# Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Lepidoptera
## Family Hesperiidae (skippers)

* Achalarus lyciades (hoary edge) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Amblyscirtes vialis (common roadside-skipper) Adult, dorsal view.
* Anatrytone logan (Delaware skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Ancyloxypha numitor (least skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Atalopedes campestris (sachem)Adult female, ventral view of wings.
* Atalopedes campestris (sachem)Adult male, ventral view of wings.
* Atrytonopsis hianna (dusted skipper) Adult, dorsal view.
* Autochton cellus (golden-banded skipper) Adult, dorsal view.
* Epargyreus clarus (silver-spotted skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Erynnis brizo (sleepy duskywing) Mating, dorsal view.
* Erynnis horatius (Horace's duskywing) Adult, dorsal view.
* Erynnis icelus (dreamy duskywing) Adult, dorsal view.
* Erynnis juvenalis (Juvenal's duskywing) Adult, dorsal view.
* Erynnis lucilius (columbine duskywing) Adult, dorsal view.
* Erynnis martialis (mottled duskywing)
* Erynnis persius (persius duskywing) Adult, dorsal view.
* Euphyes bimacula (two-spotted skipper)
* Euphyes vestris (dun skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Hesperia leonardus (Leonard's skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Hesperia metea (cobweb skipper)
* Hesperia sassacus (Indian skipper) Adult, posterior view.
* Hylephila phyleus (fiery skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Lerema accius (clouded skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Panoquina ocola (ocola skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Pholisora catullus (common sootywing) Adult, dorsal view.
* Poanes hobomok (Hobomok skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Poanes zabulon Adult female, ventral view of wings.
* Poanes zabulon Adult male, ventral view of wings.
* Polites mystic (long dash skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Polites origenes (crossline skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Polites peckius (Peck's skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Polites themistocles (tawny-edged skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Polites vibex (whirlabout) Adult male, ventral view of wings.
* Pompeius verna (little glassywing) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Pyrgus centaureae (grizzled skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Pyrgus communis (common checkered-skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Staphylus hayhurstii (Hayhurst's Scallopwing) Adult, dorsal view.
* Thorybes bathyllus (southern cloudywing) Adult, dorsal view.
* Thorybes confusis (confused cloudywing)
* Thorybes pylades (northern cloudywing) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Thymelicus lineola (European skipper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Urbanus proteus (long-tailed skipper) Adult, dorsal view.

## Family Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies)

* Atlides halesus (great purple hairstreak) Adult, dorsal view (left) and ventral view.
* Callophrys augustinus (brown elfin) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Callophrys irus (frosted elfin) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Callophrys gryneus (juniper hairstreak) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Callophrys henrici (Henry's elfin) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Callophrys niphon (eastern pine elfin) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Callophrys polios (hoary elfin)
* Calycopis cecrops (red-banded hairstreak) Adult in dorsal view (left) and ventral view.
* Celastrina ladon (spring azure) Adult, dorsal view.
* Celastrina ladon (spring azure) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Celastrina neglectamajor (Appalachian azure)
* Celastrina nigra (dusky azure)
* Cupido comyntas (eastern tailed blue) Adult, dorsal view.
* Cupido comyntas (eastern tailed blue) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Erora laeta (early hairstreak)
* Feniseca tarquinius (harvester) Adult, posterior view.
* Feniseca tarquinius (harvester) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Glaucopsyche lygdamus (silvery blue) Adult, dorsal view.
* Glaucopsyche lygdamus (silvery blue) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Lycaena epixanthe (bog copper) Adult, anterodorsal view.
* Lycaena hyllus (bronze copper) Adult, dorsal view.
* Lycaena hyllus (bronze copper) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Lycaena phlaeas (American copper) Adult, dorsal view.
* Satyrium calanus (banded hairstreak) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Satyrium caryaevorum (hickory hairstreak)
* Satyrium edwardsii (Edwards' hairstreak) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Satyrium liparops (striped hairstreak) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Satyrium titus (coral hairstreak) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Strymon melinus (gray hairstreak) Adult, dorsal view.
* Strymon melinus (gray hairstreak) Adult, ventral view of wings.

