OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# European History/Bibliography

The below list represents all of the references used for the writing of this wikibook.
* Baugh, Albert C. A History of the English Language. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1963.
* Fine Jr., John V.A. The early medieval Balkans a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century University of Michigan Press, 1983.
* Fine Jr., John V.A. The late medieval Balkans a critical survey from the late twelfth century to the Ottoman Conquest. 1st paperback ed. University of Michigan Press 1994.
* Durant, William. The Story of Civilization. 11 vols. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1950.
* Gardner, Helen. Art Through the Ages. 5th ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1970.
* Gustavson, Carl G. A Preface to History. McGraw-Hill, 1955.
* Heilbroner, Robert L. The Wordly Philosophers: the Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers. 4th ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972.
* Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-Chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West: People and Cultures. Vol. B. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2001.
* Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-Chia Hsia, and Bonnie G. Smith. The Making of the West: People and Cultures. Vol. C. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2001.
* Turner, William. Catholic Encyclopedia. 11 pp. Online. Internet. 29 May 2004
* Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 23 Oct. 2005. Wikimedia Foundation. 23 Oct. 2005 <http://en.wikipedia.org>.
European History
01. Background • 02. Middle Ages • 03. Renaissance • 04. Exploration • 05. Reformation
06. Religious War • 07. Absolutism • 08. Enlightenment • 09. French Revolution • 10. Napoleon
11. Age of Revolutions • 12. Imperialism • 13. World War I • 14. 1918 to 1945 • 15. 1945 to Present
Glossary • Outline • Authors • Bibliography
# European History/Authors

Zach B is a sophomore at Unionville High School in Pennsylvania. He has edited much of the text and looks forward to making the book more easy to read and more interesting to the casual learner.
Alex Botero-Lowry is a senior in high school in the United States. He is interested in history and especially enjoys European History. He started this project because he could not believe there was not a European History text started, and has greatly enjoyed researching the material so far. He sadly has little time to work on the project but just decided to rearrange things so that he would be more able to work on the project. He tries to keep in contact with anyone who begins to work on or edit the project, so please email him if you become interested.
Payam Doostzadeh is currently a sophomore at Woodbridge High School, in Irvine, California. He is currently attending school on a regular basis while taking on a rigorous academic course and having fun on the weekends with his friends. He is a man with dreams, dreams that cannot be denied. Wisdom is the key to wisdom.
Josh Harmon is a sophomore at Brea Olinda High School. He wants to contribute as much as he can to this Wiki so that his fellow classmates, as well as future AP European history students will have a resource that can assist them with the course.
Brandon Johnsonn is a pseudonym for this contributor. He is an avid learner and tweaked the chapter on exploration and discovery for easier understanding. He is in late junior high school.
European History
01. Background • 02. Middle Ages • 03. Renaissance • 04. Exploration • 05. Reformation
06. Religious War • 07. Absolutism • 08. Enlightenment • 09. French Revolution • 10. Napoleon
11. Age of Revolutions • 12. Imperialism • 13. World War I • 14. 1918 to 1945 • 15. 1945 to Present
Glossary • Outline • Authors • Bibliography
# Final Fantasy/Classes/Red Wizard

The Red Wizard is an upgraded Red Mage. The Red Wizard is able to use a small amount of new equipment, but gains access to a large number of new spells. Red Wizards still are not able to cast as much Black Magic as a Black Wizard or as much White Magic as a White Wizard, but is able to use both types of magic.
# Final Fantasy/Coneria Walkthrough

