# French/Lessons/Shopping

* School
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* Going out
* Transportation
* Everyday life
* Rural life
* Food and drink
* Dining
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Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Grammar · Object pronouns
### Direct objects

While the subject of a sentence initiates an action (the verb), the direct object is the one that is affected by the action. A direct object pronoun is used to refer to the direct object of a previous sentence:
The following table shows the various types of direct object pronouns:
Notes:
* $^1$ me, te, nous, and vous are also used as indirect objects to mean to me, to you, to us, and to you respectively.
* The pronoun form with an apostrophe is used before a vowel.
* The direct object pronoun for nous and vous is the same as the subject.
* When the direct object comes before a verb in a perfect tense, a tense that uses a past participle, the direct object must agree in gender and number with the past participle. For example, in the phrase Je les ai eus, or I had them, the past participle would be spelled eus if the direct object, les, was referring to a masculine object, and eues if les is referring to a feminine object.

### Indirect objects

An indirect object is an object that would be asked for with To whom...? or From whom...?. It is called indirect because it occurs usually together with a direct object which is affected directly by the action:
The following table shows the various types of indirect object pronouns:
Notes:
* $^1$ me, te, nous, and vous are also used as direct objects to mean me, you, us, and you respectively.
* The pronoun form with an apostrophe is used before a vowel.
* The indirect object pronoun for nous and vous is the same as the subject.
* The indirect object pronouns do not agree with the past participle like the direct object pronouns do. When me, te, nous, and vous are used in a perfect tense, the writer must decide whether they are used as direct or indirect object pronouns. This is done by looking at the verb and seeing what type of action is being performed.
The bread is given by the man (direct). Pierre gets the given bread (indirect).

## Dialogue · At the bakery · À la boulangerie
### Vocabulary

Example :
* Vendeur : Bonjour madame. Est-ce que je peux vous aider ?
* Cliente : Oui, je voudrais un sac.
* Vendeur : De quelle couleur svp ?
* Cliente : Je voudrais le sac bleu.
* Vendeur : Bien. Regardez celui-ci, il est beau.
* Cliente : Oui j'adore merci.

## Grammar · -e…er verbs

-e…er are regular -er verbs, but also are stem changing. The stem change applies to all forms except nous and vous. The stem change involves adding a grave accent ( ` ) over the e in the stem.

### Formation

| acheter /aʃte/ ahsh-tay | to buy |
| j'achète /a.ʃɛt/ (ah-sheht) | I buy |
| tu achètes /a.ʃɛt/ (ah-sheht) | you buy |
| il achète /a.ʃɛt/ (ah-sheht) | he buys |
| nous achetons /a.ʃ(.ə)tɔ̃/ (ahsh-toh$^{(n)}$) | we buy |
| vous achetez /a.ʃ(.ə)te/ (ahsh-tay) | you buy |
| ils achètent /a.ʃɛt/ (ah-sheht) | they buy |
| acheté /aʃ(.ə).te/ ah-shuh-tay, Fr-acheter.ogg | bought |

### Supplementary examples
## Dialogue · At the market · Au marché
### Vocabulary
## Vocabulary · Stores · Les magasins

* French butchers do not sell pork, pork products, nor horsemeat. For these products, go to a charcuterie. However, a lot of boucheries are also charcuteries, and are called boucherie-charcuterie
* In France, bakeries only sell fresh bread; e.g. the bread is baked on site. Places where they sell bread that is not fresh are called dépôt de pain.
* 'Charcuteries' sell things besides pork products, including pâté, salami, cold meats, salads, quiches and pizzas.
* An alternative to an 'épicerie' is an alimentation générale (a general foodstore).

## Grammar · -yer verbs

-yer verbs are irregular -er verbs. When y is part of the last syllable, it changes to i in order to keep the ay sound. In the present indicative of -yer verbs, this affects all forms except nous and vous. Some -yer verbs, such as payer, may optionally retain the y.

### Formation

In the present indicative, payer$^{topay}$ is conjugated as follows:
| payer /pe.je/ | to pay |
| je paye (ou paie) /pɛj/ | I pay |
| tu payes (ou paies) /pɛj/ | you pay |
| il paye (ou paie) /pɛj/ | he pays |
| nous payons /pe.jɔ̃/ | we pay |
| vous payez /pe.je/ | you pay |
| ils payent (ou paient) /pɛj/ | they pay |
| payé /pe.je/ | paid |

### Supplementary examples
## Grammar · Irregular past participles

Many of the verbs you have learned so far have irregular past participles.
* avoir: eu$^{had}$ /y/
* croire: cru$^{believed}$ /kʁy/
* être: été$^{been}$ /e.te/
* faire: fait$^{done}$ /fɛ/
* prendre: pris$^{taken}$ /pʁi/
* voir: vu$^{seen}$ /vy/

### Examples
## Exercises

← Culture ·  Level two lessons  · Going out →
School · Culture · Shopping · Going out · Transportation · Everyday life · Rural life · Food and drink · Dining · Communication
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