OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General Astronomy/The Heliocentric Model

The modern heliocentric model of the universe was proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium which was published just before his death to avoid prosecution for heresy. It addressed many of the problems associated with the Ptolemaic model which required a multitude of epicycles to describe planetary motion. Heliocentrism places the Sun at the center of the solar system. While some of the ancient civilizations in India and the Middle East had proposed the heliocentric model before, Copernicus' discovery set the groundwork for the modern view of the solar system.

## Copernicus' Model

In Copernicus' heliocentric model, there are seven theories he presents:
* There exists more than one center of the universe.
* There is a center of the universe near the sun.
* The planet Earth is not the center of our universe.
* The scale of distances between the Earth and the Sun is minuscule compared with the astronomical distances between Earth and the stars in the sky.
* The Earth revolves around the sun, thus causing the annual cycles of the seasons that we witness.
* The Earth's own rotation causes the stars to appear to shift every night, rather than any motion of the stars themselves.
* Any retrograde motion, previously explained by epicycles, is in fact caused by the differing orbital velocities of planets around the sun.
Copernicus harbored his belief of heliocentrism for many years, and did not publish his work until 1542, a year before he died. Some speculate that Copernicus held onto his idea for a considerable time simply because he was fearful of the reception it would have among his peers and more importantly, the Church. Many consider the publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolution of the Celestial Sphere) to be the start of the Scientific Revolution.
In the years that followed, Copernicus' theory was refined and independently verified by notable scientists, most prominently Galileo and Kepler. Specifically, Galileo noted that all phases of Venus occurred (similar to our moon), which cannot be adequately explained in a geocentric model. This contradicted the solely new and crescent phases predicted by the geocentric model.
# General Astronomy/The Life of Low Mass Stars

The lifetimes of stars are determined by their mass, or the total amount of matter they contain. If an object is not sufficiently massive (at least about one tenth the mass of our Sun), it will not have enough gravity to squeeze itself tightly enough to heat itself up to stellar levels. Such an object will become either a planet-like body or an intermediate object called a "brown dwarf." A "brown dwarf" simply never initiates stable hydrogen fusion and by definition never becomes a full-fledged star. Some brown dwarfs go through a phase of limited "deuterium fusion", but this does not qualify to make them a full star. They eventually—after very long periods of time—simply go out and cool to the ambient temperature of the Universe.
Gas clouds (or just localized areas of larger gas clouds) that have at least one tenth the mass of the Sun, can get hot enough as they contract to start fusing hydrogen into helium. This is known a "stable hydrogen fusion" and it marks the birth of a true star. This requires temperatures in the millions of degrees. However, stars of such relatively low mass can sustain only very low levels of fusion, which is to say that they use their nuclear fuel slowly. So they do not grow very bright, and form small dim stars called red dwarfs.
Generally, red dwarfs go through their lifetimes uneventfully, just slowly "burning" their nuclear fuel in a stable fashion. Eventually, they will run out of nuclear fuel, cool, and slowly become a burned out cinder known as a "black dwarf."
Do not confuse the terms brown dwarf, red dwarf and black dwarf. A brown dwarf has a mass too low to ever become a star. It produces energy, perhaps even by a limited type of fusion, but never enough for "stable hydrogen fusion. A red dwarf has low mass, but high enough to start stable hydrogen fusion, which qualifies it as a "real" star. However, it burns that fuel so slowly that it has a very long lifetime. It is likely that any red dwarf ever born since the Big Bang is still around, and has not yet turned into its final version, the "black dwarf." Considering the extremely long lifetimes of red dwarfs, it is likely that no black dwarfs have yet formed in the Universe.
Do not confuse the term "black dwarf" with "black hole", which is an utterly different object with a different origin.
# General Astronomy/The Planets

