OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# MeGUI/Video Encoder Configuration

There are four different video configuration dialogues, one for each video codec. You can access them by clicking the Config button next to the video codec selection on the main window.

## Common Settings

* Mode: The mode is used to determine the type of encode the codec will perform:
   * CBR/ABR: CBR (Constant BitRate) and ABR (Average BitRate) are both single pass modes. They will run through the video once and encode from that. CBR will use exactly the bitrate specified per second, while ABR will attempt to intelligently vary it in order to get the best visual quality.
   * Automated 2/3pass: Using the automated pass methods will automatically set up the required multiple passes in MeGUI. The same options will be used for every pass (apart from the first if Turbo is checked).
   * 1st/2nd/3rd pass: If you want more control over your pass settings, you can set every pass up individually. You will have to set up every pass you want this way, MeGUI will not detect or setup missing passes.
   * Constant Quantizer/Quality: Encode the file in one pass to a specified quantizer/quality, resulting in a known quality and unknown filesize (as compared to other modes which have known filesize & unknown quality). For the difference between constant quality and constant quantizer (only applies to x264), read this.
* Bitrate: The bitrate specifies the amount of data per second that the video codec is allowed to use. In VBR mode, it represents the overall average for the length of the movie.
* Logfile: When encoding a first pass, the video encoder will run through the movie and write statistics about it to a log file for use in subsequent passes. With this option, you can specify the location of the pass if you want to. The default location is in the output directory. For LMP4/XviD this option is on the last page, for x264/Snow it is on the first.
* Keyframe Interval: The maximum interval between keyframes
* Zones: Used to apply a variety of compression to a single file. To use, go to the "Zones" tab in the configuration window. Click preview. Use the slider and the Zone Start/End buttons to select your zone. Click Set. Close the window and return to the "Zones" tab. Choose between a Quantizer and Weight mode, and set your Quantizer or Bitrate respectively. Click "Update".
* The options at the bottom of every page are used to control profiles. The drop-down box is used to load profiles, New is used to save the current options to a new profile, and Delete is used to delete the current profile.

## See also

* x264 Configuration.
* XviD Configuration.
* Snow Configuration.
* LMP4 Configuration.
# MeGUI/x264 Settings/x264 Encoding Suggestions
## General Tips

* Don't use x264 as a replacement for a denoising filter. Make sure your input looks like what you want as output (ignoring the loss in quality from compression). Doing anything else causes x264 to run less efficiently.
* If you aren't seeing 100% usage while encoding, remember the problem may lie with your input. Avisynth is single-threaded (usually), and so is often the bottleneck in multicore systems.

## Commandline Suggestions

x264 has a lot of options, each with its own speed/quality tradeoff curve. Sometimes there is almost no reason to ever disable an option (8x8dct), other times there is almost no reason to use an option (me tesa). It's easy to build a commandline, but hard to build one that has well balanced options.
For this reason, I recommend using (at least as a base) Sharktooth's profiles. Sharktooth publishes an excellent set of MeGUI x264 profiles located here.
# Measure Theory/Basic Structures And Definitions

In this chapter, we will introduce the basic ideas of Borel sets, measure spaces, measures and measurable functions.

## Conventions

In the following section we use the convention that $\,X$ is a set and ${\mathcal {P}}(X)$ is its power set.
Usually if ${\mathcal {C}}$ is a subset of ${\mathcal {P}}(X)$ it'll be referred as class.

## Sections

* 1.1 Semialgebras, Algebras and σ-algebras
* 1.2 Measures
* 1.3 Measurable Functions
# Measure Theory/Advanced set theory
## Structures of set theory

We begin by recalling the basic notions of set theory, which should be familiar to everybody:
Definition 1.1:
Let $S,T\subseteq U$ be subsets of some universal set $U$.
* The union of $S$ and $T$ is $S\cup T:=\{u\in U|u\in S\vee u\in T\}$.
* The intersection of $S$ and $T$ is $S\cap T:=\{u\in U|u\in S\wedge u\in T\}$.
* The sum of $S$ and $T$ is $S+T:=(S\cup T)\setminus (S\cap T)$.
We will follow the convention to denote the intersection of $S$ and $T$ just by juxtaposition: $ST:=S\cap T$.
Given a universal set $U$, the subsets of $U$ have the algebraic structure of a ring:
Theorem 1.2:
Let $U$ be a universal set. Let $R:={\mathcal {P}}(U)$, the power set of $U$.
# MeGUI/links

