OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# JLPT Guide/JLPT N5 Vocabulary/Row Ya

Vocabulary words for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test starting with やーよ.
JLPT N5 Vocabulary
あ行 – か行 – さ行 – た行 – な行 – は行 – ま行 – や行 – ら行 – わ行
Parts of speech (品詞)  : :
| (名) noun (代) pronoun (動I) Type I verb (動II) Type II verb | (動III) Type III verb (形) adjective (形動) adjectival noun (副) adverb | (連体) attribute (接) conjunction (感) interjection (助動) auxiliary | (助) particle (頭) prefix (尾) suffix (連) compound |

## や段

| # | Kana | Kanji | Word type | Meaning |
| 632 | ~や | 【~屋】 | (尾) | ~store |
| 633 | やおや | 【八百屋】 | (名) | greengrocer |
| 634 | やさい | 【野菜 】 | (名) | vegetable |
| 635 | やさしい | 【易しい 】 | (形) | easy/plain/simple |
| 636 | やすい | 【安い 】 | (形) | cheap/inexpensive/peaceful/quiet/gossipy/thoughtless |
| 637 | やすみ | 【休み 】 | (名) | (1) rest/recess/respite/(2) vacation/holiday/absence/suspension/(3) moulting |
| 638 | やすむ | 【休む 】 | | to rest/to have a break/to take a day off/to be finished/to be absent/to retire/to sleep |
| 639 | やっつ | 【八つ 】 | (名) | eight |
| 640 | やま | 【山 】 | (名) | (1) mountain/(2) pile/heap/(3) climax/critical point |
| 641 | やる （仕事をやる） | | (動I) | to do/to have sexual intercourse/to kill/to give (to inferiors, animals, etc.)/to dispatch (a letter)/to send/to study/to perform/to play (sports, game)/to have (eat, drink, smoke)/to row (a boat)/to run or operate (a restaurant) |

## ゆ段

| # | Kana | Kanji | Word type | Meaning |
| 642 | ゆうがた | 【夕方 】 | | evening |
| 643 | ゆうびんきょく | 【郵便局 】 | (名) | post office |
| 644 | ゆうべ （’昨晩’の意） | | | evening |
| 645 | ゆうめい | 【有名 】 | (名) | fame |
| 646 | ゆき | 【雪 】 | (名) | snow |
| 647 | ゆっくり | | | slowly, at ease |

## よ段

| # | Kana | Kanji | Word type | Meaning |
| 648 | ようか | 【八日 】 | (名) | eight days/the eighth (day of the month) |
| 649 | ようふく | 【洋服 】 | (名) | Western-style clothes |
| 650 | よく （よく行く） | | | frequently, often |
| 651 | よく （よくできる） | | | nice/properly/well/skilled in |
| 652 | よこ | 【横 】 | | beside/side/width |
| 653 | よっか | 【四日 】 | (名) | four days/the fourth (day of the month) |
| 654 | よっつ | 【四つ 】 | (名) | four |
| 655 | よぶ | 【呼ぶ】 | (動I) | to call out/to invite |
| 656 | よむ | 【読む】 | (動I) | to read |
| 657 | よる | 【夜】 | (名) | evening/night |
# JPEG - Idea and Practice/Download programs

Download the programs from this site: JPEG programs
# JLPT Guide/JLPT N5 Vocabulary/Row Wa

Vocabulary words for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test starting with わーを.
JLPT N5 Vocabulary
あ行 – か行 – さ行 – た行 – な行 – は行 – ま行 – や行 – ら行 – わ行
Parts of speech (品詞)  : :
| (名) noun (代) pronoun (動I) Type I verb (動II) Type II verb | (動III) Type III verb (形) adjective (形動) adjectival noun (副) adverb | (連体) attribute (接) conjunction (感) interjection (助動) auxiliary | (助) particle (頭) prefix (尾) suffix (連) compound |

