OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Cell Signaling Pathways/G-Proteins and G-Protein Coupled Receptors/G-Protein/G-Protein

Coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a group of seven transmembrane proteins which bind signal molecules outside the cell, transduct the signal into the cell and finally cause a cellular response. The GPCRs work with the help of a G-Protein which binds to the energy rich GTP.
# Structural Biochemistry/Cell Signaling Pathways/Hormonal Signaling
## Hormonal Signaling

Hormone is an important signal molecule that is used by both]]]]
Hormonal signaling follows the following steps:
* Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular tissue
* Storage and secretion of the hormone
* Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s)
* Recognition of the hormone by an associated cell membrane or intracellular receptor protein.
* Relay and amplification of the received hormonal signal via a signal transduction process: This then leads to a cellular response. The reaction of the target cells may then be recognized by the original hormone-producing cells, leading to a down-regulation in hormone production. This is an example of a homeostatic negative feedback loop.
* Degradation of the hormone.

## Reference

Becker, Wayne M, et al. The World of the Cell. 7th ed. New York: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Print. http://www.news-medical.net/health/Hormones-as-a-Signal.aspx
# Radiation Oncology/Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasms (PEN)
* Uncommon tumors, incidence ~4/1,000,000
* Can be either functional or nonfunctional; common functional tumors include insulinoma and gastrinoma (giving rise to Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES))
* European Neuroendocrine Society suggests TNM staging and grade are predictive of tumor behavior
* Treatment for localized PENs is surgical resection or enucleation
* Lymph node status important prognostic factor, so LND should be considered, especially since tumor size does not correlate with LN status
* Low grade tumors have excellent long-term outcomes, 5-year OS >90%
* Intermediate grade tumors with LN+ or DM+ have 5-year OS ~58%
# Radiation Oncology/Peds/Brain tumors

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Pediatric Brain Tumors
* Craniopharyngioma
* Germ cell tumors
* Ependymoma
* Optic Pathway Glioma
* Pilocytic Astrocytoma
* Medulloblastoma
* CNS PNET
* Pineal Gland tumors
* Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT)
* Retinoblastoma
# Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/Squamous Cell

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
* Squamous cells not normally present in pancreas, so four theories have been proposed:
** Metaplasia of pancreatic ductal epithelium present during inflammation (eg during pancreatitis)
** Pluripotent progenitor cell capable of differentiating to adeno or squamous undergoes malignant transformation
** Pre-existing adenocarcinoma undergoes transformation to squamous cell
** Aberrant squamous cell undergoes malignant transformation
* Reported incidence between 0.005% (pure squamous) and 2% (adenosquamous) tumors of pancreatic tumors
* 61 cases reported in English literature (PMID 16208119)
** Mean age 62 years
** Presenting symptoms: abdominal or back pain, weight loss, anorexia
** Average tumor size 7.8 cm
** Equal distribution between head, body and tail
** Median survival: resected 7 months, non-resectable 3 months
* Given its rarity, it is important to exclude metastatic disease from elsewhere
* Enhances on triphasic contrast CT
* Consider gemcitabine-based chemotherapy

## Adenosquamous carcinoma

* PMID 10367867, 1999 — "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas." (Madura JA. Arch Surg. 1999 Jun;134(6):599-603.)
** Retrospective review of 6 patients
** Approximately 4% of all pancreatic neoplasms (only 134 cases reported at the time of publication - 1999)
** Discussion states positive Ca 19-9, ST 439, keratin staining
** Survival = 5.4 +/- 4 months
# Radiation Oncology/Pancreas/Staging

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Pancreatic Cancer Staging
AJCC 7th Edition (2010)
Primary Tumor:
* T1 - confined to pancreas, 2 cm or less
* T2 - confined to pancreas, > 2 cm
* T3 - extends beyond pancreas
* T4 - invades SMA or celiac axis (unresectable primary tumor)
Regional Lymph Nodes:
* N0 - no
* N1 - yes
* NX - regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

## Note 1

    Histopathological assessment of minimum 12 regional lymph nodes is recommended. However, in cases where surgery results in examination of less than the ideal minimum number, N staging is performed if at least one node has been examined.

## Note 2

    Direct extension of primary tumor into regional node is classified as node positive.
Distant Metastases:
* M0 - none
* M1 - yes
Stage Grouping:
* IA - T1 N0
* IB - T2 N0
* IIA - T3 N0
* IIB - T1-3 N1
* III - T4 Any N
* IV - M1
Changes from the 6th Edition:
* Now staging includes neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas (including carcinoid)
* No changes in TNM or Overall Stage
Instead of using the AJCC staging system, many simply divide pancreatic cancer into resectable, unresectable, and metastatic.

