OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English-Hanzi/Mongolia

Mongolia is a country between China and Russia, in Asia.
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
蒙古 是 在 中国 与 Russia（俄罗斯） 之间 的 亚洲 国家。
蒙古 是 东亚 和 中亚 的 内陆 国家。它 的 北部 与 Russia（俄罗斯），南部、东部 和 西部 与 中华人民共和国 接壤。蒙古 的 政治 制度 是 议会制 共和国。
# English-Hanzi/Morning

Morning is the daytime before noon.
早上 是 中午 之前 的 白天。
# English-Hanzi/Mother

Mother is a female parent of an animal.
母亲 是 动物 的 雌性 父母。
# English-Hanzi/Mouth

Mouth is the organ for eating and speaking.
口 是 用来 进食 和 说话 的 器官。
# English-Hanzi/Montenegro

Montenegro is the latest member to join NATO on June 5, 2017. So far, NATO has a total of 29 countries in Europe and North America.
黑山共和国是2017年6月5日加入北约的最新成员。到目前为止，北约在欧洲和北美共有29个国家。
# English-Hanzi/Month

A month is one of the 12 parts of a year. It is January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, or December.
一个 月 是 一年 的 十二个 部分 之一。它 是 一月，二月，三月，四月，五月，六月，七月，八月，九月，十月，十一月，或 十二月。
# English-Hanzi/Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a mineral in the body. It helps to make certain enzymes. These enzymes help to repair and make genetic material. Many foods are rich in molybdenum, such as vegetables, wholegrains, and nuts.
钼是体内一种矿物质。它有助于制造某些酶素。这些酶素有助于修复和制造遗传物质。许多食物富含钼，如蔬菜，全谷物，和坚果。
# English-Hanzi/Movie

A movie (film) is a series of still images that, when shown on a screen, create the illusion of moving images.
电影是一系列静止图像，当在屏幕上显示时，会产生运动图像的错觉。
# English-Hanzi/Moon

The Moon is Earth's satellite, and we usually see it in the night sky. Other planets also have moons or "natural satellites".
月球 是 地球 的 卫星，我们 通常 在 夜空 中 看到 它。其他 行星 也 有 月球 或 “天然 卫星”。
# Commit Often, Perfect Later, Publish Once: Git Best Practices

Best Practices vary from environment to environment, and there is no One True Answer, but still, this represents a consensus from #git and in some cases helps you frame the discussion for the generation of your very own best practices.

## Table of Contents

* Do read about git
* Do commit early and often
* Don’t panic
* Do backups
* Don’t change published history
* Do choose a workflow
* Do divide work into repositories
* Do make useful commit messages
* On Sausage Making
* Do keep up to date
* Do periodic maintenance
* Do enforce Standards
* Useful Tools
* Do integrate with external tools
* Miscellaneous “Do”s
* Miscellaneous “Don’t”s
* Copyright
* Thanks
* Comments

## Do read about git

Knowing where to look is half the battle. I strongly urge everyone to read (and support) the Pro Git book. The other resources are highly recommended by various people as well.
* Pro Git
* Git for Computer Scientists and a different/updated version
* Git from the Bottom Up
* The Git Parable
* Other resources
* Git wiki
Imported from Seth Robertson's original.

## Thanks

Thanks to the experts on #git, and my co-workers, for review, feedback, and ideas.
# Common Intermediate Language

Common Intermediate Language (CIL) is a low-level programming language defined by the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification and is used in both the .NET Framework and Mono. This Wikibook is meant to be both an introduction to CIL and a useful reference.

## Contents
### Getting Started

    Writing and compiling a simple "Hello, World!" program.

### Basics
#### Basic Syntax

    The basic syntax of CIL.

#### Variables

    Creating and using variables.

#### Methods

    Declaring and calling methods.

#### Exception Handling

    Catching and throwing errors.
# Common Intermediate Language/Basic syntax

The syntax of CIL is similar to C-based languages and traditional assembly languages.

