OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fortran/Documenting Fortran
## FORD - FORtran Documenter

A great program for documenting fortran source code is FORD.
See the github page for instructions on installing, and usage of FORD: github.com.

## Documenting Fortran using Doxygen

Documentation can be created right from source code using Doxygen.
The commandline program doxygen creates the documentation using configuration files. The gui program doxygen-wizard helps creating those files.

### Overview

The source code needs to be documented using special comment syntax: !>, and !!.
One should always set OPTIMIZE_FOR_FORTRAN = YES within the configuration file.
Doxygen commands are usually ended by an empty comment line or a new doxygen command.
Note that support for Fortran is rather bad in doxygen. Even simple constructs such as public/private statements inside of types are not supported (see here github.com).

### LaTeX

One can also include LaTeX code within the documentation. Doxygen's website gives detailed information.

### Troubleshooting
#### Empty documentation

If the documentation is just an empty page then one can try setting EXTRACT_ALL = YES.
# Fortran/Hello world
## Simple Fortran program

Below is a simple Fortran program. You can paste this into a text editor (such as Emacs or Vim). Source code must be in a plain text file, so don't use a word processor (such as Microsoft Word), because its native format is usually not plain text, or otherwise contains special formatting data. Give the file a name such as hello.f90. The filename extension .f90 is conventionally used for modern Fortran source code. Other common Fortran file extensions are .f, .FOR, .for, .f77, .f90 and .f95, which can denote the use of old or specific Fortran standards. You may also use .F, .fpp and .FPP for files that support Preprocessing.
Because Fortran is case insensitive, one could just as easily write the first 'hello' program as:
The only case sensitive part of this program is what contained in the quotation marks of the print statement. ("Hello World!")

## Compiling
### Unix

There are several Fortran compilers available for Unix. Among the most popular are:
* GNU Fortran compiler from the GCC, which is a fork of G95. Invocation:gfortran -o hello hello.f90 Note: the GNU Fortran compiler uses the FORTRAN 77 standard by default, so the input file must have the .f90 (or of later standard) suffix, so that the compiler can guess the desired standard automatically. Alternatively you can supply the -ffree-form option with the usual .f suffix to enable free-form format instead of the fixed-form format used by the FORTRAN 77 standard.
* Fortran 95 optimizing compiler from Oracle Solaris Studio. Invocation:f95 -o hello hello.f90
Once the program is compiled and linked, you may execute it:

### Windows

On Windows, you will need to install a compiler. You may also want to install an IDE for that compiler, which acts as an editor and allows you to compile the program more easily.
When you have a compiler, open a command prompt (MS-DOS prompt). This looks like
or something similar. At the prompt, you need to move into the folder containing the .f90 file. Then, to compile, type
This assumes the compiler is called "f95". The Intel compiler is typically "ifort". You may need to specify where this is, for example if it's in Program Files\Compiler, use:
Alternatively, you could install a text editor with support for Fortran compilers. Such as SciTE The above commands produce an executable called hello.exe - to run this, just type
at the command prompt

### OpenVMS

On VMS you will need the DEC Fortran90 compiler installed and licenses loaded. This is available as part of the hobbyist project. These commands work for Fortran on both Alpha and VAX.
To compile, type the following at the DCL prompt:
To link the file to the Run-Time Lib (RTL) type the following:
To Run the executable image, type the following:
Enjoy all that VMS and Fortran offers.
# Fortran/History
## Origins

Fortran was created by a team lead by John Backus at IBM in 1957. Originally, the name was written in all capital letters, but current standards and implementations only require the first letter to be capital. The name Fortran stands for FORmula TRANslator. Initially it was specifically aimed at scientific calculations and thereby had very limited support for working with character strings and lacked other provisions important for a general purpose programming language, which it will attain later during its extensive development that ensued after its successful debut. Until the C language became popular, Fortran had been one of the few high level languages with a reasonable degree of portability between different computer systems. Several websites indicate that the work on Fortran was started in 1954 and released commercially in 1957. It is believed that the first successful compilation of a small Fortran program took place on September 20, 1954.

