OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Indonesian/Lessons/Level two

| ( v • d • e ) | Indonesian Language Course | (discussion) |
| Learning the Indonesian Language • Downloadable and Print Versions Lessons • Grammar • Appendices • Texts • About • Q&A • Planning Introductory •  Level One •  Level Two •  Level Three •  Level Four |||

## PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Rumus :
* positive S + Has/ have + V3
* negative S + Has/ have + not + V3
note :
* Has digunakan untuk he,she, it
* Have digunakan untuk I, you, they, we
kata yang sering digunakan adalah
* since : sejak
* for : selama
* just : baru saja
* ever : pernah
* never : tidak pernah
* once : sekali
* twice : dua kali
Examples:
* I have bought a new car
* I have given up smoking
* Sarah and Charles have gone to bandung
* My father has started a new job
* Suzanne has had a baby
* The letter has arrived
* I have studied
* I have written a letter to Maria
* She has eaten
* You all have eaten
# Getting Your Feet Wet With Hackintosh/Using Pre-built Models
## What qualifies as "pre-built model"?

When we speak of pre-built models here, we mean that we are:
* purchasing a desktop or laptop computer and other components and using it in a Hackintosh build
* possibly using soft-fixes (most builds require soft fixes anyways)

## Where can we find lists of pre-built models?

For finding pre-built model compatibility, your best resource is probably the OSx86 Wiki, with their Hardware Compatibility section. It is recommended that you look into the most stable version of Mac OS X that has been released (i.e. the latest version that is not a developer preview), because updating your software after you choose your hardware and install everything can result in boot errors, and possibly having to start all over again. If you don't find anything you want on the OSx86 wiki, you can always check TonyMacx86, which has an extensive forums family. If you still can't find what you're looking for, perhaps a guide is available for your desired hardware somewhere on the Internet, at which point you should finally resort to a search engine.
# Getting around Los Angeles by Rail
## Welcome

The Los Angeles metropolitan area hosts a number of rail transportation systems, the most notable of which are Metro Rail (operated by LACMTA, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority), Metrolink (a commuter rail system serving the greater Los Angeles area), and Amtrak Pacific Surfliner (an Amtrak line serving San Diego, Los Angeles, and San Luis Obispo).
This book is designed to instruct readers on how to get around Los Angeles by rail.

## Table of Contents
### Metro Rail

* Red Line
* Purple Line
* Green Line
* Blue Line
* Gold Line
* Stations

### Metrolink

* Ventura County Line
* Antelope Valley Line
* San Bernardino Line
* Riverside Line
* Orange County Line
* Inland Empire-Orange County Line
* 91 Line
* Burbank-Bob Hope Airport Line

### Amtrak

* Pacific Surfliner
* Other Lines

### San Diego NCTD

* San Diego Coaster
* San Diego Sprinter

### Stops and Facilities

* Los Angeles Union Station
* Metro Rail Stations (this is a redirect to /Metro Rail/Stations)
* Metro Rail Transfer Stations
** 7th Street/Metro Center
** Imperial/Wilmington
* Metrolink Stations (this is a redirect to /Metrolink/Stations)

### Major LA Tourist Attractions

* LA Metro Tourist Attractions
* Metrolink and Amtrak Tourist Attractions
* San Diego Sprinter & Coaster Tourist Attractions

### The Savvy Traveler

* Rail-2-Rail Program
* Fares and Passes
Any additional categories would be appreciated.

## Contributing Timeline

This project is coming along very well. In this section, major achievements are listed by month. This timeline was last updated September 14, 2011.

### July

* Book created
* Metro Rail developed to 50% (current stage)
* Metro Red Line, Metro Purple Line, Metro Green Line, Metro Blue Line, Metro Gold Line developed to 25%
* Stations developed to 25%

### August

* Metro Rail Transfer Stations, Imperial/Wilmington, 7th Street/Metro Center developed to 25% (current stage)
* Metro Green Line, Metro Blue Line, Metro Gold Line developed to 50% (current stage)
* Stations developed to 75% (current stage)

### September

* Metro Red Line and Metro Purple Line developed to 50% (current stage)
* Book navbox template created
* Title logo created
* Metro Rail Transfer Stations, Imperial/Wilmington, 7th Street/Metro Center improved to 50% (current stage)

