OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Biologically Effective Dose

In pharmacology, an effective dose (ED) or effective concentration (EC) is a dose or concentration of a drug that produces a biological response. The term effective dose is used when measurements are taken in vivo, while the term effective concentration is used when the measurements are taken in vitro.

## Useful Off-site Resources

* Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)
# Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/2014 Lead in Drinking Water Crisis; Flint, Michigan, USA

The Flint water crisis is a public health crisis that occurred beginning in 2014, after the drinking water source for the city of Flint, Michigan was changed.

## Useful Off-site Resources

* A Case Study of Environmental Injustice: The Failure in Flint, (2016).
# Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Altered Structure or Function

Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects.

## Useful Off-site Resources

* Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)
# Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Biological Agents

Infectious disease, also known as infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections. An infectious disease specialist's practice may consist largely of managing nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, or it may be out-patient based.

## Useful Off-site Resources

* World Health Organization: Infectious Diseases
# Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe.

## Useful Off-site Resources

* World Health Organization: Antimicrobial Resistance
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map pamkt

Semasiological map for *pamętь
R. память • Blr. памяць • Ukr. пам'ять • Pol. pamięć • Ka. pamiãc • Cz. paměť • Slk. pamäť • Sln. pamet • Cr. pamet • Bo. pamet • Sb. памет • Mk. памет • Bg. памет •
| *pamętь | Meanings: ‘memory’ ‘computer memory’ ‘reason, intellect’ ‘advice, instruction’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *pamętь | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *pamętь | memory | computer memory | reason, intellect | advice, instruction |
| R. память | + | + | | |
| Blr. памяць | + | + | | |
| Ukr. пам'ять | + | + | | |
| Pol. pamięć | + | + | | |
| Ka. pamiãc | + | + | | |
| Cz. paměť | + | + | | |
| Slk. pamäť | + | + | | |
| Sln. pamet | | | + | |
| Cr. pamet | | | + | |
| Bo. pamet | | | + | |
| Sb. памет | | | + | |
| Mk. памет | + | | + | + |
| Bg. памет | + | + | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map pismo

Semasiological map for *pismo
R. письмо • Pol. pismo • LSo. pismo • USo. pismo • Cz. písmeno(1), písmo (5,7) • Slk. písmeno(1), písmo (5,7) • Sln. pismo • Cr. pismo • Bo. pismo • Sb. pismo • Bg. писмо •
| *pismo | Meanings: ‘letter’ ‘type’ ‘paper, document’ ‘certificate’ ‘hand-writing’ ‘magazine’ ‘script’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *pismo | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *pismo | letter | type | paper, document | certificate | hand-writing | magazine | script |
| R. письмо | + | | | + | | | |
| Pol. pismo | | | + | | + | + | + |
| LSo. pismo | | + | + | | | | |
| USo. pismo | | + | + | | | | |
| Cz. písmeno(1), písmo (5,7) | + | | | | + | | + |
| Slk. písmeno(1), písmo (5,7) | + | | | | + | | + |
| Sln. pismo | + | | | | | | + |
| Cr. pismo | + | | | | | | + |
| Bo. pismo | + | | | | | | + |
| Sb. pismo | + | | | | | | + |
| Bg. писмо | + | | | | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map pokoj

Semasiological map for *pokojь
R. покой • Blr. пакой • Ukr. спокій • Pol. pokój • Ka. pòkùj • LSo. pokoj • USo. pokoj • Cz. pokoj • Slk. pokoj • Sln. pokoj • Cr. pokoj • Bo. pokoj • Sb. покој • Mk. покој • Bg. покой •
| *pokojь | Meanings: ‘quiet’ ‘room’ ‘peace’ ‘old age pension’ ‘being late, dead’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *pokojь | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *pokojь | quiet | room | peace | old age pension | being late, dead |
| R. покой | + | + | | | |
| Blr. пакой | | + | | | |
| Ukr. спокій | + | | | | |
| Pol. pokój | | + | + | | |
| Ka. pòkùj | + | | + | | |
| LSo. pokoj | + | | + | | |
| USo. pokoj | + | | + | | |
| Cz. pokoj | + | + | | | |
| Slk. pokoj | + | | + | | |
| Sln. pokoj | | | | + | |
| Cr. pokoj | + | | | | |
| Bo. pokoj | + | | | | |
| Sb. покој | + | | | | |
| Mk. покој | + | | | | |
| Bg. покой | + | | + | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map papa

