# Lombard/Prepositions and prepositional locutions

* The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography

## List of prepositions

Prepositions are words used to relate nouns or phrases. The prepositions are listed below (the list is made in the Milanese dialect, but the possible variants in the different dialects are indicated in the tables), their use will be explained in the following paragraphs.
| de Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA de MI /de/ da Br TI /da/ ↑ "de" and "da" in Lombard are variants of a single preposition, however in the Milanese dialect there is a tendency to use "de" where the Italian language uses "di " and "da" where the Italian language uses "da". a Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA a MI /a/ in Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA in MI /ĩː/ con Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA con MI /cũː/ ↑ cont before vowel in su Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA in su MI /ĩːˈsy/ in soeu Lagh /ĩːˈsø/ soeu BG /sø/ ↑ often abbreviated with "su" in the most italianized dialects, always abbreviated in Eastern Lombard per Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA per MI /per/ par Lagh /par/ intra Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA intra MI /ˈĩːtra/ infra MI /ˈĩːfra/ ↑ often abbreviated with "tra", always abbreviated in Eastern Lombard vers Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA vers MI /'vɛrs/ invers MI /ĩːˈvɛrs/ che Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA che MI /ke/ ca VA /ka/ come Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA come MI /ˈkume/ ↑ often abbreviated to "'me" | sora Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA sora MI /'sura/ sota Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA sota MI /'sɔta/ oltra Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA oltra MI /ˈultra/ olter MI /ˈulter/ voltra MI /ˈvultra/ pu Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA pu MI /ˈpy/ asca Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA asca MI /ˈaska/ second Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA second MI /ˌseˈkũːt/ segond MI /ˌseˈɡũːt/ senza Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA senza MI /ˈsẽːsa/ amalastant Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA amalastant MI /amalaˈstãːt/ condemanch Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA condemanch MI /kũːdeˈmaŋk/ entro Variant Dialects Pronunciation IPA entro MI /ˈentro/ |
In addition to the prepositions, there are locutions that play the role of prepositions (prepositional locutions), they will be seen in the following paragraphs (in milanese dialect; to know the dialectal variants, please refer to the consultation of Lombard language Wiktionary).

## Prepositions to connect sentences

As will be said about the Construction of the sentence there are cases in which the sentences can be connected each other through prepositions, followed by a verb in the infinitive.
We can classify the following cases:
* sentences with gerundial complement
* sentences of purpose
* consecutive sentences
* sentences of deprivation
* sentences of necessity or convenience
Another use is the one of the verbs with servile function governed by Preposition, dealt with in the module about servile verbs

### Sentences with gerundial complement

For these sentences, see the module about gerundive complements

### Sentences of purpose

They are subordinate sentences that specify the purpose for which what is described in the main sentence is done. Can be introduced:
* by the Preposition "de" if the subordinate clause specifies the specific purpose for which the subject of the main clause is intended.
    Example:
       La firlaforla l’è l’arnes de fà i bus in del mur. (dialect: MI )
       (The drill is the tool for making holes in the wall)
* by the preposition "per" in all cases of purpose sentences, the alternative use to the preposition "de" seen above is also possible.
    Example:
       A son scapad via per minga fàss ciapà. (dialect: MI )
       (I fled to don't get caught)
       La firlaforla l’è l’arnes per fà i bus in del mur. (dialect: MI )
       (The drill is it is the tool for making holes in the wall)
* by the prepositional locution "cont el fin de" (alternative to per when you want to emphasize that something has been designed by paying attention to the achievement of a certain purpose)
    Example:
       La Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda l’è on'ortografia cont el fin de ciapà dent tute I variante locai de la lengua lombarda.
       The New Lombard orthography is a spelling in order to understand all the local variants of the Lombard language.

