# Esperanto/Appendix/English-Esperanto word list (1889)

What follows is the original lexicon of Esperanto words as it appeared in Dr. Esperanto's International Language published in 1889. It is from this original stock of approximately 920 words that the language grew. The pamphlet contained the following note about Esperanto word-building:
   Everything written in the international language can be translated by means of this vocabulary. If several words are required to express one idea they must be written in one, but separated by [apostrophes]; e.g., frat'in'o, though one idea, is yet composed of three words, which must be looked for separately in the vocabulary.
The requirement for internal punctuation of a word was dropped from the language not long after this work was published. It is now vanishingly rare to find it in use except in the most rudimentary of primers.
Esperanto is a living language and, like all living languages, the meanings of words drift over time. Herein are the original definitions as they are found in Zamenhof's pamphlet.

## A

a
    expresses an adjective, e.g., hom'—man, hom'a—human
acid'
    sour, acid
aĉet'
    to buy
ad'
    indicates the duration of an action; e.g., ir'—go; ir'ad'—to walk; danc'—a dance, danc'ad'—dancing
adiaŭ
    adieu, good-bye
aer'
    the air
afer'
    affair, business
agl'
    the eagle
agrabl'
    agreeable
aĝ'
    the age
ajn
    …ever; e.g., kiu—who, kiu ajn— whoever
aĵ'
    indicates a thing having some quality or peculiarity, or made of some particular thing; e.g., mal'nov'—old, mal'nov'aĵ'—old things; frukt'—fruit, frukt'aĵ'—made of fruits
akompan'
    to accompany
akr'
    sharp
akv'
    water
al
    to; e.g., al li—to him (indicates also the dative)
ali'
    other
almenaŭ
    at least
alt'
    high, tall
alumet'
    a match
am'
    to love, like
amas'
    a crowd, mass
amik'
    friend
an'
    a member, an inhabitant, an adherent; e.g., regn'—state, kingdom, empire, regn'an'—inhabitant of an empire, etc. Paris'an'—a Parisian
angul'
    an angle, a corner
anĝel'
    an angel
anim'
    the soul
ankaŭ
    also, too
ankoraŭ
    still, yet
anstataŭ
    instead of
ant'
    indicates the present participle (active)
antaŭ
    before
apart'
    separate
aparten'
    to belong
apenaŭ
    scarcely, hardly
apud
    near, nigh to
ar'
    indicates a collection of objects; e.g., arb'—a tree, ar'bar'—a forest; ŝtup'—step, stair, ŝtup'ar'—staircase, stairs, ladder
arb'
    a tree
arĝent'
    silver
as
    indicates the present in verbs
at'
    indicates the present participle (passive)
atend'
    to wait for, expect
aŭ
    or, either
aŭd'
    to hear
aŭskult'
    listen to
aŭtun'
    autumn
av'
    grandfather
avar'
    avaricious
azen'
    an ass, a donkey

## B

babil'
    to prate, to chatter, to prattle
bak'
    to bake
bala'
    to sweep
balanc'
    to nod, swing, sway
baldaŭ
    soon
ban'
    to bathe
bapt'
    baptize
bar'
    to bar (a door), to stop (a passage)
barb'
    the beard
barel'
    barrel, cask
baston'
    stick
bat'
    to beat, to flog
batal'
    to fight, to struggle
bedaŭr'
    to pity, to regret, to repent
bel'
    beautiful, handsome
ben'
    to bless, consecrate, hallow
benk'
    a bench
best'
    an animal, a beast
bezon'
    to want
bier'
    beer
bind'
    to bind
bird'
    a bird
blank'
    white
blov'
    to blow
blu'
    blue
bo'
    relation by marriage (own or other people’s); e.g., patr'—father, bo'patr'—father-in-law; frat'—brother, bo'frat'—brother-in-law
boj'
    to bark
bol'
    to boil
bon'
    good
bord'
    the shore (of the sea), the bank or side (of a river)
bot'
    a boot
botel'
    a bottle
bov'
    an ox
branĉ'
    a branch
brand'
    brandy
bril'
    to shine, to sparkle, to glitter
bros'
    a brush
bru'
    to make a noise, to bawl
brul'
    to burn one’s self
brust'
    the breast, bosom
brut'
    brute
buŝ'
    the mouth
buter'
    butter
buton'
    a button

