OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Basic Physics of Digital Radiography/The Contents

    1: The Basics Atomic Structure Electron Binding Electromagnetic Radiation Diagnostic X-Rays X-Ray Detection Attenuation of X-Rays Radiography Systems The Fourier Transform References
       2: The Source X-Ray Tube X-Ray Energy Spectrum HV Generator Beam Filtration Light Beam Diaphragm Automatic Exposure Control References
          3: The Patient Interaction Processes Photoelectric Effect Compton Effect Coherent Scatter Radiation Biology Biomolecular Damage Tissue Damage Health Risks Tissue Attenuation Soft Tissue Bone K-Edge Effect X-Ray Shadows Imaging Geometry Image Distortion Subject Contrast Scattered Radiation Radiation Dose Effective Dose Epidemiology Studies Radiation Protection Justification Optimization Dose Limits Dose Reduction References
             4: The Image Receptor Computed Radiography Laser Readout Imaging Plate Digital Radiography Indirect Receptors Direct Receptors XII-Video Systems X-Ray Image Intensifier Video Camera Automatic Brightness Control Radiation Dose Management Skin Injury Staff Dose Patient Dose References
                      5: The Computer Binary Representation General-Purpose Computer Digital Image Processor Digital Images Image Sampling Image Quantisation Digital Image Processing Contrast Enhancement Histogram Processing Spatial Frequency Processing Spatial Domain Processing Unsharp Masking Image Storage & Distribution References
                            6: The Image Image Display Image Contrast Spatial Resolution Image Noise Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) Temporal Resolution Image Quality Assessment References
                               7: The Applications General Radiography Digital Subtraction Angiography Basic DSA Physics DSA Image Noise DSA Instrumentation DSA Image Processor Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Image Reconstruction Basics C-Arm CT Dual-Energy Radiography Basic Dual-Energy Physics Dual-Energy Imaging DEXA Instrumentation Image Superimposition Image Registration Image Fusion References
                                           8: The Quiz X-ray Production & Interactions with Matter Radiation Biology & Dosimetry Technology of Radiographic Imaging
# Basic Physics of Digital Radiography/Quiz2

A quiz on Radiation Biology & Dosimetry is available below for those who wish to test their knowledge and understanding of these topics.
Additional quizzes are also available on:
      * X-ray Production & Interactions with Matter
      * Technology of Radiographic Imaging
# Basic Physics of Digital Radiography/Quiz3

A quiz on the Technology of Radiographic Imaging is available below for those who wish to test their knowledge and understanding of this topic.
Additional quizzes are also available on:
      * X-ray Production & Interactions with Matter
      * Radiation Biology & Dosimetry
# History

* The original text of 29 articles was enacted and promulgated by the Nationalist Government on May 1, 1948, and entered into force on May 20 of the same year.
* Full text of 19 articles amended and promulgated per January 24, 1996 Presidential Order No. (85)-Hua-Zong-8500020890
* Article 3 amended per March 21, 2007 Presidential Order No. (96)-Hua-Zong-I-Yi-09600034581
* Article 14-1 added and Article 15 amended per September 1, 2010 Presidential Order No. (99)-Hua-Zong-I-Yi-09900224411

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "The ROC Office of the President Organization Act: Legislative History". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
* ↑ This complete amendment is in a separate page, and later partial amendments are in other separate pages per articles.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/ROC Office of the President Organization Act/Article 15

| ←Article 14-1 | Republic of China Office of the President Organization Act Republic of China Law Article 15 | Article 16 to Article 19→ |

## Promulgated complete amendment on 1996-01-24

Article 15
    The Office of the President shall have senior advisors and national policy advisors appointed by the President to provide opinions and render advice to the President, whose term of office shall not exceed that of the President. The number of senior advisors, with or without remuneration, shall not exceed fifteen in either case. The number of national policy advisors with remuneration shall not exceed thirty, while those without remuneration shall not exceed sixty.

