OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radiation Oncology/Breast/Occult

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Occult Breast Primary

## Guidelines

* NCCN Guideline (v2.2010)
** Mammogram and axillary ultrasound
** Chest/abdomen/pelvic CT
** Breast MRI:
*** If MRI+, then follow stage-appropriate pathway
*** If MRI-, T0N1
**** Mastectomy + ANLD
**** ALND + WBRT +/- nodal irradiation
**** Chemotherapy as per N1 guidelines
*** If MRI-, T0N2-3, then neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by mastectomy + ALND as per locally advanced guideline (presumably including PMRT)

## Overview

* Rare presentation (<1%)
* Breast MRI may be positive in as many as 60-70% of mammogram/ultrasound negative patients
** There is limited information on outcomes of patients who are MRI-
* Omiting local therapy (mastectomy or RT) results in poor outcomes, with local failure >70% and significantly worse OS
* Local therapy with mastectomy or ALND + RT appears equivalent
* 5-year LRR ranges between 10% and 58% in retrospective studies

## Breast MRI

* Orbis Medical Centre, The Netherlands; 2010 PMID 19822403 -- "Breast MRI in clinically and mammographically occult breast cancer presenting with an axillary metastasis: a systematic review." (de Bresser J, Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010 Feb;36(2):114-9. Epub 2009 Oct 12.)
** Systematic review. 8 retrospective studies.
** Outcome: Breast MRI can detect otherwise occult cancer in >2/3 patients; high sensitivity but low specificity. In 80% of such patients, lesions can again be found with U/S for biopsy
** Conclusion: Breast MRI can result in additional detection of otherwise occult lesions. Because of low specificity, lesions should be histologically confirmed

## Breast Conservation Therapy

* SEER/MD Anderson; 2010 (1983-2006) PMID 20564117 -- "Population-based analysis of occult primary breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis." (Walker GV, Cancer. 2010 Jun 8. [Epub ahead of print])
** SEER analysis, 750 patients with T0 N+ M0 disease (incidence 0.1%). ALND 80%, mastectomy 37%, RT 45%, neither mastectomy/RT 29%. Observation only 12%. Majority of patients pre-MRI era. Median F/U 4 years
** Outcome: 4-year OS 73%, CSS 83%. 10-year OS if BCT/Mastectomy 65% vs ALND only 58% vs observation 47% (SS). If ALND, no difference in 10-year OS between mastectomy 63% and BCT 76% (NS). MVA predictors for poor CSS: ER-, ≥ 10 LN+, <10 LN resected. Over time, increasing use of BCT and decreasing use of mastectomy.
** Conclusion: Need locoregional therapy; BCT with ALND and RT appears to provide equivalent outcomes to mastectomy
# Relativistic Energy Visualisation

The well known formula
$E^{2}=(pc)^{2}+(m_{0}c^{2})^{2}$ reflects that
$pc$
and
$m_{0}c^{2}$
are catheters in a triangle.
By recognizing that
$pc=mcv$
it is plain to see that as the velocity (v) approaches c, the alpha angle approaches vertical and thus
$pc=mc^{2}$
which indeed equals E.
Calculating alpha may be done by
$tan(\alpha )={\frac {pc}{m_{0}c^{2}}}={\frac {mcv}{m_{0}c^{2}}}={\frac {{\frac {m_{0}}{\sqrt {1-({\frac {v}{c}})^{2}}}}cv}{m_{0}c^{2}}}$
Now we can do some parameter eliminations like
${\frac {pc}{m_{0}c^{2}}}={\frac {{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-({\frac {v}{c}})^{2}}}}v}{c}}$
simplifying this expression we get
${\frac {pc}{m_{0}c^{2}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {({\frac {c}{v}})^{2}-1}}}$
and finally we get
$pc={\frac {m_{0}c^{2}}{\sqrt {({\frac {c}{v}})^{2}-1}}}$
where it is quite easy to calculate pc with regard to number of rest energies, knowing only rest mass and velocity.