## Fortran Versions

There have been several versions of Fortran. FORTRAN I, II, III and IV are considered obsolete and contained many machine-dependent features. FORTRAN 66 was the first standardized version and was released in 1966. All later versions of Fortran are numbered after the year the standard was released. The versions of Fortran most commonly remaining in use are FORTRAN 77, Fortran 90 and later.
In FORTRAN II, IF statements had the form: IF (numeric_expression) label_if_negative, label_if_zero, label_if_positive. It also had an odd type of string literal, called Hollerith literals (after the inventor of the keypunch and IBM). Where today one might code 'hello', FORTRAN II used 5Hhello. However, there was no string variable type.
FORTRAN IV added the IF/THEN concept, the concept of logical expressions, with operators .AND., .OR., .EQ., .NE., et cetera. Complex numbers as a basic type were also added.
FORTRAN 77 added strings as a distinct type.
Fortran 90 added various sorts of threading, and direct array processing.
Fortran 2003 added object orientated features, derived types, language interoperability with C, data manipulation and many I/O enhancements.
Fortran 2008 added coarrays and parallelism and submodules.
Fortran 2018 added even more C interoperability and parallelism features.
Although Fortran became a standardized language early, many companies had their own extensions to it. Strangely, IBM and DEC had virtually the same set of extensions.

### Differences between versions

* FORTRAN 66 comments are denoted by the C character in column 1, while FORTRAN 77 comments may also use * in column 1 instead. Fortran 90 also allows the use of ! character.
* FORTRAN 77 symbolic names are limited to 6 character lengths, while Fortran 90 allows names up to 31 characters long.
* FORTRAN 77 files need 6 spaces before words begin, while Fortran 90 doesn't (as it uses the free-form code style.)
# Ethics for IT Professionals/Social Networking, Virtual reality and Crime
## Cyber-bullying

Technology is an ever growing part of children's lives.they spend more and more time either text messaging or on social networking sites.because of this trend bully's have moved from not only being in the classroom but also in the home.Technology such as social networking sites, Instant Messaging(IM), and text messaging since children tend use these devices extremely different from their parents. Cyber-bullying is the harassment of one minor to another via technology.Cyberbullies torment their victims by using social devices in the following ways.
* They may create fake profiles of their victims and post false, inappropriate information.
* Sending threatening or hurtful to their victims
* Logging into their victims social networks and modifying them to include inappropriate content.
* Taking inappropriate pictures of their victims and then posting them on social websites and maybe the bullies personal blog.
Cyber bullying has led to many cases to many cases of suicide the most notable cases

### Cyber-stalking

Cyber-stalking is similar to cyber
# Ethnography of Fiddle

This is a brand new WikiBook you can help edit. It is a required text for Ethnography of Fiddle at Wikiversity - but it's free!
The focus is on a serious view of fiddle music around the world from an ethnographic perspective. In "A Warning to Fiddlers", a chapter of A Pattern of Islands, Gimble associated fiddle with the world wide leveling of European colonial imperialism. But various indigenous peoples, such as the Meti of Canada, have adopted the violin and integrated it into folk culture. Thus, the ethnomusicologist encounters a fierce identity with the instrument not unlike that of the Celts, who have deeply intertwined their music, dance and celebratory culture with an instrument most highly developed by Italian instrument makers. This book reviews the literature on this intriguing instrument and various peoples around the globe, and presents an opportunity for integration with a course at Wikiversity which might even come up with some original synthesis by juxtaposing relatively obscure research using the power of collaborative content development as practiced at Wikimedia Foundation.

