OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Historical Rhetorics/Should We Read Quintilian?/Brinton, Alan. "Quintilian, Plato, and the Vir Bonus." ''Philosophy Rhetoric'' 16.3 (1983): 167. Print.
## Brinton, Alan. “Quintilian, Plato, and the 'Vir Bonus.'” Philosophy and Rhetoric 16.3 (1983): 167-84. Print.

Brinton suggests that Quintilian's famous vir bonus remarks (in the first chapter of Book XII) can be read as Platonistic abstraction in three ways—Quintilian having intended all three—as “(1) an orator ought to be good; (2) an orator will be effective only if good; (3) an orator is good as a matter of definition” (168). He suggests the first reading as important only in that it highlights Quintilian's insistence on moral character against the backdrop of rhetorical handbooks of the day that did not attend to it. He considers the latter two readings as evidence of Quintilian's compliance with Platonism, and traces examples from Gorgias and Protagoras that show how both men believe good speech requires moral character. Brinton argues that Quintilian's unwillingness to accept counter-examples of bad men who were good orators (by way of his arguing that they were in fact good men, such as in the case of Cicero and Demosthenes) is symptomatic of a doctrine that would not hold up to contemporary empirical refutation. The third reading of the vir bonus statement has it, as Brinton explains, that the orator is a Platonic ideal, since Quintilian considers good and bad in absolute terms, which disregard the obvious levels of goodness and badness that most people have. Ordinary speech “conforms to the language of every day (Quintilian as qtd. in Brinton 183), but is grounded in the ideal form for Quintilian.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Social control
## Social control (alpha = 0.930/0.703)
### Description

The authors consider two forms of control, namely formal control and social control.

### Items

* We can trust our partners in the process of cooperation.
* The shared vision and values have been built in the cooperation.
* We are confident of the capability of our partner.
* Without monitoring, the partner would fulﬁll his obligations.
* We often communicate ideas about selling, production and servicing with our partner.

### Source

* Li et al. (2008): Transformational offshore outsourcing: Empirical evidence from alliances in China. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 257-274.

### Related Scales

* Formal control
* Trust
# Handbook of Management Scales/Social astuteness
## Social astuteness (alpha = 0.80)
### Description

The conceptualization and measurement of the political skill construct was examined and evidence was validated for the Political Skill Inventory (PSI). The results of three investigations, involving seven samples, are reported that demonstrate consistency of the factor structure across studies, construct validity, and criterion-related validity of the PSI. Four key dimensions are identified in the organizational politics literature: social astuteness, interpersonal influence, networking ability, and apparent sincerity.

### Items

Using the following 7-point scale, please place the number on the blank before each item that best describes how much you agree with each statement about yourself (1 = strongly disagree, ..., 7 = strongly agree):
* I understand people very well.
* I am particularly good at sensing the motivations and hidden agendas of others.
* I have good intuition or savvy about how to present myself to others.
* I always seem to instinctively know the right things to say or do to influence others.
* I pay close attention to people’s facial expressions.

### Source

* Ferris et al. (2005): Development and Validation of the Political Skill Inventory. Journal of Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 126–152.

### Related Scales

* Social awareness
# Handbook of Management Scales/Social cohesion
## Social cohesion
### Description

Social cohesion was measured with two items taken from Zaccaro (1991).

### Items

* I generally do not get along with my fellow group members (reverse coded).
* I enjoy belonging to my group because I am friends with many of my group members.

### Source

* Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731

### Comments

As only two items were measured, additional items should be added in future studies.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Social inequality
## Social inequality (CR = 0.76)
### Description

Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudence. A new 40-item scale is developed to measure these personal cultural orientations. Much effort has been invested in ensuring validity, reliability, and cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the new scale.

### Definition

Social inequality represents the degree of inequality among people in a society which the individual accepts as normal.

### Items

* A person’s social status reflects his or her place in the society. (0.78)
* It is important for everyone to know their rightful place in the society. (0.75)
* It is difficult to interact with people from different social status than mine. (0.73)
* Unequal treatment for different people is an acceptable way of life for me. (0.69)

### Source

* Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
# Handbook of Management Scales/Social participation
## Social participation (alpha = 0.68)
### Description

The authors reconceptualize organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in terms of civic citizenship and propose a new OCB measurement. It uses five categories of citizenship: loyalty, obedience, social participation, advocacy participation, and functional participation. Based on data from 950 employees, support is found for the measurement's construct validity.

