OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A-level Computing 2009/CIE/Theory Fundamentals/Hardware

The physical parts of a computer system that you can see and touch such as the keyboard,mouse and mouse are called hardware.There are four main categories of computer hardware:
* Input devices: used to enter data into the computer
* Processing devices: manipulate the data
* Storage device: store data and programs
* Output devices: show results of the process
An input device is hardware component that allows you to enter the data or instruction into the computer. There are many manual/automatic input devices. Most widelu used input devices are:
* Keyboard
* Point devices
* 2d/3d scanners
keyboard Keyboard is the most commonly used input devices. The basic mechanical keyboard relies on springed keys being pressed down to complete an electrical circuit. This circuit then transmits a binary signal to the computer to represent the key pressed.
scanner Here are the steps that a scanner goes through when it scans a document: The document is placed on the glass plate and the cover is closed. The inside of the cover in most scanners is flat white, although a few are black. The cover provides a uniform background that the scanner software can use as a reference point for determining the size of the document being scanned. Most flatbed scanners allow the cover to be removed for scanning a bulky object, such as a page in a thick book. A lamp is used to illuminate the document. The lamp in newer scanners is either a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) or a xenon lamp, while older scanners may have a standard fluorescent lamp. The entire mechanism (mirrors, lens, filter and CCD array) make up the scan head. The scan head is moved slowly across the document by a belt that is attached to a stepper motor. The scan head is attached to a stabilizer bar to ensure that there is no wobble or deviation in the pass. Pass means that the scan head has completed a single complete scan of the document. The image of the document is reflected by an angled mirror to another mirror. In some scanners, there are only two mirrors while others use a three mirror approach. Each mirror is slightly curved to focus the image it reflects onto a smaller surface. The last mirror reflects the image onto a lens. The lens focuses the image through a filter on the CCD array. The filter and lens arrangement vary based on the scanner. Some scanners use a three pass scanning method. Each pass uses a different color filter (red, green or blue) between the lens and CCD array. After the three passes are completed, the scanner software assembles the three filtered images into a single full-color image.
finger print technology Fingerprint recognition or fingerprint authentication refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints. Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify individuals and verify their identity.
Retina scanner Retina scanner is used to record the pattern of blood vessels at the back of someone eyes.
# A-level Computing 2009/ICT Projects using LAMP/Setting up your XAMPP server

Many people know from their own experience that it's not easy to install an Apache web server and it gets harder if you want to add MySQL, PHP and Perl. XAMPP is an easy to install Apache distribution containing MySQL, PHP and Perl. XAMPP is really very easy to install and to use - just download, extract and start.
At the moment there are four XAMPP distributions:
* XAMPP for Linux
* XAMPP for Windows
* XAMPP for Mac OS X
* XAMPP for Solaris
To install XAMPP you only need to download and extract XAMPP, that's all. There are no changes to the Windows registry (not true if you use the Windows installer version of XAMPP) and it's not necessary to edit any configuration files. It couldn't be easier!
To check that XAMPP is working some sample programs are included, there is a small CD collection program (written in PHP using MySQL) and a small guest book software (written in Perl) and several other demonstration utilities.
If you decide that XAMPP isn't needed any more just delete the XAMPP directory and it's completely removed from your system.
However if you use the Windows installer version of XAMPP it's recommended to use the uninstall feature. As every installer the installer will make registry entries to remember the install.
Ref: http://www.apachefriends.org/en/xampp.html Accessed 2/3/2011
# A-level Computing 2009/ICT Projects using LAMP/Setting up your XAMPP server/XAMPP for Solaris

The distribution for Solaris (developed and tested with Solaris 8, tested with Solaris 9) contains: Apache, MySQL, PHP & PEAR, Perl, ProFTPD, phpMyAdmin, OpenSSL, Freetype2, libjpeg, libpng, zlib, expat, Ming, Webalizer, pdf class.
# A-level Computing 2009/CIE/Theory Fundamentals/Ethics and ownership

Principles of ethics and ownership:
* Public: Act consistently in the public
* Client: Act in the best interests of the client
* Employer: Act in the best interests of their employer
* Product: Software and related modifications should reach highest possible standards
* Judgement: Maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgement
* Management: Team leaders should subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance
* Profession: Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession
* Colleagues: Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues
* Self: Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession
# A-level Computing 2009/Exam Tips

