OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# LPI Linux Certification/Manage Shared Libraries
## Detailed Objective

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 1
Description:
Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.
Key knowledge areas:
* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

## Shared libraries

A library is a set of functions that programs can use to implement their functionalities. When building (linking) a program, those libraries can be statically or dynamically linked to an executable. Static link means that the final program will contain the library function within its file. (lib.a) Dynamic link means that the needed libraries would need to be loaded into RAM when the program needs to be executed. (lib.so)
The default directories for all the standard libraries are:
* /lib: Used mainly by /bin programs.
* /usr/lib: Used mainly by /usr/bin programs.
The file /etc/ld.so.conf is used by the system to specify other library locations. To build a cache file used by the runtime loader of all the available libraries, use ldconfig. The file /etc/ld.so.cache will be generated.

## Library dependencies

To print shared programs or library dependencies, use ldd.
Example:

## Runtime loader

The runtime loader ld.so finds the needed library of a program and will load them into RAM. The search order of ld.so is:
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH
* The cache file /etc/ld.so.cache
* The default directories /lib and /usr/lib.

## Exercises

* Exercises results
# LPI Linux Certification/Manage kernel at runtime
## Detailed Objective

Weight: 3
Description:
Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x kernel and its loadable modules.
* Key Knowledge Areas:
** Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently
** running kernel and kernel modules.
** Manually load and unload kernel modules.
** Determine when modules can be unloaded.
** Determine what parameters a module accepts.
** Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file
** name.
* The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and
** utilities:
** /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
** module configuration files in /etc
** /proc/sys/kernel/
** depmod
** insmod
** lsmod
** rmmod
** modinfo
** modprobe
** uname
# LPI Linux Certification/Manage Printers And Printing
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 2
Description:
Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)
# LPI Linux Certification/Manage User And Group Accounts And Related System Files
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 5
Description:
Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel
* chage
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod
# LPI Linux Certification/Maintaining A Linux File System
## Detailed Objective (203.2)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems and monitoring SMART devices.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Tools and utilities to manipulate ext2, ext3 and ext4
* Tools and utilities to perform basic Btrfs operations, including subvolumes and snapshots
* Tools and utilities to manipulate XFS
* Awareness of ZFS
Terms and Utilities:
* mkfs (mkfs.*)
* mkswap
* fsck (fsck.*)
* tune2fs, dumpe2fs, debugfs
* btrfs, btrfs-convert
* xfs_info, xfs_check, xfs_repair, xfsdump and xfsrestore
* smartd, smartctl

### Formatting a partition

Before you format a partition you need to choose the right filesystem for your needs. The most common filesystem on linux is ext3 which is a journaled filesystem based on ext2. To format a partition with a filesystem you need to use the mkfs.* commands
to create an ext2/ext3 filesystem you can also use the mke2fs utility

### Configuring and repair filesystem

tune2fs it's an utility used to tune ext2/ext3 filesystem
you can also tune a reiserfs partition using reiserfstune
to check a filesystem for errors you can use fsck.*
you can also just run fsck /dev/hda1 directly and it will detect the filesystem
# LPI Linux Certification/Managing Disk Quota
## Detailed Objective

Weight: 1
Description:
Candidates should be able to manage disk quotas for users.
* Key knowledge area(s):
** Set up a disk quota for a filesystem.
** Edit, check and generate user quota reports.
* The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
** quota
** edquota
** repquota
** quotaon

## Quotas

On a system, root can manage the usage of disk space per user and per filesystems. The two limits that can be setup are: The soft limit (soft =) specifies the maximum amount of disk usage a quota user is allowed to have. The hard limit (hard =) specifies the absolute limit on the disk usage a quota user can't go beyond it. There is also the possibility to setup a grace period that will enforce the soft limit only after an amount of time specified.

### Setting up quotas for users

1) The keyword usrquota or/and grpquota must be added in file /etc/fstab for the partition interested.
2) Add in each root filesystems the file user.quota or/and group.quota.
Only root can do the quota administration and once the empty files have been created some disk quota can be set such as:
* Soft limitation on number of files and inodes.
* Hard limitation on number of files and inodes if the grace time is set.

