OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Broderick Bode
## Overview

Broderick Bode is a worker in the Ministry of Magic's Department of Mysteries.

## Role in the Books
### Goblet of Fire

Bode attends the Quidditch World Cup, and Arthur Weasley points him out to Harry as he passes the Weasleys' tents.

### Order of the Phoenix

When Harry, Ron, Fred, George, Ginny, and Mrs. Weasley, accompanied by Mad-Eye Moody and Tonks, arrive to visit Arthur Weasley at St. Mungo's, the day after the snake attack, they wait in line after an old stooped wizard who is there to see Broderick Bode. The Welcome Witch says he's wasting his time, Bode still thinks he's a teapot.
Some days later, Harry, Ron, and Hermione happen to end up on the long-term residents floor, due to a chance encounter with Gilderoy Lockhart. There, they see Bode, who is apparently getting better. He receives a pot plant (US: house plant) for a Christmas present from an unnamed well-wisher.
Hermione later reads that he has been strangled by the pot plant, which turns out to have been a Devil's Snare.
In a dream Harry has in late February, where he perceives things happening in Voldemort's mind, Harry hears that Bode had been placed under the Imperius spell by Malfoy, but that he had known that he would not be able to do what was being asked of him, and so fought the spell very hard. Based on this sketchy information, Harry, Ron, and Hermione conclude that Bode was placed under the Imperius Curse by Lucius Malfoy, and was supposed to remove a prophecy concerning Harry and Lord Voldemort from the shelf it is stored on. As an employee in the Department of Mysteries, however, he knew that he could not touch it, so he fought the curse unsuccessfully. The shock of touching the prophecy may have lifted the curse, but left him unable to speak. He was admitted to St. Mungo's, but was killed by the anonymously sent Devil's Snare plant as he began to regain speech abilities. It is theorized that the Death Eaters wished to silence him and so sent the plant, which his Healer thought was a harmless Christmas gift. Encouraged to care for the plant himself, Bode touched the Devil's Snare and was instantly throttled. His death was only briefly mentioned in the Daily Prophet.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Neopets/Games/JubJub Blackjack

| Your hand | Dealer's face-up card | Dealer's face-up card | Dealer's face-up card | Dealer's face-up card | Dealer's face-up card | Dealer's face-up card | Dealer's face-up card | Dealer's face-up card | Dealer's face-up card | Dealer's face-up card |
| Your hand | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A |
| Hard totals (including pairs) |||||||||||
| 17-20 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| 16 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
| 15 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
| 13-14 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
| 12 | H | H | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
| 11 | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | H |
| 10 | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | H | H |
| 9 | H | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | H | H | H | H | H |
| 5-8 | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
| Soft totals |||||||||||
| | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A |
| A,8 A,9 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
| A,7 | S | Ds | Ds | Ds | Ds | S | S | H | H | H |
| A,6 | H | Dh | Dh | Dh | Dh | H | H | H | H | H |
| A,4 A,5 | H | H | Dh | Dh | Dh | H | H | H | H | H |
| A,2 A,3 | H | H | H | Dh | Dh | H | H | H | H | H |
| A,A | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
| S = Stand H = Hit Dh = Double (if not allowed, then hit) Ds = Double (if not allowed, then stand) |||||||||||
    Game id: 5
    Requires login.
This is a game of blackjack, where you need to score as close as possible to 21 points without going over. You can bet upto 400 neopoints, and can get a bonus if you win on a 21. However, unlike regular blackjack, you cannot split your hand.
For the best payoff, consult the table to the right.

