# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/RFQ Beam Coolers

Despite its long history, high-sensitivity high-accuracy mass measurements of atomic nuclei continue to be very important areas of research for many branches of physics. Not only do these measurements provide us with a better understanding of nuclear structures and nuclear forces but they also offer insight into how matter behaves in some of Nature’s harshest environments. At facilities such as ISOLDE at CERN and TRIUMF in Vancouver, for instance, measurement techniques are now being extended to short-lived radionuclei that only occur naturally in the interior of exploding stars. Their short half-lives and very low production rates at even the most powerful facilities require the very highest in sensitivity of such measurements.
Penning traps, the central element in modern high-accuracy high-sensitivity mass measurement installations, enable measurements of accuracies approaching 1 part in 10^11 on single ions. However, to achieve this Penning traps must have the ion to be measured delivered to it very precisely and with certainty that it is indeed the desired ion. This imposes severe requirements on the apparatus that must take the atomic nucleus out of the target in which it has been created, sort it from the myriad of other ions that are emitted from the target and then direct it so that it can be captured in the measurement trap.
Cooling these ion beams, particularly radioactive ion beams, has been shown to drastically improve the accuracy and sensitivity of mass measurements by reducing the phase space of the ion collections in question. Using a light neutral background gas, typically helium, charged particles originating from on-line mass separators undergo a number of soft collisions with the background gas molecules resulting in fractional losses of the ions’ kinetic energy and a reduction of the ion ensemble’s overall energy. In order for this to be effective however, the ions need to be contained using transverse radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) electric fields during the collisional cooling process (also known as buffer gas cooling). These RFQ coolers operate on the same principles as quadrupole ion traps and have been shown to be particularly well suited for buffer gas cooling given their capacity for total confinement of ions having a large dispersion of velocities, corresponding to kinetic energies up to tens of electron volts. A number of the RFQ coolers have already been installed at research facilities around the world and a list of their characteristics can be found below.
RFQ Coolers Around the World :
| Name | Input Beam | Input Emittance | Cooler Length | R$_0$ | RF Voltage, Freq, DC | Mass Range | Axial Voltage | Pressure | Output Beam Qualities | Images |
| Colette | 60 keV ISOLDE beam decelerated to ≤ 10 eV | ~ 30 π-mm-mrad | 504 mm (15 segments, electrically isolated) | 7 mm | Freq : 450 – 700 kHz | -- | 0.25 V/cm | 0.01 mbar He | Reaccelerated to up to 59.99 keV with long. energy spread ~10 eV | COLETTE1 COLETTE2 |
| LPC Cooler | SPIRAL type beams | Up to ~ 100 π-mm-mrad | 468 mm (26 segments, electrically isolated) | 15 mm | RF : up to 250 Vp, Freq : 500 kHz – 2.2 MHz | -- | -- | up to 0.1 mbar | -- | LPC1 LPC2 |
| SHIPTRAP Cooler | SHIP type beams 20-500 keV/A | -- | 1140 mm (29 segments, electrically isolated) | 3.9 mm | RF: 30-200 Vpp, Freq: 800 kHz – 1.2 MHz | up to 260 amu | Variable: 0.25 – 1 V/cm | ~ 5×10-3 mbar He | -- | SHIPTRAP1 SHIPTRAP2 |
| JYFL Cooler | IGISOL type beam at 40 keV | Up to 17 π-mm-mrad | 400 mm (16 segmentes) | 10 mm | RF: 200 Vp, Freq: 300 kHz – 800 kHz | -- | ~1 V/cm | ~0.1 mbar He | ~3 π-mm-mrad, Energy spread < 4 eV | JYFL1 JYFL2 JYFL3 |
| MAFF Cooler | 30 keV beam decelerated to ~100 eV | -- | 450mm | 30mm | RF: 100 –150 Vpp, Freq: 5 MHz | -- | ~0.5 V/cm | ~0.1 mbar He | energy spread = 5 eV, Emittance @ 30keV: from = 36 π-mm-mrad to eT = 6 π-mm-mrad | -- |
| ORNL Cooler | 20-60 keV negative RIBs decelerated to <100 eV | ~50 π-mm-mrad (@ 20 keV) | 400 mm | 3.5 mm | RF: ~400 Vp, Freq: up to 2.7 MHz | -- | up to ±5 kV on tapered rods | ~0.01 mbar | Energy spread ~2 eV | ORNL1 ORNL2 ORNL3 |
| LEBIT Cooler | 5 keV DC beams | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ~1×x10−1 mbar He (high-pressure section) | -- | LEBIT1 LEBIT2 LEBIT3 |
| ISCOOL | 60 keV ISOLDE beam | up to 20 π-mm-mrad | 800 mm (using segmented DC wedge electrodes) | 20 mm | RF: up to 380 V, Freq: 300 kHz - 3MHz | 10-300 amu | ~0.1V/cm | 0,01 - 0,1 mbar He | -- | ISCOOL1 ISCOOL2 ISCOOL3 ISCOOL4 |
| ISOLTRAP Cooler | 60 keV ISOLDE beam | -- | 860 mm (segmented) | 6 mm | RF: ~125 Vp, Freq: ~1 MHz. | -- | -- | ~2×10-2 mbar He | elong ≈ 10 eV us, etrans ≈ 10p mm mrad. | ISOLTRAP1 ISOLTRAP2 |
| TITAN RFCT | continuous 30–60 keV ISAC beam | -- | -- | -- | RF: 1000 Vpp, Freq: 300 kHz - 3 MHz | -- | -- | -- | 6 π-mm-mrad at 5 keV extraction energy | TITAN1 TITAN2 TITAN3 |
| TRIMP Cooler | TRIMP beams | -- | 660 mm (segmented) | 5 mm | RF= 100 Vp, Freq.: up to 1.5 MHz | 6 < A < 250 | -- | up to 0.1 mbar | -- | TRIMP1 TRIMP2 TRIMP3 |
| SPIG Leuven | -- | -- | 124 mm (sextuple rod structure) | 1.5 mm | RF= 0-500 Vpp, Freq.: 4.7 MHz | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Argonne CPT | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| SLOWRI cooler | -- | -- | 600 mm (segmented sextuple rod structure) | 8 mm | RF= 400 Vpp, Freq.: 3.6 MHz | -- | -- | ~10 mbar He | -- | -- |

