OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Trillium stamineum

Trillium :
| Binomial: | Trillium stamineum |
| Type: | herbaceous plant |
Trillium stamineum is a species of Trilliums native to southeastern North America, but grown elsewhere for its attractive foliage.
# Horticulture/Urban Gardens

Urban horticulture specifically is the study of the relationship between plants and the urban environment. It focuses on the functional use of horticulture so as to maintain and improve the surrounding urban area. With the expansion of cities and rapid urbanization, this field of study is large and complex and its study has only recently gained momentum. It has an undeniable relationship to production horticulture in that fruits, vegetables and other plants are grown for harvest, aesthetic, architectural, recreational and psychological purposes, but it extends far beyond these benefits. The value of plants in the urban environment has yet to be thoroughly researched or quantified.
Today urban horticulture has several components that include more than just community gardens, such as market gardens, small farms and farmers' markets and is an important aspect of community development. Another result of urban horticulture is the food security movement where locally grown food is given precedence through several projects and programs, thus providing low-cost and nutritious food. Urban community gardens and the food security movement was a response to the problems of industrial agriculture and to solve its related problems of price inflation, lack of supermarkets, food scarcity, etc.

## Production practices

Crops are grown in flowerpots, growbags, small gardens or larger fields, using traditional or high-tech and innovative practices. Some new techniques that have been adapted to the urban situation and tackle the main city restrictions are also documented. These include horticultural production on built-up land using various types of substrates (e.g. roof top, organic production and hydroponic/aeroponic production). Because of this, it is also known as roof-top vegetable gardening/horticulture and container vegetable gardening/horticulture.

## References

* ↑ Tukey, HB Jr. (1983). "Urban horticulture: horticulture for populated areas". HortScience: 11–13.

## Further reading

* Tixier, Philippe and de Bon, Hubert; 2006.Ch. 11. "Urban Horticulture" in Cities Farming for the Future - Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities by René van Veenhuizen (Ed.), International Development Research Centre (Canada)
* Garden Culture, A magazine that focuses on growing food in an urban environment.
* Flowerpot Farming: Creating your own Urban Kitchen Garden, Jayne Neville, Good Life Press; Ill edition (June 1, 2008), ISBN 978-1904871316

## External links

* Growing greener cities: FAO programme for urban and peri-urban horticulture
* Periurban Vegetable Project, Philippines
* Urban Horticulture at Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
* Brooklyn Botanical Gardens - Urban Gardening Resources
* Guerilla and organic city gardening information by Journeytoforever
* Watch My Urban Garden - a National Film Board of Canada documentary
* Growing Vegetables in Containers
# Horticulture/Vegetables

Vegetables are plants grown for their vegetative parts, such as leaves or stems. However, some "vegetables" are actually flower parts, and many fruits are referred to as vegetables as well.
Vegetable is a culinary term which may be applied to any part of an herbaceous plant that humans eat whole or in part is a vegetable, except for culinary fruit, grains, nuts, herbs, and spices. Mushrooms are also commonly considered vegetables, though of course these are not true plants.

## Vegetables by Group
### Leaf Vegetables

    (e.g. Lettuce, Spinach)

### Stem Vegetables

    (e.g. Celery, Asparagus)

### Root Vegetables

    (e.g. Potatoes, Carrots)

### Legumes & Pulses

    (e.g. Beans, Peas, Lentils)

### Crucifer Family

    (Brassicas. e.g. Cabbage, Cauliflower, Brussel Sprouts)

### Allium Family

    (Bulb Vegetables. e.g. Onion, Garlic)

### Fruiting Vegetables

    (Botanical Fruits. e.g. Pumpkin, Cucumber, Tomato, Zucchini)

### Mushrooms & Fungi
## Vegetable Growing Guides

Allotment Gardening
Crop Rotation
# Horticulture/Trifolium repens

White clover :
| Binomial: | Trifolium repens |
| Type: | Perennial |
| Conditions: | dry to normal, nitrogen-poor soils |
| Allelopathy: | none |
White Clover (Trifolium repens) is a species of clover native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. It has been widely introduced elsewhere in the world as a pasture crop. Clover often grows in lawns, either as a weed or as an intentional lawn plant.

