OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pinyin/Lentil

Search Pinyin lentil
Lentil is rich in protein, carbohydrate and fiber. It is considered as a starchy protein. Split green pea can also be categorized as a lentil.
lentil fuhharn diahnfeen dahnbairzhih, tahnshuiiwuh her xianweir. liehkai d wandouh yee kee fenleih weir lentil.
# SQL\400
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Interactive SQL/400
* SQL Query Manager
* Static Embedded SQL
* Dynamic Embedded SQL
* Other SQL/400 Applications
# SPM/The DCM Equation. 2. Dynamical Systems
## What is a dynamic equation?

To understand DCM, you'll need to a know what a dynamic equation is. It's extremely simple. A dynamic equation describes how a process (a system) changes in time or space.
Here's a couple of examples - one from the real world, and one from the world of maths. (The latter is considerably more exciting.)
Example 1: Let's say the bank gives you 3% interest on your savings. We're now at the end of year zero, and your extremely successful business has made you £50. How much will you have next year? We can work out the answer with a dynamic equation:
$x(1)=1.03*x(0)\,$
Or more generally:
$x(t)=1.03*x(t-1)\,$
Where $t$ is time and $x$ is your bank balance. You can apply this equation over and over again to see how your bank balance will develop. In reality, you probably know that there's a one-off equation to calculate compound interest for any number of years, but the point of this example is that the state equation is a simple rule describing how the system (your bank account) changes over time.
Example 2: A dynamic equation may represent how a system changes in space, rather than time. Take these three equations, which describe the rates of change of three numbers:
    ${\begin{array}{lcl}{\dfrac {dx}{dt}}&=&\sigma (y-x)\\\\{\dfrac {dy}{dt}}&=&x(\rho -z)-y\\\\{\dfrac {dz}{dt}}&=&xy-\beta z\end{array}}\,$
These equations give you the rate of change of variables $x$, $y$ and $z$ over time, whilst $\sigma$, $\rho$ and $\beta$ are numbers selected in advance - they are the parameters of the system, which fine tune it. Don't worry about what they mean.
Together these equations form the Lorenz Attractor, and if you plot them on a graph, you get something which is not only crucial to chaos theory, but something quite pretty:
So we've seen that repeatedly applying a short dynamic equation to its own output can describe the change of a system over time or space. As we'll explore next, such an equation forms the basis of Dynamic Causal Modelling.
# SPM/fonts
## SPM-FONT-FIXES

Some users may experience problems with fonts being too small. This entry is a compilation of suggested fixes.
Note: Some of these these fixes may work on some platforms and not others. You may have to combine several fixes.

#### Fix #1

This fix has worked on some Windows machines, but does not resolve all problems.
* Open spm.m
** This file is generally located under ~/spm8/spm.m on *NIX systems, and under C:\spm\spm8\spm.m on Windows
* On or around line 631 replace:
with:

#### Fix #2

* Open spm.m
** This file is generally located under ~/spm8/spm.m on *NIX systems, and under C:\spm\spm8\spm.m on Windows
* On or around line 636 replace:
with:
Combining Fix #1 and Fix #2 may resolve the problem in some situations.

#### Mac specific fix

If you are using a Mac open up the spm.m file as indicated above, scroll to line 664 and replace
with:
and this will solve all your font issues.
Other suggestions for font and display issues have included turning on the Graphics window resize property and viewing the output after printing to a ps file.

## References

* ↑ Darren Gitelman (26/10/2004), {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
* ↑ Joel Winston, {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
* ↑ Marco Tettamanti (28/10/2004), {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
* ↑ Darren Gitleman, {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Return to SPM
# Spanish/Translation Reference/L

label = etiqueta lack = carencia lackluster = apagado laden = cargados landed – arribar, aterrizar lapse = descuido large = extenso lately = últimamente lawlessness = desorden leading = prominentes leads = guia, conduzcan leaked = a _ fue fugado un comunicado legacy = legado, herencia lengthy = bastante level = límite liable = sujeto licenced = concesionado likelihood = probabilidad lighting = iluminación limited = escasos line = enfilan little = limitado loading = monte location = ubicación long-time = veterana looter = saqueador lust = lujuria
# Spanish/Translation Reference/O

