OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General Biology/Classification of Living Things

General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material
* Classification and Domains of Life
* General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Viruses
* Prokaryotes
* Eukaryotes
** Protists
** Plants
** Fungi
** Animals
*** Phyla
*** Chordates
    See also Dichotomous Key >>
General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material
# General Biology/Cells/Sexual Reproduction

General Biology | Getting Started | Cells | Genetics | Classification | Evolution | Tissues & Systems | Additional Material

## Sexual

* Exclusively eukaryotes
* Fusion of two haploid genomes
** Fertilization (= syngamy)
** Forms new individuals in multicellular organisms as result of fusion of egg and sperm
* Plants
* Animals
* Meiosis yields haploid genomes at some point in life cycle

## Sexual life cycle

Typical animal life cycle
* Meiosis occurs in germ line cells in gonads producing haploid gametes
* All other cells are somatic cells
* Alternation of generations
* Sexual intercourse

## Meiosis

* Gives rise to genetic variation
* Reduction division: 2n to n
* Preceded by one round of DNA (chromosome) replication
* Two rounds of nuclear (& usually cell) division
** Meiosis I
* Synapsis of homologs
* Segregation of homologs
* Reduction division, 2n to n
** Meiosis II
* No chromosome replication
* Segregation of sister chromatids
* Formation of 4 haploid (n) cells
* Two nuclear divisions, usually 2 cell divisions, only one round of replication
* Meiosis I
** Prophase: synapsis and crossing over
** Metaphase
** Anaphase: chromosome segregation
** Telophase
* Meiosis II (mitosis-like)
** Prophase
** Metaphase
** Anaphase: sister chromosome segregation
** Telophase

## Prophase I: synapsis

* Complete alignment of replicated homologs
* Synapsis occurs throughout the entire length of a pair of homologs
* Key to chromosome segregation
* Synapsis, crossing over
* Subdivided into 5 continuous stages

## Crossing over

* Reciprocal, physical exchange between nonsister chromatids
* Type of recombination; mixes maternal and paternal genes
* Visual evidence: chiasmata

## Microtubules and anaphase I

* During prophase microtubules attach to kinetochores on one side of centromere
* The metaphase checkpoint insures proper attachment
* A phosphorylation event initiates motor activity and anaphase

## Meiosis II

* Cytologically similar to mitosis
** No preceding DNA replication
** Chromatids segregate and move to opposite poles as chromosomes
** 4 haploid cells produced
* In animals, these cells differentiate into gametes
* In plants and many other organisms, these cells divide by mitosis, followed some time later by gamete formation

## Evolution of sex

* Asexual reproduction: all offspring genetically identical to parent
* Sex: recombination destroys advantageous combinations
* So why sex?
** Many hypotheses
** Effect repair of genetic damage?
* Much pachytene repair as well as gene conversion
* Some protists form diploid cells in response to stress
** Recombination breaks up combinations of genes favoring parasites, thus reducing parasitism?

## Consequences of sex

* Recombination: generates genetic diversity
** Crossing over
** Independent assortment
* Random fertilization
** Qualities of gamete usually do NOT reflect qualities of genes enclosed in gamete

## References

This text is based on notes very generously donated by Paul Doerder, Ph.D., of the Cleveland State University.
# General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Classification and Domains of Life/Answers

1. Protists, because they have the most diversity between species.
2.
a) Be careful. This question cannot be answered, as the genus of the species is not given.
b) Cannot be answered.
3.
a) Chondrus crispus
b) C. crispus
4. b), this is because DNA is the most quantitative way to determine relatedness.
5. g)
6. d)
7. This is to ensure accuracy. Since mitochondria is passed directly from a mother to her offspring in each generation, there would be less chance of a mutation or an error. The mitochondria is not replicated in mitosis.
# Horticulture/Cornus mas

Cornelian Cherry :
| Binomial: | Cornus mas |
| Family: | Cornaceae |
| Type: | tree |

## References

The European Cornel (Cornus mas) is a species of dogwood native to southern Europe and southwest Asia. It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10-25 together in the late winter, well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
The fruit is edible, with an acidic flavour; it is mainly used for making jam, but also can be eaten dried. In Armenia, the fruit is used for distilling vodka. In Turkey it is eaten with salt as a snack in summer. Cultivars selected for fruit production in the Ukraine have fruit up to 4 cm long. The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter flowers.
Its wood is denser than water. A dye can be produced from its bark and tannin is produced from its leaves.