## Statements

Statements are used to perform operations in CIL. Statements consist of an instruction with and any needed arguments after.

## Blocks

Blocks are used to group elements and create bodies (e.g. method body). They are created by placing both an opening and closing curly-brace, with elements in between.

## Comments

Comments are used to create inline documentation within the source code. Comments are ignored by the compiler and do not affect the resulting program. CIL has two types of comments:

### Single-line comments

    // is used to create these comments, and anything after will be part of the comment until the end of the line.

### Multi-line comments

    These comments can be multiple lines long. These comments are started with /* and ended with */; Any text between will be ignored by the compiler.
# Common JavaScript Manual/Condition operator
## Conditional operator

If we need just set value for any variable in depent of condition, we can use conditional operator. It's shorter than "if" expression many times. Let's see example.

### Nested conditional operator

As 'if' expression so and Conditional operator can be multiple.
← Logic and Comparison operators · Switch expression →
# Common JavaScript Manual/Break, continue, labels
### Break

Break statement can interrupt the cycle. For example.
This code makes string with list of pairs of numbers while they are not equal.

### Continue

Continue statement makes the transition to the next iteration of the loop.
This script output numbers from array which square roots is integer.

## Labels

Labels help use break and continue in nested loops.
← Do .. While and For .. in loops · Logic and Comparison operators →
# Common JavaScript Manual/Conditional statements
## If statements

We can do so that some blocks of code should execute only if condition true. For it we should use "if" expression. Let's see example.

## Else statements

We also can make code block that should be executed only if condition false. For execute much commands just enclose it in '{' and '}'.

## Else if statements

Also we can set any number conditions and blocks of code for this conditions.
← Data types - Objects · While and For loops →
# Commit Often, Perfect Later, Publish Once: Git Best Practices/Commiting early and often

Git only takes full responsibility for your data when you commit. If you fail to commit and then do something poorly thought out, you can run into trouble. Additionally, having periodic checkpoints means that you can understand how you broke something.
People resist this out of some sense that this is ugly, limits git-bisection functionality, is confusing to observers, and might lead to accusations of stupidity. Well, I’m here to tell you that resisting this is ignorant. Commit Early And Often. If, after you are done, you want to pretend to the outside world that your work sprung complete from your mind into the repository in utter perfection with each concept fully thought out and divided into individual concept-commits, well git supports that: see Sausage Making below. However, don’t let tomorrow’s beauty stop you from performing continuous commits today.
Personally, I commit early and often and then let the sausage making be seen by all except in the most formal of circumstances.
# Common Intermediate Language/Getting started
## Installation

To compile CIL code, you'll need a program called ilasm, which comes in .NET Framework SDK installations.
There are two frameworks available: Microsoft's and Mono's.

### Microsoft

This is a Windows-only framework and can be downloaded from Microsoft's .NET Framework Developer Center. The default installation path is C:\Windows, and the framework and ilasm will be placed in a folder relating to the version installed.
C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v1.0.3705 for version 1.0
C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v1.1.4322 for version 1.1
C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727 for version 2.0
C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v3.0 for version 3.0
C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v3.5 for version 3.5
C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319 for version 4.0+
A terminal, such as command prompt, can then execute ilasm from one of these folders. So, if version 3.0 is installed:

### Mono

This is a cross-platform framework and can be downloaded from the Mono website.

#### Windows and Mac

Installers are available on the website. On Window, the default installation path is C:\Program Files (x86)\Mono.