### Consecutive sentences

They are subordinate sentences that represent the consequence of the action specified in the main sentence It is constructed by inserting adverbs such as "tant", "inscì", "assee" in the main clause and introducing the secondary clause with the Preposition "de":
    Example:
       L'è stad tant svelt de finì in cinch minut. (dialect: MI )
       (It was quick enough to finish in five minutes)
       L'hà caminad inscì tant de stracàss (dialect: MI )
       (He walked so much that he got tired)

### Sentences of deprivation

They are subordinate sentences that represent an action that has not been performed. The secondary clause is introduced by the Preposition "senza":
    Example:
       He worked without eating. (dialect: MI )
       (Lù l’ha lavorad senza mangià)

### Sentences of necessity or convenience

They are subordinate clauses that represent an action that is necessary or convenient to do. The secondary clause is introduced by the Preposition "de": The verb of the main clause is vessegh (vesser + adverbial particle "ghe") or havégh
    Example:
       A gh'è nagot de di (dialect: MI )
       (There is nothing to say)
       (A) gh'hoo nagot de fà (dialect: MI )
       (I have nothing to do)

## Preposition to connect nouns
### Prepositions and prepositional locutions of time

| Preposition | + article? | Usage / meaning / complement | Example | Example in English |
| (none Preposition) | NO | fixed time - days of the week (unusual action) | lunedì | on Monday |
| (none Preposition) | NO | fixed time - days of the week and phase of the day (unusual action) | lunedì matina | on Monday morning |
| (none Preposition) | YES | fixed time - dates | el 15 de sgiugn | on June 15th |
| de | NO | fixed time - days of the week (usual action) | de lunedì | on Monday |
| de | NO | fixed time - some expressions | De 'sti di | these days |
| de | NO | fixed time - seasons of the year | d'estad | in summer |
| de | YES / NO → as the preposition "a" for a specific time | continued time; means "starting from", "since" | Son stad 'dree a lavorà di vot ore de la matina | I've been working since eight o'clock in the morning |
| a | NO | fixed time - particular public holiday | a Natal | at Christmas |
| a | YES | fixed time - hours | ai vundes hours | at eleven |
| a | YES | fixed time - ahead of an expression that indicates a particular moment | a la fin de la sgiornada | at the end of the day |
| de ... a | YES | continued time - time extremes of a time interval | dalla mattina alla sera | from morning to evening |
| de ... con | YES | continued time - time extremes of a time interval only in the expression "d'on dì con l'alter" and similar | d'on ann con l’alter | from year to year |
| in | YES (in de) | fixed time - ahead of years, centuries ... | in del 1985 in del secol quell di vint | in 1985 in the twentieth century |
| in | NO | fixed time - ahead the seasons of the year | in estad | in summer |
| in | YES (in de) | fixed time - ahead of the parts of the day | in de la matina | in (within) the morning |
| intra / infra / tra / fra | NO | fixed time - to mean a moment a specific time later | tra des minut | in ten minutes |
| de chì a / entro | YES/NO → as the preposition "a" for the fixed time | fixed time - to express a maximum time limit forward in time with respect to the current time | de chì a des minut de chì a Natal | in ten minutes by Christmas |
| de lì a / entro | YES / NO → as Preposition "a" for the fixed time | determined time - to express a maximum time limit forward in time with respect to a past moment | de lì a des minut de lì a Natal | in ten minutes by Christmas |
| dopo / de poeu de | YES / NO → as the preposition "a" for the fixed time | fixed time - after | after la fine de la scuola / de poeu de la fin de la scuola | after the end of school |
| oltra | YES | fixed term - beyond | oltra el mes de masg a riva l'estad | beyond the month of May summer comes |
| fina a | YES / NO → as the preposition "a" for the fixed time | continued time - until | fina a la fin de la scola | until the end of school |
| prima de / inanz de | YES / NO → as the preposition "a" for the fixed time | fixed time - before | prima de the end of the school / inanz de the end of the school | before the end of the school |
| per | NO | continued time - duration | Hoo lavorad per cinch ore | I worked for five hours |
| in the cors de | YES | fixed time - during | in del cors de la partida | during the match |

#### Prepositions to indicate approximation

To indicate an approximate time in cases where normally, to indicate a precise moment, the preposition "a" is required, the preposition "in su" or "vers" is used instead. (when specifying time (hours), only "vers" can be used.
       Example
       Se vedom ai ses ore (See you at six) - [precise time]
       Se vedom vers i ses ore (See you around six) - [approximate time]
       Se vedom al calà del sol (See you at sunset) - [precise time]
       Se vedom in sul calà del sol (See you around sunset) - [approximate time]
* 1 2 both "de" and "in" are suitable
* ↑ possible as an alternative to "d'on dì a l'alter"