## External links

* National Agricultural Research Foundation - Pomology Institute (NAGEF-PI): Cornus mas
# Horticulture/Conyza canadensis

Horseweed :
| Binomial: | Conyza canadensis |
| Type: | Annual |
| Conditions: | Sun, dry to average moisture |
| Seed Dispersal: | Wind-borne |
| Vegetative Spread: | None |
Conyza canadensis (formerly Erigeron canadensis L.) is an annual plant native throughout most of North America and Central America. Common names include Horseweed, Canadian Horseweed, Canadian Fleabane, Coltstail, and Butterweed.
Horseweed is a common weed of fields, meadows, wastes, and gardens throughout its native range, colonizing areas where perennials are not established. It often grows in cracks of hardscape surfaces as well, and can cause problems with heaving in thin materials such as flagstone.
It is an invasive species in Britain, found from northern Scotland to Cornwall. It is the only one of the British Conyza species that grows as a weed of arable land: the others are casuals of waste and disturbed ground in towns and by roads and railways. It is not invasive of any natural or semi-natural habitats.

## Description

Horseweed is an annual plant growing to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall, with sparsely hairy stems. The leaves are slender, 2-10 (0.5" to 4") cm long and up to 1 cm (0.5") broad, with a coarsely toothed margin. The flowers are produced in dense inflorescences 1 cm (0.5") in diameter, with a ring of white or pale purple ray florets and a centre of yellow disc florets.

## Control

In summer, patrol upwind meadows and remove plants if possible.
* Mowing: Provides effective control
* Coppicing: fdfd
* Pulling: Pulls easily, the root systems are rather compace and close to the surface.
* Pre-emergents (organic): Pre-emergents can be used in spring
* Contact herbicides (organic): Plants may regrow after burndown herbicides
* Contact herbicides (synthetic): Non-resistant biotypes are susceptible to roundup.
* Systemic herbicides (synthetic): Systemic herbicides such as glyphosate or paraquat are effective. Other systemics such as 2,4-D also are effective
* Disposal: Safe for composting. Hot composting only after flowers are set.

## References

* Germplasm Resources Information Network: Conyza canadensis
# Horticulture/Cornus amomum

Swamp Dogwood :
| Binomial: | Cornus amomum |
| Type: | Shrub |
| Water requirements: | Grows in very wet soils |
| Propagation: | Stakes |
| Pruning tolerance: | Tolerates coppicing and cutbacks |
| Pollination: | Insect pollenated |
The Swamp Dogwood (Cornus amomum) is a shrub native to eastern North America, commonly found in wetlands and along streambanks. It is rarely planted in gardens, but is useful for stabilizing stream and river banks.
Other common names include: Kinnikinnik, Silky Cornel, Blueberry Cornel, Red Osier, Redbrush, Red Willow, Rose Willow and Squaw Bush.

## Description

A large, suckering shrub with dark reddish bark.

## Growing Conditions

Wet soils, but not in standing water.

## Uses

Used to anchor stream banks and for bird and wildlife habitat. Generally a bit wild for garden situations unless regularly cut to the ground to maintain a neat form.

## Maintenance

Tolerates cutback cultivation.

## Propagation

Propagated by stakes.
# Horticulture/Coppicing for Weed Control

Coppicing is a pruning technique used for creating informal hedges out of trees and/or shrubs. The plants are cut to the ground at regular intervals, such as once per year, or perhaps once every 5 years. For weed trees, it can be used as a preventative measure against allowing the tree to set seed by cutting whenever the regrowth stems are mature enough to begin producing fruit.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Horticulture/Corydalis lutea

Yellow Corydalis :
| Binomial: | Corydalis lutea |
| Family: | Fumariaceae |
| Type: | short-lived perennial |
Corydalis lutea (Yellow Corydalis) is a low-growing herbaceous plant native to the southern foothills of the south-western and central Alps of Italy and Switzerland, but widely introduced elsewhere .

