OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Interlingual Energizers/How to facilitate?

This page aims to give advice on how to facilitate interlingual energizers.
* Be motivated: Especially when the participants don't exactly understand what you're saying, it's important to sweep the group along with your own motivation.
* Be precise: Not only when you explain a movement but also when you introduce rules you should be as precise as possible. Use a couple of simple rules instead of long-winded explanations. When you show movements keep in mind what you're doing and move only the parts of your body which should also be moved by the participants.
* Be prepared: The preparation phase of an activity is almost as important as the implementation itself. When you have to speak in a foreign languages you should look up words and phrases in advance. The texts in this book can be a starting point. When you're working with native speakers you should tell them before the activities start what you want to do. It's easier for them to explain to the participants when they have a clue about what's going to happen.
* Involve everyone: No body should be left behind by an activity. Starting with choosing an energizers and later when facilitating it you should focus on motivating every participant as much as possible.
* Ensure safety: Think about the safety of the participants. If the energizer includes running around and only a closed space is available, this energizer is probably not the best choice.
It's also good to take some general qualities which a facilitator should have in mind:
* Be open for learning new things
* Be sensitive to the needs of the participation
* Keep the balance between proximity and distance

## Methods for gaining the group's attention

Especially children are constantly testing the limits and abilities of the facilitators. Often they loose focus if it's too exhausting for them to follow your instructions as not being a native speaker. This list should help you once you feel that you loose control:
* Stop everything, just stand still, be quiet and wait. As soon as you gained some participant's attention you can involve them in a small activity. See Gaining attention.
* Speak in your native language. Some times it helps just to communicate to them with a certain tone of voice. Often it is unexpected, this makes it work.
Keep generally in mind that you should not scream or be verbally violent.

## Continue reading

* see also the guides on Energizers, Ice breakers and Teambuilders.
# Interlingual Energizers/It itches here

Facilitator :
| amount | 1 |
| language level | (medium) |
| Participants ||
| age | 10+ |
| group size | 5-20 |
| Setting ||
| materials | nothing special |
| space | free space, outdoors or indoors |
| time | depending on the size of the group, 5-8 min |
| Outcome ||
| getting to know each other, breaking the ice ||
The activity It itches here (Deutsch: Es juckt mich hier) is part of the collection of interlingual energizers. See a list of all activities.

## Introduction

The introduction is also available in 1 other languages: Deutsch
Let's start with introducing our selfs. I think it's always hard to remember a lot of names at once. In order to remember as many names as possible we're going to connect every name with a movement.

## Rules

The rules is also available in 1 other languages: Deutsch
* I say my name in the following way: "My name is Paul and it itches here" (I start to have a scratch at a certain part of my body.)
* Now the person next to me says her/his name in the same way: "My name is … and it itches here", but before you repeat what I did before.
* In this way it gets longer and longer. Let's see if we manage to remember all names and itches at the end.

## End of the Game

The end of the game is also available in 1 other languages: Deutsch
* I'll try to repeat all the names.
* Who else wants to try to repeat them?

## Possible extensions

* Another version of this game which focuses more on pantomime and theatre is called I like to dance.
* The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsi­ble for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
# Interlingual Energizers/HASH

Facilitator :
| amount | 1 |
| language level | (simple) |
| Participants ||
| age | 4+ |
| group size | max 10 |
| Setting ||
| materials | nothing special |
| space | free space, indoor works as well as outdoor |
| time | up to 15 min |
| Outcome ||
| concentration, experiencing human emotions, introduction to acting ||
The activity Happy-Angry-Sad-Happy (HASH) (Deutsch: Fröhlich-Wütend-Traurig-Fröhlich, română: Bucuros-Furios-Trist-Bucuros) is part of the collection of interlingual energizers. See a list of all activities.

## Introduction

The introduction is also available in 1 other languages: Deutsch
Let's play a game for actors. When actors are on the stage, they have to express emotions. Which emotions do you know? … We're going to focus on three emotions: happy, angry and sad. Our game is called "Happy-Angry-Sad-Happy".

## Rules

The rules is also available in 1 other languages: Deutsch
* I'll show you an emotion. How is it called? … Can you copy it?

