OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Analytical Forensic Pharmacology/UV-VIS Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is an extension of microscopy which in itself encompasses the microscopy that was previous discussed. In short, spectroscopy is the use of electromagnetic energy to study matter and to interpret results. Microscopy can be viewed as spectroscopy of the visible portions of light where as spectroscopy is said to encompass the entirety of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectroscopy is useful since only a very small quantity of sample is needed for analysis. In addition, samples may be reused after analysis with IR, NMR or UV spectroscopy.

# Absorbance Spectroscopy – UV/VIS spectrophotometry

One of the simplest types of spectroscopy is UV/VIS spectrophotometry. This paper has already mentioned how color can be used to analyze an unknown for preliminary tests. UV/VIS Spectrophotometry takes this principle and applies the principles of electromagnetic absorption of energy to it. Chemical structures can absorb energy and reflect energy. In most cases related to forensic pharmacology, color is due to the absorption of light by conjugated pi systems of two nearby elements of a molecule (in other substances such as metals, color is due to unique absorption that is characteristic of that the element(s) present).
A spectrophotometer takes the absorption information of a substance diluted into a liquid sample in order to obtain an output of absorption using Beers’ Law.
In Spectrophotometry Cell length is controlled for. The Coefficient and Concentration for unknowns is not usually known in forensic analysis, therefore this method is not utilized often for dealing with unknowns.
Although this method is more precise than the visual analysis of color, it is used far less in presumptive tests. The reasons for this are primarily due to the similarities in many UV/VIS spectra and the need to have a pure analyte for analysis.
# Analytical Forensic Pharmacology/Visual Observation

Visual observation on the part of scientific investigators is the first step in the analysis of drugs. Visual analysis of drugs includes observed color, crystal structure and all supporting evidence which links drugs to the scene of a crime. Accurate visual evidence can eliminate the possibility of certain drugs (and the associated cost to labs). If a green substance thought to be drugs is brought into the lab, there would be little point in investigating for cocaine or heroin in the initial test.
Table INSERT - Identification of drugs based on visual observation.
Visual observation of drugs can also be supplemented by manuals such as the PDR and the Drug Enforcement Agency’s (DEA) guide to logo identification. LSD, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstacy) are often marketed emblazoned with logos or cartoons. By comparing images and logos of recently obtained unknowns with an index of seized drugs (such as the one found at http://www.ecstasydata.org/) a presumptive judgement can be made as to where the type of pill came from, the active ingredients and what adulterants are likely to be found in the pill.
# Anarchist FAQ/What are the myths of capitalist economics?/12

C.12 Doesn't Hong Kong show the potentials of "free market" capitalism?
pros
conglomerates
western conglomerates such as jardine matheson (hongkong land), swire(quarrybay), hong kong shanghai hotel group(peninsula) serves international business. cantonese conglomerates such as cheung kong hutchison whampoa(cheung kong center), sino(shangrila hotel and resorts), shk(shopping malls in major new towns), wheelocks(time square, wharf) emerges to diversify the dominance of western companies. old business model face digital challenge (li&fung )
cultural diversity soho and lkf encompasses french, thai, viet, italian cusines. chongqing building encompasses indian cuisines. worldwide house encompasses philipine cusines and remittance companies. arabic, such as lebanon, restaurants surrounding kowloon mosque flourishes.
finance
hsbc, bank of china and standard charted evolved and print currency without intervention of a federal government.
cons
real estate local real estate oligarchies hinds entries of western retailing companies, such as carrefour. new towns developed without a sustainable environment of culture and competitors.
language barrier local education system in general put cantonese instead lingua franca in the first place. local culture in general put emphasis on chinese history, may neglect cultures among south east asian countries.
franchising chained stores increase productivity yet hinder creativity. maxim's catering developed more than 20 brands which help improve the situation, yet local factories such as gardens and food and beverages companies such as vita strike a balance for profit without reinvesting a large portion of money on research and development on branding.
# Analytical Forensic Pharmacology/Microscopic Observation

The visual analysis of unknown substances including drugs may be further analyzed by microscopy. The microscope has gone hand in hand with forensics ever since the time of the fictional Sherlock Holmes. Today the microscope made familiar by Sherlock Holmes takes many different forms and they may be optical or electromagnetic.

