OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Category Theory/Subcategories

Definition (subcategory):
Let ${\mathcal {C}}$ be a category. Then a subcategory ${\mathcal {D}}=(\operatorname {Ob} ({\mathcal {D}}),\operatorname {Mor} ({\mathcal {D}}))$ of ${\mathcal {C}}$ is a category such that $\operatorname {Ob} ({\mathcal {D}})\subseteq \operatorname {Ob} ({\mathcal {C}})$ and $\operatorname {Mor} ({\mathcal {D}})\subseteq \operatorname {Mor} ({\mathcal {C}})$.
Definition (full):
A subcategory ${\mathcal {D}}$ of a category ${\mathcal {C}}$ is called full iff for all $a,b\in {\mathcal {D}}$, we have
    $\operatorname {Hom} _{\mathcal {D}}(a,b)=\operatorname {Hom} _{\mathcal {C}}(a,b)$.
Proposition (limits are preserved when restricting to a full subcategory):
Let ${\mathcal {C}}$ be a category, let $J:{\mathcal {J}}\to {\mathcal {C}}$ be a diagram in ${\mathcal {C}}$, and let ${\mathcal {D}}$ be a full subcategory of ${\mathcal {C}}$. Suppose that $(L,(\phi _{\alpha })_{\alpha \in A})$ is a limit over $J$ in ${\mathcal {C}}$ such that $L$ and all targets of the $\phi _{\alpha }$ are in ${\mathcal {D}}$. Then $(L,(\phi _{\alpha })_{\alpha \in A})$ is a limit over $J$ in ${\mathcal {D}}$.
Proof: Certainly, the underlying cone of $(L,(\phi _{\alpha })_{\alpha \in A})$ is contained within ${\mathcal {D}}$, because the subcategory is full. Now let another cone $(Q,(\psi _{\alpha })_{\alpha \in A})$ in ${\mathcal {D}}$ over the diagram $J$ (which, analogously, is a diagram in ${\mathcal {D}}$) be given. By the universal property of $(L,(\phi _{\alpha })_{\alpha \in A})$ in ${\mathcal {C}}$, there exists a unique morphism $f:Q\to L$ which satisfies $\psi _{\alpha }=\phi _{\alpha }\circ f$ for all $\alpha \in A$. Since ${\mathcal {D}}$ is full, $f$ is in ${\mathcal {D}}$. $\Box$
Analogously, we have:
Proposition (colimits are preserved when restricting to a full subcategory):
Let ${\mathcal {C}}$ be a category, let $J:{\mathcal {J}}\to {\mathcal {C}}$ be a diagram in ${\mathcal {C}}$, and let ${\mathcal {D}}$ be a full subcategory of ${\mathcal {C}}$. Suppose that $(C,(\phi _{\alpha })_{\alpha \in A})$ is a colimit over $J$ in ${\mathcal {C}}$ such that $C$ and all domains of the $\phi _{\alpha }$ are in ${\mathcal {D}}$. Then $(C,(\phi _{\alpha })_{\alpha \in A})$ is a colimit over $J$ in ${\mathcal {D}}$.
Proof: This follows from its "dual" proposition, reversing all arrows in its statement and proof except the direction of the diagram functor. $\Box$
# Category Theory/Future Chapters
## Adjunctions

[Stub]

## Cartesian closed categories

[Stub]

## Topoi

[Stub]

## Monoidal Categories

[Stub]

## 2-Categories

[Stub]
# Electronics/Op-Amps/Non Linear Configurations/Oscillator

* Wien bridge Oscillator
* Phase Shift Oscillator
* Relax Oscillator
# Electronics/Permission
## Wikibooks GCSE Science

User talk:69.157.40.94
From Wikibooks, the free textbook project.
Hi and welcome to wikibooks. I noticed you started a book on electronics and just wanted to point out that i have already written a very basic introduction to electronics in the GCSE science book. Take a look at Circuits (GCSE science) and the pages that follow - you may find it easier to visit Electricity (GCSE science) and navigate from there. Feel free to copy anything you want including any of the diagrams. (click on a diagram and it will take you to a description page titles image:image_name.png, copy the title of the description page into the page you want and put double square brackets around it like this File:Image name.png. Preview and you should see the image appear on the page. Theresa knott 12:54, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

## Wikipedia

Do we need any permission to use content from Wikipedia?
No. Anything from Wikipedia is copyleft, and can be used as long as the same freedoms are provided. However, you must comply with the site license which includes providing attribution. This is usually done by requesting a history import at Wikibooks:RFI.
I'm guessing this includes images.
No it does not include images. Images hosted on Wikipedia may be subject to copyright and used under fair use criteria that do not necessarily apply here.

