OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General Anatomy/Muscular System

* Provides movement for the body
* Helps create heat
Vertebral Column
The inferior and superior vertebral notches of two disks form the intervertebral foramen through which spinal nerves pass.
C1 Atlas: Has transverse processes on each side with an anterior tubercle process at the back. On the Articular facet, the occipital condyles move. Lateral are the transverse foramina which houses the vertebral artery
C2 Axis: Has another pair of articular facets lateral to the Dens-an odontoid process which projects upwards into the atlas. The transverse ligament run across this to keep it in place.
Spinal Vertebrae: Costal facet is posterior to the transverse costal facet (costal=rib).
Lumbar vertebrae: No costal facets, doesn't carry ribs.
Upper extremities: 60 bones: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metaparpals, phalanges.
Pelvic Girdle 2 ossa coxa each os coxa = three fused bones
Lower extremities: 60 bones: femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges (sing. phalanx)
Iliopsoas (2 parts)
Tensor Fasciae Latae Insertion: Origin: Iliac Crest, Insertion: Tibia, lat. condyle, Hip flexor muscle.
Gluteus maximus Origin: Ilium and sacrum, Insertion: Femur, Function: Abduction and lateral rotation.
Gluteus minimus, medius Origin: Ilium, Insertion: Greater Trochanter femur, Function: Abduction, medial rotation.
Adductor longus Pubis, Femur, adduct Femur
Gracilus Pubis, Tibia, adduct Femur
Quadriceps Rectus femoris: Ilium, Tibia, knee extension Vastus lateralis: Femur, Tibia, knee extension V. medialis: Femur, Tibia, knee extension V. Intermedius: Femur, Tibia, knee extension
Sartorius: Ilium, Tibia medial, Flexes knee.
Foot Gastrocnemius Femur, Calcaneous, Plantar Flexion
Soleus Tibia and fibula, calcaneous, plantar flexion
Tibialis anterior Tibia, Metatarsal 1, med. cuneiform, Dorsal flexion
Skeletal muscles: striated, multinucleated Epi, peri, endo mysium
Muscle fiber Saredemma: transverse Tubules Sarcoplasm: myofibrils, glycogen myoglobin (binds O2)
Myofibrils are organelles composed of chains of proteins called filaments. Myofilaments: filaments in the myofibrils
A triad of transverse structures around the bands of muscle. Transverse cisternae on the sides and tubule going down the middle
Actin: Rounded spiral protein Tropomyosin: wraps around the actin Troponin complex ball sitting on top of tropomyosin Myosin: protein bands that attract actin
[[Category:Template:FULL BOOK NAME|Template:FULL CHAPTER NAME]]
# General Anatomy/Regulation of Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure is the pressure that blood exerts on the wall of the blood vessels. The pressure originates in the contraction of the heart, in turn, forcing blood out of the heart and into the blood vessels. The concept is more mechanical than biochemical.
There are two mechanisms that take place in the heart, Diastole and Systole. Diastole is the relaxation of the chambers of the heart whereas Systole is the contraction of the heart chambers. This is regulated through measuring your blood pressure of which the normal blood pressure should be around 120/80 to be accounted for at a safe level. The figure 120 is measured through Systole and the 80 accounts for Diastole. The Systolic Pressure will show the pressure that your heart emits when blood is forced out of the heart, whereas Diastolic Pressure is the pressure that your heart shows when it's relaxing. This is the main mechanism by which blood pressure operates.
# General Anatomy/Nervous System

The nervous system of higher vertebrates including humans is a widely distributed communication and processing network that serves controlling functions over other organ systems, possesses a key function in the orientation of the individual, controls its behaviour, motor function, sensory processing and contains mechanisms to store information.
The structural unit of nervous system are neurons. Neuron is a kind of cell that specialises in conducting electric signals between portions of the body. All neurons have a body called a Soma. The Soma contains the nucleus and all of the other organelles that are needed to keep the cell alive and functioning. Neurons also have directionality to them. On one side of the neuron are the dendrites. You can think of this side as being the 'input' side. The dendrites are branching structures which connect with the outputs of other neurons. They typically spread over a wide area in the immediate vicinity of the neuron. This allows the neuron to get inputs from a number of different synapses. The other end is the 'output'. It contains an axon and ends in a number of synapses which usually connect to the dendrites of other neurons or are connected directly to muscles. The axon is usually quite long compared to the rest of the neuron. In fact, you have some neurons with axons that extend the entire length of the body.
A classification of the nervous system can be performed under different aspects, of which the anatomical compartmentalization of its components defines the classical approach. Two major divisions of nervous can be described: 1. The central nervous system (CNS) 2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Another approach is based on the functional compartmentalization between somatic and Autonomic autonomic parts of the nervous system. Both CNS and PNS comprise somatic and autonomic components. The autonomic nervous system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The neurons exist in all compartmentalization of the nervous system.

