OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bonsai/Choosing a tree

Choosing a first tree is an important step in learning the art of bonsai. Many would-be bonsai growers become disillusioned after trying, and failing, to keep their first tree alive. In the case of "mallsai", the bonsai-like specimens sold at malls and big box stores, the tree may even be dead before it gets home!

## Consider your environment

In nature, tree species adapt to their natural habitat over thousands or millions of years. In bonsai, we choose species that fit well with the environment we want to keep them in. Most common bonsai species, including virtually all trees native to temperate climates, must be kept outdoors in order to get enough light and experience seasonal changes in light and temperature. If you plan to keep your bonsai indoors, you must choose among the tropical species that can survive at household temperatures all year around. Even then, tropical bonsai may suffer from insufficient light. If you have space to keep bonsai outdoors, there are viable bonsai species suited to any climate, and with appropriate winter protection many temperate species can thrive in most temperate climates.

## Bigger is better

Beginners have a tendency to start small: tiny trees in tiny pots. Unfortunately, these are the most difficult to care for. The best trees for beginners are larger specimens. One hot dry summer day may be enough to kill a tiny juniper in a mame pot, while a medium juniper in a 2 gallon nursery pot might survive weeks, even months of neglect as long as it rains every once in a while. A big, healthy pine bonsai in a three foot pot can weather anything short of a chainsaw.
# Bodybuilding and Weight Training/Recipes

The Wikimedia Cookbook contains a number of healthy recipes to use in conjunction with your training. The cookbook also offers a guide on a High Protein Diet.
# Bodybuilding and Weight Training/The Muscular System

The purpose of body building is mainly to reinforce the muscular system. When you work out, you tear or wear down your muscles. Your body then uses proteins to build the muscle back stronger so it is harder to tear the muscle again. This is why you must have a proper diet, with plenty of protein, in order to have enough material to build the muscle back stronger.
# City Of Heroes

Welcome to the City of Heroes WikiBook. Note that there isn't much here, but hopefully everyone that visits can help me change that. What is really needed is some guides on Archetypes and General Help, but anything you can contribute is appreciated. --Mrnoj 00:13, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
One condition for using this site, please don't delete other peoples content just because you do not agree with it. If you do not agree with it, say so on the discussion page for the content that you disagree with. Also, if you see information that is incorrect, please correct it with the proper information, or if you do not know the proper information, click on the discussion tab and tell everyone what sounds wrong. DON'T WORRY ABOUT FORMATTING, I WILL CORRECT ANY FORMATTING ERRORS THAT ARE MADE IF NEEDED
Big thanks to everyone who contributed, biggest thanks of all to Curveball for letting me use his guide to bind. Still missing some General guides and primers, but the site is looking good. Keep up the good work everyone! --Mrnoj 19:09, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

## What is CoH

CoH is a Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG) produced by Cryptic Studios. Cryptic Studios purposly leaves out the words Role Playing, because they don't go out of their way to encourage role play on their servers.
In CoH, you take the role of a super hero of your own design. You can take on the role of all kinds of heroes, including aliens and mutants. Your powers are based on your archetype and power set choices that are made when your character is created. For more information on archetypes and power sets, check out the archetypes page.

## Contents

* Archetypes
* Powers
* General Help
* Enhancements
* Inspirations
* Emotes
* Binds and Macros
* Links
* Badges
* Client-side Modifications
* Task Forces and Trials
Template:Shelf
# City Of Heroes/Archetypes/PowerPools/Concealment

Stealth
Invisibility
Grant Invisibility
Phase Shift
# City Of Heroes/Archetypes/Ancillary Pools/Tankers

Earth Mastery
Energy Mastery
Pyre Mastery
# City Of Heroes/Archetypes/PowerPools/Fitness