What qualifies as a planet has a somewhat variable definition, but in general, it should have the following properties:
* It does not generate energy through fusion
* It orbits around the Sun (or another star)
* It is large enough that its self-gravity makes it spherical
To distinguish planets from the masses known as brown dwarfs, one might add a fourth condition: it formed by accretion rather than direct collapse from a nebula.
Planets have been classified in many ways. Perhaps the best physical classification actually uses four categories, each named after a 'typical' planet of the type: Terrestrial, Jovian, Neptunian and Plutonian.
Terrestrial planets have solid (rocky) surfaces, atmospheres that are thin in comparison to their diameters, and rocky interiors. They tend to have comparatively small masses. These include Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars; Earth's Moon can be seen as a similar type of body.
Gas giants have thick atmospheres of gaseous hydrogen, metallic hydrogen mantles, and rocky cores. They have large masses. These include Jupiter and Saturn. They should, however be distinguished from the ice giants.
Ice giants planets have moderate hydrogen atmospheres, liquid (mostly water) mantles, and rocky cores. Their masses are intermediate. These include Uranus and Neptune. The Neptunian and Jovian planets are sometimes referred to as the "gas giant" planets, but the difference in interiors merits a separate classification.
Plutonian planets have icy surfaces, very thin atmospheres, and rocky interiors. Technically Pluto is the only such planet in our solar system, but similar bodies include most of the moons of the outer planets, notably Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Titan, and Triton, as well as Pluto's own moon Charon. Another, more recent addition, is Eris (formerly known as 2003 UB313).
# General Astronomy/The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

There is intelligent life other than us humans in the universe: whales, dolphins, elephants, pigs, seals, great apes, and surprisingly octopuses. But none of these is ever likely to build spaceships or transmit signals into space, and we have difficulty understanding the other intelligent species on our planet.
We have an intense curiosity: are we alone in the universe as a technological civilization? Some people would like to believe that other civilizations, perhaps with creatures even more different from us than elephants or even octopuses are far away in space, and that those creatures have something that we can learn.
To find such intelligent civilizations deep in space we need first to find signals from deep in space. That won't be easy; even radio has been broadcast for a short time (about 85 years as of 2008), a short time compared to human existence. We might also look for planets that have conditions similar to those of Earth—similar in size and temperature. Extraterrestrial civilizations are unlikely to be found on a gas giant planet or a planet of the Moon's size. We also have to be lucky enough to find a congenial planet with a civilization that has been sending signals of its own sophistication for a long enough time to reach us. If some sophisticated civilization has been sending signals to us for forty years but is fifty light-years away from us, then we on Earth will not get them for another ten years, and then only if we are tuned in. A civilization so sophisticated as ours was in 1875 would have given no evidence of its existence (such as electric lighting) visible even from the Moon—even if we then had some fine art, literature, and music.
What about alien visitors? Some people believe that some UFOs, or Unidentified Flying Objects are visitors from space. Almost all prove to have simpler explanations such as mirages, optical illusions, aircraft, and weather balloons. Even the planet Venus, bright enough to be visible by day is often seen as a UFO. Most scientists discount stories of visitors from outer space even if they think visits from distant space possible. Not until we actually see a creature like "ET" or, worse, the alien visitors of the movie Independence Day can we claim to have met alien visitors. Space travel is difficult and time-consuming. Species with lifespans similar to ours are unlikely to travel to and from "promising" planets such as their and ours.
# Doom/Monsters

As you play Doom, you will encounter monsters. To help you defeat the monsters, Weapons and powerups you will need.
In the following table of monsters, each monster is hyperlinked to its section in the chapter, Monster descriptions. Spawn Health indicates how much weapon fire is required to kill each monster (in hit points), Damage refers to their damage and Version refers to the game version the monster first appears in:
* S - Shareware version (Doom Episode 1)
* R - Registered/Ultimate version (Doom Episodes 2-4)
* 2 - Doom II
| Monster | Description | Spawn Health | Damage | Version |
| Former Human | Zombified guard, wields a rifle that shoots like a pistol | 20 | 3-15 | S |
| Former Sergeant | Tougher zombie solder, wields a shotgun | 30 | 3-45 | S |
| Imp | Anthropomorphic hellspawn, claws targets and hurls fireballs | 60 | 3-24 | S |
| Demon | Pink, gorilla-like hellspawn that blocks mobility | 150 | 4-40 | S |
| Spectre | Partially invisible gorilla-like hellspawn | 150 | 4-40 | S |
| Baron of Hell | Bipedal Goat-like hellspawn, tears apart at close range and fires green bolts | 1000 | 8-64 | S |
| Lost Soul | Flying, flaming and very fast skull | 100 | 3-24 | R |
| Cacodemon | Floating red spheroid with green eye, spits lightning bolts | 400 | 5-40 | R |
| Spider Mastermind | Brain-like creature on robotic platform, shoots super-chaingun | 3000 | 3-45 | R |
| Cyberdemon | Towering minotaur with prosthetic rocket launcher for a hand, fires very powerful rockets in volleys of three | 4000 | 20-160 | R |
| Former Commando | Toughest zombie, shoots a chaingun continuously as long as you're on sight | 70 | 3-15 | 2 |
| Hell Knight | Weaker, recoloured version of the Baron of Hell; same damage but less health | 500 | 8-64 | 2 |
| Arachnotron | Like a smaller version of the Spider Mastermind, shoots plasma bolts | 500 | 5-40 | 2 |
| Pain Elemental | Floating brown spheroid, belches Lost Souls, upon death explodes into 3 of them. | 400 | N/A | 2 |
| Revenant | Large skeleton with rocket vest, hits at close range, fires homing missiles | 300 | 10-80 | 2 |
| Mancubus | Bulky and slow, spews searing volleys of fireballs from both flamethrower arms | 600 | 8-64 | 2 |
| Arch-Vile | Blasts targets with fire magic when it can see them, resurrects dead monsters | 700 | 90 | 2 |
| Wolfenstein SS | Nazi SS troops in secret levels | 50 | 3-15 | 2 |
| Icon of Sin | Final adversary of the game, a colossal baphomet with an exposed brain. Spawns other monsters (except Zombies, Spiderdemon & Cyberdemon) | 250 | N/A | 2 |
# Doom/Weapons and powerups

