OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Handbook of Management Scales/Location flexibility
## Location flexibility (alpha = 0.89)
### Description

The authors develop and validate a 16-item measure of i-deals negotiated by job incumbents across four content domains: task and work responsibilities, schedule flexibility, location flexibility and financial incentives.

### Definition

Idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) are "mutually beneficial, personalized agreements of a nonstandard nature that are negotiated between individual employees and their employers".
The location flexibility dimension is associated with where employees do their jobs.

### Items

* Because of my individual needs, I have negotiated a unique arrangement with my supervisor that allows me to complete a portion of my work outside of the office. (0.95)
* Because of my particular circumstances, my supervisor allows me to do work from somewhere other than the main office. (0.83)

### Source

* Rosen et al. (2013): Let’s Make a Deal: Development and Validation of the Ex Post I-Deals Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 709–742

### Comments

The scale was tested across three samples; it can, thus, be assumed that it is valid and reliable. However, more items should be added to make this scale more reliable.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Logistics integration
## Logistics integration (alpha = 0.92)
### Description

The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.

### Items

* Interorganizational logistic activities are closely coordinated. (0.77)
* Our logistics activities are well integrated with the logistics activities of our suppliers. (0.83)
* We have a seamless integration of logistics activities with our key suppliers. (0.83)
* Our logistics integration is characterized by excellent distribution, transportation and/or warehousing facilities. (0.80)
* The inbound and outbound distribution of goods with our suppliers is well integrated. (0.83)
* Information and materials flow smoothly between our supplier firms and us. (0.64)

### Source

* Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
# Handbook of Management Scales/Leader-member exchange
## Leader-member exchange (alpha > 0.7)
### Description

Schriesheim, Neider, Scandura, and Tepper's (1992) six-item leader-member-exchange scale was used to measure subordinate-perceived LMX in the current investigation. This instrument (LMX6) is based upon the conceptual work of Dienesch and Liden (1986), and it has shown high convergence with the commonly used LMX7 scale; the latter is presented in Scandura and Graen (1984:430) and was developed by Graen, Novak, and Sommerkamp (1982).

### Items

Two sample items are presented here. The other items can be found in Schriesheim, Neider, Scandura, and Tepper (1992).
* The way my supervisor sees me, he/she would probably say that my ability to do my job well is: (exceptional = 5, good to very good = 4, average = 3, below average = 2, and poor = 1).
* I feel that my work goals and those of my supervisor are: (the same = 5, similar = 4, unrelated = 3, different = 2, and opposite = 1).

### Source

* Schriesheim et al. (1998): Delegation and leader-member exchange: Main effects, moderators, and measurement issues. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 298-318. Previously used in: Schriesheim, Neider, Scandura, and Tepper (1992).
# Handbook of Management Scales/Leadership involvement in quality
## Leadership involvement in quality (composite reliability = 0.86)
### Description

The authors identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities. These capabilities are each conceptualized as a second-order factor and measured through a distinct bundle of routines. The following routines underlying improvement capabilities are identified: continuous improvement, process management, and leadership involvement in quality. The routines closely related to improvement capability are: search for new technologies, cross-functional product design, and processes and equipment development. The items to measure each routine were selected based on a review of the relevant literature. Items were included that have been used in prior studies. A panel of five academic researchers and managers with expertise in manufacturing operations reviewed each of the items.

### Items

* All major department heads within the plant accept their responsibility for quality.
* Plant management provides personal leadership for quality products and quality improvement.
* Our plant management creates and communicates a vision focused on quality improvement.
* Our plant management is personally involved in quality improvement projects.

### Source

* Peng et al. (2008): Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 730-748. Based on: Ketokivi and Schroeder (2004).

### Comments

Given that a 7-point Likert scale was used ("4" indicating "neutral"), the mean value (5.65) is quite high. Therefore, the wording might be changed (e.g., "is always personally involved" rather than "is personally involved").