This page contains a number of tips or hints that will be useful for the examinations:
* Do not use brand names when answering exam questions. These will gain no credit, so give a generic answer (For example, use word processor rather than Microsoft Word)
* Always give binary to the required number of bits, even if this means adding leading zeros
* Ensure you consider the number of marks that can be awarded for the question. Each mark will normally be for different aspects i.e. a 2 mark question may be of the form - define XYZ (1st mark) and compare XYZ to ABC (2nd mark)
* Structure your answer from general concept to any specific point. For instance, if asked how the computers in an office can share files, the answer would be "A network is required for computers to communicate with each other. An intranet should be set-up in star topology with a switch and a Network Interface Card (NIC) for each computer, to ensure optimum speed and reliability."
* Attempt as many previous papers as possible and pay attention to the technical terms used in the mark scheme.
* If the question asks for a specific number of points, do not attempt to answer more points. If the question asks for two points and the candidates answers four points, the first two would be taken as answers and graded accordingly.
# A-level Computing 2009/ICT Projects using LAMP/Setting up your XAMPP server/XAMPP for Linux

The distribution for Linux systems (tested for SuSE, RedHat, Mandrake and Debian) contains: Apache, MySQL, PHP & PEAR, Perl, ProFTPD, phpMyAdmin, OpenSSL, GD, Freetype2, libjpeg, libpng, gdbm, zlib, expat, Sablotron, libxml, Ming, Webalizer, pdf class, ncurses, mod_perl, FreeTDS, gettext, mcrypt, mhash, eAccelerator, SQLite and IMAP C-Client.
# Alternative Socioeconomics/The Venus Project/Construction

The construction of the new cities also involves methods significantly different from the ones used today. Fast and reliable construction techniques take advantage of prefabricated material extrusion and various alloys with memory characteristics. The materials most of these buildings are made of are high in strength, light in weight and resistant to foreign factors such as weather and insects. Materials with memory characteristics allow for design flexibility as well as intelligent resource utilization. Each of these solutions below are only examples of what could be done if we use science and technology with human and environmental concern.
Automated Construction A multi-function unit machine is used to lift and later insert prefabricated housing components into a support structure. Although these prefabricated units are composed of standard components, they are of a modular design with such a wide and diverse array as to allow maximum individual expression in interior design and décor.
# Alternative Socioeconomics/Why look at alternative systems?/Energy
## Energy

We define energy as the ability to motion. All physical things have an ability to move which can depend on its position, its current motion or its chemical make up. A ball at the top of a hill has more ability to move than a ball at the bottom of a hill. A fast moving object has more ability to move than a slow moving one and certain chemical have great ability for motion, such as oil, than others, such as water. We can measure the ability to motion in different ways, which leads us to define different types of energy; potential energy, kinetic energy, chemical energy and energy in transfer such as heat energy and electrical energy.
For any physical object or system to move or to do anything it first requires a ability to move. When it moves it changes its ability to move from one form to another. A ball at the top of the hill has an ability to move (it can roll down the hill) at a certain rate which we can measure and calculate. As it move it exchanges it ability to move for other forms of energy such as heat energy and kinetic energy (sound). When the balls comes to a rest at the bottom of the hill it has less ability to move but we also have heat and sound generated. If we add up all our energy at the start and at the end of the ball rolling down the hill we find we have the same about of ability to move but the form has changes; from potential energy to heat and kinetic energy (as some, much less, potential energy). Thus, all that we do involves converting energy from one form to another.
Our socioeconomic system represents another example of a physical system; far more complex than a ball running down hill but still requiring energy and converting it from one from to another. Thus our socioeconomic requires energy to run; no more energy means it will collapse and die.
At the beginning of the 21st century our socioeconomic uses a number of different sources of energy; chemical in the form of oil, nuclear as well as potential in the form of wind and hydro power. However, we heavily depend on oil as our main sources of energy to keep things running. Oil will not last. We use oil up at a rate far exceeding the Earth's ability to renew the oil deposits. We also use up oil at an exponential increasing rate.
We not only need to move to a sustainable source of energy and away from oil but we also need to maintain a state dynamic equilibrium with our energy supply. Our dependency on oil and our increasing need for more energy both result in the potential, for an economic collapse and thus, a need to look at alternative systems.
# Alternative Socioeconomics/Why look at alternative systems?/Resource Allocation
## Resource Allocation

Economic systems form an example of a resource allocation system,; we allocate the rocks in the ground and the crops in the field to production facilities that produce the goods we desire. Our current socioeconomic systems, however, has a liner nature to it. We retrieve the rocks in the ground and harvest the crops, produce goods which go out for consumption and then we dispose of them. We throw them away.
Out current system does have some recycling but the liner production / disposal mode of operation forms the dominate characteristic. Such a mode of operation forms the characteristic of a n unsustainable system. Any physical system, such as our current socioeconomic system, that consumes a finite physical resource collapse as the resources that it depends on run out and we depend on so many finite resources, from cooper to oil to land, that we consume as if they would last for ever.
This constant need for production forms one of the main characteristics of our current system. We need to produce to keep people employed, to keep the money flow work and to keep the economy growing. Yet, as we do so, we dig our own graves. Our system has a number of ways to maintain constant production from fashion to built in obsolescence.
A sustainable system has a different characteristic; a cyclic nature. In a such a system resource acquisition leads to production then to consumption and then, rather than dispose, to recycling where we use the recycled goods as resource to start the cycle all over again. In addition to the cyclic nature, a sustainable system also aim to maximise the life expectancy of an item. In such a system we would try and make sure that any item produced stays in the system as long as possible so such a system minimises production. Both such characterises of a sustainable system stand in opposition to our current system. Any attempt to make our current system sustainable with our minimising production and making the system cyclic fails to address the problem.
# Alternative Socioeconomics/Why look at alternative systems?

