OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HydroGeoSphere/Potential Evapotranspiration

This is a special form of the second-type, Neumann, specified or constant flux boundary condition which is used in conjunction with evapotranspiration properties which can be defined as described in Section 5.8.5. It is an areal property and so you should first choose the subset of faces for which you want to apply the condition. These faces should be part of the top boundary of the grid, and in this case the top boundary must be coincident with the 2-D slice which was used to define the 3-D mesh. This means that you cannot use the boundary condition if the Y-vertical instruction has been used. This restriction arises because of grid numbering assumptions which are made when applying evapotranspiration as a function of depth.
The following instructions can be used as input to the Type instruction inside the Boundary condition...End instruction group to assign various specified flux boundary conditions:

## Potential Evapotranspiration

Sets the input type to be a special specified flux boundary condition and converts the evaporative fluxes to nodal volumetric fluxes [L$^3$ T$^{−1}$] by multiplying by the contributing area of the chosen face.
For example:
would define a potential evapotranspiration of 0.001 from time zero for the duration of the simulation for all of the nodes contained in the face set top.
Although this instruction is currently restricted to be applied to porous media only, the potential evapotranspiration is applied to the surface water domain and subsurface domain in a stepwise manner. Nodes in the chosen faces and as a function of depth may be assigned a time-variable flux value, depending on factors such as the current nodal saturation, which may inhibit for example, transpiration from occurring.
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australasian Radio World/Notes
## Australasian Radio World - Transcriptions and notes
### 1930s
#### 1936
##### 1936 08
###### P.02 - Editorial Notes

Editorial Notes . . .
FOUR YEARS OF PROGRESS. During the past four years, radio has progressed perhaps more rapidly than ever before, particularly in regard to receiver design. 1932 saw the coming of the six- and seven-pin valves, and with their advent set designers discarded the old reliables, represented by the '24, '35, and 47, in favour of the 57, 58, and 2A5. Now these in their turn are giving way to the new American metal and English spray-shielded releases. Base standardisation for all new type valves is also an advance worthy of mention.
CIRCUIT IMPROVEMENTS. Circuit design has improved in step with, or rather, because of, advances in valve design. Diode detection, automatic volume control, noise suppression control, and then dual-wave and all-wave receivers were all made commercially practicable by valves designed specially for these features.
BETTER TONE THE NEXT STEP. The next step will undoubtedly be in the direction of improving tone; in fact, leading manufacturers are already releasing medium-priced receivers capable of giving high-quality reproduction. During the past few years, set designers have been forced to concentrate on obtaining high selectivity and maximum sensitivity - the former, because of the steady increase in the number of stations operating on the broadcast hand, and the latter, because of the rapid development of worldwide shortwave services. As a result, the modern superhet is more powerful and selective than ever before. What is now needed is these qualities combined with high-quality reproduction - a combination not easily obtained, for it means much more than just providing a modern superhet tuner with a high-class audio channel. Either variable selectivity or some form of tone compensation is needed - preferably the latter - while improved speakers and better baffling are going to help considerably. Price levels will probably be a little higher, because really good tone is expensive to obtain, but nevertheless the manufacturer who caters for this latest trend is going to reap a worthwhile reward.

###### P.02 - Publication Notes

The "Australasian Radio World" is published monthly by A. E. Read. Editorial offices, 214 George Street, Sydney, N.S.W. Telephone BW6577. Cable address: "Repress," Sydney. Advertisers please note that copy should reach office of publication by 15th of month preceding that specified for insertion.
Subscription rates: 1/- per copy, 10/6 per year ( 12 issues) post free to Australia and New Zealand. Subscribers in New Zealand can remit by Postal Note or Money Order.
# Hong Kong Type AA2
#### Neopost 1930s Model