## Family Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)

* Aglais milberti (Milbert's tortoiseshell) Adult, dorsal view.
* Asterocampa celtis (hackberry emperor) Adult, dorsal view.
* Asterocampa clyton (tawny emperor)Adult, dorsal view.
* Boloria bellona (meadow fritillary) Adult, dorsal view.
* Boloria selene (silver-bordered fritillary) Adult female, dorsal view.
* Cercyonis pegala (common wood-nymph) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Chlosyne gorgone (gorgone checkerspot) Adult, dorsal view.
* Chlosyne harrisii (Harris' checkerspot) Adult, dorsal view.
* Chlosyne nycteis (silvery checkerspot) Adult, dorsal view.
* Cyllopsis gemma (gemmed satyr) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Danaus plexippus (monarch) Adult male, dorsal view.
* Enodia anthedon (northern pearly-eye) Adult, dorsal view.
* Euphydryas phaeton (Baltimore checkerspot) Adult, dorsal view.
* Euptoieta claudia (variegated fritillary) Adult, dorsal view.
* Hermeuptychia sosybius (Carolina satyr) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Junonia coenia (common buckeye) Adult, dorsal view.
* Libytheana carinenta (American snout) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Limenitis archippus (viceroy) Adult, dorsal view.
* Limenitis arthemis (red-spotted purple) Adult, dorsal view.
* Limenitis arthemis (red-spotted purple) Adult, dorsal view.
* Megisto cymela (little wood satyr) Adult, dorsal view.
* Nymphalis antiopa (mourning cloak) Adult, dorsal view.
* Nymphalis vaualbum (Compton tortoiseshell) Adult, dorsal view.
* Phyciodes batesii (tawny crescent) Adult, dorsal view.
* Phyciodes cocyta (northern crescent) Adult, dorsal view.
* Phyciodes tharos (pearl crescent) Adult, dorsal view.
* Polygonia c-album (comma) Adult, dorsal view.
* Polygonia comma (eastern comma) Adult, dorsal view.
* Polygonia faunus (green comma) Adult, dorsal view (left) and ventral view.
* Polygonia interrogationis (question mark) Adult, dorsal view.
* Polygonia progne (gray comma) Adult, dorsal view.
* Satyrodes appalachia (Appalachian brown) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Satyrodes eurydice (eyed brown) Adult, dorsal view.
* Speyeria atlantis (Atlantis fritillary) Adult, dorsal view.
* Speyeria cybele (great spangled fritillary) Adult, dorsal view.
* Speyeria diana (diana fritillary) Adult male, dorsal view.
* Speyeria idalia (regal fritillary) Adult, dorsal view.
* Vanessa atalanta (red admiral) Adult, dorsal view.
* Vanessa cardui (painted lady) Adult, dorsal view.
* Vanessa virginiensis (American painted lady) Adult, dorsal view.

## Family Papilionidae (swallowtails)

* Battus philenor (pipevine swallowtail) Adult, dorsal view.
* Papilio canadensis (Canadian tiger swallowtail) Adult, dorsal view.
* Papilio cresphontes (giant swallowtail) Adult, dorsal view.
* Papilio glaucus (eastern tiger swallowtail) Adult female, dorsal view of wings.
* Papilio glaucus (eastern tiger swallowtail) Adult female dark morph, mimic of the pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor), dorsal view.
* Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail) Adult male, dorsal view.
* Papilio troilus (spicebush swallowtail) Adult male, dorsal view.
* Protographium marcellus (zebra swallowtail) Adult, dorsal view.

## Family Pieridae

* Anthocharis midea (falcate orangetip)Adult female, dorsal view.
* Anthocharis midea (falcate orangetip) Adult female, dorsal view.
* Colias eurytheme (orange sulphur) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Colias interior (pink-edged sulphur)Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Colias philodice (clouded sulphur) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Euchloe olympia (Olympia marble) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Eurema lisa (little yellow) Adult female, ventral view of wings.
* Eurema nicippe (sleepy orange) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Phoebis sennae (cloudless sulphur) Adult male, ventral view of wings.
* Pieris rapae (cabbage white) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Pieris virginiensis (West Virginia white) Adult, ventral view of wings.
* Pontia protodice (checkered white) Adult female, dorsal view.

## Family Riodinidae

* Calephelis borealis (northern metalmark) Adult, dorsal view.

## Family Hesperiidae (skippers)
### Achalarus
#### Achalarus lyciades (hoary edge)

* Desmodium- preferred
* Baptisia tinctoria- possible
* Lespedeza- possible
Nectar et al:
Trifolium pratense Trifolium repens Apocynum Asclepias syriaca All pref^
Lonicera japonica

### Amblyscirtes
#### Amblyscirtes hegon (pepper and salt skipper)

Glyceria striata Poa pratensis Sorghastrum nutans Uniola latifolia
Nectar et al:
Viburnum Rubus Erigeron soil dung

#### Amblyscirtes vialis (common roadside-skipper)

Poa Uniola latifolia Agrostis Cynodon dactylon
Nectar et al:
low flowers
Viola pedata Phlox Potentilla Verbena hastata Prunella vulgaris Draba Blephilia

### Anatrytone
#### Anatrytone logan (Delaware skipper)

Andropogon Panicum virgatum Possibly other grasses
Nectar et al:
prefs white or pink flowrs Asclepias Cephalanthus occidentalis Mentha Cirsium

### Ancyloxypha
#### Ancyloxypha numitor (least skipper)

Leersia oryzoides Poa
Nectar et al:
low plants w small flowers Oxalis Cichorium Trifolium Apocynum Cephalanthus

### Atalopedes
#### Atalopedes campestris (sachem)

Digitaria- pref Eleusine indica- pref
Cynodon dactylon
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum Trifolium Mentha Cirsium Vernonia Eupatorium Aster Tagetes-pref

### Atrytonopsis
#### Atrytonopsis hianna (dusted skipper)

Andropogon scoparius-pref Andropogon gerardii
Nectar et al:
Trif red and white Fragaria Rubus Phlox

### Autochton
#### Autochton cellus (golden-banded skipper)

* Amphicarpa bactreata
Nectar et al:
Apocynum Rubus Hydrangea arborescens

### Epargyreus
#### Epargyreus clarus (silver-spotted skipper)

* Robinia pseudoacacia- young shoots, preferred host
* Gleditsia triacanthos
* Desmodium
* Apios americana
* Lespedeza
* Pueraria lobata
Nectar et al:
prefs pink red or purp flowers and white to lessr degre prefs: Vernonia Eupatorium Trifolium Apocynum

