OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sport Innovation/GPS Tracking of Players
## GPS Tracking of Players

GPS Technology is just starting to enter the market in football, but many believe it will become more popular in the coming years. It has already significantly influenced the game of football by affecting players, coaches, trainers, and sport performance. For athletes to stay competitive and reach their goals, they have to work harder than their competition. This is becoming easier for all players with the emergence of GPS tracking in football. According to Catapult Sports, GPS technology is used for players’ performance and work tracking for several reasons:
* Make better use of training time
* Make training meet game demands
* Improves clubs’ tactical analysis
* Compare player performance and pick the best players for the team
* Get players through rehab faster
* Make periodisation model work
GPS technology currently used in football is a result of years of product extension, development and optimisation. Originally, standalone GPS was inadequate for application in football because of issues related to integrity, accuracy, continuity and availability. Consequently, several companies/manufacturers with specific expertise extended the standalone GPS by employing several augmentation methods to integrate the original product with players including: heart testers, receiver algorithms, coupling with additional sensors, accelerometers, extra Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GPS modernisation, and various space-based and ground-based augmentation systems.
back to GPS Tracking
# Sport Innovation/GPS Tracking/Arsenal FC/Use of GPS Tracking

For the English Premier League 2010-2011 season, Arsenal FC has been without up to a dozen players at any one time this season, including defender William Gallas and Robin van Persie. This has been mainly due to a constant rate of injuries.
Chief Executive Ivan Gazidis explained in an interview: “If there are things we can do we will do them. For instance we have introduced a GPS system this year for the first time.” As a result, together with Arsene Wenger the head coach at Arsenal Football Club, they decided to use GPSports technology to track his players from space next season to prevent injuries from yet again wrecking the club’s title bid last season.
Arsenal FC believes GPSports will bring them back on the same level with leading clubs in the league such as Manchester United who had integrated the technology last season.
In an interview, Ivan Gazidis further explained the benefits GPSports technology is already offering the club and highlights the main temporary disadvantage of GPS tracking in football in general: “This is tracking literally from satellites in space, the training movements on the training field of every player. It gives you a lot of information. It tells you not just how far the players are running and how fast they are running and what levels of intense activity they have in training. It also measures ¬something called ‘the load’ – and this is literally the amount of time a player’s foot is on the ground while he is running. You can see if you have a player coming up to a risk of injury in a subsequent game because you can see two things in general: one is that their work-rate comes down in training and secondly their ‘load’ increases. In other words, their foot stays on the ground for longer when they run. When you are feeling good and feeling active you are more on your toes. When you’re not, you’re more on your heels. That can help you to predict when players are in a dangerous situation. Unfortunately, it takes a while to build that record to get the full benefit of that system. So we are unlikely to see the benefits really coming through until the second half of next year.”
Back to GPSports
References
* ↑ http://goonertalk.com/2010/07/18/gps-tracking-system-makes-its-debut-against-barnet/
* ↑ http://gpsports.com/gpsports_website/?category=special&page=news&item=32
# Sport Innovation/GPS Tracking/Catapult Sports
## Catapult Sports

Another market leader in the GPS tracking technology for player worth mentioning is Catapult Sports. Catapult Sports’ staff have more than nine years experience working with many of the world’s elite sporting organisations and has developed an extensive intellectual property portfolio of platform technologies with applications down to the consumer level. Catapult Sports innovation attracted several leading football clubs around the world with the minimax product. Catapult Sports’ customer base includes Liverpool, Everton, Blackburn Rovers and Westham in the United Kingdom; but also national teams like the Australian Socceroos. Its range of products is proven in some of the roughest and demanding environments such as football.

### Product range offered by Catapult Sports:

* Minimax – this device is the next generation in athlete performance monitoring solutions. It can records all the important metrics for analysis of athlete performance GPS, accelerometer, ball tracking and more in over 25 sports.
* Nanotrak – Catapult’s smallest athlete tracking product in a waterproof package in a compact size and robust package, the nanotrack offers users tri-axial accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers for placement and data collection at any point on the body.
* LoganPlus - a leading research software package that gathers data from the minimax and nanotrack system and converts it into information that coaching staff can use to improve player and team performance. Enables user to do everything from video sync to real-time player monitoring and advance feature recognition.
* Catapult Live - Catapult Live is a web-based athlete database product. Develop real insight into what drives performance of your team through longitudinal analysis, data mining… Combines with an intuitive, easy-to-use interface that allows coaching staff to view summary reports and graphs of their players’ performance.
* Coach view – device basically equivalent to GPSports’ SPI Touch allow coaching staff to view critical performance KPIs in real-time on your iPhone or iPod Touch.
* Moss – miniature optical sensor product for detection of chemical warfare agents.
Catapult Sports’ mission for the future is to continue as the thought leaders in this rapidly expanding space and they believe they have many new exciting innovations in their pipelines. They are actively interested in new licensing and partnership opportunities.
Back to companies/manufacturers