## C

cel'
    to aim
cent
    a hundred
cert'
    certain, sure, known
ceter'
    the remainder, the following, rest
cigar'
    a cigar
cigared'
    a cigarette
citron'
    a lemon, citron

## Ĉ

ĉagren'
    to grieve, to vex
ĉambr'
    a chamber, a room
ĉap'
    a cap, a bonnet
ĉapel'
    a hat
ĉar
    because
ĉe
    near, by, at, beside
ĉemiz'
    a shirt, a chemise
ĉen'
    a chain
ĉeriz'
    a cherry
ĉerk'
    a coffin
ĉes'
    to cease, to leave off
ĉeval'
    a horse
ĉi
    the nearest (person, thing, etc.); e.g., tiu—that one, tiu ĉi, this one; tie—there, tie ĉi, here
ĉia
    every
ĉiam
    always, ever
ĉie
    everywhere
ĉiel'
    heaven, heavens, sky
ĉio
    all, everything
ĉirkaŭ
    around, round about
ĉiu
    every one
ĉj'
    added to the first 2–5 letters of a masculine proper name makes it a diminutive, caressing; e.g., Miĥael'—Mi'ĉj'; Aleksandr'—Ale'ĉj'
ĉu
    or, if; is employed in questions, e.g., mi ne sci'as, ĉu vi am'as—I don’t know, if you love

## D

da
    supplies the genitive (after words, expressing measure, weight, etc.); e.g., kilogram'o da viand'o—a kilo of meat; glas'o da te'o— a cup of tea
danc'
    to dance
danĝer'
    danger
dank'
    to thank
daŭr'
    to endure, to last
de
    from, of; supplies also the genitive
decid'
    to decide
defend'
    to defend
dek
    ten
dekstr'
    right (adj.)
demand'
    to ask
dens'
    dense, thick
dent'
    a tooth
detru'
    to demolish, to destroy, to ruin
dev'
    must, ought, to be obliged
dezert'
    a desert, a wilderness
dezir'
    to desire
Di'
    God
dik'
    big, thick, stout
diligent'
    diligence, assiduity
dimanĉ'
    Sunday
dir'
    to tell, to say
dis'
    dis-, asunder, into parts, e.g., ŝir'—to pull, dis'ŝir'—to pull asunder
disput'
    to contend for, to quarrel, to dispute
divid'
    to divide
dolĉ'
    sweet
dolor'
    ache, pain, affliction
dom'
    house
don'
    to give
donac'
    to make a present of
dorm'
    to sleep
dors'
    the back
du
    two
dum
    while, whilst

## E

e
    the ending of adverbs; e.g., bon'e—well
eben'
    even, smooth
ebl'
    possible
ec'
    indicates abstract ideas; e.g., bon'—good, bon'ec'—goodness; infan'—child, infan'ec'—childhood
eĉ
    even (adv.) also
eduk'
    to educate
edz'
    the husband
efektiv'
    real, effective
eg'
    indicates enlargement or intensity of degree; e.g., man'—hand, man'eg'—paw; varm'—warm, varm'eg'—hot
egal'
    equal, like
ej'
    indicates the place of an action etc.; e.g., kuir'—to cook, kuir'ej'—kitchen; preĝ'—to pray, preĝ'ej'—the church
ek'
    indicates the beginning or the short duration of an action etc.; e.g., kant'—to sing; ek'kant'—to begin to sing; kri'—to cry, ek'kri'—to cry out, to exclaim
eks'
    formerly; placed before an official or professional designation, shows that a person has given up his office or profession
ekster
    on the outside of, outwardly, without, out of
ekzempl'
    example
el
    from, out of
elekt'
    to choose, to elect
em'
    inclined, disposed, accustomed
en
    in
enu'
    to be weary, annoyed
envi'
    to envy
er'
    indicates a thing, taken as a separate unity; e.g., sabl'—sand, sabl'er'—a grain of sand
erar'
    to err, to be wrong, to be mistaken
escept'
    to exclude, to except
esper'
    to hope
esprim'
    to express, to declare by words
est'
    to be
estim'
    to esteem, to prize
esting'
    to extinguish
estr'
    the chief, the superior
et'
    indicates diminution or decrease; e.g., rid'—to laugh, rid'et'—to smile; mur'—a wall, mur'et'—a little wall, chamber wall
etaĝ'
    a floor, a story
etern'
    eternal

