OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Circuit Theory/Convolution Integral/Examples/2R1LExample/2 Resistor, 1 inductor example

Find drop across CR$_1$ pair given that V$_s$ 2e$^{2t/to}$.
    $V_{s}=2e^{\frac {2t}{t_{o}}}$
    $V_{RC}=?$
Outline of solution:

### Transfer Function

    $H(s)={\frac {V_{RC}}{V_{s}}}={\frac {\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{R_{1}}}+Cs}}{R_{2}+{\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{R_{1}}}+Cs}}}}={\frac {R_{1}}{R_{1}+R_{2}+sCR_{1}R_{2}}}={\frac {\frac {R_{1}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}{1+{\frac {sCR_{1}R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}}}$
-- or --
    $i_{t}=i_{c}+i_{r}={\frac {V_{s}-V_{RC}}{R_{2}}}=C{dV_{RC} \over dt}+{\frac {V_{RC}}{R_{1}}}$
    ${\frac {\mathbb {V} _{s}-\mathbb {V} _{RC}}{R_{2}}}=sC\mathbb {V} _{RC}+{\frac {\mathbb {V} _{RC}}{R_{1}}}$
    $\mathbb {V} _{s}=\mathbb {V} _{RC}(sCR_{2}+{\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}}}+1)$
    ${\frac {\mathbb {V} _{RC}}{\mathbb {V} _{s}}}={\frac {1}{sCR_{2}+{\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}}}+1}}={\frac {R_{1}}{R_{1}+R_{2}+sCR_{1}R_{2}}}={\frac {\frac {R_{1}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}{1+{\frac {sCR_{1}R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}}}$

### Homogeneous Solution

First order so τ is:
    $\tau =-{\frac {CR_{1}R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}$
    $V_{RC_{h}}(t)=A*e^{\frac {t}{\tau }}+C_{1}$

### Particular Solution

After a long time, due to V$_s$ = 1, the capacitor opens. So V$_{RC}$ is part of a voltage divider consisting of just two resistors:
    $V_{RC_{p}}={\frac {V_{s}R_{1}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}={\frac {R_{1}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}$

### Evaluate Initial Conditions

Combining the homogeneous and particular:
    $V_{RC}(t)={\frac {R_{1}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}+A*e^{\frac {t}{\tau }}+C_{1}$
At t=0, the voltage across the capacitor is zero so:
    $V_{RC}(t)={\frac {R_{1}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}+A+C_{1}=0$
Initially the cap is a short, so the current through the cap is limited by R$_2$ so:
    $i_{C}(t)=C{dV_{RC} \over dt}=-{\frac {CA}{\tau }}e^{\frac {t}{\tau }}$
    $i_{C}(0)={\frac {V_{S}}{R_{2}}}=-{\frac {CA}{\tau }}$
Since V$_s$ = 1 (doing this for the unit step function because using convolution integral):
    $A=-{\frac {\tau }{CR_{2}}}$ and $C_{1}={\frac {\tau }{CR_{2}}}$
In summary:
    $V_{RC}(t)\mu (t)={\frac {\tau }{CR_{2}}}(1-e^{\frac {t}{\tau }})$

### Find impulse solution

The impulse solution is the derivative of the above:
    $V_{RC}(t)\delta (t)={\frac {1}{CR_{2}}}e^{\frac {t}{\tau }}$

### Convolution Integral

    $V_{RC}(t)=\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {e^{\frac {t-x}{\tau }}}{CR_{2}}}2e^{\frac {2t}{t_{o}}}dx={\frac {2\tau t_{o}}{CR_{2}(2\tau -t_{o})}}(e^{\frac {2t}{t_{o}}}-e^{\frac {t}{\tau }})+C_{1}$

### Evaluate Integration Constant

Know that V$_{RC}$=0 at t=0 so:
    $0=X(1-1)+C_{1}$
So:
    $C_{1}=0$
And finally:
       $V_{RC}(t)={\frac {2\tau t_{o}}{CR_{2}(2\tau -t_{o})}}(e^{\frac {2t}{t_{o}}}-e^{\frac {t}{\tau }})$
# Canadian Copyright Law/Sources of Copyright

Like most other common law countries there are no inherent rights to works, performances, or sound recording at the common law. Copyright exists solely in statute. According to section 91(23) of the Constitution Act, 1867 the federal government is granted exclusive power to enact laws related to copyright. The evolution of copyright in Canada has been guided by international treaties signed by Canada that try to unify copyright laws across the globe.