## Description

It is an herbaceous perennial plant. It is low growing, with heads of whitish flowers, often with a tinge of pink or cream. The heads are generally 1.5-2 cm wide, and are at the end of 7 cm peduncles or flower stalks. The leaves are trifoliolate, smooth, elliptic to egg-shaped and long-petioled. The stems function as stolons, so white clover often forms mats with the stems creeping as much as 18 cm a year, and rooting at the nodes.

## Ecology

White clover grows in turfgrass, crops, and landscapes. It is also found in a wide range of different field type environments. White clover can tolerate close mowing. It can grow on many different types of soil with various pH levels, but prefers clay. Like all clovers, this plant has a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria that like in specialized root nodules, so it grows quite well in nitrogen-poor soils.
Before the introduction of broad-leaf herbicides, white clover was often added to lawn seed mixes, as it is able to grow and provide green cover in poorer soils where turfgrasses do not perform well. It is now generally considered a weed when growing in lawns, in part because the flowers are attractive to bees and wasps and thus create a danger for people using the lawn.

## Uses

Besides making an excellent forage crop for livestock, clovers are a valuable survival food: they are high in protein, widespread, and abundant. They are not easy to digest raw, but this can be easily fixed by boiling for 5-10 minutes. Dried flowerheads and seedpods can also be ground up into a nutritious flour and mixed with other foods. Dried flowerheads also can be steeped in hot water for a healthy, tasty tea-like infusion.
White clover is frequently used as a "living mulch" due to its nitrogen-fixing abilities and low habit. Aside from controlling erosion, the flowers serve to attract pollenating insects as well.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 Richard H. Uva, Joseph C. Neal and Joseph M. Ditomaso, Weeds of The Northeast, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), Pp. 236-237.
* ↑ Lee Allen Peterson, Edible Wild Plants, (New York City: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977), P. 56.
# Horticulture/Udea rubigalis

Greenhouse Leaftier :
| Type: | Insect |
| Binomial: | Udea rubigalis |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Complete |
| Damaging stages: | Larval |
Udea rubigalis is a pest insect of greenhouses, field crops, and landscape ornamentals, native to North America. They can cause heavy damage, particularly to greenhouse plants.

## Description

Larvae (caterpillars) are yellow to green, with a white stripe on the back. Older caterpillars create webbing which ties leaves together for protection.
Adult is a small brown moth (wingspan about 3/4 inch).

## Symptoms and Signs

Tied leaves, heavy feeding damage.

## Ecology

White eggs are laid on the leaves. Complete life cycle takes about 40 days.

## Host plants

* Ambrosia (Ragweeds)
* Anemone
* Antirrhinum (Snapdragon)
* Begonia
* Beta (Beets)
* Calendula (Pot Marigold)
* Camellia
* Canna
* Chrysanthemum
* Cirsium (Thistle)
* Coleus
* Daucus (Carrot)
* Dianthus (Carnation)
* Glechoma (Ground Ivy)
* Lactuca (Lettuce)
* Lathyrus (Sweet Pea)
* Pelargonium
* Pericallis
* Rhododendron (Azalea)
* Rosa (Rose)
* Petroselenium (Celery)
* Petunia
* Phaseolus (Beans)
* Salvia (Sage)
* Spinacia (Spinach)
* Viola (Violets)

## Control

* Predators and parasites: A parasitoid wasp, Meteorus autographae
* Biocontrols (microscopic): Bacillus thuringensis

## References

* U. of Florida, Featured Creatures
* North Carolina State University
* Texas Cooperative Extension
# Horticulture/Using Templates

This book uses a number of templates both for providing a consistent layout for various sorts of pages, as well as providing categories for plant finding.

## General uses

* {{subst:plantprof}} - creates new pages for plants. When possible, new pages are based on transwikied Wikipedia articles in order to take advantage of free content that is already available.
More specific versions below should be used when applicable.

## Special uses
### Weed (control)

* {{subst:weedprof}} - creates new pages profiling a weed that is never cultivated.
* {{subst:weedcultprof}} - creates new pages profiling a weed that is occasionally cultivated.
* {{subst:hcideprof}} - creates new pages profiling a herbicide.