### Definition

Organizational citizenship can be conceptualized as a global concept that includes all positive organizationally relevant behaviors of individual organization members.
Hereby, organizational participation is interest in organizational affairs guided by ideal standards of virtue, validated by an individual's keeping informed, and expressed through full and responsible involvement in organizational governance.
Particularly, social participation can be understood as concerning forms of participation that are noncontroversial and that involve interaction with other individuals.

### Items

* Only attends work-related meetings if required by job (R). (0.67)
* Shares ideas for new projects or improvements widely. (0.65)
* Keeps informed about products and services and tells others. (0.62)
* Works so personal appearance is attractive and appropriate. (0.61)
* Is not involved in outside groups for benefit of organization (R). (0.48)

### Source

* Van Dyne, Graham & Dienesch (1994): Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Construct Redefinition, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 765–802

### Comments

The value of Cronbach's alpha was below 0.70 and, thus, too low. The factor loading of the last item was very low.

### Related Scales

* Advocacy participation
* Functional participation
# Handbook of Management Scales/Specific assets
## Specific assets (alpha = 0.64)
### Items

* If we had to switch to a different contractor during the project much of our investment would have to be made again.
* If we had to switch to a different contractor during the project it would take some time for us to bring the new contractor up to speed on the technology.
* The project required close working relationships between the contractor’s people and our people.
All items were measured on a scale ranging from 1, "completely inaccurate", to 7, "completely accurate".

### Source

* Carson et al. (2006): Uncertainty, opportunism and governance: The effects of volatility and ambiguity on formal and relational contracting. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 1058–1077. Adapted from Anderson (1985) and John/Weitz (1989).

### Related Scales

* Asset specificity
* Switching costs
# Handbook of Management Scales/State uncertainty
## State uncertainty (alpha = 0.81)
### Description

An important contribution to the literature on perceived environmental uncertainty (PEU) is Milliken's (1987) distinction between state uncertainty, effect uncertainty, and response uncertainty. Using a two-phase empirical study, this research seeks to develop and test scales to measure the three constructs in terms of dimensionality, reliability, and validity (including nomological validity).

### Definition

State uncertainty is defined as the situation that occurs when managers do not feel confident that they understand what the major events or trends in an environment are or feel unable to accurately assign probabilities to the likelihood that particular events or changes will occur (Milliken 1987, 1990).

### Items

* How often do you feel you have the information you need in order to understand how this factor will change in the future? (never/always)
* How often do you believe the marketing information you have about this factor is adequate for your marketing management decision making? (never/always)
* How often do you feel you are able to get the necessary information about this factor for your marketing management decision making? (never/always)

### Source

* Ashill/Jobber (2010): Measuring State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty: Theoretical Construct Development and Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1278-1308.

### Related Scales

* Effect uncertainty
* Response uncertainty
# Handbook of Management Scales/Social and environmental responsibility
## Social and environmental responsibility (AVE = 0.55; CR = 0.76)
### Description

Based on a comprehensive scale development and validation procedure, the authors find support for a five-dimensional scale to measure customer-based corporate reputation of a service firm: customer orientation, good employer, reliable and financially strong company, product and service quality, and social and environmental responsibility.

### Definition

Social and environmental responsibility relates to the customers’ perceptions that the company sees and acts on environmental and social responsibilities.

### Items

* Seems to make an effort to create new jobs. (0.59)
* Would reduce its profits to ensure a clean environment. (0.56)
* Seems to be environmentally responsible. (0.55)
* Appears to support good causes. (0.48)

### Comments

Item 3 was adapted from a scale by Fombrun et al. (2000). The first item does not really seem to measure social or environmental responsibility. The factor loadings of the last items are relatively low; the wording of this item is also very general. In general, as companies can be socially responsible but, at the same time, not environmentally responsible and vice versa, this scale might actually be two-dimensional. In general, this scale should be further developed before it is used again.

