OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Computer Revolution/Computer Related Injuries and Ergonomics

When thinking about computers in health care, the first things that come to mind are usually the positive benefits of electronic patient charts and speedy prescription delivery. But there are some disadvantages to being around computers all day. Repetitive stress injuries are injuries in which hand, wrist, shoulder, or neck pain is caused by performing the same physical movements over and over again. So by using the computers keyboard at the inappropriate angle or using the wrong technique will cause RSI’s or carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a painful and crippling condition affecting the hands and wrists. A computer users eyes can also be affected and they could develop something called computer vision syndrome. Some common symptoms of CVS are eyestrain or fatigue, dry eyes, burning eyes, light sensitivity, blurred vision, headaches, and pain in the shoulders neck and back. All of these problems can be alleviated by the correct use of ergonomics. Ergonomics is the science of fitting a work environment to the people who work there. For instance, to prevent RSI’s, the computer user should make sure the computer and wrists are held at the right angle to prevent injuries. They should also take breaks from working on the computer and do wrist, hand, neck and back exercises. CVS injuries can be prevented by taking frequent breaks form looking at a computer screen.
Computers in a medical field area such as Nursing, is now a much needed device. Most hospitals are up and running off of computers that help nurses and doctors enter patient history. Because there is such a need, there are now requirements that have been set forth by OSHA to protect medical staff. The irony of working in a hospital, is that the staff may also be the patient. In such cases where this may occur do to a computer related injury for example are carpal tunnel syndrome and back issues. Standards have been put into place to ease into proper usage of computer based hardware. OSHA requires that all medical staff have training for usage of hardware such as computers that will fit in the field with proper body alignment. OSHA has a software based training option that will teach medical staff for proper ergonomics. OSHA also has specific rights for an employee. According to The Online Journal of Nursing Informatics, the following rights were created specifically for nurses and medical staff.
1) the right number of computers
2) available at the right locations
3) viewable at the right height
4) with the right size monitor
5) set to the right resolution
Elkind, E., Finley, M. & Narloch, R. (October, 2008). Ergonomics for the Placement of Computers on a Nursing Unit. Online Journal of Nursing Informatics (OJNI), 12, (2).
# The Computer Revolution/Computer Graphics/PDF

PDF stands for Portable Document Format. It is owned and sold by Adobe and the program that makes Adobe PDF's are acrobat writer and the writer reads and opens the files as well. If you do not wish to purchase the adobe acrobat writer you can just download the acrobat reader. Which is free. .pdf is the extension name of PDF documents. They have undoubdtedly solved numerous problems in the computer history. PDF files are a generic file which holds embedded fonts and shows the document on other screens exactly how the file was originally built and looks like. PDF files can be used if someone wants to combine excel reports to word files, to engineering cad pictures, to photoalbums, to printable files, etc.
PDF files have eased the problems faced by the printing industry because the issue of Pantone (spot) colours or font issues don't exist. An example problem illustrates the advantages of a PDF. For example a customer designs a file in Microsoft Word and uses the font Helvetica LT. to design the document. The customer wants 5000 copies printed of the word document that he'she digitally provides a printshop. If the print shop does not have the helvetica font in the system then Microsoft Word automatically substitutes the helvetica font with another font of its choice. Now because the properties of the font change, the formatting changes and the information goes off the page. Now supposing the font "helvetica" was a corporate font for brand identity purposes. The print shop could look at the file and say everything looks good without the knowledge of a font error and print 5000 sheets of paper in error.
What PDF does is that it retains the font that it was designed in, only when you import the PDF into another design software such as illustrator or Corel or Photoshop then these design software will tell you the font is missing and do you want the software to substitute. The print shop would have used the pdf and printed it, there would be no errors.
You are able to turn any sort of document or graphic that starts out as editable to a pdf. In Windows, you must install a pdf printer and then when you are ready to save the file as a pdf you simply press print as if you were going to print it. Instead of using an external printer you choose the pdf printer and print to that. It will then prompt you to rename that file and the destination of where you want to save it. The same is true with Mac OS, the only difference is that you do not have to install a pdf printer, instead you have an option at the bottom of saving any file that says pdf and then gives similar prompts to that in Windows.
# The Computer Revolution/Computer Graphics/PDF Plugins

