OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Practical Electronics/IC/4001

4001 :
| IC Family | CMOS |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | Quad 2-Input NOR Gate |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
| Basic TTL Counterpart | 7402 |
| Truth Table (One Gate) ||
| AB Q 00 1 01 0 10 0 11 0 ||
The 4001 is a member of the 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains four independent NOR gates, each with two inputs. The pinout diagram, given on the right, is the standard two-input CMOS logic gate IC layout:
* Pin 7 is the negative supply
* Pin 14 is the positive supply
* Pins 1&2, 5&6, 8&9, 12&13 are gate inputs
* Pins 3, 4, 10, 11 are gate outputs
The truth table for one of the four gates is shown to the right. For more information about the NOR gate in general, see this module. The arrangement of the CMOS components is shown below:
This chip is widely available, and usually comes in a DIL-14 or SOIC-14 package.
This chip is different in pinout to the TTL 7402, but can fulfill its function if the wiring is modified.
# Practical Electronics/Frequency Modulation/555

Frequency modulation is the process of modifying the frequency of one signal according to another. This is the basis of FM radio, which modulates a base frequency with another signal.
Basic frequency modulation can be achieved with a 555 Timer IC. This circuit uses the voltage at the "Control Voltage" pin, Pin 5, to alter the frequency of the output.
# Practical Electronics/IC/4000

4000 :
| Logic Type | Combinational |
| Function Family | Logic Gates |
| Description | Dual 3-input NOR gate with inverter |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
# Practical Electronics/Greek Alphabet

Greek letters are often used in electronics, either for prefixes or to represent values, often if the normal letters run out.
| Letter | Letter | Name | Uses |
| Capital | Lowercase | Name | Uses |
| Α | α | Alpha | |
| Β | β | Beta | |
| Γ | γ | Gamma | |
| Δ | δ | Delta | |
| Ε | ε | Epsilon | |
| Ζ | ζ | Zeta | |
| Η | η | Eta | |
| Θ | θ | Theta | Generally used to denote angles or phase relationships |
| Ι | ι | Iota | |
| Κ | κ | Kappa | |
| Λ | λ | Lambda | Usually used for wavelength, but can also be used to denote an arbitrary constant. |
| Μ | μ | Mu | Lowercase stands for "micro-", the prefix denoting one millionth. Can also be used to denote an arbitrary constant, usually when λ has been used already. |
| Ν | ν | Nu | |
| Ξ | ξ | Xi | |
| Ο | ο | Omicron | |
| Π | π | Pi | Lowercase denotes a mathematical constant, 3.14... |
| Ρ | ρ | Rho | Lowercase can mean resistivity (not resistance) or density. |
| Σ | σ | Sigma | Capital denotes the sum of a series of values. |
| Τ | τ | Tau | PI multiplied by two (6.2831...) |
| Υ | υ | Upsilon | |
| Φ | φ | Phi | Sometimes used for angles or phase relationships, if theta has already been used. Can also represent the Golden Ratio. |
| Χ | χ | Chi | |
| Ψ | ψ | Psi | |
| Ω | ω | Omega | Capital denotes "ohms", the unit of resistance. Lowercase can mean the "angular speed" or the rate of change of phase of a signal. |
# Practical Electronics/High Pass Filter
## Low Pass Filter
### RL Network

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {Z_{L}}{Z_{R}+Z_{L}}}={\frac {j\omega L}{R+j\omega L}}={\frac {1}{1+j\omega T}}$
    $T={\frac {L}{R}}$
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {R}{L}}$
    $\omega =0V_{o}=0$
    $\omega _{o}={\sqrt {\frac {1}{RC}}}V_{o}={\frac {V_{i}}{2}}$
    $\omega =00V_{o}=00$
    Plot three points above we have a graph $Vo-\omega$ . From graph, we see voltage does not change with frequency on High Frequency therefore RL network can be used as High Pass Filter