Semasiological map for [papa]
R. папа • Blr. папа • Ukr. папа • Pol. papa • LSo. papa • Cz. pápá • Sln. papa • Cr. papa • Bo. papa • Sb. папа • Bg. папа •
| [papa] | Meanings: ‘dad’ ‘the Pope’ ‘cardboard, pasteboard’ ‘vulg. mouth, face’ ‘bye-bye!’ ‘mash’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| [papa] | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| [papa] | dad | the Pope | cardboard, pasteboard | vulg. mouth, face | bye-bye! | mash |
| R. папа | + | + | | | | |
| Blr. папа | | + | | | | |
| Ukr. папа | | + | | | + | |
| Pol. papa | + | | + | | + | |
| LSo. papa | + | | + | | | + |
| Cz. pápá | | | | | + | |
| Sln. papa | | | | | + | |
| Cr. papa | | + | | | + | |
| Bo. papa | | + | | | + | |
| Sb. папа | | + | | | + | |
| Bg. папа | | + | | | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map pisati

Semasiological map for *pisati
R. писать • Blr. пісаць • Ukr. писати • Pol. pisać • LSo. pisaś • USo. pisać • Cz. psát • Sln. pisati • Cr. pisati • Bo. pisati • Sb. pisati • Bg. пиша •
| *pisati | Meanings: ‘to write’ ‘to paint’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *pisati | Meanings | Meanings |
| *pisati | to write | to paint |
| R. писать | + | + |
| Blr. пісаць | + | |
| Ukr. писати | + | + |
| Pol. pisać | + | |
| LSo. pisaś | + | |
| USo. pisać | + | |
| Cz. psát | + | |
| Sln. pisati | + | |
| Cr. pisati | + | |
| Bo. pisati | + | |
| Sb. pisati | + | |
| Bg. пиша | + | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map poldn

Semasiological map for *polъdьnь
R. полдень • Blr. поўдзень • Ukr. південь • Pol. południe • Ka. pôłnié • LSo. połdnjo • USo. połdnjo • Cz. poledne • Slk. poludnie • Sln. poldan • Cr. podne • Bo. podne • Sb. подне • Mk. пладне • Bg. пладне •
| *polъdьnь | Meanings: ‘south’ ‘noon’ ‘lunch, dinner’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *polъdьnь | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *polъdьnь | south | noon | lunch, dinner |
| R. полдень | | + | |
| Blr. поўдзень | + | + | |
| Ukr. південь | + | + | |
| Pol. południe | + | + | |
| Ka. pôłnié | + | + | + |
| LSo. połdnjo | + | + | |
| USo. połdnjo | + | | |
| Cz. poledne | | + | |
| Slk. poludnie | | + | |
| Sln. poldan | | + | |
| Cr. podne | | + | |
| Bo. podne | | + | |
| Sb. подне | | + | |
| Mk. пладне | | + | |
| Bg. пладне | | + | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map pamjatnik

Semasiological map for *pamętьnikъ
R. памятник • Blr. Ø • Ukr. пам'ятник • Pol. pamiętnik • Ka. pamiãtnik • Cz. památník • Slk. pamätník • Sln. Ø • Cr. Ø • Bo. Ø • Sb. Ø • Mk. Ø • Bg. паметник •
| *pamętьnikъ | Meanings: ‘monument’ ‘diary’ ‘heritage site’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *pamętьnikъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *pamętьnikъ | monument | diary | heritage site |
| R. памятник | + | | + |
| Blr. Ø | | | |
| Ukr. пам'ятник | + | | |
| Pol. pamiętnik | | + | |
| Ka. pamiãtnik | + | + | |
| Cz. památník | + | | |
| Slk. pamätník | + | | |
| Sln. Ø | | | |
| Cr. Ø | | | |
| Bo. Ø | | | |
| Sb. Ø | | | |
| Mk. Ø | | | |
| Bg. паметник | + | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map pepelnica

