OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ruy Lopez

The move is sometimes called the Old Steinitz Defence because it is viewed as not best for black. The pawn on e5 is not threatened by Bxc6 so there is no need to defend it. Black allows his light square Bishop to become active, but at the same time his dark square bishop is getting blocked, so there isn't much of any gain in development. The move also allows white to play d4 immediately.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 d6
| | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Steinitz Defence | d4 Bd7 | Nc3 exd4 | Nxd4 g6 | Be3 Bg7 | += |
| Steinitz Defence | Bxc6+ ... | |
| Old Steinitz Defence | d4 Bd7 | d5 Nce7 | Bxd7+ Qxd7 | 0-0 0-0-0 | a4 += |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5/4. Nc3/4...fxe4/5. Nxe4

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Black may now accept the invitation to build a classical pawn centre with 5...d5. If White were forced to retreat the e4-knight, this would be enough to put 4.Nc3 out of business. Alas, Black players at GM level have been scoring very badly out of the well-analysed complications that follow White's critical reply 6.Nxe5!
So Schliemann Defence champion Teimour Radjabov prefers the more sedate 5...Nf6, with the character of the resulting positions depending on whether White now exchanges on f6 voluntarily or has to be forced into it with 6.Qe2 d5.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5/4. Nc3/4...fxe4

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5. Nxe4 is necessary to recover the pawn.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5/4. Nc3

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4...fxe4 is the only move - otherwise why bother attacking White's e-pawn?
# Ruy Lopez: Exchange Variation

Against this move, Black should play 5...exd4, as he shouldn't allow White to play Nxe5 or dxe5 which would favor White.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Bxc6 dxc6 5.d4
| 5 |
| ... exd4 | =/+ |
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# Ruy Lopez: Exchange Variation

The best move for white here is 6.Qxd4. This leads to 6.- Qxd4 7.Nxd4. This line is thought to slightly favor black. 6.Nxd4?! is bad because of 6.- c5! and after 7.Nb5 or 7.Nb3, black shall play Qxd1+!, which will give him an advantage.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...d5
### 3... d5

This suspicious move allows 4.Nxe5 netting a pawn due to pin on the Nc6
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 d5

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5

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# Schliemann Defence

The first thing to note about the Schliemann Defence, formerly known as the Jaenisch Gambit, is that it isn't a gambit. Despite the apparent similarity to the Latvian Gambit, the knight on c6 changes everything. Obviously, White can't capture on e5 immediately, and capturing on e5 after exchanging on c6 doesn't win a pawn either because the usual Ruy Lopez rejoinder ...Qd4 wins it straight back. Capturing the other way with 4.exf5 is possible but then 4...e4 would embarrass the f3-knight and lead, surprisingly, to a draw by repetition after only 7 moves.
So rather than blast the Schliemann Defence off the board, White must try to act natural and exploit the weakened Black kingside further down the line. The two moves that contribute to White's development while also defending the e4-pawn are
* 4. Nc3, the Berger Variation, and
* 4. d3, the Safe Variation.
Black's next move is going to be ...fxe4, so choosing between these two moves amounts to choosing which piece you want to recapture with. A knight on e4 would immediately invite ...d5, to which White can react with a hair-raising temporary piece sacrifice. A pawn on e4 creates the prospect of preventing Black from castling with the remarkable manoeuvre Qd1-d3-c4. A little theory goes a long way in both cases!

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 f5
| | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 1 | Nc3 fxe4 | Nxe4 d5 | Nxe5 dxe4 | Nxc6 Qg5 | Qe2 Nf6 | f4 Qh4+ | +/= |
| 2 | d4 fxe4 | Nxe5 Nxe5 | dxe5 c6 | Nc3 cxb5 | Nxe4 d5 | exd6 Nf6 | ∞ |
| 3 | d3 Nf6 | exf5 Bc5 | Nc3 O-O | O-O Nd4 | Nxe5 d5 | Nf3 c6 | ∞ |
| 4 | exf5 e4 | Qe2 Qe7 | Bxc6 dxc6 | Nd4 Qe5 | Nf3 Qe7 | Nd4 Qe5 | = |
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## References

* Winning with the Schliemann by Mikhail Tseitlin, Published 1991 by Maxwell Macmillan Chess ISBN 1-85744-017-X.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# King's Indian Defence