### CR Network

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {Z_{R}}{Z_{R}+Z_{C}}}={\frac {R}{R+{\frac {1}{j\omega C}}}}={\frac {j\omega T}{1+j\omega T}}$
    $T=RC$
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {1}{RC}}$
    $\omega =0V_{o}=0$
    $\omega _{o}={\sqrt {\frac {1}{LC}}}V_{o}={\frac {V_{i}}{2}}$
    $\omega =00V_{o}=00$
    Plot three points above we have a graph $Vo-\omega$ . From graph, we see voltage does not change with frequency on High Frequency therefore LR network can be used as High Pass Filter

## Summary

In general
* High Pass Filter can be constructed from the two networks RL or CR network .
* High Pass Filter has stable voltage does not change with frequency on Low Frequency .
* High pass filter can be expressed in a mathematical form of

   ### ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {j\omega T}{1+j\omega T}}$

       T = RC for RC network
# Practical Electronics/Finding component information/Datasheets

Most components can be found via your favorite search engine. Often it is helpful to type the color code or markings into the search engines input field.
# Quality and Safety in Nursing/History of Nursing Care Quality
## This History of Quality Improvement in Nursing

Quality improvement in nursing has a rich history beginning with the musings and writings of Florence Nightingale (1859). Nightingale discussed the impact of quality nursing care on patients and felt that "If a patient is cold, if a patient is feverish, if a patient is faint, if he is sick after taking food, if he has a bed-sore, it is generally the fault not of the disease, but of the nursing" (p. 2).
Reference
Nightingale, F. (1859). Notes on Nursing: What It is, and what it is not. New York: Barnes and Noble Books.
# Quantum Chemistry//Example 1

Write a question and its solution that quantitatively demonstrates the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for a quantum harmonic oscillator in the ground state (n=0).
Please add {{alphabetical}} only to book title pages.
# Quantum Chemistry
## Mathematical Review

* Complex numbers
* Integrals in polar coordinates
* Integration by parts
* Integration by change of variables
* Finding maxima
* Probability and statistics
* Multivariable differentiation
* Implicit differentiation
* Operator algebra

## Topics covered

* Classical mechanics
* Electromagnetic radiation
* Schrödinger wave equation
* Particle in a 1D Box
* Particle in 2D and 3D Boxes
* Rigid Rotator
* Harmonic Oscillators
* Hydrogen Atom

## Example Problems

* Example 1
* Example 2
* Example 3
* Example 4
* Example 5
* Example 6
* Example 7
* Example 8
* Example 9
* Example 10
* Example 11
* Example 12
* Example 13
* Example 14
* Example 15
* Example 16
* Example 17
* Example 18
* Example 19
* Example 20
* Example 21
* Example 22
* Example 23
* Example 24
* Example 25
* Example 26
* Example 27
* Example 28
* Example 29
* Example 30
* Example 31
* Example 32
* Example 33
# Quality and Safety in Nursing/Introduction

User:Tetoncrest Back to Quality and Safety in Patient Care

## Why a Book on Nursing Care Quality and Safety?

This wikibook describes efforts by nursing graduate students at Weber State University to improve the safety and quality of patient care. The wikibook is designed to capture knowledge discovered by students as they apply content from the course to the clinical environment. Some of the content is based on research or expert opinion. In this case, references will be provided. A large majority of the content will be anecdotal; knowledge that is developed through critical thinking, collaboration, exploration, and experience. Students each semester will add/modify/append to previous content and create a valuable record of new knowledge during participation in the course. Students will have access to this Wikibook after they graduate and are welcome to continue editing and adding content. The hope is that this will become an important resource for nurses as the strive to provide the highest quality, safe care to their patients.
# Quantum Chemistry/

This is an introductory course in quantum chemistry.
Example Problems
* Example 1
* Example 2
* Example 3
* Example 4
* Example 5
* Example 6
* Example 7
* Example 8
* Example 9
* Example 10
* Example 11
* Example 12
* Example 13
* Example 14
* Example 15
* Example 16
* Example 17
* Example 18
* Example 19
# Public Digital Backbone/Chapter 8. Conclusion
## 8. Conclusion