## Possible extensions

* You can play it also like Chinese whispers. You show an emotion to the first participant and she/he has to transmit it to the neighboring person.
* The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsi­ble for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
# Interlingual Energizers/I like to dance

Facilitator :
| amount | 1 |
| language level | (medium) |
| Participants ||
| age | 6+ |
| group size | 5-20 |
| Setting ||
| materials | nothing special |
| space | free space |
| time | 5-10 min |
| Outcome ||
| getting to know each other, ice breaker, introduction to pantomime / acting ||
The activity I like to dance (Deutsch: Ich mag es zu tanzen., română: Îmi place să …) is part of the collection of interlingual energizers. See a list of all activities.

## Introduction

The introduction is also available in 1 other languages: Deutsch
Let's start with introducing our selfs. I think it's always hard to remember a lot of names at once. In order to remember as many names as possible we're going to connect every name with a movement.

## Rules

The rules is also available in 1 other languages: Deutsch
* I say my name in the following way: "My name is Paul and I like to dance" (I make a movement which illustrates dancing.)
* Now everybody repeats what I did.
* You (the person next to me) continue in the same way: "My name is … and I like to …"

## Possible extensions

* Instead of saying what you like you can just make the movement and let the others guess. This emphasizes the theatre aspect.
* There is another less theatre-focused version called It itches here.
* The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsi­ble for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
# Harmonica/Why should I Play Harmonica?

The Harmonica is a very versatile wood-wind instrument that use free-reeds to produce sounds. In modern times, it is very likely that your first harmonica is not out of your own money, but rather, a gift given to you by someone who enjoyed harmonica (or, perhaps, just trying to give a cheap gift). So you may wonder: "Why should I even bother learning harmonica, since I prefer guitar/violin/keyboard/drums/saxophone/etc.?" You may even think of it as a mere toy!
Well, the harmonica, is much more than a mere toy; it can produce rich music that is impossible for many other instruments. It is easy to learn; no need to remember any fingerings etc., just remember that the notes ascend in certain way. Furthermore, it can play numerous intervals (two or more notes), which is difficult or impossible for many other wind instruments. It also works very well in the modern musical setting, where one needs to play most music through an amplifier or loudspeaker. A harmonica player can easily adapt to this by cupping a microphone and his harmonica in his hands, without sacrificing any other aspect of playing.
It is also very fundamental to the music of Blues - in order to acquire that soulful sound, unique in soul music and Blues, a harmonica is needed. Thus, most people expect a Blues band to have a harmonica player. However, the harmonica doesn't just stop at the Blues, it also crosses many musical boundaries - the diatonic harmonica is frequently used for rock, country, folk music and Irish jigs and reels and the chromatic harmonica is often associated with Jazz music, and more recently, Classical music. The tremolo harmonica is often used for Japanese folk songs.
Learning the harmonica can improve your breathing, and thus, your health. By forcing you to breath out and in to play melody, the diaphragm muscle will get exercised a lot. This is why, especially in North America, a harmonica is sometimes given to people with breathing difficulties.
The harmonica is also a very portable instrument. The Hohner 270, a 3-octave chromatic harmonica, together with the case, can fit into the inner pocket of an unmodified jacket. Such is the case with the Hohner Super 64 in a tiny daypack. No other acoustic instruments with similar range can accomplish that feat.
# Harmonica/Recording

As of now, there are no detail Wikibooks on home recording, but I will just go with what I have:
With the advent of computers, it's entirely possible to do multitrack recording right at the comfort of the home, with only additional equipment of a mic and a good software then can cost less than $20.

## Microphone

If you have a bullet mic, cool — but you don't really need something that expensive. The one that I used is a simple uni-directional moving coil (dynamic) mic, with the impedance of 600 ohm. The key point here is mainly the direction of the mic: it's uni-directional, which captures only the sound of the harmonica.
Lapel mic is not a bad choice, but do watch out that it's omnidirectional, making it suspectible to outside noise. Also, it's common for it to use poor quality wiring, making it suspectible to statics — and your normal home computer (not one designed specifically for recording) generally generates lots of statics.