Two of the advanced plug-ins for Adobe Acrobat Reader are.
* Pit Stop
* Quite Imposing
These plugins used Adobe Acrobat allow you to make amendments to the PDF. These are more beneficial for Printing. For example. Suppose a graphic designer designed a flyer size 8.5 x 11 in Quark Express and the graphic designer is sending the file on behalf of the customer to get 2000 flyers printed. Suppose the printshop does not have the expensive quark express. If he makes a PDF and sends it to the printer then the printer has to print it single up on a sheet of 8.5 x 11. However it is cost beneficial if the 8.5x 11 flyer is printed 2 up on an 11 x 17 sheet. The Pdf designed 1 up on a sheet will not work and it has to duplicated on the file on a larger sheet. Adobe acrobat does not allow you the option of doing so but The quite imposing plug in for Acrobat Does. You can hit the step and repeat option and duplicate the page on a sheet. This plug in has been extremely effective for printing complex designs with links, exclusive fonts, bleeds, etc.
Another benefit of this plug-in is booklet making. Booklet Making is a much more complex idea then most designers perceive. I understand this as I have done it manually as well. Quite imposing allows you to make a booklet out of single facing pages into a saddle stitched booklet or a perfect bound booklet. This feature saves time, money, and a lot of hassle.
Pit Stop on the other hand allows you to change the information. It is intriguing how file designed in a software that you don't have can be manipulated in the PDF document. You can change features such as colour modes from CMYK to RGB, colour hues, saturation, editing text, etc.
These plug-ins enhance the usage of PDF documents predominately benefiting the Printing and Publishing Industry in Information Technology.
# The Computer Revolution/Computer Graphics/Paint

The most basic of computer graphics programs. This program is designed to be simple to use for users of the earliest age and has also been with Microsoft Windows from the earliest age. Paint is able to create image and saves them as .BMP (bitmap), .JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) .GIF (Graphic Interchange Format), .PNG (Portable Network Graphics) or .TIFF (Tagged Image File Format). Each format differs in the quality, some can have a high color depth images, such as a JPEG, or an 8 bit per pixel like the GIF format. For color photographs more people choose a JPEG format over GIF due to its quality.
Paint comes with the following options: free-form cut, 4 sides cut, an eraser that varies in 4 different sizes, a fill function, a tool to pick an existing color on your picture and replicate it, pencil, a brush, text, lines, zoom and 4 different shapes.
There is a menu function in Paint that can take and image and flip it, sketch it, invert the colors and more. There is also a choice for you to change your colors under the colors menu. You can choose new colors or different grades of existing colors.
As primitive as Paint is compared to all the computer graphics programs out there, paint is an excellent program to use for basic art such as pixel artists, or oekaki, which is Japanese for "to doodle".
Throughout the years paint has expanded its functions since the first Microsoft Paint and hopefully Microsoft will keep expanding and making it easier, but more challenging functions for those who wish to continue using it.
# The Computer Revolution/Computer Graphics/Print Merge

Print Merge – Variable Data Printing Using Corel
This option in Corel Draw allows you to save a lot of time and money It has revolutionized the printing and graphic arts industry. The prime application for variable data printing will be numbering or mail merge. Mail merge can be done using Microsoft word mail merge wizard using an excel sheet with the receivers addresses.
* Numbering, an example would be of tickets. Let us assume a customer wants to print tickets like the tickets sold by ticketmaster. They are about 1.5” x 8” with number on two sides of the ticket stub. One part that is torn away and given to the attendee and one for record. If this has to be manually numbered then it would take quite a while and a completely different process, but if the quantity was just 500 the customers pays a lot for numbering that doesn’t quite value the tickets since they will be thrown away anyway.
* First layout all the tickets on the page that have to be printed. Calculate the number of sheets required. Example 500 tickets 16 on a sheet and a total print of 32 sheets
* The way to do numbering on Corel is to click on print merge.>click new> add new enter values from 1-32 then 32-64 then 64-96 > click “ADD” keep adding all the way until your numbering sets will add to 16(number up on a sheet). Make sure “auto increment” is off then Click >next> You will see a spreadsheet that shows the records click next and save the .txt document in the same folder as the design file.
* No click on the pointer tool on the side and click where you want to place the numbering, which will be twice on the ticket, then click on the next set on the tool bar “32-42” and then add it on the ticket.
* After you have successfully added all the numbers DO NOT PRINT, first close down other programs as print merge takes a lot of virtual memory, clean the RIP or print queue or the printer and then click >Print Merge> NOT FILE> PRINT
# Introduction

Juvenile hormone is a compound that is used to control the development of insects. Hence, it helps to prevent insect-borne diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and West Nile virus.

# Uses and Properties

Juvenile hormone or JH is produced by the male silk moth called Hyalophora cecropia L. Once insects are infected with JH, it will create metamorphosis in insects which prevents insects from producing eggs. Hence, JH can help to control the diseases. Scientists then have created synthetic and isolated natural JH. Substances of JH are then produced in the labs and it allows the production of a more stable and bioactive substances. Other synthetic compound such as methoprene also help to prevent insect-borne diseases. It is so much more bioactive than JH that it can attack mosquitoes, fleas, and ants. Methoprene does not kill the insects themselves, but the substance kills the insect's eggs before they reach their adulthood. Therefore, methoprene and JH are used to prevent insects from developing and spreading their diseases.