### Future Contributing

* Metro Rail currently has an acceptable amount of information for now (expansions are always welcome). At the moment, it might be preferable to start the Metrolink pages.
* However, Metro Rail still lacks information about the fares in "/The Savvy Traveler/Fares and Passes" and an article about the tourist attractions in LA County at "/Major LA Tourist Attractions/Metro Rail Tourist Attractions."
* Finally, route maps need to be implemented across the book on most pages that discuss lines (e.g. Green Line and 91 Line (future).
Thanks for all your help!
# Horticulture/Frankliniella occidentalis

Western Flower Thrips :
| Type: | Insect |
| Binomial: | Frankliniella occidentalis |
| Order: | Thysanoptera |
| Diseases vectored: | Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus |
The Western Flower Thrips is a major agricultural and garden pest, affecting hundreds of cultivated and weedy species. Aside from damage due to feeding, its ability to act as a vector for viruses makes it particularly problematic.

## Description

Very small, oblong insects.

## Symptoms and Signs

Puncture holes, silvering, yellowing, or browning of plant parts, eventually leaves and flower parts die off and drop.

## Host plants

* Allium (Onion)
* Arctium (Burdock)
* Asclepias (Butterfly weed)
* Capsicum (Pepper)
* Chrysanthemum
* Citrullus (Watermelon)
* Cousinia (Burdock)
* Cucumis (Cucumber, Melon)
* Datura (Jimsonweed)
* Dendranthema (Hardy Mum)
* Dianthus (Carnation)
* Fragaria (Strawberry)
* Hemerocallis (Daylily)
* Jasminum (Jasmine)
* Lactuca (Lettuce)
* Lycopersicon (Tomato)
* Malus (Apple)
* Malva (Mallow)
* Phaseolus (Bean)
* Polianthes (Tuberose)
* Prunus (Stone Fruits)
* Ranunculus (Buttercup)
* Rosa (Rose)
* Solanum (Nightshade)
* Verbena
Crops attacked by this pest include beans, burdock (gobo), capsicum, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, onion, tomatoes and watermelon. Ornamental crops include carnation, chrysanthemum, orchids, pikake, rose and tuberose. Refer to Yudin et al., (1986) for a listing of hosts in the vegetable-growing region of Kula, Maui.

## Control

* Barriers: Interrows of non-host species, row covers
* Predators and parasites: Bugs including Orius tristicolor (Minute Pirate Bug), Orius persequens, Orius insidiosus, and Paratriphleps laevisculus, predatory thrips including Franklinothrips vespiformi, lacewings including Chrysoperla carnea

## References

* Hawaii Extension Service
# Horticulture/Flame Weeders

A flame weeder is a propane torch used for weed control, primarily in organic gardens and farms. They come in various sizes for different sorts of applications, from hand-held models to backpack versions to tractor-towed agricultural types.
Flame weeding has both advantages and disadvantages over other methods.
* Pops seeds
* Safe in lawns: lawn grasses are adapted to fire
* Collateral damage
* Expense: Propane costs can be prohibitive
# Horticulture/Flower Gardens

A flower garden is a garden where flowers are grown for decorative purposes. Flower gardens are usually filled with many colors and different kinds of flowers. Flower gardens are known for decorating areas. Reasons why people have flower gardens are to help bees, reduce carbon emission, relaxing purposes, and to have a better understanding of nature.

## References

* http://www.greenandhealthyhomes.org/blog/5-reasons-why-you-should-plant-garden-your-backyard
# Horticulture/Fruit Growing

   * Cucumbers
   * Strawberries
   * Summer squash
   * Tomatoes
# Horticulture/First Steps in Planning a Garden

Growing a garden is an ancient practice we have perfected over thousands of years. However, in modern times, we are not all raised with a garden in the back yard, so it's good to approach a new garden with careful forethought and a plan to follow.
Before starting the plan, the gardener should first come up with a list of priorities for the garden, perhaps asking questions such as these:
* What will be the main purpose of the garden? A hobby? A place to grow food? A place to entertain? All of the above?
* How much time will I have to spend in the garden?
* How much money will be in the gardening budget?
These are all important questions, because the approach to garden planning and design will vary greatly according to how they are answered. We'll begin by going over these topics in detail.