## Software

The few good software that can be used are as follows:
* DK Hit Kit ($15 CDN). Cheap, comes with a lite version of emagic Logic. Can edit 8 audio track and 16 midi track. Comes with a good quality mic too, easily the price of the Hit Kit itself. For Win and OS X.
* Audacity: Released under the GNU GPL (meaning free and libre). As many audio tracks as your computer can handle, and have lots of effects and plugin. For Windows, OS X, Linux, BSD, and Solaris.
* Ardour: Released under the GNU GPL (meaning free and libre). 64 audio tracks and 16 MIDI tracks available. For Linux and OS X
* Dyne:bolic Multimedia oriented LiveCD Linux that includes Audacity, Ardour, drum machine, and audio streaming engine, as well as tools to edit videos. Version 1.4.1 Can run on any 586+ PC (with CD reader) with 64mb RAM and X-Box; version 2.2 can run on most computer made within last 2 years.
I would recommend Audacity if possible. Yes, I do know that Audacity is not perfect, and many commercial software ARE better. However, there are a few reasons why I would recommend Audacity:
* It's free and libre, and suitable for home recording... and semi-professional graded too if needed
* It can be used for any operating system, not just Windows or Linux or Mac. This allow any computers that have Audacity program to open Audacity project files, without the need for a Live CD (which is useless on a Mac, as far as i know).
Get version 1.3.2b. for the most part, it is stable enough. The user manual for Audacity is located at here.

## Recording tips, and other ideas

* Holding the mic will introduce handling noise.
* Since Audacity Project file retain information such as separate track, it allows collaborations of musicians who may not have met; instead of merely sending numerous dissatisfactory setted audio files that cannot be edited properly, musicians can send the project and associated audio files, and can listen and decide what to keep, and etc.
** A further extension would be "chain-letter jamming", where, one musician record a track and pass it down, and keep going among the circle.
# Uzbekistan

* The country was a region of the former Soviet Union and became an independent country in 1991.
* Meter stamps with former Soviet Union markings (“CCCP”, hammer and sickle logo, etc.) continued to be used for some time after 1991.

## GROUP A: Provisional issues without country inscription in the frank

* Stamps from the Soviet Union with the country name and denomination indicator at least partially removed.
* A1. Kuibyshev (MV), 1996 or earlier.
* Provisional stamp converted from USSR Type DB2.
* Upright octagon with double straight-line outer border.
* Blank, or traces of Soviet star, at top.
* "ПОЧТА" at bottom.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      000
* A2. Perm (MV), 1995 or earlier.
* Provisional stamp converted from USSR Type DB1.
* Upright octagon with single straight-line outer border.
* Blank, or traces of Soviet star, at top.
* "ПОЧТА" stacked at left.
* Value figures stacked, date figures vertical.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      000

## GROUP B: Upright octagon with "O'ZBEKISTON" and "POCHTASI" (Uzbekistan Post) stacked at each side

* B1. Perm (MV)
* Upright octagon with single straight-line outer border.
* Uzbekistan Post logo at top and bottom.
* "O'ZBEKISTON" stacked at left, "POCHTASI" stacked at right.
* Value figures stacked, date figures vertical.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      000
# Western Sahara

* Western Sahara is a territory that issued adhesive postage stamps during the period of Spanish occupation (until 1975) and later, after 1980, by Morocco after it gained control of the territory.
* Meter stamps have not been seen or reported from either administration.
# Western Samoa

* Three machines known, first appearing in 1995. The stamp appears to be a New Zealand die with the country name removed.
* The identification “WESTERN SAMOA” is found in the town mark.
* 1. Pitney Bowes-GB “5300” series (MV), 1995. [$20]
* Frank with simulated perforation border at top and bottom, open at sides.
* Blank at top above “POSTAGE”.
* M# with P.B.” prefix at bottom center (3484, 3485, 3486, 3495 and 3511 seen).
* Country identification in town mark, not the frank.
* TM: DC
* V/F: ≋0.00
# Wallis & Futuna

* Meter stamps from this adhesive-stamp issuing French territory have not been seen or reported.
# Malayalam/Alphabet

Malayalam script is a Brahmic script used commonly to write the Malayalam language, which is the principal language of Kerala, India, spoken by 45 million people in the world. Malayalam script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Kerala. Like many other Indic scripts, it is an alphasyllabary (abugida), a writing system that is partially “alphabetic” and partially syllable-based. The Malayalam Alphabet has 15 vowels, 37 consonants, 5 chillus, and some more conjunct consonants and ligatures.

