OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Impaired Driving and Over 80/History

The predecessor to alcohol-related driving offences is the summary offence of "driving while intoxicated" initially found in the 1921 Criminal Code.
In 1925, the offence was expanded to include drugs and to include "care and control".
In 1930, the offence was made into a hybrid offence.
In 1947, a presumption of care and control where the accused was found in the driver's seat was created. This is now found in s. 258(1)(a).
In 1951, the offence was changed to driving while "impaired".
In 1969, the additional offence of driving while "over 80" was created as well all drivers were required to give a breath sample on demand.
In 1976, the penalties for "over 80" and refusal were made the same.
On July 2, 2008, Bill C-2 came into force,. It made the following changes:
* amending s. 258(1)(c) and (d), removing references to “evidence to the contrary” and added “conclusive proof”. The effect of this was to remove the effect of s. 25 of the Interpretation Act which permitted the defence to present “evidence to the contrary” once s. 258(1)(c) is established.
* gave the police power to demand that a driver perform a standard field sobriety test for both alcohol and drugs
* altered the requirements for "reasonable suspicion" under s. 254(2) for a ASD demand. The new version requires the additional component that the officer suspect that the driver was in care and control of the vehicle within the preceding 2 hours.
# Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Hostage Taking
## Legislation

   Hostage taking 279.1 (1) Everyone takes a person hostage who — with intent to induce any person, other than the hostage, or any group of persons or any state or international or intergovernmental organization to commit or cause to be committed any act or omission as a condition, whether express or implied, of the release of the hostage —
       (a) confines, imprisons, forcibly seizes or detains that person; and
       (b) in any manner utters, conveys or causes any person to receive a threat that the death of, or bodily harm to, the hostage will be caused or that the confinement, imprisonment or detention of the hostage will be continued.
   Hostage-taking (2) Every person who takes a person hostage is guilty of an indictable offence and liable
       (a) if a restricted firearm or prohibited firearm is used in the commission of the offence or if any firearm is used in the commission of the offence and the offence is committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organization, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of
          (i) in the case of a first offence, five years, and
          (ii) in the case of a second or subsequent offence, seven years;
       (a.1) in any other case where a firearm is used in the commission of the offence, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of four years; and
       (b) in any other case, to imprisonment for life.
   Subsequent offences (2.1) In determining, for the purpose of paragraph (2)(a), whether a convicted person has committed a second or subsequent offence, if the person was earlier convicted of any of the following offences, that offence is to be considered as an earlier offence:
       (a) an offence under this section;
       (b) an offence under subsection 85(1) or (2) or section 244 or 244.2; or
       (c) an offence under section 220, 236, 239, 272 or 273, subsection 279(1) or section 344 or 346 if a firearm was used in the commission of the offence.
   However, an earlier offence shall not be taken into account if 10 years have elapsed between the day on which the person was convicted of the earlier offence and the day on which the person was convicted of the offence for which sentence is being imposed, not taking into account any time in custody.
   Sequence of convictions only (2.2) For the purposes of subsection (2.1), the only question to be considered is the sequence of convictions and no consideration shall be given to the sequence of commission of offences or whether any offence occurred before or after any conviction.
   Non-resistance (3) Subsection 279(3) applies to proceedings under this section as if the offence under this section were an offence under section 279.
   R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 40; 1995, c. 39, s. 148; 2008, c. 6, s. 31; 2009, c. 22, s. 13.
   – CCC
# Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Incest
## Legislation

   Incest 155. (1) Every one commits incest who, knowing that another person is by blood relationship his or her parent, child, brother, sister, grandparent or grandchild, as the case may be, has sexual intercourse with that person.
   Punishment (2) Everyone who commits incest is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years and, if the other person is under the age of 16 years, to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of five years.
   Defence (3) No accused shall be determined by a court to be guilty of an offence under this section if the accused was under restraint, duress or fear of the person with whom the accused had the sexual intercourse at the time the sexual intercourse occurred.
   Definition of “brother” and “sister” (4) In this section, “brother” and “sister”, respectively, include half-brother and half-sister.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 155; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 21; 2012, c. 1, s. 14.
   – CCC
# Canadian Criminal Law/Offences/Intimidation
## Legislation