## Setting up quotas for users

3) Check the setting
4) Enable quota on the disk
5) Customize the disk quota limits:

## List quotas

To list quotas for an user or group, use quota.
Common options:
    -u:Default, print user quotas.
    -g:Print group quotas for the group of which the user is a member.
    -q: Print a more terse message, containing only information on filesystems where usage is over quota.
Example:

## Display a quota report

To display a quota report, use repquota.
Common options:
    -a: Report on all filesystems indicated in /etc/mtab to be read-write with quotas.
    -g: Report for group.
Example:

## Exercises

* Exercises results
* Setup a soft limitation for any users that have their home directory in /home to 500M.
* Change the grace time to 0.
* Log as the user and check if the limitation works.
# LPI Linux Certification/Make & Install Programs From Source
## Detailed Objective (206.1)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities.
* Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs.
* Apply parameters to a configure script.
* Know where sources are stored by default.
Terms and Utilities:
* /usr/src/
* gunzip
* gzip
* bzip2
* xz
* tar
* configure
* make
* uname
* install
* patch

## Source files

An archive is a collection of related files stored in one file. The command that allows you to store files and subtree directories in one file is tar.
Common functions: -c: Create a new tar file. -t: Tell the contents of a tar file. -x: Extract the contents of a tar file.
Common options: -f file: Specify the name of the tar file.
Examples:
It is good practice to use the .tar extension for all files archived with tar.

## File compression

Compression saves space for storage and file transfer. There are multiple utilities to do compression:
* compress, uncompress # Old Unix compression algorithm
* gzip, gunzip # Most common use
* bzip2, bunzip2 # Best compression algorithm
Once an archive has been created , it can be compressed. Examples:

## Files archiving and compression

When archiving files and subdirectories it is possible to package and compress them in one command. Examples:
By default tar uses a relative path but with the -P option it is possible to save files with an absolute path. Files in this mode will always be extracted at the same location.
For compressing and archiving in one line
For unzipping a compressed archive:

## GNU tool chain

Under Linux all the sources can be built with the standard GNU tool chain. make Utility to maintain group of programs. Use the rules defined in Makefile.
* gcc ANSI C Compiler
* g++ C++ Compiler
Many compressed or archived packages once installed will have information files (README, INSTALL) that should explain how it should be built and installed. The files Makefile.in and configure.in are the basic files that will be used to generate a final Makefile. The configured file in general scans the system and will build a final Makefile.

## Exercises

* Exercises results
* Do an archive of the /bin and the /sbin directories. With which compression utilities do you get the smallest file size? Use -v to get in percentage the size file reduction.
* Install the file /usr/src/packages/SOURCES/grub-09.tar.bz2 in /tmp and by reading INSTALL and README build the sources.
* Find the way to uncompress a .deb an a .rpm archive, what is in ?
* In on command line, compress a new file and uncompress this new file somewhere else.
# Lineage 2/The Player Character (PC) Classes & Character Guides/Dwarf Fighter

Dwarven Fighter is the starting warrior class of the dwarves.

## Key Skills

Format: Name (Max. Level) - Description (Level[+Updates]/Next Level ...)
* Armor Mastery (5) - Increase P.Def. (5/10+2/15+2)
* Create Item (1) - Ability to manufact level n items. (5)
* Spoil (1) - Ability to enable the spoil condition in the living target. Counts as attack. (10)
* Sweeper (1) - Ability to extract the extra items from mobs which had the spoil condition enabled before their death. (10)
* Weapon Mastery (3) - Increases P.Atk. (5/10/15)
* Weight Limit (1) - Ability to carry (1+n) times as much weight. (10)

## Adventuring

If you want to play a dwarf, you should inform yourself about Crafting.
It is important to get Spoil and Sweeper skills as early as possible, as they give the opportunity to gather a lot of additional resources and allow to gain all 5 level 1 material recipes in the dwarven lands itself (as well as some level 2 materials recipes for future Warsmiths). You should not allocate any other skill before you don't have these two.
On lowlevel, it is possible to use Spoil as an Aggression skill to make the dwarf operate as a tank.
# Lineage 2/The Player Character (PC) Classes & Character Guides/Elder