## Ethnography, Ethnomusicology and Ethnochoreology

* Ethnography
* Ethnomusicology
* Ethnochoreology

## North American Fiddle Traditions

* Cajun fiddle
* Canadian Fiddle Tradition
** Cape Breton Fiddle Tradition
** Métis Fiddle Tradition
*** Background on Métis
* Old time fiddle
** Blackberry Blossom vs. Yew Piney Mountain
** The case of Soldiers' Joy: Morphine and the Civil War

## African Fiddle Traditions

* African Fiddle Tradition
** Noise Khanyile
** Township Jive

## European Fiddle Traditions

* Celtic Fiddle Traditions
* Donegal fiddle tradition
* Scottish fiddling

## Appendices

A Pattern Of Islands

## Other Wiki Books of Interest

Compendium of Fiddle Styles
Contemporary Fiddlers
How to Play Violin
Bards Old Time Fiddle Tunebook Supplement

## Acknowledgements and information for contributors

You are invited to help edit this WikiBook or to add chapters or other content. Please review the Ethnography of Fiddle/ Local Manual of Style. The primary editor of this book is Fiddlin' Geof Bard. This book would not have been possible without the tireless assistance of the administrators at WikiBooks, an independent project of the Wiki Media Foundation. Other editors and writers are credited at the View history links or in some cases the mainspace or discussion pages. Special thanks also to the University of California and the many musicians and ethnographers who keep the art of fiddle playing alive and well through thick and thin.
# Ethnography of Fiddle/A Pattern Of Islands

A Pattern Of Islands (also known as We Chose the Islands in American editions) is a memoir first published in 1952 by Sir Arthur Grimble, recounting his time in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands as a cadet officer and Resident Commissioner in the 1920s. The memoir gives a romanticized account of island life and colonial rule. A British drama film Pacific Destiny based on the book was made in 1956.

## References

* ↑ Grimble, Arthur (20 April 2011). A Pattern of Islands. Dufour Editions. ISBN 9781906011451. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
* ↑ Macdonald, Barrie (2001). Cinderellas of the Empire: towards a history of Kiribati and Tuvalu. editorips@usp.ac.fj. p. 5. ISBN 9789820203358. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
# Extraterrestrial Life

This book is a work in progress.

## Finished Pages

* There are no finished pages.

## Unfinished Pages

* Requirements For Life
* Europa
* Proxima Centauri_B
* TRAPPIST-1
* Bibliography
* Glossary
# External Links

| bad | good |
| Introduction | Organic Chemistry/Introduction |
| Overview of Functional Groups | Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Groups |
| Authors | Organic Chemistry/Authors |
# External links

| bad | good |
| Introduction | Organic Chemistry/Introduction |
| Overview of Functional Groups | Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Groups |
| Authors | Organic Chemistry/Authors |
# Extraterrestrial Life/Bibliography

Habitable Planets. Retrieved from http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/habzone.htm
What Makes a World Habitable? Retrieved from http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/explore/our_place/hab_ref_table.pdf
This section is unfinished.
# Extraterrestrial Life/Glossary

Extraterrestrial_Life/Glossary/A_through_M
Extraterrestrial_Life/Glossary/N_through_Z
# History of Technology/Preface

Back to Contents
This textbook is primarily designed for Undergraduate level students of technology, media, history and everyone else who has the curiosity to know about how humans learnt the principles of nature and intelligently applied it and made tools, gadgets, devices and machines that changed the world and changed the way humans live in the world. Its purpose is to examine different versions of Technological Determinism, Cultural Determinism, and other theories of how technologies are (historically) developed, and theories of the impact of technology on culture and society.
# History of Tennessee
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Indigenous "Tennessee" (to 1800)
* Antebellum Tennessee (1796-1861)
* Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Gilded Age in Tennessee (1861-1900)
* Jim Crow Laws and Customs (1886-1955)
* Modern Tennessee (1901-1941)
* WWII and Post-War Tennessee (1942-present)
* Tennessee in US Popular Culture (1795-present)
* Further Reading
# History of Technology/Technological Determinism

Back to Contents
Technological determinism is a term that encompasses a wide range of ideas in practice, from technology-push or the technological imperative to a strict sense that human destiny is driven by an underlying logic associated with scientific laws and their manifestation in technology. Most interpretations of technological determinism share two general ideas: that the development of technology itself follows a path largely beyond cultural or political influence, and that technology in turn has "effects" on societies that are inherent, rather than socially conditioned. For example, one might say that the motor car necessarily leads to the development of roads. However, a nationwide road network is not economically viable for just a handful of cars, so new methods of production are developed to reduce the cost of car ownership. Mass car ownership also leads to a higher incidence of accidents on the roads, which leads to the invention of new techniques in healthcare for repairing damaged bodies. It would also be possible to claim that a road network changes the way in which goods are distributed around the country and this, in turn, changes a populations' patterns of consumption. The car also made the suburbs possible.
Technological determinism stands in opposition to the theory of the social construction of technology, which holds that both the path of innovation and the consequences of technology for humans are strongly if not entirely shaped by society itself, through the influence of culture, politics, economic arrangements, and the like.
# History of Technology/Technological Determinism/Great Men of History