You will need to find weapons and powerups to assist you in defeating the monsters. You might also need to find switches and/or keys to finish a level.

## Weapons

In the following table, Power is the approximate average damage one shot will inflict (in hit points, assuming a direct hit), and Version refers to the game version the weapon first appears in:
* S - Shareware version (Doom Episode 1)
* R - Registered/Ultimate version (Doom Episodes 2-4)
* 2 - Doom II
| Weapon | Power | Version |
| Fist | 11 | S |
| Chainsaw | 11 | S |
| Pistol | 10 | S |
| Shotgun | 70 | S |
| Chaingun | 10 | S |
| Rocket launcher | 218 | S |
| Plasma rifle | 22.5 | R |
| BFG 9000 | 3130 | R |
| Super Shotgun | 200 | 2 |
Cyberdemons and Spider Masterminds take only the direct hit damage from a rocket (average 90 HP), not the additional blast damage (average 128 HP) that other monsters suffer.

## Powerups

| Powerup | Effect | Duration |
| Bullets, Shells, Rockets, Plasma Cells | Ammunition for weapons | |
| Health potion, Stimpack, Medikit, Soul sphere | 1%, 10%, 25%, and 100% health boosts, respectively (only health potions and soul spheres will boost health above 100%) | Instant |
| Spiritual armor, Security armor, Combat armor | 1%, 100%, and 200% armor boosts, respectively (security armor will not boost the player to over 100%) | Instant |
| Megasphere (Doom II series only) | Boosts both health and armor to maximum (200%) | Instant |
| Radiation suit | Protects against damaging floors | 60 seconds |
| Berserk pack | Makes fists ten times more powerful, heals player to 100% health if lower upon pickup | Level |
| Backpack | Doubles ammo carrying capacity (only first picked up) and provides some ammo | Episode¹ |
| Computer map | Reveals unexplored areas on in-game map | Level |
| Key | Opens corresponding locked doors; comes in keycard or skull form | Level |
| Light amplification visor | Renders dark areas at full brightness | 120 seconds |
| Partial invisibility | Makes player difficult to see; makes monster aim less accurate | 60 seconds |
| Invulnerability | Provides immunity to damage, player's view (except for sky) becomes extremely bright | 30 seconds |
* Doom II is not divided into episodes; the backpack's effect lasts until the end of the game

## References

* Weapon power: Doom Weapon Damage Information by George Bell
* The Creatures: Doom and Doom 2 Creature Information
# Doom/Walkthrough
## Ultimate Doom

Walkthrough is based on the I'm too Young to Die difficulty Level

### Map 1: Hanger

Secrets: 3
* Near the Exit there is a area of grey/brown wall in the middle of some green wall press space to open this part of the wall
* In the room with the zig zag path though the acid pond, there is a demon on a high platform that flings fire balls at you, do not shoot it but run past into the next room, wait and then return about 45 seconds later, the platform will have lowered and the demon come off, you can now access the platform
* (you must have done secret above before this one will work) just before the room with the acid pond there is a corridor with 2 areas of diagonal wall on the right, shoot each of these once with the shot gun and run too the platform (mentioned above) in the corner will be a lift to the 3 secret area. Actually you don't need to shoot the wall, you just need to retreat back from the room with the acid pond, then make a very fast beeline for the the room revealed by secret #2. Use Shift-arrow to move the fastest. There is a lift that will come down for just a moment that will take you to a hidden corridor.
# Doom/Scoring

