OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Petrov's Defence, Damiano Variation
### 4...Qe7

For now, black maintains symmetry (note that four full moves of symmetry is very unusual for an opening). White will be ahead a pawn if he simply accepts the knight, so 5. Qxe4 is almost universally played.
This position is most common among beginners, but the resulting pawn sacrifice is not without compensation and offers decent practical chances, especially in faster time controls.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Nxe4 4. Qe2 Qe7
| | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Damiano Variation | Qxe4 d6 | d4 dxe5 | dxe5 Nc6 | Bb5 Bd7 | +/= |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4/6. Qh5/6...Kg8

6...Kg8??
This blunder loses immediately. White should now play: 7.Qd5#!
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4 6.Qh5+ Kg8??
# Petrov's Defence, Damiano Variation
### 4. Qe2

White threatens the black knight, but if the black knight moves immediately, black will lose material. For this reason, 4...Qe7 is the best reply.
This position is most common among beginners, but when played by strong players the line is an interesting pawn sacrifice (see the modest +/= evaluation given to the main line, 4.Qe2 Qe7 5.Qxe4 d6, in the theory table below).

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Nxe4 4. Qe2
| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Qe2 Qe7 | Qxe4 d6 | d4 dxe5 | dxe5 Nc6 | +/= |
| Qe2 d5 | | | | +/= |
| Qe2 d6 | Qxe4 dxe5 | | | =/∞ |
| Qe2 4...Nf6?? | Nc6+ Be7 | Nxd8 Kxd8 | | +/- |
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# Petrov's Defence, Damiano Variation
### 5...d6

The only sensible response by Black, as a follow-up 6. d4 is almost always played by White in an attempt to win a pawn.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Nxe4 4. Qe2 Qe7 5. Qxe4 d6
| | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Damiano Variation | d4 dxe5 | dxe5 Nc6 | Nc3 Qxe5 | Qxe5+ Nxe5 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation

Widely regarded as inferior, owing chiefly to the strategic demolition that Aron Nimzowitsch (playing as White) suffered at the hands of José Capablanca in one of their games at the New York 1927 tournament:
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Bd3?! (after the exchange of the light-squared Bishops, Black's play is based on White's light-squared weakness) 4...Bxd3 5.Qxd3 e6 6.Nc3 Qb6 7.Nge2 c5?! (7...Ne7 8.0-0 Qa6) 8.dxc5 Bxc5 9.0–0 Ne7 10.Na4? (10.b4! Bxb4 (10...Qxb4 11.Nb5 Qa5 12.Be3 a6 13.Rab1 axb5 14.Bxc5 Nbc6 15.Rxb5 Qc7 16.Bd6 Qd7 17.Rfb1 Nd8 18.Rc5±) 11.Rb1 Qa5 12.Nb5= Moutousis-Cilia Vincenti, Thessalonika, 13.Nov.1988, 1–0) 10...Qc6 11.Nxc5 (11.Qg3 Nf5 12.Qb3 Nc6) 11...Qxc5 12.Be3 Qc7 13.f4 Nf5 14.c3 Nc6 15.Rad1 g6 16.g4 Nxe3 17.Qxe3 h5 18.g5 0–0 19.Nd4 Qb6 20.Rf2 Rfc8 21.a3 Rc7 22.Rd3 Na5 23.Re2 Re8 24.Kg2 Nc6 25.Red2 Rec8 26.Re2 Ne7 27.Red2 Rc4 28.Qh3 Kg7 29.Rf2 a5 30.Re2 Nf5 31.Nxf5+ gxf5 32.Qf3 Kg6 33.Red2 Re4 34.Rd4 Rc4 35.Qf2 Qb5 36.Kg3 Rcxd4 37.cxd4 Qc4 38.Kg2 b5 39.Kg1 b4 40.axb4 axb4 41.Kg2 Qc1 42.Kg3 Qh1 43.Rd3 Re1 44.Rf3 Rd1 45.b3 Rc1 46.Re3 Rf1 0–1. A strategic masterpiece which the great strategist in Aron Nimzowitsch, if not the player, must have admired.
4...Bxd3 is almost always played, and leads to a slightly better position for black, based on White's light-squared weakness.
4...e6 was played by Bronstein against Y Vasilchuk in 1961, and 4...Bg6 was played by E Delmar against Lipschutz in 1889, both leading to a loss for black.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4. Bd3
* 4
* Bxd3 -=
* e6 ∞
* Bg6 ∞
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Nc3/4...e6

