OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Handbook of Management Scales/Information technology experience
## Information technology experience (composite reliability = 0.85; average variance extracted = 0.56)
### Description

The authors report a two-stage approach for the development and validation of new multi-item measurement scales reflecting a multidimensional construct called new service development competence. It is operationalized as a multidimensional construct reflected by five complementary dimensions: new service development process focus, market acuity, new service development strategy, new service development culture, and information technology experience.

### Definition

New service development competence reflects an organization’s expertise in deploying resources and routines, usually in combination, to achieve a desired new service outcome. Information technology experience refers to the use of information technology for facilitating or improving interorganizational coordination of activities and information processing in the new service development process.

### Items

* Information technologies are used to speed up the introduction of new services and products. (0.471)
* IT is used to identify and diagnose customer needs. (0.635)
* IT is used to share information that coordinates new service/product development activities. (0.858)
* Communication flow within the new service development project groups is facilitated through IT-based channels. (0.911)
* Our service firm utilizes technology to facilitate the flow of information to people participating in the new service development process. (0.819)

### Source

* Menor/Roth (2007): New service development competence in retail banking: Construct development and measurement validation. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 825-846.

### Comments

Much efforts have been made by the authors in order to ensure that the new scales exhibit sufficient psychometric properties, which make them quite useful.

### Related Scales

* Technical skills
# Handbook of Management Scales/Innovativeness
## Innovativeness (alpha = ???)
### Description

The study presents a foreign language version of a popular scale for measuring entrepreneurship and tests the instrument's utility in cross-cultural settings as a means of validating it for use abroad. The dimensions "innovativeness" and "proactiveness" combine to indicate the extent to which a given organization is entrepreneurial.

### Definition

Entrepreneurship refers to the pursuit of creative or novel solutions to challenges confronting the firm, including the development or enhancement of products and services, as well as new administrative techniques and technologies for performing organizational functions.
The innovation dimension of entrepreneurship refers to the pursuit of creative or novel solutions to challenges confronting the firm, including the development or enhancement of products and services, as well as new administrative techniques and technologies for performing organizational functions (e.g. production, marketing, sales, and distribution).

### Items

How many new lines of products or services has your firm marketed since 1989?
* No new lines of products or services. -- Very many new lines of products or services.
* Changes in product or service lines have been mostly of a minor nature. -- Changes in product or service lines have usually been quite dramatic.
In general, top managers in my firm favor ...
* A strong emphasis on the marketing of tried and true products or services. -- A strong emphasis on R&D, technological leadership, and innovations.
A seven-point scale was used for the three items.

### Source

* Knight (1997): Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 213-225.

### Related Scales

* Proactiveness
# Handbook of Management Scales/Integrity
## Integrity (alpha = 0.87/0.85)
### Description

Three facets of trustworthiness were measured based on scales designed by Mayer/Davis (1999) to assess the ability, benevolence, and integrity of a supervisor. The Likert-type scale ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

### Definition

Integrity reflects an adherence to a set of acceptable principles or a set of shared values.

### Items

* My supervisor has a strong sense of justice. (Omitted from analysis)
* I never have to wonder whether my supervisor will stick to his/her word.
* My supervisor tries hard to be fair in dealing with others. (Omitted from analysis)
* My supervisor’s actions and behaviors are not very consistent.
* I like my supervisor’s values.
* Sound principles seem to guide my supervisor’s behaviors.
Two items were omitted from the original scale as they were related to fairness.

### Source

* Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206

### Comments

The loading of one item (My supervisor’s actions and behaviors are not very consistent) was low.

### Related Scales

* Ability
* Benevolence
* Trust
# Handbook of Management Scales/Information technology
## Information technology (alpha = 0.84)
### Description

The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.

### Items

* There are direct computer-to-computer links with key suppliers. (0.72)
* Interorganizational coordination is achieved using electronic links. (0.72)
* We use information technology-enabled transaction processing. (0.76)
* We have electronic mailing capabilities with our key suppliers. (0.56)
* We use electronic transfer of purchase orders, invoices and/or funds. (0.60)
* We use advanced information systems to track and/or expedite shipments. (0.74)

### Source

* Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150

### Comments

Some items might be formative rather than reflective.
# How to Ace FYLSE/Community Property Outline
## Introduction

California is a community property (CP) state. All assets acquired by earnings during the marriage are presumed to be CP. Assets acquired by gift, inheritance or devise or otherwise acquired before the marriage or after a permanent separation are separate property.