# Compound Optical Microscope

The most common form of the microscope is still the optical compound type that mostly everyone is familiar with.
Forensic scientists still use optical compound microscopes for analysis of substances, yet other technologies exist as well, – electron microscope (scanning and/or tunneling), phase contrast, and microscopes with polarimeter filters which can be utilized to observe certain frequencies of light.
One of the simplest uses of visual observation for the detection of materials of forensic interest is in the analysis of the marijuana leaf. Marijuana leaves exhibit bear claw shapes called cystolithic hairs on the dorsal leaf surface.(Bell 304)(Figure-2) This visual observation is specific enough to narrow down the genera of the marijuana plant, but not specific enough to tell whether or not it is Cannibus sativa with a high level of the active ingredient Δ9-THC.

# Fluorescent Microscopy

Fluorescent microscopy is most commonly used in a series of assays known as immunocytochemistry which will be discussed later on page 21. However, Fluorescent Microscopy is also useful in the identification of LSD. LSD when isolated can be detected in 1ppm by fluorescence. Using filters specific for certain wavelengths, forensic scientist can look for light at the 400 nm wavelength which is indicative of LSD presence. (Fanga et al, 2002)

# Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be used to obtain the same results found with phase contrast microscopes. However it is more often used in the presumptive analyses associated with the identification of unique crystal structures. SEM is often paired with other technologies such as x-ray crystallography sources. The most modern techniques of this type work use the SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXRA) to allow the microscope analyze components of samples.
# Analytical Forensic Pharmacology/Polarimetry

Polarimetry is very useful in the analysis of drugs of abuse. Illicit drugs such as methamphetamine can be prepared in a variety of ways (As will be discussed later in Appendix I). Different steps in the synthesis of drugs often lead to structural differences known as enantiomers. In enantiomers, structures are said to be chiral. These structures may have the same molecular mass and an identical number of the same particles but they are put together in mirror images – much like a person’s left and right hand. The key to chirality is that structures that are enantiomers cannot be superimposed. (note - that in the example still using your hand, it is easy to think that hands can be superimposed by placing each hand palm to palm. However if you are looking at each hand from the same perspective with both palms and fingers oriented in the same direction, the thumbs will point in different directions. The same is true for organic molecules).
Polarimetry is one way to designate between these mirror images. Each chiral structure rotates light in one way or the other. To identify whether a compound rotates light one way or another it can be placed in a diffraction grid matrix assembly (Figure 4) which can be set up to measure optical rotation. Polarimeters can be purchased commercially, and these analyses can be conducted quite simply. However the assembly of instrumentation that measures optical rotation is also quite simple and the section that follows will make it easier to understand the processes involved in polarimetry based on the construction of a polarimeter.
The two main parts of a polarimeter are a light source with a single wavelength and a diffraction grating. If using regular light as your source, a light polarizer is also needed. For this simple experiment however a helium-neon laser was utilized as the monochromatic light source with a wavelength of 632.8 nm.
When light would pass through the diffraction grating, a pattern like that seen in Figure 4 is observed.
In a diffraction grid matrix like the one seen on the left, the points of light are marked on a piece of graph paper on which the laser is projecting for calibration.
By knowing these properties of light, the angles of the original set up, and the original position of light it can be calculated how much any object placed in the path of the light would rotate the pattern shown in Figure 4 by using the following formula.
Huygens’ principle. mλ=dsinө where m=any integer λ=the wavelength d=Distance and ө=angle
Once again, it is important to note the control for λ . If white light was used for a polarimeter, the results would not be able to be measured since the different frequencies of light would produce different angles at the gradient as is seen in (FIGURE -5).
Similarly, if a green laser were put through a gradient at the same time as a red laser at the same distance and angle, the positioning of the grid would be tighter with green due to the shorter wavelength.
# Analytical Forensic Pharmacology/Melting Point