Please keep the format of all links the same. If you have an idea for categorisation, please leave it on the talk page -- I'm stumped as to a good one.
* lipas.uwasa.fi/~f76998/video/conversion - Advanced information on the origins of aspect ratios and resolutions in use today
* www.mir.com/DMG/aspect.html - Advanced information on Pixel Aspect Ratios (PAR)
* www.seemoredigital.net - Easy to understand descriptions of miscellaneous intermediate topics. Hosted on a home connection, often down.
# Japan's Foreign Policy Toward Vietnam 1978-1992

When the United States withdrew from Vietnam in 1973 and South Vietnam fell to the North Vietnamese Army in 1975, US leadership in Asia suffered a severe blow. The power equation in Asia again shifted in 1978, when President Carter announced diplomatic normalization with China and Tokyo signed the Peace and Friendship Treaty (PFT) with Beijing. When Vietnam invaded Cambodia in December 1978, under claims of protecting ethnic Vietnamese, Tokyo's reaction diverged from the responses of Washington and Beijing. Because of the changing power relationships in East Asia, Japan's foreign policy toward Vietnam differed from the US policy when Tokyo acted in its own self interest to steer a course among the United States, China, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and Vietnam. An investigation of Japan's foreign policy toward Vietnam during this period could provide an understanding of the larger bilateral relationships of Tokyo and Washington and Tokyo and Beijing, while highlighting regional and domestic factors that caused Tokyo to choose this independent middle course.
Thesis |Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5
# Jakarta EE Programming/WildFly

WildFly (formerly JBoss) is an open source application server developed by Red Hat. Here is the first steps to use it:
* Download it from the website. You will need a Red Hat account.
* Launch the JAR file with Java. If you're not familiar with an application server, try to keep the default options as much as possible. Note the location where JBoss will be installed.
JBoss should be installed. To verify so, we will create a minimalist application to run.
* Open this file with a web browser. It should display "Hello World!".
* Close the browser.
* If you are on Windows or Mac, zip the file (i.e. create an archive).
* If you are on Linux or UNIX, create an archive, compressed or not, like a .tar file.
* Rename the archive file to helloworld.war (yes, rename also the file extension).
* Put the WAR file in the standalone\deployments folder of JBoss (you should have noted where JBoss is installed).
* Start JBoss. If you are on Windows, you should find the option to start JBoss in the Windows start menu. Otherwise, you can start JBoss by launching the script standalone.bat (on Windows) or standalone.sh (on Mac, Linux or UNIX) in the bin folder of JBoss. In the deployments folder, you should see the deployed version of your application: helloworld.war.deployed.
* On a browser, go on http://localhost:8080/helloworld/. You should see "Hello World!".
# Jakarta EE Programming/Web Services

Web services represent the latest wave in distributed computing, and perhaps the most important innovation since the introduction of Java in 1995 and XML in 1998. Although the term "web services" is bantered about quite a bit, arriving at a concrete definition is difficult because web services is, at the highest level, not specific to any particular technology or platform. It's often defined in fairly abstract terms like "a substrate for building distributed applications using software running on different operating systems and devices" or "self-contained, self-describing, modular applications that can be published, located, and invoked across the Web". Of course these quotes are taken out of context, but that's the essential point: You need some kind of context to define web services. Here’s another definition of web services that has meaning in the context of J2EE, EJB, .NET and most other web services platforms:
Web services are network applications that use SOAP and WSDL to exchange information in the form of XML documents.
To understand this definition, you need to understand SOAP and WSDL. Here are brief definitions of these terms.