#### Linux

Mono is available through package managers:
* Debian, Ubuntu, and derivatives
** sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys 3FA7E0328081BFF6A14DA29AA6A19B38D3D831EF
** echo "deb http://download.mono-project.com/repo/debian wheezy main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mono-xamarin.list
** sudo apt-get update
* CentOS 7, Fedora 19 (and later), and derivatives
** yum install yum-utils
** rpm --import "http://keyserver.ubuntu.com/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x3FA7E0328081BFF6A14DA29AA6A19B38D3D831EF"
** yum-config-manager --add-repo http://download.mono-project.com/repo/centos/
After installation, a terminal, such as command prompt, can execute ilasm: ilasm

## Hello, World!

Below is the code for a simple "Hello, World!" program. Any text editor can be used to write CIL.
First, save the following code to a file called Hello.il. Then, compile the code using ilasm: ilasm Hello.il. This will create an executable file called Hello.exe.
If you're on Windows, just enter Hello.exe to run the file. However, on other platforms, you'll need to use the command mono Hello.exe to run it.
Hello, World! should be outputted. You're done!
# Common JavaScript Manual
## JavaScript core
### Introduction

    About JavaScript
    How read this book

### Data types

    Numbers
    Arrays
    Strings
    Objects

### Controlling constructions

    Conditional statements
    While and For loops
    Do .. While and For .. in loops
    Break, continue, labels
    Logic and Comparison operators
    Condition operator
    Switch expression

### Functions

    Definition function
    Recursion
    Predicates
    Memorization
    Indefinite number of arguments
    Higher-order function
       Closures
       Lambdas
       Curry
       Callbacks

### Object oriented programming

    Definition construcors
    Inheritance
    Extending objects
# Database Management with Kexi/Database Basics

A Kexi database can hold 5 types of objects: tables, queries, forms, reports, and scripts.
A table is a grid that holds data (for instance, the patrons of a library.) The horizontal rows of the grid are called "records", and contain information on a single entity (e.g. one patron). The vertical columns hold a piece data of a certain type (e.g. a patron's phone number), and are called "fields".
A query creates sets of data pulled from one or more tables. Various operators and functions may be used to manipulate the data. For instance, in a library database, you could take the "patrons" table (which also has data on which books are checked out), and correlate it with the "books" table (which has book titles and due dates), to form a new table that holds information on all patrons that still have overdue books.
Forms provide a simple, familiar interface for editing and viewing the database.
Kexi scripts can be written in JavaScript, Python, or any other scripting language supported by Kross (the KDE scripting framework).
# De-chroming chromebooks

Welcome to the De-chroming chromebooks resource guide. Here we collect and organize material related to the process of replacing the ChromeOS operating system on various chromebook and chromebox-based devices with community built BIOS and operating system software.
Watch this page for more information coming from the community.
# Database Management with Kexi/Interface

The Kexi toolbar has 4 tabs: Create, Data, External Data, and Tools. Create has 5 buttons, which let you create one of each of the 5 Kexi objects: Table, Query, Form, Report, and Script. When you click on of these buttons, the new object will appear in the middle pane, below.
* Click the diamond, in the upper right-hand corner of the Project Navigator. The Navigator will undock.
* Click and drag the Navigator's title bar to pull the window next to the database pane. When you see the outline appear, let go of the mouse. The Navigator will re-dock.
* Grab the Navigator's title bar and pull it out to undock it again.
* Drag the Navigator window above the database pane until you see the outline, and then let it go.
* Drag the Navigator window around to dock it to the right and bottom of the database pane. After undocking, you can always click the diamond to re-dock it in its previous position.
# Database Design/Sample ERD Exercises
## Exercise 1
### Manufacturer

A manufacturing company produces products. The following product information is stored: product name, product ID and quantity on hand. These products are made up of many components. Each component can be supplied by one or more suppliers. The following component information is kept: component ID, name, description, suppliers who supply them, and products in which they are used. Use Figure B.1 for this exercise.
Create an ERD to show how you would track this information.
Show entity names, primary keys, attributes for each entity, relationships between the entities and cardinality.

### Assumptions

* A supplier can exist without providing components.
* A component does not have to be associated with a supplier.
* A component does not have to be associated with a product. Not all components are used in products.
* A product cannot exist without components.