1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. e5 Bf5 4. Nc3 e6 Is the most followed continuation of the Caro–Kann Defence: Advanced Variation. The best following attack would be 5. g4 questioning Black's bishop on the f5-square.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation

White can play 6. Be3, to prevent c5, which would open black's play. 6. Nc3 was played in the seminal 1927 defeat that Aron Nimzowitsch (playing as White) suffered at the hands of José Capablanca in one of their games at the New York 1927 tournament, and which led to the Advance variation falling from favour for white for a long time.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Bd3 Bxd3 5.Qxd3 e6
* 6
* Be3
* Nc3
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Bd3/4...Bg6

A highly unusual response to 4.Bd3, this was played in Lipschutz vs E Delmar, 1889 leading to a win for Lipschutz.

# Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation

When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation

The most commonly played response to 4.Bd3. White will invariably take with the Queen.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4. Bd3 Bxd3
* 3
* Qxd3
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation

A sounder response than 4. Bd3, and more ambitious than 4. Nf3, 4. Nc3 has helped revitalize the Advance Variation of the Caro-Kann.
It is almost always met with 4...e6, with black aiming ultimately to play c5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Nc3
* 4
* e6
* Qb6
* a6
* h5
* Qd7
* h6
* Qc8
* a5
* c5
* Nd7
* b5
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation

Black has a number of options here. 5...e6 is probably safest, as 5...Nd7 allows the interesting pawn sacrifice, 6.e6 fxe6 7.f4. White will then look at moving the knights to d2, f3, g5 and e5, leaving black cramped and with a tough position.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Bd3 Bxd3 5.Qxd3
* 5
* e6
* Nd7
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation

This move allows white to play 6.e6 fxe6 7.f4. White will then look at moving the knights to d2, f3, g5 and e5, leaving black cramped and with a tough position.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Bd3 Bxd3 5.Qxd3 Nd7
* 6
* e6
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation

From here, after say 6...Nd7, white could look to play, the knights to f3 and d2, with a solid centre, and a solid pawn structure. Castling, followed by g4 and f5 leads to an interesting kingside attack, while the queenside is fairly safe.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Bd3/4...e6

A highly unusual response to 4.Bd3, this was played in Y Vasilchuk vs Bronstein, 1961, leading to a win for Vasilchuk.

# Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation

When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Brass
## Brass (Blender Render)

Taken from the release Notes.

### Material
#### Diffuse (Oren-Nayar)

* Color: FFFF66
* Intensity: 0.8
* Roughness: 0.9

#### Specular (Phong)

* Color: FFFFCC
* Intensity: 1
* Hardness: 20

#### Mirror

* Reflectivity: 0.4
* Color: CCE6B3
* Fresnel: 0
** Blend: 1.25
* Depth: 2
* Maximum Distance: 0
* Gloss
** Amount: 1
(Leave every other sub-tab at its default settings.)
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Ceramic
## Ceramic

For a cream colored ceramic, use this:
Diffuse: (Both Lambert and Oren-Nayar work well with this)
Color:
Intensity:
Specular:
Color:
Intensity:
Hardness:
# E.M.K.T.M.
## Concrete
### Method 1

