OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Homological Algebra/Abelian Category

Definition ($Ab$-enriched category):
An $Ab$-enriched category is a category ${\mathcal {C}}$ such that:
* $\forall a,b\in \operatorname {Obj} ({\mathcal {C}})$, ${\mathcal {C}}(a,b)$ is an abelian group.
* $\forall a,b,c\in \operatorname {Obj} ({\mathcal {C}})$, $\circ _{a,b,c}:{\mathcal {C}}(b,c)\times {\mathcal {C}}(a,b)\to {\mathcal {C}}(a,c)$ is bilinear.
Definition (zero object):
A zero object is an object in an $Ab$-enriched category that is both initial and terminal. We usually denote it by $\mathbf {0}$.
Definition (biproduct):
Given an $Ab$-enriched category ${\mathcal {C}}$, a biproduct of $a,b\in \operatorname {Obj} ({\mathcal {C}})$ is a tuple $(c,i_{1}:a\to c,p_{1}:c\to a,i_{2}:b\to c,p_{2}:c\to b)$ such that:
* $p_{1}\circ i_{1}=1_{a}.$
* $p_{2}\circ i_{1}=0_{a,b}.$
* $p_{1}\circ i_{2}=0_{b,a}.$
* $p_{2}\circ i_{2}=1_{b}.$
* $i_{1}\circ p_{1}+i_{2}\circ p_{2}=1_{c}.$
We usually denote $c$ by $a\oplus b$.
Definition (additive category):
An additive category is an $Ab$-enriched category ${\mathcal {C}}$ such that:
* There is a zero product in ${\mathcal {C}}$.
* Every $a,b\in \operatorname {Obj} ({\mathcal {C}})$ has a biproduct.
Definition ((co-)kernel):
Given $f:a\to b$ in an $Ab$-enriched category. A (co-)kernel of $f$ is a (co-)equalizer of $f$ and $0_{a,b}$.
Definition (abelian category):
An abelian category is an additive category where:
* Every morphism has a kernel and cokernel.
* Every monomorphism is a kernel and every epimorphism is a cokernel.
Example:
The category of all left $R$-modules of a ring $R$ is an abelian category.

## Exercises

* Given $f:a\to b$ in an $Ab$-enriched category with zero object. Prove that $f=0_{a,b}$ iff $f$ factors through $\mathbf {0}$.
* Given a biproduct $(a\oplus b,i_{1},p_{1},i_{2},p_{2})$ of $a$ and $b$. Prove that $(a\oplus b,i_{1},i_{2})$ is a coproduct of $a$ and $b$ and $(a\oplus b,p_{1},p_{2})$ is a product of $a$ and $b$.
* In an $Ab$-enriched category with zero object, a kernel of $f:a\to b$ can be equivalently be characterized as a pullback of $\mathbf {0} \to b$ along $f$.
# Homeopathy/Contributors
## Authors of this book

* Suhair Hassan E : Started this book
# Homeopathy/History
## Invention

The practice of homeopathy was started by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), a German physician trained in medicine, science and linguistics. In 1796, he wrote his Essay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Power of Drugs, followed by The Organon of the Healing Art in 1810—these formed the basis of homeopathy as he defined it. In particular, The Organon of the Healing Art explains his thoughts on the nature of disease, the way he thought homeopathic remedies would work, and how to apply them. This is the core book homeopaths study.

## Relevant Individuals
### James Tyler Kent

James Tyler Kent (1849–1916) was a physician who turned to homeopathy later in his career. He graduated from Eclectic Medical institute in 1871 and the Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri in 1889. He turned to homeopathy after attributing to it the recovery of wife from illness, and he later published Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica in 1897. Notably, he did not believe in the since-proven germ theory of disease.

### Constantine Hering

Constantine Hering (1800–1880) was a German physician. He studied medicine and then at the request of his teacher Dr. Henrich Robbi studied Homeopathy in order to write a book against Homeopathy. He began practicing homeopathy after attributing to it the healing of a hand infection, and he published many works on the subject.

### Mahendralal Sarkar

Mahendralal Sarkar (1833–1904) was an Indian physician.

### Cyrus Maxwell Boger

Cyrus Boger (1861–1935) was an American physician.He graduated from the Philadelphia College of Medicine and the Hahnemann Homeopathic Medical College in Philadelphia.