## Marital Economic Community
### Living Separate and Apart

Earnings while living separate and apart are not considered community property.

## Quasi-Community Property

Property acquired in another state that would be considered CP if it were acquired in a CP state. In California, quasi-community property is treated as follows: (1) For purposes of management and control, quasi-community property is treated as separate property; (2) In cases of death or divorce, or the rights of creditors, it is treated as community property.

## Putative Spouse

Otherwise valid marriage that is voidable for some reason such as bigamy, may allow the putative spouse who reasonably and objectively believes there is a valid marriage to have rights similar to community property.

## Marvin Relationship

Courts may enforce contracts between couples who are not married so long as they are not expressly based on performance of illicit sexual acts.

## Transmutation

Property can change form and be transmuted from CP to SP. The courts will consider the source of funds if they can be traceable.

## After 1987

Any property in joint title is presumed CP.

## After 1985

Transmutations of property requires writing.

## Prenuptial Agreement

A prenuptial agreement is valid if there is a writing signed by the testator and the spouse was represented by counsel at the time that the agreement was signed. However, there is no need for separate counsel if the spouse knew of the extent of testator’s property at the time of signing the will and she specifically waived the right to counsel in writing.

## Anti-Lucas

After 1985, jointly titled property was considered community property absent a desire to hold it jointly. No writing was required.

## Education

While education is not CP, the CP is entitled to repayment of the education expenses if there is a time of 10 years or less because if it is less than 10 years, there is a presumption the community has not yet received all the benefits of the enhanced earning capacity from the education.

## Pereira

The growth of the business is primarily due to community labor. reasonable rate of return for the SP

## Van Camp

separate property appreciated

## Will

Under California law, a spouse may dispose of one half of the community property through her will.

## Insurance

A term life insurance policy buys the designated protection for a term of one year. Therefore a term policy is designated CP or SP by tracing to the most recent payment. Proceeds from a whole life insurance are CP to the extent they were acquired during marriage. The time rule is applied to determine the CP interest. Proceeeds from a term life insurance policy are generally the type of the last premium paid.
# How to Ace FYLSE/Contracts Outline
## Applicable Law

Common Law-Judge made law or case law. Certain contracts such as service and real estate contracts are governed by common law.
UCC Article 2 governs contracts for goods.
Here, even though a computer software could be a possibly good, it is not a tangible, movable good and therefore, the Uniform Commercial Code does not apply. By default this contract is governed by the common law.
Predominant factor test: When a contract is for a combination of goods and services a predominate factor test is used to determine which law governs.

## Time is of Essence

Performance after such time could be considered a material breach of the contract. Generally, contracts are given a reasonable time for performance under the common law.

## Valid Contract

A contract exists when two parties reach a meeting of the minds (mutual assent) supported by consideration. That is there are three elements to a contract, offer, acceptance and consideration.
Formation issues come up in the validity of a contract. To see if it is properly formed analyze the structure at each stage of the elements of a valid contract.
Is the offer unilateral or bilateral?
A.Unilateral: requires complete performance as sole method of acceptance. B.Bilateral: all others; often the offer is silent as to method of acceptance.

## Illusory Promise

A promise is illusory even if there appears to be legal detriment if one party is not bound to do anything at all. An illusory promise included in a contract containing other legal detriment will not void the contract, and can become part of the contract.

## Anticipatory Repudiation

Anticipatory repudiation occurs where a promisor, prior to the time set for performance, unequivocally manifests an intention not to perform the agreement by words or conduct. Anticipatory repudiation will apply only when there is a bilateral contract with unperformed (executory) duties on both sides.

## Parol Evidence Rule

The parol evidence rule, however, only bars oral evidence prior to or during negotiations leading to the writing. Any subsequent oral modifications or agreements are admissible.
Here, P may admit evidence of waiver of condition and anticipatory repudiation in the conversations.

## No Modification

A modification under common law requires additional consideration to be valid.

## Statute of Frauds

The SoF requires that any contract for goods greater than $500, or services which may take longer than one year to be performed, must be in writing, and signed by the party to be charged. Contracts for real estate must be in writing to be enforceable.

### Exceptions - Part Performance

The SoF can be satisfied by part performance.

## Promissory Estoppel

Promissory estoppel arises when reliance is induced and the other party in fact justifiably relies.