oak = roble oblivious = desatento offers = ofrece office = oficinesco often = frecuentemente, a menudo order = mandar outcome = consecuencia, resultado outlook = actitud en cuanto al porvenir outrageously = atrozmente overhaul = repaso overplayed = sobrepasada overwhelmed = imponer, aumentar, abrumar overview = avance of = por parte de officials = oficiales públicos orb = esfera, globo
# Spanish/Translation Reference/M

mad = enajenado made available = se distribuye made her/him = la/lo ha puesto mailing = enviando major = considerable, principales making it work = emplearlo, componerlo meanwhile = mientras tanto meet = encontrar meddle = intromisión, entremeterse merge = fusionado met = encontró mode = método, usanza model = mostrar, mostrar modelos mortage = hipoteca murder = asesinato murdured = asesinado myriad = abundante cantidad
# Spanish/Translation Reference/P

parade = desfile pass = transitar past few weeks [since the] = en el transcurso de algunas semanas path = camino performance = desempeño, rendimiento, escenario performs = desempeña, realiza, rinde phenomena = aspectos piety = piedad pillaged = despojado pioneer [to] = abrir camino, explorar, innovar planned = calculado planners = planificadores plateau = meseta play = tocar, sonar played = sonado player = aficionado plea = súplica , defensa, alegación plead = suplica plume = pluma, nubarrón police = supervisar pose = indica postponement = la pospuesta de _ powerless = incapaz, impotente, incapaces predates = precede predicament = caso presently = actualmente pressed = incitado [when pressed for details = cuando se le incitó detalles] pretty = considerablemente, suficientemente prevent = evitaría priced = valuado priestess = sacerdotisa procrastination = aplazamiento profits = se beneficia program = plan provide = proveer, proporciona, permite, ofrece [no ofrece = carece] [provided = proporcionado]
# Spanish/Translation Reference/S

safe = resguardado sale = a la venta, oferta savvy = conocedores saying = voz ni voto scheduled = agendada score = cuentas, enumeración, enumeradas :: partitura scorn = repudian season = época see fit = aprueban sellfish = egoísta sending = enviando sent = remitir several = varios shape = formar shack = choza sharing = reparto shell = munición shipping = enviando, envío showcases = exhibe signs = señalan simplicity = sencillez since = como, debido a que single = singular, soltero slight = ligero slightly = ligeramente slogan = lema publicitario slopp = pila, depósito sloppy = derramante, desbordante, descuido snipers = francotiradores sources = fuentes spared = extento, perdonado splash = chapoteo, salpicadura sprawl = extendiente spree = festín, orgía, desenfreno sprout = retoño, brote, brotar staff = personal stale = rancio stalemate = estancada stalk = caza standpoint = ángulo statement = declaración stipulation = cláusula straddle = monta, jinetea strand = filamento strokes = trazos stops = evita storage = almacenamiento strenghtening = consolidación stretch = estirar, extender strike = golpes stripped of = sin stunted = aturdido, trastornado suddenly = imprevistamente summon = conjura supply = suministro support = amparar supporter = partidario surplus = exceso survival = supervivencia survive = sobrevivir survivor = sobreviviente
# Spanish/Translation Reference/Q

quarter = trimestre quite = considerablemente
# Spanish/Translation Reference/R

rate = tasa ratio = proporción readily available = abasta disponibilidad regarding = considerando, en cuanto a regardless = desconsiderando rage = rabia reach = alcance released = extendió, lanzada releases = comunicados remain = permanecen remove = destituye reported = referido, citado reports = reportes, reportajes request = solicitudes, solicitaciones, pedido responsive = sensible, simpático resort = lugar de veraneo resourcefully = ingeniosamente revival = restauración revive = devuelve vida risk = arriesguen road = carretera rogue = indisciplinado roughly = ásperamente ruled out = excluido run wild = avanzan libremente
# Spanish/Translation Reference/T