## The aims of the garden

Gardens are grown for many reasons, such as for a hobby (where the act of gardening becomes its own reward), a place to grow food for the family or the market, or as a place to entertain.
Hobby gardens tend to come about slowly, one bed at a time, and one plant at a time. Hobby gardening often verges on obsession, as the gardener learns of new plants to grow, and tries to utilize every inch of soil to its greatest potential. The best approach to a hobby garden is to start small, then expand the project as you get a feel for how much work is involved.
When growing fruits and vegetables, the primary interest is in the final products (the produce), and so the garden should be planned to get the most production from the time and space available to the grower.
When the garden is intended as a place to entertain, the planning needs to take into account how much space will be needed for your guests, what time of year it will be used, and what sort of entertaining you'll be doing.
# Horticulture/Fritillaria meleagris

Snake's Head :
| Binomial: | Fritillaria meleagris |
| Family: | Liliaceae |

## References

Template:Taxobox
Fritillaria meleagris, commonly known as the Snake's Head (the original English name), and also the Snake's Head Fritillary, Leper Lily, Guinea-hen Flower, and Checkered Daffodil) is a Fritillary, a flower from the family Liliaceae.
The flower has a checkered reddish-brown, purple, white and gray coloration, sometimes mostly white. It flowers from March to May and grows between 15 and 40 cm in height. It has a round bulb, about 2 cm in diameter which contains poisonous alkaloids.
The plant is commonly found growing in grasslands in damp soils and river meadows. It can be found at altitudes up to 800 metres.
It is native to Europe, but in many places, including France, Slovenia and Romania it is an endangered species that is rarely found in the wild, but is common in horticulturists' gardens. In Croatia the flower is known as Kockavica and is part of the country's national symbol. It is the only species of Fritillary native to Britain, growing in traditional grass meadows. Due to changing land usage, it is now quite rare in the wild. The Meadow of Magdalen College, Oxford, the village of Ducklington, Oxfordshire (which holds a Fritillary Sunday festival), and the North Meadow National Nature Reserve, Wiltshire are some of the best locations to view this flower.
The Leper Lily is the official flower of the Swedish province of Uppland, where it grows in large quantities every spring at the meadows in Kungsängen, just outside Uppsala, also giving the flower its Swedish name, kungsängslilja.
* Snake's Head Lily
* Close up of the Snakeshead Fritillary (Taken at Magdalen College, Oxford)Close up of the Snakeshead Fritillary (Taken at Magdalen College, Oxford)
* Snakeshead Fritillary (Taken at Audubon's marsh - West France)
# Horticulture/Fragaria vesca

Woodland Strawberry :
| Binomial: | Fragaria vesca |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Type: | herbaceous perennial |
Fragaria vesca, commonly known as Woodland Strawberry occurs naturally throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Common names for this species include the Wild Strawberry, European Strawberry and Alpine Strawberry, the latter usually in reference to the cultivated varieties of the subspecies Fragaria vesca 'Semperflorens'.
Like all strawberries, it is in the family Rosaceae; its fruit is more technically known as an accessory fruit, in that the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries (achenes) but from the peg at the bottom of the bowl-shaped hypanthium that holds the ovaries.

## Growing conditions

Typical habitat is along trails and roadsides, embankments, hillsides, stone and gravel laid paths and roads, meadows, young woodlands, sparse forest, woodland edges and clearings. Often plants can be found where they do not get sufficient light to form fruit. Spread fast by runners and can form dense mats. The fruit are eaten and the achenes in this way spread by numerous mammals and birds.