## F

facil'
    light, easy
faden'
    thread
fajf'
    to pipe, to whistle
fajr'
    fire
fal'
    to fall
fald'
    to fold
famili'
    family
far'
    to do, to make, to act; far'iĝ'—to become, to turn, to grow
fart'
    to live, to be (well or ill)
feliĉ'
    happy
fend'
    to split, to chop
fenestr'
    window
fer'
    iron
ferm'
    to shut
fest'
    to feast, to hold a feast
fianĉ'
    one who is betrothed, the bridegroom
fidel'
    faithful, true
fier'
    proud, haughty
fil'
    a son
fin'
    to finish
fingr'
    a finger
firm'
    firm, solid
fiŝ'
    a fish
flank'
    side, flank
flar'
    to smell
flav'
    yellow
flor'
    flower
flu'
    to flow
flug'
    to fly
fluid'
    liquid, fluid
foj'
    times (e.g., “four times”)
fojn'
    hay
foli'
    a leaf (of a tree), a sheet (of paper etc.)
fond'
    to found, establish
font'
    a fountain
for
    away
forges'
    to forget
forĝ'
    to forge
fork'
    a fork
forn'
    a stove
fort'
    strong, vigorous
fos'
    to dig
frap'
    to hit, to beat
frat'
    brother
fraŭl'
    bachelor, single man
freŝ'
    fresh
fromaĝ'
    cheese
frost'
    frost, coldness
frot'
    to rub
fru'
    early
frukt'
    fruit
frunt'
    forehead
fulm'
    lightning
fum'
    the smoke
fund'
    the bottom

## G

gaj'
    gay
gajn'
    to win, to gain
gant'
    a glove
gard'
    to guard, to keep
gast'
    guest
ge
    of both sexes; e.g., patr'—father, ge'patr'o'j—parents; mastr'—master, ge'mastr'o'j—both the master and the mistress of the house
genu'
    knee
glaci'
    ice
glas'
    a glass, cup
glat'
    smooth, even
glav'
    sword
glit'
    to slide, to glide along (on ice)
glor'
    to glorify
glut'
    to swallow
gorĝ'
    throat
grand'
    great
gras'
    fat, grease
grat'
    scratch
gratul'
    to congratulate
grav'
    grave, important
griz'
    gray
gust'
    the taste
gut'
    to drop; gut'o—a drop

## Ĝ

ĝarden'
    a garden
ĝem'
    to groan
ĝentil'
    genteel
ĝi
    it
ĝis
    to, till, up to
ĝoj'
    to rejoice, to be glad

## H

ha!
    ha! ah!
hajl'
    the hail
haladz'
    bad exhalation
halt'
    to stop, to make a stay
har'
    a hair
haring'
    a herring
haŭt'
    skin, hide
hav'
    to have
hejt'
    to heat, to make a fire
help'
    to help, to aid
herb'
    herb, grass
hered'
    to inherit
hieraŭ
    yesterday
ho!
    oh!
hodiaŭ
    today
hom'
    man (human beings in general)
honest'
    honest
hont'
    shame
hor'
    an hour
horloĝ'
    a clock
hotel'
    inn, hotel
humil'
    humble
hund'
    dog

