OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Deutzia

Deutzia :
| Genus: | Deutzia |
| Family: | Hydrangeaceae |
| Type: | shrubs |
Deutzia is a genus of about 60 species of shrubs in the family Hydrangeaceae, native to eastern and central Asia (from the Himalaya east to Japan and the Philippines), and Central America and also Europe. By far the highest species diversity is in China, where 50 species occur.

## Description

The species are shrubs ranging from 1–4 m in height. Most are deciduous, but a few subtropical species are evergreen. The leaves are opposite, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowers are produced in panicles or corymbs; they are white in most species, sometimes pink or reddish. The fruit is a dry capsule containing numerous small seeds. Identification of the species is very difficult, requiring often microscopic detail of the leaf hairs and seed capsule structure.

## Uses

Deutzias are commonly grown as ornamental plants for their white flowers. Many cultivars and hybrids have been selected for garden use, including selections with double flowers. For example, Deutzia x lemoinei is a hybrid of D. gracilis and D. parviflora.
Identification can be difficult, and in particular, many of the plants in cultivation sold as D. scabra are actually D. crenata (Huxley 1992). Some species are sometimes known as "Pride-of-Rochester" in cultivation.

## References

* Flora of China: Deutzia
* Flora of Pakistan: Deutzia
* Flora of Nepal checklist: Deutzia
* Huxley, Anthony (ed.) (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
# Horticulture/Dicentra

Bleeding Hearts :
| Genus: | Dicentra |
| Family: | Fumariaceae |
| Type: | Annuals and herbaceous perennials |
| Pollination: | Insect |
Dicentra is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Fumariaceae, native to Asia and North America. The common name Bleeding heart is used for many of the species. This name comes from the appearance of the pink flower, which resembles the shape of a heart with a drop of blood descending.
All members of the genus are toxic if eaten by humans, housepets, or livestock.

## Description

Foliage is basal and alternate, pinnately dissected or compound, lacking stipules, and without hairs. Stems contain a thick, clear juice. Roots are rhizomes, tubers, taproots, or fibrous. Fruit an elongated capsule.
Many species are late ephemerals, dying down in mid to late summer.

## Growing conditions

Deep, rich soils in light shade to shade.

## Varieties

* Dicentra canadensis - Squirrel-corn
* Dicentra cucullaria - Dutchman's-breeches
* Dicentra eximia - Wild Bleedinghearts, Fringed Bleeding Heart
* Dicentra formosa - Western or Pacific Bleeding Heart
* Dicentra pusilla
* Dicentra scandens
* Dicentra spectabilis - Bleeding Heart

## Maintenance

Cut back when leaves are fully yellowed.

## Propagation

Division or seed

## Pests and diseases

Leaf Spots Downy Mildews Peronospora dicentrae Wilts
* Fusarium
* Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
* Verticillium
Stem Rots
* Pellicularia rolfsii
Rusts
* Cerotelium dicentrae (alt host Wood Nettles)
Viruses Slugs and Snails

## References

* Ann Fowler Rhoads and Timothy A. Block (2000). The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual. Anna Anisko, illustrator. Morris Arboretum, University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 435–436.
* Christopher Brickell and Judith D. Zuk (1997). The American Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. DK Publishing. pp. 362–363.
* Staff of the L. H. Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press. pp. 380–381.
* Pirone, Pascal P. (1978). Diseases & Pests of Ornamental Plants (Fifth Edition ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York. p. 242. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
# Horticulture/Daucus

Carrots :
| Genus: | Daucus |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Type: | Perennials |
| Pollination: | Insects |
Daucus is the genus of plants that includes carrots, wild carrots, and several related plants, including from 22 to 25 species.

## Description

Flowers in large umbels.

## Species

* Daucus carota (Carrot, Queen Anne's Lace)

## Uses

Some species are grown for the edible roots, but otherwise grown for their flowers.

## Harvesting

Roots of edible species are harvested the first year, before flower stalks are created.

## Pests and diseases

Root Rot
* Phymatotrichum omnivorum
Blight
* Sclerotium rolfsii
Boron Deficiency
Calcium Deficiency
Aphids
* Carrot-Willow Aphid: Cavariella aegopodii
* Coriander Aphid: Hyadaphis coriandri
* Green Peach Aphid: Myzus persicae
* Melon Aphid: Aphis gossypii
* Honeysuckle Aphid: Hyadaphis foeniculi
* Leaf Curling Plum Aphid: Brachycaudus helichrysi
Hoppers
* Aster Leafhopper: Macrosteles facifrons
Bugs
* Garden Fleahopper: Halticus bractatus
* Tarnished Plant Bug: Lygus lineolaris
* Western Tarnished Plant Bug: Lygus hesperus
* Pale Legume Bug: Lygus elisus
Flies
* American Serpentine Leafminer: Liriomyza trifolii
* Carrot Rust Fly: Psila rosae
Beetles
* Palestriped Flea Beetle: Systena blanda
Weevils
* Carrot Weevil: Listronotus oregonensis
* Vegetable Weevil: Listroderes difficilis
Caterpillars
* Alfalfa Webworm: Loxostege cerealis
* Beet Webworm: Loxostege stricticalis
* Parsleyworm: Papilio polyxenes
* Anise Swallowtail: Papilio zelicanon
* Celery Leaftier: Udea rubigalis
* Beet Armyworm: Spodoptera exigua