In Coneria Castle, you learn that Garland has kidnapped Princess Sara and the King is looking for the Light Warriors. Before heading to the Temple of Fiends where the Princess is held, you need to build up your Light Warriors. Go to Coneria Town just outside the castle. You begin with 400 gold, so you should have enough money to buy the following weapons/armor combinations for each Warrior:
* Fighter: Rapier/Chain
* Thief: Rapier/Wooden
* Black Belt: Nunchuks/Wooden
* Red Mage: Rapier/Chain
* White Mage: Hammer/Cloth
* Black Mage: Dagger/Cloth
Next comes level-building. Leave town, step outside the gates, and walk around. Most of the enemies you'll fight are Imps, who are easily dispatched. Grey Imps are slightly stronger, but still not much of a challenge. Wolves and their large packs will present a little more resistance. Mad Ponies are the toughest here, and may require you to run away the first couple of times. Build your characters up to Level 2 or 3, and use the gold obtained from your battles to buy a few Heal Potions in Coneria. You may also want to buy a Tent for resting up outside the Temple, but it's doubtful you'll need it. If you have spellcasters, focus on getting CURE and RUSE for your White Magic while considering HARM for later, and FIRE and SLEP for the Black, while keeping LIT in the back of your head for later.
Once you can beat Mad Ponies without too much trouble, head northwest to the Temple of Fiends. Buy a few Pure Potions first.
# Final Fantasy/Classes/Master

Masters are upgraded Black Belts. They get no new equipment nor any ability to cast spells of any kind. The upgrade is purely aesthetic.
# Final Fantasy/Classes/Red Mage

A Red Mage is a versatile sorcerer who is able to cast both black and white spells. This allows him to be useful both in curing wounded allies and in destroying enemies with magical destruction. The Red Mage is also relatively versatile when it comes to equipment; he can use many swords as well as a number of protective devices usually forbidden to mages.
However, the Red Mage's drawbacks come in that he is unable to access any high-level spells and has a limited selection of mid-level spells.
Red Mages upgrade to Red Wizards.
# Final Fantasy/Classes/Thief

Thieves are adventurers who make their living by their agility and cunning. This has ensured that their reputation as heroes is always challenged; however, many thieves do indeed use their skills (mostly) in the defense of the common good. Nevertheless, it does not pay to relax one's guard when near anyone with as much stealth as a thief possesses.
Having a thief in the party increases the chances of striking enemies first and decreases the chance of being ambushed. The thief's quickness often allows him to strike the first blow in a battle. However, the thief is not able to cast any spells and cannot use most of the stronger equipment.
The Thief upgrades to the Ninja. Despite the Thief's weakness early on, the Ninja is possibly the best upgrade of the six character classes.

## Initial Statistics

Thieves depend mainly on Luck to get them through battles. They are average in most of their other statistics, with a minor boost in Agility.
| Strength | 5 |
| Agility | 10 |
| Intelligence | 5 |
| Vitality | 5 |
| Luck | 15 |
# Final Fantasy/Classes/White Wizard

White Wizards are upgraded White Mages. They have full access to all the spells of White Magic, including the awesomely powerful Fade.
# Final Fantasy/Enemies

Monsters are listed in alphabetical order, with their alternate names (from Final Fantasy Origins) in parentheses. Bold enemies are unique and are also covered as characters.
* Arachnid (Tarantula)
* Asp (Cobra)
* Bone (Skeleton)
* Creep (Gigas Worm)
* Garland
* Geist (Ghast)
* Ghoul (Ghoul)
* Gray Imp (Goblin Guard)
* Gray Wolf (Warg Wolf)
* Green Ogre (Ogre Chieftain)
* Iguana (Lizard)
* Imp (Goblin)
* Kyzoku (Privateer)
* Mad Pony (Crazy Horse)
* Odd Eye (Goggler)
* Ogre
* Pirate
* Red Sahagin (Sahagin Chief)
* Sahagin
* Scorpion
* Shark
* Spider (Black Widow)
* Werewolf
* Wolf
* Zombie
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Arachnid