The melting point (MP) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. Melting points are often used to classify organic compounds and to obtain an understanding of the purity of an analyte. A large database of MPs are available for use by analytical chemists and forensic scientists. The more impurity is present, the lower the melting point. Eventually, a minimum melting point will be reached. The mixing ratio that results in the lowest possible melting point is known as the eutectic point.
# Anarchist FAQ/What are the myths of capitalist economics?/1.1

* Scarcity promotes productivity.
* Banks grew since gold being stored up in 1640s.
* Insurance companies grew in the fear of losing private properties in 1670s.
* Gambling grew when people looking for the money instead value itself in 1690s.
# Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Skeleton/Test Yourself Answers

1. Name the bones which move against (articulate with)...
    a) the humerus: moves against the scapula, radius and ulna.
    b) the thoracic vertebrae: move against adjacent cranial and caudal vertebrae & the ribs
    c) the pelvis: moves against the femur and the sacrum
2. Name the bones in the forelimb:
    From the scapula are the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and digits.
3. Where is the patella found?
    The patella is the knee cap. It is found in the hind limb at the knee joint.
4. Where are the following joints located?
    a) The stifle joint: between the femur and the tibia on the hind limb.
    b) The elbow joint: between the humerus, radius and ulna on the forelimb.
    c) The hock joint: between the tarsals and metatarsals on the hind limb.
    d) The hip joint: between the pelvis and the femur.
5. Attach the following labels to the diagram of the long bone shown below.
6. Attach the following labels to the diagram of a joint shown below.
# Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Urinary System/Test Yourself Answers

1. Add the following labels to the diagram of the excretory system shown below. Bladder | ureter | urethra | kidney | dorsal aorta | vena cava | renal artery | vein
2. Fill in the blanks in the following statements.
a) Blood enters the kidney via the renal artery.
b) When cut across the kidney is seen to consist of two regions, the outer cortex and the inner medulla.
c) Another word for the kidney tubule is the nephron.
d) Filtration of the blood occurs in the glomerulus.
e) The filtered fluid (filtrate) enters the Bowman’s capsule.
f) The filtrate entering the e) above is similar to blood but does not contain large proteins or blood cells.
g) As the fluid passes along the first coiled part of the kidney tubule amino acids and glucose are removed.
h) The main function of the loop of Henle is water re-absorption/concentration of urine.
i) Hydrogen and potassium ions are secreted into the second coiled part of the tubule.
j) The main function of the collecting tube is concentration of the urine.
k) The hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is responsible for controlling the concentration of urine in the collecting tube.
l) When the pancreas secretes inadequate amounts of the hormone insulin the condition known as diabetes mellitus results. This is most easily diagnosed by testing for glucose in the urine.
# Ancient Domains of Mystery
## Contents

* Introduction
* Chaos
* Places
* Artifacts and Items

## External Resources

* ADOM Official Website
* Andy Williams's ADOM Guidebook
* ADOM's Wiki
# Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Skin/Test Yourself Answers

1. The two layers that form the skin are the: epidermis and dermis
2. The special protein deposited in epidermal cells to make them waterproof is keratin
3. Skin structures made of keratin include scales, beaks, claws, nails, hoofs, hairs and feathers.
4. Sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands are all exocrine glands. Meaning they all have ducts through which they expel their products to the outside.
5. The pigment deposited in skin cells that protects underlying skin layers from the harmful effects of the sun is melanin.
6. The skin helps cool an animal down when it is active or in a hot environment by producing sweat and dilating the capillaries in the dermis
7. The skin helps prevent heat loss when an animal is in a cold environment by:
    a) contraction of the hair erector muscles to make the hairs stand up and trap an insulating layer of air.
    b) constriction of the capillaries in the dermis to reduce heat loss through the body surface.
# Ancient Domains of Mystery/Artifacts and Items
## Artifacts and Items

Special items you may need... artifacts being indestructible items.