### Pest (control)

* {{subst:pestprof}} - creates new pages profiling a pest.
* {{subst:pcideprof}} - creates new pages profiling a pesticide.
* {{subst:biocontprof}} - creates new pages profiling a biological pest control.

### Disease

* {{subst:phytopathprof}} - creates new pages profiling a plant disease.
# How To Build A Teardrop Trailer/Finish

Final Finish
One last step
Sit back relax and enjoy! Well in the knowledge that you have developed some new skills and saved quite a bit of money in the process.
Also don't forget some fresh fish for an authentic experience.
# How To Build A Teardrop Trailer/Hatch Hinge
## Hatch Hinge

For our simple teardrop we will use a novel hinge. The hinge is called a "Harsh-Environment Plastic Piano Hinge" and is available from McMaster-Carr on the web. This is a very durable 2" wide hinge that is waterproof and can be fastened simply by driving wood screws through it (I used the same screws as for securing the luan). The process is simple enough:
* Obtain 2 pieces of 3/4" x 1/8" x 48" aluminum and drill holes every 6 inches for the wood screws.
* Position the hatch in the desire location.
* Place the plastic piano hinge in place.
* Place the aluminum strips in place and drive wood screws through the plastic hinge into the body and hatch.
* Caulk around edges.
# How To Build A Teardrop Trailer/Joints
## Joints

There are many ways to cover the seams in the luan skin on the teardrop body. Builders use aluminum, wood, and RV trim bought commercially.
However, for our simple teardrop trailer we will create a moulding over the seam with Bondo. Step one is to apply masking tape on either side of the seam. Once that is done, mix some bondo according to the directions and apply a thick layer (about 1/8" thick) across the seam and over the edges of the masking tape.
With this technique, you don't have to worry about doing it all at one time. In fact its better not to try because you need to pull the masking tape prior to the bondo starting to cure. So as soon as you are done applying it, start pulling the tape. If the Bondo starts to cure before you pull the tape, chunks of bondo may come off the edges.
When you pull the tape it will leave the nice straight edge. You can continue on with masking tape and more Bondo as required to cover the entire seam. After you are finished, let the Bondo fully cure. You can then carefully sand the bondo smooth so that it looks like a moulding. You can try painting it if you like but try it on a test piece first. Its really better just to leave it plain. Later you will apply urethane varnish over the trailer and over the Bondo seams.
>>Next:Assembling the Doors
# How To Build A Teardrop Trailer/Before you start
## Before you start

This book is not a set of plans in the sense of "paint by the numbers". It will not give you any measured drawings or dimensions and will it will not provide any absolute way of doing things. There are many ways to build a teardrop trailer, from simple to elaborate. This book focuses on a simple trailer design which can be built for around $1500 or less. Ideas for more elaborate construction will be presented; which you may or may not want to pursue.
The reader is also expected to be familiar with the tools needed to build the trailer, including power tools. Safety should be paramount when working on the project. Defend yourself against the unexpected. Wear safety goggles and always know where your fingers are and where the path of the tool is. Be aware that if you are holding on to a piece of material, a power tool can pull the material, along with your fingers, into the blade before you have time to let go. Power tools can also grab the material and throw it or spin it. Use pliers and pushsticks when necessary to control the material. Safety is the responsibility of the reader.
The other safety responsibility the reader has is in the construction of the trailer itself. You are building a trailer that will be pulled down a public roadway. You don't want it to fall apart and injure you or occupants of another vehicle. There are some common ideas and information out on the web which may or may not be safe. This book will point out a few of them so you can decide. For example, building a trailer without a steel frame (only a wood frame) is a risky thing to do and would probably be considered negligent in any court of law. The main safety guideline is common sense and it is your responsibility to decide if you have common sense or not.
The structure of this book is to proceed through the steps of building a simple teardrop trailer. Special notes and subsections along the way are included for more complex methods. Reference pages for each chapter exist to list web resources that are directly related to obtaining the parts needed for construction. In this way the book itself will remain free of hyperlinks and maintain a book form.
>>Next:Trailer
# How To Build A Teardrop Trailer/Cover

Welcome to the wikibook on How To Build A Teardrop Trailer
Go to Contents >>
# How To Build A Teardrop Trailer/Assembling the Doors
## Assembling the Doors

Its time to find the door blanks that you cut out for the door openings. We will use these blanks for the actual door.
There are two issues with making doors. One was discussed previously.