## Vowels (സ്വരങ്ങൾ) (svaram)

| Malayalam | IPA | ISO 15919 | English approximation | Pronunciation |
| അ | a | a | cart | |
| ആ | aː | ā | father | |
| ഇ | ɪ | i | sit | |
| ഈ | iː | ī | seat | |
| ഉ | ʊ | u | full | |
| ഊ | uː | ū | fool | |
| ഋ | r̥ | r̥ | better | |
| എ | e | e | eight | |
| ഏ | eː | ē | eight (but longer) | |
| ഐ | əɪ | ai | mile | |
| ഒ | o | o | sole | |
| ഓ | oː | ō | coat | |
| ഔ | əʊ | au | owl | |
| അം | am | | - - - | |
| അഃ | ah | | - - - | - - - |

## Consonants (വ്യഞ്ജനങ്ങൾ) (vyanjanam)

| Malayalam | IPA | ISO 15919 | English approximation |
| ക | k | k | sky |
| ഖ | kʰ | kh | khan |
| ഗ | ɡ | g | go |
| ഘ | ɡʱ | gh | Ghana |
| ങ | ŋ | ṅ | sing |
| ച | t͡ʃ | c | church |
| ഛ | t͡ʃʰ | ch | which hand |
| ജ | ɟ | j | junior |
| ഝ | ɟʱ | jh | hedgehog |
| ഞ | ɲ | ñ | cognac |
| ട | ʈ | ṭ | tide (but retroflex) |
| ഠ | ʈʰ | ṭh | got the but retroflex |
| ഡ | ɖ | ḍ | dog but retroflex |
| ഢ | ɖʱ | ḍh | bond her hair but retroflex |
| ണ | ɳ | ṇ | Hindi Varuna |
| ത | t | t | earthed |
| ഥ | tʰ | th | get down |
| ദ | d | d | dad |
| ധ | dʱ | dh | had done |
| ന | n̪ | n | month |
| പ | p | p | pain |
| ഫ | f/pʰ | ph | Has two pronunciations, either as football or pan |
| ബ | b | b | big |
| ഭ | bʱ | bh | bhangra |
| മ | m | m | mall |
| യ | j | y | yes |
| ര | ɾ | r | Spanish tres |
| ല | l | l | listen |
| വ | ʋ | v | curve |
| ശ | ʃ | ś | sugar |
| ഷ | ʂ | ṣ | shun |
| സ | s | s | so |
| ഹ | h | h | head |
| ള | ɭ | ḷ | Swedish sorl |
| ഴ | ɻ | ḻ | run |
| റ | r | ṟ | Spanish rojo |
| ഩ | n | ṉ | not |

## Special Consonants (ചില്ലക്ഷരം) (chillaksharam)

| Malayalam | IPA |
| ൽ | il |
| ൻ | N |
| ർ | RR |
| ൺ | NN |
| ൾ | LL |
# Malayalam/Common phrases
## Malayalam (Dravidian languages)

| Translation | Phrase | ISO 15919 Transliteration | IPA | Remarks |
| Malayalam | മലയാളം | malayāḷam | [ˈmaləjaːɭəm] | |
| hello | നമസ്കാരം | namaskāram | [ˈn̪aməsˌkaːɾəm] | This is a much more formal word than in English and there is no actual direct translation of the word "hello". |
| good-bye | പോയിട്ടു വരട്ടെ | pōyiṭṭu varaṭṭe | [ˈpoːjiʈːu(.)ˌʋəɾəʈːe] | |
| please | ദയവായി | dayavāyi | [ˈd̪əjəʋaːji] | This is slightly more formal than in English and not used as often. |
| thank you | നന്ദി | nanni | [ˈn̪an̪ːi] | It is written as if it were pronounced [ˈn̪an̪d̪i] |
| How much is that? | അതിന്റെ വില എന്താണു | atiṉṯe vila entāṇu | [ˈat̪ˌinte(.)ˌʋilə(.)ˌen̪t̪aːɳŭ] | |
| yes | അതെ / ശരി | ate / śari | [ˌat̪e] / [ɕəɾi] | അതെ is used to say something is true, but ശരി is used when one is agreeing that one will do something. |
| no | ഇല്ല / അല്ല | illa / alla | [ˈilːə] / [ˈalːə] | Use ഇല്ല when talking about an action, the presence of someone/something and also used to say someone/something does not have something) and അല്ല when talking about the nature of someone/something. |
| sorry | ക്ഷമിക്കണം / പൊറുക്കണം | kṣamikkaṇam / poṟukkaṇam | [ˈkʂəmikʲːəɳəm] / [ˈporukːəɳəm] | These words both mean "forgive" in the imperative mood ("me" is implied and is not normally used in this context), and can be made more polite by saying "ദയവായി" first. |
| English | ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് | iṅgḷīṣ | [ˈiŋgɭiːʂ] | |
| I don't understand | എനിക്കു് മനസിലാകുന്നില്ല | enikkŭ manasilākunnilla | [ˌenikʲɨ̆manəsilaːkun̪ːilːə] | |
| Do you speak English? | താങ്കൾക്ക് ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് അറിയാമൊ | tāṅkaḷkk iṅgḷīṣ aṟiyāmo | [ˈt̪aːŋkəɭkːˌiŋgɭiːʂarijaːˌmo] | |
| I don't speak Malayalam | എനിക്കു മലയാളം അറിയില്ല | enikku malayāḷam aṟiyilla | [ˌenikʲɨ̆maləjaːɭəmarijilːə] | |
| Where's the toilet? | ടോയിലെറ്റ് എവിടെയാണു? | toilet eviṭeyāṇu | [ˈkuɭiˌmuri(.)ˌeʋiʈeˌjaːɳŭ] | |
# Mambo Open Source/Chmod