## Uses

The Woodland Strawberry was widely cultivated in Europe before being largely replaced by the Garden Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), which have much larger fruit and showed greater variation, making them better suited for further breeding. Woodland Strawberry fruit is strongly flavored, and is still collected and grown for domestic use and on a small scale commercially as a gourmet offering and as an ingredient for commercial jam, sauces, liqueurs, cosmetics and alternative medicine. In Turkey several 100 tons of wild fruit are harvested annually, mainly for export.
Most of the cultivated varieties are by botanists usually set to the subspecie Fragaria vesca 'Semperflorens' and they are usually called Alpine Strawberries. They have in common that they rarely form runners instead they form multiple crowns in a cluster, fruits over a very long time period and are usually propagated by seeds or division of the plants. Some cultivars have fruit that are white, or yellow when fully ripe, in addition to the normal red. Plants tend to lose vigour after a few years. Cultivars that form stolons are often used as groundcover, while cultivars that do not may be used as border plants. Some cultivars are bred for their ornamental value.
Used as an indicator plant for diseases that affect the garden strawberry.
Used as a genetic model plant for garden strawberry and the Rosaceae family in general, due to
* Its very small genome size
* Short reproductive cycle, 14–15 weeks in climate-controlled greenhouses.
* Being easily propagated
F. vesca is sometimes used as an herbal medicine; an herbal tea made from the leaves, stems, and flowers is believed to aid in the treatment of diarrhea.

## References

* ↑ Chronica Horticulturae Vol.47 Number 2
# Introduction to Psychology/Developmental Psychology

Mainly focusing on the development of the human mind through the life span, developmental psychology seeks to understand how people come to perceive, understand, and act within the world and how these processes change as they age. This may focus on intellectual, cognitive, neural, social, or moral development. Researchers who study children use a number of unique research methods to make observations in natural settings or to engage them in experimental tasks. Such tasks often resemble specially designed games and activities that are both enjoyable for the child and scientifically useful, and researchers have even devised clever methods to study the mental processes of small infants. In addition to studying children, developmental psychologists also study aging and processes throughout the life span, especially at other times of rapid change (such as adolescence and old age). Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory of development in context (The Ecology of Human Development - ISBN 0-674-22456-6 is influential in this field, as are those mentioned in "Educational psychology" immediately below, as well as many others. Developmental psychologists draw on the full range of theorists in scientific psychology to inform their research.
# Introduction to Psychology/Educational Psychology

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. The work of child psychologists such as Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner have been influential in creating teaching methods and educational practices.
The work and theories of the above-mentioned psychologists will be linked from this site soon.
# Introduction to Psychology/Forensic Psychology
##### Psychology and Law

Together, Forensic psychology and Legal Psychology compose the area known as Psychology and Law.
Most typically, forensic psychology is practiced by clinical psychologists, and involves a clinical analysis of a particular individual and an assessment of some specific psycho-legal question. Typically, referrals to forensic practices constitute assessments for individuals that have ostensibly suffered neurologic insult(s). These patients have sought legal recourse, and the job of the forensic psychologist is to demonstrate that there is or is not (depending on their employment by either the prosecution or defense) a cause-and-effect relation between the accident and the subsequent (again, ostensible) neurologic change.
Legal psychology is a research-oriented field populated with researchers from several different areas within psychology (although Social Psychologists are typical).
# Introduction to Psychology/Health Psychology

Health psychology is the application of psychological theory and research to health, illness and health care. Whereas clinical psychology focuses on mental health and neurological illness, health psychology is concerned with the psychology of a much wider range of health-related behavior including healthy eating, the doctor-patient relationship, a patient's understanding of health information, and beliefs about illness. Health psychologists may be involved in public health campaigns, examining the impact of illness or health policy on quality of life or in research into the psychological impact of health and social care.
# Introduction to Psychology/Cognitive Psychology

The nature of thought is another core interest in psychology. Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying behavior. It uses information processing as a framework for understanding the mind. Perception, learning, problem solving, memory, attention, language and emotion are all well researched areas. Cognitive psychology is associated with a school of thought known as cognitivism, whose adherents argue for an information processing model of mental function, informed by positivism and experimental psychology.
Cognitive science is very closely related to cognitive psychology, but differs in some of the research methods used, and has a slightly greater emphasis on explaining mental phenomena in terms of both behavior and neural processing.
Both areas can use computational models to simulate phenomena of interest. Because mental events cannot directly be observed, computational models provide a tool for studying the functional organization of the mind. Such models give cognitive psychologists a way to study the "software" of mental processes independent of the "hardware" it runs on, be it the brain or a computer.
# Introduction to Psychology/Evolutionary Psychology