## Sub-modules

* Functional compartmentalization
* Anatomical compartmentalization
# General Anatomy/Nervous System/Functional compartmentalization
## Somatic nervous system

Functionally, in the Nervous System two principal parts can be differentiated, the somatic and the autonomic nervous system.
# General Anatomy/Pulmonary System

The pulmonary system consists predominantly of blood vessels and the lungs. The blood vessels are known as the pulmonary vascular system and they are responsible for carrying blood from the heart (right ventricle) through the lungs and back to the heart (left atrium). As blood circulates through the lungs, it is oxygenated by passing through the pulmonary capillary network, being in close opposition to the gas exchanging units of the lung (alveoli) and thus picking up oxygen. The lungs are made of airways for movement of air from the nose and mouth, and lung tissue (parenchyma) which includes the alveoli.
# General Anatomy/Reproductive System

The reproductive system includes the primary organs necessary for reproduction - ovaries and the testes, but there are accessory organs as well. For the female, there is the uterus, oviduct, breasts, and vagina. The male has the penis and scrotum for accessory organs.

## Female Reproductive

The female reproductive system undergoes changes every month from the menstrual system, which is caused by a variety of hormones that fluctuate over the average of 28 days. The hormones involved include luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. Prolactin will also play a role in increasing the size and production of the mammary glands during and after pregnancy.
The eggs that start in a female were made when she was an embryo as primordial. From then, there will develop to become primary follicles. Secondary follicles build as the surrounding theca tissue builds creating a granular layer.
The journey of the egg starts from the ovary where it is released from the building of fluid pressure in the antrum. The secondary follicle will travel from the ovary to the oviduct where it is grabbed by cilia and then is moved from the oviduct's various regions - isthmus and ampulla. If fertilization is to occur, it will occur in the oviduct. From there it will enter the uterus and attach to the uterine lining formed by the endometrium's stratum basale.

## Male Reproductive

The male reproductive system starts with the sperm being produced at the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The seminiferous tubules are surrounded by supporting cells called Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. From the seminiferous tubules, sperm will travel to the epididymis to the vas defens. At the vas deferens, accessory glands like the bulbourethral glands and the seminal vessicles will contribute additional fluids and nutrients to help maintain the life of the sperm.
The penis has two main regions - the corpora spongiosum and the corpus cavernousum. These flank the urethra. Recall that the male urethra has three regions, the prostatic, membranous, and the spongy.
At the tip of the penis is the glans, which may or may not be covered by the prepuce (also known as the foreskin).
# General Anatomy/Lymphatic System

Parts of the Lymphatic System Lymphatic System- body defense system. Lymph - a pale fluid that contains white blood cells. Lymph Vessel - pathway of the lymph. Spleen - an organ located near your stomach that destroys worn out red blood cells and produce white blood cells. Thoracic duct - return cleansed and enriched lymph to blood supply.
# General Anatomy/Integumentary System

The Integumentary System includes the skin,hair,nails,and scales.
# D'ni/Pronouns
## Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns appear in 2 kinds: independent words (in accusative, like 'me, him, her' etc.) or suffixes (subjects to verbs or possessors).
| | Nominative | Nominative | Genitive | Genitive | Dative/Accusative | Dative/Accusative |
| 1st | – (I) | -et (we) | -ó (my) | -ot (our) | zú (me) | set (us) |
| 2nd | -em (thou) | -tí (you) | -om (thy) | -omí (your) | šem (thee) | šemtí (you) |
| 3rd | -en (he/she) | -ít (they) | -on (his/her) | -os (their) | ze/ta (him/her) | íst (them) |

### Nominative

The nominative forms are suffixed to the verbs as subjects. e.g. to say 'he finds' we add suffix –en 'he' to verb stem húr- 'to find' to form húren.
There is no 1st person in nominative, and we use the bare verb stem. E.g. tégan to form 'I love'

### Genitive

Genitive forms are suffixed to nouns to indicate possessors of that noun. E.g. korom ‘thy book’, navaot ‘our master’, únrétíos ‘their lords’.
The 3rd plural genitive form –os is irregular.