## Copyright Act

The Copyright Act was first enacted in 1921 and was based almost entirely on the British Copyright Act of 1911. But since ratifying the Berne Convention the Act has been amended to accommodate many of the requirements of a modern copyright regime.

## International Treaties

Section 91 of the Copyright Act states that Canada adheres to the following treaties:
    (a) the Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works concluded at Berne on September 9, 1886, as revised by the Paris Act of 1971; and
    (b) the International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations, done at Rome on October 26, 1961.
# Canadian Criminal Evidence

This book is a reference for practitioners, police officers, and law students who need a convenient way to look up legislation, principles, and case law. The reader is assumed to already have a knowledge of criminal law.
There is no guarantee whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the information provided in this or any other companion text. Nothing here should be taken as legal advice.
For recent developments on these series of books see News on Canadian Criminal Law series.
CAUTION: this wikibook ceased active development in 2012. A more up-to-date branch of this text can be found at http://criminalnotebook.ca.

## Contents

* Introduction

### Basic Principles

* Acceptance of Evidence
* Standard of Proof
* Burden of Proof
* Proving Facts
** Inferences
** Recent Possession
** Judicial Notice

### Forms of Evidence

* Real Evidence
* Documentary Evidence
** Public and Judicial Documents
** Private Documents
*** Business Records
*** Financial Institution Records
* Testimonial Evidence
** Competence and Compellability
** Refreshing Memory

### Limits on the Admissibility of Evidence

* Credibility
** Collateral Fact Rule
** Prior Consistent Statements
** Prior Inconsistent Statements
** Post-Offence Conduct
** Criminal Record
** Disreputable and Unsavoury Witnesses
* Character
** Character of Accused
** Similar Fact Evidence
** Alternative Suspect Evidence
* Hearsay
** Traditional Exceptions
** Principled Exception
* Admissions and Confessions
** Admissions
** Confessions
** Voluntariness
** Right Against Self-crimination
* Privilege

### Appendix

* Hearsay Applications
* Model Examinations
# Canadian Copyright Law/Protection of Economic Rights
## Protection of Economic Rights

The owner of a copyright has exclusive rights over the certain economic benefits derived from the rights.The determination of whether any rights have been violated depends on what is the extent of those rights. This is reflected in the "infringement" provision of the Copyright Act which states:
   27(1) It is an infringement of copyright for any person to do, without consent of the owner of the copyright, anything that by this Act only the owner of the copyright has the right to do.
The exclusive economic rights are those enumerated in section 3(1). The section gives rights to produce, reproduce, present, communicate, publish, or authorize works, depending on the type of protected work.

### Produce or Reproduce

The right of reproduction is said to be the broadest of the protected rights, and in practice, it is the most often applied right. It provides "the sole right to produce or reproduce the work or any substantial part thereof in any material form whatever..." This includes both public and private reproductions. Copying within the privacy of home can still constitute infringement.
A reproduction comes in two basic types, literal copying and non-literal copying (also referred to as a colourable imitation). As well, the copy does not need to consist of a complete reproduction, the act equally protects against taking of a "substantial part" of the work.
When a work is subject to literal copying in its entirety, with either minor or no changes at all, a finding of infringement is usually simple. The judge will usually find an infringement when the similarity between the works cannot be the result of coincidence. However, when the copied work has been disguised it makes determining infringement difficult. In such a case the Court will look for "colourable imitation" in characteristics of the work. This is often used in the "Substantial similarity" test which asks:
   First, there must be sufficient objective similarity between the infringing work and the copyright work, or a substantial part thereof, for the former to be properly described, not necessarily as identical with, but as a reproduction or adaptation of the latter; secondly, the copyright work must be the source from which the infringing work is derived.
In conjunction with this, it must be shown that the accused had access to the original work.
Nevertheless, the copying of an idea from another work cannot constitute an infringement.

