OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Data Mining Algorithms In R

In general terms, Data Mining comprises techniques and algorithms for determining interesting patterns from large datasets. There are currently hundreds of algorithms that perform tasks such as frequent pattern mining, clustering, and classification, among others. Understanding how these algorithms work and how to use them effectively is a continuous challenge faced by data mining analysts, researchers, and practitioners, in particular because the algorithm behavior and patterns it provides may change significantly as a function of its parameters. In practice, most of the data mining literature is too abstract regarding the actual use of the algorithms and parameter tuning is usually a frustrating task. On the other hand, there is a large number of implementations available, such as those in the R project, but their documentation focus mainly on implementation details without providing a good discussion about parameter-related trade-offs associated with each of them.
This Wikibook aims to fill this gap by integrating three pieces of information for each technique: description and rationale, implementation details, and use cases. The description and rationale of each technique provide the necessary background for understanding the implementation and applying it to real scenarios. The implementation details not only expose the algorithm design, but also explain its parameters in the light of the rationale provided previously. Finally, the use cases provide an experience of the algorithms use on synthetic and real datasets.
The choice of the R project as the computational platform associated with this Wikibook stems from its popularity (and thus critical mass), ease of programming, good performance, and an increasing use in several fields, such as bioinformatics and finance.
If you want to learn how to program in the R language, read the book R Programming.

## Contents

* Dimensionality Reduction
* Frequent Pattern Mining
* Sequence Mining
* Clustering
* Classification
* R Packages

## External links

* R Reference Card for Data Mining
* R Data Mining
* All basics of R
* Online course in Data Mining in R
* Computing for Data Analysis (Free online course)
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Primary Health in Matholley Village

Playlist on Youtube EugadChannel : http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9D419A1C126D8D5D
* Location: Matholley Village
* Name and description of the Organization leading the project: Concern Worldwide
* Project funded by: EuropeAid
* Web site: http://www.concern.net/where-we-work/africa/sierra-leone
HEALTH
They believe that good health and access to healthcare are fundamental human rights. The overall goal of our health programme is to improve the health of the world’s poorest people and ensure that they have access to food. Their work is guided by a health policy. For the most part, they work on improving health through primary healthcare in emergency, rehabilitation and development situations specifically focusing on the following three areas: Maternal, neonatal and child health; Nutrition; Water and sanitation. The main aim of Concern health programme is to reduce mortality and morbidity rates. They plan to do this by supporting the development of sustainable healthcare systems in the areas where they work. With the exception of emergencies, Concern does not directly deliver health services. Instead, they support the capacity of ministries of health and other partners to do so.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Syrian Television

⇒ Playlist on Youtube
⇒ Syria 5 – Interview to the Ministers
Objectives
# Equine Nutrition/Clinical nutrition
## Clinical nutrition

The aim of clinical nutritional management in horses, is to achieve a healthy balance between energy/nutrition, and the body of the horse. Situations that obviously lend themselves to the application of nutritional management are horses/ponies who have weight issues (i.e. over or underweight), those susceptible to laminitis, or older animals.
Laminitis, or inflammation of the laminae of the hoof, is a debilitating disease that in extreme cases can result in founder. Although laminitis occurs in the foot of the horse, there is a widely accepted linkage between instances of laminitis and the over-ingestion of water soluble carbohydrates; specifically where the diet contains enough water soluble carbohydrates(i.e. fructan) that then overloads the tolerance of the large intestine.
In looking at what dietary conditions are associated with laminitis, a UK survey of laminitic cases in the 1990's, found that 9% of the horses afflicted were stabled, 30% of the horses were on a regime of part-time stabled and part-time on pasture, and 60% of the horses were out at pasture all of the time. A similar study in the USA found that 46% of laminitic cases were linked with continuous pasture turnout. Further information tells us that the highest incidences of laminitis occurs in the spring when the pasture grass is under rapid growth and actively photosynthetic, and eager horses are ingesting more of it. This rapid growth often repeats in the fall when temperatures cool and there is more rainfall. During times when pastures are stressed, as in periods of drought, the grass plants are storing non-structural water soluble carbohydrates. Further, the amount of fructan in plants is variable both among species of plants, and different plant parts, for example ryegrass contains more water soluble carbohydrates than timothy; and plant stems contain more than the plant leaves.
While certain individual horses or ponies may be more prone to laminitis (genetic predisposition or insulin resistance), there are some basic conditions of equine feeding and management that should be considered in the avoidance of laminitis.
* Consider alternate forage arrangements other than grazing (e.g. soaked hay).
* Choose grazing times for when fructan is lowest, i.e. overnight turnout, restrict spring/autumn, or drought time grazing.
* Maintain/mow pastures to reduce mature grasses that are predominantly stems, and remove cuttings.
* Consider use of a grazing muzzle
* Reduce the size of pastures with electric cross fencing (strip grazing).
* Introduce other species to graze in rotation e.g. sheep or cattle.
# Equine Nutrition/Feed chemistry
## Feed chemistry