Quick
Hurdle
Health
Stamina
# City Of Heroes/Archetypes

There are several different Archetypes (ATs) in City of Heroes. They are made for everything from support and healing to melee damage and devastating ranged attacks. Everyone can find an AT to suit their playstyle. Below are some general statements about how the different ATs compare to one another. There are a few ecceptions to these rules.
Blasters are made for ranged fights and tend to stay at a distance due to their (generally) fragile nature. Blasters also get powerful, dangerous for them to use melee distance attacks in many secondaries.
Tankers are meant to get hit in the face and laugh about it. They are by far the most durable AT in the game. Their attacks are in their secondary power and often stun or knock down opponents.
Scrappers are meant to get in close and fight dirty. They can take damage better than blasters and deal damage better than tankers. Scrappers are usually the best AT for solo play.
Controllers are arguably the most difficult basic AT to master. They specialize in crowd control and usually prevent damage to the group through holds, sleeps, and other disabling effects. Most controllers get, at high levels, the power to summon helpers called pets. Controllers get defender primaries as their secondary powersets.
Defenders are the healers, buffers, and debuffers. ([Buffs] are beneficial powers that defenders can grant to other characters; [debuffs] are detrimental effects defenders place on the enemy. For example, a speed buff might make your team attack faster, or a slow debuff might make the opponent attack more slowly.) They make the team more difficult to kill by either preventing damage, or repairing it. Defenders get blaster primaries as their secondary powersets.
Epic Archetypes are special-purpose characters unique to the City of Heroes mythology, and are unlocked through various gameplay goals. Currently the epic archetypes are aliens called Kheldians, in two flavors: the [peacebringers] and the [warshades].

## Power Pools

These are the power sets that all archetypes can access after level 6.
Concealment
Fighting
Fitness
Flight
Leadership
Leaping
Medicine
Presence
Speed
Teleportation

## Ancillary Pools

These are the power sets that are Archetype specific and are only available after level 40. (Note: only ONE pool can be selected, and Kheldians DO NOT have access to Ancillary Pools)
Blasters
Controllers
Defenders
Scrappers
Tankers
# City Of Heroes/Archetypes/Ancillary Pools/Blasters

Cold Mastery
Flame Mastery
Force Mastery
Munition Mastery
# City Of Heroes/Archetypes/Ancillary Pools/Controllers

Ice Mastery
Primal Forces Mastery
Psionic Mastery
Stone Mastery
# City Of Heroes/Archetypes/Ancillary Pools/Scrappers

Body Mastery
Darkness Mastery
Weapon Mastery
# City Of Heroes/Archetypes/Ancillary Pools/Defenders

Dark Mastery
Electricity Mastery
Power Mastery
Psychic Mastery
# City Of Heroes/Archetypes/PowerPools/Flight

Hover
Air Superiority
Fly
Group Fly
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Procedure/Victim Impact Statement
## Form of Statement

It has been suggested that in order for a VIS to be admissible it should contain the following:
* the statement is to be prepared in writing,
* the statement is to be in the form and in accordance with procedures established by a program designated for that purpose by the province,
* the statement is to be authored by a person meeting the definition of "victim" (s. 2 of Criminal Code, previously s.722(4)),
* the statement is to describe the harm done to, or loss suffered by, the victim arising from the commission of the offence,
* the statement is to be filed with the Court,
* the clerk of the Court is to provide a copy of the statement to the prosecution and the defence (s. 722.1 of the Code)
It is important that when considering the VIS that the court maintain its “independent neutrality" by not "react[ing] to public opinion as to the severity of sentences."
* ↑ R. v. Gabriel (1999), 137 C.C.C. (3d) 1 (Ont. Sup. Ct.) at para. 16
* ↑ Gabriel at para. 33

