OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/FAQ

| previous module: "Beginner Tutorials" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Tutorial Links List" |
The following questions cover general information about Blender 3D: Noob to Pro and the software it is designed to teach, Blender.

### What is Blender?

Blender is a full-blown 3D content creation suite, usable for 3D editing, animation, texture mapping, compositing and rendering; as well as 2D video and audio editing/sequencing.
It runs on:
* Windows 8.1, 10, and 11
* macOS 10.13 Intel · 11.0 Apple Silicon
* Linux — Intel x86 and AMD, 32- and 64-bit
* and more!
It is free, open-source software, available from blender.org.
Blender 3.4.1 is the latest stable release as of January 2023. Beginners are urged to learn using stable versions 3.0 or later, since they differ greatly from prior versions. However, keep in mind that many existing tutorials were written for 2.49. If you're having trouble finding a button or tool that has moved, try pressing Spacebar to search for Blender functions.
For more about Blender's history, functionality, and media productions which have utilized Blender, see the Blender entry in Wikipedia.

### What is this book? And what isn't it?

Noob to Pro is a collection of tutorials. Following these tutorials you can go from a new Blender user (or a noob) to proficient power user (pro). Though the tutorials are not strictly linked, we recommend going through them in order. Earlier tutorials introduce skills and information you'll be expected to know in later sections.
Noob to Pro isn't a compendium or reference manual. Use it with other resources, including those in Blender's Help menu. Noob to Pro provides links to outside resources. We're part of the Blender community!

### How accurate is the information in this book?

Blender is under continuous development! Its appearance, tools, and capabilities change from time to time, with each update bringing new features and making old ones obselete.
Even though most of the tutorials were designed for Blender versions 2.4-2.7, the general gist of each module can be applied to current versions. For example, when making a simple person, you'd still need a cube and you'd still need to extrude the faces. However, since it's so outdated, it shuold no longer be used as a general guide for learning Blender. Blender 3D: Noob to Pro readers are encouraged to edit the WikiBook in order help to keep it up to date.

### I have a question, where can I get help?

Google is your friend! Try searching it up on google to see if someone has asked the same or a similar questiotn! You can also search or post questions at BlenderArtists a large, easy-to-use, English-language forum. Along with that, BlenderWiki contains a large database of documentation. Find similar forums in other languages at blender.org's community page. The discussion pages there are also useful.
If your question turns out to be very common, please take a moment to see if it can be added to the book! It is best if it can be smoothly incorporated with an existing page.
| previous module: "Beginner Tutorials" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Tutorial Links List" |
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Tile

Using a marble texture would work well for this.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Every Material Known to Man/Water
## Water

Here is a nice water texture setting I've used for a couple of renders. It may or may not be transparent enough for many uses, but play around with the "alpha" setting until you've achieved the effect of your desire.
Material
Options found in 'Material' Window Tab Color: R .653, G .780, B .954 Alpha: .62
Options found in 'Links and Pipeline' Window Tab ZTransp: enabled (this is very important)
Options found in 'Shaders' Window Tab Specular shader: Blinn Specularity: .651 Hardness: 29 Refraction: 4.521
Options found in 'Mirror Transp' Window Tab Ray Mirror: enabled Ray Mir (slider): .5
Texture
Options found in 'Texture' and 'Stucci' Window Tabs Texture Type: Stucci Plastic: enabled Hard Noise: enabled Noise Size: .236 Turbulence: 28.4
Options found in 'Color' Window Tab Right Side Color: R 0, G 1, B 1 Right Side Alpha: 0 Left Side Color: R .504, G .757, B .889 Left Side Alpha: .715
Options found in 'Map To' Window Tab Nor: enabled (white letters) Nor (slider): 9.22