In order to understand the way the feedstuffs are build up it is helpful to check this Diagram I made.
Feedstuffs content diagram
Dry Matter (DM) and water
Basically food is built up from two parts: water and dry matter. When Feeding horses it is important to feed them at least 1 kg DM per 100 kg body weight. It is important to notice that a product does also contain water. Due to this a horse does need more product to reach the needed amount of DM.
example: Horse weight: 500 KG This horse does need 5 KG DM per day
There are three types of roughage commonly fed to horses.
hay: 90% DMM: 5/0,9= 5,55 = feeding minimum 5,6 KG
haylage: 60% DM: 5/0,6= 8,33 = feeding minimum 8,4 KG
Grass Silage: 30% DM: 5/0,3= 16,67 = feeding minimum 16,7 KG
organic matter and minerals (Ash)
The organic matter does include all biological molecules. This are the structures all living things are build with. Minerals are the non biological molecules in the food. The organic matter can be split up in Fat, Carbohydrates and Proteins. The total percentage of minerals is named Ash In roughage a high Ash percentage could mean there is much sand in there.There are two categories of minerals, macro minerals and micro minerals. The macro minerals like calcium, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, sodium and sulphur. Selenium, cobalt, iodine, zinc, copper and iron are all micro minerals. Micro minerals are needed in much smaller quanties then macro minerals, hence the name.
Fat or Lipids
Lipid can be divided into two groups; essential and non essential fatty acids. The essential fatty acids in horses are omega 3 & 6 These EFA's need to be added to the diet as the horse is unable to produce these. Omega 9 is manufactured by the horse in quantities that are regarded as adequate to its needs. Fat can be used as a fuel during low intensity exercise. This does mean it is interesting to feed to horses competing in Endurance and Trec. Roughage is usually low in Fat.
# Equine Nutrition
## Contents

* Foreword
* Introduction to Equine Nutrition
* Digestive anatomy and physiology
* Metabolism
* Feed chemistry
* Feed evaluation
* Carbohydrates
* Lipids
* Proteins
* Vitamins
* Minerals
* Nutrient requirements
* Nutrient sources
* Gut health
* Clinical nutrition
* Nutritional supplements
* References
# Equine Nutrition/Carbohydrates
## Carbohydrates

Collective name for carbohydrates are: starches, sugars, dietary fibre. The types of carbohydrates in an equine diet vary according to where in the intestinal tract they are absorbed, the speed in which they are absorbed and the amount of energy they provide. Every equine diet consists of varying proportions of the different types of carbohydrates. Adjustments are made according to the horse's requirements.
There are two types of CHOs: Structural, which consists of fibre, and non-structural, which consists of the sugars, starches and fructan.
Structural CHOs play a structural role in plants and are a major energy source to horses. The cell wall components are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin although lignin is not a CHO but closely related. Examples of typical feedstuffs that contain higher amounts of structural carbohydrates are pasture grasses, hay and haylage.
Structural CHOS are degraded by the large intestine by the intestinal flora, not digested in small intestine because the horse lacks the necessary endogeneous enzymes to breakdown the fibres. Therefore, structural carbohydrates travel pass through the small intestine to the large intestine.
Lignin is found in higher levels as the plant matures. This reduces the digestibility of the feedstuff.
# Equine Nutrition/Feed evaluation
## Feed evaluation

There are so many feed stuffs that sometimes its difficult to evaluate them. Quality control can be done calculating the nutrient value of the ingredient.We can do qualitative analysis and quartitative also. Qualitative will include organoleptic characteristics like, color, odour, taste, texture and particle size and shape ( with a stereoscopic magnifying glass). Actually you can recognize ingredients by this method and also its proportions. This will lead to identify adulterations. Its cheap and efficient. We can do that by using chemical methods that are standarized, like Acid Detergent Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber. Also we calculate Crude Protein, Crude fiber,Ether Extract ( for lipids), biuret for protein, ashes, non proteic nitrogen and so on.We can identify anti nutritional factors, extrinsec like pesticides, mycotoxines, weeds, insecticides, herbicides fungicides.Or intrinsec like allergenics, glucosinolates ( from rape seeds ), saponines, tanines, urea and much more. For this analysis the most important thing is taking a good random sample. If the feedstuff is fibrous we can use quadrants ( in pasture for example) and a sampler in a truck of grain. Also protein quality and aminoacids are important to evaluate if they come from a vegetal or animal source. An electronic microscope will allow us to identify ingredients by tissue aspect. Also there is technology. We can use Near Infra Red Spectroscopy that is based on molecular overtone and combination of vibrations.
# GIMP/External Tutorials