## Inappropriate Content for a VIS

The Statement should describe the harm arising out of the offence. It is not an opportunity for the victim to criticize the offender, including his character, assert facts or recommend sentence. Such comments are inadmissible. Nor should there be reference to offences not charged.
There is limited cases where sentence recommendation may be admissible, such as during a sentencing circle.
It has been suggested the follow sort of statements not be permitted:
* statements by persons with unidentified connections to the victim or to remote a connection
* references to facts that are not accurate
* statements speaking of the offender including character
* suggesting penalties
* seeks personal revenge
* promoting an "eye for an eye"
* statements that are inflammatory and jeopardize the desired restraint in sentencing
* makes diagnoses of the offender
* mischaracterizations of the offence or the law
* ↑ R. v. Gabriel, 1999 CanLII 15050 (ON S.C.) 137 C.C.C. (3d) 1 at para. 16 R. v. Bremner, 2000 BCCA 345 at 27
* ↑ R. v. Noor, 2011 BCSC 1629 at 21
* ↑ Gabriel at para. 29 to 33
* ↑ Gabriel at para. 48 to 53
* ↑ e.g.R. v. Walchuk, [2001] S.J. No. 148 (Sask.C.A.)
* ↑ R. v. Bremner [2000] B.C.J. No. 1096 (B.C.C.A), R. v. Sangha, [2001] A.J. No. 545 (Alta. Q.B.), R. v. D.M.L.G. [2001], S.J. No. 581 (Sask. Prov. Ct.), R. v. Hawley [1999] O.J. No. 5393
* ↑ R. v. Bremner [2000] B.C.J. No. 1096 (B.C.C.A) calls offender a pedophile
* ↑ R. v. Bremner [2000] B.C.J. No. 1096 (B.C.C.A) calls him a pedophile
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Procedure/Overview of Sentencing
## Guilty plea or Conviction

A sentencing hearing is to be commenced "as soon as practicable" after the point where a conviction has been entered.
* ↑ Section 720(1)

## Submissions of counsel

Both the Crown and Defence are permitted to make submissions to facts for consideration. However, submissions themselves do not constitute evidence.
* ↑ s. 723(1); R. v. Digiacomo, 2002 BCCA 444
* ↑ R. v. Jackman, [1996] N.J. No. 107 (NLCA) “cannot be over-emphasized that, in making submissions to Court, counsel are not giving evidence but rather making argument in support of their respective submissions.”

## Accused addressing the Court

At the end of the submissions by counsel, the accused is entitled to make comments to the court. Failure to allow the accused to speak will not invalidate the sentence if it is an inadvertent slip or error.
* ↑ s. 726
* ↑ R. v. Senek (1998), 130 C.C.C. (3d) 473 (Man. C.A.) R. v. Holub and Kufrin, [2002] O.J. No. 579 (Q.L.). R. v. Haug 2002 SKCA 49

## Judgement on Sentence

A judge, in deciding on a sentence, after hearing the recommendations from both Crown and Defence, may go above the range recommended by Crown counsel, but must do so after giving reasons for the sentence given.
It is also recommended that the judge give counsel an opportunity to make further submissions.
Upon deciding on a particular sentence the judge shall comply with s.570 and 806 requiring him to make a minute or memorandum of conviction and upon request, make a conviction order under Form 35 or 36. Further a warrant of committal, if applicable, will be made under Form 21 or 22.
* ↑ R. v. Jones, 2012 ONCA 609 (CanLII) at para. 10
* ↑ see R v Hood, 2011 ABCA 169 (CanLII) at para 15 R v Keough, 2012 ABCA 14 (CanLII) at paras 19 to 20 and 51 to 57
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Parole
## Introduction

Parole is the program whereby offenders are permitted to be released from the correctional facility or penitentiary before the expiration of sentence. Parole is a form of supervised release where their release is conditional on terms set by the Parole Board.
The parole ineligibility runs from the date of arrest.
* ↑ s. 746; R v Toor [2005] BCJ 1382 (BCCA) at para. 13

## Early Release

Under s. 120 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, SC 1992 c 20, the offender are ineligible for release anytime before the one third mark of their sentence or 7 years, whichever is less.

## Statutory Release

"Statutory release" refers to the eligibility for release of an offender at the two-thirds mark of their total sentence pursuant to the Parole Act. The premise is that an offender was credited with "remission" that gave extra credit for time served in custody.
Under the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, an offender will be releasable after two-thirds of the sentence can be revocable by the Parole Board for those who are serving sentences for offences listed in Schedules I and II of the Act.