## Older staging systems

AJCC 6th Edition (2002)
* Same as AJCC 7th Edition for TNM
* Excluded neuroendocrine tumors
# Radiation Oncology/Peds

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Pediatric Maligancies
* Brain Tumors
** Craniopharyngioma
** Germ cell tumors
** Ependymoma
** Medulloblastoma
** Optic Pathway Glioma
** Pilocytic Astrocytoma
** CNS PNET
** Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor
* Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
* Neuroblastoma
* Rhabdomyosarcoma
* Hepatoblastoma
* Retinoblastoma
* Ewing's sarcoma
* Bone PNET
* Pediatric Hodgkin's
* Burkitt's Lymphoma
* Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Review
# Radiation Oncology/Prostate

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
* Staging
* Official Guidelines
* Prostate Overview
* Screening and prevention
* Workup
* PSA
* Natural History: Watchful Waiting and Active Surveillance
* Localized Prostate Cancer
* Radical Prostatectomy
* Cryotherapy
* Adjuvant RT
* Androgen Suppression Therapy
* Node Positive Prostate Cancer
* Advanced disease
* Chemotherapy in Advanced Disease
* Salvage RT
* Treatment of recurrence after RT
RT Techniques:
* Anatomy & Target Definition
* External Beam RT
** Dose Escalation
** Hypofractionation
** IMRT
* Brachytherapy
* Proton Therapy
* Toxicity
** Rectum
** Bladder
** Erectile dysfunction
# Radiation Oncology/Pilocytic Astrocytoma

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Pilocytic Astrocytoma

## Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma

* WHO Grade I tumors
* Well-circumscribed, enhancing lesions typically located in the cerebellum; many are Optic Pathway Gliomas
* Surgical resection alone results in favorable outcome, with 10-year OS >80%

### Proton Therapy

* Loma Linda; 2002 (1991-1997) PMID 11977386 -- "Conformal proton radiation therapy for pediatric low-grade astrocytomas." (Hug EB, Strahlenther Onkol. 2002 Jan;178(1):10-7.)
** Retrospective. 27 patients, progressive or recurrent low-grade astrocytoma. Fractionated proton therapy 50.4-63 CGE in 1.8 CGE/fx. Mean F/U 3.3 years
** Outcome: LC 78%, OS 85%
** Toxicity: well tolerated; Moyamoya disease in one child with NF1; 6 patients with optic pathway tumors maintained/improved their vision
** Conclusion: Proton RT is safe and efficacious; longer term follow-up needed

## Adult Pilocytic Astrocytoma

* Uncommon
* Clinical presentation includes visual disturbances, seizures, and headaches. Papilledema common
* Favorable prognosis both in terms of survival and neurologic function
* Most remain stable after resection (gross or subtotal) only, and need no adjuvant RT with close follow-up
* It may be reasonable to offer RT in unresectable disease, especially if causing neurologic symptoms
* 10 year OS 95%
* Intergroup NCCTG/RTOG (1986-1994)
** Prospective. 20 adults with supratentorial pilocytic astrocytoma. If gross total (n=11) or subtotal (n=6) resection, observation. If biopsy only (n=3), RT 50.4 Gy to 2-cm edema margin
** 10 years; 2004 PMID 15001258 -- "Adult patients with supratentorial pilocytic astrocytomas: a prospective multicenter clinical trial." (Brown PD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 15;58(4):1153-60.) Median F/U 10 years
*** 10-year outcome: 95% alive. 1 patient died of unknown cause 2.1 years after enrollment; 1 patient progressed 1 month after enrollment and was salvaged with P-32 followed 1.5 years later by RT, now without evidence of progression at 9 years
*** Conclusion: Favorable prognosis; don't need RT after gross total or subtotal resection
# Radiation Oncology/Primary Cardiac Tumor

* First described case of a primary cardiac tumor was by Albers in 1835
* Approximately 75% of primary tumors of the heart are benign
** Atrial myxoma (about 50%)
** Lipoma (about 10%)
** Papillary fibroelastoma (about 10%)
** Rhabdomyoma (about 10%)
** Fibroma (about 10%)
** Hemangioma
** Teratoma
** Cystic atrioventricular node tumor
* Malignant primary tumors constitute the remaining 25% of cardiac neoplasms
** Primary malignancies of the myocardium: sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphoma, melanoma, and carcinoma
** Primary malignant tumors of the pericardium: mesothelioma, fibrosarcoma, angiosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and teratoma
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Four 4s Equal.../Solution

Solution to Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Four 4s Equal...