Semasiological map for *pepelьnica
R. пепельница • Blr. попельніца, попельнічка • Ukr. попільничка • Pol. popielniczka • Ka. pòpiélnica • LSo. popjelnica • USo. popjelnica • Cz. popelnice (3), popelník (1) • Slk. popolník (1), popolnica (4) • Sln. pepelnik (1), pepelnica (2) • Cr. pepelnica • Bo. Ø • Sb. Ø • Mk. пепелница • Bg. пепелник •
| *pepelьnica | Meanings: ‘ash-tray’ ‘Ash Wednesday’ ‘trash can, garbage can’ ‘urn’ ‘lye’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *pepelьnica | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *pepelьnica | ash-tray | Ash Wednesday | trash can, garbage can | urn | lye |
| R. пепельница | + | | | | |
| Blr. попельніца, попельнічка | + | | | | |
| Ukr. попільничка | + | | | | |
| Pol. popielniczka | + | | | | |
| Ka. pòpiélnica | + | | | | |
| LSo. popjelnica | | | | + | |
| USo. popjelnica | | | | + | |
| Cz. popelnice (3), popelník (1) | + | | + | | |
| Slk. popolník (1), popolnica (4) | + | | | + | |
| Sln. pepelnik (1), pepelnica (2) | + | + | | | |
| Cr. pepelnica | | + | | | |
| Bo. Ø | | | | | |
| Sb. Ø | | | | | |
| Mk. пепелница | + | | | | + |
| Bg. пепелник | + | | | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map palьcь

Semasiological map for *palьcь
R. палец • Blr. паляц • Ukr. палець • Pol. palec • LSo. palc • USo. palc • Cz. palec • Slk. palec • Sln. palec • Cr. palac • Bo. palac • Sb. palac • Bg. палец •
| *palьcь | Meanings: ‘finger’ ‘toe’ ‘cog’ ‘thumb’ ‘finger, bolt’ ‘inch’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *palьcь | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *palьcь | finger | toe | cog | thumb | finger, bolt | inch |
| R. палец | + | + | | | + | |
| Blr. паляц | + | + | | | | |
| Ukr. палець | + | + | | | + | |
| Pol. palec | + | + | | | + | |
| LSo. palc | + | + | + | | | |
| USo. palc | | + | | + | | |
| Cz. palec | | | | + | | |
| Slk. palec | | | | + | | |
| Sln. palec | | | | + | | + |
| Cr. palac | | | | + | | + |
| Bo. palac | | | | + | | + |
| Sb. palac | | | | + | | + |
| Bg. палец | + | + | + | + | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map para

Semasiological map for *para
R. пара • Blr. пара • Ukr. пара • Pol. para • LSo. para • USo. para • Cz. pára • Slk. para • Template:False Friends of the Slavist/Empty-х Cr. para • Template:False Friends of the Slavist/Empty-х Sb. пара • Bg. пара •
| File:FFmap-slo-х.gif File:FFmap-bih-х.gif *para | Meanings: ‘vapour’ ‘mud’ ‘dirt on street’ ‘couple’ ‘breath’ ‘penny, money’ ‘wretch,(poor) devil’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
Template:False Friends of the Slavist/MapRow-хTemplate:False Friends of the Slavist/MapRow-х
| *para | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *para | vapour | mud | dirt on street | couple | breath | penny, money | wretch,(poor) devil |
| R. пара | | | | + | | | |
| Blr. пара | + | | | + | | | |
| Ukr. пара | + | | | + | | | |
| Pol. para | + | | | + | + | | |
| LSo. para | | + | + | | | | |
| USo. para | + | | | | | | |
| Cz. pára | + | | | | | | |
| Slk. para | + | | | | | | |
| Cr. para | + | | | | | | |
| Sb. пара | + | | | | | + | |
| Bg. пара | + | | | | | + | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# Computer Science Design Patterns/Template method