### Accusative/Dative

Accusative is used when a pronoun is the direct object of a verb. English examples are 'I love him', 'I choose you'. Dative is when the pronoun is the indirect object, ex: 'I talk to you', 'You work for him'. Accusative/Dative pronouns unlike the others, are independent words. E.g. çev šem ‘I thank you’, tagema b’zú ‘give to me!’ (Note: Most examples of these pronouns occur in the dative case (i.e., as indirect objects) -- the case for the accusative is less strong.)
It is hypothetically assumed therefore that the accusative of 3rd person singular and plural can be sen and sít respectively.

## Other pronouns

There are also other pronouns:
* met 'this'. Indicative pronoun which follows the noun. E.g. bacana met, 'this map' but it is also prefixed to the noun e.g. a met m'la, 'this lizard' (a- is a "direct object indicator". The rules for using it are not quite clear, in translations it can be omitted.)
* mot 'that, which'. Relative pronoun. E.g. rem'la sexen poant, mot tornen, ‘the lizard has saliva, which it spits’, also used with the element gor ‘time’ and forms gormot ‘then’
# DBMS/Database Design
## entity

    nothing but it represents field of the database e.g.,
employee

## entity set

    collection of different fields

## domain

    The set of possible values for an attribute is called the
domain of the attribute e.g.:
The domain of attribute marital status is having four values: single, married, divorced or widowed.
The domain of the attribute month is having twelve values ranging from January to December.

## Key attribute

    The attribute (or combination of attributes) that is
unique for every entity instance e.g.: the account number of an account, the employee id of an employee etc.

## attribute

    e.g., gender

## degree of relationship

    the number of entity types involved in a
database

## cardinality of relationship

    The minimum and maximum values of this
connectivity is called the cardinality of the relationship e.g., one to one, one to many, many to many

## weak entity

    Entity that depends on other entity for its existence and

## discriminator
### ER Diagram

* entity relationship data model
* Introduction to Data Modeling at University of Texas, Austin
Modelling concepts
* Specialisation
* Generalisation
* Categorisation
* Aggregation

### Normalization

Normalization is the formal process for deciding which attributes should
first developed by E.F.CODD. Normalization is the process of evaluating and correcting the relation schemes to minimize data redundancies and thereby reducing anomalies.

#### First Normal Form

As per the rule of the 1NF an attributes of a table cannot hold multiple value. It should hold only atomic value.

#### Second Normal Form

Second Normal form is characterized by the property of functional dependency. a relation is in second normal form if it is in 1st normal form and every non key attribute is fully and functionally dependent on the primary key.

#### Third Normal Form

transitive dependency : A relation is in third normal form , if it is in second normal form and
Suppose A,B and C are the three attributes of a relation(R) then if A->B(B depends on A) B->C(C depends on B) then we can say that "C" depends transitively on "A".

#### Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

BCNF is based on functional dependencies that take into account all candidate keys in a relation. For a relation with only one candidate key, 3rd normal form and BCNF are equivalent. A relation is in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a candidate key. now what is a determinant? consider the following functional dependency: A→B where A and B are attributes in relation R. it says that B is functionally dependent on A. here A is referred to as determinant and B is the dependent.
BCNF is slightly stronger than 3nF.