## References

* Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1913). An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, Volume 2 (second edition ed.). Dover Publications, inc. p. 625. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* P. D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core (1977). Flora of West Virginia (Second ed.). Seneca Books, Grantsville, W. Virginia. p. 682.
* Staff of the L. H. Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press. p. 365.
* Pirone, Pascal P. (1978). Diseases & Pests of Ornamental Plants (Fifth Edition ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
* Cranshaw, Whitney (2004). Garden Insects of North America: The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs. Princeton University Press. p. 592.
* Pippa Greenwood, Andrew Halstead, A.R. Chase, Daniel Gilrein (2000). American Horticultural Society Pests & Diseases: The Complete Guide to Preventing, Identifying, and Treating Plant Problems (First Edition ed.). Dorling Kindersley (DK) Publishing, inc. p. 202. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Horticulture/Dicentra spectabilis

Showy Bleeding Heart :
| Binomial: | Dicentra spectabilis |
| Type: | Herbaceous perennial |
| Light requirements: | Light to medium shade |
| Water requirements: | Keep soil moist but not wet |
| Soil requirements: | Rich, deep, organic soils |
| USDA Hardiness Zone: | 3-9 |
| Propagation: | Division |
| Forcing: | Can be forced |
| Pest issues: | Slugs can be a problem on young foliage |
| Disease issues: | Rare, but serious when present |
| Bloom season: | Mid spring to early summer |
| Pollination: | Insects |
Dicentra spectabilis also known as Venus's car, bleeding heart, or lyre flower, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to eastern Asia from Siberia south to Japan.

## Description

This species of bleeding heart can grow to 60–140 cm tall and has pinnately compound leaves with ternately compound leaflets (leaflets that come in threes). The flowers are pendulous, shaped much like hearts, produced in a raceme bearing 3-15 individual flowers, each one 2–3 cm long, with pink outer petals and white inner petals. The flowering season is from early spring to mid summer.

## Growing conditions

It can be a full sun plant if in a cool area but in a warm climate, prefers semi-shaded areas. It needs to be kept moist and prefers neutral to alkaline soil with good drainage although these plants can tolerate heavy clay soil as well.

## Varieties

Several cultivars have been selected, including 'Alba', with pure white flowers, and 'Goldheart', a relatively new cultivar developed at Hadspen Garden in England and introduced in 1997 with fuchsia-coloured flowers that drop from the stem in a row, and yellow foliage that turns lime green by mid summer.

## Uses

It is a popular ornamental plant for flower gardens in temperate climates, and is also used as a cut flower.

## Maintenance

Cut down foliage after it has gone completely yellow.

## Propagation

Propagation is by sowing the seeds when fresh. It can also be divided, preferably in the late fall or early spring. However, contact with the plant can cause skin irritation because the entire plant is toxic, so should be handled with gloves and long sleeves.

## Pests and diseases

See Dicentra for a list of pests and diseases.
# Horticulture/Cultivation for Weed Control

Cultivation, in the form of hoeing, raking, or otherwise "shaking up" the soil, is one of the most effective methods of weed control. While it has been somewhat outmoded in many regions in favor of applied mulches, cultivation achieves many of the same goals.
* Cultivation, when done well, uproots young weeds and badly damages perennial weeds.
* By shaking up the top layer of soil, cultivation effectively creates a mulch.
* Over time, cultivation creates a "stale seed bed", as the seed bank is exhausted
The major problem is that cultivation does oxygenate the top layer of soil, causing the organic matter to degrade faster.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Horticulture/Cultural Controls for Plant Pathogens

Cultural controls for plant pathogens are techniques intended to avoid creating an environment where a pathogen will flourish. Often, plants become more disease resistant when they are simply sited properly and provided good soil fertility and proper irrigation.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# How to Ace FYLSE/1996 J Q3
## Outline

D operates a drug delivery service and A, B, and C are the deliverers. A wasn't told but discovered, B suspected of but was indifferent to and C had no knowledge of the drug delivery service. They are charged with sales and transportation of heroin and conspiracy to transport heroin.