## わ段

| # | Kana | Kanji | Word type | Meaning |
| 673 | ワイシャツ | | (名) | "Y shirt", business shirt |
| 674 | わかい | 【若い 】 | (形) | young |
| 675 | わかる | 【分かる 】 | (動I) | to be understood |
| 676 | わすれる | 【忘れる 】 | (動I) | to forget |
| 677 | わたくし | 【私 】 | (代) | I |
| 678 | わたし | 【私】 | (代) | I |
| 679 | わたす | 【渡す 】 | (動I) | to pass over, to hand over |
| 680 | わたる | 【渡る 】 | (動I) | to cross over/to go across |
| 681 | わるい | 【悪い 】 | (形) | bad/inferior |
# JPEG - Idea and Practice
## Contents

* Foreword

## The idea

* The colour components
* The transform and quantization
* The compression and encoding
* The decoding and drawing
* Miscellaneous

## The practice

* Introduction
* The Huffman coding
* The header part
* The guidelines and the implementation
* Program for making a grey scale file
* Program for drawing a grey scale picture
* The two programs for a colour picture
* When the width or the height is not divisible by 8

## Back matter

* Appendix 1: Summary of the header segments
* Appendix 2: Programs for calculating code lengths from the actual picture
* References
* Download programs
# JPEG - Idea and Practice/Appendix 1: Summary of the header segments

DQT (quantization)
    Marker = (255, 219)
    Length = (0, 67)
    0 (½ byte)
    destination identifier (½ byte)(for instance 0 for the Y component and 1 for the colour components)
    the table (64 bytes)
SOF (frame)
    Marker = (255, 192)
    Length = (0, 8 + 3 * number of components)
    8
    width = b1*256 + b2, pair (b1, b2)
    height = b1*256 + b2, pair (b1, b2)
    number of components (1-3)
    for each component:
       component identifier (for instance 0, 1, 2 for the YCbCr components)
       Hi (½ byte)(1 for the colour components, 1 or 2 for the Y component)
       Vi (½ byte)(1 for the colour components, 1 or 2 for the Y component)
       quantization table destination selector (for instance 0 for the Y component and 1 for the colour components)
DHT (Huffman)
    Marker = (255, 196)
    Length = (0, 19 + number of Huffman values (nhv))
    0 for DC, 1 for AC (½ byte)
    destination identifier (½ byte)(for instance 0 for the Y component and 1 for the colour components)
    the list BITS (16 byte)
    the list HUFFVAL (nhv bytes)
SOS (scan)
    Marker = (255, 218)
    Length = (0, 6 + 2 * number of components)
    number of components (1-3)
    for each component:
       component identifier (for instance 0, 1, 2 for the YCbCr components)
       destination selector of DC Huffman table (½ byte)(for instance 0 for the Y component and 1 for the colour components)
       destination selector of AC Huffman table (½ byte)(for instance 0 for the Y component and 1 for the colour components)
    0
    63
    0
# Introduction to Mathematical Physics/Relativity/Exercises

Exercice:
Show that a rocket of mass $m$ that ejects at speed $u$ (with respect to itself) a part of its mass $dm$ by time unit $dt$ moves in the sense opposed to $u$. Give the movement law for a rocket with speed zero at time $t=0$, located in a earth gravitational field considered as constant.
Exercice:
Doppler effect. Consider a light source $S$ moving at constant speed with respect to reference frame $R$. Using wave four-vector $(k,\omega /c)$ give the relation between frequencies measured by an experimentator moving with $S$ and another experimentater attached to $R$. What about sound waves?
Exercice:
For a cylindrical coordinates system, metrics $g_{ij}$ of the space is:
$ds^{2}=dr^{2}+r^{2}d\theta ^{2}+dz^{2}$
Calculate the Christoffel symbols $\Gamma _{hk}^{i}$ defined by:
$\Gamma _{hk}^{i}={\frac {1}{2}}g^{ij}(\partial _{h}g_{kj}+\partial _{k}g_{hj}-\partial _{j}g_{hk})$
Exercice:
Consider a unit mass in a three dimensional reference frame whose metrics is:
$ds^{2}=g_{ij}dq_{i}dq_{j}$
Show that the kinetic energy of the system is:
$E_{c}={\frac {1}{2}}g_{ij}{\dot {q}}_{i}{\dot {q}}_{j}$
Show that the fundamental equation of dynamics is written here (forces are assumed to derive from a potential $V$) :
${\frac {D{\dot {q}}_{i}}{Dt}}=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}}$
# Introduction to Mathematical Physics/Relativity/Introduction