Historiography has moved beyond the old schoolmasters' adage that, "Geography is about maps; history is about chaps." While it is undoubtedly true that certain individuals have had the good fortune to be associated with the introduction of major technological innovations, one ought to remember that even the most isolated inventor must work within the limits of the social, financial, political and technological resources available to him (or her). Consequently, technological advances ought to be viewed within contexts that extend beyond the people that invented them if they are to be understood in a balanced fashion.
Technolgical determinists are those individuals who believe that technology is the major cause of events. Canadian scholar Marshall McLuhan is most often placed in this category. His pronouncements such as "the medium is the message" is typical of the determinist stance. More significant, however, are his four laws of media: enhance, obsolesce, retrieve and reverse.
# Final Fantasy VII/Game controls
## General

The game uses the following controls. PC version refers to the controls with their labelled names, the PS version uses button symbols (for most part, anyway, there are still some slips in it that show labels instead).
| Button | Explanation |
| Directional buttons | These move the lead character and the pointer in the menus. |
| [PgUp] / [PgDn] | Move the pointer up or down one page in the menus, or rotate view in world map. Hold down both to escape from battles. |
| [Camera] | Changes camera angle on the overworld map. |
| [Target] | Changes camera angle on the overworld map. In combat, shows targeting aid. |
| [Assist] | Outside of combat, shows a hand pointer above lead character's head, and shows exit markers. In combat, toggles target name window. |
| [Switch] | Toggle between Equip and Materia screens. In combat, makes the command menu disappear temporarily so you can check your barrier gauges. |
| [Menu] | Opens the menu. |
| [OK] | Confirm choice in menus. Attempt to use/activate the item in front of the character (open chests, climb ladders, etc), or talk to an NPC. |
| [Cancel] | Back one level in menus, or close the menu in question. Outside of the menus (but not in the overworld), hold down to make the character run. |
| [Start] | In world map, changes map display. Pauses during battle. |

### Controls on different systems

| Button | PlayStation | PC (Number Pad) |
| [OK] | Circle | [Enter] |
| [Menu] | Triangle | [+] |
| [Cancel] | Cross | [0/Ins] |
| [Switch] | Square | [Decimal/Del] |
| [Start] | Start | [5] |
| [Assist] | Select | [-] |
| [PgUp] | L1 | [9/PgUp] |
| [PgDn] | R1 | [3/PgDn] |
| [Camera] | L2 | [7/Home] |
| [Target] | R2 | [1/End] |

## Specific controls

Specific controls are (or will be), for most part, listed in the minigame articles. The ones that won't should be listed here.
# Final Fantasy VII/Equipment/Weapons
## Cloud

| Name: | Buster Sword |
| Attack: | 18 |
| Attack %: | 96 |
| Slots: | O=O |
| Growth: | Normal |
| Location: | Initial Equip. |
| Cost: | N/A |
| Other: | Initial Equip. Magic+2. |
| Name: | Mythril Saber |
| Attack: | 23 |
| Attack %: | 98 |
| Slots: | O=O O |
| Growth: | Normal |
| Location: | Weapon shop in Kalm. |
| Cost: | 1000 |
| Other: | Magic+4. |
| Name: | Ultima Weapon |
| Attack: | 100 |
| Attack %: | 110 |
| Slots: | O=O O=O O=O O=O |
| Growth: | None |
| Location: | Won from Ultimate Weapon when it is hovering over Cosmo Canyon on Disk 3. |
| Cost: | N/A |
| Other: | Magic+51. Spirit+51. More damage at higher HPs. |
# Final Fantasy VII/Equipment/Armour

Armour in Final Fantasy VII can be found all over the place. Here is the list of all the armour in the game.