## Description

Yellow Corydalis grows to 30–38 cm (12–15 in) tall and its grey-green foliage is attractive from spring until autumn. The 2 cm (¾ in) flowers are borne above the leaves from spring until mid-summer and sometimes later. The species often grows wild in cracks in old walls where drainage is excellent.

## Growing Conditions

Yellow Corydalis grows in USDA Hardiness Zones 5 to 10 (average annual minimum temperature –29 °C or above); it does best in light shade, but will tolerate both full sun and deep shade. Excellent drainage is vital and the soil should be liberally supplemented with peat moss or leaf mould.

## References

* ↑ Flora Europaea. "Psuedofumaria lutea (L.) Borkh". Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
* Missouri Botanical Garden: Corydalis lutea
* Botanischer Garten Bochum: Corydalis lutea
# Horticulture/Contributors
## Active Contributors

(The users listed below have made contributions to this wikibook, and have listed themselves as authors.)
* --SB_Johnny |

## Contributors by number of contributions

(This data was compiled on the Toolserver, and calculates by edit count, rather than edit size. Many of the users below contributed to the Wikipedia articles upon which many of chapters in this book are based.)

### Regular Users

(These are the top 30 contributors by edit count who were using regular accounts to add or modify content either on Wikibooks or Wikipedia)
* User:SBJohnny / User:SB Johnny
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### Robotic Editors

(Several editors have contributed to this book in various ways using "bots", or automated editors, which came up while compiling the top 30 lists. The edits of most Wikipedian bots will probably not be reflected in the current content of this book.)
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# High School Trigonometry/Trigonometric Identities

* Fundamental Identities
* Verifying Identities
* Sum and Difference Identities for Cosine
* Sum and Difference Identities for Sine and Tangent
* Double-Angle Identities
* Half-Angle Identities
* Product-and-Sum, Sum-and-Product, and Linear Combinations of Identities
* Trigonometric Identities Exercises
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Trigonometry/Trigonometry and Right Angles

* Basic Functions
* Angles in Triangles
* Measuring Rotation
* Defining Trigonometric Functions
* Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
* Relating Trigonometric Functions
* Applications of Right Triangle Trigonometry
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# Hiking in the Canadian Rockies/Day Hikes
## Day Hike Areas

* Banff National Park
* Crowsnest Pass
* Jasper National Park
* Kananaskis
* Kootenay National Park
* Yoho National Park
# High School Trigonometry/Sum and Difference Identities for Sine and Tangent

$\sin {(u\pm v)}=\sin {u}\cos {v}\pm \cos {u}\sin {v}$
$\cos {(u\pm v)}=\cos {u}\cos {v}\pm \sin {u}\sin {v}$
$\tan {(u\pm v)}={\frac {\tan {u}\pm \tan {v}}{1\pm \tan {u}\tan {v}}}$
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# Hiking in the Canadian Rockies/Bibliography
## Books

Daffern, Gillean - Kananaskis Country Trail Guide vol. 1, Rocky Mountain Books, 2002. Calgary, Alberta, Canada pages: 48, 149
Daffern, Gillean - Kananaskis Country Trail Guide vol. 2, Rocky Mountain Books, 2003. Calgary, Alberta, Canada pages:

## Websites

Canadasmountains.com - Blackrock Mountain
# High School Trigonometry/Sum and Difference Identities for Sine, Cosine and Tangent

$\sin {(u\pm v)}=\sin {u}\cos {v}\pm \cos {u}\sin {v}$
$\cos {(u\pm v)}=\cos {u}\cos {v}\mp \sin {u}\sin {v}$
$\tan {(u\pm v)}={\frac {\tan {u}\pm \tan {v}}{1\mp \tan {u}\tan {v}}}$
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Trigonometry/Triangles and Vectors

* The Law of Cosines
* Area of a Triangle
* The Law of Sines
* The Ambiguous Case
* General Solutions of Triangles
* Vectors
* Component Vectors
* Real-World Triangle Problem Solving
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# History of video games/Platforms/MobiGo
## History

V-Tech positioned the MobiGo as a cheap edutainment handheld console.

## Technology

The system incorporated a touch screen.
The system also incorporated a QWERTY keyboard.