In this chapter we focus on the ideas of symmetry and transformations. More precisely, we study the consequences on the physical laws of transformation invariance. The reading of the appendices Tensors and Groups is thus recommended for those who are not familiar with tensorial calculus and group theory. In classical mechanics, a material point of mass $m$ is referenced by its position $r$ and its momentum $p$ at each time $t$. Time does not depend on the reference frame used to evaluate position and momentum. The Newton's law of motion is invariant under Galileean transformations. In special and general relativity, time depends on the considered reference frame. This yields to modify classical notions of position and momentum. Historicaly, special relativity was proposed to describe the invariance of the light speed. The group of transformations that leaves the new form of the dynamics equations is the Lorentz group. Quantum, kinetic, and continuous description of matter will be presented later in the book..
# Kittypet's Guide To Warrior Cats/Characters/SkyClan

Skystar: Skystar was the first leader of SkyClan.
Micah: Micah was SkyClan's first medicine cat.
Cloudstar: Cloudstar was the leader of SkyClan when they got driven out of the forest.
Spiderstar: Spiderstar was the last leader of ancient SkyClan.
Leafstar: Leafstar is the first leader of modern SkyClan.
Echosong: Echosong is the first medice cat of modern SkyClan.
# Kittypet's Guide To Warrior Cats/Print version

Kittypet's Guide To Warrior Cats is a free content online book published on English Wikibooks.

# Books

The Warrior Cats series is divided into 8 story arcs with 6 books each, some Super Editions, and some novellas.

## The Prophecies Begin

* Into The Wild
* Fire And Ice
* Forest Of Secrets
* Rising Storm
* A Dangerous Path
* The Darkest Hour

## The New Prophecy

* Midnight
* Moonrise
* Dawn
* Starlight
* Twilight
* Sunset

## Power Of Three

* The Sight (2003)
* Dark River (2007)
* Outcast (2008)
* Eclipse (2008)
* Long Shadows (2008)
* Sunrise (2009)

## The Broken Code

* Lost Stars
2. The Silent Thaw
3. Veil of Shadows
4. Darkness Within
5. The Place of No Stars
6. A Light in The Mist

## A Starless Clan

1. River
2. Sky
3. Shadow
4. Thunder
5. Wind
6. Star

## Novellas
# Characters
# Locations
## Forest Territories
### ThunderClan Camp

ThunderClan camp is located in a ravine.

### Moonstone

The Moonstone is the place where the leaders get their 9 lives from StarClan, and the medicine cats meet there every half-moon. It was discovered by Moth Flight.

### Fourtrees

Fourtrees is the place where, every full moon, the Clans would gather. It was destroyed by Twolegs in "Dawn".

### The river

The river is where RiverClan and ThunderClan get water.

### Sunningrocks

Sunningrocks are rocks that RiverClan and ThunderClan, famously, fought over a lot.

## Lake Territories
### Moonpool

The Moonpool is a pool off of ThunderClan territory. It was discovered by Leafpool.

### Island

The Island is where Gatherings are held.

## Outside the Clan Territories
# Clan Terminology

The Clans have a terminology that will be explained here.
* Twoleg: Human
* Kittypet: Housecat
* Monster: Car
* Mouse-brain: An insult

# Authors & Contributors

This list is updated automatically by AuthorsAndContributorsBot. Please do not update it manually.
* Garfieldcat1978 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Slava Ukrajini Heroyam Slava (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* L10nM4st3r (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Kittycataclysm (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* JackPotte (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* Mbrickn (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Xania (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
# Kittypet's Guide To Warrior Cats/Main page

Kittypet's Guide To Warrior Cats is a free content online book published on English Wikibooks.
# Kittypet's Guide To Warrior Cats/Locations
## Forest Territories
### ThunderClan Camp

ThunderClan camp is located in a ravine.

### Moonstone

The Moonstone is the place where the leaders get their 9 lives from StarClan, and the medicine cats meet there every half-moon. It was discovered by Moth Flight.

