# Fukushima Aftermath/Edward B. Lewis

Edward B. Lewis (May 20, 1918 – July 21, 2004) was an American geneticist, a corecipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Lewis was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and graduated from E. L. Meyers High School. He received a BA in Biostatistics from the University of Minnesota in 1939, where he worked on Drosophila melanogaster in the lab of C.P. Oliver. In 1942 Lewis received a Ph.D. from California Institute of Technology (Caltech), working under the guidance of Alfred Sturtevant. After serving as a meteorologist in the U.S. Air Force in World War II, Lewis joined the Caltech faculty in 1946 as an instructor. In 1956 he was appointed Professor of Biology, and in 1966 the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology. Among his many awards were the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal (1983), the Gairdner Foundation International award (1987), the Wolf Foundation prize in medicine (1989), the Rosenstiel award (1990), the National Medal of Science (1990), the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1991), and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (1992).
His Nobel Prize winning studies with Drosophila, (including the discovery of the Drosophila Bithorax complex and elucidation of its function), founded the field of developmental genetics and laid the groundwork for our current understanding of the universal, evolutionarily conserved strategies controlling animal development. He is credited with development of the complementation test. His key publications in the fields of genetics, developmental biology, radiation and cancer are presented in the book Genes, Development and Cancer, which was released in 2004.

## Effects of radiation

During the 1950s, Dr. Lewis studied the effects of radiation from X-rays, nuclear fallout and other sources as possible causes of cancer. He reviewed medical records from survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as radiologists and patients exposed to X-rays. Lewis concluded that "health risks from radiation had been underestimated". Dr. Lewis published articles in Science and other journals and made a presentation to a Congressional committee on atomic energy in 1957.
At the scientific level of the debate, the crucial question was whether the "threshold theory" was valid or whether, as Lewis insisted, the effects of radioactivity were "linear with no threshold", where every exposure to radiation had a long-term cumulative effect.
The issue of linearity versus threshold re-entered the debate on nuclear fallout in 1962, when Ernest Sternglass, a Pittsburgh physicist, argued that the linearity thesis was confirmed by the research of Alice Stewart.

## Interviews

On November 20, 2001 Dr. Lewis was interviewed by Dr. Elliot Meyerowitz in the Kerckhoff Library at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. This interview was released on DVD in 2004 as "Conversations in Genetics: Volume 1, No. 3 - Edward B. Lewis; An Oral History of Our Intellectual Heritage in Genetics" 67 min; Producer Rochelle Easton Esposito; The Genetics Society of America.

## See also

* Homeotic gene
* Transvection (genetics)
* John Gofman

## References

* ↑ Edward Lewis, Nobelist Who Studied Fly DNA, Dies at 86
* ↑ Gerald H. Clarfield and William M. Wiecek (1984). Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940-1980, Harper & Row, New York, p. 225.
* ↑ Gerald H. Clarfield and William M. Wiecek (1984). Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940-1980, Harper & Row, New York, p. 228.

## Further reading

* Crow, James F; Bender, Welcome (2004), "Edward B. Lewis, 1918-2004.", Genetics (published 2004 Dec), vol. 168, no. 4, pp. 1773–83, PMC 1448758, PMID 15611154 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |publication-date= (help)
* Duncan, Ian; Celniker, Susan E (2004), "In memoriam: Edward B. Lewis (1918-2004).", Dev. Cell (published 2004 Oct), vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 487–9, doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2004.09.005, PMID 15469837 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |publication-date= (help)
* Mishra, Rakesh K (2004), "Edward B Lewis (1918-2004).", J. Biosci. (published 2004 Sep), vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 231–3, PMID 15381844 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |publication-date= (help)
* Winchester, Guil (2004), "Edward B. Lewis 1918-2004.", Curr. Biol. (published 2004 Sep 21), vol. 14, no. 18, pp. R740–2, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.007, PMID 15380080 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |publication-date= (help)
* Scott, Matthew P; Lawrence, Peter A (2004), "Obituary: Edward B. Lewis (1918-2004).", Nature (published 2004 Sep 9), vol. 431, no. 7005, p. 143, doi:10.1038/431143a, PMID 15356617 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |publication-date= (help)
* Tannen, Terrell (2004), "Edward B. Lewis.", Lancet, vol. 364, no. 9435, p. 658, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16878-5, PMID 15341018
* Raju, T N (2000), "The Nobel chronicles. 1995: Edward B Lewis (b 1918), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (b 1942), and Eric Francis Wieschaus (b 1947).", Lancet (published 2000 Jul 1), vol. 356, no. 9223, p. 81, PMID 10892797 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |publication-date= (help)
* Vennström, B; Lagerkrantz, H (1995), "The 1995 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology--awarded Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus", Ugeskr. Laeg. (published 1995 Dec 11), vol. 157, no. 50, pp. 6999–702, PMID 8545917 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |publication-date= (help)
* Etcheverry, G J (1995), "Nobel prize of physiology or medicine 1955: Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric Wieschaüs. The flies and the keys of the embryonic development", Medicina (B Aires), vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 715–7, PMID 8731586

## External links

* Caltech obituary
* The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize