OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ETD Guide/Students/How to prepare an ETD? (approaches)

ETDs are prepared to facilitate scholarly communication. They are vehicles for transmitting the research results of a student, in the most effective way, to each person with interest. Truly effective communication requires students to become facile with tools and methods of expression so their ideas and findings can be clearly conveyed. At the same time, since communication takes place across gaps in space and time, it is important that the form chosen for an ETD be understood in different places and in future times, as typically occurs when standard representation schemes are used. Thus, at a 1994 meeting of ten universities discussing ETDs in Blacksburg, Virginia, USA, it was recommended that ETDs be prepared in both a rendered and a descriptive form, like PDF and SGML. The former ensures that a reader sees things the way the author desires, which may be of particular importance with regard to mathematics or artistic works. The latter instead emphasizes the logical structure and content (as is done with HTML pages) and makes it easier to precisely specify the target of a search. However, no authors write using tools that store their works only in PDF, and few authors directly create SGML documents. Rather, they employ tools they select based on cost, availability, popularity, familiarity, efficiency, or other criteria. For many, the choice is a package like Microsoft Word that may have been bundled with their computer. For others, like mathematicians who need to work with proofs and equations, the main decision may be what representation to use (e.g., LaTeX), with subsidiary decision regarding what editor or other special tool can best manipulate LaTeX files. Such choices may be discipline specific, may be based on what is commonly used by faculty and students who are in a particular group, or who use a particular computing environment. If there is no clear choice imposed, then a decision could be based on the information provided in subsequent sections of this Guide. These cover, in particular:
* an overview of approaches
* using word processing systems
* using an editor (or converter) to prepare SGML/XML
* preparing PDF
* rationale/overview for SGML/XML - and converting to them
* multimedia
* metadata considerations
* intellectual property considerations
Next Section: Overview: writing with word processors and structured editors
# ETD Guide/Students/How to submit your ETD?

Universities requiring or accepting ETDs should provide students with basic levels of support such as hardware (e.g., computer workstations), software (including programs for creating the works such as word processors, as well as other software such as sound and image programs), and opportunities for training in how best to use the hardware and software and how to submit their ETDs.
Next Section: Local support
# ETD Guide/Students/Importance of satisfying local requirements

When students prepare ETDs, they must be sure to undertake this effort in accordance with all requirements. They should be aware and considerate of the interests, time, and abilities of the faculty who advise and examine them. They must be sure that those in charge of the graduate program and library, as applicable, are satisfied with their submission. Typically, there will be written or online instructions, such as are available for Virginia Tech students (http://etd.vt.edu). If their university does not accept ETDs, students can submit as an “independent”, according to rules and procedures being developed by NDLTD. Instructions may be updated from time to time and will be found at http://www.theses.org.
Next Section: Learning from other ETDs
# ETD Guide/Technical Issues/Contexts: local, regional, national, global

World Diversity
Our world is a very diverse place. We have many geographies, climates, races, cultures, and languages. Another characteristic that differentiates places of the world is the level of development. This creates various levels of access to:
* Food and water
* Housing, electricity and sanitation
* Medical care
* Education
* Jobs
* Information and knowledge
World Infrastructure
Infrastructure is different in different regions of the world too. Third world nations have characteristic social/economic gaps among groups of persons and/or regions within the countries. In one nation, developed areas, where people have access to all the items listed above and where infrastructure is good, coexist with very poor regions where living conditions are bad.
This coexistence leads to a varied range of infrastructure levels in general and in universities too. There are universities with very good campuses and with the infrastructure comparable to those in developed nations. Others have bad installation, lack equipment and do not have good networks and Internet connections. This bad fortune reflects on students, faculty and staff who may not be proficient with information technology tools.
When an ETD program is considered, some aspects of the infrastructure must be examined. They can be grouped in 3 categories, as follows.
Local (in the university) infrastructure
* The level of automation of the library in terms of cataloging of the collection, library system, equipment for the staff and for end users, etc.
* The number and quality of machines available to students
* The number and quality of machines available to the administrative staff
* The network conditions - connection to all university buildings, speed, reliability and support
* The level of computer literacy of students, faculty, library staff and administrative staff
* The number of machines connected to the Internet
* The connection of the university network to WAN's and the Internet - speed, reliability and support
Regional and national infrastructure
* The network connections - speed, reliability and support;
* The existence of other ETD and/or digital library projects to develop the culture and to seek/provide support
* The possibility of funding, from agencies and/or private companies, to ETD programs Global
* The network connections - speed, reliability and support;
* The dissemination of information on ETD and/or digital library projects to provide support to those who want to start programs
* The agreement on minimum standards for systems, technology and metadata to allow interoperability and seamless access
* The discussion and agreement on languages to identify ETDs so that they can be searched, retrieved and used
Next Section: Networking
# ETD Guide/Technical Issues/Encryption; Watermarking