## Electronics textbook

Anyone want to look at this license to see if we can use the electronics book?

## Klunky

"The web page is written in HTML and Javascript. Because of that the source code is wide open and available to all. Radio amateurs are encourged to take the code, modify it, and create something even more useful to the ham community. The way the web page operates does not have to be limited to schematics. It could be extended to other uses such as printed circuit board layout."
"These things imply that it's ideal for amateur radio. It can be shared all over the world, which is where hams are. It can be used with diverse equipment, which hams have. It it can be modified, which hams love to do. And hams need simple, albiet clunky, schematics.
So, Klunky is my gift to amateur radio. If some ham, somewhere, can get some use out of it, he's welcome to it."
I am sure he wouldn't mind if we use it. He says the code is open. I have written him to ask specifically, but he hasn't responded.
# Electronics/Power Conversion
## AAC

Analog-to-Analog Conversion is the conversion of a continuous electrical signal from one form to another.
An example would be converting between the 60 Hz current of the US into the 50 Hz current of Europe.

## ADC

Analog to digital
Used in power supplies
involves a transformer to change the voltage and diodes to rectify the voltage.
(What?)
Analog to Digital Conversion is the process of making a computerized representation of some physical attribute in the real world. Turning a voltage into binary numbers is the handiest way to do this, the voltage could be manipulated by a microphone transducer, a potentiometer wiper, or the conductivity of prevarication.

## DAC

Digital to analog

## DDC

digital to digital
# Electronics/Op-Amps/Non Linear Configurations/Negative Impedance Converter
## Operation

Creates a resistor having a negative value for any signal generator
* In this case, the ratio between the input voltage and the input current (thus the input resistance) is given by:
    $R_{\text{in}}=-R_{3}{\frac {R_{1}}{R_{2}}}$
In general, the components $R_{1}$, $R_{2}$, and $R_{3}$ need not be resistors; they can be any component that can be described with an impedance.
# Electronics/Preface

Electronics | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix |

## Importance of Electronics

Electronics is the study and use of devices that control the flow of electrons (or other charged particles). These devices can be used to process information or perform tasks using electromagnetic power.
Electronic circuits can be found in numerous household products, including such items as telephones, computers, and CD players. Electronic devices have also allowed greatly increased precision in scientific measurements.
Interest in the field of electronics increased around 1900 and the advent of radio. Interest reached an all-time high in the 1940s, 50s, 60s, with the invention of transistor radios, the launch of Sputnik, and the science and math educational push to win the space race. Interest in electronics as a hobby in the 1970s led to the advent of the personal computer (PC).
Electronics have since seen a decline in hobbyist interest. Electronics is now generally studied as part of a college-level program in electrical engineering.
This book is an attempt at reviving the hobbyist mentality that made electronics so big in the first place, by making electronics concepts more accessible and giving practical knowledge, as well as providing technical information for the student.
# Electronics/Prereq

Electronics | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix |

## Prerequisite Topics

Most important / Required knowledge
Moderately Important / Aids in comprehension
Slightly Important / Related or helpful
Mathematics
    Algebra
    Calculus
    Multivariable Calculus
    Geometry
Physics
    Physics in Electronics
    Electricity and Magnetism
Other Useful Topics
    International System of Units
# Could Sherlock Holmes Have Been a Good Geologist?/References

