OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Montenegro

* Since 2006 when the country gained independence after the dissolution of Yugoslavia, meter stamps have only been reported used in post offices.
* Stamps are inscribed "Crne Gore" or "Crna Gora" which is the native name in the Montenegrin (and Macedonian) language.

## GROUP PO: Stamps generated by Post Office counter (window) machines

Group PO impressions are printed on self-adhesive labels which are then attached to the mail item. A number of official labels have been used, as listed below, although blank labels have also been used.
* Label A.
* Self-adhesive label with postal logo (envelope design left of Pošta / Crne Gore) at upper left.
* Label B.
* As Label A but with large blue letter "R" below the postal logo to indicate registered mail.
* Label C.
* As Label A but with large red letter "V" below the postal logo to indicate insured mail.
* Label D.
* Blank self-adhesive label.
* Label E.
* Wide label with straight black rectangular frank divided into two sections with vertical top and bottom dashes right of centre.
* The right section contains preprinted CRNA GORA at top and POŠTA at bottom.
* PO1. Unidentified (digital), 2011 or earlier.
* Point-of-sale data in three lines:
* Line 1: 5-digit postcode, date in format DD.MM.YY (with stops), hour.
* Line 2: For insured items, "V= " and insured value at left. For all items, weight in grams at right.
* Line 3: Value figures.
* V/F: 0.00
* A. On Label A
* B. On Label B with 2D barcode and number at bottom
* C. On Label C with 2D barcode and number at bottom
* D. On Label D
* PO2. Olivetti (digital), 2005 or earlier.
* Used on Label E.
* Point-of-sale data in three lines:
* Line 1: 5-digit postcode, post office name.
* Line 2: Date in format DD.MM.YY (with stops), hour at left. Value figures at right.
* Line 3: Transaction number.
* V/F: 0.00
* NOTE: This stamp was used earlier than PO1 but was not reported until after PO1 was catalogued.
* PO3. Unidentified (digital).
* Point-of-sale data in three lines:
* Line 1: 5-digit postcode, post office name.
* Line 2: Date in format DD MM YY (without stops), hour at left. Value figures at right.
* Line 3: Weight in grams centred at left.
* V/F: 0.00
* A. On Label A
# Neuroimaging Data Processing/Processing/Tools

This section regards the basic things needed to be known about the different softwares, like: where and how to get them, how is the general structure, what is special,... See the separate section of the actual processing steps for details on their implementation within the different softwares
* SPM
* FSL
* AFNI
# Neurology and Neurosurgery
## Neurological Symptoms

* Aphasia
* Apraxia
* Agnosia
* Amnesia
* Anosognosia
* Alexia

## Consciousness and Unconsciousness

* Types of Unconsciousness
** Stupor
** Coma
** Vegetative State
** Locked-In Syndrome
** Brain Death
* Causes of Unconsciousness
** Hepatic Encephalopathy
** Intoxications
** Trauma
** Metabolic
** Drugs
** Epilepsy
** Syncope
** Stroke
*** Ischemic Stroke
*** Hemorrhagic Stroke

## Infections of the Nervous System

* Meningitis
** Acute Bacterial Meningitis
** Subacute Meningitis
** Chronic Meningitis
* Encephalitis
** Acute Viral Encephalitis
** Aseptic Encephalitis
* Brain Abscess

## Trauma

* Trauma of the Head
** Prehospital Care
** Emergency Room Care
* Spinal Cord Injuries
** Prehospital Care
** Emergency Room Care
** Complete Spinal Cord Injuries
** Incomplete Spinal Cord Injuries
*** Brown-Séquard syndrome
*** Failed back syndrome
*** Spinal Stenosis
* Trauma of the Peripheral Nervous System
** Prehospital Care
** Emergency Room Care
* Long-Term Consequences of Neurologic Trauma

## Delirium and Dementia

* Delirium
* Dementia

## Seizure Disorders

* Epilepsy

## Neurologic Intensive Care Medicine

* Intracranial Pressure

## Cerebrovascular Disease

* Ischemic Disease
** Ischemic Stroke
* Hemorrhagic Disease
** Hemorrhagic Stroke