Define the skeleton of an algorithm in an operation, deferring some steps to subclasses. Template Method lets subclasses redefine certain steps of algorithm without changing the algorithm's structure.
# Computer Science Design Patterns/State

Allow an object to alter its behaviour when its internal state changes. The object will appear to change its class.
The state interface and two implementations. The state's method has a reference to the context object and is able to change its state.
The context class has a state variable that it instantiates in an initial state, in this case StateA. In its method, it uses the corresponding methods of the state object.
The test below shows also the usage:
According to the above code, the output of main from TestClientState should be:
According to the above Perl and Python code, the output of main should be:
In the Ruby example below, a radio can switch to two states AM and FM and has a scan button to switch to the next station.
The state interface and two implementations. The state's method has a reference to the context object and is able to change its state.
The context class has a state variable that it instantiates in an initial state, in this case StateA. In its method, it uses the corresponding methods of the state object.
The test below shows also the usage:
According to the above code, the output of main entry point should be:

## References

* ↑ revised from http://ginstrom.com/scribbles/2007/10/08/design-patterns-python-style/
# Field guide to the scorpions of the world / List of species

Field guide to the scorpions of the world

## Seychelles forest scorpions

Afrolychas braurei ( Seychelles forest scorpion )

## Fat-tailed scorpions

Androctonus amoreuxi ( African fattail scorpion )
More species to continue.
# Field Theory/The real numbers

Proposition (supremum commutes with continuous monotone function):
Let $f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R}$ be a continuous and monotonely increasing function, and let $S\subseteq \mathbb {R}$ be a set. Then
    if $S$ is bounded from above, $f(\sup S)=\sup f(S)$ and if $S$ is bounded from below, $f(\inf S)=\inf f(S)$.
If $f$ instead is decreasing, then
    if $S$ is bounded from above, $f(\sup S)=\inf f(S)$ and if $S$ is bounded from below, $f(\inf S)=\sup f(S)$
Proof: We first prove that if $f$ is increasing, then $f(\sup S)=\sup f(S)$ and $f(\inf S)=\inf f(S)$. Indeed, suppose that $b=\sup S$ and $a=\inf S$. By definition of supremum and infimum, for each $\delta >0$ the sets $B_{\delta }(b)\cap S$ and $B_{\delta }(a)\cap S$ contain some points. Hence, so do the sets $f(B_{\delta }(b)\cap S)$ and $f(B_{\delta }(a)\cap S)$. By continuity of $f$, whenever $\epsilon >0$ is arbitrary and $\delta >0$ is sufficiently small, $f(B_{\delta }(a)\cap S)\subseteq B_{\epsilon }(f(a))$ and $f(B_{\delta }(b)\cap S)\subseteq B_{\epsilon }(f(b))$. Since $f(B_{\delta }(a)\cap S),f(B_{\delta }(b)\cap S)\subseteq f(S)$, we obtain $\sup f(S)\geq f(b)$ and $\inf f(S)\leq f(a)$. On the other hand, for $s\in S$ we have $f(a)\leq f(s)\leq f(b)$ by monotonicity, so that $\sup f(S)\leq f(b)$ and $\inf f(S)\geq f(a)$.
If $f$ is decreasing instead, then $g(x):=-f(x)$ is increasing, so that $-f(\sup S)=g(\sup S)=\sup g(S)=\sup -f(S)=-\inf f(S)$. Similarly $f(\inf S)=\sup f(S)$. $\Box$
# Fighting/Non-lethal Weapons
## Non-lethal Weapons

* tasers
* stun guns

### Tasers

Tasers have far more stopping power than pepper sprays and are capable of incapacitating an opponent for a relatively longer period of time. However, you will need to get close to an opponent to use it, and results can vary with the emotional state of your opponent, their size, and what kind of clothes they are wearing. You should not rely on a taser to instantly incapacitate someone. Other than that, they can be slow tools in a fight.

