OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Madame margeret

* ←the sueden ghance ded mak me mves || width="200" align="right" | my ywtheffol days ar past→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 68r
f. [68r] Madame Madame d Madame margeret et madame de Richemont Ie vodroy bien quil fult$^{1,}$$^2$

## Notes & Glosses

1. This may be in Hand 7.
 2. The transcription of the last line is taken from Helen Baron, except for the "Ie/Je" where she has "se." An unverified translation is "I like well that he," "He would like to have been," or "he would really like if he were."

## Commentary

H7 may have entered this line into the manuscript. "Madame margeret" may refer to Lady Margaret Douglas and "madame de Richemont" most likely refers to the Duchess of Richmond. There is a distinction between the generative, public and the "merely" private name in Renaissance aristocratic usage and theatrical practice, which is in opposition to interiority. A woman's inheritance was considered "movable," and could "pass in a moment from hand to hand, body to body." Mary Fitzroy, formerly Mary Howard, assumes her identity as the Duchess of Richmond. As evidenced here, annotations can reveal a great deal about gender identity, Renaissance practice, and courtly reality.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ Helen Baron. "Mary (Howard) Fitzroy's Hand in the Devonshire Manuscript." Review of English Studies: A Quarterly Journal of English Literature and the English Language 45 (1994): 330
* ↑ Peter Stallybrass. "Naming, Renaming and Unnaming in the Shakespearean Quartos and Folios". The Renaissance Text: Theory, Editing, Textuality. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2000. 108, 115.
* ↑ ibid., 115.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/It was my choyse It Was my chaunce

* ←Hey Robyn Ioly Robyn tell me || width="200" align="right" | Now may I morne as one off late→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 24v
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 25r
f. [24v] 1 It was my choyse It Was my chaunce 2 that brovgght my hert N others hold 3 wher by it hath had sufferaunce 4 lengar per{p1}de then resan wuld 5 sens I yt bovnd where{r'} it was fre 6 methynks I wys of ryght it shuld 7 Acc$^e$pted yt be f. [25r] 8 Accepted yt be owyt Refuse 9 Wnles that fortun haith the powre{r'} 10 all ryght of Low for to a buse 11 for as thei say on happy owre{r'} 12 may more{r'} prevayll yen then ryght ore{r'} myght 13 {r'}{n'} yf fortune then lyst for to lowre

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H3 and discusses the right of Fortune to abuse lovers. "It was my choyse It Was my chaunce" is an excerpt of the thirty-five line poem "It was my choyse yt was no chaunce" (35v).

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed., Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems (London: Penguin, 1978), 128-29.

## Textual Notes
#### Texts Collated

LDev048

#### Collation

1 It Was my chaunce] yt was no chaunce / LDev048 2 brovgght] browght LDev048 hert] hart LDev048 N] in LDev048 hold] holde / LDev048 3 wher by] Wherby LDev048 it] ytt LDev048 sufferaunce] Sufferaunce / LDev048 4 lengar] lenger LDev048 resan] Reason LDev048 wuld] wold / LDev048 5 sens] syns LDev048 yt bovnd where it was fre] ytt Bownde where ytt was ffree / LDev048 6 methynks] me thynkes LDev048 I wys] ywys LDev048 ryght] Ryght LDev048 it] yt LDev048 shuld] shold / LDev048 7 Accepted yt] Acceptyd LDev048 8 Accepted] Acceptyd LDev048 yt] LDev048 with owyt Refuse] with owte Refuse / LDev048 9 Wnles] Vnles LDev048 fortun] fortune LDev048 haith] have LDev048 powre] power / LDev048 10 all] All LDev048 ryght] Ryght LDev048 Low] love LDev048 a buse] Abuse / LDev048 11 as thei say on] As thay say / one LDev048 owre] howre / LDev048 12 prevayll] prevayle LDev048 yen] then LDev048 ryght] Ryght LDev048 ore] or LDev048 myght] myght / LDev048 13 lowre] lowre / LDev048 14 ] What vaylyth Right LDev048 15 ] What vaylyth Ryght yff thys be trew LDev048 16 ] then trust to chaunce and go by gesse / LDev048 17 ] then who so lovyth may well go sew / LDev048 18 ] vncerten hope for hys redresse / LDev048 19 ] yett some wolde say Assueredly / LDev048 20 ] thou mayst Appele for thy relesse / LDev048 21 ] to fantasy / LDev048 22 ] To fantasy pertaynys to chose / LDev048 23 ] All thys I knowe for fantasy / LDev048 24 ] ffurst vnto love dyd me Induse / LDev048 25 ] but yet I knowe as stedefastly / LDev048 26 ] that yff love haue no faster knott / LDev048 27 ] so nyce a choyse slyppes sodenly / LDev048 28 ] yt lastyth nott / LDev048 29 ] Itt lastyth not that stondes by change / LDev048 30 ] fansy doth change / fortune ys frayle / LDev048 31 ] both thes to plese / the ways ys strange / LDev048 32 ] therfore me thynkes best to prevayle LDev048 33 ] ther ys no way that ys so Iust / LDev048 34 ] as trowgh to lede / the tother fayle / LDev048 35 ] And therto trust / LDev048
# Three Dimensional Electron Microscopy/3D Reconstruction
## 3D Reconstruction