   Intimidation 423. (1) Every one is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction who, wrongfully and without lawful authority, for the purpose of compelling another person to abstain from doing anything that he or she has a lawful right to do, or to do anything that he or she has a lawful right to abstain from doing,
       (a) uses violence or threats of violence to that person or his or her spouse or common-law partner or children, or injures his or her property;
       (b) intimidates or attempts to intimidate that person or a relative of that person by threats that, in Canada or elsewhere, violence or other injury will be done to or punishment inflicted on him or her or a relative of his or hers, or that the property of any of them will be damaged;
       (c) persistently follows that person;
       (d) hides any tools, clothes or other property owned or used by that person, or deprives him or her of them or hinders him or her in the use of them;
       (e) with one or more other persons, follows that person, in a disorderly manner, on a highway;
       (f) besets or watches the place where that person resides, works, carries on business or happens to be; or
       (g) blocks or obstructs a highway.
   Exception (2) A person who attends at or near or approaches a dwelling-house or place, for the purpose only of obtaining or communicating information, does not watch or beset within the meaning of this section.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 423; 2000, c. 12, s. 95; 2001, c. 32, s. 10.
   – CCC
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Patchouli
## Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin)

Patchouli oil comes from the leaves of Pogostemon cablin plants. It has a spicy, woody scent.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Reduces water retention and cellulite.

### Digestive

Relieves constipation.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression.

### Gynecological

Helps premenstrual syndrome.

### Immunological

Fights bacterial and fungal infections.

### Sexual

Increases libido.

### Skin

Improves acne, eczema and scar tissue. Promotes wound healing. Alleviates insect bites.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Neroli
## Neroli (Citrus aurantium)

Neroli essence oil comes from the flowers of the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) trees.

## Properties
### Digestive

Alleviates indigestion, flatulence and irritable bowel syndrome.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression. Reduces insomnia. May help with panic attacks.

### Skin

Improves dry skin and scar tissue. May help prevent stretch marks.

## Caution

* Don't use neroli oil during pregnancy.
* Has a sedative effect.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Oakmoss
## Oakmoss (Evernia prunastri)

Oakmoss oil comes from the Evernia prunastri lichen. It has a woody, earthy scent.

## Properties

Oakmoss oil is primarily used in perfumery.

### Respiratory

Helps clear catarrh and phlegm.

## Caution

* Don't use oakmoss oil during pregnancy.
* Don't use oakmoss oil if you have epilepsy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Parsley
## Parsley (Petroselinum sativum)

Parsley oil comes from the Petroselinum sativum plant. It has a herby, woody scent.

## Properties
### Digestive

Relieves indigestion.

### Pain

Alleviates arthritis and rheumatism.

### Respiratory

Relieves bronchitis and coughs.

### Sexual

Reduces sexual dysfunction.

### Urological

Alleviates cystitis.

## Caution

* Don't use, or come into contact with, parsley oil during pregnancy.
* Parsley oil may be toxic to the liver.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Niaouli
## Niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia)

Niaouli oil comes from the leaves and twigs of the Melaleuca quinquenervia tree. It has a fresh, sweet scent. It has an analgesic effect.

## Properties
### Emotional

Uplifting, and improves concentration.

### Immunological

Helps fight infections including colds and flu.

### Pain

Relieves rheumatism and neuralgia.

### Respiratory

Alleviates asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, laryngitis, sinusitis and coughs.

### Skin

Improves acne and promotes healing of burns and cuts.

### Urological

Relieves cystitis and urinary infections.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Nutmeg
## Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)

Nutmeg oil comes from the seeds of the Myristica fragrans tree. It has a spicy scent. It has a stimulating effect.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Stimulates the circulation.

### Digestive

Alleviates flatulence, nausea, constipation and diarrhea. Improves the appetite.

### Emotional

Stimulates the mind.

### Gynecological

Regulates the menstrual cycle.

### Pain

Relieves muscle pain and rheumatism.

### Respiratory

Alleviates asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, laryngitis, sinusitis and coughs.

### Sexual

Works against sexual dysfunction.

## Caution

Don't use nutmeg oil during pregnancy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Peru Balsam
## Peru Balsam (Myroxylon pereirae)

Peru balsam oil comes from the Myroxylon pereirae plant. It has an earthy scent. It has an antiseptic and sedative effect.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress.

### Respiratory

Relieves bronchitis, coughs and symptoms of colds and flu.

### Skin

Eases sensitive skin and rashes.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Palmarosa
## Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii)

Palmarosa oil comes from the leaves of the Cymbopogon martinii grass. It has a floral scent. It has an antiseptic effect.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress and nervousness. Calms and uplifts the mind.

### Pain

Relieves muscle pain and stiffness.

### Skin

Improves acne, dermatitis, athlete's foot, oily skin and dry skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Peppermint
## Peppermint (Mentha × piperita)

Peppermint oil comes from the leaves of Mentha × piperita (also known as Mentha balsamea). It is particularly used for healing the digestive system.

