OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structured Query Language/UPDATE 2

Hint: Be careful and deactivate AUTOCOMMIT.
The page in hand offers two additional techniques as an extension to the UPDATE command shown on one of the previous pages:
   * Computing values, which are assigned to a column, at runtime.
   * Using complex subqueries as search conditions in the WHERE clause.

## Evaluate Values at Runtime

The values which are assigned to a column may be computed by a correlated or non-correlated scalar value subquery on the involved table or another one. There are many use cases where this technique is utilized: Increase values linear or in percentage, use values from the same or another table, ... . The situation is similar to that described on the page about the INSERT command.
The subquery may use the values of the row, which is currently updated. In the next example, persons receive the mean weight of their family. To compute this mean weight, it is necessary to use the column 'lastname' of the actual processed row.

## Subqueries in WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause determines which rows of a table are involved by the UPDATE command. This WHERE clause has the same syntax and semantic as the WHERE clause of the SELECT or DELETE command. It may contain complex combinations of boolean operators, predicates like ANY, ALL or EXISTS, and recursively subqueries as described in SELECT: Subquery.
The command performs an UPDATE in the table person, but the affected rows are identified by a subquery in table contact. This technique of grabbing information from other tables offers very flexible strategies to modify the data.
It is no error to select 0 rows in the subquery. In this case, the DBMS executes the UPDATE command as usual and throws no exception. (The same holds true for subqueries in SELECT or DELETE statements.)

## Exercises

Assign the firstname 'Short firstname' to all persons which have a firstname with less than 5 characters.
Assign the firstname 'No hobby' to all persons which have no hobby.
Assign the firstname 'Sportsman' to all persons performing one of the hobbies 'Underwater Diving' or 'Yoga'.
# Structured Query Language/TRUNCATE

The TRUNCATE TABLE command deletes all rows of a table without causing any triggered action. Unlike the DELETE command, it contains no WHERE clause to specify individual rows.
With respect to the TRUNCATE TABLE command, most DBMS show significantly better performance than with DELETE command. This results from the fact that the DBMS can empty the table (and its indexes) as a whole. It's not necessary to access individual rows.
* There is - per definition - no WHERE clause.
* No trigger action will be launched - per definition.
* The transaction locks the complete table.
* If there is an Foreign-Key-constraint from table t1 to t2, the command 'TRUNCATE TABLE t2' will fail. This holds true independent from the question whether any row of t1 refers actually to one of the rows of t2 or not. The DBMS checks only the existence of the Forgeign-Key-constraint definition.
The syntax of the TRUNCATE TABLE command is very simple.

## An Analogy

To illustrate the difference between the TRUNCATE TABLE command and the DELETE command (without a WHERE clause), one can imagine a trucker, who wants to empty a trailer full of sand at a construction site. To do so, he has two possibilities; either empty the trailer by tilting it - this corresponds to the TRUNCATE TABLE command -, or climb onto the trailer and throw down one grain of sand after the next - this corresponds to the DELETE command.

## Exercises

Delete all rows of table 'person_hobby' using the DELETE command. Verify that there are no rows left in 'person_hobby'. Delete all rows of table 'hobby' using the TRUNCATE TABLE command. What will happen? (Consider that there is an FK constraint from the table empty 'person_hobby' to 'hobby'.)
What will happen in the above example, if the TRUNCATE TABLE command is replaced by a DELETE command?
The original data of the example database can be reconstructed as shown on the example database data page.
# Vietnamese/Tourism

