OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/DNA2

* ADVANCED
Genetic material is DNA Griffith 1928 Pneumococcus Mice injected with S strain die Mice injected with R strain live Kill S and mix it with R before injecting and the mice die
something transferred from the dead S to the R and transformed it.
Avery MacKeod and McCarthy 1944 same system purified extracts of cells by type of macromolecule i.e. destroyed proteins with proteases, removed lipid and carbohydrates, and it still transformed. Transforming principle is DNA
Hershey and chace 1952 Virus that infects bacteria - Bacteriophage T2 Labeled cells with radioactive isotopes Radioactive 35S for the proteins and 32P for the DNA Sheered the phages off of the cells with a Warring blender Looked at what entered the cells.
Supernatant - 35S labeled protein Pellet - bacteria - 32P labeled DNA
DNA entered the cells and caused infection. DNA was the transforming principle. Confirmation
Structure of DNA Rosalind Franklin - Crystallographer - crystlized DNA and took Xray photo - X-ray Crystallography. found repeating spiral pattern.
Chargraff(1950) - biochemist - analyzed DNA and formulated rules of behavior. amount of A always equal to amount of T [A]=[T] amount of C always equal to amount of G [C]=[G]
1953 Watson and Crick model the structure of DNA DNA double helix with bases as rungs of ladder monomer spacing 0.34nm helical spacing 3.4nm per turn (10 bp) Model helped us understand how DNA worked.
Nobel Prize - Watson Crick and Franklin posthumously
(Semi-conservative replication Meselson and Stahl 1957 15N labeled DNA Switch to 14N (normal light) DNA look after one two and three generations
separate by centrifuge
Start - all heavy gen 2 - middle gen 3 middle and light
explain: Strand is half heavy half light Semi-conservative
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Crystalization lab

Preparation:
If you use disposable glassware, be sure of the surface. Foam cups, although disposable, have a bumpy surface and many locations for crystal growth.
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Components/Playback

FLVPlayback-Player 8--(FLVPlayback:) New in Flash 8, this component lets you add progressive streaming video to your animation through a video player that contains a full set of playback controls. You can choose a skin for this component to customize
FLVPlayback Custom UI--(BackButton, BufferingBar,ForwardButton, MuteButton, PauseButton, PlayButton, PlayPauseButton, SeekBar, StopButton, VolumeBar:)
Media-Player 6-7--(MediaController, MediaDisplay, MediaPlayback:)
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Color/Color Swatches

The Color Swatches Panel (Cmd/Ctrl + F9) is similar to swatches panels found in other applications, such as Photoshop and Illustrator: swatches can be created and saved as color palettes and then loaded for use at another time. In fact, color tables created in Photoshop can be saved and then loaded for use in Flash. The options menu of the Color Swatches Panel gives you access to other palettes, as well as to reloading the default palette. The Tools Panel and Property Inspector both provide popup Color Swatches Panels, however they only represent the currently loaded palette and do not provide for the loading and modifying of other palettes.
Flash loads the Web-safe color palette into the Color Swatches Panel by default. This is a set of 216 colors determined to be consistent on both Mac and Windows platforms. Color in general is inconsistent and unreliable from one platform to another due to the fact that the Mac OS and Windows handle color differently. Custom color sets can be imported from photographs and GIFs when saved as a .act or .clr from Photoshop. An indexed color palette, loaded from a GIF, can contain up to 256 colors and is ideal for vector graphics with solid fills and strokes, but will create banding in photographic images due to the tonal nature of bitmaps. In Photoshop do a File>Save for Web, save as a GIF with adaptive color, or Image>Mode>Color Table after the image is converted to indexed color.
Color can be applied from the Color Swatches Panel to objects in Flash. Color fill can be applied using the brush tool, Paint Bucket tool, and various shape tools, such as the rectangle tool. Color stroke can be applied using the Line tool, Pencil tool, Ink Bottle tool, Pen tool, and the corresponding shape tools as previously listed with color fill. The Tools panel and Property Inspector both have pop-up color swatches with colorchips for both the fill and stroke. The fill swatches also contain gradient swatches along the bottom of the pop-up panels. Depending on the tool selected, the panels may also contain a "no color" button for removing a fill or stroke color. The Tools panel will display the most recently selected fill and stroke color whereas the Property Inspector will display the fill and stroke colors for the currently selected item. These panels contain a field for input of hex color numbers, RGB colors in base 16 comprised of 6 digits, using numerals 0-9 and A-F. The first two digits correspond to the red channel, second two digits to the green channel and the last two digits to the blue channel. Web-safe hex colors use only combinations of 00, 33, 66, 99 and FF. The panels also have a button to invoke the Color Picker, which acts like a color wheel with all ranges of value and saturation available for selection.
Color Mixer | Gradients
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Color/Gradients