#### Fifth Normal Form

Any remaining anomalies are removed.in this normal form we isolate semantically related multiple relationships.
Anomalies can be : Insertion Anomaly,Deletion Anomaly or Modification/update Anomaly. Any remaining anomalies are removed.in this normal form we isolate semantically related multiple relationships.
# DBMS/Distributed Database Management System

Distributed Database management Systems are the software for managing databases stored on multiple computers in the network.
Distributed Database: It is a set of databases stored on multiple computers that typically appears to application as a single database. It stores related over two or more physically independent sites that requires distributed processing. A database that is composed of different database fragments / parts.
# DBMS
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Relational Database
* Database Design
* Query Languages
* SQL
* XML
* Application Design
* Storage Manager
* Query Processing
* Transaction
* Concurrency control
* Recovery
* Object Relational Database Management System
* Distributed Database Management System
* Data Mining and Analysis
* Parallel Databases

## References

Database e-learning
Online interactive SQL tutorial
A Gentle Introduction to SQL
Some topics of DBMS by Lecturer Manik Chand Patnaik
Primary Key and Indexing
1Keydata SQL Tutorial
w3resource SQL Tutorial
# DBMS/Application Design
## JDBC

JDBC means Java Database Connectivity.
# DBMS/Concurrency control
## Concurrency-control

    ensuring the consistency of the database in spite of interaction among the concurrent transactions
# DBMS/Data Mining and Analysis

Data mining is searching information which is already stored in such a database.
# GCSE Science/Chemistry Calculations

You need to know how to do quite a few chemistry calculations e.g. how to calculate a mole.
MOLES
Moles are really quite simple to figure out. All you need is periodic table which you will be given in your exam so don't worry! The Mole is simply the name given to a certain number: 602 300 000 000 000 000 000 000 or 6.023 x 10 to the power of 23. When you get precisely that number of atoms of carbon-12 it weighs exactly 12g. So if you get that number of any element or compound and it will weigh exactly the same number of grams as the relative atomic mass, Ar OR Mr
Some Notes on Avogadro's Number, 6.023 x 1023
Chemists use Avogadro's number every day. It is a very valuable number for a chemist to know how to use, and use properly. Where did Avogadro's number come from? Did Avogadro himself do all the calculations? Was it just arbitrarily made up? How can it be measured? Some possible answers follow.
Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) was the author of Avogadro's Hypothesis in 1811, which, together with Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes, was used by Stanislao Cannizzaro to elegantly remove all doubt about the establishment of the atomic weight scale at the Karlsruhe Conference of 1860.
The name "Avogadro's Number" is surely just an honorary name attached to the calculated value of the number of atoms, molecules, etc. in a gram molecular weight of any chemical substance. Of course if we used some other mass unit for the mole such as "pound mole", the "number" would be different. The first person to have calculated the number of molecules in any mass of substance seems to have been Josef Loschmidt, (1821-1895), an Austrian high school teacher, who in 1865, using the new Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) calculated the number of molecules in one cubic centimeter of gaseous substance under oridnary conditions of temperature of pressure, to be somewhere around 2.6 x 1019 molecules. This has always been known as the "Loschmidt Number."
I have been searched for some time to determine the first time the term "Avogadro Number" was used. My best estimate is that it was first used in a 1909 paper by Jean Baptiste Jean Perrin (1870-1942) entitled "Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality." This paper was translated into English from the French in "Annales De Chimie et de Physique" by Fredric Soddy and is available. Perrin, was the 1926 Nobel Laureate in Physics for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium. Perrin should be very well known to Dr. Northrup, of our chemistry department here at TTU who does calculation in molecular dynamics using methods developed by Perrin. In his paper Perrin says "The invariable number N is a universal constant, which may be appropriately designated "Avogadro's Constant."
In a simple minded way, here is how it might have come about:
Some Links related to this essay: A Biographical interview with Amadeo Avogadro Avogadro' Hypothesis
# GCSE Science/Circuits answers

| Switch (open) Switch (closed) Cell Battery Diode Resistor Variable resistor | Bulb Fuse Thermistor Light dependent resistor Ammeter Voltmeter |
Did you get many right? You should already know, cell, battery, bulb, switch and resistor. You will have to learn the others as well before the exam.
<<Back
# GCSE Science/Circuits

GCSE Science/Electricity
You've probably done quite a lot of work in basic electrical circuits in lower school, but we will revise them here so don't worry if you've forgotten them.
Before we start you need to know a whole host of circuit symbols.
Q1)See how many of the following you can name:
You should already know about half of them. For the others see here. You need to learn all these symbols by heart, but don't worry about that just yet. It's much easier to learn the symbols if you know what the components actually do, and we will be looking at that later on.