## Betting

In this game, you can bet up to 400 neopoints. While you can bet as much as you want, there are tactics that prevent you from losing too much money beyond long losing streaks.
* Bet a low amount (e.g. 25np), and double each time you lose.
* Bet a low amount (e.g. 10np), and triple each time you lose.
These tactics are of limited use because of the low betting limit.
# Neopets/Games/Scorchy Slots

    Game id: 8
    Requires login. Each spin costs 5NP.
    Game url: http://www.neopets.com/games/play.phtml?game_id=8
Scorchy slots is a game of pure chance. Playing the game provides a small chance per spin of gaining a bottled fairy or map piece.
There are two means of winning:
* Obtaining three-in-a-row of the same symbol, resulting in the prize shown in the payout listing.
* Overflowing the volcano, which has a random effect (possibly detrimental).
Occasionally, you have an option to hold spins. These allow you to retain the position of a given wheel for a future spin. Holding can be used to keep a valuable wheel in place for a better chance of receiving an award.
The jackpot for this game is accumulated from the spins made by other players.
# Neopets/Games/Meerca Chase II

    Game id: 500
    Game url: http://www.neopets.com/games/play.phtml?game_id=500
In Meerca Chase II, you need to collect yellow Neggs. It is modelled over the snaking arcade games, where you have to eat food to gain points in exchange for gaining a tail which you must then avoid.
Scoring Multiplier :
| | Easy | Medium | Hard |
| Classic | x1 | x1.66 | x2.66 |
| Freestyle | x1 | x2 | x3.2 |
| Maze | x1 | x2.5 | x4 |
There is a choice of three difficulty levels, each affecting the speed of the Meerca. In addition, there are three play styles.
* Classic, which acts like the classic game. Movement is changed using the arrow keys; however it is hazardous to make tight turns.
* Freestyle, where the Meerca can move in any direction. It can turn left or right using the arrow keys, and gains stuff.
* Maze, which places initial hedge walls.
The most efficient method of gaining points is the Freestyle Hard. This version, while fast, gives sufficient control in most cases. While Maze Hard does give points more quickly, it is very easy to collide with a hedge wall.
# Neopets/Games/Sutek's Tomb
## Cheats

| Code | Effect |
| plzsutekcanihavemoretime scarabeus | Extra 30 seconds for either one, max of 60 seconds. |
# Neopets/Games/Zurroball

If you click on the blue "N" on the Grundo's shirt, you can use him as the ball. It is trivial to do many grounders, which earns tons of neopoints. A pretty much guaranteed 3,000 NP within 5-10 minutes.
# Neopets/Games/Kiko Match II

    Game id: 519
    Game url: http://www.neopets.com/games/play.phtml?game_id=519
Kiko Match II is a memory game. You must find pairs of cards concealed within the area, and remove them if you uncover a pair. The board must be cleared within the time limit, otherwise the game will end.
The number of kiko colors increases as the round progresses. Once all Kiko colors are used, they will be recycled with a different background color.
You score 10 points per round, and 1 point for each second remaining at the end of the round.
# Neopets/Games/Wheel of Excitement

* Game id: 10
* Requires login'. Costs 150NP per spin, playable once every two hours.
* Game url: http://www.neopets.com/faerieland/wheel2.phtml?
The wheel of excitement is a game of chance. Unlike what is shown on the wheel, the chances of success are not equal weight; the more valuable prizes are quite rare.
The prizes are:
* 200 NP
* Flame Ghoul (damages all Neopets with fire)
* Secret item
* 2000 NP
* Mystery prize (which is usually 50NP)
* Skull (disease)
* Lightning (damages a neopet)
* 1000 NP
* Light fairy (increases an attribute)
* 500 NP
* Pant devil, which steals an item from inventory.
* 100NP
* Healing (either heals the Neopet or gives a potion)
* Dark fairy (lowers an attribute)
* Magic potion
* 10000 NP, the jackpot.
# Neopets/Restocking

Many items in the Neopian Shops (the ones not run by players) are worth more than they sell them for. People compete to buy them, and the person who gets it gets to sell it for a higher price, therefore making a profit. This is known as restocking.
# Mentor teacher/Coaching
## What is coaching?