    Neopost machines weren't given a specific name so the 1930s model, like previous versions, was initially marketed simply as "The Neopost". The machines used in Hong Kong could print six values.
    3 machines are known, numbered N2 to N4. An essay was produced for N1 but was in a considerably different design - this was possibly only a 3-value machine.
AA2.N2 (LV-6).
    A. Not known (possibly Mackinnon, Mackenzie & Co.) Known 25 III 37 - 22 II 41
       TM: BIC "VICTORIA / HONGKONG"
       Values:
          2c date unknown
          5c known 25 IX 37
          20c known 17 IV 37
          25c known 25 IX 37 - 22 II 41
          50c known 25 III 37 - 22 II 41
          $1 known 17 IV 37 - 22 II 41
       Slogans:
          Image
          A. For comfort and service travel and ship by P&O, B.I. and E&A (Image shows a photocopy - actual slogan would be red)
             Known 25 III 37 - 22 XI 37
AA2.N3 (LV-6).
    A. Bank of China. Known 2 XI 40 - 20 VIII 41
       TM: BIC "VICTORIA / HONGKONG"
       Values:
          1c known 1 XII 36 - this is probably a proof
          2c date unknown
          5c known 31 XII 36 - this is probably a proof
          10c known 1 II 41 - 20 VIII 41
          25c known 2 XI 40 - 20 VIII 41
          Remaining value not known
       Slogans:
          Image
          A. You need never buy another postage stamp! Get a "Neopost" (Image shows a photocopy - actual slogan would be red)
             Known 31 XII 36 - this is probably a proof
          NOTE. Slogans are not known postally used on this machine.
AA2.N4 (LV-6).
    A. Butterfield & Swire. Known 25 VI 37 - 23 VI 41
       TM: BIC "VICTORIA / HONGKONG"
       Values:
          1c known 11 III 38
          4c known 25 VI 37
          5c known 15 IX 38 - 31 X 38
          10c known 25 VI 37 - 19 VI 41
          25c known 26 VI 37 - 23 VI 41
          Remaining value not known
       Slogans:
          Not known on this machine
# Hong Kong Type AA8
#### Universal Postal Frankers, Ltd. "Simplex".

    The Simplex was a limited value machine that could print 25 values in 5c increments, i.e. 5c, 10c... 125c.
    Machines were numbered S1 to S15, although examples from S9 and S13 have not yet been seen.
AA8.S1 (LV-25)
    A. M# sans-serif.
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * Specimen: 24 X 52
      * User not known: 23 XII 52 - 12 I 56
    B. M# seriffed.
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * Hong Kong Telephone Company Limited
          Known dates: -1 X 57 - ?? V 58
          Slogan: Nil
      * St. John Ambulance Association and Brigade
          Known dates: 27 IX 72 - 1 V 74
          Slogan: St. John's circular logo
AA8.S2 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
AA8.S3 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * The Hongkong Soya Bean Products Co., Ltd.
AA8.S4 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * Cathay Limited
AA8.S5 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * The Hong Kong & China Gas Co., Ltd.
AA8.S6 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * Textile Engineering (Far East) Limited
AA8.S7 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * San Miguel Brewery Ltd.
AA8.S8 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * ???tion Ltd., Commerce Bldg. Central
AA8.S9 (LV-25)
       Not yet seen
AA8.S10 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * Ting Tai Metal Ware Factory, Ltd.
AA8.S11 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * Fing Lee Company
AA8.S12 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * User not known
AA8.S13 (LV-25)
       Not yet seen
AA8.S14 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "SHAM SHUI PO / KOWLOON"
      * Wahchong Tingtai Metal Mfg. Co., Ltd.
       TM: DC "CHEUNG SHA WAN / HONG KONG"
      * User not known
AA8.S15 (LV-25)
       TM: DC "KOWLOON / HONG KONG"
      * Specimen: -7 VII 58
       TM: DC "VICTORIA / HONG KONG"
      * Wayfoong Finance Limited
# Immigrating to Canada/Introduction

This text is divided into two types of immigration, temporary and permanent. Temporary immigration consists of all categories of people who enter Canada on a temporary basis, be it a tourist, a visitor, a student, or a temporary worker. Certain types of temporary immigrants are able to extend their visits indefinitely which can effectively make them almost permanent. Permanent immigration, however, are those who would like to settle in Canada and take advantage of government services. This includes those seeking permanent residency or citizenship.
# Immigrating to Canada/Refugee Class

Canada admits refugees under its "Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement Program".
There are three recognized classes of refugees:
* Convention Refugees Abroad Class
* Country of Asylum Class
* Source Country Class