## References

* ↑ http://www.catapultsports.com/sports/football
* ↑ http://www.catapultsports.com/products
* ↑ http://www.catapultsports.com/about-us
# Sport Innovation/GPS Tracking/Companies/Manufacturers for GPS Tracking in Football
## Introduction to Companies/Manufacturers for GPS Tracking in Football

Even though GPS has just entered the market of football, there are several companies supplying the GPS technology demand in the football market, and a few manufacturers have already achieved certain reputation and established themselves as market leaders. For the purpose of our article, we will focus on two major suppliers which are GPSports and Catapult Sports.
Back to GPS Tracking of Players
# Sport Innovation/Goal-line Technology

The international governing body of football, International Federation of Association Football, or as the French say Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), has long refuse the use of goal-line and other technologies within the game [1].
It’s up to referees and linesmen to make the important calls that mean the difference between winning and losing. Football has had its fair share of wrong decisions; goals that were disallowed, non-goal that were allowed and fouls that went unnoticed [2].
Goal-line technology (GLT) is a technology which determines if the ball has completely crosses the goal line, thus assisting the referees in the decision to call goal or not [2].
FIFA is now testing potential candidates for GLT, including nine different systems including Cairos GLT System and Goalminder. A series of tests will be conducted over the coming months that will determine the accuracy of the technology under differing settings and scenarios [1].
FIFA have laid down strict testing criteria that the nine systems will have to meet in order to proceed through to the second phase of testing.
Although the debate to introduce GLT as well as other technologies has been going on for over a decade, the most recent and controversial trigger reigniting the debate was in the 2010 FIFA World Cup held in South Africa. Over the years there has been legitimate arguments both for and against the introduction of GLT [3].
However, it is ultimately FIFA's decision as to whether or not technology is introduced into the sport of football [4]. The fact that FIFA are testing nine different goal-line technologies and have discussed its possible inclusion in the 2012–13 English Premier League proves to be positive step into the future [1]. It is clear that the introduction of technology in football has the potential to reduce human error and to make goal-line controversies a thing of the past [5].

#### Footnotes

[1] Conway, R. (2011, November 24). Premier League could use goal-line technology in 2012–13 season. Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/15866363.stm
[2] Football’s rejection of Goal-line tech. (2010, June 24). Retrieved November 28, 2011, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8757936.stm
[3] Gibson, O. (2010, June 27). World Cup 2010: Sports Minister joins calls for Goal-line Technology. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/jun/27/world-cup-2010-goal-line-technology?INTCMP=SRCH
[4] Fifa may implement video replay technology, says Sepp Blatter. (2010, January 24). The Guardian. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/jan/24/video-replay-technology-sepp-blatter
[5] Goal-line Technology – Getting it right. (2010). Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2010/04/article_0001.html
# ROSE Compiler Framework/System Administration
## Manual restart process

In case the @reboot cron jobs were not properly saved on [hudson-rose-30], please
* Start Jenkins
* Start Redmine
Both scripts should start a screen for each service.
* Check status
* Github
Please also ensure that Github is started on [rose-git]. I'd imagine you may have to start the VM again.

# Apache Tomcat

The Apache Tomcat servlet is run locally on hudson-rose-30.

## Startup

startup.sh calls catalina.sh start which sources our custom jenkins-env.sh.

### On @reboot
## Backup

The local installation is synced by Jenkins to the NFS at /home/hudson-rose/Applications/apache/tomcat/.