## Neuro-Oncology

* Intracranial Neoplasms
* Spinal Cord Neoplasms

## External Links

The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Section 16: Neurologic Disorders

## Medical Disclaimer

Wikibooks contains books on many medical topics; however, no warranty whatsoever is made that any of the books are accurate. There is absolutely no assurance that any statement contained or cited in a book touching on medical matters is true, correct, precise, or up-to-date. The overwhelming majority of such books are written, in part or in whole, by nonprofessionals. Even if a statement made about medicine is accurate, it may not apply to you or your symptoms.
The medical information provided on Wikibooks is, at best, of a general nature and cannot substitute for the advice of a medical professional (for instance, a qualified doctor/physician, nurse, pharmacist/chemist, and so on). Wikibooks is not a doctor.
None of the individual contributors, system operators, developers, sponsors of Wikibooks nor anyone else connected to Wikibooks can take any responsibility for the results or consequences of any attempt to use or adopt any of the information presented on this web site.
Nothing on Wikibooks.org or included as part of any project of Wikimedia Foundation Inc., should be construed as an attempt to offer or render a medical opinion or otherwise engage in the practice of medicine.
# Neuroimaging Data Processing/Processing/Steps/Tissue Segmentation
## Concept

Classification of the brain tissue into different tissue classes using high-resolution T1 weighted anatomical images. Usually gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are separated but more classes are possible. Theoretically, in the T1-weighted image different tissue types can be separated based on their distinctive intensities. However, segmentation turns out much more thorny in reality because of noise that leads to overlapping intensity spectra of the different tissue types, partial volume effects i.e. single voxels containing different tissue types and remaining field inhomogeneities. Tissue segmentation algorithms can therefore also take into account tissue probability maps (e.g. in SPM) and geometric structure of the gray-white interface (e.g. FreeSurfer). For a comprehensive (though not so current) review of tissue segmentation methods see

## Implementation
#### SPM

Segmentation New Segmentation
Unified segmentation in SPM is a one-click method that combines spatial normalization, bias field correction and tissue segmentation together. The prior probability that any voxel contains gray or white matter can be determined using a probabilistic atlas of tissue types; this prior probability is then combined with the data from the image determine the tissue class. Using this approach, two voxels with identical intensities can be identified as different tissue types.

#### FSL

FSL’s Brain Extraction Tool BET (Smith et al., 2004)

#### AFNI

3dSeg is an AFNI program for tissue segmentation. It allows for adding a variety of global and voxelwise priors but is not recommended for quantitative segmentation, e.g. for VBM. The most simple command (segmenting into CSF, GM and WM by default) is
In afni_proc.py segmentation can be invoked through the (default) mask block via (apparently automatically implies -mask_segment_erode to calculate eroded tissue classes)
If WM and CSF should be used for tissue based regressors, there is an options which automates this process calles @ANATICOR. It is strongly recommended to use this in afni_proc.py where (in addition to the -mask_segment_anat like above) you would add

## References

* ↑ L.P. Clarke, R.P. Velthuizen, M.A. Camacho, J.J. Heine, M. Vaidyanathan, L.O. Hall, R.W. Thatcher, M.L. Silbiger, MRI segmentation: Methods and applications, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volume 13, Issue 3, 1995, Pages 343-368, ISSN 0730-725X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0730-725X(94)00124-L.
* ↑ http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/doc/program_help/3dSeg.html
* ↑ http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/pub/dist/doc/program_help/@ANATICOR.html
# Neuroimaging Data Processing/References

* AFNI program: 3dDespike: Output of -help
* AFNI program: 3dTcat: Output of -help
* AFNI program: 3dToutcount: Output of -help
* Huettel, S. A., Song, A. W., & McCarthy, G. (2008). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc: Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
* Siemens Healthineers. Magnets, Spins, and Resonances: An introduction to the basics of Magnetic Resonance. https://www.magnetomworld.siemens-healthineers.com/publications/mr-basics#text-media-9000000a02841180
* Poldrack, R. A., Mumford, J. A. Nichols, T. E. (2011). Handbook of functional MRI data analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press
* practiCal fMRI: the nuts & bolts. http://practicalfmri.blogspot.de/
# Neurology and Neurosurgery/Agnosia