## Eligibility

A person falls into the Convention Refugees Abroad class where they:
* are a Convention Refugee
* live outside of Canada
* are seeking to resettle in Canada
* cannot return to country of residence/nationality
* cannot integrate into country of first asylum
* do not have another offer to resettle elsewhere
A person falls within the Country of Asylum class is a person where they:
* live outside country of citizenship
* continues to be affected by armed conflict
* cannot find adequate solution to the situation in a reasonable time
A person falls within the Source Country class where:
* reside in a designated "source country" which is the country of nationality or residency
* continues to be affected by armed conflict.
# Immunology
## Table of contents

* Introduction
* Organs of the Immune System
* Cells of the Immune System
* Antigens
* Antibodies
* Immune System Genetics
* Antibody/Antigen Interactions
* Major Histocompatibility Complex
* Antigen Processing and Presentation
* T Cells
* B Cells
* Cell-Mediated Immune Response
* Cytokines
* The Complement System
* Inflammation
* Hypersensitivity
* Infectious Disease
* Immunodeficiency
* Autoimmunity
* Transplants
* Cancer
* Vaccines
* Experimental Methods in Immunology

## References

* Goldsby RA, Kindt TK, Osborne BA and Kuby J (2003) Immunology, 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4947-5
* Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, and Shlomchik M (2001) Immunobiology, 6th Edition, Garland Publishing, New York, New York, ISBN 0-8153-3642-X

## External links

* The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Section 12: Immunology; Allergic Disorders
* Immunology
# Immigrating to Canada/Application to sponsor and Undertaking (IMM 1344A)

SECTION A
Question 1
    "proceed with the application for permanent residence": if you do not qualify as a sponsor the PR application will be processed and refused. No fees will be repaid. There is a right of appeal.
    "withdraw your sponsorship": if you do not qualify as a sponsor you will receive all payments except $75.
(see p. 14 of Sponsor Guide)
Question 8
    Legally separated: ?live away from wife for a year?
    Annulled marriage: marriage never existed
    Common law: living in the same place for 12 months
Question 9
    Only need more recent marriage/partnership that does not currently exist
Question 11
    The record of Landing/confirmation of permanent residence # should be found on the PR card.
SECTION B
* If sponsoring spouse/partner you CANNOT have co-signer
* Not needed if sponsoring dependents who do not have their own dependents.
* Co-signer takes part responsibility. Often can be used to meet financial minimum limit, jointly.
SECTION C
# Immigrating to Canada/Provincial Nominee Program

The Provincial Nominee Program is part of an agreement set up between the federal government and certain provincial governments to encourage workers skilled in a field that is of high demand immigrate to the province.
To be eligible for the program the applicant must:
* have arranged employment in the province.
* be able to afford the fee of $5,000.
# Immigrating to Canada/Skilled Worker Class
## Introduction

The Government of Canada had a significant interest to encourage people with valuable skills to immigrate to Canada. It was for this reason that they created the Federal Skilled Worker class of immigrant to allow those with sufficient language skills, education, and experience in an occupation that is needed in Canada, to enter the country.

## Basic requirements

An applicant under the Federal Skilled Worker program need not have a job already, but only must show that they are skilled enough to contribute to Canada.

## Application procedure

To be eligible to apply as a Federal Skilled Worker the applicant must:
* be 18 years old or more.
* meet the required amount of assets given the size of the family.
* have a score of at least 67 on the required factors.
* have a medical examination and security clearance for the applicant and all dependants.

### Minimum Assets

The applicant must show that they possess a minimum amount of assets in their bank account. The amount depends on the number of family members. These amounts can be waived if the applicant already has arranged employment.
| number of family members | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7+ |
| funds (CAD) | 10,168 | 12,659 | 15,563 | 18,895 | 21,431 | 24,170 | 26,910 |
[table last checked on March 24, 2006]

### Point System

Acceptance to the federal skilled worker program depends entirely on the score awarded from a set of criteria. An applicant needs at least a score of 67 combined from the points calculated from five factors: Education (max 25pts), Language Skills (max 24pts), Experience Age(max 21pts), Arranged Employment (max 10pts), and Adaptability (max 10pts).