This is a general concrete texture. It can be used in any sort of situation, and able to be easily applied and altered for most situations, as there are many variations in concrete in the world.
Color
* Col: (Change as needed)
** R-0.8
** G-0.8
** B-0.8
* Spec: (Change as needed)
** R-0.8
** G-0.8
** B-0.8
Shaders
* Diffuse Shader:(Lambert)
** Ref-0.8
* Specular Shader:(CookTorr)
** Spec-0.2
** Hard-10
Texture(F6)
* Tex: (Musgrave)
** Input:Multifractal
** H-0.7
** Lacu-4.0
** Octs-2.0
** iScale-0.6
** NoiseSize-(Adjust as needed)0.1
** NoiseBasis-Blender Original
Map Input
* TE: MusgraveTex
** Coord-Orco
** Map-Cube
** SizeX-1.0
** SizeY-7.0
** SizeZ-1.0
(Note: Adjust SizeX/Y/Z as necessary, try to keep 1:7:1 Ratio)
* Map To:
** Output-Nor
** Nor-1.0
(Adjust Nor based on mesh size, as necessary)
(Note: this tutorial seems to be for an older version of Blender- the Map Input section is not the same as newer versions)
For this texture, try adding an Image Texture and add an image of actual concrete. For a large scene, take multiple concrete images and tile them randomly and overlapping in Photoshop, then putting them down on your mesh. This texture is best for shading then a stand-alone material. Also works well with Nodes. Hope this helped!
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Cotton
## Cotton Method 1

This method is for a nice realistic cotton material, looking stratified.
Material Color
* ColorSlider
** R- 0.697
** G- 0.317
** B- 0.317
Shaders Diffuse Shader
* Type- Lambert
** Ref- 0.8
Specular Shader
* Type- CookTorr
** Spec- 0.205
** Hard- 16
Texture1
* Type- Wood
** Application- Bands - Sin - Soft Noise
** NoiseSize- 0.15
** Turbulance- 5.00
** NoiseBasis- Blender Original
* MapInput
** MappingMethod- Orco
** MappingShape- Tube
** Size
*** SizeX- 1.50
*** SizeY- 50.00
*** SizeZ- 30.00
* MapTo
** MapApplication- Nor(Yellow)
** NorSlider- 1.28
Texture2
* Type- Musgrave
** Calculation- Multifractal
** H- 1.00
** Lacu- 2.00
** Octa- 2.00
** iScale- 1.00
** NoiseSize- 0.50
** NoiseBasis- Blender Original
* MapInput
** MappingMethod- Orco
** MappingShape- Cube
** Size
*** SizeX- 20.00
*** SizeY- 20.00
*** SizeZ- 20.00
* MapTo
** MapApplication- Nor
** NorSlider- 0.32
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Bronze
## Bronze (Blender Render)
### Material
#### Diffuse (Oren-Nayar)

* Color: 8C7853
* Intensity: 0.85
* Roughness: 0.95

#### Specular (Phong)

* Color: 74654D
* Intensity: 1
* Hardness: 25

#### Mirror

* Reflectivity: 0.3
* Color: 79571A
* Fresnel: 0
* Depth: 2
* Maximum Distance: 0
* Gloss
** Amount: 1
(Leave every other sub-tab at its default settings.)

### Textures
#### Texture 1 (Voronoi)
##### Colors

* Ramp
** Color mode: RGB
** Interpolation: Linear
** Points
*** 0 (Position: 0) > A67D3D (Alpha: 0)
*** 1 (Position: 1) > 8C7853 (Alpha: 1)
* Red Multiply: 1
* Green Multiply: 1
* Blue Multiply: 1
* Adjust
** Brightness: 1
** Contrast: 1
** Saturation: 1
* Clamp

##### Voronoi

* Distance Metric: Minowski 1/2
* Coloring: Intensity
** Intensity: 1
* Feature Weights
** 1: 1
** 2: 0
** 3: 0
** 4: 0
* Noise Size: 0.25
* Nabla: 0.025

##### Mapping

* Coordinates: Generated
* Map:
* Projection: Flat
** Mapping Slot X: X
** Mapping Slot Y: Y
** Mapping Slot Z: Z
* Offset
** X: 0
** Y: 0
** Z: 0
* Size
** X: 1
** Y: 1
** Z: 1