Gradients in Flash Professional 8 can be applied to fill objects as well as strokes. You can choose between a variety of gradients such as a linear gradients or radial gradients. These two gradients can be made up of either 2 colors or a whole bunch of colors (not just one color), and are dropped into the color pointers which can be dragged left or right for position on the gradient. In a radial gradient, the left color pointer controls the color of the radius center and the right color pointer controls the color of the radius edge. You can play around with the transparencies of each color you choose to put into your gradient and set it anywhere between 0% to 100%. In this manner, a gradient can then be used as a layer mask to create a feathered vignette or other effect.
The settings for gradients can be accessed from the Color Mixer panel, where they can also be saved and added to the Color Swatches panel as new palettes. The overflow styles popup controls how the gradient will respond at its edges. The three choices are: extend, reflect and repeat. Extend does just what it sounds like—the gradient will extend as far as needed to fill the area it is contained in. Reflect flips (or reflects) the original gradient edge to edge to fill the area. Repeat creates a repetition of the original gradient edge to edge until the area is filled.
Gradients in Flash Pro 8 have changed a bit from past Flash versions. In Flash Pro 8, the gradient transform tool lets you control the location of where the focal point can be placed. This is beneficial in creating realistic lighting effects. There are several handles on the gradient transform tool that allow for different types of modifications. The round center handle moves the center point and the center pointer moves the highlight. The round corner handle rotates the gradient whereas the round corner handle with a straight arrow will scale the gradient symmetrically. Finally, the square handles scale the gradient either vertically or horizontally.
Color Mixer | Color Swatches
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Components

Components are complex Movie Clips with restrictions that you are able to define during the authoring process. Basically, they are a container that can hold many assets that work together to include enhanced interactivity, productivity, or effects to your movies. You can use components to control your movie, such as moving from one frame to another, or to perform more complex tasks, such as sending data to and from a server. Components cover the following areas:
* Data
* Playback
* User Interface

## Why Use Components?

Components make it easy for you to rapidly create proof-of concepts or prototypes for larger Rich Internet Application (RIA) frameworks, to share your work with other Flash developers in the Flash community.
Components are a very effective way of making certain that your end-user understands how to use certain elements of your Flash movie. A predictable interface does not have to be boring or common. In addition, because components can be skinned, they can have a unique look from one site to the next. The components shipped with Flash 8 are also reliable. Because components are a quick solution to common interface requirements, you will have more time to spend on more complicated and interesting creative tasks instead of recurring authoring.

## Drawbacks Of Using Components

One of the arguments against using components is the increasing of file size added to your productions. Even though this may be the case, there are several reasons to use components apart from the ease of dragging them to your Stage and modifying the parameters.

## How To Add Components

You can add a component to your Stage in the following ways:
1. Open the Components panel by going to Window >>> Components or by pressing Ctrl+F7.
2. Add a component to the Stage by:
* Double-clicking: You can double-click a component and it will
be added to the center of your Document window's workspace.
* Dragging: You can add an instance by clicking the component icon and
dragging it onto the Stage.
After your component is on the Stage, you can modify its parameters and properties manually in various panels by using ActionScript code on objects or keyframes in a timeline.