### Prepositions and prepositional locutions of place

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| a | YES | a) state in place - precise place not limited (excluding addresses and city, town and village names, god and saints.) b) motion to place - precise place not limited (excluding addresses and city, town and village names, god and saints.) | a) Stoo de cà al quint pian b) Voo al quint piani | a) I live on the fifth floor b) I go to the fifth floor |
| a | NO | a) state in place - cities and towns b) motion to place - cities and towns | a) Stoo de cà a Milan b) Voo a Milan | a) I live in Milan b) I'm going to Milan |
| de | YES | motion from place - excluding cities, towns, villages | Vegni del quint pian | I come fromthe fifth floor |
| de | NO | motion from place – cities, towns, villages | Son vegnud de Milan | I came from Milan |
| de | YES | motion by place - excluding cities, towns, villages and substantives indicating professions | Passi del quint pian | I pass fromthe fifth floor |
| de | NO | motion from place – cities, towns and villages | Passi de Milan | I pass throught Milan |
| in | NO | a) state in place -addresses b) motion to place - addresses | a) in via Milano; a1) in via Milano 33 b) in Milano Street | a) in Via Milano; a1) at Milano Street, 33 b) to Milano Street |
| in | NO | a) state in place - expressions with "countryside", "mountain" and the like b) motion to place - expressions with "countryside", "mountain" and the like | a) Stoo de cà in campagna b) Voo in campagna | a) I live in the countryside b) I go to the countryside |
| in | NO | a) state in place - expressions with "terra" (ground) and "let" (bed) b) motion to place - expressions with "terra" (ground) and "let" (bed) | a) L'è distes in terra b) L'è borlad sgiò in terra b) L'è andad in let | a) He is lying on the ground a) He fell to the ground a) He went to bed |
| in | NO | a) state in place - states and geographical regions b) motion to place - states and geographical regions | a) Stoo de cà in Lombardia b) Voo in Lombardia | a) I live in Lombardy b) I go to Lombardy |
| in | NO when talking about the place in relation to its function and you don't want to indicate a particular place YES ( → in de) in other cases except those indicated in the lines above | a) state in place - within a precise circumscribed place b) motion to place - within a precise circumscribed place | a) Sont in ofizzi Voo in ofizzi b) Sont in de l'ofizzi del sindich a1) Voo in de l’ofizzi del sindich | a) I'm in office I go to the office b) I'm in the mayor's office a1) I go to the mayor's office |
| in de | SI → in de | a) state in place - nouns that indicate professions b) motion to place - nouns that indicate professions c) motion by place - nouns indicating professions | a) Sont in del sindich b) Voo in del sindich c) Pass in del sindich | a) I am at the mayor’s b) I go to the mayor c) I pass by the mayor |
| de...in | NO | a) motion by place / from place to place - through places of the same type | El viasgia de paes in paes | He travels from country to country |
| for | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | b) motion to place - with the verb "partì" (to leave) | a) Lù l’è partid per Milan | a) He left for Milan |
| for | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | b) motion by place - going around continuously | a) El sgira for the city | a) He walks around the town |
| for | NO | b) State in place - only in the phrase "per strada" (om the road, street…) | a) L'hoo trovad per strada | a) I found it on the street |
| sora | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place / motion to place / motion to place – above, over, (on) | Sora ‘l tecc | Above the roof, (On the roof) |
| in su | YES | state in place / motion to place - on | a) in sul tavol | a) on the table |
| in su | YES | state in place / motion to place - books and internet sites or similar | in sul liber in sul sit de la Wikipedia | in the book on the wikipedia site |
| de là de | YES (excluding city, towns and village names, god and saints.) | state in place / motion to place - beyond | La cà l'è de là di alber | The house is beyond the trees |
| dedent de/dedent a | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place – inside | | |
| foeura de | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place - outside | | |
| foeura de | NO | state in place - out | The era foeura de post | It was out of place |
| foeura | NO | state in place - out | Se vedeva che la vegniva de fuori cità | You could tell she was from out of town |
| sota | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place / motion to place – below, under | El gat l'è sota 'l tavol | The cat is under the table |
| adree adree a | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place / motion by place – along and very close to | adree adree a l mur | along and very close to the wall |
| a la papala de | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | status in place & relationship (in front of & in a way to be seen publicly) | a la papala de tucc | in front of everyone |
| apos a /depos a | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place - behind (but very close) | apos a l’uss | (just) behind the door |