## Promulgated amendment on 2010-09-01
### Article 15

    The Office of the President shall have senior advisors and national policy advisors appointed by the president to provide opinions and render advice to the president. They shall serve in an honorary capacity, and their term of office shall not exceed that of the president.
    With reference to the preceding paragraph, the senior advisors shall not exceed 30 in number, and the national policy advisors shall not exceed 90 in number.
    Regulations governing the appointment of senior advisors and national policy advisors shall be prescribed by the Office of the President.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "The ROC Office of the President Organization Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 1996-01-24. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
* ↑ "The ROC Office of the President Organization Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/ROC Office of the President Organization Act/Article 3

| ←Article 1 to Article 2 | Republic of China Office of the President Organization Act Republic of China Law Article 3 | Article 4 to Article 14-1→ |

## Promulgated complete amendment on 1996-01-24
### Article 3

    The First Bureau shall be charged with:
    (1) promulgation of laws and decrees;
    (2) appointment and removal of civil servants and military officers;
    (3) handling of matters regarding the nomination of officials whose appointment requires the consent of the National Assembly and the Legislative Yuan as stipulated by the Constitution;
    (4) handling of matters pertaining to the National Assembly, the five government branches or Yuans, the General Staff Headquarters of the Ministry of National Defense, and the provincial/special municipality governments;
    (5) translation and handling of correspondence and documents in foreign languages;
    (6) reports on various domestic and foreign affairs;
    (7) other related matters.

## Promulgated amendment on 2007-03-21
### Article 3

    The First Bureau shall be charged with:
    (1) promulgation of laws and decrees;
    (2) appointment and removal of civil servants and military officers;
    (3) handling of matters regarding the nomination of officials whose appointment requires the consent of the Legislative Yuan;
    (4) handling of matters set out in official documents of the five government branches (i.e. the five Yuan) or the provincial/special municipality and other local governments;
    (5) translation and handling of correspondence and documents concerning foreign affairs;
    (6) reports on various domestic and foreign affairs;
    (7) other matters that may be delegated to it.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "The ROC Office of the President Organization Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 1996-01-24. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
* ↑ "The ROC Office of the President Organization Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
* ↑ The National Assembly has been frozen, thus deleted from the Article.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/ROC Office of the President Organization Act/Article 14-1

| ←Article 3 to Article 14 | Republic of China Office of the President Organization Act Republic of China Law Article 14-1 | Article 15→ |

## Added and promulgated on 2010-09-01
### Article 14-1

    The Office of the President shall establish a Legal Affairs Committee to handle matters pertaining to the legal system. The number of staff members allocated to the Legal Affairs Committee shall be within the personnel complement prescribed in this Act.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

This article would be added as many ministries of the Executive Yuan would already have Legal Affairs Committees since earlier time.
* ↑ "The ROC Office of the President Organization Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Punishment Act for Violation to Military Service System/Article 23

| ←Article 17 to Article 22 | Punishment Act for Violation to Military Service System Republic of China Law Article 23 | Article 24 to Article 25→ |

## Promulgated complete amendment on 2002-06-26

(From http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/Fnews/FnewsContent.asp?msgid=275&msgType=en )

### Article 23

    Committed the crime stated in this Act and is sentenced to an imprisonment of more than 6 months will also be stripped off of his civil rights.

## Promulgated complete amendment on 2006-05-30

(From http://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawSearchNo.aspx?PC=F0120002&DF=&SNo=23 retrieved on 2016-02-22)

### Article 23

    Deleted
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Punishment Act for Violation to Military Service System/Article 25

| ←Article 24 | Punishment Act for Violation to Military Service System Republic of China Law Article 25 | Article 26 to Article 28→ |

## Promulgated complete amendment on 2002-06-26

(From http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/Fnews/FnewsContent.asp?msgid=275&msgType=en )

### Article 25

    The enforcement of this Act will take effect from its announcement date.