Tourism is an important industry for Vietnam. Few countries have changed so much over such a short time as Vietnam. Only thirty-odd years after the savagery and slaughter of the American War, this resilient nation is buoyant with hope. It is a country on the move: access is now easier than ever, roads are being upgraded, hotels are springing up and Vietnam’s raucous entrepreneurial spirit is once again alive and well as the old-style Communist system gives way to a socialist market economy. As the number of tourists finding their way here soars, the word is out that this is a land not of bomb craters and army ordnance but of shimmering paddy fields and sugar-white beaches, full-tilt cities and venerable pagodas – often overwhelming in its sheer beauty.
The speed with which Vietnam’s population has been able to put the bitter events of its recent past behind it, and focus its gaze so steadfastly on the future, often surprises visitors expecting to encounter shell-shocked resentment of the West. It wasn’t always like this, however. The reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1975, ending twenty years of bloody civil war, was followed by a decade or so of hardline centralist economic rule from which only the shake-up of Chính sách Đổi Mới – Vietnam’s equivalent of perestroika – beginning in 1986, could awaken the country.
This signaled a renaissance for Vietnam, and today a high fever of commerce grips the nation: from the flashy new shopping malls and designer boutiques to the hustle and bustle of street markets and the booming cross-border trade with China. From a tourist’s point of view, this is a great time to visit – not only to soak up the intoxicating sense of vitality and optimism, but also the chance to witness a country in profound flux. Inevitably, that’s not the whole story. Đổi Mới is an economic policy, not a magic spell, and life, for much of the population, remains hard. Indeed, the move towards a market economy has predictably polarized the gap between rich and poor. Average monthly incomes for city-dwellers remain at around US$50, while in the poorest provinces workers may scrape by on as little as US$15 a month – a difference that amply illustrates the growing gulf between urban and rural Vietnam. There is an equally marked difference between north and south, a deep psychological divide that was around long before the American War, and is engrained in Vietnamese culture. Northerners are considered reticent, thrifty, law-abiding and lacking the dynamism and entrepreneurial know-how of their more worldly-wise southern compatriots. Not surprisingly, this is mirrored in the broader economy: the south is Vietnam’s growth engine, it boasts lower unemployment and higher average wages, and the increasingly glitzy Ho Chi Minh City looks like Bangkok and Singapore than Hanoi.
# Vietnamese/Translationaries

* Vietnamese English Online-dictionary
* Vietnamese Dictionaries
* The Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project
# Violin

| How to Play Violin This is a free textbook about how to play violin which you can help write! | How to Play Fiddle This is a free textbook about how to play fiddle which you can help write! |
# Vietnamese/Typing

To type the consonants, you can use a standard keyboard. It is possible to type the accents on the vowels in Microsoft Office Word 2007; however, it is time-consuming. The accents can be typed by using the symbol function.
Step 1: Type the vowel that needs the accent. Make certain that the cursor is behind the vowel that needs the accent.
Step 2: Click on the Insert tab on the tool bar.
Step 3: Click on the Symbol button on the right-hand side. It looks like an upside-down horseshoe.
Step 4: The symbol dialogue box will appear. It will have two tabs. They will say Symbols and Special Characters.
Step 5: On the Symbols page there is a drop down menu under font. Select VNI-Times.
Step 6: Choose the correct accent and click the insert button at the bottom of the box. The accent will appear over the vowel in the text.
If you want to type Vietnamese easily, You can download the Vietnamese-type software. The best one is Unikey. Almost people in Vietnamese use this software to type Vietnamese. You can download here : http://www.unikey.org/
If you want to practice typing online without installing software. Please visit: vietnamesetyping.com
# Vietnamese/Verb index

* To want : muốn
* To go : đi
* To write : viết
* To be : là
* To have : có
* To do : làm
* To speak : nói
* To use : dùng, sử dụng
* To find : tìm thấy
* To buy : mua
# Vietnamese/Version history

This is a history of the changes that this textbook has gone through:

### 23 December 2003

* Vietnamese Wikibook started.
Version numbers will be in the form majorRelease#.minorRelease#.revision#, and drafts will be 0.x versions (sort of like beta versions).
# Vietnamese/Vowels
## Vietnamese Vowels

    VowelsPhonemeEnglish equivalent sounds a/aː/fat ă/a/cut â/ə/person e/ɛ/pet ê/e/may i or y/i/bee o/ɔ/saw ô/o/spoke ơ/ə:/hurt u/u/boo ư/ɨ/good

## examples

* a like 'a' in "father": ba, cha
* ă like 'a' in "father", except said very quickly: chăn
* â like 'u' in "hut", except shorter: sân, chân
* e like 'eah' in "yeah": che, me
* ê like the Canadian English "eh": cà phê, cá trê
* i like 'ee' in "see" or "deed": pin, xin
* o like "awwwww...", but not quite as long: lý do, quả nho
* ô like the first component of the diphthong 'ow' in "low": á-lô, cái ô
* ơ like â, except longer: bơ, bài thơ
* u like 'oo' in "hoop": Na Uy, Mùa Thu
* ư like 'oo' in "book", with a hint of the 'i' in "lick": lá thư, giống như
# Vietnamese/Vietnamization

Yes, Vietnamization has to do with the Vietnam War, but that's not what it means in this case.
With the dawn of television, computers, and the Internet, the use of words that originated with English has increased greatly. This has both increased the importance of English and diminished the importance of other languages. For other languages to keep up, their speakers have to come up with practical translations or transliterations. For Vietnamese, these translations and transliterations are called Vietnamizations. We'll take a look at:
* how to pronounce English words the way Vietnamese speakers would understand them,
* how to "Vietnamize" English words, and
* commonly Vietnamized words
(Much more to come.)