### Trident of the Red Rooster

Can you just hear Andor Drakon screaming as you suck his power away and become an Ultimate Chaos God? Here are the steps to obtaining this wonderful item.
* Be careful that your first kill is not an exceedingly common monster, or you will be in big trouble later.
* Save Khelavaster from a certain death, for he is the only one who can perform the powerful magic required to summon the Trident. (If you aspire to become an Ultimate Chaos God, this may seem out of character. Just remember that you are perfectly free to slaughter Khelavaster with his own Trident once you have it.)
* Kill "Barney" and keep Needle (which looks like any other dagger until you identify it).
* Go find where the Assassin Prince is hiding in the Dusty Dungeon. If you are at least level 45, he will tell you that the Mad Minstrel wants someone killed.
* Once you've killed your target (who is in the Infinite Dungeon), report to the Mad Minstrel, who will tell you the location of the Scintillating Cave.
* Kill the Emperor Moloch... quickly, before Chaos takes you... and take his scroll.
* Bring this scroll to Khelavaster in Terinyo, and he should summon the Trident for you. Remember that he is lawful and does not approve of chaotics.

### Chaos Insignia

3 special artifacts, Medal, Sceptre and Crown that let you enter the Gate without being eaten. The Sceptre is not required if you have the Trident of the Red Rooster.

### Phial of Caladriel

Besides the obvious book rip off, it is pretty much useless except for wasting mana points to fry gremlins, or as fodder for a certain unstable individual somewhere in the CoC. It's good if you have loads of spare mana and you don't have a Light spell when surrounded by darkness. You don't want the grue to get you, do you?

### Golden Gladius

Trade for a skill bonanza, or keep as a prize...
# Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/The Senses/Senses Test Yourself Answers

1. Where are the organs that sense pain, pressure and temperature found?
    The organs that sense pain, pressure and temperature are found in the dermis of the skin.
2. Which sense organ responds to chemicals in the air?
    The olfactory organ in the nose responds to chemicals in the air.
3. Match the words in the list below with the following descriptions.
    optic nerve | choroid | cornea | aqueous humor | retina | cones | iris | vitreous humour | sclera | lens
    a) Focuses light rays on the retina - Lens
    b) Respond to colour and detail - Cones
    c) Outer coat of the eyeball - Sclera
    d) Carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain - Optic nerve
    e) The chamber behind the lens is filled with this - Vitreous humour
    f) This layer of the eyeball reflects light in nocturnal animals like the cat - Choroid
    g) This is the transparent window at the front of the eye. Cornea
    h) This constricts in bright light to reduce the amount of light entering the eye - Iris
    i) The light rays are focused on here by the lens and cornea - Retina
    j) The chamber in front of the lens is filled with this - Aqueous humour
4. Add the following labels to the diagram of the ear below.
    pinna | Eustachian tube | cochlea | tympanic membrane | external ear canal | ear ossicles | semicircular canals
5. What is the role of the Eustachian tube?
    The Eustachian tube equalises air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane.
6. What do the ear ossicles do?
    The ear ossicles transmit vibrations across the middle ear to the inner ear.
7. What is the role of the semicircular canals?
    The semicircular canals respond to movement of the head including acceleration and slowing down.
# Ancient Domains of Mystery/Chaos
## Chaos

Chaos is a fundamental force that corrupts the very essence of your being. You will also encounter other creatures affected by the horrible radiation of Chaos. As time passes and you head deeper into the dungeons, corruption intensifies and mutates you in various (mostly undesirable) ways. Too much corruption will transform you into a writhing mass of primal chaos and your adventure will be over. Therefore items which remove corruption are among the most valuable in the game. Noble heroes of Lawful alignment (which equates to "good" in ADOM) are more resistant to corruption than those who follow the Neutral way, who in turn are more resistant to corruption than Chaotic adventurers.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Mist

The parts you change to make a particle based mist spot are as follows: Emitter-
Objects Panel-
Materials Panel-
World Buttons-
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Modeling Clay

Modelling clay material
●In material tab:
Diffuse (as required), Shrader: Lambert
Specular (as required, light color),
Shrader: Phong,
Intensity: 0.11
Hardness: 17
●In texture tab:
Type: Clouds
Under clouds group:
Noise: Soft
Basis: Voronoi F1(noise used for turbulance)
Size: 0.03
Depth: 2
Under influence
Geometry:
Normal(enabled): 0.018
Texture color: (same as diffuse color in material tab)
Note: Different types of modelling clay are available. This material may differ from some types.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Moss
## Moss