The basic idea of evolutionary psychology is that psychological characteristics, like biological characteristics, may be passed on from one generation to another through hereditary material. Present-day psychological traits may be analyzed in terms of their evolutionary advantage for our ancestors. For example, males today tend to desire many mates while females desire one. According to evolutionary psychologists, this continues on to this day because it was an evolutionary advantage for males of the past to attempt to spread their genetic material as widely as possible because it increased their likelihood of passing on their own traits for future generations.
# Introduction to Psychology/Field Study

A longitudinal study is a research method which observes a particular population over time. For example, one might wish to study specific language impairment (SLI) by observing a group of individuals with the condition over a period of time. This method has the advantage of seeing how a condition can affect individuals over long time scales. However, such studies can suffer from attrition due to drop-out or death of subjects. In addition, since individual differences between members of the group are not controlled, it may be difficult to draw conclusions about the populations.
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/Intensive Care
## Prerequisites

* Mission: Don Peyote
* Location: Caligula's Casino, Las Venturas

## Walkthrough

This first mission for Paulo is actually for Ken (another Vice City character) who is worried over a mob member who is in the local Hospital. Head over to the hospital and enter the mission marker, you hear a conversation off-screen between CJ and the Hospital Receptionist in which she tells you that Johnny has been collected by an Ambulance, three red blips appear on the map/radar and it's up to you to determine which is the Mafia wagon. Pick a blip (doesn't seem to matter which one) and head off towards it, when you get near you will be told to ram it to gauge the driver's reaction. If the Ambulance stops and the driver gets out it's genuine and you need to head off after the next blip. Otherwise the Ambulance's Siren starts up and the chase is on.
Assuming you've got the Mafia one, you'll be invited to rough it up a bit to "show you mean business". Eventually it'll stop and the mobsters will get out and start shooting, pick them off (you did bring a gun right?) and nick the Ambulance, you'll be told to head for the "Meat Factory" which is up north on the outskirts of town. Get there quickly and you might not even see the pursuing mafia cars, drive into the marker to end the mission after a short cutscene.

## Tips

There's going to be lots of paint-trading going on on the streets of Las Venturas as you bash Ambulances so you'll need a sturdy vehicle, there's often a Patriot (Humm-Vee type vehicle) in the corner of the Hospital parking lot so that's a good bet.

## Rewards

* Cash: $5,000
* Respect

## New Missions Available

* The Meat Business
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/Import Crane

Three lists of cars that must be delivered to the Easter Basin docks on the east side of San Fiero. A list must be completed before the next list becomes available.
List One
* Patriot
* Sanchez
* Stretch
* Feltzer
* Remington
* Buffalo
* Sentinel
* Infernus
* Camper
* Admiral
List Two
* Slamvan
* Blista Compact
* Stafford
* Sabre
* FCR-900
* Cheetah
* Rancher
* Stallion
* Tanker
* Comet
List Three
* Blade
* Freeway
* Mesa
* ZR-350
* EUROS
* Banshee
* Super GT
* Journey
* Huntley
* BF Injection
Money can be received for exporting a car, with more money given if the car is in better condition. A $50,000 bonus is attached to the final car of the first list, a $100,000 bonus for the second list, and $200,000 for the final list. Plus, all the exported cars plus a few bonus cars become available for buying.

## Location of list

The list can be found at the docks at San Fierro
More information can be found at g-unleashed's import export mission page
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/Jizzy
## Prerequisites

* Mission: Photo Opportunity
* Location (part 1): CJ's garage, Doherty, San Fierro
* Location (part 2): Jizzy's Club, Battery Point, San Fierro

## Walkthrough

This mission is similar to House Party, in the sense that it consists of two parts which can be completed separately.
Part 1
After the cutscene, just drive to Jizzy's club to trigger part 2.
Part 2
After the cutscene, you must drive the pimpmobile to a hotel in Downtown. Then you have two minutes to kill a pimp in Hashbury. After that you have save one of Jizzy's girls from being killed. Drive quickly to the yellow blip in Foster Valley, which is under the freeway. Finally, you must head back to the hotel in Downtown, and chase and destroy two vehicles travelling to Angel Pine to complete the mission. You end the mission with a 2-star wanted level.

## Tips

* If you destroy the preachers car before the bodyguard, the bodyguard will get out of his car, making it slightly easier.

## Rewards

* Cash: $3,000
* Respect: +20

## New Missions Available

* T-Bone Mendez
* Mountain Cloud Boys