Many other people have written high quality tutorials. This page will collect links to some of those.
Tutorial sites:
* http://www.gimptalk.com/
* http://www.gimpusers.com/
* http://web.archive.org/web/20080206133322/http://gug.sunsite.dk/
* http://blog.patdavid.net/p/getting-around-in-gimp.html
* http://gimp-master.moy.su/
Single tutorials:
* Adding film grain to images
* Colorizing black and white sketches
* Creating Simple animations
* Creating icons
* Creating a detailed sketch out of a photo
* Creating minimalistic sketch out of a photo
* Smart sharpening of images with edge sharpening - Sharpens images without the noise
* Blending exposures - Allows for the best parts of two similar images to be integrated
* Recovering highlights - Fixes photos that are washed out in certain areas
* Adding a dreamy feel to a photo
* Sepia toning - Like black and white, but with a different tone and feel
* Contrast masks - Can enhance the feel of photos and give them a nice tone
* Camera noise removal - Removes noise from digital photos
* Selective colorization - Colorize parts of an image, leave the rest black and white
* Converting images from color to black and white - Detailed tutorial
* Batch image processing - Automatically process a bunch of images in the same way
* Creating a stone texture
* Create iText - Create shiny, Mac-like text
* Create chrome text
* Create fractal backgrounds
* Create the Web 2.0 wet-floor-effect
* Creating a "Neutral density filter" - (Fix dark lighting)
* Change the focus - Blur the background to accentuate objects the foreground
* Make photos look as if they were vignetted - Simulates having used a wide angle lens or lens hoods
* Creating a website layout with GIMP
* Creating lightening particle-like effects
← Using a Layer Mask to combine images
# The Basics

Shift + C
The Crop tool can be used to crop or clip the image, working on all layers of the image (both visible and invisible). It can be used for removal of borders, or unwanted areas of the image to centre the focus on the work.
To crop the image to selected size, double-click inside the box, or press Enter. The crop box can be resized by dragging at the edges and corners. To move it, click and drag on the crosshairs at the centre.
* Current layer only - works only on the current layer
* Allow growing - allows to expand beyond borders
* Expand from centre - expands selection, using starting point as the centre, instead for the corner
* Fixed - allows you to modify the actual shape of rectangle
* Position - placement of the selection to crop
* Size - size of the selection to crop
* Highlight - highlights the actual selection, by darkening everything that surrounds it
* Guides - select the types of guides shown within of selection
* Auto Shrink - shrinks the selection to the nearest rectangular shape available on the image layer
* Shrink Merged - if this option is enabled, then Auto Shrink will use the pixel information from the visible display of the image, rather than from the active layer

## Current layer only

Crop tool will only work on the currently selected layer, instead of working on all existing.

## Allow growing

Allows Crop tool to expand beyond borders of the image/layer, and crops along with the outside area.

## Other options

All other options work as described in Rectangle Selection article. See sections #Expand from centre to #Shrink merged
← Move Tool · Selection Tools →
# GIMP/Curves

Curves is a powerful tool found in The Gimp, it can be used for many things, such as fixing a colour cast.
To use the curves tool, go to <Image> Tools > Colour Tools > Curves and you should see a window similar to this:
You can adjust the "Value" channel, which will brighten/darken the image depending on whether you drag the line up or down. Down will darken, up will lighten.
You can also adjust the Red, Blue, Green, and Alpha channels.
If your picture has a green colour cast, open up Curves, switch to the green channel, then move the line toward the bottom a little bit, until the cast is gone.
You can also switch the curve style, from smooth to jagged.
← Levels · Gaussian Blur →
# GIMP/Fractal Explorer

Fractal explorer should be located in your scripts menu at the top of your image window. If you don't have this entry on your copy of GIMP, you might find it under: Filters > Render > Fractal Explorer. Alternatively, This tool may not be installed in your copy of The GIMP, but can be acquired by either installing the newest version, or installing the script separately.
The Fractal Explorer window allow you to render a fractal from a list. You can change the perspective, zoom, colors, and color depth to customize your fractal from the original defaults.
By itself, it can be used to create some very impressive designs, but combined with other tools and filters, very complex patterns can be made.
← Unsharp Mask · Assemble Images →
# GIMP/Downloading
## GIMP

Source packages for GIMP:
* The latest stable version of GIMP
You may want to:
* Read release notes for Release Notes
* Read the changelog for GIMP 2.6
Binary packages for GIMP:
* Debian (note that sometimes information here may be outdated, and releases will change):
** Unstable (not recommended) (Sid) (2.6.11)
** Testing (Squeeze) (2.6.10)
** Stable (Lenny) (2.4.7)