White intends to play e4 with this move. Developing this knight first also keeps options open for being able to play multiple lines against the King's Indian.
One of Black's most powerful weapon here is the Grünfeld Defence with 3...d5. The main variation, 4. cxd5 Nxd5 5. e4 Nxc3 6. bxc3 Bg7 leads to a typical hypermodern situation where White has a powerful center that Black will have to attack from a distance with their dark-squared bishop and a ...c5 pawn break.
3...Bg7 and 3...d6 stick to the classical ideas behind the King's Indian, another venerable and popular opening.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3
| | 3 |
| King's Indian Defence | ... Bg7 | e4 d6 | = |
| Grünfeld Defence | ... d5 | = |
| King's Indian Defence | ... d6 | = |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# King's Indian Defence
### 4...d6

The move d6 ensures that White can't kick the Black Knight with e5. It also prepares to play e5 or c5 at some possible point. White has a variety of choices here.
By far the most popular line is the Classical main line, 5. Nf3, which results in a race on opposite sides: White tries to break through on the queenside before Black's forces get to the White king.
In the aggressive Sämisch Variation (5. f3), White will normally castle queenside (although castling kingside can also occur) and attack along the h-file. Black, meanwhile, will try to open the b-file with the advance ...b7-b5.
The most megalomaniacal variation is the Four Pawns' Attack, which sets up a fourth pawn on the fourth rank (hence the name) and gains a lot of space. Black must react quickly to avoid getting crushed by White's center.
Then, there is the quirky variation arising after 5. h3(Makogonov), which stops a knight from getting into g4 while retaining the option of Nf3.
The most positional variation in the King's Indian is the Fianchetto Variation. In this variation, normally the position is more fluid. Black usually exchanges his e-pawn for White's d-pawn, resulting in a situation where Black tries to play on the queenside dark squares and against e4, while White lines his forces up against d6 and the kingside.
In all of these variations, very sharp play ensues, making it the favorite of players such as Kasparov, Fischer, and Bronstein.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6
| | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Classical main line | Nf3 O-O | Be2 e5 | O-O Nc6 | d5 Ne7 | +/= |
| Fianchetto Variation | g3 O-O | Bg2 Nbd7 | Nf3 c6 | O-O e5 | +/= |
| Sämisch Variation | f3 O-O | Be3 Nc6 | Qd2 a6 | Nge2 Rb8 | = |
| Averbakh Variation | Be2 O-O | Bg5 c5 | d5 e6 | Qd2 exd5 | +/= |
| Four Pawns Attack | f4 O-O | Nf3 c5 | d5 e6 | Be2 exd5 | =∞ |
| Makogonov variation | h3 O-O | Bg5 c5 | d5 b5 | cxb5 a6 | =∞ |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.

## External links

* 365Chess. 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6
* chessgames. 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6
# King's Indian Defense, Fischer Transposition

This is true hypermodernism. Usually the game transposes after moves like 5.Nf3 d6, but sometimes White plays 5.e5 Ne8 6.f4 d6, when 7.Nf3 c5! 8.dxc5 Nc6! leads to a sharp but equal game.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 O-O
| | 5 | 6 |
| 1 | e5 Ne8 | f4 d6 | = |
| 2 | Nf3 d6 | Be2 e5 | = |
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## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
# King's Indian Defence
### 5. Nf3 Classical

After this, white seems to have a full iron grip on the center with all his pawns defended and no weakness. However, after black castles, he can launch an attack on white's pawn structure with ...c5 and ...e5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. Nf3
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Nf3 O-O | Be2 e5 | O-O Nc6 | d5 Ne7 | +/= |
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# King's Indian Defence
### 2...g6

With 2...g6, Black commits to a hypermodern development strategy. They will fianchetto their dark-squared bishop with ...Bg7 and attempt to exert pressure on White's center with pieces and timely pawn breaks. After 2...g6 certain themes are already evident. Preservation of the dark-square bishop will be vital for Black's safety after castling kingside. 2...g6 weakens the dark squares around Black's king; without the dark-square bishop to control squares like f6 and h6, these weaknesses can be fatal. The g7 bishop is not purely a defensive piece, however. White must be aware that opening the center by pawn exchanges may very well unleash the bishop's power by giving it a clear diagonal towards White's queenside.
2...g6 will almost certainly lead to either a King's Indian Defence or a Grunfeld Defence.
In the King's Indian Defence, Black castles kingside as quickly as possible with a fianchettoed structure, in doing so it will allow White to have pawn presence in the centre. Black will then do their best to claim as much as they can back with their own pawns, often chipping away at the residual White presence. A strategist's playground.
While in the Grunfeld, Black uses 2...g6 to wait for Nc3 by White where he will follow with ...d5. Black's play will be the dark diagonal, usually with the help of the move ...c5, while White's advantage will be his broad centre - Hypermodernism exemplified.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| | Nc3 Bg7 | e4 d6 | Nf3 O-O | Be2 e5 | O-O Nc6 | ∞ |
| Grunfeld Defence | ... d5 | cxd5 Nxd5 | e4 Nxc3 | bxc3 Bg7 | | = |
| | Nf3 Bg7 | g3 O-O | Bg2 d6 | O-O Nc6 | Nc3 a6 | ∞ |
| | g3 Bg7 | Bg2 O-O | Nc3 d6 | Nf3 ... | ... ... | ∞ |
| | f3 Bg7 | e4 d6 | Nc3 O-O | Be3 Nc6 | Nge2 a6 | ∞ |
| | ... e5 | dxe5 Nh5 | | | | ∞ |
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## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# King's Indian Defense