### Authorizing

An individual may be liable for all types copyright infringement where it can shown that they "authorized" - that is, sanctioned, approved, or countenanced - someone else to infringe a copyright. This form of liability is particularly useful when the actual culprit of the infringement is unavailable or judgement proof.
In CCH Canadian v. Law Society of Upper Canada, the Court outlined what is required to show authorization. A person who merely provides the means for infringing copyright cannot be held liable.
# Canadian Copyright Law

This text is intended to provide a overview of the core areas in Canadian Copyright law.

## Contents

* Introduction
* Sources of Copyright
** Copyright Act
** International Treaties
* Subsistence of Copyright
** Originality
** Fixation
** Exclusion
* Classification
** Literary
** Dramatic
** Musical
** Artistic
** Compilations
* Protection of Economic Rights
** Produce and Reproduce
** Performance in Public
** Communication to Public
** Authorizing
* Exemptions and Defences
** Fair Dealing
** Common Carrier
* Moral Rights

## Further Reading

* Copyright Act
* Roger T. Hughes, Hughes on Copyright and Industrial Design (Toronto: Butterworths) [looseleaf].
* Normand Tamaro, Annotated Copyright Act (Toronto: Carswell, [annual]).
* David Vaver, Intellectual Property Law: Copyright, Patents, Trademarks (Concord, Ont: Irwin Law, 1997).

## See also

* Canadian Trade-mark Law
* Canadian Patent Law
# Canadian Copyright Law/Introduction

Copyright is a legal regime that provides a set of limited exclusive rights to regulate the creative expression of ideas. In Canada, copyright provides for two forms of rights: economic rights and moral rights. Economic rights, which is the most frequent meaning when discussing "copyright", are rights designed to allow the holder of the rights to benefit from the work. These rights can be bought and sold in any part, however, they necesssarily have a limited longevity. Moral rights on the other hand, are inalienable rights of the creator of a work that acknowledge the work as an extension of the artist's personality. They are rights that allow for the artist to protect their dignity and reputation.
The purpose of copyright law was articulated in Apple Computer v. Mackintosh Computers by Reed J.
    purpose of the Copyright Act is and always has been to grant a monopoly. No distinction is made therein as to the purpose of the work created -- for entertainment, instruction or other purposes. The legislation historically, in my view had two purposes: to encourage disclosure of works for the "advancement of learning", and to protect and reward the intellectual effort of the author (for a limited period of time) in the work
However, the scope of these rights and those of the public are put in a delicate balance that the courts must regulate.
    The Copyright Act is usually presented as a balance between promoting the public interest in the encouragement and dissemination of works of the arts and intellectual and obtainning a just reward for the creator (or, more accurately, to prevent someone other than the creator from appropriating whatever benefits may be generated).
Drawing the line indicating what can and cannot be property is always an ongoing debate. The ephemeral nature of expression has made it often very difficult to distinguish from an idea. Moreover, the extent to which right holders should be advantaged adds to the debate. The proliferation of new technologies has only complicated these problems as the law must continually play catch-up to the ever changing information landscape.
Since 2002 copyright law has experienced a significant change on an almost yearly basis. The Courts have slowly been adopting an interpretive approach similar to the US wherein interests of the artists are offset by interests of the public as demonstrated in the quote above.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Petitgrain
## Petitgrain (Citrus aurantium)

Petitgrain oil comes from the leaves of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) trees. It can be used as a cheaper alternative to neroli oil, which is made from the blossoms of the same plant. Petitgrain has a sweet, floral, woody scent. It has a calming, relaxing effect on the mind and body.

## Properties
### Digestive

Relieves indigestion.

### Emotional

Soothes stress and anxiety.

### Skin

Improves acne, oily skin and excessive perspiration.

## Caution

* Don't use petitgrain oil during pregnancy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Pine
## Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Pine oil comes from the twigs and buds of the Pinus sylvestris (Scots Pine) tree. It has a fresh, woody scent.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Stimulates circulation.

### Emotional

Invigorates and reduces mental fatigue.

### Pain

Relieves muscle pain and rheumatism.

