# Exercise as it relates to Disease/Impact of High intensity and Moderate intensity training on vascular function

This factsheet is a critical appraisal of the journal article "The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Vs Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) on Vascular function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

## What is the background to this research?

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world and nearly 17.5 million people died from CVD in 2012. Physical inactivity is considered as one of the major risk factors for CVDs and Australian Heart foundation stated that only 57% of Australians adults achieve their adequate physical activity requirements. Cardio-protective roles of physical activities are explained through various mechanisms in previous studies such as vascular function. Brachial Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is the standard noninvasive method used to assess blood flow (sheer stress) and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Recent randomized control trials (RCTs) integrating HIIT as the intervention for CVD patients discovered significant benefits on vascular functions, compared to MICT. Therefore, this study is aimed to compare the effectiveness of two types of aerobic exercises (HIIT vs MICT) on vascular functions and associated novel biomarkers.

## Where is the research from?

The systematic review was conducted by researchers from three prominent research institutes: The University of Queensland from Australia, Colorado university from USA and the Norwegian University of Technology from Norway. This article was published in 2015 Sports Medicine Journal of New Zealand. No potential conflicts of interests were declared by the authors.

## What kind of research was this?

This study was conducted as a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs regarding the impact of HIIT and MICT on vascular function. Considering the research quality of evidence hierarchy, it is reflected as a Level 1 evidence. A PEDro scale was used by researchers to evaluate the methodological quality of clinical trials. PEDro Score above 6 is required to limit any analytical bias in systematic reviews, whereas this study obtained a mean score of 7.29 out of 10.

## What did the research involve?

Initially, eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Embase and MEDLINE electronic databases from May 2014. Inclusion criteria of the review were
* RCTs conducted among humans and published in English
* Outcome vascular function was measured before and after intervention – HIIT, MICT
* Duration of intervention was at least 2 weeks
* FMD was used to measure vascular function
Changes among the mean differences of FMD in pre and post-interventions between HIIT and MICT groups were analyzed with Review Manager software. Critical analysis of RCTs is considered as the best methodological approach with higher accuracy, validity, and efficacy.

## What were the basic results?

Six out of seven trials with 182 participants, revealed a significant increase in FMD in both HIIT and MICT groups. RCTs that used 4×4 HIIT protocols [4 intervals for 4 minutes at 85-95% of maximum heart rate] with 3 minutes active recovery (50-70% of maximum heart rate) for 12–16 weeks, exposed a substantial progress in endothelial functions, compared to MICT. However, HIIT with shorter duration and greater bouts (4-10 intervals at 80-85% peak oxygen intake [VO$_{2peak}$] with 4 minutes recovery at 50-60% VO$_{2peak}$, found no significant difference in FMD related to MICT. Further, the meta-analysis discovered that mean FMD increased from 5.14 to 9.45% in HIIT, whereas FMD increased from 5.12 to 7.27% in MICT.
The researchers interpreted that continuous 12 weeks of HIIT improved cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) immensely, compared to MICT. Also, it enhanced blood pressure, blood lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, antioxidant status and body fat percentage of the participants.
Table 1: Summary of findings :
| Studies | Participants | Duration and type of exercise | HIIT outcomes compared to MICT |
| 1. Wisloff | 18 heart failure patients | 12 weeks uphill treadmill walking | FMD↑ |
| 2. Molmen-Hansen | 48 hypertensive patients | 12 weeks uphill treadmill walking | FMD↑ |
| 3. Tjonna | 22 metabolic syndrome patients | 16 weeks uphill treadmill walking | FMD↑ |
| 4. Currie | 21 coronary artery disease patients | 12 weeks cycling exercise | minor increase in FMD |
| 5. Schjerve | 27 obese patients | 12 weeks treadmill running | FMD↑ |
| 6. Mitranum | 28 Type 2 diabetes patients | 12 weeks treadmill walking | FMD↑ |
| 7. Klonizakis | 18 post-menopausal women | 2 weeks cycling exercise | No significant change in FMD |

## What conclusions can we take from this research?

HIIT is considered as an effective stimulus for improving vascular functions by 2.26% increase in brachial FMD, more than MICT. Possible mechanisms suggested for these exclusive benefits of HIIT are induced flow among blood vessels by activation of endothelial NO synthase, enhanced insulin sensitivity, faster clearance of low-density lipoprotein and improved antioxidant status.
Findings of this study are consistent with previous researches regarding of CVD risk, CRF and HIIT.<ref name="Shiraev">For example, a systematic review reported 9.1% increase in VO$_{2peak}$ after HIIT compared to MICT among cardiometabolic patients. But few RCTs outlined that there is no convincing evidence to support the superiority of HIIT over MICT. Novel CVD risk assessment methods could be developed for public health interventions in future such as NO bioavailability.

## Practical Advices

This review suggests 4×4 HIIT three times per week for at least 12 weeks could improve endothelial functions and remodel blood vessels, compared to other protocols of aerobic exercises. Promoting HIIT among general public could increase their adherence to exercise intervention due to less time-consuming physical activities. However, high-risk CVD patients must consider their co-morbidities, exercise threshold levels and medications to avoid adverse health risks.

## Limitations of the study

Effects of confounding factors such as drug interactions, abstinence from exercise, diverse exercise intensity threshold levels of participants and timing of FMD assessment were considered as the potential bias in this study.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ramos, J.S. et al. (2015) The impact of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine vol 45 pp 679-692
* ↑ World Health Organization. (2016). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). [online] Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016].
* ↑ The Heart Foundation. (2016). Active living. [online] Available at: https://heartfoundation.org.au/active-living [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016].
* 1 2 3 4 5 Weston, K. et al. (2013). High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(16), pp.1227-1234.
* 1 2 Shiraev, T. and Barclay, G. (2012). Evidence based exercise: Clinical benefits of high-intensity interval training. Australian Family Physician, 41(12), pp.960-962.
* 1 2 NHMRC: Additional levels of evidence and grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines (2009) National Health and Medical Research Council [cited 4th September 2016] Available from: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/guidelines/stage_2_consultation_levels_and_grades.pdf.
* ↑ de Morton, N. (2009). The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 55(2), pp.129-133.
Author: u3136445