### Erynnis
#### E baptisiae

Baptisia tinctoria preferred Coronilla varia B australis Lupinus
Nectar et al:
Apocynum Rubus Trif red white

#### Erynnis brizo (sleepy duskywing)

Quercus ilicifolia- preferred other Q species less preferred Castanea dentata
Nectar et al:
soil Vaccinium Rhododendron Cercis canadensis Rubus Taraxacum

#### Erynnis horatius (Horace's duskywing)

Quecus rubra- preferred Q ilicifolia- preferred Q stellata- preferred other white oaks
Nectar et al:
prefs white yellow flowers Apocynum Mentha Cephalanthus occidentalis Solidago

#### Erynnis icelus (dreamy duskywing)

Salix Populus possibly Robinia
Nectar et al:
Cercis canadensis Vaccinium Fragaria Claytonia Vicia Viola pedata Rubus Brassica Apocynum Daucus carota Rudbeckia hirta

#### Erynnis juvenalis (Juvenal's duskywing)

Quercus alba preferred other Q species both white and red
Nectar et al:
Vicia Viola pedata Potentilla Claytonia Prunus Cercis canadensis Elaeagnus umbellata Crataegus Rubus Vaccinium ^pref

#### Erynnis lucilius (columbine duskywing)

Aquilegia canadensis Aquilegia vulgaris
Nectar et al:
prefs pink white yellow flowers
Phlox Viola Arenaria Draba Blephilia Hieracium

#### Erynnis martialis (mottled duskywing)

Ceanothus americanus other C species
Nectar et al:
Houstonia Lithospermum Apocynum Ceanothus americanus soil and dung and carrion

#### Erynnis persius (persius duskywing)

Willow Aspen Lupinus Baptisia tinctoria
Nectar et al:
low early spring flowers

### Euphyes
#### Euphyes bimacula (two-spotted skipper)

Carex spp Carex stricta
Nectar et al:
Asclepias incarnata Vernonia Spiraea Lyonia lygustrina

#### Euphyes conspicua (black dash)

Carex spp
Carex stricta- pref
Nectar et al:
large wetland flowering plants Asclepias incarnata Cirsium Vernonia Eupatorium

#### Euphyes vestris (dun skipper)

Carex Carex stricta Cyperus spp
Nectar et al:
pref white pink or purple flowers all pref: Asclepias Apocynum Ceanothus americanus Prunella vulgaris Mentha Echium vulgare

### Hesperia
#### Hesperia leonardus (Leonard's skipper)

Panicum- preferred Danthonia spicata- pref Agrostis- pref
Andropogon Poa
Nectar et al:
Liatris pref purple or pink flowers Vernonia-pref Eupatorium-pref Aster-pref Cirsium-pref Dipsacus-pref

#### Hesperia metea (cobweb skipper)

Andropogon scoparius- pref Andropogon gerardii
other A species
Nectar et al:
Viola pedata Claytonia Fragaria Trifolium

#### Hesperia sassacus (Indian skipper)

Panicum- preferred Andropogon scoparius- pref Festuca rubra- pref Poa Danthonia spicata
Nectar et al:
Lamium Hieracium orange and yellow Lithospermum Phlox Echium vulgare Rubus

### Hylephila
#### Hylephila phyleus (fiery skipper)

Digitaria-preferred Agrostis- preferred
Cynodon dactylon
Nectar et al:
Cirsium Asclepias Vernonia Eupatorium Centaurea Aster Tagetes

### Lerema
#### Lerema accius (clouded skipper)

Erianthus alopecuroides Echinochloa- possible
Nectar et al:
Cephalanthus occidentalis Prunella vulgaris Verbena Trifolium Tagetes Buddleja Liatris

### Nastra
#### Nastra lherminier (swarthy skipper)

Andropogon scoparius Poa other grasses
Nectar et al:
low growing flowers pref fav colors white pink or blue Mentha Vicia Trif red white Desmodium Ceanothus americanus

### Panoquina
#### Panoquina ocola (ocola skipper)

Saccharum spp- pref Poaceae Leersia oryzoides
Nectar et al:
Cephalanthus occidentalis-pref Asclepias-pref Vernonia-pref Eupatorium-pref

### Pholisora
#### Pholisora catullus (common sootywing)

Chenopodium album- preferred Amaranthus- occasion Celosia- occasion
Nectar et al:
Trifolium Apocynum Oxalis Mentha Asclepias Cucurbita

### Poanes
#### Poanes hobomok (Hobomok skipper)

Panicum preferred Panicum microcarpon- pref Panicum clandestinum- normal Poa Andropogon scoparium Danthonia spicata Leersia oryzoides
Nectar et al:
Rubus Ligustrum Asclepias Echium vulgare Lamium

#### P zabulon

Triodia flava- pref Eragrostis- pref Panicum microcarpon Leersia virginica Poa
Nectar et al:
Lonicera japonica Ligustrum Rubus Cephalanthus occidentalis Vicia Vernonia Viola Asclepias Trifolium Eupatorium

### Polites
#### Polites mystic (long dash skipper)

Poa
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Desmodium Kalmia latifolia Hieracium Apocynum Trifolium pratense

#### Polites origenes (crossline skipper)

Glyceria medicaria Poa Andropogon scoparius Triodia flava Carex scabrata other c species
Nectar et al:
Apocynum Vicia Trifolium Ironweed Asclepias Echium vulgare