## Visualisation of relativistic kinetic energy

Using vectors we may write total energy as
$E=m_{0}c^{2}a_{x}+pca_{y}$
which gives the magnitude of E as
$|E|={\sqrt {(m_{0}c^{2})^{2}+(pc)^{2}}}$
and while using
$E_{k}=E-E_{0}$
we may write
$E_{0}=nm_{0}c^{2}a_{x}+npca_{y}$
Ek is then
$E_{k}=E-E_{0}=(1-n)m_{0}c^{2}a_{x}+(1-n)pca_{y}$
where n<1 thus
$E_{k}=m_{k0}c^{2}a_{x}+m_{k}vca_{y}$
where m_k0<m_0 and m_k<m
The length of the E_0 vector is
$E_{0}={\sqrt {(nm_{0}c^{2})^{2}+(npc)^{2}}}=n{\sqrt {(m_{0}c^{2})^{2}+(pc)^{2}}}=m_{0}c^{2}$
this means that
$E_{0}=nE$
where it is obvious that E_0 has less energy than the total energy, E.
The rather fascinating consequence of this is that Ek seams to have a "rest energy" of less than the actual rest energy, looking at pc the same happens here where it comes to the mass, this must happen because kinetic energy is calculateted by subtracting rest energy from E and the only way this can be done is by keeping the E-vector direction (but reversed) so that the pc-mass has the same proportion as the rest mass, otherwise substraction is impossible.

## References

* ↑ Physics Part II, Institution of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Max Fagerstroem, Bengt Sebler, Sven Larsson, 1985
* ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/VHL

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
* wikipedia entry
* Affected organs may include kidneys, retinas, brain, spinal cord, adrenals, pancreas, inner ear, or the scrotum; hemangioblastoma of the CNS, retinal angiomas, endolymphatic sac tumors, clear cell renal carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, pheochromocytoma
* Tumor suppressor gene: VHL (3p26)
* The VHL protein (pVHL) is involved in the regulation of a protein known as hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)
* In normal physiological conditions, pVHL recognizes and binds to HIF1α only when oxygen is present due to the post translational hydroxylation of 2 proline residues within the HIF1α protein
* In low oxygen conditions or in cases of VHL disease where the VHL gene is mutated, pVHL does not bind to HIF1α
* Please also see the hypoxia chapter
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/Wiskott-Aldrich

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Wiskott-Aldrich
* wikipedia entry
* lymphoma, leukemia
# Radiation Oncology/Carcinoid

Gastrointestinal Carcinoids
* GI Carcinoid
* Carcinoid of the appendix
Lung Carcinoids

## See also

* Neuroendocrine tumors
# Radiation Oncology/Carbon

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Carbon Ion Therapy
Please also see proton therapy pages
Clinical Information
* High grade glioma
* General Head & Neck
* Mucosal Melanoma
* Salivary Glands
* Cholangiocarcinoma
# Radiation Oncology/Carcinoid/Appendix

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Appendiceal Carcinoid
    For other carcinoid tumors, see Carcinoids

## Staging

Was added as a separate classification starting with the 7th edition of the AJCC Staging Manual. Carcinoids were not previously classified by the AJCC.
There is a separate staging system for carcinomas arising within the appendix. Carcinoid tumors arising in other segments of the gastrointestinal tract are staged separately.
AJCC 7th Edition (2009) Primary Tumor
* T1 - 2 cm or less
** T1a - 1 cm or less
** T1b - >1 cm and 2cm or less
* T2 - >2 cm and 4 cm or less, or with extension to the cecum
* T3 - >4 cm, or with extension to the ileum
* T4 - directly invades other adjacent organs or structures (e.g., abdominal wall, skeletal muscle; penetration of the mesoappendix is not included)
Regional Lymph Nodes
* N0 - none
* N1 - yes
Distant Metastasis
* M0 - none
* M1 - yes
Stage Grouping
* I - T1 N0
* II - T2-3 N0
* III - T4 or N1
* IV - M1
# Radiation Oncology/Carcinoid/GI Carcinoid

Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors
    See also: Carcinoid of the appendix