## I

i
    indicates the infinitive in verbs; e.g., laŭd'i—to praise
ia
    some
ial
    by whatever cause
iam
    sometime
id'
    child, descendant; e.g., bov'—ox, bov'id'—calf
ie
    somewhere
iel
    in some manner
ies
    someone’s
ig'
    to cause anything to be in a certain state; e.g., pur'—pure, clean, pur'ig'—to purify, to cleanse; brul'—to burn one’s self, brul'ig'—to burn some one (some thing); sid'—to sit, sid'ig'—to seat
iĝ'
    to become, to turn, to compel one’s self, e.g., pal'—pale, pal'iĝ'—to turn pale; sid'—to sit, sid'iĝ'—to seat one’s self
il'
    an instrument for a given purpose; e.g., tond'—to shear, tond'il'—scissors; paf'—to shoot, paf'il'—a gun, a musket, a firelock
ili
    they
in'
    indicates the feminine; e.g., patr'—father, patr'in'—mother; kok'—cock, kok'in'—a hen
ind'
    worthy
infan'
    child
ing'
    a thing into which something else is put, a holder; e.g., kandel'—a taper, a candle, kandel'ing'—a candlestick
ink'
    ink
instru'
    to teach
insul'
    island
insult'
    to insult, to outrage
int'
    indicates the past participle (active)
intenc'
    to intend
inter
    between
intern'
    inwardly, internally
invit'
    to invite
io
    somewhat, something
iom
    any, some
ir'
    to go
is
    indicates the past (in verbs)
ist'
    occupied with…, e.g. bot'—boot, shoe, bot'ist'—shoemaker; mar'—sea, mar'ist'—a seaman, a sailor
it'
    indicates the past participle (passive)
iu
    someone

## J

j
    indicates the plural
ja
    however, nevertheless
jam
    already
jar'
    year
je
    may be translated by various prepositions; its signification depends on the general sense of the phrase
jen
    there, here
jes
    yes
ju—des
    the—the
juĝ'
    to judge
jun'
    young
just'
    just, equitable

## Ĵ

ĵaŭd'
    Thursday
ĵet'
    to throw, to cast
ĵur'
    to swear

## K

kaf'
    coffee
kaj
    and
kajer'
    stitched book of writing paper, a copy book (in schools)
kaldron'
    kettle, caldron
kaleŝ'
    cab, a light carriage
kalkul'
    to count, to reckon
kamen'
    chimney, fireplace
kamp'
    a field
kanap'
    a sofa
kandel'
    a candle
kant'
    to sing
kap'
    head
kapt'
    to seize, to catch
kar'
    dear
karb'
    coal
kares'
    to caress
kaŝ'
    to hide, to conceal
kat'
    a cat
kaŭz'
    to cause, to occasion
ke
    that (conj.)
kelk'
    some, certain
kest'
    box, chest
kia
    what; e.g., kia hom'o—what man; kia tag'o—what day
kial
    why, wherefore
kiam
    when
kie
    where
kiel
    how
kies
    whose; e.g., kies libr'o—whose book?
kio
    what, that which
kiom
    how much, how many
kis'
    to kiss
kiu
    who
klar'
    clear
knab'
    boy, lad
kok'
    cock
kol'
    neck
koleg'
    a colleague
kolekt'
    to collect, to gather
koler'
    to be angry
kolon'
    column, pillar
kolor'
    a colour
komb'
    to comb
komenc'
    to begin
komerc'
    to trade, to traffic
kompat'
    to compassionate, to bear with
kompren'
    to understand, to conceive
kon'
    to know
kondiĉ'
    condition
konduk'
    to conduct, to lead
konfes'
    to avow, confess
konsent'
    to consent
konserv'
    to preserve, to keep
konsil'
    to counsel, to advise
konsol'
    to console, to comfort
konstant'
    constant, steadfast
konstru'
    to construct, to build
kontent'
    content, satisfied
kontraŭ
    against
konven'
    to suit, to agree
kor'
    the heart
korn'
    a horn
korp'
    the body
kort'
    the court, courtyard
kost'
    to cost
kovr'
    to cover
kraĉ'
    to spit
krajon'
    a pencil, a crayon
kravat'
    a cravat, neckcloth
kre'
    to create
kred'
    to believe
kresk'
    to grow, to wax
kret'
    chalk
kri'
    to cry
kron'
    a crown, a garland
kruc'
    a cross
kudr'
    to sew
kuir'
    to cook
kuler'
    a spoon
kulp'
    culpable, guilty
kun
    with; kun'e—together
kupr'
    copper
kur'
    to run
kurac'
    to cure, heal
kuraĝ'
    courageous, resolute, bold
kurten'
    curtain
kusen'
    a cushion
kuŝ'
    to lie (e.g. in bed)
kutim'
    to accustom one’s self to
kuz'
    a cousin
kvankam
    though, although
kvar
    four
kvin
    five

