# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Birds

Birds :
| Nature General Conference See also Birds - Advanced | Skill Level 1 |
| Nature General Conference See also Birds - Advanced | Year of Introduction: 1928 |

## 1. Give two characteristics which set birds apart from all other creatures.

It is often useful to compare features of groups creatures to see what is the same as other creatures, but in order to identify them, it is useful to find the differences as well. There are five classes of creatures with a backbone. These classes include the fish (Agantha), amphibians (amphibia), reptiles (Reptilia), birds (Aves), and mammals (Mammalia).
All of the vertebrata have a backbone, but birds have a number of unique characteristics such as:
* Flight
* Hard shelled eggs
* Warm blooded
* Covered with feathers
* Hollow bones
* Bone structure in the eye
* Keen eyesight
* Musical voices
* Ability to sense magnetic fields
* Very Colorful
Each of these things seems quite unique, but as we look at the other classes of vertebrata, we find that birds are not the only creatures that can fly. There are flying fish, gliding snakes, gliding frogs and bats. Each class of vertebrates has the capability of crude flight, and bats at least can match the flight ability of the birds. We must also note that not all birds are capable of flight (penguins, ostriches and others are incapable of flight).
Mammals are warm blooded, so that is not unique to birds. Whales, frogs and some of the primates have very musical voices, although few can compare to the Lyrebirds of New Guinea or even a simple Northern mocking bird. Many of the mammals such as meerkats have good eyesight, so this is not unique, and most fish have the ability to sense electro-magnetic fields.
When we have compared the various classes, we find that there are only a few things that are unique to the class Aves.

   ### They all lay hard-shelled eggs which they incubate using their body temperature.
   ### They all are covered with a feather structure that differs greatly from scales and fur.
   ### Hollow bones allow them to fly almost effortlessly.
   ### A ring bone in the eyes of birds is what allows them to focus so well and have such keen eyesight.

All of these characteristics give us an idea of what makes birds unique and also an idea as to why we are so drawn to these colorful, flying creatures.

## 2. Name three flightless birds, tell what their diet consists of, and name the country or continent in which each one lives.

* Casuarius casuarius (Southern Cassowary)
* Dromaius novaehollandiae (Emu)
* Apteryx (Kiwi)
* Struthio camelus (Ostrich)
* Aptenodytes forsteri (Emperor Penguin)
* Rhea americana (American Rhea)
* Alca impenis (Great Auk)
* Raphus cucullatus (Mauritius Dodo)
The Alca impenis (Great Auk) and the Raphus cucullatus (Mauritius Dodo) are pictured with the other flightless birds because they were flightless birds that faced many of the same dangers of some of the current flightless birds such as the Apteryx (kiwis). Man and animals that come with man such as dogs, pigs, cats, and rats are very dangerous for any birds that nest on the ground. Many flightless birds have become extinct because of man and his actions. These two species represent a far larger number that have become extinct at the hand of man.

### Cassowary

    Cassowaries are native to the tropical forests of New Guinea and northeastern Australia. Some nearby islands also have small cassowary populations, but it is not known if these are natural or the result of the New Guinea trade in young birds. They are frugivorous; fallen fruit and fruit on low branches are the mainstay of their diet. They also eat fungi, snails, insects, frogs, snakes and other small animals.

### Emu

    The Emu is the largest bird native to Australia. They eat a variety of plant species; the type of plants eaten depends on seasonal availability. They also eat insects, including grasshoppers and crickets, lady beetles, soldier and salt bush caterpillars, cotton-boll moth larvae and ants.

### Kiwi

    Kiwis are from New Zealand. They eat small invertebrates, seeds, grubs, and many varieties of worms. They also may eat fruit, small crayfish, eels, and amphibians. Their long beaks, with nostrils at the end of them, help them to catch prey.

### Ostrich

    Ostriches live in the savannas of Africa. They mainly feed on seeds and other plant matter; occasionally they also eat insects such as locusts. Lacking teeth, they swallow pebbles that help as gastroliths to grind the swallowed foodstuff in the gizzard. An adult ostrich typically carries about 1 kg of stones in its stomach.

### Penguin

    Penguins are aquatic birds living exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid, and other forms of sea life caught while swimming underwater. They spend half of their life on land and half in the oceans.

### Rhea

    Rheas are native to South America. They are omnivorous, preferring broad-leafed plants, but also eating seeds, roots, fruit, insects, and small vertebrates.

## 3. Give the day of the week when birds were created. Find in the Bible the names of five birds and be able to name them from memory.