### State v. A
#### Sales and transportation

* Intent

#### Conspiracy

* Overt act

### State v. B
#### Sales and transportation

* May knowledge
* No Intent

#### Conspiracy

* No overt act

### State v. C
#### Sales and transportation

* No knowledge
* No Intent

#### Conspiracy

* No overt act
# How to Ace FYLSE/2006 F Q6

http://admissions.calbar.ca.gov/Portals/4/documents/gbx/G0602-Selected-Questions.pdf

## Fact Summary

D struck a police officer thinking that the officer was arresting F unlawfully.
# How to Ace FYLSE/2008 F Q1
## Outline
### Strict Liability
#### Ultrahazardous Activity

* Inherently dangerous.
* Uncommon to the geographic area.
* Cannot be made safe.
* Social utility vs. risk.

### Negligence
#### Duty
##### Standard of Care

* Anticipated Trespasser
* Attractive nuisance
    Foreseeable to have children trespassers
    Unlikely to appreciate the danger
    The cost to make safe outweighs the risk of harm

#### Causation
##### Actual Cause
##### Proximate cause

* foreseeability
* Intervening
* superseding
# How to Ace FYLSE/2008 F Q3
## Outline
### Murder

* Self-defense
* Duress
# How to Ace FYLSE/2009 J Q1

Patty is in the business of transporting human organs for transplant in City. She is paid only upon timely delivery of a viable organ; the delay of an hour can make an organ nonviable. David transports gasoline over long distances in a tank truck. Recently, he was hauling gasoline through City. As David was crossing a bridge in City, his truck skidded on an oily patch and became wedged across the roadway, blocking all traffic in both directions for two hours. Patty was delivering a kidney and was on the bridge several cars behind David when the accident occurred. The traffic jam caused Patty to be two hours late in making her delivery and made the kidney nonviable. Consequently, she was not paid the $1,000 fee she would otherwise have received. Patty contacted Art, a lawyer, and told him that she wanted to sue David for the loss of her fee. “There isn’t a lot of money involved,” she said, “but I want to teach David a lesson. David can’t possibly afford the legal fees to defend this case, so maybe we can put him out of business.” Art agreed and, concluding that he could not prove negligence against David, decided that the only plausible claim would be one based on strict liability for ultrahazardous activity. Art filed a suit based on that theory against David on behalf of Patty, seeking recovery of damages to cover the $1,000 fee Patty lost. The facts recited in the first three paragraphs above appeared on the face of the complaint. David filed a motion to dismiss. The court granted the motion on the grounds that the complaint failed to state a cause of action and that, in any event, the damages alleged were not recoverable. It entered judgment in David’s favor. David then filed suit against Patty and Art for malicious prosecution. 1. Did the court correctly grant David’s motion to dismiss on the grounds stated? Discuss. 2. What is the likely outcome of David’s suit for malicious prosecution against Patty and Art? Discuss.
# How to Ace FYLSE/2006 F Q1
## Fact Summary

A manufactures a car with an airbag which A knew to be dangerous to children. Despite two safer technologies available, A installed neither. O bought A's car and O's child C was seriously injured by the inflating airbag.

## Outline
### Products Liability
#### Strict Products Liability

* Proper defendant- commercial seller (manufacturer or distributor)
* Proper plaintiff - foreseeable user or consumer
* defective condition
    Design Defect
    Manufacturing defect
    failure to warn
* Causation
    actual
    proximate
* damage

#### Defenses

* Assumption of Risk
# How to Ace FYLSE/2007 J Q4
## Outline
### First Degree Murder
### Insanity

* M'Naughten
* Irresistible Impulse
* Durham
* Model Penal Code
# How to Ace FYLSE/1997 J Q6
## Fact Summary

D wanted to kill V and A who wanted to kill V too gave D the location of V and D shot V. V was sent to hospital and was brain dead and he was kept alive but a physician disconnected the life support and died.
# How to Ace FYLSE/2003 J Q4
## Outline
### Invasion of Privacy
#### False Light
##### Defenses

* First Amendment
* Matter of public concern

#### Intrusion upon Seclusion
##### Defenses

* Public Place

#### =Defenses

* Newsworthiness
* Freedom of speech
# How to Ace FYLSE/2008 J Q3

http://admissions.calbar.ca.gov/Portals/4/documents/gbx/sf_0807_Essay-Selected_Answers.pdf

## Fact Summary

B wanted to buy a rare car from B to enter a prestigious auto show to increase the circulation of B's magazine and increase advertising revenues. B agreed to buy the car for $200,000 to be delivered on May 25 and executed a valid written contract and B paid nonrefundable $5,000 entry fee for the auto show. On May 10 S told B that S just sold the car and the car was bound for Italy.