## L

l'
    the
la
    the
labor'
    to labour, to work
lac'
    weary, tired
lakt'
    milk
lam'
    lame
lamp'
    lamp
land'
    land, country
lang'
    the tongue
lantern'
    a lantern
larĝ'
    large, broad
larm'
    a tear
las'
    to let, to permit, to allow, to leave
last'
    last, latest
laŭ
    in conformity with, conformably, according to
laŭd'
    to praise, to commend
laŭt'
    aloud, loudly
lav'
    to wash
lecion'
    a lesson
leg'
    to read
leĝ'
    law
leon'
    a lion
lern'
    to learn
lert'
    dexterous, skilful
leter'
    letter, epistle
lev'
    to lift (up), to raise
li
    he
liber'
    free
libr'
    book
lig'
    to bind
lign'
    wood
lingv'
    speech, language, tongue
lip'
    lip
lit'
    bed
liter'
    a letter (of the Alphabet), a type
loĝ'
    to dwell, to lodge
lok'
    place, spot
long'
    long
lud'
    to play
lum'
    to light, to shine
lun'
    the moon
lund'
    Monday

## M

maĉ'
    to chew
magazen'
    store, a shop
makul'
    a spot, a speck
mal'
    indicates opposites, e.g., bon'—good; mal'bon'—bad; estim'—to esteem; mal'estim'—to despise, to disdain
malgraŭ
    in spite of, notwithstanding
man'
    hand
manĝ'
    to eat
mar'
    the sea
mard'
    Tuesday
mastr'
    master
maten'
    the morning
matur'
    ripe, mature
mem
    self
memor'
    to remember, to keep in mind
merit'
    to merit, to deserve
merkred'
    Wednesday
met'
    to put
mez'
    the middle
mezur'
    to measure
mi
    I
miks'
    to mix, to mingle
mil
    thousand
milit'
    war
mir'
    to be astonished, to wonder
mizer'
    misery, poverty, wretchedness
moder'
    moderate, temperate
modest'
    modest
mol'
    soft, tender
mon'
    money
monat'
    month
mond'
    world
mont'
    mountain
montr'
    to show
mord'
    to bite
morgaŭ
    tomorrow
mort'
    to die
moŝt'
    highness, majesty, etc. (is generally added to titles) e.g. Vi'a reĝ'a moŝt'o— Your (Royal) Majesty; Vi'a general'a moŝt'o; vi'a episkop'a moŝt'o etc.
mov'
    to move, to stir (up)
mult'
    much
mur'
    wall
murmur'
    to murmur
muŝ'
    a fly