Definition of Generalized Agnosia
A defect in recognition, where a patient can generally sense objects and forms, but is unable to consciously recognize and interpret the meaning of the sensory input.
Apperceptive Agnosia
Agnosia characterised by recognition failure caused by impairment in visual perception. Patients are unable to recognize objects despite having normal acuity.
Associative Agnosia
A visual Agnosia characterised by the lack of meaning associated with percepts despite the patient being able to normally perceive an object and draw it.
Auditory Agnosia
Agnosia characterised by the inability to recognize sounds despite the patient having normal auditory functioning. Auditory Agnosia is typically associated with non-speech sounds. When agnosia involves speech, it is referred to as "pure word deafness"
Ideational Agnosia
Agnosia characterised by faulty recognition and interpretation of symbols.
Landmark Agnosia
Agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize stable objects in the environment. Patients can typically describe them in detail, but are unable to describe or recognize them.
Tactile Agnosia
Agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize and interpret objects by touch.
Visual Agnosia
Agnosia characterized by the inability to recognize and interpret objects in the visual field. Visual Agnosia may also sometimes be referred to as "Optic Agnosia".
# High School Chemistry/Functional Groups

The functional group is the part of molecule or a compound that determines the chemical properties of a compound.
# High School Chemistry/Ions and the Compounds They Form

* The Formation of Ions
* Ionic Bonding
* Properties of Ionic Compounds
← Electron Affinity · The Formation of Ions →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contains only carbon and hydrogen,differ due to proportion and ratio of carbon and hydrogen present in the compound, and also the carbon to carbon bond present in the hydrocarbon.Hydrocarbon is classified into three
* Saturated Hydrocarbons
* Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
* Aromatic Hydrocarbons

## Saturated Hydrocarbons

Saturated Hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds.Saturated hydrocarbons are in two forms:
* Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbon
* Cyclic Saturated Hydrocarbon.

### Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons

They are open-chain hydrocarbon(i.e they are straight chain hydrocarbon). They have linear structure.

### Cyclic Hydrocarbon

They are chain hydrocarbon.They have a ring-like structure.

## Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds (double bonds, triple bonds or both).

## Aromatic Hydrocarbon

Aromatic hydrocarbons are a special type of cyclic compounds.
# Irish/Reference/Grammar

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies
This page is part of the Wikibooks Irish Reference and Grammar, a comprehensive resource for information about the Irish language designed to complement the Wikibooks Irish course of study.
In each section below, follow the "Main page" link for more information.
Grammar Topics:
* Basic Sentence Structure
* Grammatical Changes
* Directions
* The Article
* Prefixes
* Compound Prepositions
* Nouns
* Verbs
# Irish/Reference/Pronouns

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies

## Table of Pronouns

Below is a table of the forms of Irish pronouns:
| Pronoun | Nominative | Accusative/ Copula | Emphatic Nominative | Emphatic Accusative/Copula | Possessive |
| 1st Sing. ("I/me") | mé | mé | mise | mise | mo |
| 2nd Sing. ("you") | tú | thú | tusa | thusa | do |
| 3rd Sing. Masc. ("he/it") | sé | é | seisean | eisean |
| 3rd Sing. Fem. ("she/it") | sí | í |
| 1st. Pl. ("we/us") |
| 2nd. Pl. ("y'all") |
| 3rd. Pl. ("they/them") |

## Explanatory Notes
### General

Irish personal pronouns work much the same way as they do in English, with a few exceptions:
* Irish has no neutral pronoun equivalent to the English "it"; use the pronoun appropriate to the gender of the noun instead
* Unlike most dialects of English, Irish makes a distinction between the second person singular and second person plural
* Irish has a separate emphatic form used in certain situations
# Irish/Reference/Spelling and Pronunciation

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies
This page is part of the Wikibooks Irish Reference and Grammar, a comprehensive resource for information about the Irish language designed to complement the Wikibooks Irish course of study.
In each section below, follow the "Main page" link for more information.

## Writing and Speaking the Irish Language

Modern Irish can be intimidating to native English speakers because its spelling and pronunciation, while relatively regular compared to English, can be non-intuitive. This starts with the alphabet itself.

