OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Polymorphic Data Structures in C/Preface

| Introduction to C Constructs →

## Book

C is a programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 for use on the Unix operating system. This book aims to explain and demonstrate the principles of data structures, polymorphism, and their implementation in C. This book is based on Data structures: an Advanced Approach using C written by Jeffrey Esakov and Tom Weiss. First published in 1989, the book has not been updated in over two decades, yet is used in many college courses across the United States. This book is to be an updated version of Data Structures: an Advanced Approach using C, using ANSI standard C and expansions on the code explanations.
This book assumes that the reader has a basic knowledge of C, or at least a fundamental understanding of computer programming. Knowledge of structures such as arrays and a rudimentary understanding of how pointers work is essential. The author also recommends that the reader understand how to read type using the Right-Left-Walk method. This book uses strict ANSI C syntax, adapted from traditional K&R C or written from scratch. As such, all main declarations include the full header and all functions use single-line parameter definitions.
The images for this book were created using Inkscape and the cover art was designed in GIMP.

## Software

To complete the test cases and demonstrations in this book, you must have:
* A C compiler. The author recommends GCC.
* A text editor. The author recommends Emacs or Notepad++.
Alternately, you can use an IDE such as Microsoft Visual Studio or NetBeans for C/C++. This book assumes the use of GCC and Emacs; performance on other development systems is not guaranteed.
# Political Theory/Individualism

The individualism sub-ideology of liberalism is the ideal of the individual being of more importance than the collective. In modern western culture, it is often overlooked, however in feudal societies this was highly important to those without any individual freedoms.
# Polymorphic Data Structures in C
## Chapters

Preface (Nov 04, 2010)
* Introduction to C Constructs (Nov 05, 2010)
* Pointers (Nov 05,2010)
* Polymorphism
* Recursion
* Linked Lists
* Stacks and Queues
* Advanced Linked Lists
* Trees and Graphs
* Sets, Searching and Sorting
* Further Reading

## Appendices

* Function Invocation
* Glossary
# Polymorphic Data Structures in C/Function Invocation

All C programs contain function calls. For example, in the simplest "Hello World" program, one function call is used:
The function printf takes in the string "Hello, world.\n" as a parameter, and produces the text on the screen as a result.

## Simple Parameters

When a function is called, memory space is allocated for that function's local variables and the values of the parameters are copied and placed into the function's memory space. This is why C is sometimes referred to as a "call by value" language. A simple way to examine this principle is by using a program called No Swap.
The output of this program would be:
The intent of the program is to swap the values of x and y, but clearly this is not the case. This is because the actual variables x and y are not passed to the function noswap, but rather copies of the variables are made and pushed onto the function's runtime stack. It is possible to manipulate this behavior, along with the return value of a given function, to create the illusion of instantaneous processing. The code below is a simple addition program that demonstrates the ability to add two integers together.
Try to edit the add function to cause it to subtract, multiply, or take the power of the numbers (the most difficult without adding additional C libraries) instead of adding them.
All types in C can be passed by value, including structures, unions, and arrays.

## Pointers as Parameters

Using pointers as parameters is the only way to modify local variables in functions other than the one that declared it. Using pointers as parameters is a method known as "simulated call by reference". Its usage is fairly straightforward: instead of passing a copy of the value of a variable, the program simply passes a pointer to the actual value in the calling function. Because of this, the variable must be dereferenced in the called function. Let's examine No Swap again, except it will now be known as Swap.
The output of this program would be:
Notice that when swap is called, the address-of operator (&) is used. This is because neither x nor y are pointers. Appending a variable name with the address-of operator causes a pointer of the variable to be passed instead of a copy. Since pointers are simply references to the address of a variable, a copy of the pointer is made and passed to the function, which is why this method is only simulated call by reference and not true call by reference.