## 1

${\frac {4+4}{4+4}}$

## 2

${\frac {4}{4}}+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 3

${\frac {4+4+4}{4}}$

## 4

${\frac {4-4}{4}}+4$

## 5

${\frac {4\times 4+4}{4}}$

## 6

${\frac {4+4}{4}}+4$

## 7

$4+4-{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 8

$4+4+4-4\,\!$

## 9

$4+4+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 10

$4\times 4-{\frac {4!}{4}}$

## 11

$4^{2}-4-{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 12

$4+4+{\frac {4^{2}}{4}}$

## 13

$4^{2}-4+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 14

$4^{2}-{\frac {4+4}{4}}$

## 15

$4\times 4-{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 16

$4\times 4+4-4\,\!$

## 17

$4\times 4+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 18

$4^{2}+{\frac {4+4}{4}}$

## 19

$4^{2}+4-{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 20

$4\times \left(4+{\frac {4}{4}}\right)$

## 21

$4^{2}+4+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 22

$4!-{\frac {4+4}{4}}$

## 23

$4!-{\frac {4^{2}}{4\times 4}}$

## 24

$4\times 4+4+4\,\!$

## 25

$4!+{\frac {4^{2}}{4\times 4}}$

## 26

$4!+{\frac {4+4}{4}}$

## 27

$4!+4-{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 28

$4!+4+4-4\,\!$

## 29

$4!+4+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 30

$4!+{\frac {4\times 4!}{4^{2}}}$

## 31

$4^{2}+4^{2}-{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 32

$4\times 4+4\times 4\,\!$

## 33

$4^{2}+4^{2}+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 34

$4!+4+{\frac {4!}{4}}$

## 35

$\left({\frac {4!}{4}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 36

$\left({\frac {4!}{4}}\right)^{2}+4-4$

## 37

$\left({\frac {4!}{4}}\right)^{2}+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 38

$4^{2}+4^{2}+{\frac {4!}{4}}$

## 39

$4!+4^{2}-{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 40

$4!+4^{2}+4-4\,\!$

## 41

$4!+4^{2}+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 42

$4!+4!-{\frac {4!}{4}}$

## 43

$44-{\frac {4}{4}}$
* This is the only solution that requires 44$_{10}$

## 44

$4!+4!-{\frac {4^{2}}{4}}$

## 45

$\left({\frac {4!+4}{4}}\right)^{2}-4$

## 46

$4!+4^{2}+{\frac {4!}{4}}$

## 47

$4!+4!-{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 48

$4!+4!+4-4\,\!$

## 49

$4!+4!+{\frac {4}{4}}$

## 50

${\frac {(4!-4)^{2}}{4+4}}$
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles

* Two 4s Equal 64?
* Four 4s Equal...
* Three Daughters
* Eggs to Market
* Digits of the Square
* Luxury Cars
* Hotel Refund
* Logarithms Puzzle
* Guess my Number

## Rule of three

* Hens and Eggs
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Eggs to Market

A farmer placed his eggs into the back of his pickup truck and headed to town to take them to market.
On the way to the market he encounterd a toll gate and did not have any money. So, the farmer gave the toll keeper half of his eggs plus half an egg. The farmer drove on and arrived at a second toll gate and again having no money gave that toll keeper half his eggs plus half an egg. The farmers next stop was the market.
When he arrived at the market he had one egg left. How many eggs did the farmer have when he left his farm?
For the Egg-zact answer: solution
Submitted by Jean Junker
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Eggs to Market/Solution

He started with 7 eggs. How?
See Below:
At the market the farmer had 1 egg.
Working backward from toll gate two, the only way that could happen is by giving up half his eggs plus half an egg (dividing 3 into half to get 1.5 plus .5 to give up 2 eggs, leaving 1 egg).
Again working backward from toll gate one, the only way that could happen is by giving up half his eggs plus half an egg (dividing 7 into half to get 3.5 plus .5 to give up 4 eggs, leaving 3 eggs).
So, the farmer left the farm with 7 eggs!
(this proof is contributed by Pankaj Kumar)
Mathematical proof:
To calculate exact value of eggs, lets back-track;
At market, farmer has 1 egg.
Lets assume, farmer has x eggs before passing Toll-Gate2 (before paying half eggs and an half egg)
Total eggs paid at Toll-Gate2 will be :
gate2 = ( (x/2) + (1/2) )
After passing, he is left with 1 egg .
Which gives,
Replacing gate2
So, before passing Toll-Gate2 farmer has 3 eggs.
Now, assume before passing Toll-Gate1 farmer has y eggs ( at initial stage he as this many eggs)
Total eggs paid at Toll-Gate1 will be :
After passing, he is left with 3 egg .
Which gives,
Replacing gate1
So, the farmer left the farm with 7 eggs!
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Guess my Number

