# Ethnography of Fiddle/African fiddle

The term African fiddle may be applied to any of several African bowed string instruments.

## Luo orutu

    Luo orutu, or simply "orutu", is the one-stringed fiddle of East Africa. It is typically accompanied by Nyatiti lyre, Bul drums, the Nyangile sound box, Ongeng'o metal rings, Asili flute, and the Oporo horn.

## Gongey

    Gonjey music is found amongst the Dagomba people of Northern Ghana, which is in West Africa and is known to the West through modern proponents such as Kenge Kenge and the ethnomusicological archival activities of Nana Kimati Dinizulu, son of the late Nana Opare Dinizulu. According to published archival footage Talensi people who are located in the Upper Eastern Region of Ghana and in Burkina Faso the gonje is constructed from "a gourd, lizard skin, stick and... a horsehair bow"

## "Fiddle tube"

    The so-called "fiddle tube" of Uganda is also referred to as "endingidi".

## Ethnomusicology

Self-described "culture bearer" Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje of the University of California, Los Angeles broke new ground in ethnomusicology with her study of "fiddle" music of the Luo of Kenya. Citing Kwamwe Anthony Appish, she rejects "nativist nostalgia . . . largely fueled by that Western sentimentalism so familiar after Rousseau". This is consistent with trends which urge caution when introjecting cultural stereotypes. Following her earlier academic studies, she released Fiddling in West Africa Touching the Spirit in Fulbe, Hausa, and Dagbamba Cultures in 2008.

## Contemporary African fiddle music

Noise Khanyile & the Jo'burgm C is a Johannesburg based ensemble produced by West Nkosi that has been critically acclaimed. They exhibit a sophisticated multiply layered tapestry of Zulu inspired sound on his 1989 release Art of Noise.

## References

* 1 2 3 Biography supplied by artist management 2010. "Kenge Kenge Orutu Systems". Womad.org. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
* 1 2 DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell (2002). "Ethnomusicologists at Work: Africa and North America". In Ruth M. Stone (ed.). The World's Music: General Perspectives and Reference Tools, The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 10 (PDF). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 137–155. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-11.
* ↑ http://www.musicvideos.the-real-africa.com/ghana/nana_kimati_dinizulu_archives_gonjey_music.html
* ↑ http://www.odegle.com/2009/01/night-of-orutu.html
* ↑ African Roots of the Blues Part 5 - Talensi Fiddle Music From Ghana, West Africa |africanbushdoctor |http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzqDq2R7KT0
* ↑ Makubuya, James. 2000. "Endingidi (Tube Fiddle) of Uganda: Its Adaptation and Significance among the Baganda." The Galpin Society Journal 53:140–155.
* ↑ http://www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu/pre/Vol11/Vol11html/V11DjeDje.html
* ↑ Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 1992. In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
* ↑ "A similar process of reification takes place within multicultural societies, where the idea of ethnic cultures is socially constructed by the discourses of ethno-politics produced by the government, the media and popular stereotyping. It is these discourses of ‘culture’ which define minorities and by which minorities can define themselves when they choose to play the culture card for political survival." Page 2 of "Culture as constraint or resource: essentialist versus non-essentialist views", Adrian Holliday, Canterbury Christ Church University College. Reprinted from Iatefl Language and Cultural Studies SIG Newsletter Issue 18, pp. 38–40. http://www.brookes.ac.uk/schools/education/eal/jl-archive/jl-bestof/18.pdf
* ↑ DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell (2008). Fiddling in West Africa: Touching the Spirit in Fulbe, Hausa, and Dagbamba Cultures. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21929-9.
* ↑ Audio CD (December 27, 2004)|Original Release Date: 1989|Number of Discs: 1|Format: Original recording reissued, Import|Label: Globe Style UK|ASIN: B000008IZY

## Additional scholarly resources

* Makubuya, James. 2000. "Endingidi (Tube Fiddle) of Uganda: Its Adaptation and Significance among the Baganda." The Galpin Society Journal 53:140–155.
* Euba, Akin. 2001. “Issues in Africanist Musicology: Do We Need Ethnomusicology in Africa?” In Proceedings of the Forum for Revitalizing African Music Studies in Higher Education, edited by Frank Gunderson, pp. 137–139. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The U. S. Secretariat of the International Center for African Music and Dance, The International Institute, University of Michigan.
* Nketia, J. H. Kwabena. 2005. “Introduction: Thinking About Music in Ethnomusicological Terms.” In Ethnomusicology and African Music: Collected Papers. Volume One. Modes of Inquiry and Interpretation, compiled by J. H. Kwabena Nketia, pp. 1–20. Accra, Ghana: Afram Publications (Ghana) Ltd.
* Nketia, J.H. Kwabena, and Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje. 1984. “Introduction: Trends in African Musicology.” In Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology. Vol. 5. Studies in African Music, edited by J. H. Kwabena Nketia and Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje, pp. ix–xx. Los Angeles: UCLA Program in Ethnomusicology, Department of Music.
* Noll, William. 1997. “Selecting Partners: Questions of Personal Choice and Problems of History in Fieldwork and Its Interpretation.” In Shadows in the Field: New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology, edited by Gregory F. Barz and Timothy J. Cooley, pp. 163–188. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

## External links

* Frederick Omondi recorded in some remote sugar cane fields outside of Kisumu, Kenya, June 28, 2006
* Kenge Kenge with fiddle