### Door Seal

You need to figure out how you are going to seal the door from outside water intrusion and construct some form of sealing surface around the door perimeter.
There are several thoughts on this and their availability depend on the shape of the door you chose:

#### Inside Seal

You can add moulding around the inside of the door opening (on the body,inside)and place the seal on this moulding facing out. On the upside, this allows the outside of the door to be completely flush with the outside of the sidewall, and the path which water would have to take to get to the seal is inherently difficult. The downside is that the interior moulding takes away slightly from the already narrow interior cabin space and any imperfections of your door opening cut are completely visible and may need to be sanded with a belt sander.

#### Outside Seal

You can alternatively add moulding around the outside on the door itself and place the seal on this moulding facing in. On the upside, it hides imperfections of your door opening cut and allows the interior cabin space to remain free of anything you might rub against in the night. On the downside, the seal will be directly exposed to driving rain (you'll need to put a barrier moulding around the outside of the door on the body itself to block this. And unless you have a curve-free (straight) hinge side on the door (with square corners), you'll be forced to use gate hinges instead of piano or house door hinges.
If you're confused about the photos apparently showing the style of door that is most problematic - the author learned the hard way on the doors. I decided to use an outside moulding as described above, however I decided to cut out a single piece of luan to cover the door and have it extend about an inch beyond the door. This forced the use of gate hinges because the pivot point had to be at the edge of the overhang (i.e. the screw holes for any other type hinge would not reach the 3/4" plywood part of the door). Mistake number 2 was that I read that using polyurethane glue on the edge of plywood was a good way to seal it so I put polyurethane glue on the door edges. Weatherstrip glue does not stick to polyurethane glue - don't put it on the door edges like I mistakenly did! Mistake number 3 was thinking I could lighten the door by cutting out some holes in the 3/4" wood. As you can see, my holes are awful looking. I planned on putting paneling over them but later decided against it.
>>Next:Finish
# How To Build A Teardrop Trailer/Development

This page is intended for "in process" text and ideas.
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity/Truth In Uchronia

1- Literature, history: Convergence point- how does it all start? What does it tell about history? 2- History: Features that make the fiction quite gullible (how do we believe it although we know it’s false)? Parallels with our reality? 3- Philosophy, politics. Historic necessity - why do people write uchronias? What does it tell us about ourselves? What’s its purpose? Philosophical, political, 1984 and the Giver
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2018-19/Categorisation in the Brain

* Every day, we make sense of our surroundings by categorising the information we see or hear. This is done either intentionally or unintentionally. It is important to note that when categorisation is done unconsciously, this may be accompanied with biases.
* The way we categorise and label elements in our daily life can in part be responsible for Racism and Sexism as it influences how we make sense of our surroundings. (Hierarchical classification - are there ingrown reasons for the patriarchy?)
* Ambiguity in categorisation - categories can mislead us. Ambiguity of words and how we group words together - some words are spelt the same but have different meanings. In Chinese, it even boils down to the tone - a simple change in tone and how you accentuate the word can completely change the meaning of the word.
* Different methods of organising things - do we organise element based on context or time, or the way it made us feel, or what we can associate it with (eg “as blue as the ocean” - invokes senses and allows accurate representation of descriptions with scenery we are accustomed to). This automatically creates categories of things that the brain finds similar (we distinguish living and non-living things). There are however limitations and challenges on how we organise elements; memory is faulty and can lead to illusions, we create categories as we go along. Life doesn’t fit into clear-cut boxes, although some people may argue it is a mere simplification for understanding, all models of life are wrong and can only reflect a small part of the matters at hand. We categorise things to cope and make it simpler for us but these are inaccurate, missing out various elements and leaving crucial facts out.
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity/Imperialism in Brazil and the promotion of 'whitening'