### Alternative to the point system

In the case where the applicant does not have the required number of points, they may still make a request for "Substituted Evaluation". The immigration officer has the discretion to accept an applicant if the applicant can show that they are able to become "economically established" in Canada.

### Forms

The government offers a guide to fill out the application, much of which will mirror what is in this section.
The following are the forms that are needed:
* Application for Permanent Residence in Canada (IMM 0008) form
* Schedule 1: Background/Declaration (IMM 0008 SCHEDULE 1) form
* Additional Family Information [IMM 5406] form
* Use of a Representative [IMM 5476] (optional) form

## Processing times

All applications are mailed to the processing center in Buffalo, New York.
* processing times

## See also

* Provincial Nominee Program
# Immigrating to Canada/Citizenship
## Introduction

Benefits of having citizenship include:
* the ability to vote.
* the ability to run for office.
* can receive a number of government benefits.
* status in the country cannot be revoked.
There are three ways of getting citizenship:
* born in Canada
* born to parents with Canadian citizenship
* naturalization.
Those who successfully obtained permanent resident status will lose that status upon gaining citizenship.

## Forms

Adult
* Application for Citizenship (Adult) [Form CIT 0002]
* Document Checklist [Form CIT 0462]
Children
* Application for Canadian Citizenship (Minors) [Form CIT 0003]
* Document Checklist [Form CIT 0463]
All applicants
* Citizenship Photo Specifications [Form CIT 0021]

## Test - "A Look at Canada"

All applicants between the age of 18 and 59 are required to pass a test regarding the many aspects of Canada. This includes basics on how the government works, as well as geography such as location and names of cities and provinces.
# Immigrating to Canada/Foreword

This text is intended as a reference manual to help those seeking a guide to help in the process of immigrating to Canada. The Government of Canada provides for a variety of avenues to enter Canada which vary from simple applications to very complex procedures. Figuring out the application on one's own, especially for those who's first language is not english, can very daunting. A good clear handbook for filing government applications can be invaluable for those who are planning to uproot their lives. It is a big choice for any person and there is always a shortage of good information. The guides provided by the government are always a useful starting point, however, they can often be confusing and there are plenty of gaps in their coverage.
With the introduction of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in 2001, much of the immigration process has been revamped. Of particular note to those interested in applying to Canada is that the immigration officials are given significant discretion on evaluating many types of applications, so for filling out sponsorship forms, for example, there is an added responsibility to be clear, consistent, and comprehensive in the application. Again, the hope of this text is to provide detail into the added requirements that will make a strong application.
Much of the inspiration of this text is from my work with immigrants in helping them navigate the many government forms. Even after months working with them, the process can still become overwhelming. So a good reference book will always come in handy even for the most experienced. I hope to keep adding to this as I continue to learn more about the process.
# Immigrating to Canada
## Contents

* Foreword
* Introduction

### Temporary status

* Visitor Visa
* Student Visa
* Extending a Visa or changing Visa status
* Work Permit

### Permanent status

* Applying under the Family Class
* Applying as a Federal Skilled Worker
* Applying as a Provincial Nominee
* Applying as an Investor
* Sponsorship by Canadian Citizens ("Group of Five" program)
* Applying as a Refugee

#### Citizenship

* Applying for Citizenship

### Appendix
#### Annotated Forms

* Application for Permanent Residence in Canada (IMM 0008)
* Schedule 1: Background and Declaration (IMM 0008 SCHEDULE 1)
* Application to sponsor and Undertaking (IMM 1344A)
* Sponsorship Agreement (IMM 1344B)
* Additional Family Information (IMM 5406)
* Statutory Declaration of Common-Law Union (IMM 5409) (Optional)
* Use of a Representative (IMM 5476)
* Sponsorship Evaluation (IMM 5481)
* Sponsor Questionnaire (IMM 5540)
* Spouse or Common-law Partner Questionnaire (IMM 5285)

## Further Reading

* Lorne Waldman, "Immigration Law and Practice" (Markham, ON: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2005)
* Lorne Waldman, "Canadian Immigration & Refugee Law Practice 2006" (Markham, ON: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2005)

## External links

* CIC website
* Immigration and Refugee Board
* Canadian Council for Refugees
* guide to immigration
* Immigration counselling
* Canadian immigration developments
# History of video games/Platforms/Asus ROG Ally
## History

Announced on April 1st, 2023 with key details omitted, the console was initially believed by many to be an April Fools joke before later being confirmed to be a real product.