Elders can be considered to be the intermediate class between Human Bishops and Prophets, mixing the elements of healing powers (and mana recharging abilities), offensive abilities, and buffs. As with all Elves, Elders have high natural Wit (useful for faster healing and buffing), but also suffer from low Intelligence (lower magical attack abilities; a weaker output damage)

## Key Skills

* Agility - A highly popular buff to improve one's evasion. A favorite amongst many characters, especially ones that utilize light armor mastery's boost to Evasion (such as the Human Treasure Hunter).
* Resist Shock - Another popular buff to decrease the chance of being placed into a state of shock. Useful when dealing with enemies that have the means to stun (most commonly ones with blunts).
* Greater Heal – The Elder's main healing spell. Although Greater Heal is slower in comparison to a Bishop's Greater Battle Heal, the Elder's natural fast casting speed tends to make up for this.
* Vitalize - A secondary healing spell that can also cure poisons. It is more powerful than a regular Greater Heal at the trade off of more mana required to cast. However, in later levels, the power begins to even out, with Greater Heal eventually overtaking Vitalize's healing powers.
* Greater Resurrection – Resurrects another character from dead and restores a percentage of experience lost from the penalty of death.
* Party Recall - Returns all party members within a certain radius of an Elder to the nearest town, village, or harbor.
* Sleep – Put a target into sleep
* Might of Heaven – Does damage against undead mobs
* Wind Shackle - Decreases target's attack speed.

## Equipment/Playstyle

The Elder receives both Robe Mastery (physical defense per point) and the Mage Light Armor Mastery (not to be confused with the Light Armor Mastery of Fighters, the Mage's version adds physical defense per point, along with increasing attack speed, mana regeneration and casting speed exactly like the Robe's passive skills Magician's Movement, Mana Recovery, and Spellcraft). The benefit of using Robes is the addition inherit mana increase found on robes. Light Armors provide additional defense whilst having all the benefits of wearing a robe jacket / pants combination.
As such, one can find two playing styles to the Elder: A caster (using robes) or a fighter (light armor using weapons to directly attack the enemy). Popular weapons to fight mobs include:
* Dual swords - a combination of good physical attack and decent magical attack, proving useful for both casting and fighting
* Polearms - useful for its longer range combined with Dryad Root (mostly for lower-level Elders). Most mobs do not have ranged attacks to be able to strike back.
* Bows - a given. Decent power combined with range.
Of course, there are many different playing styles that fall in between, for reasons varying from personal preference to Adena issues. Don't let what is given here limit your possibilities.
# Lineage 2/The Player Character (PC) Classes & Character Guides/Elven Fighter

Elven Fighter is the starting warrior class of the elves.

## Key Skills

Format: Name (Max. Level) - Description (Level[+Updates]/Next Level ...)

### Active

* Attack Aura (1) - Temporarily increases P. Atk. Conflicts with clerical "Might" Buff. (10)
* Defense Aura (1) - Temporarily increases P. Def. Conflicts with clerical "Shield" Buff. (5)
* Elemental Heal (3) - Recovers your HP. (15+3)
* Moral Blow (9) - Damage attack. Dagger only. (5+3/10+3/15+3)
* Power Shot (9) - Damage attack. Over-hit available. Bow only. (5+3/10+3/15+3)
* Power Strike (9) - Damage attack. Over-hit available. Sword and Blunt only. (5+3/10+3/15+3)

### Passive

* Armor Mastery (5) - Increase P.Def. (5/10+2/15+2)
* Weapon Mastery (3) - Increases P.Atk. (5/10/15)
# Lineage 2/The Player Character (PC) Classes & Character Guides/Elven Knight

Elven Knight is the defensive warrior class of the elves. They use heavy armor.

## Key Skills

Format: Name (Max. Level) - Description (Level[+Updates]/Next Level ...)

