paris, which costs 10 francs, is very dear. Let us expend two or three hundred millions [of francs] in railways, and we shall reduce it by one half. Evidently, all that we gain by this is that the Belgian product would sell in Paris for 35 francs, viz.
# ERP5 Handbook
## Table of Contents

    Introduction

### Part I: First shock

After this part the reader should be able to install and use an ERP5 system with some business templates and hack a little bit on it. Understanding of genericity of ERP5 system should be sufficient to explore it - every installed module, creation and update of objects, setting of relations.
* Getting Started
* Let's go...
* User Interface
* Business Templates

### Part II: Behind the User Interface

This part will introduce some important internal concepts of ERP5 - accessors, simulations, relations, used types, taken decisions in ERP5, and so on. It shall be more descriptive to ERP5 wiki - after reading this part reader shall be able to resolve simple problems, hack ERP5 with some understanding what's going on and ask good questions on ERP5 related mailing lists.
* From form to API

### Part III: The magic of ERP5

* Simulations
* Security
* Accessors

### Part IV: Become good developer

* Comprehensive example of simple ERP5 implementation
* Indirect interactions between system components
* Understanding, testing and analysing impact of your changes
* Python debugger
* Deep view into unit tests

### Part V: Become a happy user

* Understanding listboxes

### Appendixes

Appendixes shall be generated from code (low level) and installed ERP5 system (high level).

#### Reference documentation

* ERP5 Specific Zope tools
* ERP5 Products

#### About book

* Rationale
* Authors
* Information for book authors and contributors

## Further reading

* ERP5 developer wiki
# ERP5 Handbook/Magic Simulations

Plan:
* what are simulations
* where they are used
* what are their purpose
* follow Yo guidelines from erp5-dev thread
* base on Shufla's "Introduction to simulation system" ("Wprowadzenie do systemu symulacji") presentation from 2nd ERP5DevCon, February 2008, Warsaw
Proposed TOC:
# ERP5 Handbook/Business Templates
## Usage
### Installation techniques

See http://wiki.erp5.org/HowToInstallBusinessTemplates.

### Difference between Install and Upgrade

If you have installed erp5_forge business template, and are a bleeding-edge type, you can from time to time update your system to the latest svn revision - see http://wiki.erp5.org/HowToUseERP5Subversion#update_from_svn.
Usually, the recommended way would be to first update the source code (by running svn_update.sh script), then update all bt5 starting from the more basic ones and on to the application-level, so it'd go more or less like:
* erp5_core
* erp5_xhtml_style
* erp5_mysql_innodb_catalog
* erp5_pdm
* erp5_trade

## Creation

See http://wiki.erp5.org/HowToCreateBusinessTemplates

## Generic Business Templates
### erp5_rss_style

Capable of rendering ERP5 data in a format recognizable by RSS readers, very configurable. Can be used in hundreds of ways, for example:
* sale manager can use a news ticker application to monitor new sale orders entered by his team
* while checking your email you can immediately see what's new in document management system
* someone working on a project can use his news reader to see new task being started or completed
See wiki HowToUseRSSStyle for usage and configuration information.

### erp5_ical_style

Capable of rendering ERP5 data in an iCalendar format recognized by many calendaring programs (KOrganizer, Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft Outlook, Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise and many others). Very configurable, can be used for scheduling, user notification, presentation of project time schedule, and many other ways.
See wiki HowToUseICalStyle for usage and configuration information.
# ERP5 Handbook/Authors

* Łukasz Nowak - Team Leader, Editor, Coordinator
* Bartłomiej Górny - DMS, ERP5OOo, erp5_web
* Mikołaj Antoszkiewicz - Language editorship, random sections update/commit :)
# Preface

This book tells about a leading Open Source ERP system. It is of French origin, but multilingual and deployed in many countries. It is versatile, powerful, complex, abstract and free. We (authors) think it is great, and we want it to be used by more people so that there is a community of users supporting each other in a true Open Source spirit. This is why we are writing this handbook.