## Removing Components from your Movie

To remove (V2) components, you simply select the compiled clip in the Library panel, and delete it.
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Components/Data

DataHolder: Lets you tell Flash to watch certain data values and let you know when they change.
DataSet: Lets you work with other component data (sort component data, search it, filter it, as well as data pulled in from a serverside program.)
RDBMSResolver: You use this component in conjunction with the DataSet component to save the data you collect in Flash to a relational database running on a server.
WebService Connector: Lets you access remote (server-side) APIs that conform to the industry-standard Simple Object Access Protocol from inside a running Flash Animation.
XMLConnector: Lets you hook up Flash components with external XML data sources by letting you read and write XML documents.
XUpdateResolver: Works with the DataSet component to let you save the data you collect in Flash to an external XUpdate -supporting data source, such as an XML database.
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Filters and Blend Modes/Animating Filters with Motion Tweens

Adobe has done a great deal of engineering to make it as easy as possible to combine filters with motion tweens for animated effects. The result is a very intuitive system that works behind the scenes to support tweens while preserving editable filter settings.
Filters are not necessarily incompatible with shape tweens, but because filters can only be applied to symbols or text fields and shape tweens can only be applied to primitive shapes, filters and shape tweens never get a chance to work together. The only workaround for this rule is to create a shape tween inside of a Movie Clip and then apply a filter to the Movie Clip. In this case, the final visual result is a combination of a shape tween and a filter, but they remain on separate timelines.
You can apply a filter to an item and then tween it, or you can select an item that has been tweened and add a filter to enhance the motion - in most cases, you'll get exactly the animated effect you were hoping for. The only time you'll need to know what is going on behind the scenes is when you don't get the result you want on the first try.
Here are some notes that should help you troubleshoot if things go wrong when you try to combine filters and Motion tweens:
+ Filters "stick" to symbol instances, so if you insert a keyframe (with the same content as the initial keyframe), and set up a Motion tween, the settings and the stacking order in the live list will automatically match in the first keyframe and the last keyframe of the tween.
+ If you add a filter to a symbol in one keyframe of a tween, Flash automatically adds a matching filter with all the settings adjusted to create "no effect" to the symbol in the other keyframe. This is also called a "dummy filter" because it will have no visible effect on the symbol, but it is required to support the tween.
+ If you remove a filter from a symbol in one keyframe of a tween, Flash automatically clears the matching filter from the other keyframe.
+ If you apply different filters (or different combinations of filters) on two different keyframes and then apply a tween, Flash will analyze the symbol with the most filters and apply dummy filters to the symbol in the other keyframe to support the tween. The visual difference between the two symbols will be interpolated in the span of the tween.
+ You can modify filter settings to create a visual change from the first keyframe to the last keyframe in a Motion tween. The differences will be tweened evenly across the span unless you use easing to adjust the interpolation.
+ The knockout and type of gradient (such as inner, outer, or full) filter settings will not interpolate properly as part of a tween if they are set differently on the beginning and end keyframes. If the filter options in the first keyframe and the end keyframe of a tween are inconsistent and cannot be interpolated properly, Flash will apply the options set in the first keyframe to the frames in the span of the tween.
# Astrodynamics/Lunar Trajectories

In order to get to the moon, a satellite or rocket needs to escape the Earth's gravity (a hyperbolic orbit). Once in the area of influence by the moon's gravity, the satellite needs to have enough velocity to enter into a stable orbit around the moon.
# Astrodynamics/Interplanetary Trajectories

Since the 1960's, unmanned spacecraft have been sent to planetary bodies outside of the Earth-moon system. These missions present unique problems in astrodynamics.

## Patched Conic Approximation

The patched conic approximation is a method used to simplify trajectory calculations by assigning each body their own "sphere of influence". When an object is inside the sphere of influence of a bigger body, only the gravitational force between the object and the bigger body is accounted for. This simplifies a complex n-body problem into a bunch of much simpler two-body problems, whose solutions are the simple conic sections of kepler orbits.
While this approximation can be useful for things like interplanetary trajectories, it fails to model things like lagrangian points.
# Astrodynamics/Ballistic Trajectories

A ballistic trajectory is an orbit that intersects the surface of the earth. Once in the trajectory, a ballistic missile can travel large distances around the earth before impacting with the target.