3...Bg7 is the King's Indian Defense, one of the most heavily analysed openings in chess. Black's idea is to concede the center to white and to then put pressure on it using the bishop on g7, often in conjunction with moves like c5 and Nc6. One of the common themes of the King's Indian Defense is for black to launch a king side attack, typically beginning with the move f5. In reply, White will often launch their own attack on the queen side where they often have a large space advantage.
The King's Indian Defense is a very dynamic opening which can be highly risky but can also give excellent counterplay for black. As such it is often employed by players who wish for a more tactical game than is normal in Queen's pawn openings. In the late 80s and early 90s, Garry Kasparov used it regularly to devastating effect and as a result, it became very popular with players at all levels. In recent years it has been less used at the top level although Teimour Radjabov's excellent results with it helped him to win the strong Corus tournament in 2007 and possibly signalled a comeback for the dangerous defense.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
'1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7'
| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| e4 d6 | f4 O-O | Nf3 c5 | d5 e6 | ∞ |
| Nf3 d6 | e4 d6 | Nf3 O-O | Be2 e5 | ∞ |
| g3 O-O | Bg2 d6 | Nf3 c6 | O-O Qa5 | ∞ |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Indian Defence
## 4. Nf3

This Knight development is solid but leaves the options open for Black to either play The King's Indian or the Grunfeld Defence. If Black wishes to play the Grunfeld then responding immediately with d5 is required as white next move is likely to be 5. e4 which prevents d5 from being played.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. Nf3
| | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| King's Indian Defence | ... d6 | e4 O-O | Be2 e5 | O-O Nc6 | ∞ |
| King's Indian Defence | ... O-O | e4 d6 | Be2 e5 | O-O Nc6 | ∞ |
| Grunfeld Defence | ... d5 | cxd5 Nxd5 | e4 Nxc3 | bxc3 e5 | ∞ |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.

## External links

* 365Chess. 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. Nf3
* chessgames. 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. Nf3
# King's Indian Defence
### 4. e4

With 4.e4, White takes the King's Indian head-on, accepting the centre that black has conceded. Resulting games tend to be highly dynamic. Another important aspect of the move e4 is that it prevents black from playing 4...d5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4
| 4 |
| ... d6 | = |
| ... 0-0 | = |
| ... c5 | = |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.

## External links

* 365Chess. 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4
* chessgames. 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4
# King's Indian Defence
### Classical

This position is part of the Classical King's Indian Defence. White has an expansive pawn trio which Black is planning on attacking. White must brace himself because Black's counteroffensive in the centre of the board is about to start with ...e5.
6.Be2 is simply allowing White the opportunity to allow his King to get to safety (and stop the ...Bg4 pin on the knight) before Black begins his counteroffensive in the middle of the board. This move is played the vast majority of the time.
6.h3 is more passive move that stops ...Bg4 from happening but without allowing a kingside castle. This leaves the King slightly more vulnerable.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. Nf3 O-O
| 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Be2 e5 | O-O Nc6 | d5 Ne7 | +/= |
| h3 e5 | d5 Na6 | Bg5 Qe8 | = |
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. Nf3/5...O-O/6. Be2

The main line of the King's Indian Defense. The main line continues 6...e5, attacking the center. White usually castles kingside, and the main line continues 7...Nc6 8. d5 Ne7. White has a space advantage in the center and will try to attack on the queenside and prepare a pawn break, c5. Black will attack on the kingside, by advancing his pawns to f4 and g5, preparing the g4 pawn break.
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# Choosing High Quality Children's Literature

This book is written for teachers and parents of young children to help them select the very best in children's literature. It is written by practicing teachers in a graduate children's literature class at Ashland University. The book contains ten chapters covering eight genres (types) of children's literature, picture book illustrations, and children's book awards. Each module includes an introduction and explanation of the topic, criteria for selecting high quality books and descriptions of excellent book examples.