### Fourtrees

Fourtrees is the place where, every full moon, the Clans would gather. It was destroyed by Twolegs in "Dawn".

### The river

The river is where RiverClan and ThunderClan get water.

### Sunningrocks

Sunningrocks are rocks that RiverClan and ThunderClan, famously, fought over a lot.

## Lake Territories
### Moonpool

The Moonpool is a pool off of ThunderClan territory. It was discovered by Leafpool.

### Island

The Island is where Gatherings are held.
# Kittypet's Guide To Warrior Cats/Clan Terminology

The Clans have a terminology that will be explained here.
* Twoleg: Human
* Kittypet: Housecat
* Monster: Car
* Mouse-brain: An insult
# Levantine Arabic/Templates

This article lists templates used in the Levantine Arabic Wikibook
# Levantine Arabic/Verbs
## Tenses

| Tense | Example | Example | Usage |
| past tense | عمل ʕimel | he did / he has done | |
| subjunctive | يعمل yaʕmel | he ... (to) do | - after another verb or pseudo-verb - after conjuctions introducing the subjunctive |
| present tense | بيعمل byaʕmel | he does / he is doing | - general facts - habitual or recurring actions - ongoing actions (instead of present progressive) - future actions (instead of future tense) |
| progressive | عم يعمل ʕam yaʕmel | he is doing | - ongoing actions (not for verbs of motion) |
| future tense | رح يعمل raḥ yaʕmel حيعمل ḥa-yaʕmel | he will do | |
| imperative | عمول ʕmōl (N) بيعمل 'aʕmel (S) | do! | |

### Participles

| Participle | Example | Example | Usage |
| active participle | عامل ʕāmel | (is) doing | - ongoing actions for verbs of motion - current state for verbs of perception |
| passive participle | معمول maʕmūl | (is) done | - expressing the passive voice |

### Compound tenses

| Formation | Example | Example |
| كان (kān) + past tense | كان عمل kān ʕimel | he had done |
| كان (kān) + subjuctive كان (kān) + active participle | كان يعمل kān yaʕmel كان عامل kān ʕāmel | he used to do / he was doing |
| كان (kān) + progressive | كان عم يعمل kān ʕam yaʕmel | he was doing |
| كان (kān) + future tense | كان رح يعمل kān raḥ yaʕmel | he was going to do |
# Levantine Arabic/Verbs/Subjunctive
## Formation

The stem of the subjunctive is usally formed by changing the vowels of the past tense 3rd person singular. It can be predicted for form II-X verbs, however it must be learned for form I verbs.
The given form is the 3rd person singular with the prefix “y-”, other persons are derived from it.
Note that any stressed “i” in an emphatic environment can become “u” in North Levantine.
| Form | Type | Stem vowel(s) | Past | Subjunctive |
| I | regular | a → a | فتح fataḥ | يفتح yiftaḥ |
| I | regular | a → i | مسك masak | يمسك yimsik |
| I | regular | a → u | درس daras | يدرس yidrus (N) / yudrus (S) |
| I | regular | i → a | فهم fihim | يفهم yifham |
| I | regular | i → i (rare) | عرف ʕirif | يعرف yaʕrif, yiʕrif |
| I | defective | i (N) / a (S) → i | حكي ḥiki (N) / حكى ḥaka (S) | يحكي yiḥki |
| I | defective | i → a | نسي nisi | ينسى yinsa |
| I | defective | a → a (rare) | قرا 'ara | يقرا yi'ra |
| I | hollow | a → i | جاب jāb | يجيب yjīb |
| I | hollow | a → u | شاف šāf | يشوف yšūf |
| I | hollow | a → a (rare) | نام nām | ينام ynām |
| I | geminate | a → i | حسّ ḥass | يحسّ yḥiss |
| I | geminate | a → u | حطّ ḥaṭṭ | يحطّ yḥuṭṭ |
| I | geminate | a → a (rare) | ضلّ ḍall | يضلّ yḍall |
| II / Iq | regular | a → a-i | علّم ʕallam | يعلّم yʕallim |
| II / Iq | defective | a → a-i | خلّى ḵalla | يخلّي yḵalli |
| III |
| IV (rare) |
| V / IIq |
| VI |
| VII |
| VIII |
| IX (rare) |
| X |
# Levantine Arabic/Weather
## Basic terms