### Further reading

* Discussion on Vietnamese Wikipedia's policy on foreign names
* How Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese handle foreign names
# Virology
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* On the Genomes of Viruses
* Viral Anatomy
* Gag Proteins
# The Seven Wonders of the World/The Seven Wonders

The Seven Wonders of the World
The "seven wonders of the world" was a list of spectacular buildings and structures, compiled by Greek authors. The list that we currently use today was compiled by historians in the 6th century AD from the original Greek writings. Because all the original sources were Greek, all of the wonders in the list are located in Greece and surrounding areas by the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.
With the exception of the great pyramid all the seven wonders have been destroyed by natural disaster, predominantly fires and earthquakes.
The first surviving Greek record of the seven wonders was given by Antipater of Sidon, who wrote about them in a poem:
This original list includes Babylon's Ishtar Gate instead of the lighthouse at Alexandria, although later lists exclude the gate in favor of the lighthouse.

## Biography: Antipater of Sidon

Every page is going to include at least historical vignette about one of the people (or a group of people) who are associated with that wonder. Because Antipater of Sidon is the earliest surviving record of the seven wonders being listed, we will discuss him here.
Antipater of Sidon (2nd century BCE) is an ancient Greek writer and poet best known for his list of Seven Wonders of the World. He and the mathematician and engineer Philo of Byzantium (born about 280 BCE) are known as the most famous observers of the Seven Wonders. Antipater's poem describes the 7 Magnificent Wonders he had seen, the ones we call the 7 wonders even today. For the idea of 7 monuments that show the significance of mankind was so greatly treasured it was kept alive...family to family...generation to generation. Then in around AD 1500 the Renaissance in Europe became interested in ancient times, and miraculously Antipater’s poem and many other short poems or stories of Greek marvels were rediscovered. It is from these rediscovered poems and descriptions that much of our current knowledge of the seven wonders exists today.
# The Seven Wonders of the World/The Statue of Zeus

The Seven Wonders of the World
The statue of Zeus from the temple at Olympia was a gigantic statue constructed by Phidias in the fifth century BCE. It was constructed of a wooden frame covered in carved ivory with gold accents.
In the sculpture, he was seated on a magnificent throne of cedarwood, inlaid with ivory, gold, ebony, and precious stones. In Zeus' right hand there was a small statue of Nike, the goddess of victory, and in his left hand, a shining sceptre on which an eagle perched. Plutarch, in his Life of the Roman general Aemilius Paulus, records that the victor over Macedon "was moved to his soul, as if he had beheld the god in person," while the Greek orator Dio Chrysostom wrote that a single glimpse of the statue would make a man forget his earthly troubles.
The temple of Zeus, where the statue stood, was destroyed by fire in the fourth century BCE, although some scholars believe that the statue had been moved to Constantinople before the fire, and was later destroyed there.
# The Seven Wonders of the World/Resources

The Seven Wonders of the World
The initial text of this book has been adapted from articles at Wikipedia.
# The Seven Wonders of the World/The Temple of Artemis

The Seven Wonders of the World
The temple of Artemis at Ephesus was a large stone temple constructed around 550 BCE.
The temple of Artemis at Ephesus was destroyed on July 21, 356 BCE in an act of arson committed by Herostratus. According to the story, his motivation was fame at any cost. The Ephesians, outraged, announced that Herostratus' name never be recorded. The Greek historian Strabo later noted the name, which is how we know today. The temple was destroyed on the same night that Alexander the Great was born. Alexander, as king, offered to pay to rebuild the temple, but his offer was denied. Later, after Alexander died, the temple was rebuilt in 323 BCE.
The new temple was destroyed by the Goths in 262 BCE. The temple was rebuilt again, only to collapse. During a dispute between followers of Artemis and the Apostle John (see Acts of John) This event causes the eventual disbanding of the cult of Artemis, and the mass conversion of the Ephesians to christianity.
# The Seven Wonders of the World/The Colossus

