# Manchu/Lesson 10 - Postpositions
## Dialogue

* niyalma tome emte cuse mooi xusihe weilefi, meimeni hala gebu be arafi emu sibiyai dobton de tebumbi, kadalara xusai sibiyai dobton gajifi acinggiyame, terei dorgi ci emke be tatambi, tatahangge we oci uthai xejilebumbi, xejilehengge sain oci sefu guwebure bithe emke be bumbi, tere guwebure bithe de ilan moo tantara be guwebu seme arambi, geli terei ninggude temgetu hergen arambi, aikabade xejileme muterakv ohode, guwebure bithe tucibufi tatame waliyafi, nenehe xanggan be weile de fangkabume tantabure be guwebumbi, aikabade guwebure bithe akv oci, urunakv ilan moo tantabure be alimbi.
* si tere nikan i bithe be tacifi ainambi?
* sini hendurengge udu inu secibe, mini gvnin de kemuni akvnahakv adali gvnimbi, te bicibe han beise duin mederi be uherilafi abkai fejergi be yooni gemu kadalahabi, jalan de nikan i gisun be baitalara ba umesi labdu, meni ere coohiyan i gisun oci, damu coohiyan i bade teile baitalambi, i jio be duleme nikan i bade jici, gubci yooni nikan i gisun ofi, we ya aika emu gisun fonjime ohode, yasa gadahvn i xame jabume muterakv oci gvwa niyalma membe ai niyalma seme tuwambi?
* si ere nikan i bithe be tacirengge, eici sini cihai tacimbio? sini ama eniye taci sembio?
* meni ama eniye taci sehe kai.
* sini tacihangge udu aniya oho?
* mini tacihangge hontohon aniya funcehe.
* gemu bahanambio bahanarakvn?
* inenggidari nikan i xusai emgi emu bade tefi bithe taciha turgunde majige bahanambi.
* sini sefu ainara niyalma?
* nikan i niyalma.
* se udu oho?
* gvsin sunja se oho.
* sithvme tacibumbio sithvme taciburakvn?
* meni sefu daci nomhon ofi, umesi sithvme tacibumbi.
* suweni geren xusai dorgi de nikan i niyalma udu? coohiyan i niyalma udu?
* nikan coohiyan tob seme emu dulin.
* terei dorgi de inu ehe ningge bio?
* ainu ehe ningge akv, tere ehe ningge be inenggidari dalaha xusai sefu de alafi tantacibe, umai gelere be sarkv. erei dorgi de nikan i jusei tacin umesi ehe, kemuni coohiyan i juse majige nomhon gese.
* amba age si te absi genembi?
* bi inu gemun hecen i baru genembi.
* si gemun hecen i baru geneci tetendere, bi coohiyan i niyalma, nikan i bade feliyeme urehe akv,bi sini emgi gucu arame geneci antaka?
* uttu oci sain kai, muse sasari yoki dere.
* age sini hala ai?
* mini hala wang.

## Translation

* Each person makes a wooden card and writes their name on it. The cards are all put in a container and the Xiucai in charge takes the container, shakes it, and takes out one of the cards. The person whose card is chosen then needs to recite something, and if they recite well then the teacher will give them a get out of punishment card. On the card it is written: "avoid three hits with the wood ", and on top of it there is a seal. If the person can't recite (the text), they can take out the card and tear it up, and use their previous achievement to avoid getting hit. If the person doesn't have a get out of punishment card, then they will certainly receive three hits with the wood.
* What do you study Chinese for?
* Although what you say may be so, I still think that it is not completely like that. Now that the emperor has unified the four seas, and all is ruled under heaven, the places where (the populous) uses Chinese are many. As for our Korean language, it is only used in Korea (Korean land). When you pass Yizhou and arrive in Chinese territory, because everyone speaks Chinese, if somebody asks you a question and you stare and are unable to answer, what kind of a person will other people look at you as?
* Did you study Chinese because you like it or because your parents told you to study it?
* My mother and father told me to study it
* How many years have you studied for?
* I have studied for more than half a year
* Do you know it all?
* I know a bit because I live and study with Chinese Xiucai (students) each day
* What kind of person is your teacher?
* He is Chinese
* How old is he?
* 35 years old
* Does he teach diligently?
* Our teacher is originally (very) humble, and therefore is very diligent in his teaching.
* Out of the Xiucai how many are Chinese and how many are Korean?
* Exactly half are Chinese and half are Korean.
* Are there also bad students?
* Why would there not be bad ones? Although the head Xiucai reports the bad students to the teacher and they get hit, they do not know fear. In this the Chinese children's nature is really bad. The Korean students seem a bit more well behaved.
* Big older brother where are you going now?
* I am also going towards the capital city.
* As you are going to the capital city, and I am Koren and am not familiar with the way, how would it be if I was to accompany you as a friend?
* That is very good, we shall go together.
* Older brother what is your surname?
* My surname is Wang