## Arrays as Parameters

Arrays are treated differently than other variables. This is because their name (without a subscript to denote a specific value) is simply a pointer to the first item in the array. Therefore, A and &A[0] are the same. Additionally, dereferencing as *A would return the value of A[0].
Because of this behavior, it is extremely easy to pass arrays into a function and modify them.
Notice how the output is the same on both lines, even though the address-of operator was not used when array_copy was called. This is because array bases are already pointers.
# The Bell Jar/Twelve
## Plot summary

Chapter twelve sees Esther arriving at Doctor Gordon's hospital which seems to her strangely like a normal house rather than a hospital. She observes the patients sitting in the living room of the hospital before being taken by the doctor to the shock therapy room. She wakes up afterwards, sitting in a wicker chair, remembering the one time she accidentally shocked herself on a metal floor lamp at home. She feels terrible, but when Doctor Gordon asks her how she feels, she answers “All right”. He seems satisifed with the results and reassures Mrs. Greenwood that after a few more treatments she'll be able to notice an improvement. Back home, Esther tells her mother that she doesn't want to come back next week, to which she responds, relieved, that she knew that Esther would “decide to be all right again”.
An unspecified time later, we see Esther in a park in Boston, comparing her photo with the photo of a dead starlet she cut out of a newspaper. She finds that they are almost identical, the only difference being that one of them has her eyes open. She sees the bandaid on her leg from a cut she had made that morning in the bath. She couldn't bring herself to cut her wrist, so she tried cutting her leg “for practice”, but had to stop before her mother would discover her.
In Boston, she goes to see the Deer Island Prison. Walking on the shore around it, she encounters a young guard who stops her before she enters the prison grounds. They talk for a while and he tells her about the prison before she leaves. Esther then sits on a log on the sandbar, contemplating suicide. The cold waves at her feet make her reconsider death by drowning and the chapter ends as she starts to make her way back.

## Example study questions

* What do you make of Mrs' Greenwood's reaction to Esther's decision to not come back to Doctor Gordon's hospital?
# The Bell Jar/Ten
## Plot summary

Chapter ten starts with Esther's train ride back home. She travels with a suitcase empty except for The Thirty Best Short Stories of the Year, dressed in clothes she had to borrow from Betsy. As she gets off the train, she is enveloped in the smell of the suburbs and the death-like calm of the summer. Her mother picks her up at the train station and tells Esther she wasn't accepted for the summer school, meaning that she will spend her summer home in the suburbs.
Esther is awoken the next morning by the sound of a baby carriage outside her window. She hears her mother get up, eat breakfast and go to work. As she hears the carriage again, she peeks outside and sees Dodo Conway, a local Catholic woman, and some of her children. Esther goes back to bed, but despite her best efforts she is forced out of it again by the ringing telephone. It's Jody, a friend of Esther's, who she was supposed to meet during summer school. She tells Jody that she won't come to the school and hangs up. She calls the Admissions Office of the course and leaves a message saying she cancels all arrangements to come to the summer school. She opens a letter from Buddy, in which he writes how he's falling in love with a nurse and suggests that it might not be true if Esther instead came with him to the Adirondacks for the whole of July. She replies on the back of his letter that she has fallen in love with an interpreter, not wanting to see Buddy again.
Esther decides to write a book during the summer. She types up a single sentence and cannot continue. She speculates that this is due to lack of experience. Her mother convinces her to start learining shorthand, but after some time Esther pretends to have a headache and goes to bed. There, she changes her mind about learning shorthand and about writing the novel, putting it off until she's been to Europe and had a lover. She plans to read Finnegans Wake and write her thesis instead. Esther throws all kinds of ideas around until morning, when she crawls under the mattress to block out the rising sun. She has trouble reading Joyce and wants to junk her thesis altogether and start over as a regular English major.
The chapter ends with a conversation with Theresa, Esther's doctor, as she's asking for more sleeping pills, saying that she can't sleep or read. Theresa instead refers her to a psychiatrist, Doctor Gordon.