### Source

* Walsh & Beatty (2007): Customer-based Corporate Reputation of a Service Firm: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 127-143.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Social awareness
## Social awareness (alpha > 0.70)
### Description

A multidimensional measure of feedback orientation is developed and validated. This feedback orientation scale (FOS) was developed and refined using two pilot studies and two focal studies. Across these studies, substantial support was found for a four-dimension FOS scale. The four dimensions are utility, accountability, social awareness, and feedback self-efficacy. Study 1 found substantial support for the reliability and validity of the scale. Study 2 provided support for the generalizability of results to a field sample, with five of the six hypotheses retested being supported.

### Definition

Feedback orientation is defined as an individual’s overall receptivity to feedback.
Social awareness is defined as an individual’s tendency to use feedback to be aware of others’ views of oneself and to be sensitive to these views.

### Items

Administer these items using a 5-point scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
* I try to be aware of what other people think of me.
* Using feedback, I am more aware of what people think of me.
* Feedback helps me manage the impression I make on others.
* Feedback lets me know how I am perceived by others.
* I rely on feedback to help me make a good impression.

### Source

* Linderbaum/Levy (2010): The Development and Validation of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS). Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 1372-1405.

### Related Scales

* Accountability
* Feedback self-efficacy
* Social astuteness
* Utility
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Columns/Wireless News NSW

CUT & PASTE OF ARTICLE ON PREDECESSOR COLUMN "MAGIC SPARK" ALSO BY DOT DASH, TO BE EDITED
The "Magic Spark" column in Sydney's "Evening News" newspaper commenced Saturday 28 January 1922 and ran until Saturday 12 July 1924. It is thought to have been the first newspaper column devoted to wireless in Australia, though this needs to be confirmed by further research. The timing of the commencement of the column was at least fortuitous. The earliest columns highlighted the restrictive licensing practices of the day, especially in respect of amateur "experimental" transmitting licences; encouraged readers to write to their local members of parliament seeking relaxation of such provisions; and promoted the newish science of radio telegraphy and radio telephony. Its campaign (and those of others, especially the various State Divisions of the Wireless Institute of Australia) soon bore fruit with the Wireless Telegraphy Regulations 1922 legislative instrument. The publication period extended across the Wireless Regulations 1923 and oddly came to a conclusion around the time of the Wireless Regulations 1924. Anecdotally, the popularity of the column spread far beyond the traditional readership of the "Evening News" and today the column is highly regarded by radio historians.
Research to date has not revealed the author(s) of the column, but the consistency of style and purpose is indicative of a single author and this is supported by the consistent use of the nom de plume of "Dot Dash". In the final weeks of the column in mid-1924 the nom de plume became "Catwhisker" signalling a new author and indeed, an announcement in the column of 19 July 1924 indicated that henceforth the "Magic Spark" column would be printed every Monday.

### Resources

A comprehensive summary of matters pertaining to the Magic Spark Column NSW has not yet been prepared, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Research - Wireless News Column NSW - Summary of research to date
* Transcriptions and Notes - Wireless News Column NSW - More than 20 transcriptions of entire columns (out of a total of more than ??? columns) and notes, primarily from the NLA's Trove, all identified to date and tagged "Wireless News Column NSW"
Columns where little able to be transcribed:
* Photos and other graphics - Wireless News Column NSW - Nothing uploaded as yet, no material identified as yet
* Incubator of Wikipedia Article on Wireless News Column NSW - Coming real soon now!
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Columns/Sparks from Radioland NSW