### OC and mace propellants

Pepper spray has very temporary effects, and while if sprayed in the eyes it will temporary blind anyone, a sufficiently angry, scared or inebriated opponent may not be as affected by this as the manufacturers would like you to suspect. While the spray is debilitating and painful, it lacks stopping power. Pepper spray should only be used as a delaying tactic, to allow you time to move to a defensible position or to escape.
# Field Theory/Quotient fields

Definition (quotient field):
Let $R$ be an integral domain. The quotient field of $R$, often denoted $\operatorname {Frac} (R)$, is defined to be the field of formal fractions
    $\left\{{\frac {a}{b}}|a\in R,b\in R^{\times }\right\}$,
together with the multiplication and addition operations given by the formulae
    ${\frac {a}{b}}{\frac {c}{c}}:={\frac {ac}{bd}}$ and ${\frac {a}{b}}+{\frac {c}{d}}:={\frac {ad+cb}{bd}}$.
# Field Theory

* Definition, elementaries
* The real numbers
* Field extensions
* Quotient fields
# Fighting

Fighting, either in self defense or as an offensive measure, is an important skill to learn. To fight doesn't mean to attack, it also means defense and self reliance. Even if you do not plan on using any of the information below, you should be familiar with the basics. This manual is not a substitute for actual training; it is only intended as a rough summary.

## Content

* Unarmed Combat
* Training
* Martial Arts
* Armed Combat
* Non-lethal Weapons
* Other Weapons
* Accurizing

## External links

* U.S. Army Manual: Combatives html format
* U.S. Army Manual: Rifle Marksmanship pdf format
* U.S. Army Manual: Sniper Training pdf format
# Field Theory/Definition, elementaries

Definition (Field):
A field is a set $\mathbb {F}$with two operations * and + that satisfy the following axioms:
* $(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)$
* $a+b=b+a$
* $(a*b)*c=a*(b*c)$
* $a*b=b*a$
* $a+0=a$
* $a*1=a$
* $a+(-a)=0$
* $a*a^{-1}=1$
* $a*(b+c)=a*b+a*c$
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 3/Additional Resources

1. http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/ THIS WEBSITE IS A WEB PROJECT ON THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN EDUCATION. WITHIN THIS WEBSITE ARE LINKS TO DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS OF EDUCATIONAL HISTORY COMPILED BY STUDENTS.
2. http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html THIS WEBSITE OFFERS A DETAILED TIMELINE OF AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. THIS TIMELINE BEGINS IN THE 1600S AND ENDS WITH THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF BARACK OBAMA.
3. http://www.servintfree.net/~aidmn-ejournal/publications/2001-11/PublicEducationInTheUnitedStates.html THIS WEBSITE IS TITLED A HISTORY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. THE ARTICLE BEGINS WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE FORMAL EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE 1900S.
4. http://www.ed.gov/index.jhtml THIS IS THE OFFICIAL DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION WEBSITE THAT INCLUDES EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS, AND VITAL INFORMATION ON THE UNITED STATES EDUCATION SYSTEM.
* Rate This!
# D Programming/RTAI/User Space Interrupts

RTAI has user space interrupts called RTAI USI.

## Let Linux assign a IRQ number for you PCI device

But before one can use them, the hardware interrupt has to be mapped to interrupt in Linux. Therefore it is necessary to build a kernel module for the pci device, that registers the interrupt. With this action, the device gets a new interrupt number, which can be used in the usi.