## Bronze Bangle

Location: Initially Equipped: Cloud, Tifa, Barret and Aeris start with this Armour Defense/Def.%: 8/0 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 0/0 Materia Slots: None Materia Growth: None Added Effect: None

## Iron Bangle

Location: Weapon Store: Sector 7 Defense/Def.%: 10/0 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 2/0 Materia Slots: 1 Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Titan Bangle

Location: Weapon Store: Sector 5, Wall Market Defense/Def.%: 14/2 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 2/0 Materia Slots: 2 (Unlinked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Mythril Armlet

Location: Weapon Store: Wall Market, Kalm Defense/Def.%: 18/3 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 8/0 Materia Slots: 2 (Linked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Carbon Bangle

Location: Weapon Seller: Costa Del So, North Corel Defense/Def.%: 27/3 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 14/0 Materia Slots: 2 (Linked), 1 (Unlinked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Silver Armlet

Location: Weapon Store: Cosmo Canyon Defense/Def.%: 34/4 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 22/0 Materia Slots: 4 (Linked), 1 (Unlinked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Gold Armlet

Location: Store: Rocket Town Defense/Def.%: 46/4 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 28/0 Materia Slots: 4 (Linked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Diamond Bangle

Location: Store: Bone Village Defense/Def.%: 57/6 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 37/0 Materia Slots: 4 (Linked), 1 (Unlinked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Crystal Bangle

Location: Store: Mideel Defense/Def.%: 70/8 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 45/1 Materia Slots: 6 (Linked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Platinum Bangle

Location: Weapon Seller: Costa Del Sol Defense/Def.%: 20/0 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 12/0 Materia Slots: 2 (Linked) Materia Growth: Double Added Effect: None

## Rune Armlet

Location: Store: Bone Village Defense/Def.%: 43/5 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 24/0 Materia Slots: 4 (Unlinked) Materia Growth: Double Added Effect: None

## Edincoat

Location: Store: Rocket Town (Disc 2/3) Defense/Def.%: 50/0 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 33/0 Materia Slots: 7 (Unlinked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Wizard Bracelet

Location: Forgotten Capital: Defeat Jenova*Life Defense/Def.%: 6/3 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 85/3 Materia Slots: 8 (Linked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Adaman Bangle

Location: Wutai Area: Steal from Adamantoise Defense/Def.%: 93/0 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 23/0 Materia Slots: 2 (Linked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None

## Gigas Armlet

Location: Template of Ancients: Defeat Demon Gate Defense/Def.%: 59/0 Magic Def./Mag. Def.%: 0/0 Materia Slots: 4 (Linked), 1 (Unlinked) Materia Growth: Normal Added Effect: None
# Final Fantasy VII/General combat strategies
## General combat strategies

Back attacks: If you're getting attacked at back, there's an easy remedy for that. Hit [PgUp]+[PgDn] (both shoulder buttons on PlayStation, (presumably?) 3 + 9 on PC). Normally this makes your party run away, but with just a brief push, they won't. And after they've tried running away, they always turn to face the enemy. This way, you're never actually back-attacked.

## General boss combat strategies

Or, good advice on how not to die in the massive boss battles.
Heal often. How often you need to heal a character depends entirely on how much damage the boss does, but as a general rule, if the character has less than a half of HP left, it's always a good idea to heal up. At first, you probably rely on Potions and Hi-Potions, but in general, using Restore materia is much cheaper and more effective in long run. Once you have the Big Guard enemy skill, White Wind becomes a rather handy enemy skill as well, because Cure2's effectiveness is reduced by Big Guard or MBarrier, while White Wind goes straight through it. Same also goes for Aerith's limit breaks.
Protection and haste. The most useful spells in boss fights are Haste+All, Barrier+All and MBarrier+All. This makes your party faster and gets less damage. But in general, if you have Big Guard enemy skill, things are much easier.
Fury. If the boss is strong against magic and needs good physical beating, using Hypers to get the party to Fury status makes them more likely to get limit breaks.