## Accelerated Parole

Under s. 125 to 126.1 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, permitted first time, non-violent offenders to apply for day parole at the one-sixth mark of their sentence and full parole at one-third of their sentence. The Parole Board must be satisfied there are no reasonable grounds to believe that the offender is likely to commit an offence involving violence before the expiration of their sentence.
On March 24th, 2011, the Abolition of Early Parole Act Bill C-59, was assented, repealing s. 125 to 126.1 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act.
The removal of accelerated parole cannot be retrospective or it will violate s. 11(h) of the Charter.
* ↑ Whaling v. Canada (Attorney General), 2012 BCCA 435 (CanLII)

## Court Ordered Delayed Parole

The court has the power under s. 743.6 to delay the eligibility of parole to either one half of the global sentence or 10 years, whichever is less.
The test for delayed release is whether the court is "satisfied, having regard to the circumstances of the commission of the offence and the character and circumstances of the offender, that the expression of society’s denunciation of the offence or the objective of specific or general deterrence so requires, order that the portion of the sentence that must be served before the offender may be released on full parole is one half of the sentence or ten years, whichever is less."
Any consideration of applying this section must conform with procedural fairness and permit the defence an opportunity to respond to the application. Where possible notice should be given to defence in advance.
A failure of a jury to make a recommendation on parole ineligibility does not restrict a judge from making a decision on parole ineligibility who always has the final say on sentence.
* ↑ s. 743.6
* ↑ R. v. Zinck [2003] S.C.J. No. 5, 2003 SCC 6
* ↑ R. v. Cerra, 2004 BCCA 594 (CanLII)
# Digital Media & Culture: Collaborative Essay Collection 2018/Always-on Culture
## Collaborative Essays on the Theme of Always-On Culture

/Research Question 1:/To what extent do we agree with Sherry Turkle's argument that digital connections offer only an illusion of companionship? VCSI
/Research Question 2:/To what extent can we agree with dana boyd’s argument that we are always connected to the network? Never Off
Research Question 3:/SNAC Research Question to be decided.
Research Question 4: Team Szucs Research Question to be decided.
# Digital Financial Reporting/Digital Financial Reporting Principles

The following are digital financial reporting principles.
* Recognize that the goal is the meaningful exchange of information readable by both humans and machines
* Meaningful exchange requires prior existence of agreed upon technical syntax, business domain semantics, and business domain workflow/process rules
* Recognize that even if SEC filing rules and the US GAAP XBRL Taxonomy may allow for ambiguity; approaches do exist where SEC filings rules can be followed and information is consistent, explicit and unambiguous
* Recognize that being explicit contributes to the unambiguous interpretation of reported information
* Strive for consistency
* Recognize the difference between presentation and representation
* Recognize that a financial report must be a true and fair representation
* Recognize that financial reports contain a discrete set of report elements which have specific properties and relations
* Recognize that digital financial report elements can be categorized into common groups which have common relevant properties
* Recognize that each category of report elements has allowed and disallowed relations
* Recognize and respect relations between SEC Level 3 [Text Block]s and SEC Level 4 Detail disclosures
* Recognize the existence of and properly respect and represent intersections between financial report components
* Recognize and respect fundamental accounting concepts and unchangeable relations between those accounting concepts
* Recognize and respect common financial report component arrangement patterns
* Recognize and respect common member arrangement patterns
* Avoid mixing or run-together concept arrangement patterns
* Avoid mixing distinct characteristics and concepts
* Recognize need for both automated and manual verification processes
* Recognize that concepts cannot be moved between fundamental accounting concept categories or classes
* Recognize that concepts reported within a financial report can be grouped into useful sets or classes
* Avoid unknowingly changing information representation approach midstream
* Avoid inconsistencies in network identification
* Recognize that characteristics apply to all reported facts within a report component
* Recognize that rendering engines render presentation differently but the meaning is the same across all rendering engines
* Recognize that the number of members in reported set does not change the characteristics of a reported fact
* Label networks with meaningful information
* Understand that every financial report has one report frame or report pallet
For details see: Digital Financial Reporting Principles
# Digital Media & Culture: Collaborative Essay Collection 2018
## Preamble