## Staging

Was added as a separate classification starting with the 7th edition of the AJCC Staging Manual. Carcinoids were not previously classified by the AJCC.
This staging is applicable to carcinoids of the stomach, colon, rectum, and ampulla of vater. There is a separate staging system for carcinomas arising within the appendix and for neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas.
AJCC 7th Edition (2009) Primary Tumor Duodenum, Ampulla, Jejunum, or Ileum
* T1 - small intestinal tumors: invades lamina propria or submucosa and 1 cm or less; ampullary tumors: 1 cm or less
* T2 - small intestinal tumors: invades muscularis propria or size > 1 cm; ampullary tumors: tumor > 1 cm
* T3 - jejunum/ileum: invades through muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa; ampullary or duodenum: invades pancreas or retroperitoneum; or into non-peritonealized tissues
* T4 - invades visceral peritoneum (serosa) or other organs
Colon or Rectum
* T1 - invades lamina propria or submucosa and 2 cm or less
** T1a - <1 cm
** T1b - 1-2 cm
* T2 - invades muscularis propria, or size > 2 cm
* T3 - invades through muscularis propria into subserosal tissue; or into non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues
* T4 - invades peritoneum or other organs
Regional Lymph Nodes
* N0 - none
* N1 - yes
Distant Metastasis
* M0 - none
* M1 - yes
Stage Grouping
* I - T1 N0
* IIA - T2 N0
* IIB - T3 N0
* IIIA - T4 N0
* IIIB - N1
* IV - M1
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/Xeroderma pigmentosum

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
* Gene Review entry
* Wikipedia entry
* DNA Repair chapter
* Defect in nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway
* Compromised ability to repair UV damage
* Multiple skin malignancies at a young age; most common causes of death are melanoma and skin squamous cell carcinoma
* Autosomal recessive
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer biology

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer epidemiology

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
This page is for articles pertaining to general cancer epidemiology, such as the role of smoking in causing cancer, etc. This page should not be used to list the most common cancers. That should be done separately.

## Obesity

* American Cancer Society Prevention Study II
** PMID 12711737 — "Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults." Calle EE et al. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 24;348(17):1625-38.
** Cohort study. 900,000 adults. 16 years follow-up.
** RR for breast cancer associated with increasing body-mass index > 25. For men, RR of any cancer was 1.52 for BMI > 25. For women, RR was 1.62 for BMI > 25. BMI also associated with higher rates of death due to cancers of the esophagus, colon and rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma.
* Iowa Women's Health Study
** PMID 8419667 — "Body fat distribution and 5-year risk of death in older women." Folsom AR et al. JAMA. 1993 Jan 27;269(4):483-7.
** Cohort study. 21,707 women. Follow-up 7 years.
** Increased breast cancer mortality with increased waist-hip ratio.

## Smoking

Lung Cancer:
* PMID 16189363, 2005 — "Effect of smoking reduction on lung cancer." Godtfredsen NS et al. JAMA. 2005 Sep 28;294(12):1505-10.
# Perspectives of Aquatic Toxicology/Chapter Four: Analytical Methodology for Detecting & Monitoring Synthetic Organic Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment
## Introduction

Synthetic Organic contaminants are man-made carbon-based chemicals which often enter aquatic environments through drainage from agricultural land and through discharge from industrial areas (1). The United States Environmental Protection Agency has put legal limits on the concentration that can be present in drinking water of 56 organic contaminates due to their potential adverse effects to humans (1). However, this does not stop these contaminants from entering aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic biomes encompass the largest portion of Earth’s surface (~75%) and are often divided into freshwater and saltwater biomes. Aquatic biomes are home to more than a million different plant and animal species and provide many ecosystem services. Examples of these services include fish harvest (food), wild plant and animal resources, water, recreation, flood control, carbon sequestration and storm protection which make aquatic ecosystems and their protection vital for human success (2). Therefore, we must address issues of pollution and work to understand the potential risk associated with it.
# Saylor.org's Comparative Politics/Liberalism
### Liberalism