CUT & PASTE OF ARTICLE ON COLUMN "MAGIC SPARK", TO BE EDITED
The "Magic Spark" column in Sydney's "Evening News" newspaper commenced Saturday 28 January 1922 and ran until Saturday 12 July 1924. It is thought to have been the first newspaper column devoted to wireless in Australia, though this needs to be confirmed by further research. The timing of the commencement of the column was at least fortuitous. The earliest columns highlighted the restrictive licensing practices of the day, especially in respect of amateur "experimental" transmitting licences; encouraged readers to write to their local members of parliament seeking relaxation of such provisions; and promoted the newish science of radio telegraphy and radio telephony. Its campaign (and those of others, especially the various State Divisions of the Wireless Institute of Australia) soon bore fruit with the Wireless Telegraphy Regulations 1922 legislative instrument. The publication period extended across the Wireless Regulations 1923 and oddly came to a conclusion around the time of the Wireless Regulations 1924. Anecdotally, the popularity of the column spread far beyond the traditional readership of the "Evening News" and today the column is highly regarded by radio historians.
Research to date has not revealed the author(s) of the column, but the consistency of style and purpose is indicative of a single author and this is supported by the consistent use of the nom de plume of "Dot Dash". In the final weeks of the column in mid-1924 the nom de plume became "Catwhisker" signalling a new author and indeed, an announcement in the column of 19 July 1924 indicated that henceforth the "Magic Spark" column would be printed every Monday.

### Resources

A comprehensive summary of matters pertaining to the Magic Spark Column NSW has not yet been prepared, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Research - Sparks from Radioland Column NSW - Summary of research to date
* Transcriptions and Notes - Sparks from Radioland Column NSW - More than 10 transcriptions of entire columns (out of a total of more than ??? columns) and notes, primarily from the NLA's Trove, all identified to date and tagged "Wireless News Column NSW"
Columns where little able to be transcribed:
* Photos and other graphics - Sparks from Radioland Column NSW - Nothing uploaded as yet, no material identified as yet
* Incubator of Wikipedia Article on Sparks from Radioland Column NSW - Coming real soon now!
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Exhibitions

Radio and Electrical Exhibitions

### Locality Listing
#### New South Wales
##### NSW Metropolitan=

** Auchenflower Radio Club Coming real soon now!

##### NSW Regional

** Queensland Wireless Institute Coming real soon now!

#### Victoria
##### Vic Metropolitan

** Auchenflower Radio Club Coming real soon now!

##### Vic Regional

** Queensland Wireless Institute Coming real soon now!

#### Queensland

* Qld Metropolitan
** Auchenflower Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Booval and District Radio Society - Australia's most short lived radio club? - Start made
** East Brisbane Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Eastern Suburbs Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Graceville District Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Ipswich Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Junction Park Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** New Farm Experimental Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Nundah Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Sandgate Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** South Brisbane Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** St Andrews Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Toombul Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Wooloowin Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** YMCA Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Radio Society of Queensland (Toombul Branch) Coming real soon now!
** Radio Society of Queensland (Brisbane Branch) Coming real soon now!
** Radio Society of Queensland (Ipswich Branch) Coming real soon now!
** Radio Society of Queensland (Sandgate Branch) Coming real soon now!
* Qld Regional
** Ipswich Radio Club Coming real soon now!
** Radio Society of Queensland (Ipswich Branch) Coming real soon now!
** Warwick Radio Club Coming real soon now!

#### South Australia
##### SA Metropolitan

** Auchenflower Radio Club Coming real soon now!

##### SA Regional

** Queensland Wireless Institute Coming real soon now!

#### Western Australia
##### WA Metropolitan

** Auchenflower Radio Club Coming real soon now!

##### WA Regional

** Queensland Wireless Institute Coming real soon now!

#### Tasmania
##### Tas Metropolitan

** Auchenflower Radio Club Coming real soon now!

##### Tas Regional

** Queensland Wireless Institute Coming real soon now!
# Identifying Rocks and Minerals/Differences Between Rocks and Minerals
## What's the difference between rocks and minerals?

A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure formed by geological processes. A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals whereas a rock may also include organic remains and mineraloids. Some rocks are predominantly composed of just one mineral. For example, limestone is a sedimentary rock composed almost entirely of the mineral calcite. Other rocks contain many minerals, and the specific minerals in a rock can vary widely. Some minerals, like quartz, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only one or two locations worldwide. An easier explanation would be that a rock can contain minerals whereas a mineral has a unique specific makeup and always has the same composition if it's the same mineral. Rocks are always minerals, but not all minerals are rocks. Like all chemicals, minerals have a chemical formula; for example amethyst's formula is SiO$_2$.
← Introduction · Types of Rocks →