## Writing an interrupt handler

Create a realtime thread:
In the thread make a loop, looking like that:
# D Programming/Statements

To be completed.
In the D programming language there are following statements:
* Labeled
* Block
* Expression
* Declaration
* If
** if-else
** if-elseif-else
* Debug
* Version
* While
* Do-While
* For
* Foreach
* Switch
* Case
* Default
* Continue
* Break
* Return
* Goto
* With
* Synchronized
* Try
** try-catch
** try-catch-finally
** try-finally
* OnScope
* Throw
* Volatile
* Asm
* Pragma
# Dance Routines in Apple Fitness Plus

In Apple Fitness Plus, there are various videos presenting dance routines for exercise. They move quickly and the student can find themselves one step behind. The idea of this book is to capture the dance routines so that the student can anticipate what comes next and stay in time. The pages are organized by trainer, duration, and music (the name of the first song).

## Table of Contents
### LaShawn Jones

* LaShawn Jones - 20 mins - Started from the Bottom

### Jhon Gonzalez

* Jhon Gonzalez - 30 mins - Me Enamoré
# D Programming/wxD

wxD is a D language graphical user interface wrapping (or binding) of the wxWidgets cross-platform graphical toolkit
wxD is licensed under the "wxWidgets License" which is LGPL, but with a special exception to allow distribution of statically-linked binaries on the user's own terms. This allows wxWidgets to be used in proprietary products without having to dynamically link.
Its main website is at http://wxd.sourceforge.net/
# Dad ‘n Me Walkthrough/Authors & Contributors

This list is updated automatically by AuthorsAndContributorsBot. Please do not update it manually.
* Gifnk dlm 2020 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Mbrickn (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Alyssathedork (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
# D Programming/Types

To be completed.

## D Data Types

If you look directly at the content of a computer's memory, you see only a lot of bytes. These are often shown as numbers but in fact they don't have a meaning on its own, not even the meaning of a number.
Types are used in computer languages like D to give one byte or a sequence of bytes a meaning. Types define if these bytes are a number, a text, a date or whatever.

### Basic Types
#### Void Type

* void

#### Boolean Type

* bool

#### Integer Types

Provided types are:
* byte
* ubyte
* short
* ushort
* int
* uint
* long
* ulong
* cent (reserved for future use)
* ucent (reserved for future use)
Each type has a size in bits which defines how many different values(=states) it can hold.
An 8 bit type, for instance, can store 256 different states, while a 16 bit type can store 65536.
The sizes of the types are:
| Name | Size in bits | Size in octets | Min | Max |
| byte | 8 | 1 | -128 | +127 |
| ubyte | 8 | 1 | 0 | +255 |
| short | 16 | 2 | -32,768 | +32,767 |
| ushort | 16 | 2 | 0 | +65,535 |
| int | 32 | 4 | -2,147,483,648 | +2,147,483,647 |
| uint | 32 | 4 | 0 | +4,294,967,295 |
| long | 64 | 8 | -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 | +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 |
| ulong | 64 | 8 | 0 | +18,446,744,073,709,551,615 |
| cent | 128 | 16 | -170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 | +170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727 |
Each type exists as signed and unsigned variant. The unsigned ones have an "u" prefix (like uint, ubyte).
Unsigned means that the range of possible states is interpreted as nonnegative values starting at 0 and going up to the maximum number of possible states for this type minus 1 because the 0 is also a state which must be stored.
For the ubyte type (8 bit = 256 states) this means it can store values from 0 up to and including 255.
Signed types interpret one half of their states as positive, the other half as negative values, so the signed byte type has a range of values from -128 to +127.

#### Floating-Point Types

* float
* double
* real
* ifloat
* idouble
* ireal
* cfloat
* cdouble
* creal

#### Character Types

A character is a unit of information that roughly corresponds to a grapheme-like unit, or symbol, such as in an alphabet in the written form of a natural language. The concept also includes control characters, such as carriage return.
Characters are typically combined into strings.
D language allows to directly handle Unicode strings.
* char (to handle UTF8 code units)
* wchar (to handle UTF16 code units)
* dchar (to handle UTF32 code units)

### Derived Types

* pointer
* array
* associative array
* function
* delegate

### User Defined Types

* alias
* typedef
* enum
* struct
* union
* class
# D Programming/std.stdio

The std.stdio module has the following functions:
* writef (...)
* writefln (...)
* fwritef (...)
* fwritefln (...)