Introduction:
“Digital Public Infrastructure are the arteries of the global civilization, connecting people, places, and things in unprecedented ways. They are the enablers of innovation, collaboration, and empowerment, creating new possibilities for human development and social progress. They are also the guardians of our common values, ensuring that our digital rights and responsibilities are respected and protected. They are not static or fixed, but dynamic and adaptable, evolving with the changing needs and aspirations of the societies they serve. They are the future we are building together.” -A Near Future Sci-fic Writer
As we stand at the cusp of further technological evolution, what does the future hold for Public Digital Backbones? This concluding chapter casts an eye forward, speculating on future innovations, potential expansions, and the evolving needs of societies globally. Through forward-thinking discourse, we aim to paint a picture of a world continuously bettered by digital public infrastructure.
# 2. Historical Context

India's journey in building an extensive digital infrastructure stands out as a remarkable achievement on the global stage. This chapter chronicles the nation's strides in this domain, highlighting the catalysts for change, the challenges faced, and the milestones achieved. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of India's success story and its implications for other countries aiming to build similar infrastructures.
# Public Digital Backbone/Glossary
## General Glossary of key terms

Aadhaar: India's biometric identification system that covers over 1.2 billion people, providing a unique 12-digit identity number based on biometric and demographic data.
Civil Society: Organizations and institutions that act in the public interest to promote collective values and goals, often independent of the government.
Data Privacy: The right of individuals to control or influence what information related to them may be collected and stored and by whom and to whom that information may be disclosed.
DEPA (Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture): An initiative in India that provides a framework for consent-based data sharing, allowing individuals to control their own data.
Digital Public Infrastructure: A digital framework that facilitates the flow of people, money, and information in a society in a secure and efficient manner, often seen as a public good.
Governance: The processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a group or community is directed and controlled.
Inclusion: The action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure, ensuring that services are accessible to all members of society.
India Stack: A set of platforms and services in India, including Aadhaar, UPI, and DEPA, that collectively serve as a model of digital public infrastructure.
Public Digital Backbone: The foundational digital infrastructure that underpins the functioning of a modern society, facilitating efficient, secure, and inclusive flow of people, money, and information.
Regulators: Entities or organizations, often governmental, responsible for creating, monitoring, and enforcing rules and regulations in specific sectors.
Stakeholders: Individuals or groups with an interest in a particular decision or project, including government agencies, the private sector, non-profit organizations, and the general public.
UPI (Unified Payments Interface): A real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India, facilitating inter-bank transactions by instantly transferring funds between two bank accounts on a mobile platform.
# Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Cancers of the Head & Neck
* H&N Anatomy & Contouring
* General Head and Neck
** Concurrent Chemo-RT
** Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
* Post-operative Head and Neck
* By Site
** Nasopharynx
** Larynx
** Hypopharynx
** Oral cavity
** Oropharynx
** Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
** Salivary gland
** Thyroid
** Unknown Primary
** Ear
* Mucosal melanoma
* Esthesioneuroblastoma
* Ameloblastoma
* Temporal bone tumor
* Recurrent disease
* H&N Palliation
* Second primary tumors / chemoprevention
* See also: Esophagus for cervical esophagus
* Technique
** Treatment Technique
** Altered Fractionation
** Proton Therapy
** Neutron Therapy
** Brachytherapy
** Hypoxia
** Treatment toxicity & NTCP
** Supportive care
* Level I Evidence
# Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Ameloblastoma

* First recognized in 1827 by Cusack JW
* Designated as adamantinoma in 1885 by the French physician Louis-Charles Malassez
* Finally renamed to the modern name ameloblastoma in 1930 by Ivey and Churchill
* Rare, benign or cancerous tumor of odontogenic epithelium (ameloblasts, or outside portion, of the teeth during development)
* Much more commonly appearing in the lower jaw than the upper jaw
* Four types of ameloblastoma have been described by the WHO 2017 classification:
** Conventional (solid/multicystic) type
** Unicystic
** Peripheral/extraosseous
** Metastasising (malignant)
* Surgical resection or enucleation remains the most definitive treatment for this condition
* Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, curettage and liquid nitrogen have been effective in some cases of ameloblastoma
# Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Larynx