## Technology
### Compute

The ROG Ally used a custom AMD APU manufactured by TSMC on an N4 4nm process node containing both a Zen 4 architecture CPU and an RDNA 3 GPU.

### Hardware

The system drew 35 watts of power.
The weight of the system was 608 grams (21.4 oz).

### Software

Windows 11 is used as the operating system for the ROG Ally. This was commonly contrasted with the competing Steam Deck, which typically used the Linux based SteamOS.

## References

* ↑ Ridley, Jacob (3 April 2023). "The ROG handheld PC is real and Asus announced it in the worst way" (in en). PC Gamer. https://www.pcgamer.com/asus-rog-ally-gaming-handheld-real-or-stunt/.
* ↑ Lawler, Richard (1 April 2023). "The Asus ROG Ally handheld gaming PC is real, not an April Fools’ joke". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/1/23666084/asus-rog-ally-handheld-windows-gaming-portable.
* 1 2 Roach, Jacob (7 April 2023). "Asus ROG Ally vs. Steam Deck: Here's how they stack up" (in en). Digital Trends. https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/asus-rog-ally-vs-steam-deck/.
* ↑ Shilov, Anton. "Asus Preps ROG Ally: A Portable Windows Game Console with Custom Zen 4 + RDNA 3 APU". www.anandtech.com. https://www.anandtech.com/show/18801/asus-preps-rog-ally-a-portable-console-with-custom-zen-4-rdna-3-apu-and-secret-sauce.
* 1 2 Nunneley-Jackson, Stephany (5 April 2023). "The Asus ROG Ally wasn't an April Fool's Joke, and it might be something you'll want" (in en). VG247. https://www.vg247.com/the-asus-rog-ally-wasnt-an-april-fools-joke-and-it-might-be-something-youll-want.
* ↑ Tyson, Mark (4 April 2023). "Asus ROG Ally Takes Aim At Steam Deck" (in en). Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/asus-rog-ally-takes-aim-at-steam-deck.
# History of video games/Platforms/Atari 2600+
## History

The system was developed through a partnership of PLAION and Atari.
With Pre-orders being open by August 2023, the initial cost of the console was listed at $129.99 launch date of the console was set for November 17, 2023.

## Technology
### Compute

The system is powered by an ARM based Rockchip 3128 system on a chip. The system has 256 megabytes of DDR3 system RAM.
The system was equipped with 256 megabytes of onboard eMMC storage.

### Software

The system used emulation for compatibility with the Atari 2600.

## Games

The system was said to support most Atari 2600 games.

## References

* 1 2 Bankhurst, Adam (22 August 2023). "The Atari 2600+ Is a 'Modern Day Faithful Recreation' of the Classic Console" (in en). IGN. https://www.ign.com/articles/the-atari-2600-is-a-modern-day-faithful-recreation-of-the-classic-console.
* ↑ Davis, Wes (22 August 2023). "A new Atari 2600 will play your old cartridges". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/22/23841336/atari-2600-plus-compatible-with-7800-cartridges.
* 1 2 3 4 Cunningham, Andrew (22 August 2023). "Atari launches replica 2600 console to go with all its replica 2600 cartridges" (in en-us). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2023/08/atari-launches-replica-2600-console-to-go-with-all-its-replica-2600-cartridges/.
* 1 2 3 4 Knight, Shawn (22 August 2023). "Atari's 2600+ is a rebooted version of the original console that can play 2600 and 7800 carts". TechSpot. https://www.techspot.com/news/99879-atari-2600-rebooted-version-original-can-play-2600.html.
* ↑ McAleer, Brendan (2 September 2023). "New Atari 2600 Plus Gaming Console Will Support 'Pole Position'". Car and Driver. https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a44940583/atari-2600-plus-pole-position-racing-video-game/.