## References

* ↑ Loudon, Irvine (2006-12). "A brief history of homeopathy". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99 (12): 607–610. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1676328. PMID 17139061. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
* ↑ Morrell, Peter (2023-12-17). "Vaccines - cause celebre or bete noir?". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
# Homeopathy
## Medical Disclaimer

Wikibooks contains books on many medical topics; however, no warranty whatsoever is made that any of the books are accurate. There is absolutely no assurance that any statement contained or cited in a book touching on medical matters is true, correct, precise, or up-to-date. The overwhelming majority of such books are written, in part or in whole, by nonprofessionals. Even if a statement made about medicine is accurate, it may not apply to you or your symptoms.
The medical information provided on Wikibooks is, at best, of a general nature and cannot substitute for the advice of a medical professional (for instance, a qualified doctor/physician, nurse, pharmacist/chemist, and so on). Wikibooks is not a doctor.
None of the individual contributors, system operators, developers, sponsors of Wikibooks nor anyone else connected to Wikibooks can take any responsibility for the results or consequences of any attempt to use or adopt any of the information presented on this web site.
Nothing on Wikibooks.org or included as part of any project of Wikimedia Foundation Inc., should be construed as an attempt to offer or render a medical opinion or otherwise engage in the practice of medicine.

## Contents

* Introduction
* What is Homeopathy?
* History
* Materia Medica
* Contributors
# Homeopathy/Introduction

The primary purpose of this book is to take a deep look at homeopathy in order to understand its founding principles, evolution, and role in society. It should not be misconstrued as an endorsement of homeopathy or as a recommendation of any medical or pseudo-medical treatment.
As a practice, homeopathy is highly controversial, and much misinformation exists around it. Therefore, in order to maintain the educational quality of this book, care should be taken to use reputable sources of information when contributing. As an educational book, this work should be guided by evidence and rigorous scientific practice.
# ID Board Review/Infection Prevention and Control
## Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics

* Outbreak investigation
* Healthcare quality improvement

## Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) of Organ Systems

* HAIs related to intravascular devices, short-term and long-term (including contaminated infusions)
* HA urinary tract infections and pneumonia infections
* HA surgical site infections
* HAIs of other organ systems (including gastrointestinal tract infections, and central nervous system infections)

## Epidemiology and Prevention of HAIs Caused by Specific Pathogens

* Bacterial infections
* Mycobacterial and fungal infections
* Viral infections

## Epidemiology and Prevention of HAIs in Special Patient Populations

* HAIs in obstetrics
* HAIs in neoplastic diseases
* HAIs in organ transplant and hematopoietic stem cell transplant

## Epidemiology and Prevention of HAIs in Therapeutic Procedures

* Infection risks of endoscopy
* HAIs associated with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
* HAIs related to other procedures (including cardiology and respiratory therapy)
* HAIs following transfusion of blood and blood products
* Fecal transplantation
* Prevention of HAIs related to hospital support services
* Environmental services
* Disinfection and sterilization
* Epidemiology and prevention of HAIs in healthcare workers
* Prevention of occupationally acquired viral hepatitis in healthcare workers
* Prevention of occupationally acquired HIV infection in healthcare workers
* Vaccination of healthcare workers
* Prevention of occupationally acquired diseases of healthcare workers spread by contact, droplet, or airborne precautions (other than TB, and including diagnostic laboratories)

## Organization and Implementation of Infection Control Programs

* Surveillance of HAIs
* Isolation precautions
* Hand antisepsis
* Epidemiology and prevention of infections in residents of long-term care facilities
* Infection control in countries with limited resources
# ID Board Review/Travel and Tropical Medicine

While travel and tropical medicine are extremely broad topics in ID, they only account for approximately 5% of the ABIM ID Certification Exam.

## General Principles of Travel Medicine

* Pretravel preparation
* Post-travel Illness
* Immigrants, refugees, and adoptees
* Travelers with specific needs

## Protozoal Intestinal Infections

* Balantidium coli
* Blastocystis hominis
* Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis
* Cyclospora cayetanensis
* Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli
* Dientamoeba fragilis
* Entamoeba histolytica (amebiasis)
* Giardiasis

## Microsporidiosis

* Protozoal extraintestinal infections
* Amebic meningoencephalitis
* Babesiosis
* Leishmaniasis
* Malaria
* Toxoplasmosis
* Trichomonas vaginalis
* Trypanosomiasis (general)

## Nematode Intestinal Infections

* Anisakiasis
* Ascaris lumbricoides (ascariasis)
* Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
* Hookworm
* Strongyloides stercoralis
* Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
* Nematode extraintestinal infections
* Angiostrongylus cantonensis
* Bayliascariasis (raccoon roundworm)
* Cutaneous larva migrans (dog and cat hookworm)
* Filariasis
* Gnathostoma spinigerum
* Toxocariasis
* Trichinella spiralis (trichinellosis)