## Example study questions

* Comment on the imagery and atmosphere of the chapter. What does summer at home feel like to Esther and how is it conveyed in the text?
* Is chapter Ten Esther's breaking point? How do you explain her condition?
# The Bell Jar/Thirteen
## Plot summary

Chapter thirteen begins with Esther lying on a beach, discussing a play with a boy named Cal. She had been taken there by her friend Jody and her boyfriend Mark. She says she was hesitating to go with them because they would notice how she's changed, but Jody didn't seem to mind. She asks Cal about ways of committing suicide. He says that if he wanted to do it, he would use his father's shotgun. Unfortunately for Esther, his father lives in England, so the shotgun is out of her reach. When Jody and Mark come back from the water, Esther goes to swim herself, because she can't stand being around so many people. She challenges Cal to a race towards a far-out rock in the water.
The narration skips back to the morning of that day, when Esther attempted to hang herself with a cord from her mother's bathrobe. The attempt failed, as she couldn't find a suitable place to hang the cord, and she couldn't do it with her bare hands. She considers herself incurable and imagines how eventually she'd end up bankrupting her family and friends and ending up in a cage in some public hospital.
Back at the beach, Cal has to turn around, but Esther dogpaddles on. She tries to drown herself, but finds that the sea keeps pushing her back up to the surface. She turns around, defeated, and swims back to the beach.
Esther then tells the story of when she was a volunteer at a hospital. She was hoping to be put on a ward with gruesome cases that would recognise her well-meaning, but instead she is put on the maternity ward, where she is in charge of distributing flowers to all the mothers. Before she does that, however, she picks out all the dead and dying flowers out of the bouquets and lays them in a basin, imagining it to be a tomb. When she takes the flowers around, however, it turns out that because of Esther's initiative the women don't get the flowers they wanted and complain to the nurse. Esther runs out of the hospital in shame.
She goes to a nearby cemetery where her father was buried. She mentions how she had considered going to the Catholic Church, despite not being a believer, because she was hoping that a priest could convince her not to commit suicide. She buys a raincoat just before finding her father's grave. She collapses crying next to it, but doesn't understand why, before remembering that neither her mother, nor she had ever cried for him before.
Back home, she waits until her mother leaves, then gets a bottle of sleeping pills. She writes a note saying ”I am going for a long walk” and goes into the basement. She crawls into the breezeway, wraps herself in her coat and swallows the pills one-by-one before falling asleep.

## Example study questions

* How would you explain Esther's sudden decisiveness at the end of the chapter?
# The Bell Jar/Sixteen
## Plot summary

Chapter sixteen begins with Joan's story. Esther remarks that she had never known Joan except for at a “cool distance”. She's uncertain whether Joan's story is true or if she's making it all up to see if Esther's crazy enough to believe it, but decides to humour her all the same. Joan tells her how she had read about Esther's suicide attempt and how she ran away from home. She quit her summer job and got referred to a psychiatrist by her doctor. At the psychiatrist's it turned out he wanted her to participate in group therapy, so she ran away.
Joan then shows Esther newspaper clippings about Esther's disappearance and recovery she has collected and gives them to her to put in a scrapbook. She tells Esther how she tried to commit suicide by putting her fists through a window and shows off the scars on her forearms. Esther assumes that she's all right now, to which Joan responds with a question: “Aren't you?”
Later during the day Esther falls asleep, and as she wakes up she finds herself beating on the bedpost and calling for the night nurse. The nurse tells her that she's had a reaction to the medicine and that she will be better in no time.
When she talks with Doctor Nolan the next day, she mentions that she felt better for a while, though she's the same again. The doctor tells her she has news for Esther. Esther expects to be told about needing shock treatment, but instead she learns that she won't be receiving guests for some time. She is happy at the news, as she hated the constant visits. She tells the doctor about her mother's visit and how she hates her. Doctor Nolan just smiles at Esther and says “I suppose you do”.