| arent a / visin a | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place / motion to place – near, next to | El gat l'è arent al can | The cat is next to the dog |
| apress a / tacad a | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place / motion to place – beside, very close to | Stoo de cà apress a Milan | I live very close to Milan |
| de dree a / de dree de | YES (city, town and village names, god and saints. excluded) | state in place / motion to place - behind (at a fixed distance) | El can l'è de dree al gat | The dog is behind the cat (and is not running after him) |
| denanz a / denanz de | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place / motion to place - in front | La gesa l'è denanz al municipi | The church is in front of the town hall |
| adree a | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place - after (in pursuit) | El can l'è adree al gat | The dog is after the cat (and wants to catch up him) |
| adree a | YES (excluding city, tonw and village names, god and saints.) | state in place - along | Adree a la riva del mar | Along the seashore |
| de fianch a / de fianch de | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place / motion to place – alongside, beside | El gat l'è de fianch a la porta | The cat is alongsidethe door |
| a travers a / a travers de | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | motion by place – across, through | El gat l'è passad a travers di cespuli | The cat went through the bushes |
| vers | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | motion to place - direction - towards | Semm 'dree a caminà vers Milan | We are walking towards Milan |
| sgiò de | NO | motion from place (with place = predefined or desired position or route) - out | L'è andad sgiò de strada | He went off the road |
| sgiò de | YES | motion by place (with place = road you are about to travel) - for | L'è andad sgiò d' ona strada | He went a road |
| in di pagn de | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in a figurative place - in the shoes of | | |
| infra / intra / tra / fra | YES / NO → as for the preposition "in" | state in place / motion to place – between or among two or more elements | El gat l'è infra la cadrega e 'l sofa | The cat is between the chair and the sofa |
| in mez a | YES (excluding city, town and villages names) | state in place / motion to place - in the middle of | El gat l'è in mez a la stanza | The cat is in the middle of the room |
| in fond a | YES (excluding city, town and villages names) | state in place / motion to place - at the bottom of, in the back of | El gat l'è in fond a the room | The cat is in the back of the room |
| in fris a | YES (excluding city, town and villages names) | motion by place – along and very close to | in fris al fiume | along and very close to the river |
| in pari a | YES (excluding city, town and villages names) | state in place (even in motion) – on the side of, neither a little in front nor a little behind | El gat el corr in pari al can | the cats runs on the side of the dog |
| intorna de / intorna a | YES (excluding city, town and villages names) | state in place / motion to place - around | El gat el corr intorna al tavol | The cat runs aroundthe table |
| lì adree a | YES (excluding city, town and villages names) | state in place – in the vicinity of, near | El sta de cà lì adree a Milan | He lives near Milan |
| lontan de | YES (excluding city, town and villages names) | state in place, motion to place - away from | El gat l'è lontan del tavol | The cat is away from the table |
| in quell de | NO | state in place / motion to place (just for cities town and villanges, alternative to the preposition "a") | Se sem incontrad in quell de Milan | We met in Milan |
| foeura de | SI (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints., in that case only "foeura") | state in place / motion to place | foeura del guss Foeura Milan | Out of the shell Outside Milan |
| in di part de | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place / motion to approximate place for geographical names – somewhere near | El stà de cà in di part del Vigentin | He lives near Vigentino |
| dessoravia de | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | state in place - even above / just above | Havéghen dessoravia del coo | |
| contra de / contra a /contra | YES | state in place - against | | |
Note
* ↑ however, there is a tendency to italianize using simply "de/da"
* ↑ "sora de" ahead of subject personal pronouns
* ↑ Beware of the small difference in use compared to "foeura de" used without article. This Preposition is rarely used, and almost always to construct adverbial locutions such as "foeura zona". The difference between "foeura" and "foeura de" is small since, constructing the adverbial locutions "foeura de", unlike "foeura" it is used when one wants to describe a condition that is far from what would be the right one (for example "foeura de post" means not being in the right place, "foeura de misura" which means a departure from the right measure, instead "foeura zona" means not being in that area but there is no right and wrong area. )
* ↑ "sota de" ahead of subject personal pronouns
* ↑ "vers de" ahead of subject personal pronouns