The Arachnid is a large eight-legged creature related to the Spider. Unlike the Spider, Arachnids are highly poisonous. A bite from one of these creatures may not hurt much initially, but the injected venom is able to kill a full-grown human in about twenty minutes. Arachnids are most commonly found in the forests of Elfland, though have been known to spread to other nearby woods.
Final Fantasy Origins: Tarantula
Return to Enemies Return to Final Fantasy
# Final Fantasy/Classes/White Mage

The White Mage is a sorcerer devoted to the restorative power of white magic. She is capable of casting many powerful spells that can restore allies to combat readiness even after sustaining grave wounds. The White Mage is also able to cast a limited number of offensive spells, mainly targeting the abominations known as undead.
The White Mage's religion forbids her from using edged weapons of any kind (save only the holy Masamune sword). The focus on spell casting prevents her from gaining the skill necessary for wielding nunchaku. Because of this, the White Mage typically is seen swinging staves or hammers.
White Mages upgrade to White Wizards.

## Initial Statistics

White Mages are primarily dependent on Intelligence, as the power of their spells is based upon that statistic. However, White Mages are more rounded than Black Mages and even have relatively high Vitality ratings, which help the mage stay alive long enough to cast healing spells.
| Strength | 5 |
| Agility | 5 |
| Intelligence | 15 |
| Vitality | 10 |
| Luck | 5 |

## Spells

White Mages cast only White Magic spells.
| Character Level | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4 | Level 5 | Level 6 | Level 7 | Level 8 |
| Lvl 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lvl 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lvl 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
# Federal Rules of Evidence/Privileges

Article V of the Federal Rules of Evidence deals with privileges. It consists of one rule.

## Rule 501. General Rule

    Except as otherwise required by the Constitution of the United States or provided by Act of Congress or in rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof shall be governed by the principles of the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the United States in the light of reason and experience. However, in civil actions and proceedings, with respect to an element of a claim or defense as to which State law supplies the rule of decision, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof shall be determined in accordance with State law.
Privilege is an important evidentiary rule, and there was a movement to codify key privileges in the Federal Rules of Evidence. But this movement did not succeed, and today's rules do not expressly state which privileges are recognized and which are not. The privileges themselves remain common law—traditional rules which are periodically redefined by the courts.
The privileges that may be invoked in federal court include:

### Attorney-client privilege

Covers all communications between an attorney, their client, and any other associates within the scope of the attorney's representation of the client. The client waives the privilege if they disclose the privileged information to a third party. There are several exceptions: the attorney may break privilege to prevent the client's commission of a dangerous criminal offense, and should break privilege when he or she knows that the client is lying to the court. The attorney can also use privileged information to rectify any fraudulent or criminal behavior perpetrated by the client with the attorney's unknowing assistance. Attorney-client privilege can also be broken when there is an issue of the attorney breaking his or her duty to the client (malpractice) or of the client breaking his or her duty to the attorney (failure to pay fees). See Proposed Rule 503, which was rejected by Congress but contains good guidelines to the scope of the attorney-client privilege.

### Spousal privilege

Confidential communications between spouses within the martial context are subject to spousal privilege.

### Priest-penitent privilege

Under common law, a penitent may keep their disclosures to their priest under privilege. (The privilege belongs to the priest under Catholic canon law, and may only be broken with a dispensation from the cardinal, which can only be obtained with the permission of the Pope.)
# Computers & Society/Annotated Bibliography/Blood 2004

Weblogs have become so ubiquitous that for many of us the term is synonymous with "personal Web site," though many commercial sites now incorporate them, too. For others, they are "sites made with blogging software," which seems obvious, except that some of us still update ours by hand. In either case, the form is familiar: frequently updated, reverse-chronological entries on a single Web page. Spurred by easy-to-use commercial software, blogging is less about creating links and references to sites and sources, and increasingly about bloggers' own comments and personal interests.
# Computers & Society/Annotated Bibliography/Turkle 1995

