OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Neuroscience/Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation

Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is essential for the neural circuit that controls reward-seeking in response to reward-predictive cues. Injection of dopamine receptor antagonists into the accumbens severely impairs an animal’s ability to perform operant behaviors specified by predictive cues. Furthermore, inhibitions and excitations of accumbens neurons evoked by such cues are abolished by inactivation of the ventral tegmental area, the major dopaminergic input to the accumbens. Dopamine is necessary to elicit neural activity in the accumbens that drives the behavioral response to cues. Accumbens dopamine release is causal to the rats’ reward-seeking behavioral response. Dopamine in this structure is both necessary and sufficient to promote the appropriate behavioral response to reward-predictive cues. (Nicola et al, 2005)
# Neuroscience/Cognitive Neuroscience
## Spatial Cognition

* Neglect

## Learning and Memory

* Cortical Networks Underlying Memory

## Motivation

* Neuroscience of Motivation

## Visual Neuroscience

* Face Processing

## Emotion

* Cortical Networks Underlying Emotion

## Misc

* Reading List
# Neuroscience/Cognitive Neuroscience/Neglect

Thiebaut de Schotten et al. (2005) produced "temporary" neglect in human patients by brief electrical inactivation of the cortex of the parietal lobe. This finding gives strong support to the idea that neglect results from the disruption of a widespread cortical network that involves neuronal cell bodies in large areas of cortex, including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and possibly the occipital lobe.
Ablation of large areas of the gray matter of the parietal cortex in the monkey, leaving the underlying white matter intact, does not result in neglect. However, neglect can be produced by cutting through the white matter, with only minimal damage to the gray matter (Gaffan & Hornak 1997).

# References

* Michel Thiebaut de Schotten, Marika Urbanski, Hugues Duffau, Emmanuelle Volle, Richard Lévy, Bruno Dubois, and Paolo Bartolomeo: Direct Evidence for a Parietal-Frontal Pathway Subserving Spatial Awareness in Humans Science 30 September 2005: 2226-2228
# Python book of magic/08.Functions

Contents | Previous | Next

# Functions

You have learnt about loops which make work more easy for you. But wait, there are other staff's in python that can make coding more easy for you. One of those are functions. Functions have names used to identify them much like variable.
Functions are the same as box with a name(label). The name of the box can be anything. But this box is not just a box, it could have bombs, food or anything useful or useless. Things inside the box can be used for different purpose such as bomb, can be used in war or in mining.
Functions have a name followed by parenthesis used to identify them. The importance and role of the functions depends on the information and variables inside them and how they work together. Importance of functions is to prevent us from repeating doing the same thing. So functions allow us to reuse, extend, recycle the code we have written. You don't need to type the same thing whole day. So let take short example.
Example 01
Output
I know you're asking yourself what def mean, if it is a function or not. The word is a keyword(they tell python what your code represent and starts with small letter). The word mean define which in full I can say 'define a function', every time you create a function you need to type def at the beginning followed by function name. The function name is followed by parenthesis with optional parameters. The colons are used for indentation(you are forced to put a colon)
In the example we created a function which calculate the area of rectangle. I can tell you that its dam easy to create a function. Where are things inside the function? if you look at second and third lines you will realise that they have moved to the left by few spaces(this is called indentation). All code indented after the function belong to that function. result= x*y, return result belongs to area function but a=29 does not. This is because it is not indented/ found in the right-side of the function.
The values in parentheses are parameters that the function accepts. Any value put in position of x in the function will be assigned on x while the same occurs on y.
The statement result= x*y takes the product of x and y and assign it to variable called result. The second line contain keyword return which shows values stored like how print works. a=29 is just assigning 29 to variable a (note that the statement is not part of the function).
The last line calls the area functions. Calling means letting interpreter read your instructions and following them.
Two values are passed to x and y. x is assigned 5 and y assigned 4. Then x and y are multiplied and their products are stored inside result. result is passed to return which would show the value of result to main program(remember return work like printt). Try putting different values for x and y and see the output. This will save you a lot of time.
Contents | Previous | Next
# Q3Map2/VIS
## VIS phase minor switches
### -fast

    Only calculates rough visibility data. Quick and dirty, not actually useful for VIS purposes.

### -hint

    Will merge the bsp leaves (except for hint portals) before calculating the visibility list.