At the completion of each level, one is rated on kills (the percentage of the monsters on the level that were killed), items (the percentage of certain powerups that the player picked up), and secret (the percentage of certain hidden areas the player visited). The player's completion time (in minutes and seconds) is shown, along with the author-determined par time.
* Kills may exceed 100% if the level contains an Arch-Vile monster. The Arch-Vile can resurrect dead monsters, and the game gives credit for each time they are killed. In newer versions of the games, Lost Souls are not counted in the kill percentage. In older versions of Doom 2, killing Lost Souls spawned by Pain Elementals could increase the kill percentage above 100%
* If the game shows secret 0% it means either that none of the secret areas were found, or that the level contains no secret areas at all. Nearly all the levels supplied by id Software contain secret areas, but it is more common to find user-created levels that do not.
* The current version of Doom does not use a point-based scoring system, although the alpha versions did.
# Doom/Storyline

The story starts out with you, a space marine (aka "Doomguy","Flynn Taggart" or "John 'Reaper' Grimm"), are forced to work with the UAC for assaulting a superior officer (the officer ordered him to fire at citizens). The UAC was experimenting with teleportation when something went horribly wrong! The teleporters have literally opened the gates to Hell! You are sent in as part of a response team, but your comrades are slaughtered right in front of you. Yet, whether it was a sign from God or just plain luck, you were left alive. Realizing you are the only one left in the entire base, you must prevent the demons from getting to earth. You pick up your handgun, and the race for humanity's survival is on!
You've done it! The Spider Mastermind that started the invasion is dead. You set down your BFG 9000, knowing you will have no further use for it... or at least you hope....
# Down'n'dirty Blacksmithing/Blacksmithing Techniques II
## Advanced Techniques

Once you've mastered the basic techniques, you may be ready to try a project that calls for one of these processes:

### Striker

Larger work often needs a heavier blow than can easily be produced with a hammer small enough to use with one hand. For this work, two smiths work together. The master smith holds the work and taps with a small hammer to indicate where to strike. The assistant, called a striker, uses a larger, two-handed hammer to apply the blow to the indicated spot.
Next Chapter: About the Author(s)
# Doom Modding

This is a tutorial on making mods for Doom or Doom 2. This tutorial also works for editing Heretic or Hexen (I think.)
PART 1: SPRITE TUTORIAL
Tools needed for modding:
1: XWE - eXtendable Wad Editor
2: Doom Builder
3. WhackEd
4. zDoom (best for loading mods)
First Tutorial: Adding Sprites...
Okay, you've played it, now you want to make it! Doing that won't be easy, you will have to work! First, open up a new version of XWE if you have it. Go to the section at the bottom called SPRITES. Sprites are anything that moves, shoots, is able to be picked up - basically anything that isn't the walls, ceilings, skies, floors, coding, or surfaces. The first sprite that normally comes up is CHGGA0, the "chaingun barrel rotation sequence 1" sprite. If you want to change it or any sprite you want to (let's just do CHGGA0), go up to the top and select ENTRY, REPLACE (not Replace RAW DATA) open a folder, choose an image, with a light blue or purple background. If it has one of the two color backgrounds, then it can be successfully converted to a sprite.
Now, three things can happen here. The first thing that could happen is that the weapon is perfectly settled on the HUD simulator. The second thing that could happen is that the sprite could be NOT on the HUD simulator. This means that you didn't take that sprite from another WAD. It hasn't been configured yet. The third thing is that the weapon is chopped up, super large, and awful-looking. The sprite is too large. Go ahead and resize it down a bit.
If you want your sprite to show up on the "HUD-style fix," which you normally will if your sprites aren't too large, then put a "-" (without the quotes) before the coordinate's number. By the way, if your sprite is too big, it will not shrink it down.
# Down'n'dirty Blacksmithing

Down'n'Dirty Blacksmithing is intended to be a practical introduction to the craft of blacksmithing through the construction of a primitive forge, tools to work the metal heated in the forge, and basic projects.
We hope that this book will provide information through text and illustrations so that an individual might:
* Acquire necessary tools and materials.
* Build a primitive forge.
* Build a primitive anvil.
* Successfully light a fire in the forge that will bring steel to a working temperature.
* Work steel with tools made and acquired in a series of graded exercises that will give an individual an introduction to the rudiments of blacksmithing.
* Work steel in a series of graded exercises that will continue the individual's introduction to the rudiments of blacksmithing and provide additional tools for the further exploration of the craft.