Encryption and Digital Signature Overview: Using digital signatures
Digital signatures act like conventional signatures - allowing you to "sign off" on anything that requires an approval. You can simply attach your "signature" to the document. In addition, a signature stores information, like the date and time, and allows you to track document versions and validate their authenticity.
To create a digital signature profile:
* Choose Tools > Self-Sign Signatures > Log In.
* In the Acrobat Self-Sign Signatures - Log In dialog box, click New Profile.
* In the User Attributes area of the Acrobat Self-Sign Signatures - Create New User dialog box, enter your name and whatever other information you want to include in the three optional fields.
* In the Profile File area of the Acrobat Self-Sign Signatures - Create New User dialog box, enter the path name for the folder in which you want to store your signature profile or click Browse and choose a folder. Enter a password of at least six characters in the User Password and Confirm Password fields and then click OK.
To add a digital signature to a document:
* Click on the Digital Signature tool in the Tool bar and then click and drag where you want to place your signature.
* In the Acrobat Self-Sign Signatures- Sign Document dialog box you can select an option from the Reason for Signing Document pop-up menu or enter a reason in the field, and you can enter a location in the Location, e.g. City Name field. Note: If you're using a third-party signature handler, follow the instructions displayed on screen. You may be prompted to log in to the handler or enter required information.
* Enter your password in the Confirm User Password field and then click Save Document.
* If this is the first signature added to the document, the Save As dialog box is displayed. Enter a name and choose a location for the file and then click OK. Note: If the Save As dialog box is displayed when you add a digital signature, you end up with two copies of the document: one unsigned and one signed.
* From this point on, you should use the signed version.
* To display a list of a document's signatures, click the Signatures tab in the Navigation pane. The Signatures palette's pop-up menu contains several commands for working with digital signatures; the Properties command lets you see the attributes of a digital signature.
Next Section: Packaging
# ETD Guide/Technical Issues/Conversions from LaTeX to SGML\XML

Looking at this problem, it first gives the impression that because writing in LaTeX is also a kind of structured writing, a conversion into SGML or XML compatible documents can quite easily be done.
Often people use as software Onmimark, Balise or simple Perl scripts for conversion.
Problems
Problem 1 The LaTeX format itself enables due to the structural approach an easier conversion into SGML/XML. But often the pure LaTeX approach goes hand in hand with sophisticated macro programming, so that in many cases the pure structure of a LaTeX document will be destroyed by macros or the conversion will be much harder to perform. Also the lack of a parser that checks the correct usage of structure elements like chapter, section, subsection make a conversion more complicated.
Problem 2 If an author wants to define a mathematical formula in LaTeX, he has 2 basic opportunities:
* Producing the mathematical formula as picture
* Defining them with the appropriate mathematical LaTeX features as text formulas.
First and Second Versions
The first version prevents from any secondary usage of the formula. The second version allows the reusability of a formula in different contexts. So it makes it easy to prove correctness of a statement by importing the LaTeX formula into a mathematical software package like Maple or Mathematica. Formulas coded in LaTeX can be displayed in a rendered form in an browser by software or plug-ins like IBM Techexplorer, Math Viewer. As LaTeX coded formulas still have the disadvantage, that they are not encoded using so called semantic tags, the usage of MathML is highly advised MathML is an XML document type definition for mathematics developed by the W3C.
The Letter e
In LaTeX authors often don't distinguish the letter 'e', that may stand for a variable and the Euler constant. In MathML there is a huge difference whether something is encoded as variable e or as the Euler e (2,718. . .). Therefore, the usage of layout definition in LaTeX for mathematics complicates the conversion into MathML and therefore into any SGML/XML format.
Possible Solutions
In order to prepare mathematical formulas in LaTeX for a conversion, many universities and the TeX. User Groups around the world are working soon the definition of certain macros that can be transformed into the appropriate MathML definitions.
See University of Montréal at www.theses.umontreal.ca or University of the Bundeswehr in Munich.
Next Section: Rendering-style sheets
# ETD Guide/Technical Issues/Database and IR