take = tocar
taxpayer = contribuyente, procedentes de impuestos team = equipo, grupo textbook = de conocimiento común therefore = por lo tanto thicket = matorral threat = amenazar thrill = estremecimiento, conmoción y exitación thrive = prospera, prosperar through = mediante tinder = yesca to = ofrendado told = informaron torn = me siento fragmentado, percibo fragmentada mi sensibilidad towns = urbes track = rastrear treat = considerar, tomar treated = considerados, tomados treeless = lampiño turned = giró twentieth = veintavo
# Spanish/Translation Reference/K

keeps = evita key = principal, principales, significativo killed = asesinadas
# Spanish/Translation Reference/N

neglect = descuidar neighboring = adyacentes nestled = acurrucada network infrastructure = infraestructura redil not long ago = recientemente now = actualmente never = nunca, la jamas
nevermore = nunca mas nest = el nido
# Samarpan/Hinduism-The Religion and the Society

Hinduism is both a religion and a society, and their practices get overlapped. For example, caste is essentially a social system to safeguard the interests of particular groups with common ancestry. But over the years it has been identified as an integral part of Hinduism, the religion. Similarly, putting on the sacred thread was a religious practice. But later got transformed into a social custom for the upper caste Hindus.
Who is a Hindu?
Religion and Hinduism are synonymous, and hence Hinduism cannot be defined the way Islam or Christianity can be. However, for the sake of convenience, a Hindu is expected to have these basic beliefs and practices:
* Acceptance of the spiritual truths as preached in the Vedas, and elaborated in any of its sacred books.
* The belief in the transmigratory nature of the individual soul till it attains mukti, the absolute freedom from every kind of bondage and duality. This is the most important philosophical concept of the Vedas.
* Acceptance of the law of karma, according to which every action produces its result, and does not allow the soul to get liberated till there is any residue of them left, good or bad.
* Acceptance of oneness as the fundamental truth of existence.
# Samarpan/Milestones of Spiritual Life

The need for milestones
Every spiritual aspirant is like a lonely traveler on the unknown path of the journey within -- a journey that makes him give up old associations, takes him through new vistas,allows him to leave behind milestones and finally gives him the experience of the Reality.But the process extracts its price. Old association, guidance, support, care and protection found in the external world are lost during this journey, and at times the aspirant gets the feeling of being directionless in the uncharted expanse of spiritual vastness.
This brings in the need for a systematic work on milestones in spiritual life, by referring to which any spiritual practitioner can make out where he stands in the journey within.
Unfortunately, there is no comprehensive work on this subject. Words of masters focus mostly on sadhana, with scanty references to its milestones. Also, different religions and various spiritual paths have different modes of sadhana, and hence it is difficult to have a universal yardstick of spiritual progress. However, since Sri Ramakrishna practiced various religions and religious paths, his words and experiences can be used to create a model for milestones in spiritual life.
This work aims at finding the parameters of spiritual growth. Although it is not possible to objectify spiritual growth fully, this work gives a definite idea of one's state of spiritual progress.
Milestones in Nutshell
Talking of stages of spiritual growth,Sri Ramakrishna said:
'There are two indications of such knowledge. First, longing, that is to say, love for God. You may indulge in reasoning or discussion, but if you feel no longing or love, it is all futile. Second, the awakening of the Kundalini. As long as the Kundalini remains asleep, you have not attained knowledge of God.(Gospel, p.610-11).
'The first stage is that of the beginner. He studies and hears. Second is the stage of the struggling aspirant. He prays to God, meditates on him, and sings his name and glories. The third stage is that of the perfect soul. He has seen God, realized him directly and immediately in his inner consciousness. (p.344) ... The inner consciousness must be awakened through the grace of God. Through this awakening a man goes into samadhi. He often forgets that he hasa body. He gets rid of his attachment to "women and gold" and does not enjoy any talk unless it is about God. Worldly talk gives him pain. Through the awakening of the inner consciousness one realizes the all-pervading consciousness (p.734).'
Madhusudan Saraswati details the process of spiritual growth in his Gudhartha Dipika
on Bhagavad-Gita as
'Steadfastness in selfless works comes first; from that follows purification of the mind;thereafter the renunciation of all actions, led by control of sense organs etc.; then comes steadfastness in devotion to the Lord, together with vichara on the Upanisadic sentences.
From that comes steadfastness in the Knowledge of Reality.
# Samarpan
## Introduction to this textbook
### Why this Wikibook?