### ERD Answer

Component(CompID, CompName, Description) PK=CompID
Product(ProdID, ProdName, QtyOnHand) PK=ProdID
Supplier(SuppID, SuppName) PK = SuppID
CompSupp(CompID, SuppID) PK = CompID, SuppID
Build(CompID, ProdID, QtyOfComp) PK= CompID, ProdID
Figure B.1 by A. Watt.

## Exercise 2
### Car Dealership

Create an ERD for a car dealership. The dealership sells both new and used cars, and it operates a service facility (see Figure B.2). Base your design on the following business rules:
* A salesperson may sell many cars, but each car is sold by only one salesperson.
* A customer may buy many cars, but each car is bought by only one customer.
* A salesperson writes a single invoice for each car he or she sells.
* A customer gets an invoice for each car he or she buys.
* A customer may come in just to have his or her car serviced; that is, a customer need not buy a car to be classified as a customer.
* When a customer takes one or more cars in for repair or service, one service ticket is written for each car.
* The car dealership maintains a service history for each of the cars serviced. The service records are referenced by the car’s serial number.
* A car brought in for service can be worked on by many mechanics, and each mechanic may work on many cars.
* A car that is serviced may or may not need parts (e.g., adjusting a carburetor or cleaning a fuel injector nozzle does not require providing new parts).

### ERD Answer
## References

* BCOpenCampus: Database Design
# Database Design/Types of Data Models
## High-level Conceptual Data Models

High-level conceptual data models provide concepts for presenting data in ways that are close to the way people perceive data. A typical example is the entity relationship model, which uses main concepts like entities, attributes and relationships. An entity represents a real-world object such as an employee or a project. The entity has attributes that represent properties such as an employee’s name, address and birthdate. A relationship represents an association among entities; for example, an employee works on many projects. A relationship exists between the employee and each project.

## Record-based Logical Data Models

Record-based logical data models provide concepts users can understand but are not too far from the way data is stored in the computer. Three well-known data models of this type are relational data models, network data models and hierarchical data models.
* The relational model represents data as relations, or tables. For example, in the membership system at Science World, each membership has many members (see Figure 2.2 in Chapter 2). The membership identifier, expiry date and address information are fields in the membership. The members are individuals such as Mickey, Minnie, Mighty, Door, Tom, King, Man and Moose. Each record is said to be an instance of the membership table.
* The network model represents data as record types. This model also represents a limited type of one to many relationship called a set type, as shown in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1. Network model diagram.
* The hierarchical model represents data as a hierarchical tree structure. Each branch of the hierarchy represents a number of related records. Figure 4.2 shows this schema in hierarchical model notation.
Figure 4.2. Hierarchical model diagram.

## Key Terms
### hierarchical model

    represents data as a hierarchical tree structure

### instance

    a record within a table

### network model

    represents data as record types

### relation

    another term for table

### relational model

    represents data as relations or tables

### set type

    a limited type of one to many relationship

## Exercises

* What is a data model?
* What is a high-level conceptual data model?
* What is an entity? An attribute? A relationship?
* List and briefly describe the common record-based logical data models.

## Attribution

This chapter of Database Design is a derivative copy of Database System Concepts by Nguyen Kim Anh licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 license
The following material was written by Adrienne Watt:
* Key Terms
* Exercises

## References

* BCOpenCampus: Database Design
# Database Management with Kexi

Kexi is a database management program. As of version 2.4, it is included in the KDE office/graphic design suite Calligra (formerly KOffice).
* Database Basics
* Interface
* Databases
* Queries
* Forms
* Reports
* Scripts
Further reading and reference: The Kexi Handbook
# Diplomacy/Software

There are both commercial software and freeware for playing Diplomacy.