The goal of 3D reconstruction in transmission electron microscopy is to take a 2D projection and turn it into its 3D volume. This allows for the visualization of small structures within the sample. It is essential to reconstruct the 2D projection because the information gained from the projection itself is limited.

## Projection

A projection occurs when a 3D image is taken and those points are then put onto a 2D plane. Each point in the 2D plane corresponds to a slice in the 3D volume and is based on Radon's theorem. It is possible to obtain a 3D volume, get the 2D projection, subsequently take the Fourier transform of the projection and use the Fourier transform of the projection to obtain a "slice" of the 3D volume. Thereafter, it is possible to take the inverse Fourier transform of the "slice" yielding a 3D volume.

## Orientation of the Object

Before proceeding to reconstruction, it is necessary to know in which direction the particles are facing. The orientation of the particles can be determined by using their Euler Angles. Euler angles can be defined in two ways. According to the first definition, the orientation can be determined by using the latitude, longitude and rotation in place of the particle. The second definition takes into account the z and x axis. The initial position is determined using the Z axis. Next, the particle is rotated and the orientation is derived from the new X axis. The third and final calculation is based on the location of the new Z axis, after it has been rotated around its x axis.

## What is a Backprojection?

A backprojection is basically the inverse of a Radon transform. It is the process where a 2D projection goes into a 3D model. It is the only method that can be used for this purpose. A backprojection reconstructs an image by taking each view and smearing it along the same path it was acquired (Fig. 1). The result from this is a blurry version of the correct image (Voss 2013).

## Resolution

Once a 3D reconstruction is obtained it is important to determine how good the reconstruction is. This is done by using the Fourier Shell Correlation. Essentially the primary set of particles is divided into an even subset and an odd subset in which a structure is calculated for each subset. Each set is then backprojected to obtain a volume for each subset. Since the goal is to determine the quality of the reconstruction the data is divided into rings within Fourier space with each ring representing different resolutions. The Correlation coefficient is then calculated between the structure for the even subset and the odd subset based on their frequency.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Voss, Neil. 3D Reconstruction. Protein Structure 464. Roosevelt University, Schaumburg, IL. 25 Oct. 2013. Lecture.
# Three Dimensional Electron Microscopy
## About this book

This book is on three-dimensional electron microscopy (sometime referred to as 3DEM) that includes both cryo-electron microscopy and cyro-electron tomography. The goal of this book is to take all of the material on 3DEM and put it into an organized form. This organized book can then in turn be used for training new scientists in the field, teaching a course on 3DEM, or just expanding ones knowledge on the field.