## Vocab

| acinggiyambi | To shake, to move | aika | If |
| aikabade | If | akvnambi | Detailed, exhaustive, to arrive at the end |
| alimbi | To receive | antaka | How |
| arambi | To do, to write, to be friends with | bahanambi | To be able to, to understand |
| baitalambi | To use | cihai | At will, randomly |
| cuse | Bamboo | dalambi | Head |
| dere | Face, direction, table, think it to be | dobton | Case, cover, envelope |
| dorgi | Inside | dulin | Half |
| ehe | Evil, bad | eici | Or |
| emte | Each | fangkabumbi | To resist |
| fejergi | Under | feliyembi | To go, to travel |
| fonjimbi | To ask | funcembi | More than |
| gadahvn | Long and thin, tall and thin | gajimbi | To take |
| gelembi | To fear | geren | everybody, all |
| gese | It seems, like | gubci | All |
| gvwa | Other, other people | hontohon | Half |
| jabumbi | To answer | jalan | World, generation |
| juse | Children | kadalabumbi | To be ruled |
| kadalambi | To rule | kemuni | Still, in addition |
| majige | A bit | meimeni | Each person |
| nenehe | First | ninggu | On top |
| nomhon | Well behaved | sasari | Together |
| sithvmbi | Concentrate, concentration, dilligent | tacin | Nature, studies, habbits, religion |
| tantambi | To hit | teile | Only |
| temgetu | Seal | tetendere | Since, as being the case |
| tob | Exactly | tome | Each, each time |
| tucibumbi | To take out | turgunde | Because |
| tuwambi | To look | udu | Although, how many |
| uherilambi | Altogether, bring together, unify | umai | Completely |
| urembi | Familiar | urunakv | Certainly |
| waliyambi | To avoid, to abandon | weile | Thing, work, crime |
| weilembi | Work | xambi | To stare |
| xanggan | Acheivement | xusihe | Card |
| yasa | Eyes | yoki | To go, to travel (imperative) |
| yombi | To go, to travel | yooni | All |

## Grammar
### Postpositions

Some of the more commonly used Manchu postpositons are:
| adali | The same as | jakade | Because of, when |
| baru | To | jalin | Because |
| canggi | Only | manggi | After |
| dahame | Because of this | nerginde | When |
| ebsi | Since | ninggude | On top of |
| emde | Together with | onggolo | Before |
| emgi | Together with | saka | And then |
| ergide | At … direction | sidende | When |
| fonde | When | songkoi | In accordance with |
| haran | Because of | tetendere | Since… |
| ici | To, right | tulgiyen | Apart from this.. |
| ishvn | To, across from | turgunde | Because of |
| jaka | Just then | | |

### Linking Words

Some of the more commonly used Manchu linking words are:
| jai… | …and… | bime… | … and at the same time … |
| emu derei ......emu derei...... | …on the one hand…. And on the other… | ememu ....... ememu ...... | … on the one hand …. And on the other… |
| ememungge ...... ememungge ..... | … on the one hand …. And on the other… | eici ........ eici ........... | Either…..or…… |
| embici........... embici.......... | Either…..or…… | ........teile akv......... Inu/geli | Not only….. But also…. |
| .........dade, geli | Not only….. But also… | .............sere anggala.............Inu/geli | Not only….. But also… |
| tuttu ofi, uttu ofi, tuttu | Therefore… | ….jakade | Because |
| …turgunde | Because | …ofi | Because (after becoming) |
| …ohode | Because of (when it became) | teni… | Then … |
| …seme | Because of... | aika .......... oci | If…then… |
| aikabade ......... oci | If…then… | unenggi .............oci | If…then… |
| ..................oci | If…then | .............. ohode , teni ................. | If…then… (more for only if A then B) |
| udu.............. seme | Although… | udu ............ bicibe , inu ................ | Although… also… |
| udu ............ (verb-)cibe | Although… | udu ............ ocibe , inu.................. | Although… also… |
| udu .................secibe , inu .............. | Although… also… | uthai ............. ocibe | Even though… |
| uthai ................. seme | Even though… | uthai ................ okini | Even though… |
| damu | But... only… | tuttu oci… | In that case… |
| uttu oci… | In this case… | tuttu bime… | Yet/however… |
| uttu bime… | Yet/however… | uttu seme… | Yet/however… |
| tuttu secibe… | Yet/however… | neneme… | On the contrary |
Information on Linking words was taken from the Manchu Sky website (满洲天空网站). More specifically from a post by Baksi titled: 满洲族语的连词 (see link below)
满洲天空网站-满洲族语的连词
Now for some examples of the different linking words
* si ere nikan i bithe be tacirengge, eici sini cihai tacimbio? (eici) sini ama eniye taci sembio? - Did you study Chinese because you like it or because your parents told you to study it?
* uttu oci sain kai - (In this case) that is good
* ajige xanyan gvlmahvn jai ajige yacin gvlmahvn - A small white rabbit and a small black rabbit
* ajige yacin gvlmahvn ningge jetere jaka akv ofi, geli sakda niman i boode sogi baime genehe - As the small black rabit had nothing to eat, he then went to the old mountain goat's house to ask for more vegetables
* Beijing ni niyengniyeri forgon de edun amba, damu aga muke komso - In spring in Beijing the wind is strong, but there isn't much rain.
* gebu adali akv bicibe , daci gemu emu hala - Although the name is not the same, they originally have the same surname
* mini beye udu bucecibe , jui bikai - Although I will die, I have sons
Lesson 9 (Adverbs) ---- Contents ---- Lesson 11 (Grammar Summary)