### The Irish Alphabet

Modern Irish is written with the Latin alphabet, just as English is. The major differences between the Irish and English are:
* Irish generally uses only 18 letters, rather than 26
* Irish vowels come in two forms, one of which is indicated by a sínead fada or acute accent.
Two older writing systems exist: Ogham, an early system of writing using marks carved in wood, bone, or stone, and Gaelic type, a modified form of Latin script still used in Ireland on some signs and other decorative contexts.

### Spelling

While the alphabet may be familiar, the spelling often is not. Irish spelling is confusing in part because it encodes grammatical information. Once you become accustomed to this, seeing a word starting with "bhfh-" will become a useful signpost rather than an intimidating challenge.

### Pronunciation

As with any language, there are sounds in Irish that are not found in English; some subtle and some more obvious.

### Dialects

In Irish, an additional consideration is that three major and many minor dialects of the language exist, which differ in some cases in pronunciation, vocabulary, and even grammar.
# Irish/Shared/Vocabulary List

* Template:Irish/Shared/Vocabulary List/aux

## Example

Template:Irish/Shared/Vocabulary list
# Irish/Reference/Spelling

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies

## Spelling

Irish words can look intimidating to the Irish learner. But in many cases, the "extra" letters you see in a word actually provide helpful information about the role a word plays in a sentence, or provide helpful reminders that you need to produce a sound not found in English.

### Broad and Slender

Each consonant letter in Irish can represent two different consonant sounds, called broad and slender. Although this phenomenon is common to most languages (viz English "cool", "calm" and "collected"), where the pronunciation of the consonant is determined by the preceding vowel, the Gaelic orthography is unique in mixing broad consonants with slender vowels and vice versa. In most languages, the preceding vowel decides whether a consonant is broad or narrow:
* A consonant preceded by the vowels a, o, or u is a broad consonant.
* A consonant preceded by i or e is described as slender.
In Irish, the convention has been developed to show on either side of a consonant, in cases of doubt, vowels which agree with each other so it is clear whether the consonant is broad or slender. One of these vowels (at least) will not be pronounced as a vowel, but merely shapes the following or preceding consonant.
In practice, this means that when a novice sees a word like "Lian", it's clear that the L is a slender consonant and the n a broad consonant, but you can't tell whether the vowel sound is an A and the letter I has been added just to show that the L is slender, or the vowel sound is an I and the A has been added to show that the N is broad. You must ask a native speaker, or use a dictionary showing IPA transcriptions.

### Caol le caol agus leathan le leathan

The golden rule for spelling in Irish, caol le caol agus leathan le leathan means slender with slender and broad with broad. The rule says that the vowels on either side of a consonant (or group of consonants) should agree; they should both be broad or both be slender. The rule is primarily used when you add an ending to a word (e.g., when conjugating a verb). To satisfy the rule you may need to add a vowel between the word and its ending. Note that there are a few common words (such as ansin and anseo) that do not satisfy this rule. However, the diphthong "ae" is considered broad, making words such as "Gaeltacht" and "aerfort" perfectly acceptable.
Example:
# Irish/Reference/Numbers

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies
Counting and using numbers in Irish is more complex than in some other languages. This page explains the different number systems used in Modern Irish and how to use them.

## Types of Numbers

Many languages, including English, use different numbering systems for different purposes. English has two: one used for cardinal numbers (one, two three) and one for ordinal numbers (first, second, third).
Irish has not two, but four different numbering systems. They are:

### Cardinal numbers (maoluimhreacha)

    Cardinal numbers in Irish are used only when the number is not modifying another noun; for example, when counting.

### Impersonal numbers (uimhreacha néamhphearsanta)

    Used as adjectives when the number is modifying something other than people

### Personal numbers (uimhreacha pearsanta)

    Used as an adjective when the number is modifying a noun representing a person or people

### Ordinal numbers (orduimhreacha)

    Used for indicating order or position, just as in English
Because the impersonal numbers (uimhreacha néamphearsanta) are usually the same as the cardinal numbers (maoluimhreacha), but without the numeral particle "a", these two systems are often lumped together as "cardinal numbers" when they are taught.