N.A.S.S.S.R. (1983). Instruktsia dlia geojimicheskiie metodi poiskov rudnij mestoroshdenii, Nedra, Moscow, 263 p.
Bunge, M.A. (1972). La investigación científica, su estrategia y su filosofía. Ed. Ciencias Sociales, Havana, 955 p.
Cheeney, R.F. (1986). Statisticheskie metodi v geologii. Recheniie polevij i laboratornij zadach. Mir, Moscow, 185 p.
Kashdan, A.B. (1982). Prospección de yacimientos minerales. Mir, Moscow, 376 p.
Kashdan, A.B. and O.I. Gushkov (1979). Matematicheskoie modelirovanie v geologii i poiskov rudnij mestoroshdenii. Nedra, Moscow, 233 p.
Ostle, B. (1973). Estadística aplicada. Ed. Pueblo y Educación, Habana, 638 p.
Valls Alvarez, R.A. (1990). Tercera versión de las fichas codificadas. Ventajas de su uso. Geological Report, 18 p.
‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑ (1985). El uso de histogramas y de polígonos de frecuencias en la interpretación de los datos geoquímicos, in Resúmenes de la II Jornada Científico Técnica de la Filial Santiago de la Sociedad Cubana de Geología, Santiago of Cuba, Cuba. p. 8-21.
# Counterpoint/Cadence and Neo-Harmony

You probably worked out, the image up there is an example of counterpoint. Well, counterpoint is ruled by one major thing - cadence. A cadence is a series of intervals that end a section of music. However, cadences can be made to clash, and create what is known as a 'dissonated cadential trill'. There are several types of cadence.
1. Perfect Authentic Cadence. This is chords V to I (e.g.: in C it would be G chord to C chord)
3. Imperfect Authentic Cadence. Similar to a PAC, but the V chord can be a diminished vii in first inversion, or the V or I chords ar inverted.
5. Half cadence: any cadence ending on V, whether preceded by ii, IV, or I, or any other chord. Because it sounds incomplete or "suspended", half cadence is considered a weak cadence - the weakest cadence, in fact. A progression of a diminished second in first inversion to V is considered the Phrygian Half Cadence.
6. Plagal cadence: IV to I, also known as the "Amen Cadence" because of its frequent appearance in hymns.
7. Deceptive (or interrupted) cadence: V to any chord except I (typically vi or VI). This is considered a weak cadence because of the "hanging" (suspended) feel it invokes.
Cadences can also be classified by their rhythmic position. A masculine cadence occurs on a strong position, typically the downbeat of a measure. A feminine cadence occurs in a metrically weak position, for instance, after a long appoggiatura (see also feminine ending). Masculine cadences are considered stronger and are generally of greater structural significance. (To avoid offending those sensitive to sex stereotypes, the Society for Music Theory endorses the terms "metrically accented" and "metrically unaccented cadence" in their Guidelines for Nonsexist Language.) Likewise, cadences can be classified as either transient (a pause, like a comma in a sentence, which implies that the piece will go on after a brief lift in the voice) and terminal (more conclusive, like the period or other terminal punctuation, which implies that, at least for the time being, we are done). Most transient cadences are half cadences (which stop momentarily on a dominant chord), though IAC or deceptive cadences are also usually transient, as well as Phrygian cadences. Terminal cadences are usually PAC or sometimes plagal ("Amen") cadences.
Neo-Harmony. You may think it means 'new harmony', which technically it should. However, it in fact represents a certain sequence of notes. It is a sequence in which a certain mode, melody or key is hinted at, but then turned into something else.
# Counterpoint/Consonant Intervals

Consonant intervals in counterpoint are:
* Perfect unison (Prime)
* Third
* Perfect Fifth
* Sixth
* Octave
The inversion of the perfect 5th is not consonant.
# Counterpoint
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* History
* Consonant Intervals
* Dissonant Intervals
* First Species
* Second Species
* Third Species
* Fourth Species
* Fifth Species "Florid"
* Three Voices
* Four Voices
* Five Voices
* Free Counterpoint
* Forms
* Cadence and Neo-Harmony
# Could Sherlock Holmes Have Been a Good Geologist?/Licensing
## Licensing

The text of this book is released under the following license:
In addition, the original uploaded version was also released under the following license:
# Could Sherlock Holmes Have Been a Good Geologist?/Summary