The next step after identification of the items of the digital library, the ETDs, is to address storage of the cataloguing attributes and the action of searching and retrieving. Remember that the quality of retrieval is dependent both on the programming of the search and retrieve functions but, as important as this, on the quality of the information used to catalog the items of the collection.
Databases are common and suitable tools to store, search and retrieve information. Besides this, they can also be very helpful in the process of capturing the attributes since they have the general function of managing information.
Before implementing the database, the database model must be created. This will happen only after the metadata model has been defined and related to other existing identification procedures such as traditional cataloguing on an automated library system.
If the traditional OPAC is to be maintained during the ETD program, it is desirable to avoid duplicated information. Thus, the attributes that are present in the OPAC should not be repeated and a link between the OPAC record and the ETD metadata is be created.
No matter where information is stored, the user should be able to perform the types of search that are standard in library systems: author, title, keywords, subjects, ISBN, etc.
As mentioned in the section Metadata models for ETDs, some information that is used to identify the items are language dependent (title, keywords, subjects, etc.). If the database holds only one language per record, search procedures are to be performed using the arguments in this language. If a multilingual database is modelled, it is recommended that search be language independent, i.e., that the argument be checked against all languages. In this last situation, after a record is found as the result of a search, all its language instances should be displayed to the user so that he/she can choose the language for retrieval.
Database extenders (text, image) may be considered to increase the number of points of access by performing the searches in the ETD's not only on the cataloguing attributes.
The relation with the legacy systems databases must be examined since information concerning the TDs may be stored on them. Some examples are the graduate program, the mentor, the examining committee, etc.
The next sections address specific aspects of this topic.
Next Section: Packaged solutions
# ETD Guide/Technical Issues/Dissemination of ETDs

Ultimately, ETDs are designed to be disseminated, to at least some audience. Aspects of this activity are considered in the next subsections.
First, each ETD must have an ID, and there must be a link between the ID and the actual work. Second, each ETD must have a metadata record attached, that can be used for resource discovery and other purposes. Third, there must be a link between the ID, the metadata, and the actual body of the ETD. Fourth, the works must be made available, typically through a Web server. Sixth, there may be summaries or full works that are provided for discovery, or for indexing that is designed to lead to discovery. For example, summary pages may be indexed by Web search engines so that they may be found as a result of a Web search.
Note that it is encouraged for all NDLTD sites to keep a log regarding dissemination of the local ETDs, as well as other related information, so statistical and other reports can be prepared both for individual sites and for sites that have aggregate information (such as NDLTD).
Next Section: Identifying: URN, PURL, DOI
# Economic Sophisms/254

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<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"and the result obtained. Progress consists in the relative enhancement of the second or of the first term of this relation.
Both theses have been maintained; and in political economy they have divided the region of opinion and of thought.
According to the first system, wealth is the result of labour, increasing as the relative proportion of result to effort increases. Absolute perfection, of which God is the type, consists in the infinite distance interposed between the two terms—in this sense, effort is nil, result infinite.
The second system teaches that it is the effort itself which constitutes the measure of wealth. To make progress is to increase the relative proportion which effort bears to result. The ideal of this system may be found in the sterile and eternal efforts of Sisyphus.
The first system naturally welcomes everything which tends to diminish pains and augment products; powerful machinery which increases the forces of man, exchange which allows him to derive greater advantage from natural agents distributed in various proportions over the face of the earth, intelligence which discovers, experience which proves, competition which stimulates, etc.
Logically, the second invokes everything which has the effect of increasing pains and diminishing products; privileges, monopolies, restrictions, prohibitions, suppression of machinery, sterility, etc.
It is well to remark that the universal practice of mankind always points to the principle of the first system. We have never seen, we shall never see, a man who labours in any department, be he agriculturist, manufacturer, merchant, artificer, soldier, author, or philosopher, who does not devote all the powers of his mind to work better, to work with more rapidity, to work more economically—in a word, to effect more with less.
The opposite doctrine is in favour only with theorists, deputies, journalists, statesmen, ministers—men, in short, born to make experiments on the social body.
At the same time, we may observe, that in what concerns
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# Economic Sophisms/26