Our current socioeconomic system looks as if it has all the attributes of a well running machine. Since the fall of communism in Eastern Europe we can argue that the capitalist system has triumphed over its alternatives and has gone from strength to strength. Of course, we still have problems such as poverty, exploitation and environmental damage but, we could argue that they arise because of imperfections in the free market model such as government interference. If only the market was truly free then we will solve these problems.
This book disagrees and presents an argument that says our current system has some deep rooted faults. That the poverty and environmental destruction result from the current system and things will only get worse as we head toward the self destruction of the system.
* Exponential Growth
* Energy
* Resource Allocation
# Amateur Radio Manual

The purpose of this book is to provide a manual appropriate for a North American Amateur Radio Licensing course with added information so that beginning amateurs will have a good reference source to continue their hobby. One of the goals is to make this a practical rather than a theoretical manual and to keep the language simple and understandable.

## Contents
### Basic Electronics

* Atoms
* Conductors and Insulators
* Sources of Current
* What is Current
* What is Voltage
* What is Resistance and Conductance
* Magnetism
* Ohm's Law and Resistors
* Direct and Alternating Current
* Sinusoidal Waveforms
* Capacitance
* Inductance
** Inductors
** Transformers
* Reactance
* Impedance
* Resonance
* Tuned Circuit

### Active Components

* Diode
* Transistors for Amplification
** FET
* Tubes (Glassfet!)

### Antennas and Antenna Theory

* Dipoles
* Verticals
* Directional Arrays
* Antenna Software
* Towers and Safety
* Practical Antenna Projects

### Rules and Regulations

* Canada
* United States

### Operating Procedures

* Amateur Radio Bands
* Transmission Frequencies

## Further reading

* Communication Networks/Radio Communications; Communication Networks/Analog and Digital Radio
* Scouting/Earning the Radio merit badge
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Radio
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Radio Electronics
* Wireless Mesh Networks—the amateur packet-switched network is one of the first wireless mesh networks.
# Amateur Radio Manual/Conductors and Insulators

Certain elements, like copper in our discussion on atoms, have their valence electrons held weakly in their outer orbit. By supplying energy to the material (one way would be to heat it), we can make the electrons move randomly from one atom to the next. We could also attach a negative source of energy that repels the electrons and attach at the other end a positive source that would attract the electrons. This would force the electrons to move from the negative end to the positive end. We call that net movement of electrons 'electric current'. Substances that have this ability are known as conductors, and most metals are conductors of electrons.
Insulators, on the other hand, have their valence electrons bound tightly to the nucleus of the atom. They will not, under normal circumstances, allow the electrons to move easily by supplying energy to the material. However, note that by supplying enough energy (like a lightning strike) we can force even tightly held electrons to move.
Common insulators are porcelain, rubber, glass, and plastic. Be cautious with plastics however, some of them can be very good conductors and it is not easy to tell one from another.
# Animal Behavior/Speciation
## Speciation

Taking into consideration the fundamental aspects of biological species, organisms that belong to the same species should interbreed and bring forth a viable offspring. In other words, animals belonging to the same species should give birth to a fertile offspring that can also reproduce. Furthermore, one of the fundamental concepts of understanding speciation is the aspect of postzygotic and prezygotic (König et al., 2019). Essentially, these are the significant barriers that restrain mating in order to bring forth fertile and viable offspring. Taking the aforementioned into consideration, speciation refers to the process of formation of different species. In particular, the process takes place when groups of species develop to diverge and isolated reproductively. There are two significant types of speciation, mainly the sympatric as well as the allopatric speciation.
In particular, the sympatric speciation refers to groups with a standard ancestral population and their evolution progress into a divergent path and culminates into different species without necessarily being in different geographical separation. On the other hand, allopatric speciation refers to species from a standard ancestral population and follows an evolutionary path that is gradually spread as a result of the difference in geographical separation. Despite the comprehensive scholarly work that has focused on speciation, an overall theory of speciation does not exist; however, there are a variety of models that have been gradually developed in order to elucidate the profound role of selection and its culminating favor in specific instances of the evolution of an organism.
In addition to allopatric and sympatric speciation, anagenesis and cladogenesis are additional concepts that are essential to animal behavior and speciation (Vaux, Trewick, & Morgan-Richards, 2016). In particular, agenesis refers to the gradual and developmental evolution that takes place as a result of interbreeding in a particular population. On the contrary, cladogenesis refers to the evolutionary disintegration of a parent species into two dominant distinct species; this process culminates into a clade.