## Promulgated complete amendment on 2006-05-30

(From http://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawSearchNo.aspx?PC=F0120002&DF=&SNo=25 retrieved on 2016-02-22)

### Article 25

    The enforcement of this Act will take effect from its announcement date .
    The Act was amended on May 5, 2006. The validation day is on July 1, 2006.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Punishment Act for Violation to Military Service System/Article 16

| ←Article 15 | Punishment Act for Violation to Military Service System Republic of China Law Article 16 | Article 17 to Article 22→ |

## Promulgated complete amendment on 2002-06-26

(From http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/Fnews/FnewsContent.asp?msgid=275&msgType=en )

### Article 16

    Carrying weapons by group and obstructing a military service will be sentenced to no less than one year but less than 7 years of imprisonment.
    Committing the crime stated above and caused the death or serious injury to a person, will be sentenced to death, life imprisonment or no less than 10 years of imprisonment.

## Promulgated complete amendment on 2011-05-18

(From http://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawSearchNo.aspx?PC=F0120002&DF=&SNo=16 retrieved on 2016-02-22)

### Article 16

    Paragraph 1
    Carrying weapons by group and obstructing a military service will be sentenced to no less than one year but less than 7 years of imprisonment.
    Paragraph 2
    Committing the crime stated above and caused the death to a person, will be sentenced to death, life imprisonment or no less than 10 years of imprisonment, caused serious injury to a person, will be sentenced to life imprisonment or no less than 10 years of imprisonment.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Punishment Act for Violation to Military Service System/Article 17

| ←Article 16 | Punishment Act for Violation to Military Service System Republic of China Law Article 17 | Article 18 to Article 23→ |

## Promulgated complete amendment on 2002-06-26

(From http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/Fnews/FnewsContent.asp?msgid=275&msgType=en )

### Article 17

    Carrying weapons by group and fighting publicly against a military service, will be sentenced to no less than 3 years but less than 10 years of imprisonment.
    Committing the crime stated above, and caused the death or serious injury to a person, sill be sentence to death, life imprisonment or no less than 10 years of imprisonment.
    Committing the crime stated in the above two items will be sentenced to death or life imprisonment.

## Promulgated complete amendment on 2011-05-18

(From http://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawSearchNo.aspx?PC=F0120002&DF=&SNo=17 retrieved on 2016-02-22)

### Article 17

    Paragraph 1
    Carrying weapons by group and fighting publicly against a military service will be sentenced to no less than 3 years but less than 10 years of imprisonment.
    Paragraph 2
    Committing the crime stated above, and caused the death to a person, will be sentenced to death, life imprisonment or no less than 10 years of imprisonment, caused serious injury, will be sentenced to life imprisonment or no less than 10 years of imprisonment.
    Paragraph 3
    Committing the crime stated in the above two paragraphs and as a ringleader will be sentenced to death or life imprisonment.
# Arabic/whyQuestions2

لِماذا + فعل why: In Arabic, if one wants to ask "why" in a verbal phrase you say limadha (dh sounds like the "th" in "The")
لِما + اسم why: In Arabic, if one wants to ask "why" in a non-verbal phrase you ask lima
It should not be confused with لَما (lama) which is an old way of saying "a time".
# Aramaic/Alphabet

This book isn't finished!
The Aramaic alphabet is an abjad alphabet designed for writing the Aramaic language. As with other abjads, the letters all represent consonants; a few matres lectionis are consonants that also represent long vowels.
The earliest inscriptions in the Aramaic language use the Phoenician alphabet. In time, the alphabet developed into the form shown below. The use of Aramaic as a lingua franca throughout the Middle East from the 8th century BCE led to the gradual adoption of the Aramaic alphabet for writing Hebrew. Formerly, Hebrew had been written using an alphabet closer in form to that of Phoenician (the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet).
The Hebrew and Nabataean alphabets are little changed in style from the Aramaic alphabet. The development of cursive versions of Aramaic led to the creation of the Syriac, Palmyrenean and Mandaic alphabets. These scripts formed the basis of the Arabic, Sogdian, Orkhon and Mongolian alphabets. Controversially, it is claimed that the Aramaic alphabet may be the forebear of the Indic alphabets.
Today, Biblical Aramaic, Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects and the Aramaic language of the Talmud are written in the Hebrew alphabet. Syriac and Christian Neo-Aramaic dialects are written in the Syriac alphabet. Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet.