### Argument prepositions

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| de | YES to specify something on someone in particolar NO in a more generic sense | argument – related to the predicate | Sem 'dree a parlà de animai selvadigh Sem ‘dree a parlà del scorbat | We are talking about wild animals We are talking about the crow |
| in su | YES | argument - related to a noun | Sem 'dree a fà on discors in su animai selvadigh | We're having a talk about wild animals |
| sora | YES | argument - related to a noun | Sem 'dree a fà on discors sora i animai selvadigh | We're having a talk about wild animals |
| a proposit de | YES | argument - related to a noun | Sem 'dree a fà on discors a proposit di animai selvadigh | We're having a talk about wild animals |
Note
* 1 2 The usage of "in su" or "sora" is equivalent

### Origin preposition

The preposition "de" is used and it works as the same preposition used for motion from place (see above). Example:
    (English) He was born to a Piedmontese father
    (Lombard) L'è nassud d'on pader piemontes

### Prepositions and prepositional locutions of relationship

| Preposition | + articles? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| with | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | relationship with another entity | Cont el Giovann voo minga d'acord | With John I don't get along |
| infra / intra / fra / infra | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | relationship within a group | Infra de num l’è sucessa ona roba strana | Something weird happened between us |
| in di confront de | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | relationship to another entity | Te se see minga comportad ben in di confront del Giovann | You have not behaved well towards John |
* ↑ ”infra de” before Subject personal pronouns

### Prepositions to construct comparatives

"de", "che", come, compagn de, istess de, al pari de; for their use see ►►► "adjective degrees"

### Prepositions and prepositional locutions of agent / cause / efficient cause / dependence

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| de | YES (excluding city, towns and village names, god and saints.) | effective agent / cause | L'edifizzi l'è stad trad sgiò del teremot | The building was knocked down bythe earthquake |
| de | YES (excluding city, ton and village names, god and saints.) | dependens | El prezzi de la benzina el dipend del prezzi del petroli | The price of petrol depends onthe price of oil |
| de | YES/NO | cause (only for feelings or physical discomfort) | El barbon l'è mort de(l) frecc | The homeless man died of cold |
| for | YES (excluding city, towns and village names, god and saints.) | cause (always) | El barbon l'è mort per el frecc | The clochard died from the cold |
| per via de | NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases | cause (always) | El barbon l'è mort per via del frecc | The clochard died due to the the cold |
| a caosa de | NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases | cause (always) | El barbon l'è mort a caosa del frecc | The clochard died due to the the cold |
| in reson de | NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases | cause | | by reason of |
| in virtù de | NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases | cause | | by virtue of |

### Prepositions and prepositional locutions of means

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| with | NO in cases not normally preceded by an article YES in other cases | mean (tool used) | Hoo fad el bus con la firlaforla | I made the hole with the drill |
| in | NO | mean (of transport) | Voo a cà in machina | I go home by car |
| per | NO | mean (of telecommunication) | El parla per television | He talks on television |
| grazzie a | NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other cases | mean (generic), with emphasis on a derived benefit | L'hà riessid a passà l'esam grazzie a quell liber là. | He managed to pass the exam thanks to that book |
| per mez de | NO when the following noun is plural and would normally be preceded by a partitive article or in cases not usually preceded by an article YES in other cases | mean (generic) | I hann menad inanz la soa ricerca de lor per mez de espriment | They carried out their research by means of experiments |
| de | YES | mean (when the mean has allowed or allows to learn, understand, recognize ... something) | I recognized him de la vos | I recognized him ??thanks to the voice |
| de | NO | in some other rare expression | Tegnì de man (on quaivun) | Hold (someone’s) hands |
* ↑ "cont" before vowel

### Prepositions of abundance and lack

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| de | NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in the other cases | abundance | El cavagn l'è pien de nos El cavagn l'è pien di nos che t'hee comprad | The basket is full of nuts The basket is full of the nuts you bought |
| de | NO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in the other cases | lack | | |

### Prepositions of deprivation

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| of | NO in cases not usually preceded by article YES in the other cases | deprivation | Privà on quaivun del pan | Deprive someone of the bread |