## Properties
### Digestive

Relieves indigestion, nausea, heartburn, flatulence and diarrhea.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression. Relieves fatigue and improves concentration.

### Gynecological

Reduces menstrual pain.

### Respiratory

Alleviates asthma, coughs, bronchitis and sinusitis.

## Caution

* Don't use peppermint oil during pregnancy.
* Don't use on young children.
* May irritate the skin or mucus membranes.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Oregano
## Oregano (Origanum vulgare)

Oregano oil comes from the flowering tops of the Origanum vulgare plant. It has a spicy scent.

## Properties

Oregano oil is not used in aromatherapy due to its toxicity and irritant effect.

## Caution

* Don't use oregano oil during pregnancy.
* Oregano oil is very irritating to the skin and mucus membranes.
# Computer Go/How Do I Find Other Programs To Play Against?
## How Do I Find Other Programs To Play Against?

One of the best ways to test the strength of your Go engine is to pit it against other Go-playing programs. The most common way to do this is via the GTP protocol.
Once your program implements the GTP protocol, you can download another program that implements the GTP protocol and play them against each other using an Engine vs. Engine application.

## Engine vs. Engine Applications

* gogui-twogtp Is an add-on included with GoGUI to watch and configure arbitrary GTP engine vs. GTP engine games and save them. Example usage can be found here: WatchingNumbersGoUp
* CGOS has an application that allows you to connect a GTP engine to an on-line 9x9 Computer Go Server to easily test your program against dozens of other programs of all levels.
* kgsGtp is a bridge application, connecting a GTP engine to an on-line server called KGS, enabling your Go program to play against humans and other programs over the Internet.
* twogtp is a perl script for playing two engines against each other. This is distributed with GNU Go. Licensed under the GNU GPL. Written by Teun Burgers and Daniel Bump.
* 2ptkgo.pl is another perl script similar to twogtp, but additionally providing a graphical display. This is also distributed with GNU Go. Running it requires perltk and ttgo.pm. Licensed under the GNU GPL. Written by Don Dailey.
* twogtp.py is a python script for playing two engines against each other. More feature rich than twogtp. Licensed under the GNU GPL. Written by Inge Wallin and other GNU Go developers.
* twogtp.pike is a pike script for playing two engines against each other. This is also distributed with GNU Go and is even more feature rich than twogtp.py. Licensed under the GNU GPL. Written by Paul Pogonyshev and Gunnar Farnebäck.

## Programs That Implement GTP

* GNU Go
* SmartGo
SmartGo cannot be used with an Engine vs. Engine Application, but it does have a "Tourney" mode which uses GTP without requiring a separate Engine vs. Engine Application.

## Computer Go Tournaments

* KGS Computer Go Tournaments are held monthly on the Kiseido Go Server.
* 50th European Go Congress in Frascati, near Rome, Italy.
* US Go Congress in North Carolina.
# Computer Go/Mailing Lists

The Computer-Go mailing list archives can be found here:
http://computer-go.org/pipermail/computer-go/
To subscribe to the Computer-Go mailing list, visit this page:
http://computer-go.org/mailman/listinfo/computer-go
# Computer Go/Representing the Board
## Representing the Board

One of the first problems that all Go programs must solve is how to store the current state of the game. The simplest representation needs to at least implement:
* a way to determine whether a given point contains a black piece, a white piece, or is empty
* a way to place a piece, or remove a piece from a given point
* a way to store which point (if any) is illegal due to the Ko rule

### Sample Code

Some programs, like GNU Go, use a one-dimensional array instead of a two-dimensional array. This has several advantages:
* a point on the board can be represented by a single integer
* one computation is often sufficient for a 1D-coordinate where two would be required for 2D-coordinates
For more information on this strategy, see Representing the board as a one-dimensional array.
Most programs also store additional information that makes it easier to evaluate board positions; we will cover these strategies in a later section.
Next Section: Recognizing Illegal Moves

## Footnotes

$^{[1]}$ For simplicity's sake, our program will assume the Tromp-Taylor Rules, ignoring superko, with the additional stipulation that suicide is illegal.
# Computer Go/Open source code