# Contents

* Introduction
* Tools, Materials, and Supplies
* Safety
* Constructing a Down'n'dirty Forge
* Constructing a Down'n'dirty Anvil
* Basic Blacksmithing Techniques
* Exercises and Projects
** Exercise 1: Pointing
** Exercise 2: Hot Cutting
** Exercise 3: Drawing
** Exercise 4: Freehand bending
** Project 1: A Simple "S" Hook
** Project 2: A Fancy "S" Hook
* Advanced Blacksmithing Techniques
* To Learn More
* About the Author(s)
# English-Hanzi/Thursday

Thursday is the day after Wednesday.
星期四 是 星期三 之后 一日。
# English-Hanzi/Tissue

Tissue is a group of cells of the body. It forms the different parts of living things.
组织 是 身体 的 一组 细胞。它组成生物的不同部分。
# English-Hanzi/Touch

Touch is the sense of touching.
触觉是触摸的感觉官能。
# English-Hanzi/Tianjin

Tianjin is a city in Northern China. It has a population of 11,760,000. It has an area of 11,917.3 square kilometers. Built in 1403, Tianjin has been named by Yongle Emperor in memory of his success in occupying Ming capital Beijing through the harbor of Tianjin. It locates on the banks of the Hai He River, west of Bo Hai Sea, south of Yan Shan Mountains, east of Beijing. The distance between Tianjin and Beijing is 137 kilometers and it’ll take you only half an hour to go from Tianjin to Beijing by the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway.
天津 是 中国 北方 的 一个 城市。它 有 11,760,000 人口。面积 为 11,917.3 平方 千米。建于 1403年 的 天津 曾 被 永乐皇帝 命名，为 纪念 他 通过 天津 海港 占领 明朝 首都 北京 的 成功。它 位于 海河 两岸，渤海 西岸，燕山 山脉 以南，北京 以东。天津 到 北京 的 距离 是 137 千米，京津城际铁路​​ 从 天津 到 北京 只需 半小时。
# English-Hanzi/Today

Today is this day now or the present days.
今天 是 现在 这 一天 或 当今。
# English-Hanzi/Tomatoes

* 西红柿
* 番茄
# English-Hanzi/Time

Time is the method for measuring the speed of the change of things.
时间 是 衡量 事物 变化 速度 的 方法。
# English-Hanzi/Town

A town is a place which is smaller or less important than a city, but it is larger or more important than a village.
市镇 是 一个 比 城市 小 或 不 那么 重要 的 地方，但 比 村庄 更大 或 更 重要。
# English-Hanzi/Toxin

Toxin is a poisonous substance that can harm the body. Every food has toxin, eating too much can be harmful.
毒素是可伤害身体的有毒物质。每种食物都有毒素，吃得太多会有害。
# English-Hanzi/Thyroid

Special:search/thyroid prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/gland prefix:English-Hanzi/
Thyroid is a gland in the neck. It produces hormones to control metabolism and body temperature.
甲状腺 是 颈部 的 腺体。它 产生 激素 来 控制 新陈代谢 和 体温。
# Healthy eating habits/Nutrition & snack ideas for sports performance
## Nutrition and snack ideas pre-training

Food eaten prior to exercise is most effectively used once it has been digested and absorbed, to enhance the fuel availability obtained from the food. Foods typically high in fat, protein and fibre take longer to digest, and can hence result in stomach discomfort during physical activity (reference). Therefore, snacks should be eaten at least 1 to 2 hours prior to a game, high in carbohydrates, low in fat and fibre, to assist digestion and reduce discomfort. Above all, before your child partakes in training, tournaments or physical activity all snacks should be tried and tested, to get the best results (reference).

### Examples of easy to prepare pre-training snacks

Typical snacks that are 'easy to prepare' before physical activity, training or a tournament include:
* Jam/honey and banana sandwich (white/wholemeal bread)
* Fruit cereal bars
* Fruit or plain scone with jam
* Toasted white english muffin with a thick spread of a favourite topping (i.e. strawberry jam)
All these snacks provide a good source of carbohydrate, moderate/low source of fibre and protein (reference).

### Too nervous to eat?

Experiment with a routine that works, foods that are safe and familiar to your child (reference). These could include snacks that are easier to ingest i.e. chocolate milk, cereal bars and some sports drinks. Studies have shown that performance is improved once well-fueled and hydrated (references).