## Example study questions

* What do you think about Mrs. Greenwood's visit and Esther's reaction to it?
# The Bell Jar/Three
## Plot overview

The chapter opens on the next day during a banquet. Of the twelve girls only eleven are there, as Doreen is away with Lenny Shepherd on Coney Island. Esther remarks on the amount and quality of food that she isn't used to. Some of the items on the table make her remember her grandmother's food, her grandfather's job as a waiter and a lunch she had with her editor Jay Cee and a “famous poet” who had a peculiar way of eating lettuce. Esther talks with Betsy about a fur show and Esther's reasons for not going. She makes u a half-lie about being called into Jay Cee's office that morning. She omits the fact that she never wanted to go to the show, but had planned to spend the day lying in bed instead.
Esther then recollects her talk with Jay Cee. Jay Cee asks Esther about her plans for the future and urges her to learn languages, get involved with the magazine and work to further her future career. Esther is stunned to realise that she has no clear goal or destination in life, and despite theoretically having great prospects she doesn't know what to do. She recalls her college classes and how she has very good grades despite hating subjects such as physics or chemistry. She had had a talk with the Dean about having a custom schedule that would allow her to focus on literature studies and the Faculty Board agreed to the request, with Esther remarking that had they known how scared and depressed she was they would have never done so. The chapter ends with Esther remembering her sitting in chemistry class pretending to take notes.

## Example study questions

* What can you say about the style of narration in the Bell Jar based on this (and later) chapters?
* What do you think about Esther's reactions to Jay Cee's questions?
# The Bell Jar/Twenty
## Plot summary

Chapter twenty takes place in winter, a week before Esther would be released from the asylum. Before that happens, though, she has to pass an interview with the board of directors. She imagines what it will be like to explore the snow-covered landscapes of Massachusetts after her six-month “break”. She's also anxious to meet all the people that will definitely know about her time in the asylum.
She recalls her mother's words about how they'll forget it happened and start again, but she states that she remembers everything that had happened. She says that maybe in time she will forget, but those experiences are now a part of her. Esther is visited by Buddy Willard, who drove to the asylum in his mother's car. Esther waits for a spark of emotion, but the sight of Buddy evokes no feelings in her. They talk little as Esther helps him dig the car out of a snow drift, but later at tea Buddy asks Esther whether “there's something that drives women crazy”, obviously worried that he somehow caused Esther's and Joan's illness. Esther laughs at the idea and says that he didn't do it, mirroring the words of Doctor Nolan directed at Esther who wanted to know if she caused Joan's suicide. As they're saying goodbye, Buddy asks her, as if for revenge, “I wonder who you'll marry now”, to which she has no answer.
Esther calls Irwin to tell him that she has received a hospital bill for emergency attention after their night together. Guiltily, he promises to write a check to the hospital and asks when he will be able to see her again. She answers “Never” and hangs up.
Esther goes to Joan's funeral, where she feels as if she's burying something along with Joan's coffin. She listens to the beating of her heart, affirming that she's still alive.
As Esther is about to enter the interview, she is reassured by Doctor Nolan that it will be a short, simple matter and she will be able to leave. Despite her assurances, Esther is terrified. She feels uncertain about the future and thinks that somebody should invent a ritual for starting their life anew. As she's thinking, Doctor Nolan walks up to her and indicates for her to walk in. Esther walks into the room full of people, hesitating for a while on the treshold.

## Example study questions

* Do you think Esther has changed in some way during the course of the novel? Is the bell jar gone? Is she a different person?
* Do you think the ending is optimistic or pessimistic? What do you expect to happen to Esther?
# The Bell Jar/Two
## Plot overview