## References

* ↑ M. Sewtz, C. Bachelet, N. Chauvin, C. Guénaut, E. Leccia, D. Le Du and D. Lunney (2005). "Deceleration and cooling of heavy ion beams: The COLETTE project". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 240 (p. 55-60).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Cyril Bachelet (2004). "Mesure de Masse de Noyaux à Halo et Refroidissement de Faisceaux avec l'Expérience Mistral". PhD Thesis. Université Paris XI, France. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
* ↑ Guillaume Darius (2004). "Etude et Mise en oeuvre d'un Dispositif pour la Mesure de Paramètre de Correlation Angulaire dans la Désintégration du Noyau Hélium 6". PhD Thesis. Université de Caen / Basse-Normandie, France. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
* ↑ S. Rahaman, M. Block, D. Ackermann, D. Beck, A. Chaudhuri, S. Eliseev, H. Geissel, D. Habs, F. Herfurth, F.P. Heßberger; et al. (2006). "On-line commissioning of SHIPTRAP". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 251 (p. 146-151). {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Jens Dilling (2001). "Direct Mass Measurments on Exotic Nuclei with SHIPTRAP and ISOLTRAP". PhD Thesis. University of Heidelberg, Germany. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
* ↑ Daniel Rodriguez Rubiales (2001). "An RFQ Buncher for Accumulation and Cooling of Heavy Radionuclides at SHIPTRAP and High Precision Mass Measurements on Unstable Kr Isotopes at ISOLTRAP". PhD Thesis. University of Valencia, Spain. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
* ↑ A. Jokinen, J. Huikari, A. Nieminen and J. Äystö (2002). "The first cooled beams from JYFL ion cooler and trap project". Nuclear Physics A. 701 (p. 557-560).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Arto Nieminen (2002). "Manipulation of Low-Energy Radioactive Ion Beams With an RFQ Cooler; Applications to Collinear Laser Spectroscopy". PhD Thesis. University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
* ↑ J. Szerypo, D. Habs, S. Heinz, J. Neumayr, P. Thirolf, A. Wilfart and F. Voit (2003). "MAFFTRAP: ion trap system for MAFF". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 204 (p. 512-516).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Y. Liu, J.F. Liang G.D. Alton, J.R. Beene, Z. Zhou, H. Wollnik (2002). "Collisional Cooling of Negative-Ion Beams". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 187 (p. 117-131).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ G. Bollen, S. Schwarz, D. Davies, P. Lofy, D. Morrissey, R. Ringle, P. Schury,T. Sun, L. Weissman (2004). "Beam cooling at the low-energy-beam and ion-trap facility at NSCL/MSU". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 532 (p. 203–209).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ I. Podadera Aliseda, T. Fritioff, T. Giles, A. Jokinen, M. Lindroos and F. Wenander (2004). "Design of a second generation RFQ Ion Cooler and Buncher (RFQCB) for ISOLDE". Nuclear Physics A. 746 (p. 647-650).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Ivan Podadera Aliseda (2006). "New Developments on Preparation of Cooled and Bunched Radioactive Ion Beams at ISOL-Facilities: The ISCOOL Project and Rotating-Wall Cooling". PhD Thesis. CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
* ↑ T. J. Giles, R. Catherall, V. Fedosseev, U. Georg, E. Kugler, J. Lettry and M. Lindroos (2003). "The high resolution spectrometer at ISOLDE". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 204 (p. 497-501).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ J. Dilling, P. Bricault, M. Smith, H. -J. Kluge and TITAN collaboration (2003). "The proposed TITAN facility at ISAC for very precise mass measurements on highly charged short-lived isotopes". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 204 (Pages 492-496).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Emil Traykov (2006). "Production of Radioactive Beams for Atomic Trapping". PhD Thesis. University of Groningen, The Netherlands. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