# Reference

Vollhardt, Peter. Schore, Neil. Organic Chemistry 6th Edition. W.H Freeman and Company. New York. 2011
# Structural Biochemistry/Lactose Intolerance

Lactose Intolerance, commonly known as milk intolerance or dairy product intolerance, is an inability to digest lactose in small intestines. Lactose, a type of disaccharides sugar consisting of galactose bound to glucose, is commonly found in milk and other dairy products. The absorption necessitates the hydrolysis of lactose to it's components by the enzyme lactase. This is the enzyme not present or the absorption does not occur correctly in those with lactose intolerance.
Cause Lactose intolerance is very common among people. The cause is the deficiency of lactase and it is because of both genetic and environmental induced factors
Symptoms
* Diarrhea
* Flatulence
* Abdominal bloating
* Abdominal cramps
* Nausea
Dairy products If one has diagnose with lactose intolerance, it is better to not eat dairy food. Here is a list of common dairy food that should be avoided:
* Milk
* Butter
* Cheese
* Casein
* Yogurt
* Gelato
* Ice Cream
Management The main strategy employed by those with lactose intolerance is to restrict their diet by not consuming products containing dairy. This can be harmful for it can lead to a diet without the recommended daily dose of calcium, though this can be easily supplemented. Symptoms can be slightly reduced when dairy is taken in with other nutrients.
Reference
* 1 2 Timothy J. Wilt, et al. "Systematic Review: Effective Management Strategies For Lactose Intolerance." Annals Of Internal Medicine 152.12 (2010): 797-803.
* ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001321/
# Structural Biochemistry/Kinase/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are protein kinases that regulate the cell cycle, transcription, and processing of mRNA. In order for them to function at all, these kinases bind to proteins called cyclins. These kinases phosphorylate their substrates on serines and threonines.

## Evolution

Research has shown that cyclin-dependent kinases can be found throughout all eukaryotic cells. This was found by substituting human cyclin-dependent kinases into the corresponding kinases in yeast. Although it seemed doubtful due to the long evolution divergence between humans and yeast, it was found that yeast colonies still grew after promoting a human library into fission yeast and many transformations. The growth of these colonies greatly showed that the cell cycle was regulated the same way in human cells and in yeast, and thus all eukaryotic cells as well. This also led to show that model organisms, such as yeast, can be used to study issues in humans, such as diseases.

## CDK2

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 are kinases found in homo sapiens (humans).

### Functions

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is regulated by cyclin E and cyclin A and only functions during the G1-S phase of the cell cycle. It is important for the G1/S transition in that cyclin E binds to CDK2, which is needed for when G1 transitions to the S phase, while cyclin A then binds to CDK2 to complete the transition.

### Structure

Solving this kinase’s structure in 1993 showed that the activation site slightly blocks the binding site for ATP. Kinases typically have two lobes, and in this particular structure, the two lobes were in a closed conformation, and its C-helix was in the wrong direction that encourages binding with the triphosphate segment of ATP.

## Reference

"Structural Basis for Control by Phosphorylation." Chemical Reviews. 06 Dec. 2012. Web. 06 Dec. 2012. <http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cr000225s>
"Finding CDK: Linking yeast with humans." Nature Cell Biology. 06 Dec. 2012. Web. 06 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v14/n8/full/ncb2547.html>
# Structural Biochemistry/Lactose Inolerance
### Lactose Intolerance

Just as any other organ system, the digestive system remains susceptible to diseases such as Lactose Intolerance. Individuals who are diagnosed with Lactose Intolerance experience the inability to effectively digest lactose, a carbohydrate often found in dairy products such as milk, cheese, ice cream, and cream cheese. The inability to digest lactose is due to the lack of an enzyme called lactase in which its production is found in cells within the small intestine. For a normal individual without Lactose Intolerance, the enzyme lactase would break down the carbohydrate lactose. If someone diagnosed with Lactose Intolerance were to have any dairy product such as the ones stated above in their system, various problematic digestive system symptoms may soon result such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, flatulence, and nausea. However, there are actually some individuals with Lactose Intolerance who can consume an adequate amount of dairy products without experiencing harsh symptoms. Generally, the effects of these symptoms possess mild to severe extremities solely based on the amount of lactose digested as well as the individual’s particular lactose tolerance.
Lactose intolerance may be diagnosed by two common tests: Hydrogen Breath Test and Stool Acidity Test. In Hydrogen Breath test, the patient drinks a large dose of milk and their breath is analyzed regularly to check the amount of hydrogen. Usually, people have very little hydrogen in their breath. However, those with lactose intolerance will have high levels of hydrogen due to the undigested lactose. The accuracy of this test may be affected by smoking. The second method of detecting lactose intolerance, Stool Acidity Test, is primarily used for infants and young children. If lactic acid and glucose are present, it may be determined that the child has lactose intolerance.
Many people are concerned about their calcium intake if they are lactose intolerant. Some foods with high calcium contents are rhubarb, sardines, spinach, salmon, and soy milk.