### Active

* Aggression (12) - Provokes opponent's desire to attack. (24+3/28+3/32+2/36+2)
* Attack Aura (2) - Temporarily increases P. Atk. Conflicts with clerical "Might" Buff. (10/28)
* Charm (15) - Charms the enemy to decrease its desire to attack player. (20+3/24+3/28+3/32+3/36+3)
* Cure Bleeding (1) - Remove bleeding on self. (24)
* Defense Aura (2) - Temporarily increases P. Def. Conflicts with clerical "Shield" Buff. (5/20)
* Deflect Arrow (2) - Increases defense against bow attacks. (24/32)
* Elemental Heal (18) - Recovers HP. (15+3/20+3/24+3/28+3/32+3/36+3)
* Entangle (1) - Temporarily reduces target's Speed. (36)
* Poison Recovery (1) - Heal poison on self. (20)
* Power Strike (9) - Gathers power for a fierce strike. Sword/blunt only. Over-hit available. (5+3/10+3/15+3)
* Sprint (1) - Temporarily increases Speed. (32)

### Passive

* Focus Mind (1) - Increases MP Regeneration. (36)
* Heavy Armor Mastery (15) - Increases P.Def. Heavy Armor only. (20+3/24+3/28+3/32+3/36+3)
* Magic Resistance (15) - Increases M.Def. (20+3/24+3/28+3/32+3/36+3)
* Shield Mastery (2) - Increases Shield defense rate. (20/28)
* Sword Blunt Mastery (8) - Increases P. Atk. Sword and blunt only. (20/24/28+2/32+2/36+2)
* Ultimate Defense (1) - Increases P.Def. and M.Def. significantly. Character can't move. (20)

### Outdated

* Armor Mastery (5) - Increase P.Def. (5/10+2/15+2)
* Moral Blow (9) - Potentially deadly attack upon the enemy. Dagger only. (5+3/10+3/15+3)
* Power Shot (9) - Causes great damage from afar when using a bow. Over-hit available. (5+3/10+3/15+3)
* Weapon Mastery (3) - Increases P.Atk. (5/10/15)
# Lineage 2/The Player Character (PC) Classes & Character Guides/Dwarf Scavenger
## The Dwarven Scavenger

After level 19 and a class quest, the Dwarven Figther may emerge a Dwarven Scavenger. This class allows the player to continue strengthening their spoil skill and use it against higher and higher level monsters.

## Skills

Though the attack skills will begin to lag behind other classes, the additional income potential should get the Scavenger in top gear quickly and keep them there for the remainder of their play.

### Expertise D

The Expertise D skill allows the Artisan to wear D grade equipment without penalties.

### Blunt Mastery vs. Polearm Mastery

As skill points are usually scarce, it is best for a dwarf to decide early on their weapon masteries of choice. Blunts allow the use of the Stun Attack skill, which can shock an opponent. This is helpful for parties and when going after a single higher level monster.
Polearms allow the use of the Wild Sweep skill, which can knock down multiple opponents. This is useful when soloing against lower level (greens or light blue) monsters in small groups. Later in the game, soloing for dwarves becomes very difficult and ineffective, making the polearm lambasted as a weapon.

### Boost HP and Vital Force

Adding to the tank like nature of the dwarven classes is a maximum hit point (HP) boost and a faster HP regeneration rate when sitting.

### Spoil

The Spoil skill is where the Scavenger and Artisan diverge. Generally, white colored mobs and below can be spoiled consistently, though the chance of an item spoiling decreases the further below your level the mob is.

### Spoil Festival

The Spoil Festival skill allows a Scavenger to spoil multiple enemies in an area with just one move. The cost is about three times the MP, but for groups of four or larger this can be more efficient than individual spoiling.

### Bandage

The Bandage skill cures lower level bleeding inflicted by either monsters or other players, such as by a cursed weapon.