## Further Reading

* SHIPTRAP collaboration, J. Schönfelder, D. Ackermann, H. Backe, G. Bollen, J. Dilling, A. Dretzke, O. Engels, J. Estermann, D. Habs, S. Hofmann, F. P. Hessberger, H. -J. Kluge, W. Lauth, W. Ludolphs, M. Maier, G. Marx, R. B. Moore, W. Quint, D. Rodriguez, M. Sewtz, G. Sikler, C. Toader and Chr. Weber (2002). "SHIPTRAP—a capture and storage facility for heavy radionuclides at GSI". Nuclear Physics A. 701 (p. 579-582).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* G. Sikler, D. Ackermann, F. Attallah, D. Beck, J. Dilling, S. A. Elisseev, H. Geissel, D. Habs, S. Heinz, F. Herfurth; et al. (2003). "First on-line test of SHIPTRAP". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 204 (p. 482-486). {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* J.B. Neumayr, L. Beck, D. Habs, S. Heinz, J. Szerypo, P.G. Thirolf, V. Varentsov, F. Voit, D. Ackermann, D. Beck; et al. (2006). "The ion-catcher device for SHIPTRAP". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 244 (p. 489-500). {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* J. Szerypo, A. Jokinen, V. S. Kolhinen, A. Nieminen, S. Rinta-Antila and J. Äystö (2002). "Penning trap at IGISOL". Nuclear Physics A. 701 (p. 588-591).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* T. Faestermann, W. Assmann, L. Beck, H. Bongers, W. Carli, M. Groß, R. Großmann, D. Habs, P. Hartung, S. Heinz; et al. (2004). "The Munich Accelerator for Fission Fragments - MAFF". Nuclear Physics A. 746 (p. 22-26). {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* D. Habs, M. Groß, W. Assmann, F. Ames, H. Bongers, S. Emhofer, S. Heinz, S. Henry, O. Kester, J. Neumayr; et al. (2003). "The Munich accelerator for fission fragments MAFF". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 204 (p. 739-745). {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* F. Herfurth, J. Dilling, A. Kellerbauer, G. Bollen, S. Henry, H. -J. Kluge, E. Lamour, D. Lunney, R. B. Moore, C. Scheidenberger; et al. (2001). "A linear radiofrequency ion trap for accumulation, bunching, and emittance improvement of radioactive ion beams". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 469 (p. 254-275). {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* S. Schwarz, G. Bollen, D. Lawton, A. Neudert, R. Ringle, P. Schury and T. Sun (2003). "A second-generation ion beam buncher and cooler". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 204 (p. 474-477).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* J. Clark, R. C. Barber, C. Boudreau, F. Buchinger, J. E. Crawford, S. Gulick, J. C. Hardy, A. Heinz, J. K. P. Lee, R. B. Moore; et al. (2003). "Improvements in the injection system of the Canadian Penning trap mass spectrometer". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 204 (p. 487-491). {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)