## Imperial Aramaic alphabet

Redrawn from A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic, Franz Rosenthal; forms are as used in Egypt, 5th century BCE. Names are as in Biblical Aramaic.
| Letter's name | Letter's Shape | in Hebrew |
| אלף | | א |
| בית | | ב |
| גימל | | ג |
| דלת | | ד |
| הא | | ה |
| ואו | | ו |
| זין | | ז |
| חית | | ח |
| טית | | ט |
| יוד | | י |
| כף | | ך / כ |
| למד | | ל |
| מם | | ם / מ |
| נון | | ן / נ |
| סמך | | ס |
| עין | | ע |
| פא | | ף / פ |
| צדי | , | ץ / צ |
| קוף | | ק |
| ריש | | ר |
| שין | | ש |
| תיו | | ת |

## קישורים חיצוניים

* The imagination between the Aramaic alphabet to the alphabet in another languages
# Arabic/whyQuestions

The Arabic word for "why" is لـماذا (li-maa-dha). The shorter form is لـما (li-maa). Do not assume that لـما (li-maa) and لـماذا (li-maa-dha) are interchangeable. These words go at the beginning of a question just like "why" does in English. There are big differences between Arabic and English question making. In Arabic adding a question word at the beginning of a statement makes it a question. In English words have to be moved around. In Arabic no words are moved around to make a question.
Here are some examples of questions with لـماذا (limaadha):
لـماذا فعلتَ ذالك؟ limaadha fa`alta dhaalik(a)? li-maa-dha fa-`al-ta-dhaa-lik Why did you (guy) do that?
لماذا يحب هذه البنت؟ limaadha yuhib hadhihi 'l-bint? li-maa-dha yoo-hihb ha-dh-i-hil-bint Why does he like that girl?
# Aramaic

Aramaic is an ancient Semitic language and once a lingua franca of the Eastern Mediterranean. It was also the language of Jesus. This wikibook presents the necessary components to learning Aramaic.

## Contents

* Writing Systems
* Alphabet
* Nouns and Adjectives
* Pronouns
* Verbs
* Prepositions
* Adverbs
# Arabic/whereQuestions

أين
So you want to ask where something is in Arabic. Well it is nearly impossible without knowing the Arabic word for "where". Now the Arabic word for "where" is أين (ay-na) only in questions.
For example, أين (ay-na) cannot be used for the following sentences. He ate where he slept. This is because (ay-na) makes a sentence automatically a question. So if where in the previous sentence "where" was translated as أين (ay-na). It would be interpreted as: He ate. Where did he sleep?
So take this as a lesson, Some Arabic words only share one use of an opposite English word. And an Arabic word never completely equals an English word in meaning, usage, notions, etc.
أين هو؟
ayna huwa ay-na—hu-wa Where is he?
أين هو يا ترى؟
ayna huwa yaa tura ay-na—hu-wa—yaa—tu-ra where the hell is he? Notice that in the translation "the hell" was used. This is the most easily understandable translation. In the Arabic sentence there is no word for hell in it. So it cannot be considered impolite to say.
# Arabic/whoQuestions