This paper aims to describe systematically the characteristics of weblogs (blogs) -- frequently modified Web pages in which dated entries are listed in reverse chronological sequence and which are the latest in genre of Internet communication to attain widespread popularity. This paper presents the results of a quantitative content analysis of 203 randomly selected blogs, comparing the empirically observable features of the corpus with popular claims about the nature of blogs, and finding them to differ in a number of respects. Notably, blog authors, journalists and scholars alike exaggerate the extent to which blogs are interlinked, interactive, and oriented towards external events, and underestimate the importance of blogs as individualistic, intimate forms of self-expression. Based on the profile generated by the empirical analysis, the paper considers the likely antecedents of the blog genre, situates it with respect to the dominant forms of digital communication on the Internet today, and suggests possible developments of the use of blogs over time in response to changes in user behavior, technology, and the broader ecology of Internet genres.
# Computers & Society

This book is another kind of beginning, both for writers as well as readers. In order to profit from engagement in our world-wide society, it is strongly advised to open a Wikibooks account as soon as possible and to work together for the benefit of all, freely.

## Contents

Front Cover
* Setting the scene
** Learning how to ask questions
** Learning how to read stuff
* World Wide Web (Prehistory, Hypertext, X-stuff)
** Network
** URI or URL?
* Social Web
** Flickr
** Flock
** Global village
** Yahoo!
* Semantic Web
** Ontology
** WikiWorld
** Browser
* Identity & Privacy
** iStuff
* People
* Business
* Resources
* Annotated Bibliography
Back Cover

## Why bother about computers and society?

The title "Computers & Society" is a very old one in the computing field. The way in which the word "Computers" precedes "Society" in the title suggests that Society is seen from the point of view of those who use computers. Whereas in the past the computers were always visible, standalone, separate things, today they are also omnipresent but invisible. Good examples of such omnipresence are mobile phones, banking machines, and the "network" (The Canadian Encyclopedia).
The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) has a special interest group on "Computers & Society", abbreviated SIGCAS with the mission of addressing "the social and ethical consequences of widespread computer usage".
We want to address the issues surrounding the Computers in our Society in the age in which we live. That is to say, the subject will always be open and current and relevant. But we cannot ignore the past, the things that have happened. We need to know something of the background history to understand how we got to where we are today. With such a study we may be better positioned to have some idea of where we might be heading in the future. And we will want to make personal choices now that shape our future.
# Computers & Society/Annotated Bibliography/Blood 2002

Weblogs--frequently updated, independently produced, and curiously addictive--have become some of the most popular sites on the Web today. The Weblog Handbook is the first book to explain how weblogs work and explore their impact on the media landscape. There is no formula for creating a superb weblog--but there are lessons to be drawn from maintaining one. In The Weblog Handbook, Rebecca Blood draws on her experience as an early participant in the weblog community to share what she has learned in three years of "living online." With a clear and engaging voice, Rebecca explains how to choose among the available tools, even walking the beginner through the process of creating their first weblog. Along the way she answers commonly asked questions concerning weblog etiquette, how to attract readers, and the qualities that make a weblog stand out, alerting the novice to considerations--and pitfalls--they didn't know to ask about. For students of digital culture, The Weblog Handbook provides an account of the history of the movement, an explanation of the "weblog method", and a thoughtful examination of weblogs and journalism. Finally, Rebecca examines how the weblog community has grown and changed, the dangers confronting it, and the ways in which weblogs are affecting and affected by both online and offline culture.
# Computers & Society/Back Cover

every book needs a back cover :)

# Contributors
## Chief Editor

Mihal Orela

## Authors

* Mihal Orela
* Kalina Sotirova
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 2

Today in 2006 OpenMRS 1.0.0 was published.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 27

Today in 1997 The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary got published. It provided motivation for Mozilla and contained famous principles like “Release Early, Release Often” and “given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow” (aka. Linus’s law).
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 21

Today in 2005 BBS: The Documentary by Jason Scott was published.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 23