## Introductory Material

* What is 3DEM?
* Electron microscopes
* Particle Picking
* Fourier transforms
* CTF estimation and correction
* 2D particle alignment
* Initial model
* 3D Reconstruction
* Model validation
* Electron density interpretation

## Useful Wiki Resources

* The Wikipedia article on Cryo-electron microscopy
* The Wikibook Software Tools For Molecular Microscopy
* The Wikibook chapter Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Cryo-Electron Microscopy

## Useful Off-site Resources

* 3-dimensional electron microscopy (3DEM) mailing list
# Stellar Astrophysics

Stellar Astrophysics is the study of stars by means of theoretical physics and observational astronomy. Astronomy was turned into an active field of Physics by explaining stellar structure and evolution through natural laws of Physics. One novel example of such explanations is the famous Chandrashekhar limit discovered by one of the most famous astrophysicists of all time Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

## Table of Contents

* Radiative Processes
* Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium
* Grey Atmosphere
* Stellar Interior
* Equations of Stellar Structure
* Stellar Timescales
* Energy Transport
* Mixing Length Theory
* Chemical Composition
* Equation of State
* Opacity
* Nuclear Reactions
* Stellar Model

## References

* Richard L. Bowers, Terry Deeming, "Astrophysics I: Stars", Boston 1984
* Rudolf Kippenhahn, Alfred Weigert, "Stellar Structure and Evolution"
* Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, "An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure"
* Maurizio Salaris, Santi Cassisi, "Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations"
# Step-By-Step Conlang/One

First create an alphabet. More exactly, this includes:
* Making a list of wanted sounds
* Create a letter for each sound
* And most importantly, LEARN IT!

## Example for Cilo

A, Ä, B, C, CH, D, DH, E, Ë, F, G, H, I, Ï, J, K, L, M, N, O, Ö, P, R, S, SH, T, TH, U, Ü, V, W, Y, Z
* Digraphs with "h" will be written with an inverted ^ over the letter
* Consonants will be as in English except:
** C about as cats
** CH as cheese
** DH as this
** J as pleasure
** SH as sheep
** TH as thesis
* Vowels have short and long forms, short being Ä, Ë, Ï, Ö, Ü. Long vowels are as Spanish. Short vowels are cap, bet, pit, paw, cup. Diphthongs are AI as my, OI as boy, and AU as how.
# Step-By-Step Conlang/Two

Step Two is to make basic sentences.

## Instructions
### Part One

Decide on a basic sentence pattern:
* Subject (S)-Verb (V)-Object (O)
* SOV (e.g. Mice(S) cheese(O) eat(V))
* VSO
* VOS
* OSV
* OVS
Cilo will use SVO

### Part Two

Decide on the pronouns you will include in your language.
* What Persons (1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person)
* What Numbers (Singular, Plural, Dual)
* What Genders (He, She, It)

### Part Three

How are verbs conjugated
* Person
* Number
* Tense
* Et cetera

### Part Four

Make some basic words and greetings
* Hello
* Goodbye
* Please
* Thank you
* To be
* How are you?
* Fine
* Bad
* And whatever words are necessary

## Cilo

* I- Mi
* You (sing.)- Vi
* He- Lo
* She- La
* It- Li
* We- Mis
* You (pl.)- Vis
* They- Lis
* Hello- Dio bonoli ëstao.
* Goodbye- Dio bonoli meëstao.
* How are you?- Vi kili ëstao?
* Fine- Mi bonili ëstao.
* Bad- Mi na-bonili ëstao.
# Strategy for Information Markets/Background

This should be material which isn't strictly part of the course, but is quickly reviewed to help someone understand the rest of the course/book.
There should be background material on some game theory essentials:
* Monopoly pricing
* Nash equilibrium and selected games
* Backward induction
* Oligopoly
* Cournot competition
* Bertrand competition
* Probability in Information Markets
# Stellar Astrophysics/Energy Transport

This section is unfinished.
Within a star there are two main methods of energy transport: radiation and convection. Both of these take place within our Sun, but occur in different regions of the star. Modelling this transfer is important understand how stars function and evolve over time.