##### Influence

* Diffuse
** Color: 1
* Blend: Mix
* Color: FF00FF
* DVar: 1
(Leave every other sub-tab at its default settings.)
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Cast Iron

Color R - 0 G - 0 B - 0
Spec R - 0.30 G - 0.30 B - 0.30
Shaders
Texture Tex Type - Clouds
* NoiseSize - 0.010
* NoiseDepth - 2
* Noise Basis - Nabla 0.025
Map Input
* Coordinates - Orco
* SurfaceType - Flat
Map To
* MapType - Col/Nor
* Nor Slider - 0.50
* Col Settings R 0.6 G 0.5 B 0.4
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Chrome
## Simple Chrome (Blender Render)

Made by Robert-jon (Eckie) (not to be confused with Ecks).

### Material
#### Diffuse (Lambert)

* Color: CCCCCC
* Intensity: 0.8

#### Specular (CookTorr)

* Color: FFFFFF
* Intensity: 1
* Hardness: 511

#### Mirror

* Reflectivity: 1
* Color: FFFFFF
* Fresnel: 2
** Blend: 1.25
* Depth: 4
* Maximum Distance: 0
* Gloss
** Amount: 1
(Leave every other sub-tab at its default settings.)

## Tinted Chrome (Blender Render)

Made by Neterperson.

### Material
#### Diffuse (Lambert)

* Color: E6F2FF
* Intensity: 1

#### Specular (CookTorr)

* Color: FFFFFF
* Intensity: 1
* Hardness: 511

#### Mirror

* Reflectivity: 0.85
* Color: FFFFFF
* Fresnel: 1.4
** Blend: 1.25
* Depth: 2
* Maximum Distance: 0
* Gloss
** Amount: 1
(Leave every other sub-tab at its default settings.)

## Blurry Chrome (Blender Render)
### Material
#### Diffuse (Lambert)

* Color: BFBFBF
* Intensity: 0.8

#### Specular (CookTorr)

* Color: FFFFFF
* Intensity: 0
* Hardness: 50

#### Mirror

* Reflectivity: 1
* Color: FFFFFF
* Fresnel: 0
* Depth: 2
* Maximum Distance: 0
* Gloss
** Amount: 0.8
** Threshold: 0.005
** Samples: 100
** Anisotropic: 0
(Leave every other sub-tab at its default settings.)
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Carpet

Color:
Texture
Map Input
Map To
Note: The Quality of the carpet depends on the size of the plane (or what ever you are using). The smaller the plane, the better the carpet looks.
Note: Only The ground on this pic is the carpet material. The Desk is made of wood.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Copper
## Copper Method 1

This method is for a nice realistic Copper material, looking stratified and slightly "dent-ish".
Material Color
* ColorSlider
** R- 0.875
** G- 0.553
** B- 0.221
* SpecSlider
** R- 1.000
** G- 0.718
** B- 0.189
Shaders Diffuse Shader
* Type- Minnaert
** Ref- 0.65
** Dark- 0.52
Specular Shader
* Type- CookTorr
** Spec- 1.68
** Hard- 26
RayMirror
* RayMir- 0.20
* Fresnel- 1.18
* Fac- 1.55
Texture1
* Type- Musgrave
** Calculation- Multifractal
** H- 1.00
** Lacu- 2.00
** Octa- 2.00
** iScale- 0.54
** NoiseSize- 0.55
** NoiseBasis- Voronoi F2
* MapInput
** MappingMethod- Orco
** MappingShape- Cube
** Size
*** SizeX- 2.00
*** SizeY- 30.00
*** SizeZ- 25.00
* MapTo
** MapApplication- Nor
** NorSlider- 1.1
Texture2
* Type- Musgrave
** Calculation- Multifractal
** H- 1.00
** Lacu- 2.00
** Octa- 2.00
** iScale- 0.54
** NoiseSize- 0.55
** NoiseBasis- Voronoi F2
* MapInput
** MappingMethod- Orco
** MappingShape- Cube
** Size
*** SizeX- 2.00
*** SizeY- 2.00
*** SizeZ- 2.00
* MapTo
** MapApplication- Nor
** NorSlider- 0.7
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Crayon
## E.M.K.T.M.
### Crayon
#### Method 1 (No SSS)