## Freeware

Freeware is software that is free to the public to use. Freeware software allows people to use and access the programs free of charge and may be shared with other individuals, if permitted. The right to freeware is often held by the owner, meaning no one is able to alter, change, or sell the created software. A common example of freeware is Preezo (similar to Microsoft PowerPoint), which is a presentation software that is free via the Internet. Like Preezo, freeware software is very commonly shared on the Internet for public use.
There are several freeware products for Diplomacy. The most used is Realpolitik and only for PC/Windows RealWorld.
webDiplomacy is free software that lets you play online via your web browser.
jDip is a very commonly used Diplomacy mapping/ajudication application, with many features and variants.
# Diplomatic History
## Table of contents

* What is Diplomatic History?
* Why Study Diplomatic History?
* Middle East
* World War I (1914–1919)
* Interwar Period (1919–1937)
* World War II (1937–1945)
* Britain
* France
* Germany
* Spain
* United States
* Russia and the USSR
* China
* Japan
* Israel
* India

### Credits

* Authors
# Diplomatic History/Authors

Bigrabid is an undergraduate student of Diplomatic History and International Relations at the University of Pennsylvania. He began the Diplomatic History textbook at 3:00 AM on a school night. He plans to make his major contributions to the chapters on Germany, the Cold War, World War II, and the EU. He invites others to contribute at will.
Admiral is an undergraduate student of Linguistics and Political Science at the University of Florida. He hopes to assist Bigrabid by making major contributions for all time periods of China, Eastern and Central Europe, and Africa.
Soska is an undergraduate student of International Relations at the Technical University of Lisbon, ISCSP. He hopes to assist the other authors by making contributions to the chapters on Russia and the USSR and Germany.
# Diplomacy/Sample Games
## Sample Games of Original Diplomacy

The sample game demonstrates the game of Diplomacy. In this game, Turkey wins by capturing 18 of the 34 Supply Centers (SCs) on the map.
http://webdiplomacy.net/board.php?gameID=58803
Maybe not the best game example. This next one is from a 2009 tournament where Russia is able to manage a solo win:
http://webdiplomacy.net/board.php?gameID=17149
Here's another tournament game where some very small powers are instrumental in preventing a solo by France, eventually earning a draw:
http://webdiplomacy.net/board.php?gameID=150781
This game features three very common alliances, England/France, Russia/Turkey and a Central Powers Alliance.
http://webdiplomacy.net/board.php?gameID=155106
It also has an End Of Game thread where the participants explain what they were thinking:
http://webdiplomacy.net/forum.php?threadID=1248729#1248729
the FULL DISCLOSURE game (PDF). An anonymous game played at webdiplomacy.net where all the private press was eventually gathered so interested parties could see what the private press can look like - see all the lies, all the intrigue! An interesting game between skilled players, although the ending isn't very exciting.
https://docs.google.com/a/warren.kyschools.us/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxkaXBsb21hY3lhcmNoaXZlfGd4OjE1NGI1YmJkMGEyYTI1Y2U
# Do-It-Yourself/Railgun

A railgun is a form of electromagnetic weaponry that works on Lorentz forces, magnetic fields created by running power through metal rails connected by a metal projectile. Commonly, video games use gauss guns and call them railguns, for example Quake 2 and 3. Wikipedia has an article on railguns.
As stated, railguns utilize an electromagnetic force called the Lorentz force to propel an electrically conductive projectile that is initially part of the current path. The current flowing through the rails sets up a magnetic field between them and through the projectile perpendicularly to the current in the rail. In short, the rails and the projectile push away from each other, and you wind up throwing a hunk of metal away from wherever the battery is connected.
Railguns have an inherent problem with the amount of power driving the projectile; the rails are forced apart, electrical arcing occurs, and the rails are partially vaporized. Because of this, most railguns can only be fired once before the rails need to be replaced. Our model will be a simple, low-power model designed to throw a projectile, but not do anything particularly spectacular like vaporize a car on impact.
# Do-It-Yourself/Printing onto calico fabric using an inkjet printer

If you simply mix a normal packet starch for ironing clothes into a double quantity of mixture, then hot iron the fabric after it has been treated and dried, your fabric will become like a stiffness of paper and as long as the edges are clean (i.e.: without frays/ so cut after you have done the final iron) and it will fit into your printer, you can print straight on to the fabric. Let it dry, hot iron once again and then treat as you would any other fabric.