chmod is the command and system call which may change the access permissions to file system objects (files and directories).

## Examples

* chmod 777: allows everyone to do everything on the file.
* chmod 000: forbids to anyone to do anything on the file.
# Malay/Vowels

A as in are
E as in person/pear
I as in ink
O as in or
U as in put
When an ‘a’ is at the end of the word, it can also be pronounced like an ‘ə’. Both ways are correct, but native speakers normally pronounce it as an ‘ə’. For example:
Ape (what) can be pronounced as ah-puh instead of ah-pah|
Due (two) can be pronounced as do-uh instead of do-ah|
Bahase (language) can be pronounced as bah-ha-suh instead of bah-ha-sah
# Malayalam

Malayalam (മലയാളം) is an Indian language belonging to the Dravidian language family spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India spoken by nearly 2.88% of Indians. Malayalam has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé) and is spoken by 34 million people worldwide. Malayalam is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the neighbouring states; with significant number of speakers in the Nilgiris, Kanyakumari, and Coimbatore, Tenkasi, Theni districts of Tamil Nadu and Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka. Due to Malayali expatriates in the Persian Gulf, the language is also widely spoken in the Gulf countries.

## Etymology

The word Malayalam originated from the words mala, meaning "mountain", and alam, meaning "region" or "-ship" (as in "township"); Malayalam thus translates directly as "the mountain region." The term originally referred to the land of the Chera dynasty, and only later became the name of its language. The language Malayalam is alternatively called Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malean, Maliyad, and Mallealle.
The earliest extant literary works in the regional language of present-day Kerala probably date back to as early as the 12th century. However, the named identity of this language appears to have come into existence only around the 16th century, when it was known as "Malayayma" or "Malayanma"; the words were also used to refer to the script and the region. The word "Malayalam" was coined in the later period, and the local people referred to their language as both "Tamil" and "Malayalam" until the colonial period.

## Dialect

Variations in intonation patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and phonological elements are observable along the parameters of region, religion, community, occupation, social stratum, style and register.
Dialects of Malayalam are distinguishable at regional and social levels, including occupational and also communal differences. The salient features of many varieties of tribal speech (e.g., the speech of Muthuvans, Malayarayas, Malai Ulladas, Kanikkars, Kadars, Paliyars, Kurumas, and Vedas) and those of the various dialects Namboothiris,Nairs,Ezhavas,Syrian Christians (Nasrani),Muslims,fishermen and many of the occupational terms common to different sections of Malayalees have been identified.
* According to the Dravidian Encyclopedia, the regional dialects of Malayalam can be divided into thirteen dialect areas. They are as follows:
| South Travancore | South Malabar | North Western Palghat | West Vempanad | Kochi-Thrissur |
| Central Travancore | Central Malabar | South Eastern Palghat | Wayanad | Lakshadweep |
| North Travancore | North Malabar | Kasaragod | |
* Viewing the font
* Common phrases
* Alphabet