## Suborbital Trajectories

Suborbital trajectories are ballistic trajectories that have their apoapsis above the boundary of space.
# A-level Mathematics/OCR/D1/Linear Programming

Linear programming is a method for finding the best solution to a problem (optimisation) using straight-line graphs and inequalities.

## Example of a linear programming problem

A factory makes two types of chair, Type A and Type B. The factory makes a profit of £10 on Type A and £10 on Type B. Type A requires 20 man-hours and Type B requires 30 man-hours. Each chair of Type A needs 3m$^2$ of wood; each of Type B needs 5m$^2$. Given that 400 man-hours and 50m$^2$ of wood are available each week, how many chairs of each type should be made each week to maximise the factory's profit?

## The graph method

One way to solve this is to set up a graph with a and b on the axes, then plotting a line to represent each of the constraints as an inequality. This should result in a feasible region which is the area where all the constraints are met. The best solution to the problem will be at one of the vertices of this region.

## The Simplex method

First we need to represent the problem by linear equations. We will call the number of Type A chairs manufactured a, and the number of Type B chairs manufactured b. We can then see that:
    ${\begin{aligned}20a+30b\leq 400\Rightarrow &2a+3b\leq 40\\&3a+5b\leq 50\\&a\geq 0\\&b\geq 0\end{aligned}}$
These are called the constraints of the linear programming problem. The function to be maximised (called the objective function) is:
    $P=10a+10b\,$
P represents the profit with given values of a and b. To use the Simplex method we have to convert the constraints and objective function into the following format:
    ${\begin{aligned}P-10a-10b=0\\2a+3b+s=40\\3a+5b+t=50\end{aligned}}$
The variables s and t are called slack variables. They allow us to represent the amount of leeway we have before we hit the maximum of that constraint. It also mean we no longer have to use an inequality. We set up an initial 'tableau' with all the coefficients of the variables for each equation, and the final row is the right-hand side of each equation, as follows:
    ${\begin{matrix}P&a&b&s&t&=\\1&-10&-10&0&0&0\\0&2&3&1&0&40\\0&3&5&0&1&50\end{matrix}}$
Once you have set up the tableau, you follow the Simplex algorithm:
    1. Considering any column that has a negative number on the top row, do the value in the last column divided by the positive value in the same row that is in the column you are considering. In our current example, we see that the a column and the b column have a negative value on the top row. We decide, arbitrarily, to consider column a, so we would do:
       ${\frac {40}{2}}=20$
       ${\frac {50}{3}}=16{\frac {2}{3}}$
We now select the value 3 from column a, because it gave us the least value when we divided 50 by it. 3 is now called the pivot.
    2. Divide the entire row that the pivot belongs to by the pivot.
    3. Now we need to reduce the value of a in the other two rows to 0. We must do this by adding or subtracting a constant multiple of the row with the pivot.
    4. If any negative numbers persist in the top row, we have to repeat the algorithm.

## See also

* Operations Research/The Simplex Method
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Bible/KJV

In 1604, King James VI of Scotland and I of England authorized that a new translation of the Bible into English be started. It was finished in 1611, just 85 years after the first translation of the New Testament from Greek into English appeared (Tyndale, 1526). It has been the standard English version for the past 400 years. The King James Bible (KJV) is public domain in the United States.

#### Old Testament

* Genesis
* Exodus
* Leviticus
* Numbers
* Deuteronomy
* Joshua
* Judges
* Ruth
* 1 Samuel
* 2 Samuel
* 1 Kings
* 2 Kings
* 1 Chronicles
* 2 Chronicles
* Ezra
* Nehemiah
* Esther
* Job
* Psalms
* Proverbs
* Ecclesiastes
* Song of Solomon
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Lamentations
* Ezekiel
* Daniel
* Hosea
* Joel
* Amos
* Obadiah
* Jonah
* Micah
* Nahum
* Habakkuk
* Zephaniah
* Haggai
* Zechariah
* Malachi

#### New Testament

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John
* Acts
* Romans
* 1st Corinthians
* 2nd Corinthians
* Galatians
* Ephesians
* Philippians
* Colossians
* 1st Thessalonians
* 2nd Thessalonians
* 1st Timothy
* 2nd Timothy
* Titus
* Philemon
* Hebrews
* James
* 1st Peter
* 2nd Peter
* 1st John
* 2nd John
* 3rd John
* Jude
* Revelation
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Joseph Smith
## Joseph Smith