### Respiratory

Alleviates bronchitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and symptoms of colds and flu.

### Skin

Helps healing of minor wounds and sores.

### Urological

Relieves cystitis.

## Caution

* Pine oil may irritate sensitive skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Ravensara
## Ravensara (Ravensara aromatica)

Ravensara oil comes from the Ravensara aromatica tree. It has a sweet scent. It has an antiviral effect.

## Properties
### Immunological

Helps fight viral infections.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Rosewood
## Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora)

Rosewood (or Bois-de-rose) oil comes from the wood of the Aniba rosaeodora plant. It has a spicy floral scent. It has an analgesic and uplifting effect.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes depression and uplifts the mind.

### Immunological

Boosts the immune system and fights colds.

### Sexual

Acts as an aphrodisiac.

### Skin

Helps skin regeneration and improves oily skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Sandalwood
## Sandalwood (Santalum album)

Sandalwood oil comes from the wood of Santalum album trees. It has a woody scent. Its effects are soothing and antiseptic.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression. Helps alleviate insomnia.

### Respiratory

Relieves sore throat, chesty cough and laryngitis. May soothe bronchitis and asthma.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Roman Chamomile
## Roman Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis)

Roman Chamomile oil comes from the flowers of Anthemis nobilis (also known as Chamaemelum nobile). It has a sweet apple-like scent and an anti-inflammatory effect.

## Properties
### Gynecological

May relieve premenstrual syndrome.

### Respiratory

Helps asthma and hay fever.

### Skin

Soothes sensitive or dry skin. May relieve eczema, rashes, dermatitis, acne and minor wounds.

## Caution

* Don't use Roman chamomile oil during pregnancy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Spearmint
## Spearmint (Mentha spicata)

Spearmint oil comes from the flowering tops of the Mentha spicata plant. It has a stimulating effect.

## Properties

Spearmint oil has many of the same properties as peppermint oil, but is gentler.

### Digestive

Alleviates indigestion, nausea, vomiting and flatulence. May cure hiccups.

### Emotional

Stimulates the mind.

### Gynecological

Reduces heavy menstrual flow.

### Immunological

Helps fight colds, flu and other infections.

### Respiratory

Eases asthma, bronchitis, catarrh and coughs.

### Skin

Relieves itching.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Rose
## Rose (Rosa × damascena)

Rose oil comes from the flowers of the Rosa × damascena (Damask Rose) plant. It has a deep floral scent.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Stimulates circulation.

### Digestive

Relieves nausea.

### Emotional

Soothes anger, stress, nervousness and depression. Helps insomnia.

### Gynecological

Balances hormones and regulates the menstrual cycle.

### Respiratory

Alleviates asthma, hay fever, coughs and sore throat.

### Skin

Improves the appearance of aging and broken capillaries. Improves dry skin, eczema and the effect of herpes.

## Caution

* Don't use rose oil during pregnancy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Rose Geranium
## Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)

Rose Geranium oil comes from the leaves and stalks of the Pelargonium graveolens plant. It has a sweet floral scent. It has antiseptic and antidepressant effects.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Balances the whole body and reduces water retention.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression.

### Gynecological

Relieves symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

### Skin

Improves oily skin and promotes the healing of burns and wounds.

## Caution

* Don't use rose geranium oil during pregnancy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Rosemary
## Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Rosemary oil comes from the flowers of Rosmarinus officinalis plants. It has an antiseptic, stimulating and analgesic effect.

## Properties
### Circulatory

May raise blood pressure and improve circulation. Reduces water retention and improves varicose veins.

### Digestive

Relieves indigestion, flatulence, constipation and diarrhea. May stimulate the liver

### Emotional

Rosemary is a very useful oil for stimulating the mind. It improves concentration and memory and helps overcome mental fatigue and exhaustion.

### Gynecological

May help to regulate an irregular menstrual cycle.

### Pain

It can relieve headaches, migraine and neuralgia as well as rheumatism and arthritis.

### Respiratory

Alleviates asthma, bronchitis, sinusitis and catarrh.