### Related Scales

* Employee involvement
# Handbook of Management Scales/Logistics complexity
## Logistics complexity
### Items

* We have a complex network of trading partners (0.714)
* The timeliness of the transactions in our supply chain is crucial in our business (0.891)
* We must accomplish very short order cycle times for customer orders (0.871)
* We have a complex network of OD pairs (0.756)
* Our products require specialized transportation, storage, or handling (e.g. temperature, humidity, etc.) (0.580)

### Source

* Hofer/Knemeyer (2009): Controlling for logistics complexity: scale development and validation. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 187-200.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Leadership
## Leadership (composite reliability = 0.83)
### Description

The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct comprised of five combinative service competency bundles: service climate; market focus; process management; human resource policy; and metrics and standards.
One of these five second-order dimensions, service climate, consists of three first-order dimensions: leadership, service culture, and value orientation.

### Definition

The role of the company’s management team in communicating and reinforcing the company’s values.

### Items

* My organization always attempts to ensure that the right leaders are in place to meet the company’s goals. (0.81)
* Our leadership communicates and reinforces the values shared by almost everyone in our organization. (0.89)
* Our company’s vision and goals statements are shared throughout the organization. (0.64)

### Source

* Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.

### Comments

The third item was dropped due to low regression weight (or lower than remaining items).

### Related Scales

* Service culture
* Value orientation
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Iguana

Iguanas are giant lizards with six legs. Their long tongues are used as tactile sensory organs, searching for prey by feeling vibrations in the air. When an Iguana determines that a creature is to be dinner, the lizard's speed becomes evident. The six legs allow an Iguana to close with its intended meal quickly, and the bite of an Iguana is often enough to kill small mammals before they realize that they are under attack. Well-prepared adventurers, however, have little to fear from these lizards. They are found near Pravoka.
Final Fantasy Origins: Lizard
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Mad Pony

The Mad Pony is a dangerous equine creature that attacks travelers with its single horn or its front hooves. These creatures are considered by scholars to be the basis of legends of unicorns, but tales of benevolent unicorns do not reflect the hostility that Mad Ponies bear towards anyone foolish enough to come close. Despite rumors of mystical powers said to be found in the horns of these animals, the horns are actually no more mystical than the average short sword and are used for much the same purpose. Mad Ponies can be found near Coneria and Pravoka.
Final Fantasy Origins: Crazy Horse
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Odd Eye

The Odd Eye is an aquatic monstrosity that comprises a pair of floating eyes. Odd Eyes are extremely fragile and easy to destroy, but have the ability to paralyze their foes with a Gaze attack. This paralyzing attack is essential to the Odd Eye, as the creature is not physically powerful and can take a long time to devour a human. Like most aquatic creatures, Odd Eyes are weak to Lightning spells but are immune to Quake.
Final Fantasy Origins: Goggler
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Pirate

The Pirates are a gang of nine corsairs employed by Bikke. They are ruthless killers, though fairly inept sailors. The gang captured the city of Pravoka, terrorizing the city and turning it into a ghost town virtually overnight. Their ship was docked just to the south. They ran their operations out of a large mansion in the northwest section of town until the Light Warriors liberated the town, slaying all nine of the pirates but sparing Bikke's life.
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Gray Wolf

The Gray Wolf is a larger and stronger variant of the common Wolf. Like the smaller Wolves, Gray Wolves are quick and agile. They attack with teeth and claws, and pose a threat to civilians and even lightly armed parties. Sometimes found hunting in packs and commonly with lesser Wolves, these animals inhabit the Temple of Fiends as well as the forests near Pravoka. Some have suggested that the lycanthropic Werewolf is created from Gray Wolf stock rather than standard Wolves.
Final Fantasy Origins: Warg Wolf
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Imp