## Using Numbers

Unlike most Irish adjectives, when a number is used as an adjective in Irish it precedes the noun it modifies.

### The Number One

The number one is a special case in Irish.

## Table of Irish Numbers

| numeral | maoluimhreacha | u. néamhphearsanta | u. pearsanta | orduimhreacha | [multiple of 10] |
| 2 | a dó | dó | beirt | an dara | fiche |
| 3 | a trí | trí | tríúr | an triú | tríocha |
# Irish/Similar words in English and Irish

Similar Words in Irish and English (at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies) This page is a soft redirect.
# History of Historical Writing/Preface

History of Historical Writing
The following is a Wikibook textbook on the history and the development of historical writing. It consists of information compiled from various sources listed within the Bibliography by individuals like yourself.
A Wikibook can be edited by anyone who wants to expand the usability and correctness of the work, however, please do not contribute any works that you do not hold the copyright to. If you find that this textbook is incomplete, feel free to fill in the blanks.
See also: History, Historiography and List of historians on Wikipedia
# History of Hong Kong
## Table of Contents

* About this book
* Introduction
* Prehistoric times
** Stone Age
** Bronze Age
* Imperial years
** Qin to Southern Dynasty
** Tang and Southern Han
** Song and Yuan
** Ming and Qing
* Colonial days
** Early days
** 1860–1898
** New Territories taken
** The Revolution
* Modern age
** Educational reforms
** Political reforms
* Epilogue
* Appendices
** Index
** Glossary
** Bibliography
# History of video games/Platforms/GamePop series
## History

The GamePop and GamePop mini pursued an interesting economic model, where the device was distributed for free with a one year subscription to a service.

## Technology

The GamePop consoles were based on Android.

## References

* ↑ Iyer, Tarun (6 July 2013). "BlueStacks Launches Free Subscription-based Android Console" (in en). Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/BlueStacks-GamePop-Mini-Android-Console,23304.html.
* ↑ Parrish, Kevin (3 June 2013). "BlueStacks Android Console Will Cost $129" (in en). Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/BlueStacks-GamePop-OUYA-Jwlly-Bean-COM2US,22860.html.
* ↑ "Bluestacks Announces GamePop, A Free Gaming Console With A Monthly Subscription That Plays Mobile Games On Your TV". Android Police. 9 May 2013. https://www.androidpolice.com/2013/05/09/bluestacks-announces-gamepop-a-free-gaming-console-with-a-monthly-subscription-that-plays-mobile-games-on-your-tv/.
# History of video games/Platforms/GameKing
## History

The GameKing was released in either 2003 or 2004, and ceased production sometime after 2006.

## Technology

The GameKing I is powered by a 8-bit WDC 65C02 microprocessor clocked at 6 megahertz.

## Notable games

* Carlo Adventure Legend
* Duckman
* Trojan Legend

## Gallery

* GameKing II features design cues from the PSP.
* GameKing III (GM-221)
* GameKing III, actually significantly different then the other Gameking consoles.

## External Resources

* Video Game Kraken - Gameking page.
* Console Database - Gameking page.

## References

* ↑ Swift, James. "The World Of Retro Handheld Consoles – Through The Generations". Pure Gaming. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* ↑ "Gameking by Timetop – The Video Game Kraken". Retrieved 13 November 2020.
* ↑ "WDC 65C02". Wikipedia. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 "GameKing". Wikipedia. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
* ↑ "Time Top GameKing I (GM-218) [BINARIUM]". binarium.de. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Game & Watch: The Legend of Zelda
## History

The device was first unveiled to the public at the E3 Nintendo Direct in 2021.
The console was set for a release date of the 12th of November, 2021.

## Gallery

* Mainboard.
* Microcontroller.

## References

* ↑ Calvert, Darren (21 June 2021). "Where To Pre-Order Game & Watch: The Legend of Zelda". Nintendo Life. https://www.nintendolife.com/guides/where-to-pre-order-game-and-watch-the-legend-of-zelda.
* ↑ "Nintendo’s Zelda Game & Watch is so much better than the Mario one" (in en). Input. https://www.inputmag.com/gaming/nintendos-zelda-game-watch-is-so-much-better-than-the-mario-one.