The Seven Wonders of the World
The Colossus at Rhodes, a gigantic statue of the Greek god Helios, was constructed in the third century BCE. The statue stood over 30 meters tall at the mouth of the harbor at Rhodes. After Alexander the Great died, his empire was broken into several pieces by his generals. Ptolemy, who was in control of Rhodes and Egypt, controlled much of the commerce on the Mediterranean. Fighting broke out between Ptolemy at Rhodes and another of Alexander's generals. After the fighting was over, the vicorious Rhodians used war plunder to construct the Colossus.
The statue was constructed by Chares of Lindos out of a combination of stone, iron, and bronze. Large stone support pillars were erected at the mouth of the harbour, and embedded with iron cross-bars. The iron bars then were covered with sculpted bronze plates to form the finished colossus.
An earthquake in 226 BCE destroyed the statue, which cracked at the knees and fell onto the land. The Rhodians choose not to rebuild it because the Oracle at Delphi warned that it would anger the god Helios. The statue lay on the ground untouched for over 800 years, and was a popular tourist attraction. In 654 an Arab force under Muawiyah I captured Rhodes and the remains were sold to a traveling salesman from Edessa. The buyer had the statue broken down, and transported the bronze scrap on the backs of 900 camels to his home. Pieces continued to turn up for sale for years, after being found along the caravan route.
# The Seven Wonders of the World/The Mausoleum

The Seven Wonders of the World
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, also known as the Mausoleum of Maussollos was a tomb built in the fourth century BCE in honor of Mausolus and his wife Artemisia. The Mausoleum stood approximately 135 feet (41 meters) tall, and each wall was adorned with carvings by one of four great Greek sculptors.

## Etymology: "Mausoleum"

The word "Mausoleum" is actually a combination of the original Greek words "Mausol" and "eion", or "dedicated to Mausol". Because this tomb was so grand, all other large tombs have been known as mausoleums.

## Biography: Mausolus

The Mausoleum is dedicated to a man named Mausolus, who was a Persian Governor of Anatolia. In addition to creating many new cities, buildings and other large construction projects, Mausolus founded the city of Halicarnassus to be the capital of Anatolia. Mausolus, as was custom among Persian officials at the time, married his sister Artemisia. After Mausolus' death, Artemisia finished constructing the large mausoleum in his honor.
# World War II/Asian Theater/Long Term Causes
## Washington Naval Conference

Leaves ratio of British, American and Japanese navies at 5:5:3. This causes resentment in Japan.

## Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
### The Manchurian Crisis

Japanese Militarists staged an explosion of the Japanese controlled South-Manchurian railway, near Mukden. They blamed the Chinese for it and the Kwantung army invaded Manchuria, and set up a puppet government.

### Japan Leaves the League of Nations

Japan's disregard for the League of Nations's authority, undermines it. This example is copied by Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany.

## Anti-Comintern Pact

The Anti-Comintern Pact was pact against Communist International. The Communists were the enemies of the Fascists. The Pact was signed by three powers. The Germans, the Japanese and later the Italians. This formed what was later known as the Axis Powers.
# World War II/Asian Theater/Weapons
## Infantry Weapons

The U.S. infantry used weapons such as the M1 Garand, browning automatic rifle,Thompson, and colt m1911

## Tanks

The Sherman and Stuart tanks were used a lot during the war.

## Planes
### Fighters
#### Mitsubishi Zero

Thought of as the most advanced fighter in its time, the Mitsubishi Zero broke many records and it could out-maneuver most of the allied fighter planes at the beginning of the war, although it was outclassed by later model allied fighters. It proved its worth, during the attack on Pearl Harbor in which it destroyed U.S. aircraft on the ground and closely guarded the slow moving Aichi D3A "Val"

### Bombers
#### Boeing B-29

The Boeing B-29 Superfortress was a major development of the B-17 Flying Fortress. Design started in 1937 and the prototype flew five years later. B-29s were mainly used to bomb Japan in the later stages of the war. On August 6, 1945, a Superfortress of the 509th Bombardment Wing dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The B-29 was the mainstay of the US bomber fleet for several years after WWII, and many were used in Korea.