There are many definitions of "liberalism", and it can be confusing if you don't have additional information. In a sense, one's definition of what a liberal is has only to do with geography. As with the metric system and the enjoyment of football (soccer) as a sport, the United States is something of an exception in what it defines as a 'liberal'.
Classic Liberalism, which includes the concepts of natural rights, utilitarianism, economic liberalism and social Darwinism, emerged alongside the rise of capitalism to reflect the political interests of the burgeoning middle classes. During the transition between absolute monarchies to constitutional governments, liberalism articulated the rights of those outside the traditional power structure to freedom from arbitrary rule and economic restrictions. Today, this form of liberalism is called conservatism in the United States and is generally associated with the policies of the Republican Party (or the Libertarian Party). In Europe, the word Liberal is generally used to describe parties further to the right (at least on economic issues) than centrist Christian Democratic parties, such as the Free Democratic Party in Germany (Die Liberalen).
When the term 'liberalism' is used in the United States today, it generally is used when speaking about the Democratic Pary and denotes the concepts of freedom, Welfarism, and Keynesianism. In the United States, liberals also champion the causes of civil rights and liberties of minority groups and advocate a great deal more social change than do their "conservative" rivals. Closely associated with this sense of 'liberalism' is the tradition of political Progressivism. Progressives first developed a welfare agenda in response to the rampant social inequality and misery that emerged in the wake of the industrial revolution and in response to the articulation of rival ideologies such as socialism. Progressives, who became a powerful force in the United States at the beginning of the 20th Century, in a sense reached the peak of their power with the Presidency of Franklin Roosevelt. With Roosevelt and his New Deal programs, the progressive agenda became the agenda of much of the Democratic Party ever since. However, in much of the rest of the world, the advocacy for a strong welfare state is often associated with social democratic (socialist) parties.
# Pinyin/Kokang

Kokang, formally the First Special Region, is a region of Myanmar. It is located in the northern part of Shan State, with the Salween River to its west, and it borders with China's Yunnan Province in the east. Its area is around 10,000 square kilometers. The capital is Laukkai. Most of the population of Kokang is Kokang people, a Han Chinese group living in Myanmar.
Kokang, guānfāng míngchēng Dìyī Tèqū, Myanmar yīgè dìqū. Wèiyú Shan Shěng běibù, xīmiàn yǔ Salween Hé, dōngmiàn yǔ Zhōngguó de Yúnnán Shěng jiērǎng. Miànjī yuē 10,000 píngfāng qiānmǐ. Shǒudū Laukkai. Dàbùfèn rénkǒu shì Kokang rén, shēnghuó yú Myanmar de Zhōngguó Hànzú qúntǐ.
# Pinyin/Known

See also
# Pinyin/Knee

Knee is the joint between upper leg and lower leg. Its main internal structure includes meniscus and 4 ligaments.
xitour shì dàtuǐ hé xiǎotuǐ zhījiān de guānjié. Tā de zhǔyào nèibù jiégòu shì bànyuèbǎn hé 4-tiáo rèndài.
The meniscus is inside the knee, a connecting part below the upper leg bone and above the lower leg bone. It is a piece of crescent-shaped cushion soft bone fibrous tissue. Its function is to lessen shock of the knee joint, and to avoid direct friction between two pieces of bones.
Bànyuèbǎn shì xītóu nèibù, dàtuǐgǔ xiàduān hé xiǎotuǐgǔ shàngduān zhījiān de liánjiē bùfèn. Tā shì yīkuài xīnyuèxíng de xiānwéi ruǎngǔ zǔzhī diànzi. Tā de zuòyòng shì jiǎnqīng xītóu guānjié de zhèndòng, hé bìmiǎn 2-kuài gǔtou de zhíjiē mócā.
The knee is supported by 4 pieces of main ligaments. Two of which is at the two side of the knee, known as inside ligament and outside ligament. The other two pieces of ligaments are at the front and the back of the knee, known as the front and the back ligaments. Their function is to avoid mispositioning of the knee.
Xītóu yóu 4-tiáo zhǔyào de rèndài zhīchēngzhe. Qízhōng 2-tiáo zài xītóu de liǎngcè, chēngwéi nèicè-rèndài hé wàicè-rèndài. Lìngwài 2-tiáo rèndài zài xītóu qiánfāng hé hòufāng, chēngwéi qián-rèndài hé hòu-rèndài. Tāmen de gōngnéng shì fángzhǐ xītóu de yíwèi.
# Pinyin/Know

to know: to have learned or found out about something
zhidaoh: xuerxir huoh liaaojiee daoh mooushihwuh
# Pinyin/Knowing