Birds were created on the Fifth day - see Genesis 1:20-23
Pelican, Raven, Owl - Isaiah 34:11
Chicken - Matthew 23:37, Luke 13:34
Eagle - Jeremiah 49:22, Jeremiah 4:13, Job 9:26, Deuteronomy 28:49, Job 39:27-29
Ostrich (NKJV) or Owl (NIV) - Micah 1:8
Dove - Genesis 8:8-11, Matthew 10:16, Hosea 7:11
Eagle, Buzzard, Kite, Falcon, Raven, Ostrich, Owl, Sea Gull, Hawk, Little Owl, Cormorant, Great Owl, White Owl, Pelican, Vulture, Stork, Heron, and Hoopoe- Leviticus 11:13-19
Peacock - 1 Kings 10:22
Raven - 1 Kings 17
Partridge - Jeremiah 17:11

## 4. Write or give orally three ways in which God's love and purpose is shown in the creation of birds.

"Children should be encouraged to search out in nature the objects that illustrate Bible teachings, and to trace in the Bible the similitudes drawn from nature. They should search out, both in nature and in Holy Writ, every object representing Christ, and those also that He employed in illustrating truth. Thus may they learn to see Him in tree and vine, in lily and rose, in sun and star. They may learn to hear His voice in the song of birds, in the sighing of the trees, in the rolling thunder, and in the music of the sea. And every object in nature will repeat to them His precious lessons." Child Guidance, p. 46.
1. God created the birds to point to Himself as the provider of all that we need. If He takes care of the birds, He shall surely take care of our needs. (Luke 12:24)
2. Birds teach us about God. (Job 12:7-9)
* God says he will protect us like the mother hen protects her chicks. (Matt. 23:37)
* Jesus said God sees the sparrow fall, and much more He sees us. (Matt. 10:29-31)
* He will give us strength like that of the eagle. (Isa. 40:31)
3. The adaptations of birds (especially their beaks, their legs and feet) show us God's creative power.
4. We ought to trust God totally just as birds do. (Matt 6:26)
5. Jesus loves everybody and every thing and as He takes the animals in to account before He does something, He wants us to do so as well. (Jonah 4:11)

## 5. Make a list of thirty species of wild birds, including birds from at least five different orders, that you personally have observed and positively identified by sight outdoors.

Please consult Wikibooks' Field Guide to Birds to help you identify some birds. As of this writing, this field guide is still in its infancy, so you might be well served to purchase a more thorough field guide. Field guides are generally tailored to a specific area of the world, so be sure to consult one that covers your area.
* Waterfowl
* Grouse
* Loons
* Grebes
* Herons
* Vultures
* Rails
* Gulls
* Shorebirds
* Pigeons
* Dove
* Owl
* Cuckoos
* Woodpecker
* Vireos
* Crows
* Ravens
* Jays
* Swallow
* Wrens
* Wood Warblers
* Blackbirds
* Allies
* Finches
* Grosbeaks
* Mockingbirds
* Thrushes
* Tyrant Flycatchers
* Hummingbirds
* Terns

## 6. Make a list of five species of wild birds that you personally have positively identified by sound out of doors.

The Field Guide to Birds has "bird call" links for several birds (though it is not yet exhaustive). Listen to the most common birds in your area so that you may learn to identify them by their calls. Many birds (such as the woodpeckers and the Bobwhite) are a lot easier to identify by their calls, because they are so much easier to hear than to see.
You can also purchase CD's from Peterson's Birding by Ear series. Select one that was made for your region.

## 7. Do one of the following
### a. Set up a feeding station and report on the bird visitors observed for a period of seven days.

This should be done by the individual

### c. In the Western Hemisphere: Maintain a hummingbird feeder for 2 months.
#### (1) What does man-made nectar consist of?

Hummingbird nectar should consist of four parts water to one part sugar (by volume).

#### (2) Why shouldn't you use food coloring or honey?

Honey promotes the growth of a fungus that can kill hummingbirds, so it should never be used.
The assertion that food coloring is bad for hummingbirds has been around since the 1970's, but it has never been proven conclusively. However, since there is no reason to put food coloring in the nectar, why bother? The hummingbirds can find the feeder by the feeder's color, so it is not necessary to color the nectar.

#### (3) When should the feeder fluid be changed?

The feeder should be cleaned weekly.

#### (4) How should the feeder be cared for?

Every time you clean the feeder, check for black mold. If you find any, clean the feeder with bleach. Do not clean a feeder with soap (but you can use white vinegar as long as you rinse it thoroughly afterwards). If hummingbirds are not emptying the feeder before the syrup spoils, don't fill it completely next time. Spoiled syrup will appear cloudy and must be discarded - hummers won't eat it.
Clean the feeder thoroughly once per month with a bottle brush. Soak it in a solution of a 60ml bleach and 4 liters of water. Rinse well, and refill with syrup.
Unless precautions are taken, ants will get into your feeder. Look for a dripless feeder with an ant moat. These are very effective at addressing the problem.

### d. In other areas of the world: Select at least three different habitats in your area and make comparative bird lists of them indicating the differences in birds expected and found.

Different habitats may include:
* Fresh water (rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.)
* Salt water (bays & ocean)
* Fields & meadows
* Forests
* Desserts
* Wetlands
Choose three such areas and observe them. Make lists of the birds you see in each area. You should expect to see differences, as different birds frequent different habitats. For example, you should expect to see herons, pipers, ducks and geese near water, and you should expect to see meadowlarks in fields, and so forth.

## References

* 1 2 http://www.snopes.com/critters/wild/reddye.asp