In 1820, Joseph Smith Jr. was a 14-year-old boy in upstate New York. There was a great excitement in the area about religion. Young Joseph attended their meetings "as often as occasion would permit." He had a hard time determining which sect he should join, however. They all interpreted the Bible so differently that he lost all hope of answering the question by an appeal to the Bible.
One day, while reading his bible, he came across a passage in James 1:5, which reads, "If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him."
Joseph decided to do as the scripture directed and ask God. On a spring morning in 1820, he went to a grove of trees near his home and asked God in prayer for a forgiveness of sins. In answer to his prayer, God the Father and Jesus Christ appeared to him. He asked the personages "which of all the sects was right" and was told that none of them contained a fullness of the gospel. Joseph was to restore the Church of Jesus Christ to the earth as it had been in the time of Jesus' ministry. On April 6, 1830, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was formally organized, and from that time the fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ has been restored to the earth.
Next: Prophets and Apostles
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
## The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
### Table of Contents

* The Gospel of Jesus Christ
* The Great Apostasy
* Joseph Smith
* Prophets and Apostles
* Scriptures
* Priesthood
* Relief Society
* Families
* Temples
* Tithing
* Law of Chastity
* Temporal Welfare
* Missionary Work
* Church Service
* Church Buildings
* Church Meetings
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/Other Topics
## Saints

The pope beatifies and canonizes certain individuals who have led a life of heroic example. Recent canonizations and beatifications are documented on the Vatican website.

## Vatican City

Vatican City State is an independent nation where the pope resides. Saint Peter's Basilica and many of the papal offices are located in Vatican City State. Vatican City State is approximately 108 acres inside the city of Rome, Italy. Included in the nation are several non-adjacent basilicas and the pope's summer residence.

## Ecumenical Councils

Currently there have been only twenty-one Ecumenical Councils. They were: First Council of Nicaea; First Council of Constantinople; Council of Ephesus; Council of Chalcedon; Second Council of Constantinople; Third Council of Constantinople; Second Council of Nicaea; Fourth Council of Constantinople; First Lateran Council; Second Lateran Council; Third Lateran Council; Fourth Lateran Council; First Council of Lyon; Second Council of Lyon; Council of Vienne; Council of Constance; Council of Basel, Ferrara, and Florence; Fifth Lateran Council; Council of Trent; First Vatican Council; Second Vatican Council.
An ecumenical council's decrees do not have an obligatory force unless they have been approved by both the council fathers and the pontiff, and the pontiff has ordered the decrees to be promulgated.

## The Evangelical Counsels

The evangelical counsels are poverty, chastity, and obedience. Priests in a religious order take vows to observe all three; diocesan priests take vows of only chastity and obedience. Although not an evangelical counsel, the Jesuits also take a fourth vow of obedience to the Pope regarding assignments.

## Religious orders

Some major religious orders are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, Trappists, Benedictines, Augustinians, and Carmelites. There are many more religious orders of many sizes, some of which are derived from another order.

## The Code of Canon Law

The Code of Canon Law is a law code used in the Church's administration. The current version is available on the Vatican's website.

## The Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit

The seven gifts of the Holy Spirit are: Wisdom, Understanding, Counsel, Fortitude, Knowledge, Piety, and Fear of the Lord.

## The Twelve Fruits of the Holy Spirit

The Twelve Fruits of the Holy Spirit are: Charity, Joy, Peace, Patience, Kindness, Goodness, Generosity, Gentleness, Faithfulness, Modesty, Self-control, Chastity.

## The Four Last Things

The Four Last things are: Death, Judgement, Heaven, and Hell.

## Marian Images

* Saint Juan Diego's Tilma (image of Our Lady of Guadalupe)
* The Black Madonna of Częstochowa
# A Guide to Inkscape/Appendices
## Contents

* Keyboard Shortcuts
* References
* Index
* Glossary
* Links
← Examples