A considerable wealth of Open Source Go-related programs can be found on:
http://sourceforge.net/
Searching the "Board Games" category for "Go" produces these results:
http://sourceforge.net/search/?form_cat=287&words=Go
# Computer Go/Playing Go Online
## Places to Play Go Online

https://go.mattle.online
http://www.gokgs.com/
http://boardspace.net/ (and other interesting games)
http://goshrine.com/
http://www.itsyourturn.com/
http://games.yahoo.com/
http://www.pandanet.co.jp/English/
http://www.dragongoserver.net/
http://www.361points.com/computergo/#gnugo (No registration necessary)

## Places for Your Program to Play Go Online

http://www.gokgs.com/
http://cgos.boardspace.net/
# Computer Go/KGS/kgsGtp

Instructions on how to use the kgsGtp client to get your Go-playing engine connected to the KGS server can be found here:
http://www.weddslist.com/kgs/how/outline.html
# Computer Go/Recognizing Illegal Moves
## Recognizing Illegal Moves

A non-passing move is legal if the point is unoccupied, the point is not illegal due to the Ko rule, and the move is not suicide. A move is not suicide if any of the following conditions holds true:
* any neighboring point is empty
* any neighboring point is the same color and has more than one liberty
* any neighboring point is a different color and has only one liberty
From the code we currently have, we can determine if a point is unoccupied and if a point is illegal due to the Ko rule. What we need now is code to loop through the neighbors of a particular point, as well as code that will determine the number of liberties of a given group.
The first is trivial:
Determining the number of liberties of a given group is a little more difficult. Because the number of liberties of any given group is important information that is accessed frequently, most programs store a list of all groups on the board (and their liberties) and update it incrementally, rather than calculate it every time it is needed. We'll start out using a much simpler method: flood fill.
This algorithm starts at the point in question, changes it to the opposite color, and then recursively performs the algorithm on every neighboring point of the original color. By remembering all neighboring empty points, we can determine the number of liberties of the group.
Unfortunately this algorithm changes the board, so we need to make sure that we only ever perform it on a copy of the board.
Now we have all the resources required to determine if a given move is legal.
Next Section: Processing a Move
# Computer Go/GoGui

GoGui is a graphical user interface to Go engines supporting GTP.
GoGui is written in Java and runs on all major platforms. GoGui is especially useful for Go programmers. It allows to display the output of engine-specific extension commands ("analyze commands") by using a configuration file. The Go engine can be written in any language, as long as it is able to communicate using GTP through the standard input/output streams. This allows to keep the engine free of non-portable GUI code.
# Computer Go/Kiseido Go Server

The KGS Go Server (http://www.gokgs.com/), formerly known as the Kiseido Go Server, is an on-line place for Go players, both human and computer, to find opponents to play against. KGS has special features for teaching purposes and reviewing games, and a ranking system to make it easy to find players of a similar strength.
kgsGtp is a program that will allow any Go program that implements GTP to play against other computers and humans on KGS.
# Computer Go/Processing a Move
## Processing a Move

Now that we have the ability to detect legal moves, the next step is to actually process legal moves by adding the new piece to the board, removing any captured pieces, and updating the ko point. We are already able to detect when captures take place:
All we need to do now is update this code to remove the captured stones. By now it should be obvious that a way of representing chains would be considerably useful. Let's modify our previous getLiberties code to return a chain rather than a set of liberties.
Given the set of stones that make up a particular chain, we can also easily obtain the set of empty points adjacent to the chain, and construct an object that contains both sets.
The modified code to remove captured stones from the board now becomes quite straightforward:
By saving the captured stones in a set, we can now easily update the ko point.
If you would like a copy of all the source code used in this chapter in a format ready to compile and run, you can download a copy of the sample code here.
# Children's and Youth Literature Writer's and Reviewer's Guide/Helping the reviewer
## Helping the reviewer
### Explanatory booklet

An explanatory booklet or "executive summary" of a novel intended for children and adolescents can help the reviewer to understand the pedagogical value, educational aspects, metaphors and cultural background of the novel more conveniently. Authors might want to consider to produce such material in order to help reviewers to evaluate their work. An explanatory booklet should allow the reviewer to understand the general aim and intend but also to find reading samples meant to exemplify specific aspects of the work. An author also might want to document his own background and his views beyond the content of the novel. An explanatory booklet should also list criteria a novel is meant to meet, as for instance the list of criteria for intercultural competence from baobabbooks.ch. Authors are, of course, free to present their own list of criteria or to apply their own interpretation; the reviewer is the person who is meant to offer a third-party perspective.
With the help of well-intended and well-written explanatory information more parents and educators should be able to properly evaluate the offered novels. Explanatory booklets may also be especially useful for natural mentors or program mentors trying to promote reading literacy and interest in literature.

## References

* ↑ Mentoring Handbook