# Audience

This book is written for people, who are interested in developing, implementing ERP5 - ERP Open Source system. You will learn basics of ERP5 - usage, development - and ways of searching for more help. If you are a technician, consultant or hacker - this book is for you. If you are a businessman without time for hacking through big systems with many connections this book is not for you. Take a look at erp5.org and hand this page over to your IT guy.
Keep in mind that ERP systems are quite complex - you will need time to deploy its test installation.

# What you should know before proceeding

An ERP5 system uses the following technologies (programming language, server side technology, relational database...). Your set-up should be similar, and familiarity with them will help.
* Python programming language
* Zope, version 2, application server
* XML
* MySQL relational database
* Subversion - version control system
Of course experience in business and modelling business processes is quite helpful.
# Cellular Automata/Index
## 0–9

* 1D
* 2D
* 3D
* 4D

## A

* age
* attributes

## B

* birthday
* boundary
** cyclic boundary (cyclic lattice)

## C

* cellular automaton
* configuration

## E

* evolution

## L

* lattice

## N

* neighborhood

## P

* pattern
* preimage
** preimage diagram
** preimage matrix
** preimage network
** preimage vector

## S

* sequence
# Cellular Automata/Glossary
## neighborhood

    A neighborhood of a cell $c$ is the set formed by all cells in the lattice that will drive the change of the state of $c$ when the transition rule $f$ acts upon them. See definition and examples.

## configuration

    A configuration of a Cellular Automaton $A$ is a collection $c_{t}^{A}$ of all status of its components cells $c$ at instant $t\in$$\mathbb {N}$. It can be understood as a snapshot of the automaton at a point of its history in a way that at any instant $t>0$ we have $c_{t}^{A}=\delta (c_{t-1}^{A})$

## Quiescent state

    A cell is in a quiescent state $a$, if all cells in its neighborhood are the same quiescent state.
    $f(aaa\dots a)=a$

## Nilpotent rule (of order n)

    Any configuration evolves in at most $n$ steps into a configuration with all cells in any quiescent state $a$.
    $\forall C^{t}\;\Delta t\geq n\;:\;C^{t+\Delta t}=\dots aaa\dots$

## Idempotent configuration (of order n)

    A configuration that in at most $n$ steps evolves into a steady configuration (C^{t+1}=C^t).
    $\Delta t\geq n\;:\;C^{t+\Delta t}=C^{t+\Delta t+1}$

## Idempotent rule

    A rule for which all configurations are idempotent.
    $\forall C^{t}\;\Delta t\geq n\;:\;C^{t+\Delta t}=C^{t+\Delta t+1}$

## Superluminal configuration

    A configuration for which the phase speed is greater than the speed of light. The phase speed is the shift of the configuration per time.

## Eather pattern

    A background for gliders, somethimes the most common background.
# Cellular Automata/Introduction

For those who look for a short introduction into cellular automata, see the Wikipedia page.

## Scope of the book

Currently knowledge on cellular automata (CA) is sparse in some books, web pages and mostly scientific journals. Newcomers must read a collection of hard to find articles to get an overview of the current status of CA research. Another problem is formalization that is different in each text, forcing students to spend time on learning different formalizations instead of advancing in the subject. Finally every newcomer someday becomes a contributor or at least teacher and a common formalization could be useful for new texts.
This book aims to become a graduate to postgraduate level schoolbook on cellular automata. The book is divided into two parts
* ordered part (formalization, well known algorithms, accepted elegant proofs, ...)
* unordered part (FAQ, examples, web resources)
with texts from the unordered part migrating to the ordered when matured.

## How to edit

All contributions are welcome.
There is a sandbox for material, yet to be placed into one of the sections or the creation of a new section would be needed.

### Naming conventions

Most of the theory in the book is based on the automata theory and formal languages.
* $a,b,c,\dots$ lowercase letters from the beginning of the alphabet are used to describe single cells, cell values are integers
* $\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\dots$ lowercase Greek letters from the beginning of the alphabet are used to describe strings of cells
* $A,B,C,\dots$ uppercase letters from the beginning of the alphabet are used to describe whole configurations as states in the basin of attraction field

### References

There are references at the end of each section (comments on the content are welcome) and common references for the whole book.
* books
* scientific articles
* web pages with theory or examples
* software