See also
# Pinyin/Knowledge

Knowledge is all the facts that someone knows about a particular subject.
zhishir shih moourern rehnshir guanyur tehdihng zhuutir d suooyoou shihshir.
# Pinyin/Kitten

See also
# Pinyin/Knife

See also
A knife is a sharp blade with a handle, used for cutting or as a weapon.
dao'zi shih yoou shooubiing d daoshen, yohnglair qiege huoh yohngzuoh wuuqih.
# Serial Programming/USB/Type B USB

The Type B USB connectors are usually used in connecting Printers, Scanners and External Hard Drives.
# Serial Programming/Windows TAPI

Also see w:Telephony Application Programming Interface.
Serial Programming: Introduction and OSI Network Model -- RS-232 Wiring and Connections -- Typical RS232 Hardware Configuration -- 8250 UART -- DOS -- MAX232 Driver/Receiver Family -- TAPI Communications In Windows -- Linux and Unix -- Java -- Hayes-compatible Modems and AT Commands -- Universal Serial Bus (USB) -- Forming Data Packets -- Error Correction Methods -- Two Way Communication -- Packet Recovery Methods -- Serial Data Networks -- Practical Application Development -- IP Over Serial Connections
# Serial Programming/termio
#### Introduction

<termio.h> (note the missing 's') is the older System V terminal I/O API. It has been replaced by <termios.h> on modern systems. It is still in use on many systems, e.g. on embedded Unix systems or those based on Unix System V. Often modern systems still also provide the old API, too.
All settings to a serial device are done via the ioctl(2) system call, as opposite to the special functions as provided by <termios.h>.

#### Special Characters

* INTR (default Ctrl-C or ASCII ETX)
* QUIT (default Ctrl-\, or ASCII ES)
* ERASE (default backspace or ASCII BS)
* KILL (Ctrl-U, or ASCII NAK)
* EOF (Ctrl-D, or ASCII EOT)
* NL (ASCII LF)
* EOL (ASCII LF)
* STOP (Ctrl-S, or ASCII DC3)
* START (Ctrl-Q, or ASCII DC1)

#### Setting and Getting Parameters via Termio
##### Primary commands

The main commands for controlling serial (terminal) I/O with termio all use an ioctl call of the form
The following commands use this ioctl form:

###### TCGETA

    Get current parameters

###### TCSETA

    Set parameters immediately

###### TCSETAW

    Set parameters when output is empty (waits with change until all buffered data has been sent).

###### TCSETAF

    Wait until output is empty, then flush input, then set parameters.
The struct termio argument as used in all the above ioctl(2) command looks as it follows:

###### struct termio

* c_cc array in struct termio
* c_iflag input mode flag in struct termio
** IGNBRK
** BRKINT
** IGNPAR
** PARMRK
** INPCK
** ISTRIP
** INLCR
** IGNCR
** ICRNL
** IUCLC
** IXON
** IXANY
** IXOFF
* c_oflag output mode flag in struct termio
** OPOST
** OLCUC
** ONLCR
** OCRNL
** ONOCR
** ONLRET
** OFILL
** OFDEL
** NLDLY
** NL0
** NL1
** CRDLY
** CR0
** CR1
** CR2
** CR3
** TABDLY
** TAB0
** TAB1
** TAB2
** TAB3
** BSDLY
** BS0
** BS1
** VTDLY
** VT0
** VT1
** FFDLY
** FF0
** FF1
* c_cflag in struct termio
** B0, B50, B75, B110, B134, B150, B300, B600, B1200, B1800, B2400, B4800, B9600, B19200, B38400 This are to select baud rate
** CSIZE
** CS5, CS6, CS7, CS8 These are for setting data bit length, between 5..8
** CSTOPB
** CREAD
** PARENB This is for enabling parity check
** PARODD This is to select odd parity
** HUPCL
** CLOCAL
* c_lflag in struct termio
** ISIG
** ICANON
** XCASE
** ECHO
** ECHOE
** ECHOK
** ECHONL
** NOFLSH

##### Additional Commands

The additional commands use the following form of ioctl calls:
The following termio commands use this form:

###### TCSBRK

    Wait until output is empty (drain). Optionally, a break can be sent when this happens. In fact, this is the most common application

###### TCXONC

    Start or stop the output.