## What is a circuit?

A circuit is a loop in which electricity can flow. Consider a simple circuit with a cell, a switch and a bulb. The current flows from the cell, via the closed switch to the bulb. The bulb lights because the electricity carries energy. But even after the bulb there current still needs to go around the rest of the loop back to the cell. If there is a break anywhere in the loop, the bulb will not light. This is a concept that is not all that difficult, yet most people do not understand it.
Ask a selection of adults you know and many will say: "Electricity flows from the cell to the bulb, where it gets used up"
Q2) What is wrong with the above statement?
Q3) Look at the selection of circuits below. What is wrong with each of them?
What we have been looking at so far has been largely revision. You should already be familiar with what a circuit is and how it works. Let's now go on to some more advanced work.
<< Electrolysis | Current, voltage resistance and Ohm's law
# GCSE Science/Circuits Part2

GCSE Science/Electricity
Now we have learned Ohm's Law we can start applying it to some circuits.
The test circuits below can be used to investigate how the voltage across a component varies with the current flowing through the component. Either circuit can be used. The one on the left is easiest to set up, the one on the right is easiest to use once it is set up, but does require you to use the rheostat as a potential divider.
Note that the voltmeter is in parallel with the component and the ammeter is in series with it.This is necessary so that the ammeter and voltmeter do not interfere with the circuit in anyway. An ideal meter does not change either the current or the voltage.
The wire should be resistance wire, such as nichrome. Ordinary copper wire would short circuit the power pack and blow the pack's fuse.
| A test circuit | A better test circuit |
Set up either circuit and then by turning the voltage setting on the power pack and the slider on the rheostat, adjust the current to read 0.1 A. Take a reading of the voltage. Repeat for 0.2 A, 0.3 A up to 1.0 A. Repeat the readings but this time go from 1.0 A to 0.9 A and so on down to 0.1 A.
Set your results out in a table like this.
* Current (A)
* 0.1
* 0.2
* 0.3
* 0.4
* 0.5
* 0.6
* 0.7
* 0.8
* 0.9
* 1.0
Now plot the average voltage against the current on graph paper. You should find the points all fall approximately on a straight line. The slope of the line =Voltage/Current. This is the resistance.
Below is a typical voltage/current graph for a wire. Note that all the points fall approximately on a straight line.
The slope of the line is 1.1 V/A.
Therefore the resistance of this wire is 1.1 Ω
All Ohmic components have a constant resistance like this. However, non-Ohmic components (that is, components that do not obey Ohm's law) do not have such a resistance. A bulb, for example, has a resistance that increases as the current flowing through it goes up, because the filament is heating up. A current-voltage graph for a bulb would be a curve.
Q1) Plot a current/voltage graph for the following set of data for a 12V filament bulb.
* Summary
* Resistance is the gradient of a current-voltage graph.
* Ohmic conductors, such as a wire, will have a constant resistance (straight line on the graph).
* Non-Ohmic conducts, such as a bulb, will have a changing resistance due to temperature (curved line on the graph).
Answers | <<Current, Voltage, Resistance | Parallel and series circuits>>
# Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Beal's Syndrome

Beal's Syndrome

## Introduction

* What do you know about why you're here?

## Contracting

* Get medical information about *Get some pregnancy history
* Get family history
* Doctor will examine
* Discuss findings and answer any questions

## Beals Syndrome (Contractural Arachnodactyly Syndrome)

* Basic features
** appearance
** Occasional micrognathia, scaphocephaly, iris coloboma, ASD and VSD
* Changes as the child grows
** Gradual improvement in joint movements
* Genetics
** Autosomal dominant
** Linked to fibrillin locus on chrom. 5 (FBN2 gene)
* National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.(NORD)
    P.O. Box 8923
    New Fairfield, CT 06812-8923
    Telephone: (203) 746-6518
    Fax: (203) 746-6481
    Toll free: (800) 999-6673
    TDD: (203) 746-6927
    e-mail: orphan@rarediseases.org
    Home Page:

## Notes

The information in this outline was last updated in 1957.