Imperialism can be defined as the expansion of power and control, traditionally over territories and people. Imperialism can also be viewed as cultural with the current expansion of western ideals through globalisation. Such expansions have historically been conducted by ‘westerners’ who exert their power and influence over ‘non westerners’, thus establishing certain ideals. The notion of a racial hierarchy and a ‘white ideal’ are such beliefs, that has had impacts on the perception of race in different countries. This chapter will analyse to what extent imperialism has resulted in the promotion of ‘whitening’ in Brazil. Several disciplines will be used to evaluate the claim, including; biology, economics, art and psychology among others (rewrite sentence). We will argue that the promotion of 'whitening' in Brazil has implemented racist ideals in the country, and that this is to a great extent a result of imperialism, through the colonial legacy and the globalisation of western ideals of beauty.
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity/Truthinuchronia

Truth in Uchronia
Introduction about truth in uchronia Introduce Uchronia What is the point of it? Why are we writing about uchronia
How history is reversed in uchronia
Example of uchronia novel: The man in the high castle
1- Literature, history: Convergence point- how does it all start? What does it tell about history? 2- History: Features that make the fiction quite gullible (how do we believe it although we know it’s false)? Paralleles with our reality? 3- Philosophy, politics. Historic necessity -why do people write uchronias? What does it tell us about ourselves? What’s the point. Philosophical, political, 1984 and the Giver
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2018-19
## Welcome

Welcome to the Wikibook Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2018–19.
This book is collaboratively written by students at University College London (UCL) taking the module 'Approaches to Knowledge', a first-year undergraduate course that forms part of the core of the Arts and Sciences degree programme.
The book is split into four sections, covering four common issues facing those conducting interdisciplinary work:
* disciplinary categories
* evidence and the disciplines
* truth and the disciplines
* imperialism and the disciplining of knowledge
Each chapter explores how one of these issues might play out in an example of interdisciplinary work.
Potential readers may range from stakeholders in interdisciplinary education (e.g. educators or policy-makers) to students thinking of pursuing an interdisciplinary degree programme, either at UCL or elsewhere.
Any interested parties can contact the module co-convenors, James Everest and Carl Gombrich, for further information. Contact details are available on the UCL Arts and Sciences departmental webpage.

## Contents
### Disciplinary categories

* Disciplinary Categories and Reframing Deforestation in Guinea
* Disciplinary Categories and Their Effect On Gender Perception

### Evidence and the disciplines

* Evidence in Nutrition
* Evidence in the Gender Pay Gap
* Reliability of Legal Evidence
* Evidence in Climate Change
* Evidence for the Implications of the Cow in India
* Evidence in driverless cars

### Truth and the disciplines

* The Commercialisation of Social Media and its Impact on Truth
* Truth in the Diagnosis of Depression
* Subjective and Objective Truth in AI
* Truth and the Environment
* Truth, History and Society: How good is Twitter at telling the Truth?
* Truth in Subconscious Racism
* Truth in Uchronia
* Truth in Ethnography
* Truth in Reproductive Biology
* Truth in memory: the reliability of eyewitness testimony
* Truth in history: the teaching of WW2 in Japan
* Truth and Power: Education under Hitler
* Truth in Politics
* The Relationship Between Truth and Politics/
* Truth in Medicine
* Truth and Art
* Truth in media: Turkish Politics
* Truth in Franco's Regime

### Imperialism and the disciplining of knowledge

* Imperialism and IMF
* Imperialism in Fashion
* Imperialism in the study of children's toy preferences
* Imperial Influences on African Education Systems
* Imperialism: a black and white issue?
* Imperialism in whitening of 21st century Brazil
* Imperialism and educational projects
* Imperialism in Urban Planning
* Imperialism and Humanitarian Architecture
* Soviet Imperialism in Classical Music
* Imperialism in the 'War on Drugs'
* Imperialism in Museums
* Imperialism in Global Health
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Lists

Overview
Individual Lists
* AM Radio Frequencies
* Amateur Radio Callsigns
* AM Radio Frequency Rasters
* Certificates
* Legislation
* Spectrum Changes
* Wireless Systems
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Lists/Spectrum Changes

The following is a list of references to changes in spectrum allocations that have been encountered to date.