### -merge

    Will merge the bsp leaves before calculating the visibility list.

### -nopassage

    Disables the passage visibility algorithm. Passage VIS is a bit faster and tighter than the old algorithm.

### -nosort

    Disables the sorting of portals by complexity. Sorting speeds up visibility calculations.

### -passageOnly

    Will use the passage visibility algorithm only.

### -saveprt

    Disables the automatic deletion of the .prt portal file after VIS finishes.

### -v

    Enables verbose mode. Always use this.
# QBasic/3D Graphics
## Simple 3D Box

3 Dimension or 3D graphics in Qbasic is nothing , but including an additional 'z' axis and to extend the 2 dimensional structure along that axis. This can be achieved by drawing a box, or the structure you want , each time at a new x and y position. It is quite like animation, except, we do not erase the structure after it being drawn , and there is no need of any intermediate pause. You can better understand by looking at the 3d box program given below.
# QBasic/Advanced Graphics
## Animation
### Basic Movement

Animation is basically graphics that changes over a fixed period of time. In this we will be using a do-loop .
Explanation:
* We have switched from the default qbasic text-only screen to one which enables graphics.
* We have called the sub which creates the animation.
* We have begun the do-loop until. This enables the animation to run until the user ends it by pressing a key.
* We have set an increment of the coordinates. This allows the box to be drawn on a new position rather than the same one. If it movement in only one direction was wished, we had to set the increment only in one variable.
* We have drawn lines from each coordinate to another. Note that each time one coordinate remains fixed while the others change.(In this I refer to the two coordinate sets, the first starting and the ending one)
* We have issued a sleep command . This stops execution for 2 seconds . Without this the do-loop will execute more quickly than we want , and the animation will be very short-lived.
* By using RND for the variables, you can create a randomized ,unpredictable animation.

### Mouse-Control

In this step, we will use the QB64 inbuilt _mousehide,_mousex,_mousey,_mouseinput and _mousebutton commands to control the mouse input.

##### WARNING

* Here the first function "_mousehide" prevents the default pointer mouse format to be displayed on the screen
* Mouseinput function retrieves mouse information.
* The next functions "_mousex" and "_mousey" hold the current x and y coordinates of the mouse.
* The lines draw a basic trigger .
* The "_mousebutton" function returns the value of the mouse button pressed, "1" signifies the left button being pressed.
* If the mouse button event has taken place within a certain enclosed area, a message in the form of "message$" is issued. This can be used later on.
* The procedure, if the previous condition has been fulfilled , goes to line label "action" where any commands to be executed may lie.
* Else , the process loops , until a "loop until" condition has been met. It can also be something other than the one given above.

### Usage

These graphics and animations can be used to create a complete game. Instead of the "Mouse" functions, you could use the "Inkey$" command to issue various scenarios and cases, each with a complete code to decide what happens next.

##### Tip

Instead of making games which do not contain any user information, you could use ".txt" files to store information. This information can be later retrieved to make a game with a complete "Career" option.
# QBasic

Microsoft QuickBasic and QBasic (Quick Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) are very popular programming languages for beginners. While its lack of power makes it unsuitable for many of today's applications, it is an invaluable learning tool.
This wikibook will cover the usage of QBasic and most of its functions. While most of the text discussed will work under QBasic, that version of the Basic interpreter has limitations and certain advanced commands will only work under QuickBasic.
One of the best Qbasic IDEs (Integrated Development Environment) is QB64. There are certain functions that work only in QB64.
View this Wikibook in full book view.

## Chapters

* Text Output
       Learn to control text based output.
* Arrays and Types
       Introduction to data structures in QBasic.
* Basic Input
       Get input from a user and use it in various ways.
* Basic Math
       Shows the proper method of performing basic calculations in QBasic.
* Flow Control
       This section shows how to control the flow of a program.
* Subroutines and Functions
       Explores the uses of Subroutines and Functions in QBasic.
* Working With Strings
       Shows string manipulation techniques in QBasic.
* Files
       Read and write to files allowing for data storage.
* Sound
       Use the computer to make noises and incorporate them into output. Use Qbasic to make songs and PLAY tunes.
* Graphics
       Draw images on the screen. An introduction to the use of graphics in Qbasic.
* Images
       Understand how to use images in QB64.
* Advanced Text Output
       More advanced features of displayed output.
* Advanced Input
       Get more precise and real-time input from users. Learn the usage of the INKEY$ loop.
* Advanced Maths
       This section delves further into the mathematical side of programing.
* Advanced Graphics
       Learn how to make animation.
* 3D Graphics
       Explore 3D equations in QBasic.
* Advanced QBasic
       Incorporate many of the concepts into larger programs.
* Sample Programs
       A set of simple programs.
* What Next
       Where to go from here. A list of very good sites to continue further.
* Appendix
       An Appendix of commands and source code.
Authors
# Oracle Database/Spatiotemporal Databases
## Spatial data