#### Polites peckius (Peck's skipper)

Leersia oryzoides Poa rice cutgrass
Nectar et al:
red clover- pref Apocynum Asclepias Cirsium Eupatorium Vernonia Vicia Ceanothus americanus Prunella vulgaris Echium vulgare Verbena hastata

#### Polites themistocles (tawny-edged skipper)

Panicum- preferred esp small species Panicum microcarpon chck size Poa Glyceria Carex scabrata other c species
Nectar et al:
Apocynum Trifolium Cirsium Asclepias Echium vulgare Cichorium intybus

#### Polites vibex (whirlabout)

Paspalum setaceum- pref Paspalum spp possible Panic grasses poss
Nectar et al:
Erigeron Apocynum Echium vulgare

### Pompeius
#### Pompeius verna (little glassywing)

Triodia flava- pref
Nectar et al:
white pink purple flowers preffed Asclepias Apocynum Mentha Vernonia Echium vulgare ^ all pref

### Pyrgus
#### Pyrgus centaureae (grizzled skipper)

Potentilla canadensis- preferred Fragaria- preferred other Cinquefoils
Nectar et al:
low flowers Potentilla canadensis Fragaria spp Claytonia Viola pedata Phlox subulata

#### Pyrgus communis (common checkered-skipper)

Malva Abutilon theophrasti Althaea Sida
Nectar et al:
small white flowers
Erigeron-pref Aster-pref Trifolium Desmodium Centaurea

### Staphylus
#### Staphylus hayhurstii (Hayhurst's Scallopwing)

Chenopodium album
Nectar et al:
Trifolium Apocynum Mentha Polygonum Tagetes

### Thorybes
#### Thorybes bathyllus (southern cloudywing)

Desmodium Lespedeza Strophostyles helvola Phaseolus polystachios Apios americana Clitoria mariana Amphicarpa bactreata Astragalus canadensis
Nectar et al:
Apocynum Asclepias syriaca Trifolium pratense Coronilla varia Echium vulgare Eupatorium Vernonia

#### Thorybes confusis (confused cloudywing)

Possibly Lespedeza and Desmodium
Nectar et al:
Apocynum Trifolium pratense Asclepias Vicia Lonicera Cirsium

#### Thorybes pylades (northern cloudywing)

Desmodium- preferred Lespedeza- preferred Trifolium Medicago Vicia
Nectar et al:
Trifolium pratense Apocynum Asclepias Vicia Lonicera japonica Cirsium

### Thymelicus
#### Thymelicus lineola (European skipper)

Dactylis glomerata Holcus lanatus Phleum pratense other grasses
Nectar et al:
Trifolium pratense-pref Erigeron Chrys leuc Hieracium Asclepias Cirsium Apocynum Trifolium repens

### Urbanus
#### Urbanus proteus (long-tailed skipper)

* Desmodium
* Amphicarpa bactreata
* Phaseolus
* Clitoria mariana
* Wisteria
Nectar et al:
composites

### Wallengrenia
#### Wallengrenia egeremet (northern broken dash)

Panicum pref Panicum clandestinum- preferred Panicum virgatum- preferred
Nectar et al:
prefs purple pink white flowers
Trifolium red white Centaurea Ceanothus americanus

## Family Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies)
### Atlides
#### Atlides halesus (great purple hairstreak)

Phoradendron flavescens male flowers and leaves
Nectar et al:
Solidago Clethra acuminata Aralia spinosa

### Callophrys
#### Callophrys augustinus (brown elfin)

Heaths Vaccinium spp Gaulussacia brachyceral
Nectar et al:
Cercis canadensis Vaccinium Elaeagnus umbellata Gaylussacia Phlox Barbarea vulgaris

#### Callophrys irus (frosted elfin)

Lupinus perennis-pref Baptisia tinctoria-pref esp in WV
Nectar et al:
Lupinus Rubus

#### Callophrys gryneus (juniper hairstreak)

Juniperus virginiana
Nectar et al
spring
Claytonia Phlox Viola pedata Lepidium campestre Barbarea vulgaris Cercis canadensis
summer Asclepias Apocynum Melilotus alba

#### Callophrys henrici (Henry's elfin)

variable by location
Cercis canadensis-pref in WV Ilex opaca Vaccinium spp Gaylussacia spp
Nectar et al:
Cercis canadensis Erigeron puddle

#### Callophrys niphon (eastern pine elfin)

Pinus virginiana-pref esp young trees P rigida P echinata P sylvestris
Nectar et al:
Phlox Taraxacum Potentilla canadensis Comandra umbellata Vaccinium Rubus Cercis canadensis

#### Callophrys polios (hoary elfin)

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi-pref Epigaea repens
Nectar et al:
Vaccinium Salix

### Calycopis
#### Calycopis cecrops (red-banded hairstreak)

Rhus typhina R copallina leaf detritus-pref Lactuca sativa var crispa- pref
Nectar et al
Rhus Apocynum Prunus serotina Rubus Asclepias Ellaeagnus umbellata Ceanothus americanus Achillea