## Wrongful Prevention

Prevention doctrine is a common-law principle of contract law which says that a contracting party has an implied duty not to do anything that prevents the other party from performing its obligation. A party who prevents performance of a contract may not complain of such nonperformance.
# How to Ace FYLSE/Agency Outline

Agency is a part of the new subject, Business Associations, added to California General Bar Examination in 2007. Agency is closely related to corporations and partnerships and incorporates the rules of contracts and torts and there is likely a cross-over question with these subjects if an Agency question do appear.
An agency is a legal relationship between a person or entity who agrees to act as agent to a principal, whom designates the agent to act on his or her behalf. If an "agency-principal" relationship is found to exist, certain rights, liabilities and obligations flow from that relationship. For example, a principal may be held liable for a contract entered into by her agent, and may be required to perform the contract even though he or she did not sign the contract.
An agency relationship may be formed by an express, or implied agreement (no writing is required) if both the principal and agent consent to the agency relationship. An agent acts with express authority when the principal has granted the agent the power to bind them.

## Agent’s Duties

* Fiduciary duties of loyalty
* Obedience to reasonable directions (An agent must obey all reasonable directions)
* Reasonable care under the circumstances
* Disclose all relevant information
* Duty to conduct within the scope of authority (actual, apparent, ratification)

## Principal’s Duties

* Duties imposed by their contract
* Reasonable compensation
* Reimbursement for expenses

## Termination of Actual Authority

* Lapse of a specific or reasonable time
* The happening of a specified event
* A change in circumstances
* Agent's breach
* Either party's unilateral termination
* Operation of law (e.g. death or loss of capacity if either party)
* Death terminates an agency unless the agency is irrevocable ⇒apparent authority

## Actual Authority

Actual authority is what the agent reasonably believes he possesses based on the principal's dealing with him.

## Apparent Authority

* Apparent authority is that authority third party reasonably believes an agent possesses based on the principle's holding out the agent as having such authority.
* To terminate an agent's apparent authority, the principal must personally notify third parties he knew had dealing with the agent and must publish notice for all others.
* Unusual circumstances surrounding an agent's actions, or extraordinary transactions entered into by the agent, may create a duty on the third-party to inquire into the agent's authority to act.
* A principal will be liable to a third-party even for an agent's misrepresentations, if the agent had any type of authority to make the representation.

## Principal's Liability

A principal can be held liable on a contract entered into by an agent if the agent had actual or apparent authority to enter into the contract, or if the principal ratifies the contract.

## References

* Conrad, Knauss, Siegel, Agency, Associations, Employment and Partnerships Foundation ISBN 978-0882775982
* Conviser, Gilbert Law Summaries: Agency & LLCs Gilbert ISBN 978-0314194329
# How to Ace FYLSE/Civil Procedure Outline
## Res judicata

There is a valid final judgment on the merits.
Judgement is rendered. Appeals have concluded.
The prior claim was actually litigated or could have been litigated.
The same plaintiff and same defendant were parties (or privies) in the prior case and subsequent case.)

## Motion for a Judgment as a Matter of Law

A motion for judgment as a matter of law may be brought after the close of plaintiff's evidence or at the close of all evidence. It is granted if no reasonable person could differ as to the outcome of the trial.

## Right to a Jury Trial

Any plaintiff who is suing in federal court for damages has a right to a trial by jury. If the suit involved in equity, there is no right to a jury trial.

## Erie Doctrine

The federal court must use federal procedural law and state substantive law.

## Joinder

Under compulsory joinder of parties, the court will look to see if the party is a necessary party. A party is necessary where the court cannot afford complete relief without the party or there is a danger that the absentee will be harmed, there may be an inconsistent judgment or there may be a possibility of double liability.

### Indispensable Party

An indispensable party is one whose joinder will destroy diversity.

## Supplemental Jursidiction

Where the court has original jurisdiction over a matter, the court may also assert supplemental jurisdiction over other claims that are so related that they form the same case or controversy as the original claim. The same case or controversy means that the claims arose out of the same transaction or occurrence and arise out of a common nucleus of operative facts.

## Harmless Error

An error is harmless if, even without the error, there is no reasonable doubt that the case would have come out differently.
# How to Ace FYLSE/Corporations Outline
## Pre-Incorporation Contract

Corporations are only liable for pre-incorporation contracts that they adopt. An incorporator is not relieved of liability of the pre-incorporation contract, until there has been a novation which is an agreement by all parties to relieve the incorporator of personal liability.
   Dryco had been incorporated in compliance with all statutory requirements, and Molly and Ruth observed all corporate formalities during the period of Dryco’s existence. One year after incorporation, however, Dryco became insolvent and dissolved.