## Oil

Here's an oil material. Simple enough.
Material
Options found in 'Material' Window Tab Color: Black (R,G,B all = 0)
Options found in 'Shaders' Window Tab Reflectivity: .872 Specularity (Blinn): 1.512 Hardness (Blinn): 50 Refraction: 3.089
Options found in 'Mirror Transp' Window Tab RayMir: enabled, .12
Options found in 'Map To' Window Tab Nor: enabled (inverted, text is yellow), 8.18
Texture
Options found in 'Texture' and 'Cloud' Window Tabs Texture Type: Clouds Color: enabled Noise Type: soft noise Noise Size: .366 Noise Depth: 3 Nabla: .034
Options found in 'Color' Window Tab Right Side color Bar: R, G, B all are .2 Bright: 1.029

## Water (sea, lake, river, etc.)

Here's a material for water, but use it for creating large water surfaces (sea, lake, river, etc.)
Material
Shading(F5)-->Material buttons-->Material
Color(Col): R 0.653 G 0.780 B 0.954 Alpha 0.620
Shading(F5)-->Material buttons-->Shaders
Ref 4.521 Spec 0.650 Hard: 29
Shading(F5)-->Material buttons-->Mirror Transp
Ray Mirror ON RayMir 0.50
Texture
Shading(F5)-->Texture buttons(F6)-->Texture
Press "Add New" Texture Type: Stucci
Shading(F5)-->Texture buttons(F6)-->Stucci
Press "Plastic" Press "Hard Noise" Noise size 0.036 (2) Turbulence 28.40
Back to Material
Shading(F5)-->Material buttons-->Map To
Col ON Nor ON
R 0.504 G 0.757 B 0.889
Col 0.715 Nor 0.50 (1)
Tips: - If you need bigger waves on surface rise the "Nor"(1) value - If you have smaller surfaces rise the "NoiseSize"(2) value - Use sun for light
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Unbounded

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Unbounded is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada
* Ada Programming/Strings

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Unbounded in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Unbounded in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2005

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-stwiun.ads
* Body: a-stwiun.adb
drake
* Specification: strings/a-stwiun.ads
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Maps

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Maps is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Maps in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Maps in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2005

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-stwima.ads
* Body: a-stwima.adb
drake
* Specification: strings/a-stwima.ads
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Unbounded.Wide Hash

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Unbounded.Wide_Hash is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Unbounded.Wide_Hash in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Unbounded.Wide_Hash in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Wide Bounded

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Bounded is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada
* Ada Programming/Strings

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Bounded in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Bounded in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-stzbou.ads
* Body: a-stzbou.adb
drake
* Specification: strings/a-stzbou.ads
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Wide Fixed

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Fixed is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada
* Ada Programming/Strings

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Fixed in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Fixed in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-stzfix.ads
* Body: a-stzfix.adb
drake
* Specification: strings/a-stzfix.ads
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Wide Fixed.Wide Wide Hash

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Fixed.Wide_Wide_Hash is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Fixed.Wide_Wide_Hash in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Fixed.Wide_Wide_Hash in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Hash

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Hash is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Hash in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Hash in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Maps.Wide Constants

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Maps.Wide_Constants is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Maps.Wide_Constants in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Maps.Wide_Constants in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2005

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.7: Wide_String Handling

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-swmwco.ads
drake
* Specification: strings/a-swmwco.ads
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Wide Bounded.Wide Wide Hash

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Bounded.Wide_Wide_Hash is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Bounded.Wide_Wide_Hash in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Bounded.Wide_Wide_Hash in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Strings.Wide Wide Hash

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Hash is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Hash in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Strings.Wide_Wide_Hash in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling

#### Ada 2012

* A.4.8: Wide_Wide_String Handling
# Business Analysis Guidebook/Building a Business Case
## Building a Business Case OUTLINE
### Developing a Solid Business Case

Identify and Quantify a Problem
* Define the business need
* Define the project parameters
* Determine if there is a viable solution
* What are the merits of the problem
* Would the project be consistent with the agency’s mission and strategic plan
* Present the problem and proposed solution in a context that allows management to use consistent criteria to compare all project proposals