### Celastrina
#### Celastrina ladon (spring azure)

Type I and lucia auctorum
cornus florida flowers black cherry fruit
Violacea type II black cherry leaf galls from eriophyid mites
Neglecta uses flower buds of ceanothus americana cimicifuga racemosa Rhus glabra Spiraea spp Actinomeris alternifolia
Females will lay eggs on the buds of the following, but the caterpillars won't survive
Hydrangea arborescens Sambucus spp Viburnum spp
Nectar et al:
Malus Prunus Prunus serotina Amelanchier Cercis canadensis Viburnum Lindera benzoin Rubus
Late spring and summer: Apocynum Ceanothus americanus Ligustrum Asclepias Melilotus officinalis M alba
Males puddle and scavenge carrion

#### Celastrina neglectamajor (Appalachian azure)

Cimicfuga racemosa
Nectar et al:
Rubus pref Viburnum
Males puddle

#### Celastrina nigra (dusky azure)

Aruncus dioicus
Nectar et al:
females drink more nectar males drink from soil Cercis canadensis Geranium Dentaria Claytonia

### Cupido
#### Cupido comyntas (eastern tailed blue)

Fabaceae Lespedeza spp-pref Trifolium pratense-pref T arvense medicago sativa Vicia spp Desmodium spp Melilotus officinalis
Nectar et al:
plants w short corollas Potentilla Barbarea vulgaris Melilotus alba Trifolium red a white Apocynum Mentha Aster

### Erora
#### Erora laeta (early hairstreak)

fagus grandifolia fruits corylus spp fruits Betula spp catkins Salix spp
Nectar et al:
Claytonia Erigeron Achillea Chrys leuc Daucus carota Apocynum Ceanothus americanus Asclepias tuberosa
females drink at puddles
Benefactor taxa for monarchs :
| Taxon | Behavior | Food | Reproduction | Shelter | Water | Notes |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | |

### Feniseca
#### Feniseca tarquinius (harvester)

Aphids: Prociphilus Melirhizophagus Neoprociphilus Schizoneura Pemphigus
Aphid host plants: Alnus spp Hamamelis virginiana Fagus spp Fraxinus spp Crataegus spp Acer saccharinum Smilax spp
Nectar et al:
aphid honeydew moist soil animal dung

### Glaucopsyche
#### Glaucopsyche lygdamus (silvery blue)

Vicia caroliniana-pref Lathyrus venosus other vetches
Nectar et al:
Cercis canadensis Vicia caroliniana Claytonia Potentilla composites

### Lycaena
#### Lycaena epixanthe (bog copper)

Vaccinium oxycoccos V macrocarpon
Nectar et al:
cranberry flowers

#### Lycaena hyllus (bronze copper)

Rumex verticillatus-pref R cripus-pref Polygonum spp
Nectar et al
males don't drink as much nectar as females
Trifolium Rubus Chrys leuc Eupatorium Apocynum Polygonum Aster

#### Lycaena phlaeas (American copper)

Rumex acetosella- pref R crispus- non
Nectar et al:
Ranunculus Potentilla canadensis Chrys leuc Trifolium Achillea Asclepias Aster

### Parrhasius
#### Parrhasius m-album (white M hairstreak)

Quercus alba-pref Tilia spp
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Eupatorium Cornus Viburnum Rhus Oxydendrum arboreum Prunus serotina Solidago Apocynum Rubus

### Satyrium
#### Satyrium calanus (banded hairstreak)

Quercus alba Q prinus Juglans nigra J cinerea Carya spp
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum Ceanothus americanus Achillea Rhus typhina Melilotus alba Sambucus canadensis

#### Satyrium caryaevorum (hickory hairstreak)

Carya cordiformis C glabra C ovata
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum Cirsium Daucus carota Rhus typhina Melilotus alba Ceanothus americanus

#### Satyrium edwardsii (Edwards' hairstreak)

Quercus ilicifolia- pref Q marilandica Q velutina
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum Ceanothus americanus Rhus typhina Solidago Melilotus alba

#### Satyrium favonius (southern hairstreak)

Quercus alba Q stellata Q velutina Q rubra Q ilicifolia-poss
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum Ceanothus americanus Vaccinium

#### Satyrium liparops (striped hairstreak)

Ericaceae Rosaceae Vaccinium spp Rhododendron calendulaceum Prunus serotina Crataegus spp Amelanchier spp Rubus spp Pyrus spp Malus spp Carpinus caroliniana
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum Rhus typhina Ceanothus americanus Viburnum Solidago

#### Satyrium titus (coral hairstreak)

Prunus serotina-pref P virginiana Rosaceae- poss
Nectar et al:
Asclepias-pref A tuberosa- pref Apocynum Ceanothus americanus Melilotus alba Achillea
Benefactor taxa for monarchs :
| Taxon | Behavior | Food | Reproduction | Shelter | Water | Notes |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | |

### Strymon
#### Strymon melinus (gray hairstreak)

Fabaceae Malvaceae Lespedeza spp Desmodium spp Vicia spp Trifolium spp Malva spp Phaseolus spp
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum Barbarea vulgaris Cercis canadensis Cirsium Solidago Mentha Melilotus alba Trifolium

## Family Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)
### Aglais
#### Aglais milberti (Milbert's tortoiseshell)

Urtica dioica U gracilis
Nectar et al:
Cirsium Asclepias Vernonia Trifolium Verbesina alternifolia Aster
also
ferm fruit damp soil probably sap

### Asterocampa
#### Asterocampa celtis (hackberry emperor)

Celtis tenuifolia C occidentalis
Nectar et al:
sap rotting fruit dung carrion moist soil
ans Sweat salt