The efficiency of a field geologist depends of his/her capacity of observation. The correct observation of a phenomenon contributes to its better understanding and allows a more rational and effective orientation of the investigation. That is why is so important to master the steps that guarantee a correct observation of any phenomenon. These steps are: (1) the perception of the object, (2) the primary observation (first impressions) and (3) the elaboration of a plan for the description of the phenomenon. Here we included the statistical pre elaboration of the data, and a model for the codification of the information during lithogeochemical sampling.
# Could Sherlock Holmes Have Been a Good Geologist?/Systematizing the Information

When most of the variables of the phenomenon under study are well known, and especially when our descriptions have a discreet character, it is very recommendable the use of codified systems for the systematization of the information.
The codification guarantees a uniform observation of the essential parameters of the phenomenon, even when in the process intervene more than one researcher. It also presents the advantage of reducing the subjective factor of the obtained information (Valls, 1990).
The codified information (Kashdan, 1982) is easy to understand, to process, to regroup and study, all of which influences positively in the final quality of the observation and in the rapidity of its interpretation. The codified systems are not difficult to prepare. First we establish the basic parameters that we want to observe or measure at each point, and all possible variables of its results. Don't forget to include always a field under the name "and other" to save any forgetfulness or unexpected result.
Next we order the selected parameters in a logical way and we represent them in card of 3 for 5", for example. The centre of each card and its back will remain free for "irregular" descriptions (those that are extremely variable or when we don't know all their possible behaviors). We will use the edges of the card to codify the information. As an illustration, Figure 1shows a card created by the author for the codification of the lithogeochemical sampling (Valls, 1990).
Figure 1. A codified card for lithogeochemical sampling.
Each card is an independent and complete unit of information, where we can reflect all the useful information, from the date and hour of the observation until the results of the measurements and analysis accomplished. The combination of these cards will form the database of our investigation than can be easily exported to any computerized data system.
# Could Sherlock Holmes Have Been a Good Geologist?/The Primary Document

The main objective of all this process is to obtain a quality primary documentation, which keeps its informational value even after the publication of the results. When the primary documentation is made correctly, the data can become very useful in the case of a reevaluation of the studied area.
A good primary documentation will fulfil the conditions listed bellow:
a- UNIFORMITY; represented by the same investigator, the same analytical equipment, the same technology or work technique, etc. The use of
codified cards or any other codification method will be of great help to achieve uniformity, mainly in those occasions when more than one person works in the same place.
b‑ PRECISION; all the statistical treatment, experimental designs, etc., most be accomplished with the same degree of precision.
c‑ REPRODUCIBILITY; the observations collected in the primary documentation should answer to some description system that will allow its later verification. All the key samples should have a duplicated.
d‑ READABILITY AND EASY ACCESS; the primary documentation should be located in adequate places, duly ordered, to ease their consultation and conservation. The text, unless it is in microfilms, codified or typewritten, should be written with legible letter. It is expected that the primary documentation will be simple and objective, so that its study will be quick and effective.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Cash on Delivery

Payment is required when the order is delivered to a customer.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Check

A document that tells the bank to transfer funds from an enterprise bank account to the person or organization to whom the check is payable. A check often consists of two parts: the negotiable part and the remittance advice. The negotiable part is presented to the bank to start the funds transfer. The remittance advice lists the invoices that are being paid and how much is being paid on each. It is kept by the person or organization that received the check. In the case of a payroll check, the remittance advice summarizes the pay and deductions as well as giving YTD totals for various pay and deduction amounts.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Customer Relationship Marketing

Presenting a unified version of all the customer information and interactions. CRM is an add-on to many of the earlier ERP packages.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Debit

A debit increases an asset account and decreases liability and equity accounts. Contrast with Credit. See Accounting Equation.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Cash Basis

A method of accounting in which income and expenses are recognized when they are dealt with (received in the case of income and paid in the case of expenses) rather than when they are incurred. Some small companies use cash accounting. Contrast with Accrual Basis.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Credit

1) A invoice that has terms other than cash.
2) A credit decreases an asset account and increases liability and equity accounts. Contrast with Debit. See Accounting Equation.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Cycle Counting

In Inventory, a method in which some items are counted every week (or even day in the case of large businesses) based on the ABC classification. Cycle Counting avoids the major disruption of Physical Counting.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Contract Payment Reporting System