## SOAP 1.1

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is an XML grammar developed by Microsoft, IBM, and others, is currently under the auspices of the W3C. It’s an application protocol used in both RPC and asynchronous messaging. SOAP is very flexible and extensible and, unlike its predecessors (DCE RPC, CORBA IIOP, Java RMI-JRMP, and DCOM), it’s been endorsed and adopted by just about every major vendor.

## WSDL 1.1

The Web Service Description Language (WSDL) is another XML grammar, developed by Microsoft and IBM under the auspices of the W3C. It is an XML-based IDL (Interface Definition Language) that can be used to describe web services, including the kind of message format expected, the Internet protocol used, and the Internet address of the web service.
Web services are truly platform-independent. Although Java RMI and CORBA IIOP also claim to be platform-independent, in fact these older technologies require their own platforms. To use Java RMI, you need a Java virtual machine and the Java programming language; a program written in Visual Basic or C++ can’t interact with a Java program using RMI. CORBA IIOP is also restrictive, because the IIOP protocol usually requires an elaborate infrastructure like a CORBA ORB, which limits developers to those few vendors that support CORBA, or to the Java environment (which includes built-in support for CORBA IIOP). Web services, on the other hand, are not tied to a specific platform like the JVM or to a technology infrastructure like CORBA because they focus on the protocols used to exchange messages—SOAP and WSDL—not the implementation that supports those protocols. In other words, you can build web services on any platform, using any programming language any way you please.
# Microprocessor Design/Shift and Rotate Blocks
## Shift and Rotate

Shift and rotate blocks are essential elements in most processors. They are useful on their own, but they also are used in multiplication and division modules. In a binary computer, a left shift has the same effect as a multiplication by 2, and a right shift has the same effect as a division by 2. Since shift and rotate operations perform much more quickly than multiplication and division, they are useful as a tool in program optimization.

## Logical Shift

| A left logical shift | A right logical shift |
In a logical shift, the data is shifted in the appropriate direction, and a zero is shifted into the new location.

## Arithmetic shift

* A right arithmetic shift
In an arithmetic shift, the data is shifted right so that the sign of the data item is preserved. This means that the MSB is the value that is shifted into the new position. An arithmetic left shift is the same as a logical left shift, and is therefore not shown here.

## Rotations

| A left rotation | A right rotation |
A rotation is like a shift, except the bit shifted off the end of the register is then shifted into the new spot.

## Fast Shift Implementations

The above images in each section help to indicate a method to shift a register more quickly, at the expense of requiring additional hardware. Instead of having one register that attempts to shift in place, we have two registers in parallel, with wires connecting the various blocks together. When a shift is indicated, gates open that allow the data to pass from one register to the next, the proper number of spaces forward or backward.
In practice, fast shift blocks are implemented as a "barrel shifter". The barrel shifter includes several "levels" of multiplexers, each connected to the previous one by straight wires (wires that transfer the data without a shift), and wires that cause a shift by successive powers of two. For instance, the first level of shift would be 4 spaces, the next level would be 2 spaces, and the last level would be 1 space. In this way, the value of each shift level corresponds to the binary representation of the number of spaces to shift. This implementation makes for very fast shifters that can shift an arbitrary number of spaces in a single clock cycle.

## Further reading

32-Bit Barrel Shifter Implementation Using 74-Series Integrated Circuits
# Microprocessor Design/Photolithography

The current state-of-the-art process for manufacturing processors and small ICs in general is to use photolithography. Photolithography is a complicated multi-step process.

## Wafers

A wafer is a large circular disk, typically made of doped silicon. Each wafer can hold multiple chips arranged like tiles. The number of chips per wafer is known as the yield.