#### Asterocampa clyton (tawny emperor)

Celtis tenuifolia C occidentalis
Nectar et al:
soil dung rotting fruit tree sap
rarely milkweed

### Boloria
#### Boloria bellona (meadow fritillary)

Viola soraria V papilionacea
Nectar et al:
esp composites Achillea millefolium Daucus carota Chrys leuc Taraxacum offinale Apocynum Trifolium Verbesina alternifolia Cirsium Vernonia Solidago Aster

#### Boloria selene (silver-bordered fritillary)

Viola cucullata V pallens V striata V primulifolia V papilionacea
Nectar et al:
Apocynum Asclepias Vernonia Achillea millefolium Chrys leuc Trif pratense Mentha Solidago

### Cercyonis
#### Cercyonis pegala (common wood-nymph)

c p pegala
Danthonia spicata Triodia flava Andropogon spp Poa spp
Nectar et al:
prefs sap ferm fruit dung
Asclepias Chrysanthemum leuc Rudbeckia hirta Daucus carota Trifolium Dipsacus Vernonia Eupatorium Monarda fistulosa
SUBSPECIES
c pegala nephele
host is "grasses"
Nectar et al:
sap ferm fruit moist soil
reg Chrys leuc Asclepias

### Chlosyne
#### Chlosyne gorgone (gorgone checkerspot)

Helianthus Ambrosia Lysimachia
Nectar et al:
yellow composites preferred Solidago Coreopsis
reg Melilotus alba Asclepias Erigeron

#### Chlosyne harrisii (Harris' checkerspot)

Aster umbellatus
Nectar et al:
Erigeron Hieracium Chrys leuc Taraxacum officinale

#### Chlosyne nycteis (silvery checkerspot)

Verbesina alternifolia- pref Helianthus spp H tuberosus H. strumosus Aster puniceus
Nectar et al:
Apocynum Asclepias Erigeron Barbarea vulgaris Trifolium Taraxacum officinale Cirsium arvense Pastinaca sativa

### Cyllopsis
#### Cyllopsis gemma (gemmed satyr)

Cynodon dactylon
Nectar et al:
damp soil dung fungi tree sap fermenting fruit

### Enodia
#### Enodia anthedon (northern pearly-eye)

Leersia virginica Panicum spp Hystrix patula Uniola latifolia Erianthus alopecuroides Brachyelytrum erectum
Nectar et al:
prefs willow sap ferm fruit dung carrion fungi damp soil

### Euphydryas
#### Euphydryas phaeton (Baltimore checkerspot)

Chelone glabra- pref Plantago lanceolata Viburnum recognitum Pedicularis canadensis Lonicera japonica Aureolaria flava other A spp
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum Chrys leuc Trifolium Rudbeckia hirta Viburnum
puddle
also dung

### Euptoieta
#### Euptoieta claudia (variegated fritillary)

Viola- pref cultivated pansies-pref Podophyllum peltatum Sedum spp. Portulaca spp Menispermum spp Desmodium spp
Nectar et al:
prefs:
Asclepias Cirsium Apocynum Vernonia Eupatorium Aster red white clover
reg:
Mentha Echium vulgare

### Hermeuptychia
#### Hermeuptychia sosybius (Carolina satyr)

Poa spp Poa pratensis Cynodon dactylon
Nectar et al:
sap ferm frut dung
puddle

### Junonia
#### Junonia coenia (common buckeye)

Scrophulariaceae Plantaginaceae Acanthaceae Plantago lanceolata- pref P rugelii- pref Linaria vulgaris-pref Aureolaria spp Agalinis spp Ruellia spp
Nectar et al:
Daucus carota Helianthus Aster Asclepias Vernonia Trifolium

### Libytheana
#### Libytheana carinenta (American snout)

Celtis occidentalis C tenuifolia
Nectar et al:
like 2 puddle
reg
Apocynum Solidago Aster Daucus carota Rubus Asclepias Eupatorium

### Limenitis
#### Limenitis archippus (viceroy)

Salix spp- pref Populus tremuloides- pref P alba- nonpref P deltoides- non P nigra- non
Nectar et al:
prefs dung carrion fermenting fruit moist sand soil
reg Asclepias Cirsium Eupatorium Dipsacus Aster

#### Limenitis arthemis (red-spotted purple)

Prunus serotina P virginiana Amelanchier spp Populus grandidentata P tremuloides P alba P deltoides Pyrus malus Quercus velutina Quercus ilicifolia Salix spp
Nectar et al:
prefs sap ferm fruit damp soil dung carrion
nonpref
Prunus serotina Viburnum Cornus

### Megisto
#### Megisto cymela (little wood satyr)

Poa spp Dactylis glomerata
Nectar et al:
prefs sap fermenting fruit fungi aphid honey dew dung wet soil
non pref:
Asclepias Chrys leuc Melilotus alba Rubus spp Viburnum spp Rhus typhina

### Nymphalis
#### Nymphalis antiopa (mourning cloak)

Salix nigra- pref S babylonica- pref Ulmus americanus Populus tremuloides P grandidentata Celtis spp
Late instar Quercus ilicifolia
Nectar et al:
tree sap
rotting fruit
rarely: Asclepias Apocybum Ceanothus

#### Nymphalis vaualbum (Compton tortoiseshell)

Populus spp Salix spp Betula spp
Nectar et al:
prefs rotting fruit sap moist soil