## Outline
### #1 Buyer's Right to Sue Seller before May 25

* Is There a Valid Contract?
* Anticipatory Repudiation?

### #2 Provisional Remedies to Prevent Sally from Delivering the Car

* Injunctive Relief?
* Inadequate Legal Remedies?
* Is There a Property Right?
* Feasibility of Enforcing Decree?
* Balancing Hardships?
* Temporary Restraining Order?
* Preliminary Injunction?
* Defenses?

### #3 Specific Performance or Replevin

* Specific Performance?
* Contract?
* Satisfaction of Condition?
* Inadequate Legal Remedy?
* Feasibility?
* Defenses?
* Replevin?
* Replevin Inadequate?

### #4 Damages for Breach of Contract

* Non-Delivery of the Good
* The Loss of the Expected Increase in Circulation and Advertising Revenues
# LPI Linux Certification/Create And Change Hard And Symbolic Links
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 2
Description:
Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or softlinks.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* ln
* ls

## Links

Use link when: You want to create a pathname to a file. Set a shorter or fixed pathname to a file.
To link one file to another, use ln:
Common options:
    -f force: clobber existing link
    -s symbolic link
The default links are hard links (ln without an option). A hard link can only be created to an existing file on the same physical device, after creation no visible association can be displayed between a link name and a file name.
Symbolic links are like shortcuts in Windows, in the sense that the file may be removed but the link will remain (although useless). Unlike in Windows however, a symbolic link can be created on a file that doesn’t exist yet. The association between the link name and the file name can be viewed with the ls command.

## Linking to a file

The symbolic and hard link can be displayed with ls -l. Symbolic link are indicated with an arrow: link_name->real_filename.
Hard links are indicated with the number of links counter (3-1=2 in this case).
When removing a link name, use rm. Only the link will be removed not the linked file.

## Exercises

* Exercises results
* Create a directory etc and bin in your home directory.
* Copy all the files in recursive mode from /etc to your etc directory and do the same for /bin to bin.
* In your local etc directory rename all files *.conf by *.conf.bak
* Create in your home directory a symbolic link called dir that points to your local bin/ls. Check if dir do execute ls.
* Remove the dir link. Is bin/ls still there?
# LPI Linux Certification/Creating Recovery Disks
## Detailed Objective

Weight: 1
Description:
Candidates should be able to create bootdisks for system entrance and recovery disks for system repair.
* Key knowledge area(s):
** Filesystem configuration files
** INIT configuration files
** Any standard editor
** Familiarity with the location and contents of the LDP Bootdisk-HOWTO
** Tools to manipulate the MBR
** Tools and utilities to copy and mount filesystems
** GRUB
** LILO
** Loop devices
** Making CD or USB storage devices bootable
* The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
** /etc/fstab
** /etc/inittab
** /usr/sbin/rdev
** /bin/cat
** /bin/mount (includes -o loop switch)
** /sbin/lilo
** /bin/dd
** /sbin/mke2fs
** /usr/sbin/chroot
# LPI Linux Certification/Customize Or Write Simple Scripts
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 4
Description:
Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
# LPI Linux Certification/Customize And Use The Shell Environment
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 4
Description:
Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias
# LPI Linux Certification/DHCP Configuration
## Detailed Objectives (210.1)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities.
* Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup.
* Awareness of DHCPv6 and IPv6 Router Advertisements
Terms and Utilities:
* dhcpd.conf
* dhcpd.leases
* DHCP Log messages in syslog or systemd journal
* arp
* dhcpd
* radvd
* radvd.conf

# DHCP configuration =
### Overview

Description: The candidate should be able to configure a DHCP server and set default options, create a subnet, and create a dynamically-allocated range. This objective includes adding a static host, setting options for a single host, and adding bootp hosts. Also included is to configure a DHCP relay agent, and reload the DHCP server after making changes.
Key files, terms, and utilities include:

### Exercises
#### DHCP?

Most people reading this will already know the DHCP protocol. Just as a quick reminder. DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol and is commonly used to distribute specific network settings in networks. Settings such as the default gateway, nameservers, IP addresses and much more.
As for a small illustration of the protocol itself.
<insert schematic about DHCP Requests here>

#### Configuring dhcpd

After the installation of dhcpd the main configuration file can be found at /etc/dhcpd.conf. For Debian installations, one should edit /etc/default/dhcp as soon as the installation is finished and change the following line according to your setup.
The dhcpd.conf file is divided in global parameters and subnet specific parameters. Each subnet can override the global parameters. The most commonly used parameters are the following.
This example is just providing a hint about possible options and overrides.
More info can be found on dhcpd.conf and dhcp-options in man pages. Look in those pages too for information about using the DHCP server to serve BOOTP as well, useful for diskless clients.