## References

* ↑ Santos, A (June 15, 2012). "VTech refreshes its MobiGo and InnoTab lines, keeps things affordable". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2012-06-15-mobigo-2-and-innotab-2-announced.html.
* 1 2 "VTech® Launches MobiGo(TM) and Combines Mom's Touch Screen Technology With Kid-Friendly Edu-Gaming" (in en). www.prnewswire.com. June 10, 2010. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vtech-launches-mobigotm-and-combines-moms-touch-screen-technology-with-kid-friendly-edu-gaming-95848109.html.
# History of video games/Platforms/Monon Color
## History
### Development

M&D manufactured the Monon Color. Some firmware versions are dated to July 30th, 2014.

### Launch

The Monon Color was released in China on either September 30th, 2014, or sometime in October 2014. The price of the system was 100 RMB.

### Legacy

In Feburary 2021 "Team Europe" produced a third party 128 megabit flashcart and dumping tool was released for the system.

## Technology
### Compute

The Monon Color is powered by an AX208 SOC, which contains a 8051 derived CPU with 16-bit opcodes clocked at 96 megahertz with additional facilities such as AV decoders.
The system is said to have 16 kilobytes of RAM.

### Hardware

The system has a TFT LCD with a resolution of 320 pixels by 240 pixels.
Cartridges were used as a game media.
The system was capable of wireless communication through the use of an IR port.
The handheld was powered by 3 AA batteries.
The unique design of the D-pad was noted.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 "The Monon Color - A new video game console from China". GBAtemp.net - The Independent Video Game Community. https://gbatemp.net/threads/the-monon-color-a-new-video-game-console-from-china.467788/.
* ↑ "The Monon Color - A new video game console from China | Dingoonity.org - The Dingoo Community". boards.dingoonity.org. https://boards.dingoonity.org/other-game-systems/the-monon-color-a-new-video-game-console-from-china/.
* 1 2 Manikas, Pantelis. "M&D Monon Color" (in en). The voice of the gaming community. https://gamemedium.com/console/monon-color.
* 1 2 "Monon Color by M&D – The Video Game Kraken". http://videogamekraken.com/monon-color-by-md.
* ↑ "Dumping Blog: Monon Color - 128mbit Flashcart". Dumping Blog. 15 February 2021. https://team-europe.blogspot.com/2021/02/monon-color-128mbit-flashcart.html.
* ↑ "MAME". MAMEdev. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* ↑ "MAMEWorld Forums - EmuChat - Looking to get an obscure console (monon color) emulated". www.mameworld.info. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* ↑ "5 Best Video Game Consoles Of The Last Decade (& The 5 Worst)". Game Rant. 14 October 2020. https://gamerant.com/best-worst-video-game-consoles-last-decade/.
# History of video games/Platforms/My Vision
## History
### Launch

The My Vision was launched briefly in 1983 only in Japan for 39,800 yen, and also known as the KH-1000.

### Preservation

The My Vision is supported by the open source z88DK development kit.

## Technology
### Compute

The My Vision used an 8-bit Z80 CPU clocked at 3.57 megahertz.
The system had 2 kilobytes of RAM.

### Graphics

The My Vision used a Texas Instrument TMS9928 chip with 16 kilobytes of video RAM for graphics, and had composite and RF output. The console had a 16 color palette.

### Audio

A General Instrument AY-3-8910 was used for generating audio. Sound was produced by a speaker inside the console.

### Expansion

The console had a cartridge slot, as well as a port for expanding Majohng games. Two consoles could be linked for multiplayer over a link cable.
The system used per game overlays for it's integrated keys to explain the controls.

## Games

Six games were released for the My Vision, with each game costing 4,500 yen.
* Mahjong
* Reversi
* Hanafuda
* Mastermind
* Tsumeshogi
* Gomoku Narabe Renju

## External Resources

* Game Medium - My Vision page.
* Video Game Kraken - My Vision page.