### Parts of the Business Case
#### Reason Why the Project is Necessary

* Define the project parameters
* Describe the As-Is
* State the problem
* Tell a story, make it interesting, build a persuasive case,
    i. clear
    ii. concise
    iii. factual – include all facts
    iv. objective
    v. minimal use of jargon and conjecture
* Create a picture of the end state
    i. Show the value, financial justification
* High-level view of the proposed project that will allow all affected units in the organization to understand the purpose and be knowledgeable about the project
* Possible future state: How will the business function with and without the proposed solution
* Interview as many people as necessary to understand the big picture and desired outcome

#### Options

* Develop a potential solution
* Described other possible solutions, and why they were rejected

#### Benefits of Doing the Project

* Link issues to solutions and benefits
* Improves customer satisfaction?
Explain how that will happen, what the effects will be on the business

#### Costs

* Money
* Personnel

#### Cost-Benefit Analysis

* Value for money,
* return on investment
* show cost/benefit over a defined period of time
* will the proposed solution impact other units or processes (+ or -)

#### Risks

* Identify risks to project success

#### Evaluate the Proposal

* Why is the project necessary
* What are the top benefits
* Why is your proposed project the best way to attain the desired results
    Any previous projects to solve similar problems?
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/itoa
#### itoa

| Syntax | /* Convert a decimal integer to a c-style string */ char* itoa(int a, char b); |
The itoa function converts a integer argument and stores that in char array b. This function is not very fast or concise compared to other itoa implementations, but illustrates a byte level implementation of itoa in C++ without using standard library.

##### Related topics

    atoi
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/log10
#### log10

| Syntax | #include <cmath> double log10( double num ); |
The log10 function returns the base 10 (or common) logarithm for num. There will be a domain error if num is negative and a range error if num is zero.

##### Related topics

    log
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/ldiv
#### ldiv

| Syntax | #include <cstdlib> ldiv_t ldiv( long numerator, long denominator ); |
Testing: adiv_t, div_t, ldiv_t.
The ldiv function returns the quotient and remainder of the operation numerator / denominator. The ldiv_t structure is defined in cstdlib and has at least:

##### Related topics

    div
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/longjmp
## longjmp

| Syntax | #include <csetjmp> void longjmp( jmp_buf env, int val ); |
The function longjmp behaves as a cross-function goto statement: it moves the point of execution to the record found in env, and causes setjmp to return val. Using longjmp may have some side effects with variables in the setjmp calling function that were modified after the initial return.
longjmp does not call destructors of any created objects. As such, it has been superseded with the C++ exception system, which uses the throw and catch keywords.

### Related topics

    setjmp
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/malloc
## malloc

| Syntax | #include <cstdlib> void *malloc( size_t s ); |
The function malloc allocates a block of memory of size s. The memory remains uninitialized.
If the operation fails, malloc returns NULL.

### Related topics

    calloc - free - realloc
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/isxdigit
#### isxdigit

| Syntax | #include <cctype> int isxdigit( int ch ); |
The function isxdigit returns non-zero if its argument is a hexadecimal digit (i.e. A-F, a-f, or 0-9). Otherwise, zero is returned.

##### Related topics

    isalnum - isalpha - iscntrl - isdigit - isgraph - ispunct - isspace
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/labs
#### labs

| Syntax | #include <cstdlib> long labs( long num ); |
The function labs returns the absolute value of num.

##### Related topics

    abs - fabs
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/ldexp
#### ldexp

| Syntax | #include <cmath> double ldexp( double num, int exp ); |
The ldexp function returns num * (2 ^ exp). And get this: if an overflow occurs, HUGE_VAL is returned.

##### Related topics

    frexp - modf
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/localtime
#### localtime

| Syntax | #include <ctime> struct tm *localtime( const time_t *time ); |
The function localtime converts calendar time time into local time. Watch out for the static return.