The basic point of this wikibook is to allow anyone surfing the web to be able to use a reliable text about Hinduism. Hinduism is difficult to be defined and understood. This short book presents an overview of the fundamentals of Hinduism. Perfect for self study. A must read for all those interested in Hinduism.

## How to Edit this Book

Hindu scriptures are vast in number and quite impossible to grasp the whole of it, in this fast pacing age. Any one who wishes to edit it must keep the originality of Vedas pertaining to class lectures intact.
This book is based on transcribed class lectures by the author (Samarpan) delivered at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University (RKMVERI, Belur Math) on the Vedas. These are available in archive.org under Creative Commons license.

## Author

Samarpan is the Pen name of Swami Samarpanananda. This text is available as an open source document in archive.org under Creative Commons license.

## Contents

* Basics
* Hinduism-The religion and the society
* Fountain Head of Hinduism : The Vedas
* Other Sacred Books
* Milestones of Spiritual Life
# Samarpan/Basics

Hinduism is based on the spiritual principles and realizations of the sages, which over a great length of time got recorded in the books called the Vedas. Unlike other religions, it has no human founder, and hence its date of origin can never be fixed; it has existed since the dawn of spiritual thoughts in the world. Although the term "Hindu" is of relatively late origin, it has been accepted to signify the religion of the ethnic Indians.
Hinduism does not claim any exclusive right over the spiritual truths it preaches, and it believes that a person can reach the spiritual goal through any path. So it recognizes every faith and religion with respect, and at the same time does not approve of religious conversion.
# Samarpan/Fountain of Hinduism-The Vedas

Hinduism is based on the teachings of the Vedas. These sacred books are the most ancient preserved literature of the world, and it is difficult to say when exactly these works were composed. According to educated guess, these are more than seven to eight thousand years old, with the last additions made well before 1500 B.C.E.
The contents of these books are the records of the spiritual realization of the sages of that period. Some of the mantras of the Vedas, including the Gaytri mantra are quite popular and are recited regularly by millions. However, very few Hindus read the Vedas, and fewer still understand them. Yet, the Hindu view of existence is shaped wholly by these sacred books only.
The Vedas are also called Shruti(lit. heard), since they were passed down from the teacher to the disciple orally, and were considered too sacred to be written down. They are four in number: Rigveda, Samveda, Yajurveda, Atharva Veda. The Mahabharata mentions that earlier there used to be only one Veda, but Vyasa divided them into four for easy memorization. This division is based on poeticmetres: Rigveda is in rik metre (a particular Vedic metre), Samaveda can be sung, Yajurveda is in Yajusmetre, and Atharva Veda has composition both in prose and poetry.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Incidence and Prevalence

About 2.5% of preschool children stutter. This prevalence of preschool stuttering is less important than the incidence figure, which is about 5%. I.e., about 5% of children stutter at some point, and about 2.5% of children stutter now.
Less than 1% of adults stutter. 0.73%, or about one in 135 adults, was the figure found in a recent study. That suggests that about two million Americans stutter. But this seems high. The number of adults who’ve sought treatment is somewhere around 25,000. How many stutterers have you met, outside of speech clinics and support groups? You likely hear 135 people talking every week. Do you hear someone stutter every week?
Extensive publicity for several anti-stuttering devices was seen by over 100 million people, yet only about 2500 devices of each device were sold. The membership figures for the National Stuttering Association are similar.
This suggests that stuttering is either relatively common, but unimportant to 90% to 99% of the people who stutter; or that stuttering is a rarer disorder than the non-profit organizations say in their fundraising letters.