## Shareholder liability

Shareholders are not personally liable for the debts of the corporation.

## SEC 16(b)

This rule prohibits a director, officer or 10% shareholder of a publicly traded corporation on a national stock exchange or with assets of over $10 million and 500 shareholders from purchasing and selling or selling and purchasing stock of the corporation in less than 6 months.

## SEC 10b-5

* Use of the instrumentalities of interstate commerce
* misrepresentation of a material fact and insider trading
* in connection with the purchase and sale of a security
* scienter
* reliance by the person on the other side

### Misappropriator
## Duty of Care

An officer must act as a reasonably prudent person would in the situation.

## Quorum

Board actions are valid only if a vote occurs when a quorum of the Board is present. A quorum is normally defined as more than half the directors – in this case, 4 out of 7. Only three directors were present, however. In its bylaws, a corporation can establish a smaller number for a quorum if it is more than 1/3 of directors.
# Is Agent Liable?

A. Actual Express Authority: Express authority is the authority contained within the four corners of die agency agreement and those expressly granted by the principle.
B. Actual Implied Authority: Implied authority is authority that 化e agent reasonably belie\es he has as a result of the principals actions
C. Termination of Actual Authority: Termination of actual authority occurs by either parties unilateral termination
D. Apparent Authority: Apparent authority arises from reasonable belief of third parties. It exists if化e principal holds the agent out as possessing certain authority, thereby inducing reasonable reliance by others on that authority.
E. Lingering Authority: When agent's actual authority is terminated, he will have apparent authority to act on principal's behalf as to third parties until they receive actual or constructive notice of termination
F. Ratification: A relationship is created by ratification when an agent puqiorts to act on behalf of the principal without authority, the principal subsequently validates the act and becomes bound.
G. Vicarious Liability: 1) was agent an employee? 2) Did tort occur during scope of employment?
H. Independent Contractor: Agent not liable for independent K., unless they were engaged in IS a nuisance.
# IB/Group 5/Mathematics/Higher/Geometry

| Circular measure and trigonometric functions Trigonometric equations and identities Geometry of triangles and circles | Further trigonometry Vectors Lines and planes in space |
# IB/Group 5/Mathematics/Higher/Glossary of terminology

| Definition | Example |
| Addition principle (OR rule) | The number of ways in which either choice $A$ or choice $B$ can be made is the sum of the number of options for $A$ and the number of options for $B$. If $A$ and $B$ are mutually exclusive then: $n(A{\text{ OR }}B)=n(A)+n(B)$ | By the addition principle, the number of ways of getting an even number on the first die or a multiple of three on the second die is 3 + 2. |
| Combination | A way of choosing a set of objects where the order does not matter. The number of ways of choosing $r$ objects out of $n$ is: ${n \choose r}={\frac {n!}{r!(n-r)!}}$ | There are 56 ways of choosing three people from a group of eight. |
| Exclusion principle | Counting the number of outcomes that satisfy a given condition by first counting everything which does not satisfy the condition and then subtracting this from the total number of outcomes. | If out of 712 possible committees 16 involve both Thaïs and Gomer, by the exclusion principle 696 do not involve both Thaïs and Gomer. |
| Permutation | A way of arranging a set of objects in a particular order. The number of ways of arranging $n$ objects is $n!$: $n!=n(n-1)(n-2)...\times 2\times 1$ | There are 24 possible permutations of the letters in the word CARS. |
| Product principle (AND rule) | The number of ways in which both choice $A$ and choice $B$ can be made is the product of the number of options for $A$ and the number of options for $B$: $n(A{\text{ AND }}B)=n(A)\times n(B)$ | By the product principle, the number of ways of getting an even number on the first die and a multiple of three on the second die is $3\times 2$. |
# IB/Group 5/Mathematics/Higher/Option

| Statistics and probability Sets, relations and groups | Calculus Discrete mathematics |
# IB/Theory of Knowledge/Areas of Knowledge

Mathematics
The Natural Sciences
The Human Sciences
History
The Arts
Ethics
Religion
# IB/Group 5/Mathematics/Higher/Probability and statistics

| Summarising data Probability | Discrete probability distributions Continuous distributions |
# IB/Group 6

The subjects in group 6 allow a high degree of adaptability to different cultural contexts. The emphasis is on creativity in the context of disciplined, practical research into the relevant genres.

## Subjects

Music
Visual Arts