The second chapter begins in Lenny's apartment. It is obviously very expensive, designed to look like a ranch, with pine-panel walls and animal skins on the floor and antlers hung on the walls. Lenny shows off his “twenty grand worth of recording equipment” by pretending to be a DJ, and seems to have hugely impressed Doreen. He makes drinks for both girls and starts to “jitterbug” with Doreen. He asks Esther whether she'd want him to call for someone to keep her company, but she declines and sits on a nearby bed watching the events unfold. As Lenny and Doreen get more and more intimate, Esther is feeling more and more lonely and out-of place. When Doreen is being swung around with breasts out, Esther takes it as her cue to leave the apartment.
She goes out into the hot summer night and decides to walk back to the hotel to sober up. She gets there without any trouble and takes the elevator up to her room. She opens the ventilation to let out the cigarette smoke that Doreen had left there before and watches the city, mute behind the closed window. She feels depressed by the silence. Looking at the silent telephone she wonders who she had given the number to that could call her in New York, and her thoughts turn to Buddy Willard and his mother. Esther mentions that Mrs. Willard promised to introduce her to a simultaneous interpreter she knew at the UN and that she wants Esther to marry Buddy, who is currently staying at a tuberculosis sanatorium. Esther remarks that neither Buddy nor his mother would understand her reasons for her going to New York, rather than taking the opportunity to spend time with Buddy at the sanatorium.
She doesn't want to go to bed, because she feels dirty and decides to take a bath first. There, Esther talks in detail about how baths are an almost religious experience for her, making her troubles disappear. Some time after falling asleep in bed, she is woken by a knocking on the door of her room.
When she opens it, it turns out to be Doreen who, almost unconsciously drunk, has been brought to her door by the maid. The maid leaves Doreen in Esther's hands and leaves. Esther feels reluctant to take responsibility for Doreen, saying how she feels that if she carried her into the room, she “would never get rid of her again”. Instead, she decides to leave Doreen on the corridor floor, assuming that when she wakes up she'll think she collapsed in front of Esther's door by herself. She leaves Doreen lying in a puddle of her own vomit and closes the door. At that time Esther makes the decision that she will have nothing to do with Doreen anymore, as she feels that at heart she resembles Betsy and “her innocent friends”. The next morning Doreen is gone from the corridor, leaving behind only a dark stain on the carpet.

## Example study questions

* How would you explain Esther's behaviour at Lenny's?
* Why does Esther not help Doreen? Do you agree with her decision?
# The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019 video game)/Characters
## Link

The main character dressed in green garb. Washes up on Koholint Island following a storm.
His name can be selected by the player.

## Mabe Village
### Marin

The daughter of Tarin, who is the first to find Link after he washes ashore.
Marin wears a red flower in her long orange hair.

### Tarin

Father of Marin.

### Grandma Yahoo

The friendly Grandma Yahoo can be found outside her house, which she shares with Old Man Ulrira. She greets Link with a hearty "YAHOO!" as she keeps hard at work.
Grandma Yahoo wears a cyan shirt with a pink zig zag pattern near the base of the garment. She has her hair bobbed, and maintains a thick head of hair in her old age. Her face is wrinkled, yet friendly.

### Old Man Ulrira

A shy man. He becomes more talkative over a telephone.

### Madam Meow Meow

A woman with a house in Mabe Village.

### Bow Wow

An excited chain chomp kept at Madam Meow Meow's house.

### Ciao Ciao

An accessory obsessed tiny dog/chain chomp.

### Fisherman
## Animal Village
### Chef Bear

A bear with a restaurant in Animal Village.

### Walrus

A sleepy walrus who likes the music of Marin.

## Overworld
### Witch

The witch speaks in rhymes, brewing magic powder from toadstools.

### Dampé

Operates the dungeon building mechanic.

### Crazy Tracy

Crazy tracy operates a remote shop, selling a secret medicine.

## Other
### Owl

The Owl frequently flies up to Link to dispense advice.
# The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019 video game)/Controls

This page serves as a quick reference of the general controls of the game. Note that not all actions are available from the start.
| Button | Action | Prerequisite |
| Left Control Stick | Move Navigate inventory | |
| A | Interact | |
| B | Sword | Sword found |
| X, Y | Items | |
| L, ZL | Dash | Pegasus Boots found |
| R, ZR | Shield | Shield equiped |
| Plus | Open inventory | |
| Minus | View map | |

## References

Table was split from the book The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening/Controls, which uses imported CC BY-SA content from StrategyWiki.