## Radiative Transfer

Radiative transfer is the transfer of energy via photons, and is the dominant method of transport within the core of the Sun and in the solar atmosphere. Photons passing through a region of gas can be absorbed while other photons may be emitted from the same region, so to model radiative transfer one must consider both the absorption and emission of radiation.

### Parallel ray equation

In this section, we assume that the light is emitted in parallel rays to the observer. The more general non-parallel case will be considered later.

#### Absorption

Imagine there is a column of gas with a side area of $A$ and length $dL$. Assume that the gas has a number density of $n$ absorbing particles per unit volume, with each particle having an effective cross-sectional area $\sigma _{\lambda }$ when interacting with light of a particular wavelength.
From this, the proportion of area A that blocks the light is:$d\tau _{\lambda }={\frac {dVn\sigma _{\lambda }}{A}}={\frac {AdLn\sigma _{\lambda }}{A}}=n\sigma _{\lambda }dL.$This dimensionless value is called optical depth, and is proportional to the amount of light absorbed. The number density can be rewritten in terms of the mass density $\rho$ and average molecular mass ${\bar {m}}$ as: $n={\frac {\rho }{\bar {m}}}$, which allows the above expression to be written as $\rho {\frac {\sigma _{\lambda }}{\bar {m}}}dL$. $\kappa _{\lambda }^{m}={\frac {\sigma _{\lambda }}{\bar {m}}}$ is also known as the mass absorption coefficient, or the opacity per unit mass.
From the definition of optical depth, it can be implied that the reduction in light intensity caused by absorption is:
$dI_{\lambda }=-I_{\lambda }d\tau _{\lambda }$
Therefore, if only absorbtion is taking place, the intensity of the light leaving the column can be determined by integrating over the length of the column:
$\int _{I_{\lambda }^{\text{in}}}^{I_{\lambda }^{\text{out}}}(I_{\lambda })^{-1}d\tau _{\lambda }=-\int _{0}^{\tau _{\lambda }}1d\tau _{\lambda }$$[\ln(I_{\lambda })]_{I_{\lambda }^{\text{in}}}^{I_{\lambda }^{\text{out}}}=-\tau _{\lambda }$$\therefore I_{\lambda }^{\text{out}}=I_{\lambda }^{\text{in}}e^{-\tau _{\lambda }}$
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Substances for Topical Application

* Liu Huang (Sulfur)
* Xiong Huang (Realgar)
* Qing Fen (Calomelas)
* Qian Dan (Minium)
* Mi Tuo Seng (Lithargyrum)
* Ming Fan (Alumen)
* Da Suan (Bulbus Alii Sativi)
* Ban Mao (Mylabris)
* Chan Su (Venenum Bufonis)
* Ma Qian Zi (Semen Strychni)
* She Chuang Zi (Fructus Cnidii)
* Lu Feng Fang (Nidus Vespae)
* Xue Jie (Sanguis Draconis)
* Zhang Nao (Camphora)
* Da Feng Zi (Semen Hydnocarpi)
* Si Gua Luo (Retinervus Luffae Fructus)
* Er Cha (Catechu)
* Wa Leng Zi (Concha Arcae)
* Peng Sha (Borax)
* Lu Gan Shi (Galamina)
* Mu Bie Zi (Semen Momordicae)
* Wu Ming Yi (Pyrolusitum)
back to : Traditional Chinese Herbology And Pharmacology
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Summer-Heat Dispelling Prescriptions

Summer-heat dispelling prescriptions include the following:
* Qing Luo Yin (Clear the Collaterals Decoction)
* Xiang Ru San (Mosla Powder)
** San Wu Xiang Ru Yin (Mosla Three Decoction)
** Shi Wei Xiang Ru Yin (Ten-Ingredient Decoction with Mosla)
* Xin Jia Xiang Ru Yin (Newly-Augmented Mosla Decoction)
* Liu Yi San (Six-to-One Powder)
** Liu Yi San (Six-to-One Powder)
** Yi Yuan San (Benefit the Basal Powder)
** Bi Yu San (Jasper Powder)
** Ji Su San (Peppermint Powder)
* Gui Ling Gan Lu Yin (Cinnamon and Poria Sweet Dew Decoction)
* Qing Shu Yi Qi Tang (Clear Summer-Heat and Augment the Qi Decoction)
** Qing Shu Yi Qi Tang (Clear Summer-Heat and Augment the Qi Decoction)
back to:
Reference: John K Chen and Tina Chen: "Chinese Herbal Formulas and Applications". Art of Medicine Press Inc. 2009. ISBN-10: 0-9740635-7-6
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Stopping Endogenous Wind By Calming The Liver

* Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang
* E Jiao Ji Zi Huang Tang
* Da Ding Feng Zhu
* Gou Teng San
back to :
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Strengthening The Spleen By Warming The Kidney-yang

* Si Shen Wan
* Fu Zi Li Zhong Wan
back to :
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Su He Xiang Wan

The formula Su He Xiang Wan, designed to induce resuscitation with aromatics, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese |
| 1 | Bai Zhu | 白术 |
| 2 | Qing Mu Xiang | 青木香(马兜铃根) |
| 3 | Xi Jiao [or Shui Niu Jiao] | 犀角 [水牛角] |
| 4 | Zhu Sha | 朱砂 |
| 5 | Chen Xiang | 沉香 |
| 6 | She Xiang | 麝香 |
| 7 | He Zi | 诃子 |
| 8 | Bai Tan Xiang | 白檀香 |
| 9 | An Xi Xiang | 安息香 |
| 10 | Ding Xiang | 丁香 |
| 11 | Bi Bo | 荜拨 |
| 12 | Long Nao | 龙脑 |
| 13 | Su He Xiang | 苏合香 |
| 14 | Ru Xiang | 乳香 |
| 15 | Xiang Fu | 香附 |
back to:
* Inducing Resuscitation By Eliminating Phlegm
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Suan Zao Ren Tang

The formula Suan Zao Ren Tang, designed to nourish blood and tranquilize the mind, clearing away heat and relieving restlessness, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Chao Suan Zao Ren | 炒酸枣仁 | 18 |
| 2 | Gan Cao | 甘草 | 3 |
| 3 | Zhi Mu | 知母 | 6 |
| 4 | Fu Ling | 茯苓 | 9 |
| 5 | Chuan Xiong | 川芎 | 6 |
Source: Liu Gongwang, "Development of Formulas of Chinese Medicine", ISBN: 7-5080-2797-3. Huaxia Publishing House. 2002.
back to:
* Nourishing The Heart And Tranquilizing The Mind
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
* Usage Of Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Suan-Sour

Suan-Sour:
Suan (Chinese: 酸) herbs are sour herbs used in Traditional Chinese medicine. They are astringent in nature.
Actions of sour herbs include:
* generates fluids & Yin
* controls perspiration & diarrhea

## Lists of Suan-Sour Herbs

| Name | Latin Name | Chinese | Pinyin | English Name |
| Shan Zha | Fructus Crataegi | 山楂 | shān zhā | Hawthorn fruit |
| Wu Mei | Fructus Pruni Mume | 乌梅 | wū méi | Dark plum |
back to:
* Taste & Temperature
* TCM Materia Medica
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Subduing Pain By Eliminating Obstruction

* Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang
* Da Fang Feng Tang
* Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang
* Gui Zhi Jia Zhu Fu Tang
back to :
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Subduing Swelling And Dissolving Lumps By Clearing Away Heat And Removing Poison

* Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin
* Xi Huang Wan
* Ru Yi Jin Huang San
* Da Huang Mu Dan Pi Tang
* Qian Jin Wei Jin Tang
* Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin
* Pai Nong San Ji Tang
* Zhi Tou Chuang Yi Fang
* Zi Yun Gao
* Ju Gen Tang
* Huang Lian Jie Du Tang
* Chai Hu Qing Gan Tang
* Jing Jie Lian Qiao Tang
* Gan Cao Tang
* Wu Wei Jie Du Tang
* Zhong Huang Gao
back to :
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Strengthening The Spleen By Warming The Middle-jiao