## References

* 1 2 3 "Nichibutsu My Vision". Video Game Console Library. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
* ↑ "z88dk/z88dk". GitHub. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 "z88dk/z88dk". GitHub. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
* ↑ Manikas, Pantelis. "Nichibutsu My Vision". News & Reviews for Videogames & Gaming Consoles consall.eu. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
* 1 2 3 "My Vision by Nichibutsu – The Video Game Kraken". Retrieved 23 October 2020.
* ↑ "My Vision - Ultimate Console Database". ultimateconsoledatabase.com. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 "My Vision". Wikipedia. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/NES Classic Edition
## History

The NES Classic and Famicom Classic both launched on either November 10th or November 11th, 2016 depending on the region. The launch price was $59.99. A victim of it's success, the system was plagued by shortages following its launch.
In Japan a special Shonen Jump edition of the console was released, known as the Jump Mini this console featured a gold colored case, a customized manga themed interface, and a different selection of games.
The system is often credited with starting a trend of higher end official retro consoles being released on the market.

## Technology

The system is powered by an Allwinner R16 containing a quad core ARM Cortex A7 CPU and a Mali 400MP2 GPU. The system contains 256 megabytes of DDR3L SDRAM. For internal storage the system uses 512 megabytes of NAND flash storage.

## References

* ↑ "Photos of the NES Classic Edition Launch Party at Nintendo NY Store Are Available on Business Wire's Website and Associated Press Photo Network" (in en). www.businesswire.com. 11 November 2016. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161111005157/en/Photos-of-the-NES-Classic-Edition-Launch-Party-at-Nintendo-NY-Store-Are-Available-on-Business-Wires-Website-and-Associated-Press-Photo-Network.
* ↑ "Nintendo Classic Mini: Famicom Announced For November 10th In Japan". Siliconera. 30 September 2016. https://www.siliconera.com/nintendo-classic-mini-famicom-announced-november-10th-japan/.
* 1 2 3 "Take a look inside the NES Mini". TweakTown. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
* ↑ Grant, Christopher (11 November 2016). "NES Classic Edition shortages prove Nintendo is either underhanded or incompetent" (in en). Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2016/11/11/13597938/nes-classic-edition-shortage.
* ↑ Machkovech, Sam (12 July 2018). "Hands-on with Nintendo’s weirdest, and maybe rarest, classic console yet" (in en-us). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/07/hands-on-with-nintendos-weirdest-and-maybe-rarest-classic-console-yet/.
* 1 2 3 "The Mini Console Revolution, And Why Hackers Passed Them By". Hackaday. 27 August 2020. https://hackaday.com/2020/08/27/the-mini-console-revolution-and-why-hackers-passed-them-by/.
* ↑ "Nintendo NES Classic is Powered by Allwinner R16 SoC, Likely Hackable". www.cnx-software.com. https://www.cnx-software.com/2016/11/08/nintendo-nes-classic-is-powered-by-allwinner-r16-soc-likely-hackable/.
* ↑ "Nintendo Classic Mini has 256MB of RAM – phoneia". https://phoneia.com/en/nintendo-classic-mini-has-256mb-of-ram/.
# History of video games/Platforms/Namco Museum Mini Player
## History
### Development

The system was developed by the company "My Arcade" in collaboration with Bandai Namco.

### Launch

The system was launched on June 24th, 2019, at an MSRP of $99.99.

## References

* ↑ "My Arcade Teams Up with Bandai Namco to Produce Namco Museum Mini Player and Pac-Man Pocket Player -". mxdwn Games. 21 June 2018. https://games.mxdwn.com/news/my-arcade-teams-up-with-bandai-namco-to-produce-namco-museum-mini-player-and-pac-man-pocket-player/.
* 1 2 "My Arcade Launches Namco Museum Mini Player - Hardcore Gamer". https://hardcoregamer.com/news/my-arcade-launches-namco-museum-mini-player/352985/.
* ↑ Bradley, Alan (28 May 2019). "The Namco Museum Mini Player is a tiny arcade for your desk" (in en). gamesradar. https://www.gamesradar.com/the-namco-museum-mini-player-is-a-tiny-arcade-for-your-desk/.
# History of video games/Platforms/MyQ
## History

MyQ was a brain training game system developed by Hasbro.

## References

* ↑ "First look : Lumosity (brain training)". The Mercury News. 16 July 2007. https://www.mercurynews.com/2007/07/15/first-look-lumosity-brain-training/.