### Phyciodes
#### Phyciodes batesii (tawny crescent)

Aster undulatus A simplex
Nectar et al:
variety of june bloomers

#### Phyciodes cocyta (northern crescent)

slash selenis
Compositae Aster simplex
Nectar et al:
Apocynum Erigeron Trifolium repens Chrysanthemum leucanthemum

#### Phyciodes tharos (pearl crescent)

Many Compositae Aster simplex A pilosus A laevis A novae-angliae
Nectar et al:
almost any flower, esp if flat
prefs Taraxacum officinale Hieracium Chrysanthemum Rudbeckia hirta Asclepias Apocybum Aster Achillea millefolium Solidago

### Polygonia
#### Polygonia comma (eastern comma)

Urtica spp Boehmeria cylindrica Laportea canadensis Ulmus spp Humulus spp Celtis- nonpref
Nectar et al:
moist soil tree sap rotting fruit dung carrion
rare Eupatorium Rubus

#### Polygonia faunus (green comma)

Salix Betula Alnus Ribes- poss
Nectar et al:
damp soil tree sap rotten fruit dung carrion flower nectar

#### Polygonia interrogationis (question mark)

Ulmus spp- pref Celtis spp- pref Urtica spp Boehmeria cylindrica
Nectar et al:
prefs rotting fruit tree sap dung carrion damp soil
reg Asclepias Aster Cornus Trifolium pratense

#### Polygonia progne (gray comma)

Ribes rotundifolia- pref Ulmus- non Rhododendron nudiflorum
Nectar et al:
prefs sap ferm fruit dung
Arctium minus Dipsacus

### Satyrodes
#### Satyrodes appalachia (Appalachian brown)

Carex lacustris C stricta- pref Glyceria striata
Nectar et al:
prefs Sap Ferm fruit rotting fungi dung

#### Satyrodes eurydice (eyed brown)

Carex lacustris C lupulina C stricta C bromoides C trichocarpa
Nectar et al:
prefs Sap ferm fruit fungi
reg: Asclepias incarnata Eupatorium Monarda fistulosa

### Speyeria
#### Speyeria aphrodite (Aphrodite fritillary)

Viola papilionacea V cucullata V soraria V striata
Nectar et al:
prefs: Asclepias Arctium Eupatorium Vernonia Apocynum Cirsium Echium vulgare Chrysanthemum Pycnanthemum flexuosum

#### Speyeria atlantis (Atlantis fritillary)

Viola papilionacea V cucullata V soraria V blanda V pennsylvanica V canadensis V striata
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum Spiraea Arctium Chrys leuc Achillea millefolium Erigeron Trifolium pratense Mentha Prunella vulgaris Monarda clinopodia

#### Speyeria cybele (great spangled fritillary)

Viola papilionacea V cucullata V soraria V striata
Nectar et al:
prefs Asclepias Cirsium Eupatorium Apocynum Pycnanthemum flexuosum
regular: Trifolium Echium vulgare

#### Speyeria diana (diana fritillary)

Viola
Nectar et al:
Asclepias syriaca-pref A tuberosa-peef A incarnata-pref Cirsium- pref Monarda fistulosa Eupatorium Vernonia
Benefactor taxa for monarchs :
| Taxon | Behavior | Food | Reproduction | Shelter | Water | Notes |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | |

#### Speyeria idalia (regal fritillary)

Viola
Nectar et al:
Jul Asc syriaca A incarnata A tuberosa
Aug-sep Vernonia Eupatorium Cirsium Aster
Eupatorium perfoliatum-nonpref
Trifolium
Benefactor taxa for monarchs :
| Taxon | Behavior | Food | Reproduction | Shelter | Water | Notes |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | |

### Vanessa
#### Vanessa atalanta (red admiral)

Urtica dioica- pref U gracilis-pref Boehmeria cylindrica Parietaria pensylvanica Laportea canadensis
Nectar et al:
sap-pref ferm fruit-pref dung-pref carrion-pref
cirsium Asclepias Apocynum Trifolium pratense Chrys leuc Daucus carota Syringa

#### Vanessa cardui (painted lady)

Cirsium spp- pref Asteraceae Malvaceae Althaea spp- pref Malva neglecta Boraginaceae Fabaceae cultivated Artemisia
Nectar et al:
esp fond of composites Cirsium vernonia Eupatorium Asclepias Trifolium pratense Aster Zinnia Tagetes

#### Vanessa virginiensis (American painted lady)

Antennaria spp A neglecta A viginica A plantaginifolia Anaphalis margaritacea Gnaphalium spp
Nectar et al:
Asclepias Apocynum red clover white clover Cirsium Taraxacum officinale Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Solidago Aster

## Family Papilionidae (swallowtails)
### Battus
#### Battus philenor (pipevine swallowtail)

Aristolochia macrophylla- pref A serpentaria
Nectar et al:
Pink and purple flowers pref Phlox Asclepias Eupatorium Vernonia Cirsium Lilium superbum

### Papilio
#### Papilio canadensis (Canadian tiger swallowtail)

Liriodendron tulipifera- activeley toxic
Populus tremuloides P. grandidentata Betula spp. Prunus serotina
Nectar et al:
males puddle same as eastern tiger Nectar et al:
Asclepias-pref Cirsium-pref Vernonia-pref Eupatorium-pref Rhododendron-pref Apocynum-pref Albizia julibrissin-pref Lilium spp-pref Trifolium pratense-pref