## Party Use

With the changes in Chronicle 2, spoils can be distributed the same as drops and Scavengers are often welcomed into a party if its members are more concerned about adena than experience. The downside of this is the Scavenger does not get all the spoils as they are used to when soloing, though it is unlikely they will get experience as quickly as if they were partied with a large group in a double or triple experience dungeon such as Cruma Tower.

## Clan Use

Clans don't specifically need to have a Scavenger to get the materials and recipes that their Warsmith(s) might need, but it is much more likely that a clan Scavenger will get items upon request. For that reason, clans or alliances generally have a few Scavengers to get key materials and also for a particularly profitable party. The spoil skill will offset their lacking combat skills.
# Manchu/Advanced Lesson 1

This text is from Tao Te Ching by the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu.

## Text

ᡩᠣᡵᠣ ᠪᡝ ᡩᠣᡵᠣ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠣᠵᠣᡵᠣᠩᡤᡝ᠈ ᡝᠨᡨᡝᡥᡝᠮᡝ ᡩᠣᡵᠣ ᠸᠠᡴᠠ᠉ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᠪᡝ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠣᠵᠣᡵᠣᠩᡤᡝ᠈ ᡝᠨᡨᡝᡥᡝᠮᡝ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᠸᠠᡴᠠ᠉ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᠠᡴᡡᠩᡤᡝ ᠠᠪᡴᠠ ᠨᠠ  ᡳ ᡩᡝᡵᡳᠪᡠᠨ᠉ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᠪᡳᠰᡳᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ ᠵᠠᡴᠠ  ᡳ ᡶᡠᠰᡝᠨ᠉ ᡨᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᠣᡶᡳ ᡴᡝᠮᡠᠨᡳ ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠨ ᠠᡴᡡ  ᡳ ᡨᡝᡵᡝᡳ ᡶᡝᡵᡤᡠᠸᡝᠴᡠᡴᡝ ᠪᡝ ᠴᡳᠨᠴᡳᠯᠠᠮᡝ᠈ ᡴᡝᠮᡠᠨᡳ ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠨ ᠪᡳᡶᡳ ᡨᡝᡵᡝᡳ ᡨᡠᠪᡝ ᠪᡝ ᠴᡳᠨᠴᡳᠯᠠᠮᡝ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝ ᠵᡠᠸᡝ ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ ᠰᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ᠈ ᡨᡠᠴᡳᠨ ᠠᡩᠠᠯᡳ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ᠈ ᡤᡝᠪᠠ ᡝᠨᠴᡠ᠉ ᡝᡵᡝᠪᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠ ᡶᡝᡵᡤᡠᠸᡝᠴᡠᠨ ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᡶᡝᡵᡤᡠᠸᡝᠴᡠᠨ ᡩᠠᡩᡝ ᡶᡝᡵᡤᡠᠸᡝᠴᡠᠨ ᠣᡥᠣᡩᡝ᠈ ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ ᡶᡝᡵᡤᡠᠸᡝᠴᡠᡴᡝ  ᡳ ᡩᡠᡴᠠ ᡴᠠᡳ᠉
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡝᠵᡝᡵᡤᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠ ᠰᠠᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠰᠠᡶᡳ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᡵᡝ ᠣᡥᠣᡩᡝ᠈ ᠰᠠᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᡠᡨᡥᠠᡳ ᡝᡥᡝ ᠣᡥᠣ᠉ ᡤᡝᠮᡠ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠰᠠᡶᡳ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᡵᡝ ᠣᡥᠣᡩᡝ᠈ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ ᡠᡨᡥᠠᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ ᠠᡴᡡ ᠣᡥᠣ᠉ ᡨᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᠣᡶᡳ ᠪᡳᠰᡳᡵᡝ ᠠᡴᡡ ᡳᠰᡥᡠᠨᡩᡝ ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠨᠠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᠵᠠ ᡳᠰᡥᡠᠨᡩᡝ ᠮᡠᡨᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡶᠣᡥᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᡳᠰᡥᡠᠨᡩᡝ ᡨᡠᠶᡝᠮᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᡨᡝᠨ ᡶᠠᠩᡴᠠᠯᠠ ᡳᠰᡥᡠᠨᡩᡝ ᡨᡠᡥᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠵᡳᠯᡤᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᡩᠠᠨ ᡳᠰᡥᡠᠨᡩᡝ ᠠᠴᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠵᡠᠯᡝᡵᡳ ᠠᠮᠠᠯᠠ ᡳᠰᡥᡠᠨᡩᡝ ᡩᠠᡥᠠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᠣᡶᡳ ᡝᠨᡩᡠᡵᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡠᡳᠯᡝᠨ ᠠᡴᡡ ᡳ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ ᠪᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᡝ᠈ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᡵᠠᡴᡡ ᡳ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠰᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠮᡝ᠈ ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ ᠵᠠᡴᠠ ᡩᡝᡵᡳᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳᠮᡝ ᠨᠠᡴᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠈ ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳᠮᡝ ᠪᡳᠰᡳᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠈ ᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳᠮᡝ ᠠᡴᡩᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠈ ᡤᡠᠩᡤᡝ ᠮᡠᡨᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳᠮᡝ ᡨᡝᠪᡠᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠉ ᡨᡝᡵᡝ ᡩᠠᠮᡠ ᡨᡝᠪᡠᡵᠠᡴᡡ ᠣᡶᡳ᠈ ᡨᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᡠᡶᠠᡵᠠᠪᡠᡵᠠᡴᡡ ᠪᡳᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠉
ᡩᠣᡵᠣ ᠰᡝᠴᡳ ᡴᡠᠮᡩᡠ ᠪᡳᠮᡝ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᡩᡝ ᡝᠮᠪᡳᠴᡳ ᠵᠠᠯᡠᠨᡩᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ ᡤᡝᠰᡝ᠉ ᠮᡠᠮᡳᠨ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ ᠵᠠᡴᠠᡳ ᡩᠠ ᡳ ᠠᡩᠠᠯᡳ᠉ ᡨᡝᡵᡝ ᡳ ᡩᠠᠴᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠮᠣᠨᠵᡳᠪᡠᡶᡳ᠈ ᡨᡝᡵᡝ ᡳ ᠪᡠᡵᡤᡳᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠰᡠᠪᡠᡶᡳ᠈ ᠴᡝᠰᡝᡳ ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠨ ᡩᡝ ᠠᠴᠠᠪᡠᠮᡝ᠈ ᠴᡝᠰᡝᡳ ᡨᠣᡵᠣᠨ ᡩᡝ ᡠᡥᡝᠯᡝᡵᡝ ᡩᡝ ᠪᠣᠯᡤᠣ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡝᠮᠪᡳᠴᡳ ᡨᠠᡴᠰᡳᡵᡝ ᡤᡝᠰᡝ᠉ ᠪᡳ ᠶᠠ ᠴᡳ ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᡵᡝ ᠪᡝ ᠰᠠᡵᡴᡡ᠉ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᠴᡳ ᠨᡝᠨᡩᡝᡵᡝ ᡩᡝ ᡩᡠᡵᠰᡠᠯᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉
ᠠᠪᡴᠠ ᠨᠠ ᡤᠣᠰᡳᠨ ᠠᡵᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠈ ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ ᠵᠠᡴᠠ ᠪᡝ ᠰᡠᡳᡨᠠᡵᠠ ᡶᡠᡵᡤᡳ ᠣᠪᡠᡶᡳ ᡨᡠᠸᠠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᡝᠨᡩᡠᡵᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡤᠣᠰᡳᠨ ᠠᡵᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠈ ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᡥᠠᠯᠠᡳ ᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠰᡠᡳᡨᠠᡵᠠ ᡶᡠᡵᡤᡳ ᠣᠪᡠᡶᡳ ᡨᡠᠸᠠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠠᠪᡴᠠ ᠨᠠ ᡳ ᠰᡳᡩᡝᠨ᠈ ᡨᡝᡵᡝ ᡥᡠᠵᡠᡴᡠ ᠰᡳᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ ᠠᡩᠠᠯᡳ ᡩᡝᡵᡝ᠉ ᡴᡠᠮᡩᡠ ᠪᡳᠮᡝ ᡳᡴᡡᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠈ ᡥᡠᠵᡠᡵᡝᠴᡳ ᡝᠯᡝ ᡨᡠᠴᡳᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠯᠠᠪᡩᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡳ ᡠᡵᡠᡳ ᠶᠠᡩᠠᡵᠠ ᠠᠩᡤᠠᠯᠠ᠈ ᡩᠣᠯᠣ ᠪᡝ ᡨᡠᠸᠠᡴᡳᠶᠠᡵᠠ ᡩᡝ ᡳᠰᡳᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠉
ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ ᠪᠣᠴᠣ ᠣᡶᡳ᠈ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠᡳ ᠶᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡩᡝᡵᡳᡴᡝ ᠣᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ ᠮᡠᡩᠠᠨ ᠣᡶᡳ᠈ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠᡳ ᡧᠠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠵᡳᡤᡝᠶᡝᠨ ᠣᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ ᠠᠮᡨᠠᠨ ᠣᡶᡳ᠈ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠᡳ ᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡤᠠᠪᡠᠯᠠ ᠣᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᡶᡝᡴᠰᡳᠮᡝ ᡧᠣᡩᠣᠮᡝ ᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠣᡶᡳ᠈ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠᡳ ᠮᡠᠵᡳᠯᡝᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠰᠣᡶᡳᠨ ᠠᡴᡡ ᠣᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᠪᠠᡥᠠᡵᠠ ᡩᡝ ᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᠵᠠᡴᠠ ᠣᡶᡳ᠈ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠᡳ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠰᡳᠯᡥᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᠣᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᠣᡶᡳ ᡝᠨᡩᡠᡵᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡥᡝᡶᡝᠯᡳ ᡳ ᠵᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᡥᠠᡧᠠᠮᠪᡳ᠈ ᠶᠠᠰᠠ ᡳ ᠵᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᡥᠠᡧᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠉ ᡨᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᡨᡝᡵᡝᠪᡝ ᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠮᠪᡳ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝᠪᡝ ᡤᠠᡳᠮᠪᡳ᠉