* Li Zhong Tang
* Ren Shen Tang
* Fu Zi Li Zhong Wan
* Da Jian Zhong Tang
* Xiao Jian Zhong Tang
* Gui Zhi Jia Shao Yao Tang
* Gui Zhi Jia Shao Yao Sheng Jiang Ren Shen Tang
* Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang
* Dang Gui Jian Zhong Tang
* An Zhong San
* Dang Gui Tang
* Jian Zhong Tang
back to :
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Sumo Brother

When a sumo brother stomps his foot, flames appear on the ground. It will stomp in a periodical frequency, moving a little bit between stomps. You can use the feather cape to escape. If you don't have one, the best bet is to jump on a block that's directly below Sumo Brother.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Super Koopa

Super Koopas are Koopas with the feather power, so they have a cape and fly around. Alone, they are easy to kill, but when there are lots of super koopas around, it's chaotic. A Super koopa with a flashing red and yellow cape will drop a feather when defeated, but a standard yellow or red caped one doesn't drop anything.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Thwomp

Thwomps are rectangular anthropomorphic stones that bounce up and down every once in a while (often every other second). They appear only in castles and fortresses. The best way to get past them is to simply dodge them.

## Resistance to attacks

* Normal Jump: Mario/Luigi is harmed.
* Spin Jump: No effect.
* Jump with Yoshi: Yoshi is not allowed in castles or fortresses.
* Fireballs: No effect.
* Yoshi's Tongue: See "Jump with Yoshi".
* Yoshi's Fireballs: See "Jump with Yoshi".
* Sliding down a hill: Impossible, because there are no hills in castles or fortresses in the game, other than escalators, which only move upward.

## Locations

All castles and fortresses, including Bowser's Castle.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Wendy O. Koopa

She appears in World 6 castle. To defeat the castle, you have to face her. Jump on her 3 times to defeat her.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Thwimp

Thwimp is a smaller version of Thwomp. It doesn't travel in linear directions, but rather jumps periodically from one place to another. He is also invulnerable to all attacks.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Volcano Lotus

Volcano Lotuses are stationary flowers that appear in several different levels in Super Mario World. They shoot a flurry of four fireballs that pan out in different directions above them every 4 seconds. The fireballs will then slowly descend around the Volcano Lotus.

## Resistance to attacks

* Normal Jump: Ineffective; will cause harm to Mario.
* Spin Jump: Ineffective; will not harm Mario, but fireballs will.
* Jump with Yoshi: Ineffective; bounces off like a spin jump, but fireballs will cause Yoshi to flee.
* Fireballs: Ineffective; has no effect.
* Cape Spin: Effective; defeats instantly.
* Yoshi's Tongue: Effective; Volcano Lotuses can be eaten.
* Yoshi's Fireballs: Ineffective; has no effect.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Swooper

Swooper is a little bird that nests on the ceilings of caves. When Mario comes close, Swooper flies down to a medium height and continues flying on a straight line. Invulnerable to jumps, fireballs kill it and Yoshi can eat it.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/The Big "Boo"

The Big Boo is a large white ghost found in Ghost Houses. Like Boo Buddies, you can stop them from pursuing you by looking at them.
Mario cannot jump over it, he needs to lure him out of the way or use a high platform. The Big Boo is also a boss within the Donut Secret House. Hit it with three grab blocks to reach the secret exit.

## Locations

* Ghost Houses
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Torpedo Ted

Torpedo Ted is a shark-faced torpedo launched towards Mario or Luigi from a torpedo launcher. They are a variant of Bullet Bill, and can only be found in Soda Lake. Torpedo Ted cannot be defeated by any means, so Mario or Luigi have to avoid them. When the blasters that launch Torpedo Teds appear on-screen, they wait several seconds before launching them.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Urchin

Urchins are large creatures that are only found in Forest of Illusion 1. They move over fixed patterns. They can only be defeated by throwing grab blocks at them.