## N

n
    indicates the objective (accusative) case; also direction; e.g. mi ir'as dom'o'n—I am going home
naĝ'
    to swim
najbar'
    neighbour
nask'
    to bear a child, to bring forth, to give birth to
naŭ
    nine
naz'
    nose
ne
    no, not
nebul'
    mist, fog
neces'
    indispensable, necessary
neĝ'
    snow
nek—nek
    neither—nor
nenia
    not any
neniam
    never
nenie
    nowhere
neniel
    by no means, in no wise
nenies
    nobody’s
nenio
    nothing
neniu
    nobody, no one
nep'
    grandchild
nev'
    a nephew
ni
    we
nigr'
    black
nj'
    added to the first 2–5 letters of a feminine proper name makes it a diminutive, caressing; e.g., Mari'—Ma'nj'; Emili'—Emi'nj'
nobl'
    noble
nokt'
    night
nom'
    name
nombr'
    number
nov'
    new
nub'
    cloud
nud'
    naked
nuks'
    nut
nun
    now
nur
    only
nutr'
    to nourish, to nurse (a child)

## O

o
    indicates a substantive (noun)
obe'
    to obey
objekt'
    an object
obl'
    indicates a numeral in multiplicative form; e.g., du—two, du'obl'—twofold, double, of two different sorts
obstin'
    obstinate, stubborn
odor'
    to exhale fragrance, to smell
ofend'
    to offend, to wrong
ofer'
    to offer
oft'
    often
ok
    eight
okaz'
    to happen
okul'
    eye
okup'
    to occupy
ol
    than, as
ole'
    oil
ombr'
    shadow, shade
ombrel'
    parasol, umbrella
on'
    makes fractions out of numerals; e.g., kvar—four; kvar'on'—fourth part
ond'
    the wave
oni
    (pron. indef. plur.) one, they, people, man
onkl'
    uncle
ont'
    indicates the future participle (active)
op'
    indicates collective numerals; e.g., du—two, du'op'—two together
oportun'
    opportune, convenient
or'
    gold
ord'
    order
ordinar'
    ordinary, common, usual
ordon'
    to order, to command
orel'
    the ear
os
    indicates the future
ost'
    a bone
ot'
    indicates the future participle (passive)
ov'
    an egg

## P

pac'
    peace
paf'
    to shoot
pag'
    to pay
paĝ'
    a page
pajl'
    straw
pal'
    pale
palac'
    a palace
palp'
    to feel, to handle gently
palpebr'
    eyelid
pan'
    bread
pantalon'
    trousers
paper'
    paper
pardon'
    to pardon, to forgive
parenc'
    relation
parker'
    by heart, by memory
parol'
    to speak, to talk
part'
    part, portion, share
pas'
    to pass, to go by
pastr'
    priest, clergyman
paŝ'
    to step, to stride
patr'
    father; patr'uj'—fatherland
pec'
    a morsel
pel'
    to pursue, to chase
pen'
    to endeavour, to do one’s best
pend'
    to hang
pens'
    to think
pentr'
    to draw
per
    through, by, by means of
perd'
    to lose
permes'
    to permit, to allow
pes'
    to weigh (someone or something)(vb. act.)
pet'
    to pray, to beg
pez'
    weigh (some number of pounds) (vb. neut.)
pi'
    pious
pied'
    foot
pik'
    to prick, to sting
pilk'
    a ball (to play with)
pingl'
    a pin
pir'
    a pear
plac'
    a place, a square
plaĉ'
    to please
plafon'
    ceiling
plank'
    floor (of a room)
plej
    most (adv.)
plen'
    full
plend'
    to complain
plezur'
    pleasure
pli
    more
plor'
    to weep, to shed tears
plum'
    pen; feather
pluv'
    rain
po
    forms distributive numerals; e.g., kvin—five; po kvin— five apiece
polv'
    dust
pom'
    apple
pont'
    a bridge
popol'
    people, nation
por
    for
pord'
    door
pork'
    swine, pig, hog
port'
    to carry, to wear
post
    after (prep.)
postul'
    to require, to call for
poŝ'
    a pocket
poŝt'
    post, post-office
pot'
    a pot
pov'
    to be able, can
prav'
    being right
preĝ'
    to pray, to say prayers
prem'
    to press, to oppress
pren'
    to take
prepar'
    to prepare
pres'
    to print
preskaŭ
    almost, nearly
pret'
    ready
prezent'
    to present, to represent, to introduce
pri
    concerning, on, of, about
printemp'
    the spring
pro
    for the sake of
profund'
    deep, profound
proksim'
    (adj.) near, nigh
promen'
    to walk, to take a walk
promes'
    to promise
propon'
    to propose
propr'
    one’s own
prov'
    to try, to essay
prudent'
    prudent, reasonable
prunt'
    to borrow, to lend
pulv'
    gun-powder
pulvor'
    powder
pun'
    to punish
pup'
    a doll
pur'
    pure, clean
puŝ'
    to push
putr'
    to rot, to putrify, to grow putrid