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Guess My Number
I’m thinking of a 6-digit number. The sum of the digits is 43. And only two of the following three statements about the number are true: (1) it’s a square number. (2) it’s a cube number, and (3) the number is under 500000.
solution
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Guess my Number/Solution

Only Statements 1 and 3 are true. the number is 499849. 707^2 = 499849 499849<500000
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Digits of the Square

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Digits of the square
There is one four-digit whole number n, such that the last four digits of n² are in fact the original number n.
What is it?
solution
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Four 4s Equal...

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Four 4's equal...
Use exactly four 4's to form every integer from 1 to 50, using only the operators '$+$', '$-$', '$\times$', '$/$', '' (brackets) $x^{2}$ (square), and '!' (factorial). The square and factorial operators should be used as sparingly as possible. If 44 (which is 4 x 10 + 4) can be avoided, avoid it. In this version of the problem, the square root operator is not allowed.
solution
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Hens and Eggs

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles
If $1{\frac {1}{2}}$ hens lay $1{\frac {1}{2}}$ eggs in $1{\frac {1}{2}}$ days, how many eggs does one hen lay in one day?
solution
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Digits of the Square/Solution

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Digits of the Square | Solution
Looking at the last digit, the last digit must be either 0, 1, 5 or 6.
Then looking at the last two digits, the last two digits must be either 00, 01, 25 or 76.
Then looking at the last three digits, the last three digits must be either 000, 001, 625 or 376.
Then looking at the last four digits, the last four digits must be either 0000, 0001, 0625 or 9376.
Out of those, only 9376 is a 4 digit number.
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE for decimal values.
DECIMAL? is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: any-type)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE for date values.
DATE? is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: any-type)
# DESCRIPTION:

(undocumented)
DBUG is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* msg -- (Type: block any-string)
# DESCRIPTION:

Descrambles the string scrambled by encloak.
DECLOAK is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* data -- String to descramble (modified) (Type: any-string)
* key -- Key to use (Type: any-string)

# REFINEMENTS

* /with -- Use key as-is (for speed, no hashing)
# DESCRIPTION:

Converts CVS date.
CVS-DATE is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* date -- (Type: any)
# Rebol Programming/cyan

CYAN is a tuple of value: 0.255.255
# DESCRIPTION:

Converts a string from a different base representation to binary.
DEBASE is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- The string to convert (Type: any-string)

# REFINEMENTS

* /base -- Allow a selection of a different base for conversion
** base-value -- The base to convert from: 64, 16, or 2 (Type: any)
# DESCRIPTION:

Converts CVS version number.
CVS-VERSION is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* str -- (Type: any)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE for datatype values.
DATATYPE? is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: any-type)
# Rebol Programming/datatypes

DATATYPES is a block of value:
# QBasic/Advanced Text Output
## Cursor manipulation

As you try to write your text editor, you may realize that you will need to place the cursor in a given location on the screen. This is performed using the LOCATE statement.

## Color

To change the current printing color, use the COLOR statement.
This can be used for title or status bars at the bottom.

## Formatted printing

The PRINT USING statement allows you to output strings or numbers in a specified format. With this statement, you can write numbers out to specified decimal places or perform advanced output.
The most common format specifiers would be # and ., which reserve space for digits and decimal points respectively. You may also use the underscore to ensure that a given character is printed literally.
Note: PRINT USING is unable to add leading zeros to a number. E.g., if you specify 3 digits (###), a two digit number will be output with leading spaces.

## Text animation

You require some time before doing a certain procedure. It is generally better to make an animation during the process which shows that the program has not hanged, but is going on. Why make that out of very complicated graphics? Use this: <syntaxhighlight lang = QBasic> SUB TEXT_ANIM
END SUB </SOURCE> The program uses INKEY$, which you have not learnt yet, and SLEEP and DO...LOOP, which also you have not learnt. For more information, refer to Flow Control and Appendix.
# QBasic/Code Snippets
## Example 2

The following code illustrates some of the structured programming features of QBasic, such as Sub-routines and functions, and loops, and some of the QBasic graphics capabilities.