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Cancer of the Larynx
* Staging
* Overview (for now contains most of the information)
* Supraglottic Larynx
* Glottic Larynx
* Subglottic Larynx
# Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Brachytherapy

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Brachytherapy in H&N cancers
GEC-ESTRO Recommendations
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Mistakes and red herrings in pulsar research

Reading the history of pulsar research may give the impression that progress is made in an orderly manner. Of course, this is not always the case. Even the first pulsar was serendipitously discovered. Pulsar data sets are complex and often the initial results are not clear or are confusing. Single bursts in the data set can have an astrophysical source (possibly even from distance Galaxies) and yet other bursts (with quite similar, but not identical, characteristics) can come from a microwave oven (Burke-Spolaor et al. 2011).
Methods can be correct, but slight errors in the implementation can lead to significant confusion. The first proposed extra-Solar planet (Bailes, Lyne & Shemar 1991) turned out to be an error in accounting for the Earth's motion around the Sun. The first actual extra-Solar planet is true, but many people considered other possible explanations such as phenomena in the heliosphere .
The hunt for a pulsar in the supernova SN1987A continues. An optical detection was reported by Middleditch et al. (1989). This was followed up later by where it was stated "we believe the observed signal is electrical noise from the closed-circuit television camera used for acquisition .... All this was undoubtedly a combination of bad luck (or divine malice), misplaced pattern-finding skills, and the common human tendency to overinterpret a limited amount of data".
The pulsar literature is full of interesting (and erroneous) discoveries and interpretations: the Crab pulsar was considered to be in a binary system, the first report of a direct detection of gravitational waves using pulsars, the first pulsars "discovered" in the 47 Tucanae globular clusters and many, many more.
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Noise in pulsar timing residuals
## Observing-frequency independent noise
### Outliers
#### Dealing with outliers
### White noise
#### Jitter

It is often assumed that if a sufficient number of individual pulses are added together then the resulting pulse profile will be stable. However, as the pulsar timing array projects push the limits of timing precision it is found that observations of some pulsars do not improve with increased telescope sensitivity. This is caused by "jitter noise" (the intrinsic variability in the shape of individual pulses from a pulsar). For instance, Osowski et al. (2011) showed that, even with a large telescope, the timing precision for PSR J0437-4715 could never be better than ~40ns with a 1-hour observation. Shannon & Cordes (2012) found similar results using Arecibo observations of PSR J1713+0747. Shannon et al. (2014) determined the jitter noise level for many of the millisecond pulsars observed at the Parkes observatory.
Shannon & Cordes (2012) provide an order-of-magnitude estimate of the amount of jitter noise for a given pulsar which depends upon the pulse width, W, period, P, and the observation time, t:
$\sigma _{J}\approx 0.2W{\sqrt {\frac {P}{t}}}$
(where all parameters are measured in seconds).
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Observing pulsars
## Radio observations
### Getting observing time for pulsar observations
### Radio telescopes

The basic structure of a typical radio telescope consists of:
* the Antenna
* a set of receivers
* a conversion system
* digitisers
* signal processors

#### Receiver systems

A radio telescope receiver captures the signal reflected from the antenna and amplifies the signal.

##### Coupling noise into the system
#### Backend systems
##### Coherent dedispersion
### Carrying out observations
### Types of observations
#### Search mode

In search mode the observed sky is averaged over a specified integration time and then recorded to disk normally as a 1, 2, 4 or 8 bit value. The data are usually separated into frequency channels and sometimes in 2 or 4 polarisation states. Various data formats exist for storing search mode data. These include:
* PSRFITS
* Sigproc
In PSRFITS the data are recorded as follows. Each data table contains NSBLK samples of data. Each block contains NPOL polarisation states. Each polarisation state contains NCHAN channels of data.
The Parkes Multibeam Pulsar Survey recorded 96 channels of data with a sampling time of 250us with a 1 bit digitiser. Recent surveys have many more channels and use a faster sampling time (64us is common) and often make use of 2 or more bits.