This is a pretty good moss texture that i use. it really just depends on the size of your plane, though.
Material
'Material Buttons'
R: 0.000 G: 0.617 B: 0.079
'Shaders'
Leave everything at default unless otherwise specified.
Spec: 0.191 Hard: 127
'Map Input'
Size X: 0.189 Size Y: 0.189 Size Z: 0.189
'Map To'
Col Nor (yellow)
Nor slider: 25
Texture
Texture Type: clouds Color Soft Noise
Noise size: 0.050 Noise depth: 6
Colors: Colorband selected Cur 1: Pos: 0.477
Cur 2: Pos: 0.577
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Mothball

Here is a texture setting for a crusty mothball.
Material Tab
Color: R:0.93, G:0.93, B:1 Alpha: 1
Shader Tab
Diffuse Shader (Oren-Nayar), Ref: 0.4 Diffuse Shader (Oren-Nayar), Rough: 2
Specular Shader (Blinn), Spec: 0.5 Specular Shader (Blinn), Hard: 10 Specular Shader (Blinn), Refr: 2
Texture Settings
Texture Type: Musgrave
Musgrave Tab
Hetero Terrain H: 1.000 Lacu: 1.000 Octs: 1.000 Ofst: 1.000
iScale: 2.5 NoiseSize: 0
Noise Bias: Blender Original, Nabla: 0.001
Map To Tab
Add (not Mix) Col Nor (press twice) Color: R:1, G:1, B:1
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Mercury
## Mercury (Blender Render)
### Material
#### Diffuse (Oren-Nayar)

* Color: E5F0F6
* Intensity: 1
* Roughness: 0.25

#### Specular (Wardiso)

* Color: FFFFFF
* Intensity: 1
* Slope: 0.1

#### Mirror

* Reflectivity: 0.5
* Color: FFFFFF
* Fresnel: 0
* Depth: 2
* Maximum Distance: 0
* Gloss
** Amount: 1
(Leave every other sub-tab at its default settings.)
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Misty Globe

This is a strange misty globe, it looks cool when animated.
This could be used as a mystical crystal ball etc. etc.

## Material Window
### Alpha

    1.00

### Color

    R: .60
    G: .60
    B: .60

### Specularity

    R: 1.00
    G: 1.00
    B: 1.00

## Shaders Window

Ref: 1.00
Spec: .50
Hard: 50
Amb: .50
Emit: .70

## Map to Window

Alpha: clicked once
Col: clicked once

## Texture #1
### Texture Window

    Type: Clouds
    NoiseSize: .350
    NoiseDepth: 2
    Nabla: .025
    Default: clicked
    SoftNoise: clicked

### Color Window

    Al: 1.00
    Poss: 1.00
    R: .777
    G: .793
    B: .919
    Bright: 1.00
    Contr: 1.00

## Texture #2
### Texture Window

    Type: Clouds
    NoiseSize: .50
    NoiseDepth: 2
    Nabla: .015
    Default: clicked
    SoftNoise: clicked

### Color Window

    Al: 1.00
    Poss: 1.00
    R: .768
    G: .892
    B: .755
    Bright: 1.00
    Contr: 1.00

## Animation

* The animation on this sphere uses a procedural texture,
* Make sure that you are at frame 1
* First go to the material buttons and hold your cursor over them.
* Press the "i" button on the keyboard, and select "Ofs" from the dropdown menu
* Advance to frame 200 and insert another key vertex.
* In the IPO curves, got to the Curve menu, go to Interpolation Mode, and select "Linear"
* In the IPO curves, got to the Curve menu, go to Extend Mode, and select "Extrapolation"
* In the list along the right side of the IPO curve screen, select OfsX, and press tab on the keyboard
* Right click on the second vertex and drag it up to about .2
* In the list along the right side of the IPO curve screen, select OfsY, and press tab on the keyboard
* Right click on the second vertex and drag it up to about .3