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## Grammar review · Indirect object pronouns lui and leur

The indirect object pronoun lui ( /lɥi/) means to him or to her:
    Je lui donne le livre. (I'm giving the book to him/her.)
    Je lui donne un coup de main. (I'm giving a helping hand to him/her.)
Likewise, the indirect object pronoun leur ( /lœʁ/) means to them:
    Je leur donne le livre. (I'm giving the book to them.)
    Je leur donne un coup de main. (I'm giving a helping hand to them.)
Lui replaces à [person]:
    Je parle à Jean. (I'm speaking to Jean.)
    Je lui parle. (I'm speaking to him.)
Likewise, leur replaces à [people]:
    Je parle à Jean et Marie. (I'm speaking to Jean and Marie.)
    Je leur parle. (I'm speaking to them.)
Lui and leur usually only refer to people; they will sometimes also be used in reference to things.

### Examples
## Grammar review · Il y a and combien de

The expression il y a ( /i.lja/) means there is … or there are …:
    Il y a un problème. (There is a problem.)
    Il y a des livres. (There are books.)
The interrogative form of il y a is y a-t-il ( /i aˈt̪il/). That is, il y a is inverted to y a-t-il, meaning is there? or are there?, within questions:
    Y a-t-il un problème ? (Is there a problem?)
    Y a-t-il des magasins près d'ici ? (Are there shops near here?)
Both How much … and How many … (quantity) are translated as Combien de ….
If the person or thing it refers to is countable, combien de is always followed by a plural noun:
    Combien de personnes y a-t-il à votre bureau ? (How many people are there in your office?)
    Vous avez combien de frères ? (You have how many brothers?)
However, with uncountable nouns, such as l'eau (m) (water · /o/) and l'argent (m) (money · /aʁ.ʒɑ̃/), the singular form is used:
    Vous avez combien d’argent ? (You have how much money?)

### Examples
## Text · Le système solaire
### Exercises

(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.)
    Example question: (Le/La) Terre gravite autour (de / du / de la) X ?
    Answer: La Terre gravite autour du Soleil.
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.)
    Example question: Vénus est (plus proche / plus loin) du Soleil que Mars.
    Answer: Vénus est plus proche du Soleil que Mars.
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.)
    Example question: En 1930 Clyde Tombaugh a découvert _________, qui __________________.
    Answer: En 1930 Clyde Tombaugh a découvert Pluton, qui est une planète naine.
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.)
    Example question: On a découvert Pluton en ______, (avant / après) que l'on a découvert Neptune en ________.
    Answer: On a découvert Pluton en 1930, après que l'on a découvert Neptune en 1846.

## Grammar · Questions
### Inversion

Nouns and verbs are often inverted within questions. The inverted words are connected by a dash:
    vous avez … (you have …) → … avez-vous ? (… do you have?)
    vous êtes … (you are …) → êtes-vous … ? (are you … ?)
-t- is used to connect vowels in inverted phrases (called an euphonic or pleasing to the ear):
    il a … (he has …) → … a-t-il ? (… does he have?)
    il y a … (there is …) → … y a-t-il ? (… is there?)
For example:
    Où es-tu ? (Where are you?)
    Où vas-tu ? (Where are you going?)
    Combien de frères avez-vous ? (How many brothers do you have?)

### Supplementary usage notes
## Vocabulary · Science
## Grammar · Conjunctions

Conjunctions in french function in the same way as english.

## Supplementary vocabulary · Common prepositions

In addition to à (at, to · /a/ (ah)), de (from, of · /də/ (duh)), and dans (in · /dɑ̃/ (dah$^{(n)}$)), there are several common prepositions in French.

### Examples
## Supplementary exercises

(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) State each scientific occupation that is described.
(Highlight or hover over a line to show the answer.) State the definition of each scientific occupation.
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