## R

rad'
    a wheel
radi'
    a ray, a beam, a spoke of a wheel
radik'
    root
rakont'
    to relate, to tell
ramp'
    to creep, to crawl
rand'
    the bank, shore, edge, border
rapid'
    rapid, swift
raz'
    to shave
re'
    again, back, re-
reg'
    to reign, to govern
regn'
    kingdom, realm
regul'
    a rule
reĝ'
    a king
rekt'
    straight
rekompenc'
    to recompense, to reward
renkont'
    to meet (with)
renvers'
    to overthrow, to pull down
respond'
    to answer
rest'
    to remain
ricev'
    to receive
riĉ'
    rich
rid'
    to laugh
rigard'
    to look at, regard
ring'
    a ring
ripet'
    to repeat
ripoz'
    to repose, to take rest
river'
    a river
romp'
    to break
rond'
    circle
rost'
    to fry, to roast
roz'
    a rose
ruĝ'
    red

## S

sabat'
    Saturday
sabl'
    sand
saĝ'
    wise, sage
sak'
    a sack, a bag
sal'
    salt
salt'
    to spring, to jump
salut'
    to salute, to hail
sam'
    same
san'
    sound, sane, healthy
sang'
    blood
sankt'
    holy, sacred
sap'
    soap
sat'
    satiate, full
sav'
    to save
sci'
    to know
se
    if
sed
    but
seĝ'
    a chair, a seat
sek'
    dry
sem'
    to sow
semajn'
    a week
sen
    without
senc'
    sense, meaning
send'
    to send
sent'
    to feel, perceive
sep
    seven
serĉ'
    to look for, to search
serpent'
    serpent, snake
serur'
    to lock
serv'
    to serve
ses
    six
sever'
    severe, sharp
si
    one’s self, himself, themselves, etc.
sid'
    to sit
sigel'
    to seal
sign'
    a sign
signif'
    to signify, to mean
silent'
    to be silent
simil'
    resembling, similar, like
simpl'
    simple, common
sinjor'
    lord, master
skrib'
    write
sku'
    to shake, to jog
sobr'
    sober
societ'
    society
soif'
    to be thirsty
sol'
    sole, only, unique
somer'
    summer
son'
    to sound
sonĝ'
    to dream
sonor'
    to buzz, to hum
sort'
    lot, chance, destiny, fate
sovaĝ'
    savage, wild
spec'
    a species, kind
spegul'
    mirror, looking-glass
spir'
    to respire, to breathe
sprit'
    witty
stal'
    stable, stall
star'
    to stand
stel'
    star
stomak'
    stomach
strat'
    a street
sub
    under, beneath
subit'
    sudden
suĉ'
    to suck
sufer'
    to suffer
sufiĉ'
    sufficiently, enough
suk'
    the juice
suker'
    sugar
sun'
    sun
sup'
    soup
super
    above (prep.)
supr'
    above (adv.), at the top
sur
    on, upon
surd'
    deaf (adj.)
surtut'
    coat