### Prepositions and prepositional locutions of companionship and union

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| con | YES | companionship and union | Mi son con la mia morosa | I am with my girlfriend |
| insema a | YES | companionship | Mi son insema a la mia morosa | I am with my girlfriend |
| intra/intra / intra / intra | YES | companionship | Lù a l'è intra i tosane | It's among the girls |
* ↑ construction with "intra" is a "state in place" which in the sense figurative represents companionship

### Concessive prepositions

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| con | YES | concessive | Cont el frecc che ‘l faseva sont sortid istess | With the cold weather it was I went out anyway |
| amalastant | YES | concessive | Amalastant el frecc che faseva sont sortid istess | Despite it was cold, I went out anyway |
| a dispet de | YES | concessive - in spite of | A dispet de la sua apparenza l’era divers | In spite of his appearance he was different |
| a onta de | YES | concessive - in spite of | | |

### Nominative prepositions

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in English |
| of | NO | naming | La cità de Milan | The city of Milan |

### Prepositions of distance

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in English |
| a (...de) | NO ahead of city, town and village names, god and saints. YES in the other cases | distance | Sem rivad a des chilometri de Vares | We have arrived 10 kilometers from Varese |

### Distributive prepositions

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in English |
| a ...a | NO | distributive - in some other sentences | Caminèm a du a du | Let’s walk two by two |
| per | NO | distributive - in some other sentences | Caminèm in fila per du | we walk in line for two |
| per | NO | distributive - distribution of something | Ghe n'è assee per tucc | There is enough for everyone |

### Prepositions of material

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in English |
| of | NO | material | El rampin l'è de ferr | The hook is (made) of iron |

### Addiction prepositions

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in English |
| asca | YES | addition – wich means "and in addiction there ‘s also" | Cent franch asca i interess | One hundred francs plus interests |
| pu | YES | addition – wich means "wich are added to" | Cent franch pu i interess | One hundred francs plus interests |

### Prepositions and prepositional locutions of exclusion and deprivation

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in English |
| senza | YES | deprivation - without | Senza de mi el ghe sariss mai stad | Without me there would never have been it. |
| foeura che / via che | YES | exclusion - except | Tucc i dialet de la lombardia foeura che / via che 'l Mantovan i partegnen a la lengua lombarda. | All dialects of Lombardy except Mantuan belong to the Lombard language |
| condemanch | YES | exclusion - except | | |
* ↑ "senza de" before subject personal pronouns

### Prepositions of quality

| Preposition | + articles? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in English |
| de | NO | quality | L'è on oget de valor | It is a valuable object (English language uses adjectives instead of "de" + noun) |
| con | NO | quality (thanks to odue to something owned or belonging) | On om cont ona longa barba | A man with a long beard |

### Prepositions of punishment/sentence

| Preposition | + articles? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in Italian |
| a | NO | punishment/sentence to be served | L'è stad condanad a des ann de prison | He was sentenced to ten years in prison |
| de | NO | fine given or to be given | He is stad multad de desmila euro | He was fined ten thousand euros (no preposition in English) |

### Partitive prepositions

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in English |
| de | NO in the cases not normally preceded by an article YES in the other cases | distributive | Domà trii de lor a inn boni de scriver | Just three of them are able to write |
| intra /infra / tra /fra | NO in the cases not normally preceded by an article YES in the other cases | distributive | Domà trii infra de lor a inn boni de scriver | Just three among of them are able to write |
* ↑ infra de.. ahead of [ [Lombard /Subject personal pronouns|subject personal pronouns]]
* ↑ the construction with infra is a "state in place" construction which in a figurative sense has a partitive function"

### Prepositions and prepositional locution of limitation

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| of | NO | limitation - something possessed by the subject | L'è curt de cervell | He is short on brains |
| in sgener de | NO | limitation - general | In sgener de | In terms of |
| intuitù de | NO | limitation - general | | concerning, regarding |
| in quant a | YES | limitation - general | In quant a la matematica l'è assee bravo | As for mathematics, he's quite good |
| for | YES | limitation - opinions | Per el Giovann l'è inscì | In John 's opinion that’s how it is |
| second /segond | YES | limitation - opinions | Second el Giovann l'è inscì | In John 's opinion that’s how it is |
| a segonda de (abbreviation segonda) /a secondo de (abbreviation second) | YES | limitation | a segonda de | depending on |