## Contents

* Biography
* Historical Fiction
* Informational
* Poetry
* Modern Fantasy
* Multicultural Literature
* Picture Book Illustrations
* Realistic Fiction
* Traditional Literature
* Children's Book Authors
* Children's Literature Awards
# Choosing High Quality Children's Literature/Children's Book Authors

* Grades K-2 Authors
* Grades 2-3 Authors
* Grades 4-5 Authors
# FHSST Computer Literacy/Contents/Computers in all walks of life

Computers in all walks of life
Sample Text for Computers in Every Day Life
The Social Origins of Ubiquitous Computing
In 1991, Scientific American published Mark Weiser's article 'The Computer for the 21st Century' and planted the seed for a new paradigm in computing that is arguably set to dominate the coming decades. In the late 1980s, researchers at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) moved away from personal computing - which they understood as forcing computers to the centre of our attention - and towards what they called ubiquitous computing, or Ubicomp, which 'takes into account the natural human environment and allows the computers themselves to vanish into the background' (Weiser, 1991: 1). In other words, they were interested in 'invisible' computers that would allow us to focus on life beyond computational devices. According to Weiser, not only would ubiquitous computing liberate us from the constraints of desktop computing, it would free us from equally isolating immersive and simulated virtual reality environments. From the perspective of design, ubiquitous computing was also novel because Weiser's inspiration came from the social and cultural realms more than from the technological (Weiser, 1993a).
Anne Galloway | Resonances & Everyday Life: Ubiquitous Computing & the City (Draft) – www.purselipsquarejaw.org/...
# FHSST Biology/Temperature
## Temperature

We need to make a special mention of the units used to describe temperature. The unit of temperature listed in Table 1.1 is not the everyday unit we see and use.
Normally the Celsius scale is used to describe temperature. As we all know, Celsius temperatures can be negative. This might suggest that any number is a valid temperature. In fact, the temperature of a gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up the gas. As we lower the temperature so the motion of the particles is reduced until a point is reached where all motion ceases. The temperature at which this occurs is called absolute zero. There is no physically possible temperature colder than this. In Celsius, absolute zero is at -273.15 °C.
Physicists have defined a new temperature scale called the Kelvin scale. According to this scale absolute zero is at 0 K and negative temperatures are not allowed. The size of one unit kelvin is exactly the same as that of one unit degree Celsius. This means that a change in temperature of 1 kelvin is equal to a change in temperature of 1 degree Celsius—the scales just start in different places. Think of two ladders with steps that are the same size but the bottom most step on the Celsius ladder is labelled -273, while the first step on the Kelvin ladder is labelled 0. There are still 100 steps between the points where water freezes and boils on either ladder.
(NOTE TO SELF: Come up with a decent picture of two ladders with the labels—water boiling and freezing—in the same place but with different labelling on the steps!)
This makes the conversion from kelvins to degrees Celsius and back very easy. To convert from degrees Celsius to kelvins add 273. To convert from kelvins to degrees Celsius subtract 273. Representing the Kelvin temperature by T$_K$ and the Celsius temperature by T$_{oC}$,
${\begin{matrix}T_{K}&=&T_{oC}+273\end{matrix}}$
It is because this conversion is additive that a difference in temperature of 1 degree Celsius is equal to a difference of 1 kelvin. The majority of conversions between units are multiplicative. For example, to convert from metres to millimetres we multiply by 1000. Therefore a change of 1 m is equal to a change of 1000 mm.
>> Next: Scientific Notation, Significant Figures, Rounding and Chi Squared Test
# FHSST Biology/Units

Imagine you had to make curtains and needed to buy material. The shop assistant would need to know how much material was required. Telling her you need material 2 wide and 6 long would be insufficient—you have to specify the unit (i.e. 2 metres wide and 6 metres long). Without the unit the information is incomplete and the shop assistant would have to guess. If you were making curtains for a doll's house the dimensions might be 2 centimetres wide and 6 centimetres long!
It is not just lengths that have units, all physical quantities have units (e.g. time and temperature).
Table 1.1: SI Base Units :
| Base quantity | Name | Symbol |
| length | metre | m |
| mass | kilogram | kg |
| time | second | s |
| electric current | ampere | A |
| thermodynamic temperature | kelvin | K |
| amount of substance | mole | mol |
| luminous intensity | candela | cd |
>> Next: Unit Systems