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"number of ailments, or cure himself of them. Hunger, thirst, disease, heat, cold, are so many obstacles strewn along his path. In a state of isolation he must overcome them all, by hunting, fishing, tillage, spinning, weaving, building; and it is clear that it would be better for him that these obstacles were less numerous and formidable, or, better still, that they did not exist at all. In society, he does not combat these obstacles personally, but others do it for him; and in return he employs himself in removing one of those obstacles which are encountered by his fellow-men.
It is clear also, considering things in the gross, that it would be better for men in the aggregate, or for society, that these obstacles should be as few and feeble as possible.
But when we come to scrutinize the social phenomena in detail, and men's sentiments as modified by the introduction of exchange, we soon perceive how they have come to confound wants with wealth, the obstacle with the cause.
The separation of employments, the division of labour, which results from the faculty of exchanging, causes each man, instead of struggling on his own account to overcome all the obstacles which surround him, to combat only one of them; he overcomes that one not for himself but for his fellow-men, who in turn render him the same service.
The consequence is that this man, in combating this obstacle which it is his special business to overcome for the sake of others, sees in it the immediate source of his own wealth. The greater, the more formidable, the more keenly felt this obstacle is, the greater will be the remuneration which his fellow-men will be disposed to accord him; that is to say, the more ready will they be to remove the obstacles which stand in his way.
The physician, for example, does not bake his own bread, or manufacture his own instruments, or weave or make his own coat. Others do these things for him, and in return he treats the diseases with which his patients are afflicted. The more numerous, severe, and frequent these diseases are, the more others consent, and are obliged, to do for his personal comfort. Regarding it from this point of view, disease, that general obstacle to human happiness, becomes a cause of material prosperity to the individual physician. The same argument applies
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We have just seen that between our wants and the satisfaction of these wants, obstacles are interposed. We succeed in overcoming these obstacles, or in diminishing their force by the employment of our faculties. We may say in a general way, that industry is an effort followed by a result.
But what constitutes the measure of our prosperity, or of our wealth? Is it the result of the effort? or is it the effort itself? A relation always subsists between the effort employed
# Economic Sophisms/30

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"themselves personally, they act as every one else does, on the principle of obtaining from labour the greatest possible amount of useful results.
Perhaps I may be thought to exaggerate, and that there are no true sisyphists.
If it be argued that in practice they do not press their principle to its most extreme consequences, I willingly grant it. This is always the case when one sets out with a false principle. Such a principle soon leads to results so absurd and so mischievous that we are obliged to stop short. This is the reason why practical industry never admits sisyphism; punishment would follow error too closely not to expose it. But in matters of speculation, such as theorists and statesmen deal in, one may pursue a false principle a long time before discovering its falsity by the complicated consequences to which men were formerly strangers; and when at last its falsity is found out, the authors take refuge in the opposite principle, turn round, contradict themselves, and seek their justification in a modern maxim of incomparable absurdity: in political economy, there is no inflexible rule, no absolute principle.
Let us see, then, if these two opposite principles which I have just described do not predominate by turns, the one in practical industry, the other in industrial legislation.
I have already noticed the saying of M. Bugeaud (that "when bread is dear, agriculturists become rich"); but in M. Bugeaud are embodied two separate characters, the agriculturist and the legislator.
As an agriculturist, M. Bugeaud directs all his efforts to two ends,—to save labour, and obtain cheap bread. When he prefers a good plough to a bad one; when he improves his pastures; when, in order to pulverize the soil, he substitutes as much as possible the action of the atmosphere for that of the harrow and the hoe; when he calls to his aid all the processes of which science and experiment have proved the efficacy,—he has but one object in view, viz., to diminish the proportion of effort to result. We have indeed no other test of the ability of a cultivator, and the perfection of his processes, than to measure to what extent they have lessened the one and added to the other. And as all the farmers in the world act
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# Entrepreneurial Learning/Information

| Characteristic | Description |
| Title | Entrepreneurial learning |
| Author | BeeBringer |
| Goal | Implement entrepreneurial learning in regular schools |
# Entry Level PHP Web Application Development/Blank

This page is intentionally blank. It is a placeholder page for what comes up at the end when the book is not finished. When the book is finished, this page will be deleted, as it will no longer have any purpose.
# Entrepreneurial Learning/Method

The entrepreneurial learning method will look at how it can stimulate, support and facilitate the learner in creating and deciding about his own learning and entrepreneurship. That turns out to be what makes an enterprising person happy and thus motivates optimally. To organize your own way from freedom and responsibility is something that needs to be learned. It should certainly not be presumed to be already present. The method should pursue learning in freedom as the main learning objective.