Imps are primitive bipedal creatures that have only recently begun using tools. Their favorite "tool" is a dagger, with which the Imp preys on unarmed and unsuspecting travelers. Imps tend to attack in large groups, sometimes led by one of their Gray Imp cousins, as individual Imps are weak and a single armed warrior is often capable of destroying entire Imp ambush parties. Imps are most common in the forested areas around the city of Coneria and many have taken shelter inside the nearby Temple of the Fiends. Some Imps have even been forced to move to the forests near Pravoka by their ambitious leaders.
Final Fantasy Origins: Goblin
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Ogre

The Ogre is a large and fearsome beast. Ogres have purple skin and are many times the size of normal men. They are sapient, but not intelligent to any noticeable degree. They wander the lands of the southern continent, especially near Pravoka and Elfland, preying on the hapless human who wanders too far from the safety of a city or a large group of friends. Ogres use rudimentary clubs made from rough tree trunks, often with branches only partially snapped off to create a spiked weapon.
Ogres are often seen accompanied by their larger and more powerful cousins, the Green Ogres.
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Green Ogre

Green Ogres are gigantic, powerful monsters. As their name suggests, they are related to the lesser Ogres and possess skin of a nauseating green coloration. Green Ogres are slightly more intelligent than their smaller kin, but still use no tools more complex than a large club fashioned from a tree trunk. Because of their size and ferocity, Green Ogres are considered a threat to civilization, though they are usually not interested in humans unless defenseless wanderers accidentally intrude upon the creatures' stomping grounds. Green Ogres typically do not approach cities, as the large number of human defenders discourages such forays. They have been spotted near Elfland, however.
Final Fantasy Origins: Ogre Chieftain
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Kyzoku

The Kyzoku are bands of ruthless corsairs, pirates, and privateers. They sail the seas looking for rich merchant ships to plunder, and often attack even fairly well-defended vessels. They use wicked curved swords known as Scimitars. However, even as rough as these men are, they are still mere men and possess no magical abilities, giving them a severe disadvantage in a world filled with mystical beasts.
Final Fantasy Origins: Privateer
# Final Fantasy/Enemies/Red Sahagin

Red Sahagin are warriors and captains in the watery Sahagin society. These blood-red colored creatures are similar to their lesser cousins, except bigger and stronger. Red Sahagin are commonly a match for two or three Sahagin, and more than a match for most merchants. Their claws rend foes that Red Sahagin confront aboard any ship that comes within their swimming range. Like all aquatic monsters, Red Sahagin are weak to Lightning but resistant to Fire as well as immune to Quake.
Final Fantasy Origins: Sahagin Chief
# HKDSE Geography/E2/Causes of Sandstorms

A sandstorm occurs when winds blow over an arid or semi-arid area, carrying clouds of sand and dust which are carried by suspension or saltation.

## Physical Factors

* The desert is barren with no vegetation cover, and dry with no rainfall. There is no vegetation cover to block winds.
* Rising temperature in spring causes frozen soil and the snow cover to thaw.
* There is still a high-pressure centre over Mongolia and Siberia which brings gusty northwesterly winds to China.
The Takla Makan Desert in Xinjiang and the Gobi Desert in Nei Mongol provide a lot of sand. Under unstable atmospheric conditions and an increase in temperature (leading to uprising currents), strong northwestly winds blow across such regions and bring sand along, and sandstorms occur.

## Human Activities

Rapid population growth leads to overgrazing, overcultivation and overcutting. They leave the land barren and unproductive and you know the drill.
# HKDSE Geography/E2/Precipitation
## Classification

Types of precipitation include:
* Rain
* Hail
* Sleet (not present in Hong Kong)
* Snow (not present in Hong Kong)

## General Steps

* Warm air converges, rises up, expands to form uprising air currents.
* As warm air rises, it falls by 6 degrees Celsius per 1000 m. Relative humidity increase.
* At the condensation level, relative humidity reaches 100%, or dew point. The air is said to be saturated.
* Excess water vapour condenses on condensation nuclei. Water droplets form.
* Water droplets accumulate to form clouds.
* When the clouds are too heavy to support, the droplets fall as rain.
* Sometimes accompanied by thunderstorms or lightning.