## Help

GIMP User Manual is distributed as a set of HTML pages for use with the internal GIMP help browser or any web browser.
* The latest stable version of GIMP manual - 2.6.0 (available as a download here), release date October 9, 2009
* The latest unstable version of GIMP manual
* The latest stable version of GIMP manual - 2.8.0

## GAP

GAP (GIMP Animation Package) is a GIMP plug-in for creating animations, going beyond GIMP's basic features for animation. To learn more about using GAP and its features, see the tutorial Using GAP.
Source packages of GAP:
* The latest stable version of GAP - 2.6.0, release date June 5, 2009
# GIMP/Editing
### Image Operations

Image operations not offered in the toolbox are accessed by right-clicking on the image. Since Gimp 2.0, there is also an option to display this menu at the top of the screen. (This option is now default)
Right-click on the image to access the menus. For example, Right-click, File, Save is used to save the image in a variety of formats - for example PNG and JPEG formats are recommended for use on Wikipedia. To decrease a JPEG's filesize, adjust the Quality slider when you save. If doing this it may be helpful to tick the Show preview in Image Window checkbox, the file size will be calculated and the loss of quality can be inspected.
Often, it's useful to get info on an image you're editing. To do this, right-click on the image to bring up the menu, and then choose Image > Image Properties, or hit Alt-Enter. The first three properties are very important for printing: Pixel Dimensions, Print Size, and Resolution.
Image > Canvas size is used to adjust the size of image dimensions, but does not attempt to scale the image.
Image > Scale image is used to change the size of the image, for example to create thumbnail images.
To remove a section of image, just select it (using one of the select tools) and press Control-K ("kill", same as using Edit > Clear). This will either erase the selection to the background colour, or to transparency if the image supports it.
← Text Tool · Colours →
# The Basics

Shortcut: none
This tool lets you extract foreground from the active layer, using the SIOX method. To create a selection, set roughly foreground you want to extract. Select as little of the background as possible. As soon as you're finished (the selection is closed) the rest of the image goes dark. Now draw the line through the foreground, going through all colours that will be used for extraction. Then after releasing the mouse-button, only the actual foreground is selected. Remember to press Enter after finishing the selection, or you could actually lose it.
   * Modes - determines the way of creating the selection, whether it'll be combined with existing one and such
   * Antialiasing - causes the boundary of the selection to be drawn smoother
   * Feather edge - causes the boundary of the selection to be blurred
   * Contiguous - if this option is enabled, only area contiguous to the stroke is selected
   * Interactive refinement - settings for the brush
   * Smoothing - controls the smoothness of selection
   * Preview colour - colour of the selection background
   * Colour Sensitivity - set the sensibility for colours of the selection

## Modes, Antialiasing and Feather Edges

    See Selection Tools#Modes for information about Modes
    See Selection Tools#Antialiasing for information Antialiasing
    See Selection Tools#Feather Edges for information about Feather Edges option

## Contiguous

When this option is enabled, only areas contiguous to the stroke will be selected. When this option is not enabled, all areas of the same colour in the rough selection will be selected.

## Interactive refinement

The following options are for controlling the brush of foreground select tool.

### Mark foreground/background

Whether foreground or background colour will be used for the stroke. Ctrl is used to toggle between those. Remember! background colour is used for erasing.

### Small/Large brush

This slider lets you adapt the size of the brush. Small brush is good for details, while large is good for general foreground selection.

## Smoothing

This slider lets you to remove holes in the selection. Also remember - smaller values may create a better border but include these holes in the selection.

## Preview colour

Selected colour will be used to mask the image background. Possible options: red, green, blue.

## Colour sensitivity

This option uses L*a*b colour model. If your image contains many pixels of the same color in different tones, you can increase the sensibility of the selection for this colour.
← Scissors · Colour Picker →
# GIMP/Create a Stone Texture

This tutorial describes the creation of stone textures.
You can modify this a bit, but its effect may appear negative in the final result. You will see a rather smooth texture.
If you plan to make your image seamless, perhaps for usage in a 3D application, you might want to do a Gaussian Blur (<Image> Filters > Blur > Gaussian Blur) at 100 to make the texture more neutral.
Moving the turbulence up just a little can also help if your aiming to make the texture seamless.
If you need to make your texture seamless, you probably want to do a Bump map instead, which has the same lighting for all pixels.
← Create a Balloon · Add Speech Bubbles to a Comic Strip →
# GIMP/Decompose

The Decompose tool will decompose a colour image into a series of grey scale layers. This allows you to edit the image in many different colour models.

## Decompose

Go to Colours > Components > Decompose. This will bring up the Decompose Dialog.
The Decompose window looks like this:
Select the colour model that you wish to use from the drop down menu that matches the colour model you wish to split to.

## Recompose

When done editing your image, select Colours > Components > Recompose, to recompose the image back into an RGB Image. When saving to the XCF format, the layers will be preserved.
← Channels · Levels →