## Credit

Taken from Wikipedia
# QBasic/Authors

The authors of this work are:
Faraaz Damji (Frazzydee) Adam Colton Gareth Richardson (Grich) Debanshu Das
# QBasic/Arrays and Types
## Built-in Types

QBasic has five built-in types: INTEGER (%), LONG(&) integer, SINGLE(!) float, DOUBLE(#) float and STRING($). QB64 has two more built-in types: _INTEGER64 (&&) and _FLOAT (##)
Implicit declaration is by adding the type character to the end of the variable name (%, &, !, #, $, &&, ##). See QBasic/Basic math for more.
Explict declaration is by using the DIM statement before first use:
If you do not use either implicit or explicit declaration, QBASIC interpreter assumes SINGLE type.

## User-defined type

A user defined type allows you to create your own data structures. Please note that custom types are similar to arrays.
You can then declare variables under this type, and access them:
This above example shows how a custom type can be used for maintaining data, say on a player who plays a game.

## Array

An array is a collection of values stored in a single variable. A STRING is an array of characters (so, for example, char$(1) means 1st character in string char$). Arrays of numbers should be defined using the DIM instruction (unless you DIM them, they are limited to 10 elements on each dimension).
By default, arrays in QBasic are static in size and cannot be changed later in the program. Code that will set up this type of array is as follows:
TYPE can be any of the built in QBasic (INTEGER, LONG, SINGLE, DOUBLE, STRING) or user-defined type. If this is not specified, the array takes the Type defined by the variable name suffix - INTEGER (%), LONG(&) integer, SINGLE(!) float, DOUBLE(#), STRING($) - or INTEGER if none.
WARNING: If your data Type is string, DIM string(10) defines a SINGLE string of 10 characters, NOT 10 strings of arbitary length ! (10 strings of up to 128 chars each would be defined as DIM string(10,128)
By issuing the Meta Command '$DYNAMIC at the beginning of your program you can cause your arrays to be dynamic:
This is now perfectly legal code.
To free up space occupied by an array, use the ERASE statement.

## Multidimensional array

An array isn't restricted to one dimension - it's possible to declare an array to accept two parameters in order to represent a grid of values.
You cannot use the REDIM statement to change the number of dimensions on the array, even with dynamic allocation.

## Non-zero base

In most languages, arrays start at the value 0, and count up. In basic, it's possible to index arrays so that they start at any value, and finish at any other value.
You can change the default lower bound with the OPTION BASE statement.
# QBasic/Basic Input

The INPUT command is used to gather input from the user. This section will attempt to teach you how to gather input upon request from the user. For real-time input, see QBasic/Advanced Input.
Here is the syntax of the input command:
or
Example:
or
When a semicolon (;) is used after the text output to the user, a question mark (?) and space ( ) are added to the output. When a comma (,) is used, no question mark is added.
If a string is specified (e.g., 'name$'), anything the user enters before pressing the 'return' key will be accepted.
If a numeric variable (e.g., 'age') is specified, the user must enter a number. If any non-numeric key is entered, the error message "Redo from start" will be output and the INPUT command rerun.

## 6INPUT.BAS

Please note: In the PRINT command, the (;) function concatenates (joins) the contents of the string variables with the text between the quotes (" "). Note the use of spaces so that the final printed text reads properly.
If a numerical variable is specified within the PRINT command, additional space is automatically added both before and after the number.
See also: LINE INPUT command to read a line of text from a file (and place the result in a string variable) or to input a series of variables (in which case any comma found will be treated as a delimiter between fields).

## INPUT # and LINE INPUT

INPUT # uses an open file stream to collect data from the file itself. The file may be a data file, a bitmap, or a text file. The syntax is:
LINE INPUT is used to collect an entire line of a text file. Syntax:
WARNING: If input is taken beyond the file end, the error : "Input past end of file " is issued. You can use LOF and EOF functions to prevent errors. (LOF stands for LENGTH OF FILE while EOF stands for END OF FILE)
# QBasic/Advanced Maths
## Complex mathematical functions

There are a few trigonometrical operations in QBasic such as:
Most of the other complex calculations do not have appropriate functions in QBasic and hence you have to use functions and make them yourselves.
Some examples taken from the QB64 IDE help page.