###### TCFLSH

    Flush the input, output, or both queues.
Please add {{alphabetical}} only to book title pages.
# Series License

The goal for this book is to make it a reference source with related information so one can use this material to actually study for their Series license. The following are licenses that are offered by the NASD by clicking on the links below you will be directed towards relevant material so one can study for the license in question.

## Do Not Require Firm Sponsorships

* Series 3 National Commodities Futures
* Series 30 Branch Managers Exam - Futures
* Series 31 Futures Managed Funds Examination
* Series 32 Limited Futures Exam-Regulation
* Series 33 Financial Instruments Examination
* Series 63 Uniform Securities Agent State Law Exam
* Series 65 Uniform Investment Advisor Exam
* Series 66 Uniform Combined State Law Exam** (equivalent of Series 63 plus Series 65) **Series 7 is a co-requisite to the Series 66.
    If you plan to sit for any of the above exams and you are not affiliated with a brokerage firm registered with NASD, you will need to submit a Form U-10, or Click on Submit U10 online with credit card payment.

## Require Firm Sponsorships

* Series 4 Registered Options Principal
* Series 5 Interest Rate Option
* Series 6 Investment Co.-Variable Contracts Rep
* Series 7 General Securities Representative Exam
* Series 9 General Securities Sales Supervisor (Options Module)
* Series 10 General Securities Sales Supervisor (General Module)
* Series 11 Assistant Representative - Order Processing
* Series 12 Branch Manager NYSE
* Series 14 Compliance Officer NYSE
* Series 15 Foreign Currency Options
* Series 16 Supervisory Analyst NYSE (1 or 2 parts depending on NYSE requirements)
* Series 17 Limited Registered Representative (IE)
* Series 22 Direct Participation Programs Representative
* Series 23 General Securities Principal Qualification Examination Sales Supervisor Module
* Series 24 General Securities Principal
* Series 26 Investment Co./Variable Contracts Principal
* Series 27 Financial and Operations Principal
* Series 28 Introducing Broker/Dealer Financial and Operations Principal
* Series 37 Canada Module of S7 (Options Required)
* Series 38 Canada Module of S7 (No Options Required)
* Series 39 Direct Participation Program Principal
* Series 42 Registered Options Representative
* Series 51 Municipal Fund Securities Principal
* Series 52 Municipal Securities Representative
* Series 53 Municipal Securities Principal
* Series 55 Limited Representative-Equity Trader
* Series 62 Corporate Securities Limited Representative
* Series 72 Government Securities Representative
* Series 82 Limited Representative-Private Securities Offerings
* Series 86 Research Analyst (RS) – Part I--Analysis Module
* Series 87 Research Analyst (RS) – Part II--Regulations Module

## External Resources

* Registration/Exam Fee Schedule
* NASD Website
* Test Center Location
* Series License Training

## References

* ↑ "Series 63, Series 65 Or Series 66?". Investopedia. 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
# Serial Programming/USB/Type A USB
## Introduction

This is the most frequently used of the USB series. It is commonly used in Flash Drives and still camera devices. In this chapter, we will be discussing the Type A USB in detail.

## Layout Diagram

fdfd

## The Colours

These are the colours of the wires in the USB Cables. The colours are standard, so there should be no difference between brands.
# Pinyin/Level

A level is the amount of something, especially when it can be counted or measured.
cherngduh shih moouwuh kee liarngduor d liahng.
# Pinyin/Letter
## Noun

* a letter is a symbol representing a speech sound.
** zihmuu shih daihbiaao yuuyin d furhaoh.
# Pinyin/Length
## Noun

* a length is the distance of something from one end to the other.
** charngduh shih moouwuh corng 1 duan daoh lihngyi duan d juhlir.