#### Papilio cresphontes (giant swallowtail)

Zanthoxylum americanum Z clava-herculis Ptelea trifoleata Citrus spp
Nectar et al: Asclepias, especially small woodland species Solidago Saponaria officinalis Lonicera japonica

#### Papilio glaucus (eastern tiger swallowtail)

Liriodendron tulipifera- pref Prunus serotina- pref Fraxinus-poss Lindera benzoin-poss Syringa vulgaris-poss Ptelea trifoliata-poss
Nectar et al:
Asclepias-pref Cirsium-pref Vernonia-pref Eupatorium-pref Rhododendron-pref Apocynum-pref Albizia julibrissin-pref Lilium spp-pref Trifolium pratense-pref

#### Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail)

Umbelliferae Daucus carota D c var. sativa Anethum graveolens Petroselinum crispum Ruta graveolens
Nectar et al:
Trifolium Asclepias Cirsium Vernonia Eupatorium

#### Papilio troilus (spicebush swallowtail)

Sassafras albidum-pref Lindera benzoin-pref Liriodendron tulipifera- poss Zanthoxylum americanum- poss
Nectar et al: can use long tubed flowers Lonicera japonica-pref Impatiens-pref
Asclepias Cirsium Eupatorium Apocynum Rhododendron Albizia julibrissin

### Protographium
#### Protographium marcellus (zebra swallowtail)

Asamina triloba
Nectar et al:
males like to puddle Rubus Apocynum Cercis canadensis Asclepias Echium vulgare

## Family Pieridae
### Anthocharis
#### Anthocharis midea (falcate orangetip)

Cardamine spp Arabis laevigata A serotina A glabra Alliaria officinalis Lepidium campestre Dentaria laciniata other mustard fam spp
Nectar et al:
Claytonia Viola pedata Cardamine hirsuta Lepidium Dentaria Arabis

### Colias
#### Colias eurytheme (orange sulphur)

Medicago sativa- pref Trifolium repens T spp Melilotus alba-non Baptisia-non Coronilla varia-non Vicia spp.-non other leg-non
Nectar et al:
non-deep tubed
Taraxacum Aster
Trifolium-pref Mentha-pref Chrysanthemum-pref Dipsacus-pref Solidago-pref Cirsium-pref Vernonia-pref

#### Colias interior (pink-edged sulphur)

Vaccinium angustifolium-pref other blueberries
Nectar et al:
red and blue flowers pref Trifolium pratense Prunella vulgaris Satureja vulgaris
Yellow Taraxacum officinale Lotus corniculatus
White nonpref Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Aralia hispida

#### Colias philodice (clouded sulphur)

Trifolium repens -pref Trifolium pratense- pref other legumes poss
Nectar et al: Taraxacum Trifolium Solidago Vernonia Eupatorium Aster Tagetes Chrysanthemum

### Euchloe
#### Euchloe olympia (Olympia marble)

Arabis laevigata- pref Arabis serotina- pref other rockcresses-pref
Cardamine hirsuta-non
Nectar et al:
Claytonia Viola pedata Phlox Houstonia Stellaria Arabis

### Eurema
#### Eurema lisa (little yellow)

Cassia fasciculata C nictitans larger leaved Sennas usually avoided
Nectar et al: Aster Solidago Trifolium Prunella Liatris

#### Eurema nicippe (sleepy orange)

Cassia fasciculata C hebecarpa C marilandica C nictitans
Nectar et al:
Trifolium Melilotus alba Echium vulgare Aster Vernonia

### Phoebis
#### Phoebis sennae (cloudless sulphur)

Cassia fasciculata C hebecarpa C marilandica-poss C nictitans- poss
Nectar et al:
long tubed flowers Lonicera Lobelia cardinalis Hibiscus syriacus Cirsium Cassia

### Pieris
#### Pieris rapae (cabbage white)

many crucifers Barbarea vulgaris Brassica spp broccoli cauliflower cabbage Alliaria officinalis
Nectar et al:
Taraxacum-spring Lepidium-spring Brassica-spring
trifolium-later Mentha-later Aster-later
Asclepias-nonpref Eupatorium-nonpref other large composites-nonpref

#### Pieris virginiensis (West Virginia white)

Dentaria laciniata- pref D diphylla- pref Arabis spp- nonpref Alliaria officinalis-non-pref Arabis serotina Cardamine spp Cardamine hirsuta Arabis laevigata-pref
Nectar et al: Claytonia Dentaria Sedum Viola

### Pontia
#### Pontia protodice (checkered white)

Lepidium virginicum-pref L densiflorum-pref Capsella bursa-pastoris Barbarea vulgaris other mustards
Nectar et al: Sisymbrium-pref Barbarea vulgaris-pref other mustards Asclepias Trifolium

## Family Riodinidae
### Calephelis
#### Calephelis borealis (northern metalmark)

Senecio obovatus- pref other ragworts
Nectar et al: Achillea Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Rudbeckia hirta Erigeron
Benefactor taxa for monarchs :
| Taxon | Behavior | Food | Reproduction | Shelter | Water |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! |
| Asclepias tuberosa, the butterfly milkweed. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! |
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 Allen, Thomas J. (1997). Bonta, Marcia (ed.). The Butterflies of West Virginia and Their Caterppillars. Pitt Series in Nature and Natural History. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 388. ISBN 9780822956570.