## References

König, K., Zundel, P., Krimmer, E., König, C., Pollmann, M., Gottlieb, Y., & Steidle, J. L. (2019). Reproductive isolation due to prezygotic isolation and postzygotic cytoplasmic incompatibility in parasitoid wasps. Ecology and Evolution, 9(18), 10694-10706.
Vaux, F., Trewick, S. A., & Morgan-Richards, M. (2016). Lineages, splits and divergence challenge whether the terms anagenesis and cladogenesis are necessary. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 117(2), 165-176.
# Apache Ant/XML

Ant provides targets to validate and transform XML documents.
XMLwellformed - how to use Apache ant to check an XML file for well formedness
XMLvalidate - how to use Apache ant to validate an XML file against an XML Schema
XSLT - how to use Apache ant to run an XML transform
# Apache Ant/XQuery
## Motivation

You want to transform an XML document with XQuery using an ant task.

## Method

We will use the Saxon library to demonstrate this.
Steps:
* Download the Saxon library from Sourceforge
* Download a sample XQuery from the samples (for example tour.xq from the samples area)
* Copy the Saxon jar file into your project. In the example below just a single jar file is copied into the location saxonhe9-2-0-6j/saxon9he.jar

### Sample Ant Target

This sample uses the java task to run an XQuery program using the Saxon Java library. In the example below the XQuery tour.xq is executed and the output is copied into the file output.html.
Note that the starting point is set by passing the arg as a parameter to the XQuery.
# Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney/Controls

This game can be played entirely with the Stylus if you choose to do so, however you can also play by using the buttons on the DS. When using the stylus, you simply point to the appropriate button on the screen to accomplish what you want. In this game you can't use the buttons at certain moments, so you only have to rely on the Touch Screen.
| Control | Action |
| Start | Save the game during the middle of the chapter |
| A | Confirmation/Advance one screen |
| B | Cancel/Go back one screen |
| Y | Activate the microphone. When you are able to complete an action via the voice command, a small "Y" will appear. |
| Hold Y | Receive phrase that you can say./Zoom in when checking objects. |
| X | Present evidence from within the Court Record during Court Mode. Enabled when the ‘Present’ command is in the top-middle of the screen. |
| Hold X | Zoom out when checking objects. |
| L | Press witnesses for further information during Cross-Examinations. It is equivalent to holding Y and saying "Hold It." |
| R | View the Court Record in most situations, and Present evidence from the Court Record during Cross-Examinations. |
# Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney/Episode 1: Turnabout Trump

The whole episode starts in an art room. We see a mystery person draw something, but it never shows who, or what.
We then cut to a game of poker. In the end, the two show full house. One of them wins and a bottle is picked up. It looks like a bottle is hitting someone. We then see cards drop and we see what looks like an unmoving body. A phone call is made. What just happened?

## Case Information

* Time of Crime: April 17th 1:30PM
* Location: Borscht Bowl Club,
* Defendant: Phoenix Wright
* Victim: Shadi Smith
* Cause of death: Blunt force trauma to the forehead.
* Murder weapon: Glass bottle
* Defense Attorney: Apollo Justice
* Prosecution Lawyer: Winston Payne

## Characters
### Defense Attorney

Apollo Justice
This is Apollo's very first case as a defense attorney. He didn't expect to defend a legend of his job, or a former legend anyways.

### Defendant

Phoenix Wright
Phoenix is much more laid back than he was 7 years ago. He lost his badge sometime after the events of Trials and Tribulations. Now he works at Borscht Bowl Club as a pianist and undefeated poker player. Just what happened that made him turn in his badge? That's for later. What matters right now is you have to defend this man.

### Victim

Shadi Smith
A mysterious world traveler. He played poker with Phoenix at Borscht Bowl Club before he was murdered. Just who is he anyways?

### Prosecution Lawyer

Winston Payne
The rookie killer is back in action and yearns to see his enemy leave in cuffs. You only face him in this first case of the game. A tradition to the series.

### Witness

Olga Orly
A waitress at Borscht Bowl Club. She claims to have witnessed the poker game that may have triggered the murder.

### Other Characters

Kristoph Gavin
Apollo's mentor, who is a defense attorney himself. Kristoph is highly experienced and sometimes sees things that Apollo doesn't. Kristoph is actually a friend of Phoenix, but why did Phoenix chose you to defend him? He will teach you about the basics of Court Mode in this case.
Phoenix's Daughter
A magician you'll briefly meet in this case. Just who is she?