### References

* ↑ , "National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC)." Lactose Intolerance. N.p., 23 Apr. 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.
# Video Production/Lesson DVDs with subtitles

What we want:
A Dvd with one / more language subtitles.

### What we need:

We need to the following resources...
* Video Files [mpeg2]
* Subtitle File[s] - these come in many different formats
* Title screen to choose su=title track
How to prepare the resources
# Video Production/Mick Fuzz's notes on Windows & Mac platforms and Free Software solutions
### Windows
#### Encoding for Internet / DVD

* Virtual Dub Mod encoder for Avi Files - Open source -
* Goridan Knot Open source - Create avi from DVD's
* Quicktime Pro - proprietry - create mp4 files
* Windows Media Encoder - free with valid xp licence / crack - Making WMV files
* Matroska http://www.bunkus.org/videotools/mkvtoolnix/ creating files with multiple subtitle files

#### Making Subtitles

* Subtitle Workshop -Freeware
* Subtitle Creator - GNU http://sourceforge.net/projects/subtitlecreator/

#### Other Processing
### Mac
#### Encoding for Internet

Quick Time Pro
# Video Production/Rss editor for win
## Create an RSS feed with RSS editor [windows only]

For this we will be using “RSSeditor”. Start by filling in the information required in the “Settings” tab.
* Basic Information
Title : Enter the name of your feed here. If you have a website that contains information which is summarized in the RSS feed, the title of the feed should be similar to the title of your website.
Link: The URL which leads to the website corresponding with this feed
Description: A short phrase or sentence describing the content of your feed
* Feed Image (optional)
URL: Enter the complete URL of a GIF, JPEG or PNG image that represents the channel. This image will be displayed by most RSS readers. Link: If used, this should be the same as your feed link
Title: If used this should be the same as your feed title
* Additional feed information
The language of your channel. RSS readers and aggregators use this information to group feeds by language. Allowed values are e.g. en, fr, es, de... English is en
Category: Here you can specify one or more categories that the channel belongs to.
TTL: Time To Live - Here you can enter the number of minutes this feed should live. This is the amount of time that RSS readers and aggregators will cache (store) your feed before they come back and refresh from your XML source file.
Number of entries: How many entries should be exported into the XML file? Always the youngest entries are used.
The Content tab is for details of which MP3s will be included in the feed. Use “New Entry” to add another MP3.
Title: The name of the MP3 Link: The URL address of where the MP3 is saved.
Ensure that there are no spaces or punctuation in the filenames of your MP3s before they are uploaded as this can cause problems.
Once an MP3 is added click Edit Enclosure. This will allow RSSeditor to generate the filesize and length required to be inserted into the RSS feed. Click Check URL, once it has detected the details of the file click OK.
FTP settings tab
Complete the FTP settings from the information that was emailed to you.
* Local RSS File: This is the local file that will be transferred to your server. This field is filled automatically as soon as you load a feed and choose “Generate RSS File”.
* FTP Server: This is the address of our icecast server and is included in the FTP information emailed to you after sign-up.
* Remote Directory: If you haven’t created any sub-folders in your account on the icecast server then “Remote Directory” will be blank, if not it will be where you have placed the MP3s.
* FTP Username and Password: These details were emailed to you on sign-up.
* Ensure the “Passive FTP” box is ticked and click “Upload File”.
You should now get a “Successful upload” message. Save your RSS feed configuration for later editing. If you would like to, you can now open up SmartFTP and check that in addition to your uploaded MP3s there is also the RSS feed file.
# Video Production/Subscribing to a Podcast in Itunes

Itunes is an application created by the Apple corporation for playing your audio and video files. A lot of people have it as now comes together with Quicktime Player.
You need to copy the address of the podcast feed. This is normally done by right-clicking the podcast / rss image (known as a chicklet) and selecting "copy link location"
To subscribe go to the Advanced Menu and Select Subscribe to Podcast
Then paste in the Feed address
The podcast channel should then appear in your podcasts section. You can set itunes to automatically download new content or you can set the settings so you click on each video / audio file to download each one.
# Video Production/Subscribing to a Podcast in Democracy Player

To subscribe to a Video Channel / Podcast / Media RSS feed you first need to know the address of the RSS feed.
To find this out you usually copy the address by right clicking on the podcast/ rss image.
Install and Open Democracy Player and From the Channel Menu
And paste in the address of the podcast.
Click on Ok
The Channel should appear in your list of channels on the left of the player.