When typing the fields, some represent graphical objects, and so are considered as "Spatial" (cf. spatial database). Consequently, they are manipulated with different requests than for the text.
With Oracle, its implemented since the version 7, in an extension of the Enterprise Edition, provided objects with the prefix SDO for Spatial Data Option.

## Objects

To store the spatial objects, we use the field type SDO_GEOMETRY, and the seven methods to manipulate it:
* Get_Dims
* Get_GType
* Get_LRS_Dim
* Get_WKB
* Get_WKT
* ST_CoordDim
* ST_IsValid
Then the request operators:
* SDO_FILTER: list the objects which interact with the target.
* SDO_JOIN: spatial join.
* SDO_NN: target nearest neighbor.
* SDO_NN_DISTANCE: distance with the nearest neighbor.
* SDO_RELATE: list the objects which interact in a certain manner.
* SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE: returns true if two objects are within a certain distance from one to another.

## Spatiotemporal data

We use a predicate to foresee the stored objects movement. However, the spatiotemporal databases need frequent updates.

## Indexation

Les modes d'indexation choisis par Oracle pour les données spatiales sont l'arbre R, l'arbre Q, et le Z-order.

## Link with the GIS

To represent the data on maps, we use a geographic information system (GIS). For example:
* GRASS GIS
* QGIS
If the software need an ODBC data source to access to the Oracle databases:
* Launch %windir%\system32\odbcad32.exe.
* Add a system source. The Oracle driver can be chosen in the list if the DBMS is installed.
* Fill the TNS service name with the name which can be found into C:\oraclexe\app\oracle\product\11.2.0\server\network\ADMIN\tnsnames.ora.
* Then write the password of the connection created with SQL*Plus.

## Examples

* http://download.oracle.com/otndocs/products/spatial/pdf/au_melbourne06_start.pdf
* http://download.oracle.com/otndocs/products/spatial/pdf/GeocodingInOracleUsing_HERE_MapContent.pdf

## References

* ↑ "Spatial Developer's Guide". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help)
* ↑ "SDO_GEOMETRY Object Type". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help)
* ↑ "Spatial Operators". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help)
* ↑ "Authorizing Access to Dynamic Spatial-Temporal Data". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help)
* ↑ "Spatial Concepts". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help)
* ↑ "ZOrder Method". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help)
* ↑ "Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS): More Than a Mapping Tool". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help)
# Oracle Database/XML Management

Oracle possesses a variety of powerful XML features. A tremendous amount of documentation exists regarding Oracle's XML features. This resource is intended to be a cheat sheet for those of us who don't have time to wade through the hundreds of pages of documentation, but instead wish to quickly understand how to create simple XML output and input XML into a database.

## DBMS_XMLGEN
### Functions
#### getXML

Gets the XML document by fetching the maximum number of rows specified. It appends the XML document to the CLOB passed in. Use this version of GETXML Functions to avoid any extra CLOB copies and to reuse the same CLOB for subsequent calls. Because of the CLOB reuse, this GETXML Functions call is potentially more efficient.
Syntax:
Generates the XML document and returns it as a temporary CLOB. The temporary CLOB obtained from this function must be freed using the DBMS_LOB.FREETEMPORARY call:
Converts the results from the SQL query string to XML format, and returns the XML as a temporary CLOB, which must be subsequently freed using the DBMS_LOB.FREETEMPORARY call:
Example:
The following procedure parses the fields in the employee table into XML and saves the XML as CLOB rows in a table.

#### setRowSetTag

Sets the name of the root element of the document. The default name is ROWSET. Setting the rowSetTag to NULL will stop this element from being output. An error is produced if both the row and the rowset are NULL and there is more than one column or row in the output. The error is produced because the generated XML would not have a top-level enclosing tag.
Syntax:
Example:
Sample output:
This encloses the entire XML result set in the tag specified by the second parameter.