The term coaching originates from the word “coach”, a medium of transport. In 19th century England the word “coach” came to be used to describe a private teacher who assisted students preparing for exams. The transposition of a word for transport to a name for a teacher came about for these 19th century exam preparation teachers due to the students' conception that they were being driven through the examinations or were able to ride through the examinations on a coach with the help of their prep teachers. In some recent conceptions of mentoring, the word “coach” is used metaphorically as the guide who assists the mentee on her inner journey. The coach assists the mentee to improve her own abilities, by developing mental or practical skills (Skagen 2004).

## Origins

Coaching as a form of mentoring was originally developed in American sports. The Norwegian football coach Knut Rockne was a pioneer in developing the sports coach as mentor concept. It was, however, tennis coach Timothy Gallwey who popularized the coach as mentor guiding the mentee on an inner journey model. Gallwey claimed that the key to becoming a good tennis player, is to master what he calls the “inner game”. His book “The Inner Game of Tennis” became an inspiration for several names in coaching, i.e. Myles Downey and John Whitmore.
Gallwey alleged that relaxed concentration is essential to mastering the game of tennis. The player must not criticize or judge his own achievements. Paradoxically, the secret to winning a game is not trying too hard. The player must concentrate on the game and not on winning. To enable the release of energy and resources and maximization of the performance it is imperative to enter into a state of serenity. This state does not need to be learned, as it is part of us, but we may have acquired bad habits that prevent us from entering it. To reach this productive state we should not analyze our actions, but rather create images of ourselves performing good actions. We must stop judging our own shortcomings in a negative way. This requires us to separate between an observation of our actions on one side, and an evaluation of this observation on the other. This optimal state, as described by Gallwey, has similarities with Csikszentmihalyi's notion of flow (Skagen 2004). Coaching as mentoring has later been introduced in executive coaching, business coaching and life coaching. Additionally, several other types of coaching have emerged. The term is today more often than not used as a reflective and conversational method whereby one person assists another to realize the maximum potential of their abilities in a particular area (Skagen 2004).

## Source

* Skagen, Kaare (2004) I veiledningens landskap. Kristiansand: Høgskoleforlaget.
# Mentor teacher/Guide on how to make a wikibook
## About The Project

In 2013 we will finish the open textbook project about mentoring. The goal is to develop a high-quality textbook about mentoring in different languages. The work is supported by Norway Opening universities and is part of the OER (Open Educational Resources) movement. We wish to create texts that permit flexible reuse and modification. We are also trying to create a learning community through the collaborative text production.
By developing open textbooks we think we will enhance knowledge about mentoring in education. Wikipedia articles about these topics seem to lack content and quality assurance. Through this project we will try to create a better overview over the research area. The textbooks are intended to give readers an accessible introduction to this topic. The texts are supposed to be interesting both for lay persons and professionals. By developing open textbooks on wikibooks (and other websites) we wish to create a basic foundation for further work in this area.
In a Norwegian language context people are currently working on improved versions of the books. This developmental work is intended to stimulate the development of a more transparent knowledge sharing environment at the teacher education at Østfold University College. It is therefore important to stimulate the development of sustainable communities that can continue to develop these textbooks. This requires contributions from several different stakeholders. We are therefore encouraging contributions from experienced teacher educators, student teachers (only to some degree) and teachers. In this way we are challenging traditional production of textbooks and the notion of teachers and student teachers as only being “textbook consumers”.
At the same time these resources are published openly so they can be reused in different contexts in other countries. In this regard, one goal is to maximize distribution by facilitating the translations of the textbooks into different languages. The project therefore supports the development of basic (1.0) versions and the support of the development of communities that might be interested in continuing to work with the book. The Norwegian text has therefore been translated into English and we also wish to translate the text into Turkish, Chinese and Swedish.. Our goal is to translate and modify the book into several different versions.
The textbook market is mostly dominated by commercial publishers. The intention is to create an international community that can continue to create open textbooks in this way. If you want to participate as a reviewer or contributor in this project, please contact Rolf K. Baltzersen at Østfold University College (email: rolf.k.baltzersen(at)hiof.no)
# Mentor teacher