### Prepositions for the direct object and for the term complement

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / usage | Example | Example in English |
| (no prepositions) | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | object - affirmative form | El gat l'ha mangiad la polpeta El gat l'hà mangia ona polpeta | The cat ate the meatball The cat ate a meatball (English language also does not use prepositions) |
| (no prepositions) | YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.) | direct object - negative form in cases where the noun in the direct object wants the definite article or the indefinite one if you want to mean "all excet one or some item" | El gat l'hà mangiad minga la polpeta El gat l'hà mangiad nò ona polpeta | the cat didn't eat the meatball The cat didn't eat a meatball (he ate them all but one) (English language also does not use prepositions) |
| of | NO | direct object - negative in the other cases | El gat l'hà mangiad minga de polpete | The cat didn't eat meatballs (English language does not use prepositions instead) |
| a | YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) | term (always) | Gh'hoo dad ona polpeta al gat | I gave a meatball to the cat |

### Prepositions of purpose and advantage

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in Italian |
| de | NO | purpose – if you want to indicate that a thing is specially designed for that purpose | i scarp de tennis | tennis shoes |
| for | YES (except city, trowns and village names, god and saints.) | purpose - if you want to indicate that the action described by the predicate is done for a purpose | El lavora for la soa vita He works 'for' his life |
| for | YES (except city, towns and village names, god and saints.) | advantage (for/to the benefit/advantage of) | El lavora per i sò fioeui | He works for his children |

### Prepositional locutions of disadvantage

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| contra de / contra a /contra | YES | disadvantage - against | | |
| a svantagg de / a dagn de | YES | disadvantage - for the detriment of / to the disadvantage of | | |

### Prepositions of separation and estrangement

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in Italian |
| de | YES (except city, town and village names, god and saints.) | separation | Separém i boni di cativ | Let’s separate the good from the bad |
| de | YES (except city, town and village names, god and saints.) | estrangement | I boni a s'inn slontanad di cativ | The good ones have moved away from the bad ones |

### Prepositions to build the predicative complement

Usually the predicate complement of the subject is not introduced by Preposition:
    Examples:
       El Lessi l'è considerad on geni (Alexios is considered a genius)
       El Valeri l'è stad elensgiud sindich (Valerio was elected mayor)
However, there are cases where prepositions are used, for example:
→ Preposition "come"
    Example:
       L'è stad ciapad come garzon (He was hired as an apprentice)
→ Preposition "de"
    Example:
       El fa de testimoni (He acts as a witness)

### Prepositions of quantity
#### Prepositions to say the number of elements constituting an entity

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| de | NO | quantity (referring to the entities constituting the entity represented by the preceding noun) | Ona partida de des toch La partida l'era de des toch | A set of ten pieces The set was ten pieces |
| in | NO | quantity (number of elements that make up a group) | Serom in trii | We were three / We were three of us |
| (none preposition) | NO | quantity (number of elements regardless of the idea of a group) | I eren trii | They were three |

#### Preposition to say the number of parts an entity is divided into

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in Italian |
| in | NO | quantity (number of parts an entity is divided into) | Sparti in trè part | To divide into three parts |

#### Prepositions to say the price

Prepositions are not used to indicate the price of an object:
    Examples:
       El compiuter el costa cinch-cent euri (The compiuter costs 500 euros)
To say the price something is sold or bought, the preposition "a" is used
    Example:
       L'hoo comprad a cinch-cent euri (I bought it for 500 euros)
       L'hoo vendud a cinch-cent euri (I sold it for 500 euros)

#### Prepositions to be indicative of approximation

In evaluations, measurements and assumptions in the cases where no preposition is normally required, the input of the preposition "in su'" is equivalent to saying "roughly", "about" or "approximately"
       Example
       El pesa in sui sessanta chilogram (It/He weighs about sixty kilograms, It/He weighs approximately sixty kilograms)
Conversely, if you want to indicate an interval, use "infra" / "intra" / "tra " / "fra" .... "e"
       Example
       El palazz l'è alt intra (i) trii e (i) quindes meters (The palace is between three and fifteen meters high)

### Prepositions of estimation

To indicate the estimated value of something, the preposition "per" is used:
    Example:
       Quest anell chì l'è stad stimad per cinch-cent milion (This ring was valued at five hundred millions)
What was said in the previous paragraph applies to approximations and intervals, that is to say the prepositions in su or infra...e must be used.