#### setRowTag

This function sets the name of the element each row. The default name is ROW. Setting this to NULL suppresses the ROW element itself. This produces an error if both the row and the rowset are NULL and there is more than one column or row in the output. The error is returned because the generated XML must have a top-level enclosing tag.
Syntax:
Example:
This tells the XML generator to enclose the columns of each row in an AUTHOR tag.
Sample output:
Every row output is now enclosed inside the AUTHOR tag.

### Examples
#### Dumping a Query Result as XML

Sample procedure for dumping the results of an SQL query as XML.
The returned XML results will look similar to the following:
# Oracle and DB2, Comparison and Compatibility

* Introduction
* Architecture
* Storage Model
* Process Model
* PL/SQL Compatibility
* Database Scaling
# Oracle Database/Shared Servers
## Identifying when to use Oracle Shared Servers

A shared server can treat several users processes.

## References

* ↑ https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28310/manproc001.htm
# Physics Course/Linear Motion
## Linear Motion

Linear Motion referes to any motion moving in a straight line without changing it's direction

## Linear Motion with constant speed over time

Any Linear Motion that has constant speed at all time can be expressed as
* Speed
    $v(t)=V$
* Acceleration
    $a(t)=0$
* Distance
    $s(t)=Vt$

## Linear Motion with changing speed over time

For any Linear Motion travels at different speed at different time
    v$_1$ at t$_1$
    v at t
* Change in Speed
    $\Delta v=v-v_{o}$
* Change in Time
    ∆t = $t-t_{o}$
The ratio of Change in Speed over Change in Time gives the Accelerarion of the motion or The Rate of Change of Velocity versus Time
* Rate of Change of Speed over Time
    $a={\frac {\Delta v}{\Delta t}}={\frac {v-v_{o}}{t-t_{o}}}$
    $\Delta v=a\Delta t$
    $\Delta v=a(t-t_{o})$
    $v=v_{o}+a(t-t_{o})$
    $v=v_{o}+a\Delta t$
    $v=v_{o}+\Delta v$
    $s=v_{o}\Delta t+{\frac {1}{2}}\Delta v\Delta t$
    $s=\Delta t[v_{o}+{\frac {1}{2}}\Delta v]$
# Physics Course/Magnet/Lodestone's Magnet
## Lodestone's Magnet

Lodestone's Magnet comes from or which made from composite of ferrite oxide that has the capability to attract any metals toward it . Hence Magnet acts as a source of Magnetic field that has the capability to attract any metal like ferrite, Zinc ...

## Magnetic Characteristics of Lodestone's Magnet

* Magnetic Field
    A Magnetic field made up of Magnetic field lines that travels from North Pole to South Pole.
* Magnetic Poles
    All Magnet has two "Poles" called North Pole and South Pole .

## Magnetic Interaction

Two Magnets interact with each other as shown
    Magnets of same poles repel , different poles attract
# Physics Course/Magnet/Permanent ElectroMagnet
## Permanent Electromagnetic Magnet

A permanent magnet is an electromagnetic that does not lose its magnetic field when the current is zero

### Permanent Electromagnet Properties

* A magnet has two "poles" namely north pole and south pole.
* The magnetic field is made up of magnetic field lines that travels from north pole to south pole
* The magnetic field Strength is the product of the coil's inductance and current. B = L I
* Magnet of same poles repel; different poles attract
# Physics Course/Motion
## Motion

Motion refers to the movement of an object from one position to another position

## Motion's Characteristics

If there is a Force F that makes an object of Mass m to move a Distance s within Time t Then
* Speed
    The ratio of Distance over Time gives Speed of Motion
    $v={\frac {s}{t}}$
* Acceleration
    The ratio of Speed over time gives Acceleration of the motion
    $a={\frac {v}{t}}$
* Distance
    Distance travels of the motion is defined as the product of Mass times Acceleration
    S = v t = a t$^2$
* Force
    Force causing the Motion
    F = m a = m v t = p t
* Work Done
    Work done by the force is the product of the Force and the Distance travel
    W = F s F v t = p v
* Energy
    Work done by the force is the product of the Force and the Distance travel
    $E={\frac {W}{t}}={\frac {Fs}{t}}=Fv=pa$