## Reference

* E Von Zach, "Manchurian translation of Lao-Tzu's Tai-Te-Ching romanized text", The China Review.
# Manchu/Elementary Lesson 1
## Text

A: Saiyūn?
E: Saiyūn?
A: Si ya ba de genembi?
E: Bi sejen tatan de genembi. Si ya ba de genembi?
A: Bi tacikū de genembi.
E: Si tacisi inuo?
A: Inu. Si inu tacisi inuo?
E: Waka. Bi weilesi inu.

## Word List

| Word | Translation |
| saiyūn | hello |
| si | you |
| ya | which |
| ba | place |
| ... de genembi | go to ... |
| bi | I |
| sejen | vehicle |
| tatan | station |
| tacikū | school |
| tacisi | student |
| inuo | are you ...? |
| inu | am, is, are, etc. |
| inu | also |
| waka | be not |
| weilesi | worker |

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# Manchu/Elementary Lesson 2
## Text

A: Saiyūn?
E: Saiyūn?
A: Sini gebu ai sembi?
E: Mini gebu Erdeni sembi.
A: Si udu se oho?
E: Bi orin se oho.
A: Si Manju niyalma inuo?
E: Inu. Si inu Manju niyalma inuo?
A: Waka. Bi Monggo niyalma inu.
E: Bi tacikū de genembi. Sirame acaki.
A: Sirame acaki.

## Word List

| Word | Translation |
| sini | your |
| gebu | name |
| ai | what |
| sembi | to call |
| mini | my |
| Erdeni | (person's name) |
| udu se | how old |
| oho | have been |
| orin | twenty |
| ... se | ... year(s) old |
| Manju | Manchu |
| niyalma | person |
| Monggo | Mongolian |
| sirame acaki | bye |

## Last and Next Lesson

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