## Ships
### Yamato-Class Battleships

The Japanese superbattleships Yamato and Musashi were the largest battleships ever launched. They were intended for use in a major fleet engagement not unlike Jutland or Tsushima. The main armament of these leviathans were nine 18-inch naval cannon that could hurl a shell up to twenty-five miles. The Yamatos were not used until the later stages of WWII, when Japan launched a massive counterattack in the Battle of Letye Gulf. Musashi was sunk by US carrier planes in this engagement. In April 1945, Yamato was fitted out for a suicidal strike against the US fleet gathering around Okinawa. Her mission was to shell and possibly ram American carriers and transports supporting the Okinawa invasion. Two hundred miles from her goal, US carrier planes attacked and sank her.
# World War II
## Contents
### European Theater
#### The Beginning

* Treaty of Versailles

#### The Powers

* Mussolini and Fascist Italy
* Hitler and the German Third Reich
* Stalin and the Soviet Union
* Chamberlain, Churchill, and the British Empire
* Rest of Europe
* Roosevelt and the United States of America

#### The War in Europe

* Battle of Poland
* Fall of Denmark and Norway
* Battle of France
* Battle of Britain
* The Battle of the Atlantic
* The French Resistance
* North and East Africa
* German and Italian Attack in the Balkans
* Operation Barbarossa
* Fall of East Africa and War in North Africa
* The Russian Defense of Moscow and Leningrad
* Stalingrad and the Caucasus
* El Alamein and Axis Retreat
* The Russian Advance
* Operation Torch and Tunisia
* Kursk and Continued German Retreat
* Invasion of Sicily and Italy
* The German Retreat, The Russian Advance
* Strategic Bombing in Europe
* War in Italy
* D-Day - The Allied Invasion
* The Liberation of France and Western Europe
* Soviets Advance into Eastern Europe
* Battle of the Bulge and Into Germany
* Fall of Berlin
* Holocaust

### The War in the Pacific and Asia

* Long Term Causes of War in the Pacific
* Declaration of War
* Campaigns in the Pacific
* Weapons in the Pacific
* Surrender of Japan
* Post-War Japan
* China - 1920 to 1931
* Submarine Warfare

### Science in World War II

* Cryptography in World War II
* Atomic bomb

### Extra Information

* Bibliography
* Authors
* Aircraft of WWII

### Articles to be put into module

* The Beginning of the End
# World War I/Imperialism
## Imperialism

The natural corollary of economic nationalism was imperialism. The exploration of the nineteenth century had exhausted the unknown regions and now nations turned on each other. Germany aspired to win back the colonies lost in World War 1. Italy cast her eyes on Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) and Japan on China. The imperialism of the nineteenth century was a product of the Industrial Revolution. Increased production created the need for raw materials and increased markets, which led to the Scramble for Africa and colonial rivalries in Asia. These in turn, gave rise to a series of international crises. France and Germany. Kaiser William 2 raised imperial slogans like Berlin to Bagdad and the Germans claimed a "place in the sun". The Kaiser's project of the Berlin Baghdad Railway threatened Russian interests in the East. The Kiel Canal and German's efforts to rival England in naval power, the attened the latter's supremacy on the seas government as the murderer was a Slav. She sent an Ultimatum to Serbia did not agree to two points. Austria treated this as a refusal of the ultimatum and attacked Belgrade.
# World War I/Introduction

Welcome to the Wikibook on World War I.
This book is intended to serve individuals interested in the subject of World War I, but not necessarily experts or very knowledgeable amateurs. Very little prior knowledge of World War I is presumed, so if you already have a significant knowledge of World War I this may not be the book for you. If, however, you only know the basic facts, or even nothing, about World War I, this book may be for you.
# World War I/Nationalism
## Nationalism

Behind most of the events which led to the war lay political rivalries and nationalistic aspirations. It was French nationalism which long to recover Alsace-Lorraine. For the same reason, Russians desired to extend their control south-ward. It was Nationalism against which led to bitter rivalries between Britain and Germany and encouraged them to military and naval competition. For nationalist causes, Bosnia and agitated for union with Serbia. Bulgaria's national pride was hurt at the end of the second Balkan war by the treatment given to her by Roumania, Serbia and Greece. She contemplated vengence. Hence the First World War is rightly called the Third Balkan War.