# Ruby
## RVM (Ruby Version Manager)

Ruby Version Manager (RVM), https://rvm.io/.
1. Download rvm-installer:
2. Install RVM to a local user location (i.e. not to a root/sudo location like /usr or /bin):
First, disable the SSL certificate check for cURL, used in the rvm-installer, since it could be a problem when behind a firewall. You can do this step manually (recommended), or using this ad-hoc script:
Second, set the rvm_path environment variable to specify your installation location (similar to --prefix for Autoconf projects):
Finally, install RVM:
3. Use RVM: Now, we can use RVM (as instructed by the above RVM installation message):
For example,
Install Ruby:

# Gitolite

Sitaramc's Gitolite software (https://github.com/sitaramc/gitolite/) "allows you to setup git hosting on a central server, with fine-grained access control and many more powerful features." See the documentation for more details.
Here are some benefits of Gitolite-hosted Git repositories compared to filesystem-hosted repositories:
* Authorized access only: SSH key-pairs for authentication purposes
* Only Git operations permitted: nobody is allowed to modify the Git repositories on the server (e.g. change permissions, manually manipulate the bare repository's index, etc.). This is achieved by restricting remote commands over SSH using the command keyword in the ${HOME}/.ssh/authorized_keys file of the Gitolite user account on the Gitolite server. See this brief guide for more details.
Note: Gitolite is purely a software tool to host Git repositories. It does not provide code review, issue tracking, a web interface, or repository wikis, etc.
# ROSE Compiler Framework/Tutorial
## Debugging SgNodes

From rose-public@nersc.gov mailing list (https://mailman.nersc.gov/pipermail/rose-public/2012-August/001786.html)

## Filtering SgNodes

Check if an SgNode is in a user-specified location (function not defined in ROSE API yet; you need to implement yourself):
Check if an SgNode is NOT in a user-specified location (function not defined in ROSE API yet; you need to implement yourself:
Get all SgFunctionDeclaration nodes in a user-specified location:

## Traversing files

Traverse only the named input file(s) (excluding header files) using traverseInputFiles:

## Generating DOT files

utility_functions.h defines generateDOT(SgProject* project).

## Processing Custom Commandline Options

TODO:
# ROSE Compiler Framework/TODO

What is missing (so you can help if you want)

## How to backup/mirror this wikibook?

Just in case this website is down, how to download a backup of this wiki book?
How to set up a mirror wiki website containing the wikibook of ROSE?

## Maintain the print version

It is possible that new chapters are added but they are not reflected in the one-page print version. So periodical synchronization is needed by including more chapters or re-arranging their order in the one-page print version.
Observations:
* A print version is similar to a source file with included contents, each included chapter will have a first level of heading
* Because the first level heading (=) is used by the print version page to include all chapters, all included pages/chapters should NOT contain any first level heading.
With the basic understanding of how this work, you can now edit the print version's wiki page:
* Print version
More at: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Help:Print_versions

## Maintain the better pdf file

The pdf version automatically generated from the print version page is rudimentary. It has no table of content and pagination etc.
So we used a manual process to generate better pdf file. We need to occasionally repeat this process to have a up-to-date and better pdf file.
Here are the manual steps:
* Use your web browser to open and save the print version to your own computer as "web page complete"
* use the HTML-compatible word processor of your choice to open the html file, convert html to a format the word processor, and add paginate the book.
** In Microsoft Word, this can done by
*** opening the saved HTML file
*** saving it to a word file
*** adding table of content by selecting Insert > Field > Index and Tables > TOC or Preferences-> Table of contents for Word 2012 or later.
*** adding page numbers to the footer
*** save it to a pdf file with a name like ROSE_Compiler_Framework.pdf
*** upload to wikibooks
To add a link to your wikibook page, insert
For example
More background about pdf verions: at: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Help:Print_versions

## Documentation Alternatives

1. Google Docs: comments, different output formats, easy collaboration 2. AsciiDoc
# ROSE Compiler Framework/Testing

ROSE uses Jenkins to implement a contiguous integration software development process. It leverages a range of software packages to test its correctness, robustness, and performance.

## make check rules

we leverage make check rules to do internal testing.

### check exist status of pipeline command

In bash scripting, we can use pipelines | as follows:
* command1 | command2 : the output of each command in the pipeline is connected to the input of the next command
each command is executed in its own subshell, exit status: the last command's exit status
To catch any command's return code, please use ${PIPESTATUS[0]}
For example: Using pipeline will only return the last command 'fold''s status. we add a test to catch the first command's return status

## Benchmarks

The software used by the ROSE's Jenkins include:
* SPEC CPU 2006 benchmark: a subset is supported for now
* SPEC OMP benchmark: a subset is supported for now
* NAS parallel benchmark: developed by NASA Ames Research Center. Both C (customized version) and OpenMP versions are used
* Plum Hall C and C++ Validation Test Suites: a subset is supported for now
* Jt++ - Java conformance testing: http://modena.us/

## Modena Jt++ Test Suite

1. Clone the Modena test suite repository:
2. Autotools setup
3. Environment bootstrap
4. Build and test!

## Jenkins
### Using External Benchmarks

The way we set it up is to
* In the benchmark, we change the benchmark's build system to call the ROSE tool (identityTranslator or your RTED tool) installed.
* In the Jenkins test job,
** Build and install the tested ROSE, prepare environment variables.
** Go to the benchmark with modified build system. Build and run the benchmark.
Basically, the test job should simulate how a ROSE tool would be used by end-users, not by tweaking ROSE for each different benchmarks.