## Types of Motion

* Linear Motion
* Non - Linear Motion
* Periodic Motion
# Physics Course/Magnet
## Magnet

A magnet is a material that attracts metals material like Steels , Ferrite . There are three types of Magnets
* Lodestone's Magnet
* ElectroMagnet
* Permanent ElectroMagnet
# Physics Course/Microwave
### Microwaves

Microwaves have a smaller wavelength than Radio waves . The wavelength are in the range
Microwaves is used mainly in Radar communication
# Physics Course/Momentum
## Momentum

Any object that has a Mass m moves at a speed v has a Momentum equal to the product of Mass and Speed
    p = m v = m a t = F t

## Impulse

    $F={\frac {p}{t}}$

## Work

    W = F s = F v t = p v

## Energy

    $E={\frac {W}{t}}=Fv=pa$
# Physics Course/Momentum & Impulse
## Momentum

Any object that has a Mass m moves at a speed v has a Momentum equal to the product of Mass and Speed
    p = m v = m a t = F t

## Impulse

    $F={\frac {p}{t}}$

## Work

    W = F s = F v t = p v

## Energy

    $E={\frac {W}{t}}=Fv=pa$
# Pinyin/Refuse

Search refuse
# Pinyin/Regular

See also
# Pinyin/Region

See also

## Noun

* a region is a part of the Earth's surface.
** dihqu shih Dihqiur biaaomiahn d yibuhfehn.
# Pinyin/Related

See also
# Pinyin/Regain

See also
# Pinyin/Reject

See also
# Pinyin/Reliably

See also
# Proto-Finnic/Nouns and adjectives
## Important notes

* There are no actually-defined irregular nominals other than pronouns, that is having completely irregular declension. Livonian includes pronouns in their numerical indexes, but other Finnic languages do not.
* There are some nominals that have effectively somewhat irregular declension:
** All nominals suffixed with usually diminutive suffix *-inen, these have irregular genitive stem *-ice- (*nainen, *naicen, *naicta "woman").
** The suffixes *-mpi (comparative) and *-t'oin ("-less") have genitive stems *-mpa- and *-ttoima-, but their partitive singular principal parts were *-mpada/*-mpata and *-t'ointa (the latter is by analogy with nominals in -me-).
** *Mees "man" has irregular genitive stem *meehe-. Note that while both *mees and *kuningas "king" contain odd number of syllables, *kuningas originally has the stem *kuninkasë-, but later become *kuninkahë- by analogy.
** *Veli "brother" has irregular genitive stem *velje-, not *vele-. Some languages have regularized the nominative singular to *velji.
** *Meri "sea" and *veri "blood" have irregular partitive *mërta, *vërta, or regular *mertä, *vertä.

## Declension types

Unlike in Latin, Swedish, Lithuanian, and Latvian, of which the declensions are classified into ordinal numbers (1st declension, 2nd declension, etc.), most Finnic languages traditionally used nouns or adjectives plus number indexes for inflection types (e.g. Proto-Finnic type 1/*kala, Finnish type 1/valo).

### List

| Type | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| Type | Nominative | Genitive | Partitive | Nominative | Genitive | Partitive |
| 1 | *kala | *kalan | *kalada | *kalat | *kaladen *kaloiden | *kaloida |
| Nominals that ends in -a, with the preceding syllable's vowel being a, e, i, and containing an even number of syllables. *Kala means "fish". |||||||
| 2 | *mancikka | *mancik'an | *mancikkata | *mancik'at | *mancikkaden *mancikkoiden | *mancikkoita |
| Similar to the previous type, except it contains an odd number of syllables. Only geminates and consonant clusters could gradate, because single obstruents were subject to previous suffixal gradation (see also Proto-Finnic/Phonology). *Mancikka means "strawberry". |||||||
| 3 | *vanhempi | *vanhemban | *vanhempata | *vanhembat | *vanhempaden *vanhempoiden | *vanhempoita |
| Similar to the previous type, except the nominative singular form is irregular. *Vanhempi means either "older" or "parent". |||||||
# Proto-Germanic
## Contents

Welcome to this Wikibooks page! This will be intended as a course for the Proto-Germanic language, the ancestor of all Germanic languages spoken after 500 BC in Northern Europe.

### Prelude

* About and contributors
* Pronunciation

### Lessons

* First lesson: Pronouns and numbers
* Second lesson: Nouns and adjectives