## Three Types of Rain

For each of the following types of rain, warm air rises for different reasons.

### Frontal Rain

* A cold front occurs when a warm air mass and a cold air mass meet.
* The warm air mass is forced up by the cold air mass.
# HKDSE Geography/E2/Air Pressure

Air pressure is measured in hPa.

## Factors

Three factors affect air pressure.

### Temperature

When temperature increases, air warms up, expands and rises. Air pressure thus decreases.
When temperature decreases, air cools down, contracts and sinks. Air pressure thus increases.
This leads to latidudinal variations in air pressure.

### Altitude

At higher altitudes, air is sparser, the atmosphere is thinner and air pressure is thus lower.
At lower altitudes, air is denser, the atmosphere is thicker and air pressure is thus higher.

### Air movement

Inblowing, converging air leads to rising air. Air pressure thus decreases.
Outblowing, diverging air leads to sinking air. Air pressure thus increases.

## Normal Air Pressure

Normal air pressure is 1013 hPa. Below this, it is low pressure; above this, it is high pressure.

## Isobar

Isobars show air pressure on a weather chart. They look like contour lines.
When they are closely spaced, pressure gradient is steep; when they are widely spaced, pressure gradient is gentle. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure.
# HKDSE Geography/E2/Impacts of Sandstorms
## Impacts on Primary Industries

* Fields are buried. Sand and dust block out sunlight and discourage photosynthesis. Crop failure may occur.
* Farming infrastructure and facilities, such as irrigation canals, are damaged by sandstorms. They take months to resume activity.
* Winds blow away topsoil and crops. Nutrients in the topsoil and organic carbons are lost. Soil fertility is severely damaged.

## Impacts on Secondary Industries

* Some factories may be closed down or even have their machinery damaged by sandstorms.
* Labour productivity decreases as people get sick.

## Impacts on Tertiary Industries

* Flights are delayed. Rail services may be cancelled as well.
* Vehicles are damaged by the sand.

## Impacts on Everyday Life

* Visibility decreases greatly.
* Buildings are eroded.
* Dust particles may carry viruses and fungi from the source area to spread diseases and cause outbreaks or even epidemics.
* Allergies are triggered. Respiratory diseases like asthma and cardiovascular diseases are also possible. Healthcare spending increases
# HKDSE Geography/E2/Causes of Droughts

The causes of droughts include human factors and physical factors.

## Human Factors

* The rapid increase in population on North China has led to overpopulation. This has worsened overcutting (over-devegetation), overcultivation and overgrazing, exhausting the reserves of water.
* Poor water conservation awareness has led to the wastage of water for agricultural and domestic purposes.
* Lenient laws have led to an increase in water pollution by industries such as dyeing and by agrochemicals, reducing the amount of usable water.
* The damming of the Huang He and the building of reservoirs have led to a decrease in the discharge of the Huang He and thus more droughts.
* Water resources management is poor in the Huang He with no central body for managing the water resources. The rivers are managed by local governments which focus on the needs of the local population.

## Physical Factors

* The area lacks water in the first place (see the chapters before on rainfall).
* Late summer monsoon, weak summer monsoon and early winter monsoon can all lead to drought.
* Hot winds from the Gobi Desert contribute to drought as well. They increase the evaporation rate and thus soil moisture loss. High summer temperature, along with low rainfall, contributes to drought.
# HKDSE Geography/E2/Solutions to Droughts

Droughts can be resolved from two directions: Getting more water and wasting less.

## Increasing Water Supply
### Using Existing Rivers

Rivers can be better exploited by setting up dams and reservoirs. They store water collected at wet season to use during dry season. Examples include Liujiaxia, Longyangxia and Sanmenxia dams. Liujiaxia and Longyangxia are in the upper course and Sanmenxia in the middle.