Today in 1995 the C++-like programming language Java was first released to the public. Java had enabled operating system independent software and became very popular and influential, while the necessary execution environment remained closed source for years (the “Java trap”). Google’s Android is based on Java technology and incited Oracle to buy up Sun and start dismantling it, mainly to leverage Java in a lawsuit in the hope of getting a share of the profits from Android.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 20

Today in 2004 the Open Knowledge Foundation was launched.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 22

Today in 2001 was the presentation of Building peer-to-peer systems with Chord. This paper details the basis of the distributed hash table algorithms that made search in decentralized peer-to-peer networks reliable and efficient. Similar implementations got introduced into Kademlia (an eDonkey2000 extension), BitTorrent (Extension Protocol 5), and Gnutella2.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 24

Today in 2013 We Steal Secrets: The Story of WikiLeaks was published.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 26

Today in 1995 Bill Gates sent the “Internet Tidal Wave” memorandum to Microsoft executives, in which he acknowledges the importance of the Internet and the Web. Microsoft then abandoned its own proprietary “Microsoft Network” and turned it into a portal on the open Web.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 25

Today in 2014 was the first release of the encrypting communication applications RedPhone and TextSecure, which were later merged into Signal. Their groundbreaking end-to-end encryption protocol set a new standard and marked the state of the art for years and was integrated into WhatsApp, among others.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 28

Today in 2000 the first release of Audacity took place.
← previous day · following day →
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 1

* Student Soapbox

## Educator as a Professional

Chapter Introduction

## Special Features

Experts Take Sides
In the News
Chapter FAQ
The Scoop From Someone Who Knows

## Content Articles

1.1.1 -- Why do teachers teach?
1.2.1 -- Why do teachers leave the profession?
1.3.1 -- Is teaching a profession?
1.4.1 -- Teacher Training: The Ideal vs. The Reality
1.5.1 -- Teachers' Checklist: What do I need to do to become a teacher?
1.6.2 -- Are the best teachers highly qualified?
1.7.1 -- Non-Traditional Educational Careers

## Concluding Information

Chapter Review
Additional Resources
* CLICK HERE to sign up to be an AUTHOR of this chapter.
* CLICK HERE to sign up to be an EDITOR of this chapter.
* Questions? Refer to How to Use This Book
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents

Note to Readers
Sample Wiki Article -- A1
Sample Wiki Article -- A2
Chapter 1 -- Educator as a Professional
Chapter 2 -- Educational Philosophy
Chapter 3 -- History of Education
Chapter 4 -- Diversity: Classroom Practices and Law
Chapter 5 -- Sociological Influences: Economics & Culture
Chapter 6 -- Educational Reform
Chapter 7 -- School Organization
Chapter 8 -- Curriculum
Chapter 9 -- Effective Schools
Chapter 10 -- Effective Teaching
Chapter 11 -- Classroom Management
Chapter 12 -- Ethics & Law
Chapter 13 -- Technology
Chapter 14 -- Assessment
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Project Procurement

The 9 Topic Areas Of Project Management Knowledge
Procurement is one of the 9 topic areas of project management knowledge. The Project Procurement Management "includes the processes to purchase or acquire the products, services, or results needed from outside the project team to perform the work". An organization can either be the buyer or the seller of these products, services and so on. The procurement management includes the contract management and the change control processes "[...] required to administer contracts or purchase orders issued by authorized team members" (comp. PMBOK3, p. 269)

### Processes, phases and tool

| Procurement Planning | Detailed Planning or design stage | Procurement plan, Contract Statement Of Work , Evaluation Criteria |
| Procurement Process, Procurement Liaison | Project Execution and Control | Sellers list, Proposals,Selected Sellers, Contract, Contract Changes |
| Example | Project completion and closure | Closed Contracts |

#### See also

* in other sections of this handbook
* on Wikipedia
    Procurement
* on other Wikibooks
    Procurement Management

## Tools

* Template for Procurement Plan