## Basic Photolithography

In photolithography, there are typically two important chemicals: an acid and a resist. A photo-negative of the design is exposed to light, and the pattern is projected onto the wafer. Resist is applied to the wafer, and it sticks to the portions of the wafer that are exposed to light. Once the resist is applied to the wafer, it is dipped in the acid. The acid eats away a layer of everything that is not covered in resist. After the top layer has been disolved, the wafer is washed (to remove any remaining acid and resist), and a new layer of doped silicon is applied to the top of the wafer. Once the new layer of silicon has been applied, the process is repeated again.
The first two applications of resist are used to convert thin, carefully shaped regions of the base silicon wafer into n-type and p-type w:doping (semiconductor) (no net material is added or taken away after these steps). Wait up -- I thought doping occurred after the polysilicon was added? Is that an additional doping stage, or is doping not really the first 2 stages?
After that, layers of polysilicon, silicon oxide, and metal are added, coating the entire wafer. After each layer of desired material is added, resist and acid are used to "pattern" the layer, keeping the desired regions and removing the undesired regions of that layer.

## Packaging

After all the layers specified by the design have been applied, the wafer is "diced" into individual rectangular "die". Then each die packaged.
... does testing happen before the wafer is diced? Before and after? ...

## further reading

* MOSIS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service) is probably the oldest (1981) integrated circuit (IC) foundry service. Many VLSI students have sent their chips to MOSIS for fabrication.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Tarantallegra
## Overview

Tarantallegra is a jinx that causes uncontrollable "dancing".

## Extended Description

Tarantallegra, the Dancing jinx, apparently causes uncontrollable jerking and twitching in the legs of the person against whom it is cast. It can apparently can be stopped by the Finite Incantatem charm. We first see this spell when it is cast against Harry by Malfoy in the Dueling Club.
It was later used in the Battle at the Ministry of Magic in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix; the intent in that case was to prevent Neville from escaping.

## Analysis

The Harry Potter story arc, consisting as it does of an epic struggle between good and evil, will have fights, larger battles, and perhaps even an all-out war. In order to prevent the series, ostensibly for children, from becoming excessively dark, there must be non-lethal weapons for the protagonists to use. To that end, the author has provided us with a number of disabling spells, ranging from the simple stunning, disarmament, and binding jinxes, through to those with humorous effects, like this one. It is uncertain why there would need to be so many different ways to disable, but we can surmise that the author has at least some reason for use of each variety. The Tarantallegra jinx seems to be of limited use, as the actual effect, uncontrollable motions of the legs, would have little effect on the ability of the target to cast spells; it does, however, prevent escape of the subject, as he is unable to walk. We surmise that this jinx was included as acknowledgement of Muggle fairy tales that mention magic forcing someone to dance until they die of exhaustion.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Tebo
## Overview

Tebos are ash-coloured warthogs with the ability to become invisible, making them extremely dangerous creatures.

## Extended Description

Tebos are found in Congo and Zaire. Their hide is valuable in the making of protective shields and clothing.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Stupefy
## Overview

Stupefy is the Stunning Spell. The Stupefy jinx produces a jet of red light from the wand tip which renders its target unconscious, if it hits.

## Extended Description

The Stunning Spell or Stunner is used many times in later parts of the series, once it is first shown to us. The jinx is, for obvious reasons, used whenever the author needs to completely incapacitate someone without killing them. There are other jinxes, such as the full body-bind jinx, that serve the same purpose; however, those jinxes will leave the victim conscious, able to recall what is passing while he is disabled.
The effects of the spell seem somewhat inconsistent over the course of the series. It is alternatively described as sending people flying or freezing them in place. The common factor, however, is that the target ends up knocked out. To wake up a stunned person, the Enervate charm is used.
We see the Stupefy spell used in a number of places, but most notably in an attempt to capture the caster of the Dark Mark in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, to control dragons later in that same book, and in an attempt to subdue Hagrid in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Neville attempts to use this spell in the battle at the Ministry later in that book, but his broken nose prevents him speaking the spell correctly and renders it ineffective. Harry also uses this spell in the duel at the all-night cafeteria in the Tottenham Court Road.