| طقس/جوء | ṭaʔs/jo2 | weather |
| دنيا | dinya/dunya | world |
| كيف/شلون الطقس/الجوء اليوم؟ | kif/shlon alta2s/jo2 alyom? | How is the weather today? |
| الطقس/الجوء... | iṭ-ṭaʔs ... | The weather is ... |
| الدنيا ... | id-dinya/dunya... | It's ... |
الطقس (iṭ-ṭaqs) is followed by an adjective (hot, cold, sunny etc.).
الدبيا (id-dinya) is used as a dummy subject like “It's ...” in English. It can be followed by a verb (raining, snowing etc.), or a noun corresponding to an adjective (heat = hot, sun = sunny etc.).

## Temperature

| حرارة harāra | temperature |
| درجة daraje | degree(s) |
| درجات darajāt | degrees (after number 3-10) |
| Noun | Adjective | Adjective of feeling | |
| شوب šōb حرّ ḥarr | مشوّب mšawweb حارّ ḥārr | شوبان šōbān | hot |
| دفا dafa | دافي dāfi | دفيان dafyān | warm |
| برد bard | بارد bāred | بردان bardān | cold |
In order to express someone's sensation of the temperature, special adjectives with the ending “-ān” are used.
Examples: :
| الدنيا شوب اليوم. | id-dinya šōb il-yōm | It's hot today. |
| الشمس حارّة. | iš-šams ḥārra | The sun is hot. |
| أنا شوبان. | 'ana šōbān | I'm feeling hot. |
| قدّيش درجة/درجات الحرارة؟ | ʔaddēš darajet/darajāt il-harāra? | What's the temperature? |
| خمسة وعشرين درجة. | ḵamse w-ʕišrīn daraja | (It's) 25 degrees. |
| خمس (درجات) تحت الصفر. | ḵams (darajāt) taḥt iṣ-ṣifr | (It's) 5 (degrees) below zero. |

## The sky

| سماء sama2 | sky | Verb (past) | Verb (present) | Adjective | |
| شمش šams (f) | sun | شمّس šammas | بشمّس bišammes | مشمّس mšammes | sunny |
| غيم ḡēm | clouds | غيّم ḡayyam | بغيّم biḡayyem | مغيّم mḡayyem | cloudy |
| شتى šita (m) | rain | شتّى šatta | بشتّي bišatti | مشتّي mšatti | raining |
When used with a verb, الدنيا (id-dinya) can be omitted as long as the verb is not the only remaining word in the sentence.
States like “sunny” and “cloudy” can be expressed by verbs well, which have the meaning of “to be ...” or “to become ...”.
Examples: :
| غيّمت الدنيا. | ḡayyamat id-dinya | It's cloudy. (“The world became cloudy.”) |
| السما مغيّمة. | is-sama mḡayyme | The sky is cloudy. |
| (الدنيا) عم بتشتّي. | (id-dinya) ʕam bitšatti | It's raining. |
| شتّت مبارح. | šattat mbāreḥ | It rained yesterday. |
# Lewis Carroll
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Ancestry
* Descended from Royalty
* Early Life
* Alice in Wonderland
* Through the Looking-Glass
* Geometry and Logic
* Sylvie and Bruno
* Child friends and adult friends
* Mr. Dodgson and Mr. Carroll
* References
# Lewis Carroll/Alice in Wonderland