## Caution

* Don't use rosemary oil during the first five months of pregnancy.
* Don't use rosemary oil if you suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure).
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Learning and Knowledge Management/The team learning and development plan

The PM should should evaluate the skills of each team member and determine whether he/she met the current and future needs of the project and raise the capacity of the human resources of the organization to manage successfully their task and contribute to the generation of a healthy communication climate within the organization and with external stakeholders. (thereby fulfilling the basic requirement for an employee empowering organization).
The PM should execute the Training Plan During Project Planning the Project Manager evaluated the skills of each team member to determine whether he/she met the current and future needs of the project. For each team member requiring training, the Project Manager established a specific Training Plan. The Training Plan includes the method by which each team member will be trained, and the corresponding training schedule. During Project Execution, the Project Manager must review the contents of the Training Plan to be sure they are still applicable to the project. If additional training is necessary, it should be added to the plan. If it is determined that planned training is no longer necessary, it must be removed from the plan. If new team members have joined the project since the Training Plan was established, the Project Manager must evaluate the skill level of the new members to determine if additional training is needed. In all cases, training tasks must be added to or removed from both the Training Plan and the Project Schedule, since they will affect the end date of the project.
As training takes place during Project Execution, the Project Manager should update the Training Plan with the names of the trainees and actual training completion dates. This information will be used to measure the success of the Training Plan, and enable the Project Manager to provide input for evaluating team members and preparing staff performance appraisals. In addition, the Project Manager should mark the corresponding Project Schedule tasks as complete.
A basic assumption of this manual is that the best managerial style for a development aid organization is of designing and managing itself and its culture in such a way as to make itself :
* a projectized organization;
* a learning organization
* an employee empowering organization.
The combination of these three factors the nurturing of a communication climate such as to work strategically, collaboratively and cost-effectively, being innovative and accountable.
Guideline: Measures to make teams more performing

## See also

In other sections of this handbook How do we manage the human resources of programmes and projects? The learning organization The employee empowering organization
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Learning and Knowledge Management/Training as a Communication Strategy

Helping employees learn, whether technical information, management skills, or the ability required for specific organizational tasks, is an aspect of communicating with others that is often overlooked when examining the importance of communication in the organizational setting. Organizational training can be effective in not only communicating the specific skills that are part of a training course, but also of communicating the mission, vision, and goals of the organization. Understanding how training can aid in the overall communication process can make any manager more effective at reaching the goals of the organization. Training and Development within organizations con be seen as a strategic tool for the project/programme purpose and as a forward-thinking vehicle for change. The new training function is much more than just the traditional role it once played in organizations . Knowledgeable about needs assessment and familiar with the latest training technologies, training professionals assist the organization in communicating its mission, goals, and objectives, as well as facilitating the achievement of the mission. More and more organizations are allowing the training function to act as an independent project/programme purpose, receiving its funding from the other functions. Though this is not yet the norm, the movement toward having the training department function like a project/programme purpose is growing rapidly.

## See also

In other sections of this handbook How do we manage the human resources of programmes and projects? The learning organization The employee empowering organization List of things to do in order to illustrate a project
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Linking relief, rehabilitation and development (LRRD)

Linking relief, rehabilitation and development
The link between relief, rehabilitation and development (LRRD), i.e. the "grey area" between humanitarian aid and development, results from the difference between humanitarian aid and programmes of development co-operation as far as their objectives, procedures, time frames, partners, and types of interventions are concerned. Indeed, humanitarian aid meets the immediate needs of individuals during crises and is mainly provided by government and non-government organisations (NGOs), whereas development co-operation aims at supporting policies and strategies that correspond to the priorities of the partner country. LRRD programmes progressively take over from emergency aid so as to stabilise the economic and social situation and facilitate the transition towards medium and long-term development strategies.

## Articles

* M. Buchanan-Smith and P. Fabbri, Links between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development in the Tsunami Response: A Review of the Debate, Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, 2005
* Amélie Banzet, Christine Bousquet, Béatrice Boyer, Agnès De Geoffroy, François Grünewald, Domitille Kauffmann, Peggy Pascal et Nicolas Rivière, Linking relief, rehabilitation and development in Afghanistan to improve aid effectiveness: Main successes and challenges ahead, Groupe URD, January 2007