## Cestode Infections

* Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)
* Hymenolepis (dwarf tapeworm)
* Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid disease)
* Echinococcus multilocularis (alveolar disease)
* Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
* Taenia solium (pork tapeworm; intestinal)

## Trematode Infections (flukes)

* Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke)
* Fasciolopsis buski (intestinal fluke)
* Fasciola hepatica and gigantica (sheep liver fluke)
* Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)
* Schistosomiasis (general)

## Ectoparasitic Infections

* Myiasis (human botfly or tumbu fly)
* Pediculus humanus (body, head, and pubic lice)
* Tick bites—identification and tick paralysis
* Tungiasis (Tunga penetrans)
* Bed bugs
# DNA Viruses

* Herpesviruses
** Cytomegalovirus
* Adenovirus
* Papillomavirus
* Polyomavirus
** BK Polyomavirus
** JC Polyomavirus
* Poxviruses
** Chordopoxviriniae
*** Avipoxvirus
*** Capripoxvirus
*** Centapoxvirus
*** Cervidpoxvirus
*** Crocodylidpoxvirus
*** Leporipoxvirus
*** Macropopoxvirus
*** Molluscipoxvirus
*** Mustelpoxvirus
*** Orthopoxvirus
*** Oryzopoxvirus
*** Parapoxvirus
*** Pteropopoxvirus
*** Salmonpoxvirus
*** Salmonpoxvirus
*** Sciuripoxvirus
*** Suipoxvirus
*** Vespertilionpoxvirus
*** Yatapoxvirus
* Hepadnaviridae
** Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
* Parvovirus

# RNA Viruses

* Reoviridae
** Rotavirus
* Togaviridae
** Chikungunya
* Flaviviridae
** Hepatitis C Virus
* Coronaviridae
* Paramyxoviridae
* Rhabdoviridae
* Filoviridae
** Hemorrhagic fever viruses
* Orthomyxoviridae
** Influenza
* Bunyaviridae
** Rift Valley fever
** Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
** Sin Nombre virus
* Arenaviridae
** Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
* Retroviridae
** HIV
* Picornaviridae
** Hepatitis A Virus
* Calciviridae
* Hepatitis E Virus
* Hepatitis D Virus (not listed in ABIM blueprint)

# Prions

* Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
* Kuru
* Fatal Familial Insomnia
# ID Board Review/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection/Medical Issues Related to HIV

* HIV in Pregnancy
* Substance Use Related to HIV
* Organ Transplantation and HIV
* Primary Care in HIV Patients
* Miscellaneous non-HIV-related complications that may occur more commonly in HIV Pts
# ID Board Review/Practice Questions

This area is to help fellows practice writing and answering high yield ID questions. Some empty pages have been left below. Please write questions as multiple choice (A-D), and leave the answer, with an explanation in the Question's "Discussion" Section
If more pages for questions need to be added here, simply click the "Edit" tab at the top, then type:[[/Question X/]] on the next open line to make a new empty page. Please be sure to put {{BOOKCAT}} so that the new question is cataloged by Wikibooks correctly. NOTE: Please do not copy and paste questions from question banks as they are protected by licensing. These questions should be original work so that they can be shared here freely.
* Question 1 (blank)
* Question 2 (blank)
* Question 3 (blank)
* Question 4 (blank)
* Question 5 (blank)
* Question 6 (blank)
* Question 7 (blank)
* Question 8 (blank)
* Question 9 (blank)
* Question 10 (blank)
# ID Board Review/Vaccinations

Vaccinations account for only 4% of the ABIM ID Certification test. Based on the Blueprint, it appears the primary learning point will be which vaccinations are active, and which are passive, and likely which patients can/should get each vaccination. There is not a specific topic outlined for adverse effects like there is in Antimicrobial Therapies, HIV Treatment Regimens, or Antifungal Therapies.