This is the opening page to the Creating Digital Media & Culture: Collaborative Essay Collection 2018 Wikibook.
As the title suggests, this is a book which seeks to record contributions to the understanding of a specific set of topics, loosely grouped under the subject area of "Digital Culture", of particular salience to 2018.
It is put together through the combined talents and efforts of a cohort of students taking the FMSU9A4 module during the Spring of 2018 at the University of Stirling in Scotland, UK. It is an assessed educational project. We would like to thank the Wikibooks community for assistance given in the course of this project, and also encourage leniency in dealing with our work - we are all beginners in the world of wiki here, but are keen to learn!
The aim of this educational project is, firstly, for students to record the content of their learning and their contributions to this book will reflect their studies on one of the featured themes. This will appear in the form of a series of Collaborative Essays, and therefore this Wikibook is a sort of edited collection or anthology, much like examples found in academic publishing. However, secondly and most importantly, the hope is that students will learn the values associated with working at different levels as individual researchers, as research teams, and as research communities on Wikimedia and other open knowledge platforms. That is to say: producing knowledge; collaboration and sharing; and peer-reviewing the work of others for the good of the community Wikimedia, but in particular on Wikibooks.
Students will thus gain hands-on experience of a wiki environment, and what it is like to be part of a knowledge-building community, within the auspices of one of Wikimedia's large projects (i.e. Wikibooks) and make something that adds to currents in the academic field of digital media and culture.
Note that while this is a class project, anyone may contribute as Wikibooks does not permit "ownership" of material.

## Table of Contents
### Themes

* Determinism
* Convergence
* Transmediality
* The Internet of Things
* Always-on Culture
* Collective Intelligence
* Information Society
* Online Identity

### Appendices

* Glossary

## List of Contributors

This Wikibook is being put together as an on-going a collaborative class project by the following Wikimedian contributors. Together, they form a cohort of students studying Digital Media and Culture as part of their degree programme in the Division of Communications, Media and Culture, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK. Doubtless, there are other contributors within the Wikibooks and Wikipedia community who have contributed advice, support, suggestions and content in collaboration with these students. Your help and advice is most appreciated. Thank you!
       Contributors, please feel free to sign your username on the contributors page here

## Glossary

A list of definitions of key terms to be found in this Wikibook, student contribs from all project groups welcome. See here.
# Digital Integrated Circuits

Digital integrated circuits represent the practical side of digital electronics - digital functions are constructed using analogue technologies such as doped silicon. This complicates the previously neat digital technologies that are divorced from the real world. This book deals with the design of digital integrated circuits, their manufacture and techniques to optimise performance. The book is being organized such that it will be useful for people who know 'what is MOS' and nothing more. Fabrication section is not important for people who wants to learn design.

## Contents

* Fabrication
* Basics of MOS
* Combinational circuits
* Sequential circuits
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/HR Qualifications/Applicant Qualification Link

This table contains one record for every qualification every applicant has.
Used by: Human Resources
Key: Qualification Code, Applicant Number
Fields:
* Qualification Code
* Applicant Number
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/HR Qualifications/Employee Qualification Link

This table contains one record for every qualification every employee has.
Used by: Human Resources
Key: Qualification Code, Employee Number
Fields:
* Qualification Code
* Employee Number
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/HR Qualifications/Qualification

This table contains one record for every defined qualification.
Used by: Human Resources
Key: Qualification Number
Fields:
* Qualification Code (a unique alphanumeric identifier assigned by the user)
* Description
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/Item/Item MPN

This table contains one record for every MPN for every item.
Used by: Inventory, Purchasing
Key: Item Number, Supplier Number, MPN
Fields:
* Item Number
* Supplier Number
* MPN (Manufacturer's Part Number)
* Lead Days
* Unit Cost
* Minimum Quantity
* Notes
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/Item/Item Price

This table contains one record for each price of each item.
Used by: Inventory, Order Entry/Invoicing, Purchasing, Quotation/Estimation
Key: Price List, Item Number
Fields:
* Price List (identifies the class of price based on customer and volume)
* Item Number
* Price (Prices are commonly stated with four decimal places)
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/HR Qualifications

This data consists of the following two tables:
* Qualification
* Applicant Qualification Link
* Employee Qualification Link
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/HR Review

This table contains one record for every review the employee has had.
Used by: Human Resources
Key: Employee Number, Review Date
Fields:
* Employee Number
* Review Date
* Reviewer (Employee Number)
* Notes
# ERP Internals/Data Tables/Item

This includes a group of tables. They are listed below:
* Item
* Item MPN
* Item Location
* Item Price