### References

* ^ Proctor A., Duff, M.. and Yairi, E. (2002). "Early childhood stuttering: African Americans and European Americans." ASHA Leader, 4:15, p.102.
* ^ Craig. A, Hancock K, Tran. Y, Craig. M, & Peters, K. (2002). "Epidemiology of stuttering in the communication across the entire life span." Journal of Speech Language Hearing Research, 45:1097-1105.
* ^ The National Center for Stuttering and the Hollins Communications Research Institute have each treated around 5,000 stutterers. Most of the other three hundred Fluency Specialists have treated a few dozen stutterers.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Mentally Retarded Stuttering

Oliver Bloodstein wrote in his book A Handbook on Stuttering of "ample evidence" that stuttering is especially prevalent among persons with mental disabilities. Stuttering seems to be especially common among persons with Down Syndrome. There is some debate about this, as the stuttering symptoms among the developmentally-delayed can be different from stuttering in adults of normal intelligence.
Developmentally-delayed individuals tend to have other speech and language problems as well. A speech pathologist treating a mentally-retarded person will probably use more than just stuttering therapies. There are books devoted to this, such as Communication Strategies for People with Developmental Disabilities: Issues for Theory and Practice, edited by Ken Linfoot, Ph.D. (1995, Baltimore: Brookes Publishing Company, $33, 800/638-3775).
Eugene Cooper suggests that "reducing the number of abstract concepts the clinician uses" is paramount in treating mentally-retarded stutterers. He also emphasizes that therapy should focus on helping mentally-retarded stutterers "identify and express their feelings and attitudes about the problem." Too often, speech pathologists act as if mentally-retarded persons lack feelings and emotions, as well as intelligence. Cooper also writes that the stutterer should be "capable of verbalizing the goal of the procedure and their desire to achieve that goal" (Cooper, 1986)- good advice with any stutterer.
If the person likes to play video games, you may want to try some of the speech therapy computer games.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Masking Auditory Feedback

A device with masking auditory feedback (MAF) may provide relief if you have silent blocks (blocks in which you can't even make a sound).
MAF is a synthesized sine wave at your fundamental frequency (not “white noise,” as some experts claim). This sound fools your brain into thinking that your vocal folds are vibrating. Your vocal folds relax and start vibrating.
The Edinburgh Masker, popular in the 1980s, helped many stutterers improve their speech over time, until they no longer needed the device. Other stutterers found that the device "wore off" and became ineffective. Still other stutterers have used the device for more than twenty years with no carryover or "wearing off." No research investigated why the device had different effects on different people. Hypothetically, the users who developed carryover fluency may have used the device to help them overcome fears and anxieties, or they may have used the device to enhance stuttering therapy. For the users who experienced "wearing off," the device may have made these users talk louder, which increased vocal fold tension, and some users habituated to speaking with too-tense vocal folds.

## Personal Experiences with Masking Auditory Feedback

Please read Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/How to Participate in this Wikibook before adding material.
# Speech-Language Pathology/Stuttering/Other Fluency Disorders
## See also:

* Cluttering
* Parkinson's speech
* Essential tremor
* Spasmodic dysphonia
* Social anxiety
* Broca's aphasia

## Head injuries and strokes

Head injuries and strokes can cause repetitions, prolongations, and blocks - some cases being the result of Broca's aphasia, and others being an acquired disorder of neurogenically-based stuttering. Neurogenic stutterers lack the same types of struggle behavior, and the fears and anxieties of developmental stuttering.
Developmental stutterers can fluently speak certain memorized phrases, such as the "Pledge of Allegiance." Neurogenic stutterers are disfluent on everything. Developmental stutterers can speak fluently in certain (typically low-stress) situations. Neurogenic stutterers are disfluent everywhere.
Stuttering therapy techniques and devices help some individuals with neurogenic speech disorders, but don't help others. Because different people have different areas of their brains injured, a treatment that's effective for one person may not be effective for another person.

## Psychogenic stuttering

Rarely, traumatic experiences caused an adult to stutter. Psychogenic stuttering typically involves rapid, effortless repetitions of initial sounds, without struggle behavior.