## Ŝ

ŝajn'
    to seem, appear
ŝancel'
    to totter, to stagger
ŝanĝ'
    to change
ŝaŭm'
    foam, scum
ŝel'
    shell
ŝerc'
    to jest, joke
ŝi
    she
ŝip'
    ship
ŝir'
    to tear
ŝlos'
    lock
ŝmir'
    to smear, to spread
ŝpruc'
    to spout, to sprinkle
ŝnur'
    a rope, a string, a cord
ŝpar'
    to spare
ŝrank'
    cupboard, clothespress
ŝtal'
    steel
ŝtel'
    to steal
ŝtof'
    stuff
ŝton'
    stone
ŝtop'
    to stop, to cork
ŝtrump'
    stocking
ŝtup'
    step; ŝtup'ar'—staircase, stairs, ladder
ŝu'
    shoe
ŝuld'
    to owe, to be indebted
ŝut'
    to empty out (corn, etc.)
ŝvel'
    to swell
ŝvit'
    to sweat

## T

tabl'
    table
tabul'
    a board
tag'
    day
tajlor'
    tailor
tamen
    yet, however
tapiŝ'
    carpet
taŭg'
    to be of use, to be fit for
te'
    tea
tegment'
    roof
teler'
    plate
temp'
    time
ten'
    to hold
tent'
    to tempt
ter'
    earth
terur'
    terror
tia
    such
tial
    therefore, for this reason
tiam
    then, at that time
tie
    there
tiel
    so, in such a manner
tim'
    to fear
tio
    it, this, that
tiom
    so, as much or many
tir'
    to draw, to pull
tiu
    that
tol'
    linen
tomb'
    a grave, a tomb
tond'
    to shear, to cut the hair
tondr'
    to thunder
tra
    through
traduk'
    translate
tranĉ'
    to cut
trankvil'
    tranquil, quiet
trans
    over, across
tre
    very greatly, exceedingly
trem'
    to tremble, to shake, to shiver
tren'
    to draw, to drag, to trail
tri
    three
trink'
    to drink
tro
    too
tromp'
    to deceive
trov'
    to find
tru'
    a hole
tuj
    immediately
tuk'
    a handkerchief
tur'
    a tower
turment'
    to torment
turn'
    to turn
tus'
    to cough
tuŝ'
    to touch, to lay one’s hand on
tut'
    whole, total, complete

## U

u
    indicates the imperative (in verbs)
uj'
    bearing, containing (i.e., a thing, containing or bearing something, as a tree bearing fruits, a country with inhabitants); e.g., cigar'—a cigar, cigar'uj'—a cigar-box; pom'—an apple, pom'uj'—apple-tree; Turk'—a Turk, Turk'uj'—Turkey.
ul'
    a man, possessing some quality; e.g., riĉ'—rich, riĉ'ul'—a rich man
um
    an affix without definite meaning; it may be translated by various words
ung'
    nail
unu
    one
urb'
    town, city
urs'
    a bear
us
    indicates the conditional (subjunctive)
util'
    useful
uz'
    to make use of

## V

vaks'
    wax
van'
    vain, fruitless
vang'
    cheek
vapor'
    vapour
varm'
    warm
vast'
    vast, spacious
vaz'
    vessel
vek'
    to awake
velk'
    to fade, to wither
ven'
    to come
vend'
    to sell
vendred'
    Friday
venen'
    poison, venom
venĝ'
    to revenge, to avenge
venk'
    to vanquish
vent'
    wind
ventr'
    belly
ver'
    truth, verity
verd'
    green
verk'
    to write, to invent, to make (as an author)
verm'
    worm
verŝ'
    to pour
vesper'
    evening
vest'
    to clothe; vest'o—clothes
veter'
    the weather
vetur'
    to journey (in a carriage, in a ship, etc.)
vi
    you, thou
viand'
    meat, flesh
vid'
    to see
vilaĝ'
    village
vin'
    wine
vintr'
    winter
violon'
    violin
vir'
    a man, a male
viŝ'
    to wipe
vitr'
    glass
viv'
    to live
vizaĝ'
    face, visage
voĉ'
    voice
voj'
    way
vok'
    to call
vol'
    to wish
vort'
    a word
vost'
    a tail
vund'
    to wound

## Z

zorg'
    to take care of, to provide for, to be solicitous.