Here is a texture setting for a waxy crayon.
Material Tab
Color: Anything (e.g., 0000A7) Alpha: 1
Shader Tab
Diffuse Shader (Oren-Nayar), Ref: 0.8 Diffuse Shader (Oren-Nayar), Rough: 1.5
Specular Shader (Phong), Spec: 0.75 Specular Shader (Phong), Hard: 25
# Climatology/External Links

* [http://www.exploratorium.edu/climate/ Introduction to climate change... good for younger audience too.
* Global Warming
* Local effects of climate change
* RealClimate
* Climate Science Special Report – U.S. Global Change Research Program
* The Earth's climate – Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS – France)
* Climatology News Daily publication with news in all areas of climatology plus free news feeds for webmasters.
* Climate Prediction Center
* KNMI Climate Explorer The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's Climate Explorer graphs climatological relationships of spatial and temporal data.
* Climatology as a Profession Amer. Inst. of Physics account of the history of the discipline of climatology in the 20th century
* Sunpreview annual and global weather project
# Climatology/FAQs
### What is the greenhouse effect?

Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming, which is caused by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect can be demonstrated in this way: suppose you are driving in a car on a hot summer day. The sun's rays shine down into your car through the windows. However, the heat cannot get out of the car because the windows reflect the heat trying to get out back towards the interior of the car. This causes the car to continue to heat up until the thing blocking the heat from getting out is removed or a cooling element of some type is activated in the car.
In the subject of global warming, the greenhouse gases are the "windows" and the Earth is the "car." The sun's rays are somewhat deflected or absorbed through their travel through space and the atmosphere, but most of the energy still reaches the Earth's surface. This energy is reflected back toward space by the Earth, but because of the greenhouse gases it cannot go back into space. Therefore, the entire Earth warms up.
The global temperature has only risen a few degrees since the start of the Industrial Revolution. However, one must remember that we are talking about a global temperature increase, not just in one relatively small location. One would expect the temperature in one location to be varied, but the forces required to raise the average temperature on the entire planet would have to be immensely strong.

### Why are greenhouse gases detrimental to the environment?

Granted, greenhouse gases (GHG) occur naturally in the environment, but since the Industrial Revolution, humans have intensified this process by emitting more GHG into the atmosphere than our environment can handle. The main contenders are the automobile makers, industries such as coal (fossil fuel) burning power plants, and even landfills which release large amounts of hazardous methane (from decomposition). Some parties assert that this actually helps plant life to grow, on account of the fact that plants absorb carbon dioxide as a part of their photosynthesis. While this may be true, when the plant decays, the stored carbon is released back into the air. Scientists are afraid that if the dumping of greenhouse gases continues at the present rate, plant life may not be able to keep up.

## Further reading

To read the Articles listed under the Kyoto Protocol, please visit the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:
# Climatology/Further Reading

* Hartmann, D. Global Physical Climatology
* Peixoto & Oort, Physics of Climate
* Richard Heinberg. "The Party's Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies". ISBN 0865714827. Interesting philosophical outlook on history of technological civilization and it's possible fate.
* Human Footprint video by National Geographic Channel
* Elizabeth Royte. "Bottlemania: How Water Went on Sale And Why We Bought It". ISBN 1-59691-371-1. History and problems of bottled water with comprehensive review of issues with tap water and additional filters.
* "Food, Inc. How Industrial Food Is Making Us Sicker, Fatter, and Poorer — And What You Can Do About It". ISBN 978-1-58648-694-5. Great insight into modern industrial food production system.