Mentoring is considered an important activity in both teacher education and in schools. Here we try to give an overview over key mentoring skills and mentoring theories. Our primary target group is teachers who work as mentors for student teachers or newly educated teachers in school. Several of the chapters in this book will be peer reviewed. You can find updated information about the project in this blog. Below you see the different chapters we have written:
Mentoring in Ontario
* Induction of beginning teachers in Ontario
* Induction of beginning teachers in Toronto
* The mentor teacher in Ontario
Mentoring tools and strategies
* The first mentor-mentee meeting
* Written reflection tools in mentoring
* Observation in mentoring
* Oral reflection tools in mentoring
* To talk about the conversation in mentoring
Theories about mentoring
* What is mentoring?
* Active listening
* Action-reflection model
* Apprenticeship model
* Systemic mentoring
* Appreciative Inquiry
* Coaching
* Dreyfus model of skill acquisition
* Knowledge Building
Relevant Wikipedia articles
* Reflective practice
* Educational Theory of Apprenticeship
* Action learning
* Sociocultural learning theories
# Operating System Design/Case Studies/QNX

The QNX Operating System is ideal for realtime applications. It provides multitasking, priority-driven preemptive scheduling, and fast context switching ‒ all essential ingredients of a realtime system.
QNX is also remarkably flexible. Developers can easily customize the operating system to meet the needs of their application. From a "bare-bones" configuration of a kernel with a few small modules to a full-blown network-wide system equipped to serve hundreds of users, QNX lets you set up your system to use only those resources you require to tackle the job at hand.
QNX achieves its unique degree of efficiency, modularity, and simplicity through two fundamental principles:
* microkernel architecture
* message-based interprocess communication

### QNX's microkernel architecture

QNX consists of a small kernel in charge of a group of cooperating processes. The structure is more like a team than a hierarchy, as several players of equal rank interact with each other and with their "quarterback" kernel.
The QNX Microkernel coordinating the system managers.
The kernel is the heart of any operating system. In some systems the "kernel" comprises so many functions, that for all intents and purposes it is the entire operating system! But the QNX Microkernel is truly a kernel. First of all, like the kernel of a realtime executive, the QNX Microkernel is very small. Secondly, it's dedicated to only two essential functions:

#### Message passing

    the Microkernel handles the routing of all messages among all processes throughout the entire system

#### Scheduling

    the scheduler is a part of the Microkernel and is invoked whenever a process changes state as the result of a message or interrupt
Unlike processes, the Microkernel itself is never scheduled for execution. It is entered only as the direct result of kernel calls, either from a process or from a hardware interrupt.
# Operating System Design/Case Studies/XOK

XOK is the newest research exokernel to date. XOK was created by a computer science research team at MIT. XOK is able to compile most UNIX programs (perl, gcc, emacs, etc.) with little or no change, and has equal to or greater speed than FreeBSD when using standard libOS's. However, when using specilized LibOS's, XOK is able to get great performance boosts. The greatest of which has been the Cheetah web server, running at eight times its normal speed on FreedBSD or Linux.
# Operating System Design/Case studies

The goal of this book is to discuss the different issues involved in operating system design, the different strategies that have been tried and to provide concrete examples where possible. Given the number of open-source operating systems available, specific implementations will be used as examples where possible.