During the summer of 1862, CLD frequently took the Dean's three eldest daughters, Lorina, Alice and Edith, on rowing trips on the Isis. His usual adult companion was Robinson Duckworth. On 4th July, CLD, keen to start the story in a novel way, sent his heroine (called Alice) down a rabbit-hole. In 1899, Duckworth recalled "I rowed stroke and he rowed bow in the famous Long Vacation voyage to Godstow, when the three Miss Liddells were our passengers, and the story was actually composed and spoken over my shoulder."
At the end of the trip, Alice told him that the story was exceptionally good and asked him to write it down. This took him quite a long time, and no doubt he expanded the story quite a bit in the process. However, in November he gave her a slim volume entitled "Alice's Adventures Underground".
The following year, several people, including the writer George MacDonald and his family, urged him to publish the book. He persuaded the noted cartoonist John Tenniel to illustrate it and MacMillan to publish it.
The first edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was printed in 1865 in an edition of 2,000. However, Tenniel was unhappy with the reproduction of his illustrations, so Carroll cancelled the publication. Most of the sheets, still unbound, were sold to the American publisher, Appleton. A better-printed edition appeared in 1866. Also in 1865, Carroll's satire on current events in Oxford, The Dynamics of a Parti-cle, was published. Appearing to be a treatise on geometry, it actually describes the election of Member of Parliament for Oxford University, where William Gladstone was defeated by Gathorne Hardy.
The success of Alice's Adventures was so great that Carroll was persuaded to write a sequel. He began in early 1867, but progress was delayed by his only foreign trip, when he accompanied his friend Henry Parry Liddon on a tour of Europe. Liddon's purpose was to meet leaders of the Russion Orthodox Church to try and improve relations between them and the Church of England. The journey is fully documented in the diaries kept by the two.
In 1868, CLD's father died. CLD was devastated; nearly 30 years later, writing to a friend (the illustrator Gertrude Thomson) who had lost her own father, he called it the greatest blow in his life and said that he still could not talk about it. His family now had to leave the rectory at Croft. He took his responsibilities as the new head of the family very seriously, and arranged for them to move to Guildford, and bought them a house called "The Chestnuts".
Also in 1868, he published a short story, Bruno's Revenge, in "Aunt Judy's Magazine". From this nucleus there grew his two-volume novel, Sylvie and Bruno.
There are also a movie series include 2 movie. First one named as Alice in Wonderland which was published in 2010. It was directed by Tim Burton who is known for his Edward Scissorhands (1990) and Corpse Bride (2005). The other one, Alice Through the Looking Glass was published in 2016. It was directed by James Bobin who is known for Muppets (2011).
# Levantine Arabic/Verbs/Present
## Conjugation

The present tense (also called b-imperfect) is formed by adding the prefix بـ (b-/bi-) to the subjunctive form.
The b-prefix is pronounced “b-” if the subjunctive prefix is stressed and “bi-” if its unstressed, resulting in the following conjugation:
| Person | Person | Pronoun | Stressed | Stressed | Unstressed | Unstressed |
| 1st | sg | أنا I | بفهم | bi-fham (N) ba-fham (S) | بجيب | b-jīb (N) ba-jīb (S) |
| 1st | pl | نحنا / أحنا we | منفهم | mni-fham | منجيب | min-jīb |
| 2nd | m | إنت you (m) | بتفهم | bti-fham | بتجيب | bit-jīb |
| 2nd | f | إنتي you (f) | بتفهمي | bti-fham-i | بتجيبي | bit-jīb-i |
| 2nd | pl | إنتو you (pl) | بتفهمو | bti-fham-u | بتجيبو | bit-jīb-u |
| 3rd | m | هو he | بيفهم / بفهم | byi-fham (N) bi-fham (S) | بجيب | bi-jīb |
| 3rd | f | هي she | بتفهم | bti-fham | بتجيب | bit-jīb |
| 3rd | pl | هن / هم they | بيفهمو / بفهمو | byi-fham-u (N) bi-fham-u (S) | بجيبو | bi-jīb-u |
* North and South Levantine differ in the 1st person singular (I) and 3rd person masculine (he) and plural (they).
* When the prefix is stressed, the South Levantine 3rd person masculine is the same as the 1st person singular in North Levantine.
* The 2nd person masculine (you) and 3rd person feminine (she) share the same form.
* In the 1st person plural (we) the prefix becomes assimilated resulting “mn-/min-”, however some speakers pronounce it as “bn-/bin-”.

## Present progressive

The present progressive is formed by the particle عم (ʕam) followed by either the subjunctive or present tense of the verb, depending on the region and personal preference.
It is used to emphasize an ongoing action. It's usage is less frequent as in English, as the present tense itself can be used instead.
The present progressive is not used with verbs of motion, where the active participle is used instead.