## Analysis

Giants are mentioned as being largely immune to this spell, which apparently ricochets off them with no real effect. Hagrid, who we find out in the fourth book is half-Giant, seems to have inherited this immunity.
It is mentioned that dragons are also relatively immune to this jinx. When it is used on dragons in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, we see four wizards teaming up to cast simultaneous Stun spells on one dragon.
On the Magic overview page, it is noted that there is a distinction between Charms, which do not modify the inherent nature of that against which they are cast, and Spells, which do. The Stunning spell is actually more properly a charm, because if you cast it on a person, he remains the same person, albeit now asleep. However, we assume that the term "stunning spell" is retained for the alliteration. It can also be referred to as a jinx, and is in many places, or as a hex, because it has an unwanted effect on the subject; very few people want to be rendered unconscious. It is not a curse, because the effect can be reversed without ill effect. It is uncertain where this spell would be taught, though it seems to be in very wide use; as Harry seems to be teaching it to his schoolmates in Dumbledore's Army, it is most likely one of the "defensive" spells normally taught in Defence Against the Dark Arts.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Tergeo
## Overview

One of a number of cleaning charms, Tergeo seems to siphon fluids or dust off a surface.

## Extended Description

In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Hermione uses this spell to remove blood from Harry's robes; later, she uses it to clean spilled ink off Ron's Dementor essay.
In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Ron uses this to clean grease off a rag which he then gives to Hermione to wipe her eyes with, and later Harry uses this spell to clean dust off pictures that he finds in Bathilda Bagshot's house.
This charm seems to be related in effect to Evanesco and Scourgify.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Streeler
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Subjects

Note that this table only refers to Harry's, Ron's, and Hermione's education. Ancient Runes is certainly taught to students other than Hermione in year 1 and 2, but that is not recorded here because none of the Trio are taking it.
| Course/Subject | First year | Second year | Third year | Fourth year | Fifth year | Sixth year | Seventh year |
| Ancient Runes | not taught | not taught | unknown, possibly Bathsheba Babbling | unknown, possibly Bathsheba Babbling | unknown, possibly Bathsheba Babbling | unknown, possibly Bathsheba Babbling | unknown, possibly Bathsheba Babbling |
| Arithmancy | not taught | not taught | Vector | Vector | Vector | Vector | Vector |
| Astronomy | Sinistra | Sinistra | Sinistra | Sinistra | Sinistra | Sinistra | Sinistra |
| Care of Magical Creatures | not taught (Kettleburn) | not taught (Kettleburn) | Hagrid | Hagrid | Grubbly-Plank and Hagrid | Hagrid | unknown |
| Charms | Flitwick | Flitwick | Flitwick | Flitwick | Flitwick | Flitwick | Flitwick |
| Defence Against the Dark Arts | Quirrell | Lockhart | Lupin | the false Moody | Umbridge | Snape | Amycus Carrow |
| Divination | not taught | not taught | Trelawney | Trelawney | Trelawney, then Firenze | Trelawney and Firenze | Trelawney and Firenze |
| Flying | Hooch | not taught | not taught | not taught | not taught | not taught | not taught |
| Herbology | Sprout | Sprout | Sprout | Sprout | Sprout | Sprout | Sprout |
| History of Magic | Binns | Binns | Binns | Binns | Binns | Binns | Binns |
| Muggle Studies | not taught | not taught | Burbage | Burbage | Burbage | Burbage | Alecto Carrow |
| Potions | Snape | Snape | Snape | Snape | Snape | Slughorn | Slughorn |
| Transfiguration | McGonagall | McGonagall | McGonagall | McGonagall | McGonagall | McGonagall | McGonagall |
| Extra-curricular ||||||||
| Apparition | not taught | not taught | not taught | not taught | not taught | Twycross (HBP18) | probably not taught |
| Private Lessons | not taught | not taught | not taught | not taught | not taught | Dumbledore | not taught |
| Occlumency | not taught | not taught | not taught | not taught | Snape | not taught | not taught |
# Advanced Software Development
## Creating Classes
### Class Syntax Guide
#### class Determine class of object

In Julia typeof is essentially equivalent.

#### properties Class property names
### Sample Class Implementations
#### classdef Class definition keywords
### System Objects
#### Use System Objects
##### Create System Objects
#### matlab.System Base class for System objects
#### matlab.system.mixin.FiniteSource Finite source mixin class
## Calling External Functions
### Toolbox Distribution

The rough equivalent of a MATLAB toolbox in Julia is a package.