## Active immunizations (vaccines)

* Pneumococcal'' vaccine
* Influenza'' vaccine
* Tetanus, diphtheria'', and ''acellular pertussis'' vaccine
* Haemophilus influenzae type b'' vaccine
* Hepatitis B'' vaccine
* Hepatitis A'' vaccine
* Measles, mumps, and rubella'' vaccine
* Polio'' vaccine
* Meningococcal'' vaccine
* Smallpox'' vaccine
* Rabies'' vaccine
* Varicella'' vaccine
* Herpes zoster'' vaccine
* Human papillomavirus'' vaccine
* B. Anthrax'' vaccine

## Passive immunizations

* Varicella-zoster virus
* Rabies
* Hepatitis B
* Tetanus Immune globulin
* Other (including cytomegalovirus immune globulin)
* ↑ https://www.abim.org/Media/mucpauyz/infectious-disease.pdf
# ID Board Review/Vaccinations/Hepatitis B'' vaccine
## Indications

* Universal vaccination of all adults (19-59)
* Adults ≥60 at risk for HBV infection
* ↑ https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/epdf/10.7326/M22-0036
# ID Board Review/Immunocompromised Host
## Primary Immunodeficiency

* Anatomic lesions
* Lymphocyte defects
* Combined immunodeficiency syndromes (including severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID])
* Phagocytes
* Complement deficiencies
* NK cell deficiencies

## Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation

* Infections associated with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia
* Stem cell transplant
* Syndromes
* Noninfectious conditions

## Solid-organ Transplantation

* Donor-derived infections
* Surgical site infections
* Hospital-acquired infection
* Opportunistic infections
* Noninfectious conditions

## Complications of immunosuppression in non-transplant population
###### This includes patients on disease-modifying agents, e.g. Tumor Necrosis Factor [TNF] blockers, Corticosteroids

* Bacteria
* Fungi
* Viruses
* Parasites
* Protozoa

## Infection Prevention in the Immunosuppressed Host

* Immunizations
* Antimicrobials
* Environmental control
# ID Board Review/Page Formats

This page serves to house the various sections/headings for each type of page and subpage in the book. By using similar layouts for each topic, content can be easier to compare, contrast and learn.
The easiest way to implement these sections in a new page is to copy the template from here (simply highlight and press Ctrl + C), then past (Ctrl + V) the sections in the new page. This is because each new page opens up in the "Edit Source" mode.
Note, if the text is copied from the source code of this page, the <nowiki> templates have to be removed. Therefore it is simply easier to copy from this page's normal view and paste it into the new page.

## Sections for specific infections: Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, etc.

==Histology & Morphology==
==Pathophysiology==
==Clinical Presentations==
===Endemic Areas===
==Diagnosis==
===Differential Diagnoses===
==Management==
{{BookCat}}

## Sections for Viruses

==Viral Class==
==Pathophysiology==
==Clinical Presentations==
===Endemic Areas and Seasons===
==Diagnosis==
===Differential Diagnoses===
==Management==
{{BookCat}}

## Sections for Clinical Syndromes

==Etiologies==
==Diagnosis and Workup==
===Differential Diagnoses===
==Management==
{{BookCat}}

## Sections for Drugs

==Adverse Effects, Toxicity and Interactions==
* Most Common:
* Most Severe:
==ADME==
* Absorption:
* Distribution:
* Metabolism:
* Excretion:
* Lab Monitoring:
==Drug Resistance(s) and Susceptibility Testing==
==Dosing==
{{BookCat}}

## Sections for HIV Antiretroviral Therapy

==Drug Class & Mechanism==
==Adverse Effects==
* Most Common:
* Most Severe:
==Drug-Drug Interactions==
* Most Common:
* Most Severe:
==Laboratory Monitoring==
{{BookCat}}
# ID Board Review/Title Page

AKA Beard's Big Board Book for Bugs and Drugs
Started April 18th, 2022

# Prefaces

* i Title Page
* ii Book Introduction and Disclaimer
* iii Book Table of Contents
* iv Exam Content, Categories and Structure
* v Page Formats
# ITTE Computing/Privacy Statement
## Background

Since ITTE was formed in 1986 it has supported the initial teacher training departments of universities and colleges of education in the United Kingdom with respect to the permeation of information communication technology (ICT) throughout all aspects of the learning process.
During 2003 – 2006, ITTE contributed to the IT Network Induction Project. This was a project designed to support new ICT tutors in initial teacher training. In 2006, ITTE was awarded the contract to manage phase two of the project.

### Scope of this statement

This statement covers information you provide as a registered user of ITTE’s subject resource network website, www.ict-tutors.co.uk, or to express an interest in or to benefit from the induction support services offered by ITTE. Please note that other links within the www.ict-tutors.co.uk website to other websites are not covered by this statement.