##### Related topics

    asctime - ctime - difftime - gmtime - strftime - time
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/log
#### log

| Syntax | #include <cmath> double log( double num ); |
The function log returns the natural (base e) logarithm of num. There's a domain error if num is negative, a range error if num is zero.
In order to calculate the logarithm of x to an arbitrary base b, you can use:

##### Related topics

    exp - log10 - pow - sqrt
# Carpentry

Apprentice carpenters are paid trainees who are learning to construct and repair structures of wood, plywood, and wallboard. They attend formal classes and work under experienced carpenters on the job to learn their craft. Carpenters work on residential as well as commercial buildings.
Once the apprenticeship is complete, the person gains the title of journey person and can begin searching for work for themselves.
Duties: As residential or construction carpenters, apprentices may perform some or all of these basic duties:
* Read plans, blueprints, or instructions
* Identify and find materials
* Determine size/shape of the required parts
* Measure and mark materials for cutting
* Cut and shape materials using hand or power tools
* Erect forms, wood framework, sub-flooring, sheeting, partitions, floor joists, studding, and rafters
* Install trim, wood paneling, cabinets, windows, doors, hardware, and flooring
* Check accuracy with levels, rules, plumb bobs, and framing squares and make any necessary adjustments
The carpenter who builds commercial buildings usually builds forms and places structural steel in forms. Commercial building carpenters also do many activities similar to those of residential carpenters.
Working Conditions: The normal work week for an apprentice carpenter is 40 hours. As in other building trades, carpentry requires prolonged standing, climbing, bending, and kneeling. The job may be indoors or outdoors, at floor level, or on ladders or scaffolding. Carpenters employed outside the construction industry may perform a variety of installation and maintenance work.
Wages: The typical apprentice earns around 50%-70% of the standard wages for a journey-person. Apprentice wages increase as the person gains more experience.

## Carpentry Projects

Woodworking plans for constructing cabinets, chairs, shelves, and other objects typically created by carpenters.
* How to Frame a Picture
* How to Build a Boat
* How To Build A Teardrop Trailer

## Tools
### Hand Tools

* Marking and Layout Tools
* Hand Saws
* Hand Drills
* Planes
* Chisels
* Utility Knives

### Hand Power Tools

* Drill
* Router
* Sanders
** Belt Sanders
** Disk Sanders
** Dual Action Sanders
** Drum Sanders
** Orbital Sanders
* Saws
** Circular Saw
** Spiral Saw
** Saber Saw
** Reciprocating Saw

### Bench Power Tools

* Table Saw
* Radial Arm Saw
* Miter Saw
* Sliding Miter Saw
* Jointer (Planer)
* Thickness Planer
* Shaper

## Equipment
### Safety Equipment

* Safety Glasses
* Hearing Protection
* Gloves
* First Aid Kit

### Fasteners and Adhesives

Products and methods for holding parts together.
* Nails
* Staples
* Adhesives
* Screws
* Bolts
* Hangers
* Nail Plates

### Survey Equipment

* Builder's Level
* Laser Level
* Transit

### Workbench

* Workbench

## Building Procedures
### Wood Framing

* Walls
* Floors
* Roof
** Gable Roof
** Hip Roof
** Flat Roof
* Stairs

### Cabinetry

* Joints
* Woodworking Joints

## External Links

* Article on woodworking.
* Wood working online. A good link to carpentry info.
* Articles on carpentry and woodworking.
# Carpentry/Fasteners/Nails
## Nails

As a rule of thumb, nails should enter the second member by twice the thickness of the material you are nailing through. Example: attaching 2 pieces for 2.54cm (1 inch) hard wood together, the nail should be 5.08cm (2 inches) long. Nails come in many different types, there are CC (concrete coated), bright (these have no coating), galvanized (exactly as the name implies), sinkers, screw, and that's about it. The nail used in a project needs to be the right type i.e.; if they are to be painted over the CC will tend to bleed through so brights should be used. If the entire project is to be of treated wood, as in a deck, then screw type galv. would be a proper nail. Headless or finish nails are for inside jobs and are designed to be set (driven below surface), and the hole filled and painted over. Nails are a metal pin used with forced to drive into a material.