### Prepositions to specify the age

Prepositions are not used to indicate a person's age:
    Examples:
       El Lessi el gh'ha quarant'ann (Alexios is forty years old)
To specify the age when something happened we use the preposition "a"
    Example:
       Lù l'è andad in spos a vint ann (He got married at the age of twenty)
By the same way, an approximate age can be indicated by preceding the preposition "in su" istead of "a"

### Transformation prepositions

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| in | NO | different types of transformation | El liber l'è stad tradot in Lombard | The book has been translated into Lombard |

### Prepositions and prepositional locution of swap and substitution

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in Italian |
| per | YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.) | swap, exchange | L'ha scambiad ona roba per l'altra | He swapped one thing for the other |
| inveci de /inscambi de | YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.) | swap | (1) L'ha ciapad su ona roba inveci de l'altra (2) L'ha ciapad su ona roba inscambi de l'altra | (1) He picked up one thing instead of the other (2) He picked up one thing instead of the other / He picked up one thing in exchange for the other |
| al post de | YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.) | substitution | L'ha metud on roba al post de l'altra | He put one thing in place of the other / He put one thing instead of the other |
| in nom de | YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.) | substitution - in the name of | | |

### Prepositions of manner

Complements of manner are usually expressed through adverbs, sometimes they are also expressed through adverbial locutions which can be made up by:
con + noun
    Example:
       Hoo lavorad con impegn (I worked with effort)
de + adjective
    Example
       Hoo lavorad de crapon (I worked stubbornly)
however, there are numerous locutions constructed with other prepositions. Examples: sul seri → (1) really; (2) seriously per nom → by name

#### Prepositions to indicate feelings, moods and conditions

Usually feelings, moods or conditions are expressed by adjectives.
    Examples:
       El Lessi l'è feliz (Alezios is happy)
Sometimes you can write "in" + feeling / moods / condition
    Example:
       El paes l'è in agitazzion (The village is in turmoil)
Attention: in the cases where in Lombard there are no nouns to describe certain conditions but verbs used as a noun are used instead, the translation by this way with the preposition "in" is not possible, contrarywise you have to use the construction "adree a + verb in the infinitive" (curtailment "'dree a +..."). For example, since there is no noun to say "arrival", the verb "to arrive" (or "to come"), which in Lombard is "rivà" / "ruvà" is used instead as if it were a noun. "the arrival" is therefore expressed in Lombard by "el rivà" but “arriving” cannot be translated to "in rivà" but must be translated with "'dree a rivà"
    Example:
       A gh'è on temporal (che l'è) 'dree a rivà (There is a storm (that is) coming)
       A gh'è on temporal che l'è 'dree a rivà (There is a storm that is coming)

### Prepositions of circumstance

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| con | NO | circumstance | It was raining col sol | It was raining raining while the sun was shining (in Lombard language it is expressed as "It was raining raining with the sun") |

### Prepositional locutions of relation

| Preposition | + article? | Complement / use | Example | Example in English |
| a l'uso de | NO | relation (similarity) - in the likeness of | | |
| front a | YES | relationship (with something or someone to deal with) - faced with | | |
| in di confront de | YES | relationship – (1) against; (2) toward; (3) towards | | |
| sul gust de | YES | relation - similar to (in terms of style) | Quest vestid chì a l'è fad sul gust de quell de vint ann fa. | That dress is made in the stile of the one from twenty years ago. |
| a foeusgia de /a fosgia de | NO | relation - similar to (in terms of shape), in the shape of, in the form of, shaped like | | |
| a forma de | NO | relation - similar to (in terms of shape), in the shape of, in the form of, shaped like | | |
| a moeud de | NO | relation - similar to (in terms of manner), like | | |
| a l'usanza de | YES | relation - according to the custom of | | |

## Prepositions to form phrasal verbs

Some verbs change their meaning when they are followed by a preposition or an adverb. ►►► see ►►► Lombard/Phrasal verbs