#### Fold mode

In fold-mode observations the time series from the telescope is folded at the known period of the pulsar. If the period is correct then each pulse will be added together to produce a folded pulse profile. The animation shows the signal-to-noise ratio increasing as more and more pulses get added together. Folding can be carried out in software on a "search mode" or "baseband" data set, but most major observatories have hardware backend systems that fold the data online and the observer only obtains the resulting fold-mode data file.
Clearly this method only works if the pulse period is known sufficiently accurately. If not, then the pulse will appear to drift in phase over time and the resulting pulse profile will become smeared. To counteract this affect, it is usual to only fold relatively short segments of data in real time (~1 minute in length). These segments are known as subintegrations. These files then get archived. If the folding period is slightly incorrect then offline software can re-align the subintegrations (note that any smearing that occurred during a single subintegration is not recoverable).
Pulsar fold mode files are generally stored as follows:
* Every subintegration is made up of a large number frequency channels (Nchan)
* Every frequency channel contains up to 4 polarisation states
* Every polarisation state contains a pulse profile (which represents the pulse shape defined by a defined number of bins)
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Introduction to Julia for pulsar astronomers
## Introduction

Julia is a relatively new language that is extremely powerful, but the current documentation is difficult to find and understand. Here we provide some notes of interest to pulsar astronomers. Many of the figures in this wiki-book were produced using Julia. Julia can easily be [downloaded and installed on most computers. It has its own powerful routines, but it is also possible to use Python or C code directly. It has been designed for parallel or distributed computing and the programmers take pride in the speed that the code runs - it is much faster than Python.

## Getting started

Julia can be run from a personal computer, using Julia notebooks or using a webhosting service. Julia can be used as a simple calculator
It is also possible to write algebraic expressions (in a simpler manner than in most languages)
Strings can easily be created:
Note that the use of the ";" on the end of the line. If used then no output is given for that line.

## Making arrays of values

will allocate 100 values from 0 to 99. The second command will add 10 to each element in the array.
To set an array that is initialised to zero, we can use:
will allocate an array of 100 zeros.
To allocate random Gaussian noise with zero mean and variance of 1, we can write:
Note the use of the # symbol as a comment.

## Making plots

There are multiple ways to make plots in Julia, but they require the addition of new packages. The packages are:
* PyPlot
* Winston
* Gaston
To install the package, e.g.,:

### Gaston

Gaston is based on gnuplot, which needs to be independently installed on your system.
We can also use two arrays:

### Winston

This produces MATLAB style plots
Figures can also be built up from multiple components as follows:

### pyplot

Pyplot using the python plotting routines
Aitoff projections can be plotted using:
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Publically available pulsar software
## Catalogues

| Software | Description | Access |
| PSRCAT | The ATNF pulsar catalogue | The catalogue can be accessed from this web page, or by downloading the software. Updates are made by the pulsar group in CSIRO who search the literature for new entries every few months. |

## Processing software

| Software | Description | Access |
| PSRCHIVE | | |
| DSPSR | | |

## Search software

* Software
* Presto
* Sigproc
* Fitorbit

## Pulsar timing software

| Software | Description |
| Tempo2 | Pulsar timing software based on the original tempo software |
| Tempo | Pulsar timing software |
| PINT | PINT Is Not Tempo, another python-based timing software package |

## Simulation software

| Software | Description | Access |
| ptaSimulate | | |
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Modelling timing residuals
## Glitch events

In tempo/tempo2, glitch events are modelled as an offset in pulse phase, $\Delta \phi$ and the permanent increments in the pulse frequency $\Delta \nu _{p}$ and first frequency time derivative $\Delta {\dot {\nu }}_{p}$. In addition it is sometimes necessary to in a transient frequency increment $\Delta \nu _{d}$ which decays exponentially to zero with a timescale of $\tau _{d}$. The phase model (caused by the glitch) is therefore taken as:
$\phi _{g}=\Delta \phi +\Delta \nu _{p}(t-t_{g})+{\frac {1}{2}}\Delta {\dot {\nu }}_{p}(t-t_{g})^{2}+\left[1-e^{-(t-t_{g})/\tau _{d}}\right]\Delta \nu _{d}\tau _{d}$
where $t_{g}$ is the glitch epoch and $t$ is the current time.