A Canadian federal government regulation that requires construction businesses to report payments made to subcontractors for construction services.
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Customer

A person or enterprise that purchases the enterprise's goods and/or services. In the case of not-for-profits, a customer is referred to as a "donor".
# ERP Internals/Glossary/Data Table

A place where ERP information is stored. Data tables consists of one or more records each of which has one or more fields. Each record has a unique primary key consisting of one or more fields. There can be several other keys as well. Some tables are used throughout the ERP; others are specific to one module. Some tables such as those that store the Accounts Receivable invoices are large, complex and constantly changing. Others such as the one that stores the enterprise's Accounts Receivable terms have only a few records with only a few fields and change only rarely. There are hundreds of small tables like these. Most of these small tables are managed by the Maintain Module Information function. Contrast with Parameter.
"Records" are sometimes referred to as "rows" and "fields" are sometimes referred to as "columns".
# English-Hanzi/Aerobics

Aerobics is a physical exercise performed under a rhythmic music. It includes running, jumping, stretching and strength training routines. It may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor, although it can be done solo and without musical accompaniment.
有氧運動是 在 节奏 音乐 下 进行 的 身体 运动。它 包括 跑步，跳跃，拉伸 和 力量 训练 程序。它 可以 在 导师 领导 的 群组 中 进行，尽管 它 可以 单独 做 和 没有 音乐 伴奏。
# English-Hanzi/Airplane

Airplane is a vehicle flying in the sky.
飞机 是 在 天空 飞行 的 交通工具。
# English-Hanzi/Albania

Albania is a country in southeastern Europe on the north coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
阿尔巴尼亚是欧洲东南部的一个国家，位于地中海的北海岸。
# English-Hanzi/Algeria

Algeria is a country in the northwest of Africa.
Algeria是非洲西北部的一个国家。
# English-Hanzi/Allergy

An allergy is something which triggers an allergic reaction. This is the immune system defending the body against attack by bacteria and viruses.
Sometimes the systems goes wrong, and is triggered by some quite normal food, or caused when the family pet comes into the room. That is what the ordinary person calls an 'allergy'.
过敏 是 引发 过敏反应的 原因。这是 免疫系统 保护 身体 免受 细菌 和 病毒的 攻击。
有时 免疫系统 会 出错，由 一些 很正常的 食物 触发，或者 家里的 宠物 进入房间时 引起。这就是 一般人 所说的 “过敏症”。
# English-Hanzi/Activity

An activity is something that somebody does.
活动 是 某人 做 的 某事物。
# English-Hanzi/Algae

Algae (one alga, but several algae) are a type of plant-like living things that can make food from sunlight by photosynthesis. The study of algae is called phycology or algology.
藻类 是 一种 类似 植物 的 生物，可以 通过 光合作用 从 阳光 下 制作 食物。藻类 的 研究 被 称为 藻类学。
# English-Hanzi/Africa

Africa is the birthplace of mankind. It is the second largest continent in terms of area and population. It offers visitors unique natural wonders, famous sights, great ancient civilizations, vibrant culture, remote villages and modern cities.
非洲 是 人类 的 发源地。 就 面积 和 人口 而言，它 是 第二 大洲。 它 为 游客 提供 独特 的 自然 奇观，著名 的 景点，伟大 的 古代 文明，充满 活力 的 文化，偏远 的 村庄 和 现代化 的 城市。
# English-Hanzi/Alaska

Alaska is a state of the United States. It is in the northwest of North America. Its population is 742 thousand. Its capital is Juneau.
Alaska 是 美国 的 一个 州。它 在 北美 的 西北部。它 的 人口 是 74.2万。它 的 首府 是 Juneau。
# English-Hanzi/Acupuncture

Acupuncture is an ancient medical method developed in China about 5,000 years ago. In some places called "acupuncture points", fine metal needles are pushed into the body. It is an alternative medicine and an important part of Chinese medicine. It uses Chinese yin and yang philosophy.
针灸是大约5000年前在中国发展起来的一种古老的医学方法。 在一些称为“穴位”的地方，精细的金属针被推入体内。 它是一种替代医学，也是中医的重要组成部分。 它运用中国的阴阳哲学。