### The data we collect and what we use it for

We collect data provided on the online registration form or notified to the ITTE project manager personally, by email or telephone. ITTE collects only the personal data required to enable us to notify you of, or provide you with, ITTE support services. In addition, we may occasionally provide you with information about, or invite you to contribute to, issues related to the purpose of the website and the induction programme for new tutors. If you do not wish to receive this information, you may uncheck the email option when you register on the website, or, if you are already a registered member, log onto the site, access your password-protected personal details page and edit this option in your profile.
We also collect anonymous grouped statistics to help us improve the website and our services to new tutors, and to provide usage data to our funding body, the Training and Development Agency for Schools (TDA). Individuals or individual usage cannot be identified from this data.

### Safeguarding your information

The information you provide is held securely in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998. Appropriate electronic and managerial procedures have been put in place to reasonably safeguard and secure the information we collect and store online. Your personal information is given only to people who require it for the purposes of providing the services you request. ITTE will not disclose your personal information to third parties.

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### Contact

If you have questions or concerns about this privacy statement, please contact the ITTE Induction Project Manager, using the email link below. Alternatively, contact the Chair of ITTE – visit www.itte.org.uk to find contact details for the current chair.
author: ITTE Induction Project Manager
# ITTE Computing/Research Support
## Research? Where do I start?

Feeling daunted by your institution’s expectations of your research? Have you a hypothesis you are just dying to investigate but aren’t sure where to start or how to proceed? ITTE is keen to encourage quality research in the UK.

## Research Guidance

Check out the research section on this website for guidance and advice written specifically for new researchers. The section on Doing Research contains helpful pointers to get you started.

## Research Seminar Sponsorship

Sponsorships are being offered to budding researchers wishing to attend the ITTE Research Seminar, which takes place every two years at the Møller Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge. Nine new tutors were sponsored to attend the 2008 seminar and the same number of sponsored places will be available for the February 2010 seminar. Sponsorship covers the cost of the seminar fees. Eligible tutors are those who have been in UK-based ITT, teaching ICT for three years or less at the start of the seminar. Information about how to apply will be posted here the term before the event and circulated to ITTE members.

## Workshop and Research Mentorship

Support to engage in research is offered in the form of a one-day workshop, early in the summer term , and subsequent partnership with a research mentor. Ten tutors attended the 2009 workshop and a similar number will be supported in 2010. The workshop and mentor service will be provided free of charge. A requirement of those participating in this scheme is that they publish an article in the ITTE newsletter or make a presentation at the Annual ITTE Conference or the ITTE Research Seminar. The target is that they publish a paper in any relevant educational journal. Joint publication with a mentor is encouraged. UK-based tutors within the first three years of their ICT ITT appointment will be given priority but those in their 4th or 5th year will be considered if there is spare capacity within the allocated budget. Further details of the next workshop will be available here and circulated to ITTE members early in 2010.

## Engaged in research already?

If you are engaged in research, have several publications under your belt and would be willing to help a budding researcher to develop their research/publication skills by being a mentor and, possibly, a co-researcher, then please send your CV to Margaret Danby using the link below. This isn’t a competitive situation. Having access to your CV will help us to match new researchers to a mentor with similar interests.
author: Margaret Danby
# ITTE Computing/TTRB

The TTRB provides access to research and evidence to support teacher training tutors and trainees. All the materials are quality assured as they have been scrutinised by a team of expert UK educators. The site brings together materials from a wide range of reliable sources and covers all subjects and issues pertinent to the QTS Standards.
You can access, search and browse the materials in a variety of ways and, if you can't find what you want, you can ask the E-librarian a question.
http://www.ttrb.ac.uk
The site is funded by the TDA.
author: Margaret Danby
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Non-Linear Systems/Chebyshev Polynomials
## Chebyshev Polynomials
### Required data

A univariate Polynomial whose SOSINEQ range specification is desired

### The Problem

Let $p_{n}(x)$ be a univariate polynomial of degree $n,with\gamma$ being the coefficient of $x^{n}$.
$\max _{\gamma }\gamma$, subject to:
$|p_{n}(x)|\leq 1,\forall x\in [-1,1]$.

### Formulation

The absolute value constraint can be easily rewritten using two inequalities, namely:
${\begin{aligned}1+p_{n}(x)\geq 0\\1-p_{n}(x)\geq 0,\\\forall x\in [-1,1]\end{aligned}}$.

### Solution

The optimal solution is $\gamma ^{*}=2^{n-1}$, with $p_{n}^{*}(x)=arccos(cosnx)$ being the n-th Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind.

## Example

Code example in SOStools probably worthwhile!

## Reference

SOS tools manual: https://sums-of-squares.github.io/sos/

## Related LMIs

SOS Basics