#### Effectiveness

* Tourist spots, historical heritage sites, cultivated land and settlements are drowned. Compensation is needed for relocation.
* The pressure of reservoirs on rocks may trigger earthquakes.

### Vertical Expansion: Wells

Wells can be dug under government supervision to tap underground water during droughts.

#### Effectiveness

* Land subsidence may occur. Foundations of buildings are weakened.

### Horizontal Expansion: South-to-North Water Diversion Project

The South-to-North Water Diversion Project diverts water from the South, which has a water surplus, to the North, which has a water deficit.
The plan has three branches
* West route: From the source of the Jinsha Jiang to the upper course of the Huang He. It generates little water pollution and benefits the Go West policy.
* Central route: From the Danjiangkou Reservoir in Han Shui to Beijing and Tianjin. It enhances flood control at the Chang Jiang and is reliable.
* East Route: From the lower course of Chang Jiang near Yangzhou to Tianjin. It makes use of the existing Grand Canal, so cost is lower.

#### Effectiveness

It is harmful to Chang Jiang. Its water supply and discharge are reduced, leading to drought in the lower course, reduced river discharge to encourage silting, and a decrease in water supply for navigation and hydro-electric power.
* West route: It runs through rugged relief, difficult terrain, harsh climate, etc. Altitude sickness is common.

## Water Conservation

Industries, agriculturalists and households are encouraged to save water through education and legislation.
Sewage treatment is carried out and sewage charge is imposed.
Water-saving and dry farming techniques like drip irrigation, drought-resistant crops and so on.
Afforestation, grain-for-green, prohibiting agriculture on steep slopes, etc. reduce soil erosion and thus reduce silting in the Huang He.

### Effectiveness

Water conservation education takes time. Industry and agriculture are discouraged and water charges increase financial burdens.
# HKDSE Geography/E4

Zhujiang Delta is an important region in China.
# HKDSE Geography/E2/Impacts of Droughts
## Impacts on Physical Environment
### Impacts on Hydrosphere

Droughts will reduce the discharge of the Huang He or even lead to cut-off and drying of lakes along it. This will worsen the problem of silting in rivers and reservoirs as deposition increases with decreasing velocity, lowering the storage capacity of the Huang He. It will even lead to increased sea water intrusion at the river mouth; Lijin has experienced increased days of cut-off.

### Impacts on Biosphere

The negative effects of droughts on the hydrosphere will destroy aquatic ecosystems. Vegetation cover may wither and die because of the drought as they lack water supply. Animals will die from dehydration as well. This will reduce the biodiversity of the area.
Moreover, sea water intrusion and cut-off at the river mouth are unfavorable for the development of mudflats, mangrove swamps and wetlands. The habitats of migratory birds and other animals are destroyed.

## Impacts on Human Activity
### Impacts on Primary Industry

Cut-off of rivers will reduce the water supply for irrigation. Decrease in rainfall and increase in evaporation rate also decrease soil moisture and possibly lead to salinisation. The growing seasons of crops shorten and farming area/pastureland shrink. Crop failure may occur, decreasing yields and farmers' income.
The cut-off of rivers and increased silting destroy aquatic ecosystems and reduce fish catches, decreasing the income of fishermen. Fish ponds may dry up and this leads to a decline in the aquaculture sector as well.
The decrease in food supply leads to inflated food prices.

### Impacts on Secondary Industry

Cut-off of rivers is detrimental to secondary industries which rely on water, like dyeing and breweries.
The secondary industry is also negatively affected by a decrease in power generated through hydro-electric power.

### Impacts on Tertiary Industry

Tourism industry is adversely affected since natural fluvial landscapes are damaged during droughts and are thus less attractive to tourists.
The transport industry is affected as the decrease in river discharge increases the difficulty of navigation and reduces accessibility.

### Impacts on Households

Less water is available for daily-life activities like cooking and bathing. Water quantity also decreases, threatening public health.