مَن
(man) Don't pronounce it like the English word "man". من (man) has a shorter vowel sound, the "a" sound doesn't last as long. Do not confuse this word with the word (min) in Arabic. (min) generally means "from", while (man) means "who". This word goes before someone's name, or a nominative preposition or a noun. It's function is exactly the same as "who" in question sentences.
Examples
من هو؟
man huwa man-hu-wa Who is he?
من الـمدير؟
man al_mudeer ma-nal-mu-deer Who is the manager?
من أنت؟
man ant(a/i) man-ant Who are you? Only when talking to one person.
من ذهب؟
man dhahab(a)? man dha-hab Who went?
من ذهب الى الـمدرسة؟
man dhahaba ila al_madrasah(-ti)? man-dha-ha-ba-i-lal-mad-ra-sah Who went to school?
من مسلم؟
man Muslim(un) man-mus-lim Who is a Muslim?
# Arabic/whoseQuestions

INCOMPLETE- ALPHA-STAGE—needs verification
In English, we sometimes say things like: Q1. "Whose pen is that?" Q2. "Whose mother picks up the kids?" Q3. "Whose father died?" Q4. "Whose friend is in trouble"
And the answers go something like this: A1."That's my pen." A2. "Fred's mother picks up the kids." A3. "My best friend's father died." A4. "His best friend is in trouble."
But sometime people can't give different types of answers: X1. "I don't know." X2. "What?! Someone picks up the kids from school?! I thought they walked home." X3. "I think John's father died." (the speaker is not certain) X4. "No one is in trouble."
So how do we say "Whose" like it was in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4. Well, instead of saying whose in Arabic we say لـمن (li-man). Recall that لِـ (li) is a preposition meaning "for", as in "He spoke for John." And recall that من (man) means "who" but only in a question so it kind of means "who?". So instead of saying "Whose", we say something that literally translates to "for-who".
So let's try to translate Q1. لـمن will start the sentence instead of "whose".
# Canne de Combat/Rules
## Rounds and age-groups

* Children between 10-14 years: 2 or 3*1.5 minutes
* Adolescent between 14-17 years : 2 or 3* 1.5 minutes
* Youth between 17-20 years : 2 or 3* 2 minutes
* Adults between 21-40 years : 2 or 3* 2 minutes
* Senior 41- years : 2 or 3* 2 minutes
# Cantonese/Contributor's Guide

Besides the obvious expansion of lessons, there are many ways for you to contribute, even as a beginning student of Cantonese. Some are listed below. Add your thoughts as to what you think should be done to the Planning page so that discussion is not lost, scattered throughout various discussion pages.

# Other Ways to Contribute
## Stroke Order Images

There is a project on Wikicommons to upload images and animations of the stroke order for characters. There are directions on how to contribute. It's easy with the use of some free programs and can be done even with only a basic understanding of stroke order. Please contribute so that we'll have a standardized reference for this and other Wikibook users.

## Sound Samples

With a microphone and a read through the recording guidelines for the Spoken Wikipedia you can contribute audio examples. Sound samples are particularly important for beginners, especially ones who are studying alone with no teacher or native speaker on hand.
You can see what has been uploaded so far at Category:Chinese pronunciation.

## Internationalisation
### Translate Pages

Currently, the English version is the most developed of the Cantonese Wikibooks. If you know another language, please check if a Chinese book is started in that language and compare it to this one. You can make changes to their content based on ideas gained here, or do a wholesale translation of this textbook into the target language. Since the Cantonese parts can stay the same across languages, a lot of lesson development work can be saved in this way.
If you can only do a partial translation, leave a note to later contributors linking back to your source (a good candidate for using Templates).

### Add InterWiki Links

If you can't translate pages, but know enough of a language to locate the corresponding Cantonese Wikibook, you can make Interwiki links. You can see them on the Wikibooks Sidebar listed under "in other languages" when available. They are typically placed at the very end of a page using a simple format. Here is the list used for the Cantonese TOC page:
In addition to the main page, Lesson pages, Stroke Order pages and anything else can be interwikied as long as the content is the same.
# Canne de Combat/Introduction

There is no book available in English about Canne de Combat till now. I hope that a lots of people will help me to make this contribution to everybody, who plays this wonderful sport, or just wants to start it.