## Example Operating Systems

Naturally, open source operating systems lend themselves to teaching more than proprietary operating systems. The source code of all the following operating systems is available free of charge online:
* Linux
* Net/Free/OpenBSD
* Solaris
* MINIX
* GNU Hurd
* XOK
* ReactOS
While the following operating systems are closed source, enough is known about their implementation that they can all be used as specific examples of approaches to various OS design issues and tasks.
* Mac OS X
* Microsoft Windows 9x
* Windows NT
* QNX
* DOS
* HP-UX
* AIX
* BeOS

## Example filesystems

* FAT
* NTFS
* ext4

## Case Study Areas

The following areas of operating system design can all be illustrated with specific examples from real operating systems. In some cases different approaches to the same task can be seen within one OS. For example, many operating systems support multiple file system types.
* Loading the operating system
* Initialising the operating system for use
* Managing tasks (processes)
* Managing memory
* File systems and storage management
* User interfaces
For example, in the "Managing tasks" section we might use the example of task management in a single tasking operating system like DOS, as well as some of the different scheduling algorithms that have been used in various multitasking operating systems.
The case study can include comparative analysis about any concept of different operating systems or comparison between the different versions of same operating systems. It can include the total functionality of the operating system given.

## Further reading

* Embedded Systems/Common RTOS gives yet more examples of real-time operating systems, many of them open-source.
* A Neutral Look at Operating Systems gives yet more examples of operating systems, many of them proprietary.
Previous: Introduction — Next: History
# Operating System Design/Command line interfaces

A command line interface or CLI is a method of interacting with a computer by giving it lines of textual commands (that is, a sequence of characters) either from keyboard input or from a script. They were originally developed for interfacing with computers over teletype machines in the 1950s. It is occasionally also referred to as a CLUE, for Command Line User Environment. Some argue that the CLI is not actually a user interface at all, but a programming language, entered one line at a time, and has very little utility for users compared to developers. Indeed, command lines are most often used in scientific or engineering environments for programming.
In its simplest form, the computer displays a prompt, the user types a command on the keyboard and terminates the command with a keyboard key (usually the Enter key) and the computer executes the command. The computer then carries out the command given. The term is usually used in contrast to a graphical user interface (GUI) in which commands are typically issued by moving a pointer (via a pointing device) to a zone of the screen and pressing a button mounted on the pointing device (clicking).
Programs that implement these interfaces are often called command line interpreters. Examples of such programs include the various different Unix shells, VMS' DCL (Digital Command Language), and related designs like CP/M and DOS's command.com, both based heavily on DEC's RSX and RSTS operating system interfaces (which were also command line interfaces). Microsoft claims their next major operating system, Windows Vista, will include an enhanced command line interface named MSH (Microsoft Shell, codename Monad), which combines the features of traditional Unix shells with the object-oriented .NET framework.
Some applications provide command lines as well. The CAD program AutoCAD is a prominent example. Another excellent example is the engineering/scientific numerical computation package Matlab, in which practically no GUI exists and/or is unnecessary for performing most of the calculations. In some computing environments like the Oberon or Smalltalk user interface, most of the text which appears on the screen may be used for giving commands. The commands given on a command line interface are often of the form
or
doSomething corresponds to a verb, how to an adverb (it describes how the command should be performed in this instance — for example, should it be particularly "verbose", or particularly "quiet") and toAFile to an object (often one or more files) against which the command should be run. The standalone '>' in the second example is a redirection character, telling the operating system (i.e., usually a command shell interpreter) to send the output of the previous commands (that is, those on the left of '>') to some other place (that is, the file named to the right of the '>'). Another common and important redirection character is the pipe ('|'), which tells the CLI to treat the output of this command as the input of another; this can be a very powerful mechanism for the user, as explained under pipeline (Unix) and pipes and filters.
# Operating System Design/Case Studies/Solaris

Solaris is a UNIX operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. It is most widely used on Sun's SPARC-based hardware, but is also available for x86 systems. The latest version of Solaris, Solaris 10, includes 64-bit support for the x86-64 architecture (ie AMDs Opteron and Intels Xeon processors).
# Operating System Design/Case Studies/NTFS

NTFS (or NT File System) is a proprietary file system created by Microsoft. This is the default file system used on a system using Windows NT, Windows Server, Windows XP, and Windows Vista, Windows 7.
Although this file system is proprietary, there are open-source applications that are able to reliably read/write to it, for instance NTFS-3G.