### NAS Parallel Benchmarks

We have NPB as part of our regression tests.
To get the benchmark:
git clone rose-dev@rosecompiler1.llnl.gov:testsuite/npb-c-parallel.git
Within the benchmark, there is a make.def file with configuration about which compiler and options to use. The configuration should be correct but some path may be changed to point to your version of ROSE.
After that, type "make suite" to build the entire benchmark suite. Or type "make mg class=A" to just build the benchmark in question.
# ROSE Compiler Framework/Users

We are aware of the following ROSE users (people who write their own ROSE-based tools). They are the reason of the ROSE's existence. Feel free to add your name if you are using ROSE.

## Universities

* University of California, San Diego, CUDA code generator link
* University of Utah, compiler-based parameterized code transformation for autotuning
* University of Oregon, performance tool TAU
* University of Wyoming, OpenMP error checking
* Tokyo Institute of Technology
* RENCI (RENaissance Computing Institute)
* Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
* University of Alabama at Birmingham iProgress
* Tohoku University, XML-based AST transformation Xevolver
* University of Central Florida, Autonomous Transformation of Lock-Free Data Structures

## DOE national laboratories

* Argonne National Laboratory, performance modeling

## Companies

* Samsung: its research center at San Jose uses ROSE for multicore research and development.
# Structural Biochemistry/Membrane Proteins/Symporters
## Symporters

Symporters is an indirect active transport. It couples the thermodynamically unfavorable flow of one species of ion or molecule up a concentration gradient with the favorable flow of a different species down a concentration gradient. In symporters, ions and/or molecules move in the same direction. Lastly, symporters can also be classified under secondary transporters or cotransporters because by definition they are membrane proteins that pump ions or molecules ‘uphill.’

## Examples

Lactose Permease
This symporter uses H$^+$ gradient across the E. coli membrane (outside H$^+$ has higher concentration) generated by the oxidation of fuel molecules to drive the uptake of lactose and other sugars against a concentration gradient.
SGLT1 From the intestinal epithelium, SGLT1 transports sodium ions and glucose across the luminal membrane of the epithelial cells to be absorbed in the blood stream. This is the basis of oral rehydration therapy. Without this symporter, individual sodium channels and glucose uniports wouldn't be able to transfer glucose against the concentration gradient and into the bloodstream. Na$^+$/K$^+$-ATPase Na$^+$,K$^+$,2Cl$^-$ symporter Found in the loop of Henle in the renal tubules of the kidney, Na$^+$,K$^+$,2Cl$^-$ symporter transports these four molecules. Loop diuretics act on this protein.

## Mechanism

The structure of lactose permease has been determined. The structure consists of two halves, each of which comprises six membrane - spanning alpha helices. Some of these helices are somewhat irregular. The two halves are well separated and are joined by a single stretch of polypeptide. In this structure, the sugar lies in a pocket in the center of the protein and is accessible from a path that leads from the interior of the cell. On the basis of these structures, a mechanism for symporter action has been developed (See Figure Below).
1. The cycle begins with the two halves oriented so that the opening to the binding pocket faces the outside of the cell. A proton from outside the cell binds to a residue in the permease.
2. In the protonated form, the permease binds lactose from outside the cell.
3. The structure everts to the form observed in the crystal structure.
4. Lactose is released to the inside of the cell by the permease.
5. A proton is released to the inside of the cell by the permease.
6. The permease everts to complete the cycle.
The site of protonation likely changes in the course of this cyle.
symporter

## References

* ↑ Berg, Jeremy (2007). Biochemistry, 6th Edition. New York, New York: Sara Tenney. pp. 360–361. ISBN 978-0-7167-8724-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
# Structural Biochemistry/Membrane Proteins/Passive Transport/Passive Transport

when moleculs must enter the cell the ion pass through specific channels in the hydrophobic barrier formed by membrane protein. we call that passive because the energy driving the ions movement origiantes from ion gradient itself. for example: enzyme display substrate specificty in that they facilitate the transport of some ions, but not others, even closely related ions.