OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Georgia Water/Best Practices/Planning/Goals
### Envisioning Desired Futures

The purpose of planning is to identify a "best" set of actions to attain a more desirable future for someone(s). A public participation program may developed to identify the "someones" and to enable them and other affected parties to collaboratively define their desired future, which then becomes the target future condition (the goal) for the planning process. For example, workshops to define the desired future for the Georgia Basin in Canada, using GB-QUEST model, were organized as part of the Georgia Basin Futures Project.

### Use of Goals in Planning

In a comprehensive multipurpose formulation approach, full consideration is given to all planning objectives and constraints in formulating alternative plans to achieve the multiple purposes. Formulation Approaches

### Purposes

* Flood damage reduction (+)
* Navigation (+)
* Ecosystem restoration (+)
* Water quality
* Water supply
* Recreation
* Hydropower generation
* Hurricane and storm damage prevention
* Stormwater management
(+) For a Water Resources Directory/U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' project, "a Stand alone project purpose may only consist of one of the Corps' high priority project purposes: flood damage reduction, navigation, or ecosystem restoration."
# General Chemistry/Molar Concepts

A mole is a conversion factor to convert from amu (atomic mass units) to grams and back. Specifically, a mole is 6.02214 x $10^{23}$ particles. So, to find the mass of one mole of carbon(12.01 amu) we would use the following equation: $amu=(grams)(6.02*10^{23})$
This number is known as Avogadro's number.

## Why moles?

Because atoms and molecules are so small, the molar concept provides us with a way to deal with substances in the laboratory; to measure their properties and observe changes in their characteristics.
For example, a molecule of water is infintesimally small and weighs 18 amu. It consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. However, Avogadro's number of water molecules weighs 18 grams, and has a volume of 18 milliliters. It contains two moles of hydrogen atoms and one mole of oxygen atoms. The molar weight of an element or molecule is also known as the gram formula weight, or simply the atomic weight expressed in grams. Just remember that Avogadro's number is just that -- a number; one can have a mole of anything. A mole of oranges is $6.02*10^{23}$. (Although this quantity would surely be larger than our entire planet!)
# General Chemistry/Matter is measured

Measurement is the determination of the size or magnitude of something. Measurement is not limited to physical quantities, but can extend to quantifying almost any imaginable thing such as degree of uncertainty, Index of Consumer Confidence|consumer confidence, or the rate of increase in the fall in the price of beanie baby|beanie babies.
In physics and engineering, measurement is the process of comparing physical quantity|physical quantities of real-world object (philosophy)|objects and event|events. Established standard objects and events are used as unit|units, and the measurement results in at least two numbers for the relationship between the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement, where at least one number estimates the statistics|statistical uncertainty in the measurement, also referred to as measurement error (in a philosophical distinction). Measuring instruments are the means by which this translation is made.
Metrology is the study of measurement.
A metric is a standard for measurement. The quantification of phenomena through the process of measurement relies on the existence of an explicit or implicit metric, which is the standard to which the measure is referenced. If I say I am '5', I am indicating a measurement without conveying an applicable standard. I may mean I am 5 years old, 5 feet high, or 5-time world raquetball champion.
Measuring physical quantities accurately is important in science, engineering and commerce.
For example, the unit for length might be a well-known person's foot, and the length of a boat can be given as the number of times that person's foot would fit the length of the boat.
Laws to regulate measurement were originally developed to prevent fraud. However, units of measurement are now generally defined on a scientific basis, and are established by international treaties.
The history of measurements is a topic within the History of Science and Technology. The meter was standardized as the unit for length after the French revolution, and has since been adopted throughout most of the world. The United States and the UK are in the process of converting to the SI system. This process is known as metrication.
Systems of measurement:
* Imperial units
* SI system, also known as the metric system
* Chinese units
Measuring the ratios between physical quantities is an important sub-field of physics.
Some important physical quantities include:
* the speed of light
* the fine-structure constant
* the charge of an electron
# General Chemistry/Measurement
## Moles

The mole is a unit used to measure the number of particles in a substance (where particles can be atoms, molecules, electrons, ions etc.). One mole of substance contains 6.02205 × 10$^{23}$ particles. This rather large quantity is a constant called Avogadro's Number, which is abbreviated as N$_A$. It simply refers to the number of particles in one mole.
$N_{A}=6.02214\times 10^{23}{\hbox{ mol}}^{-1}$
For example, one mole of helium gas contains 6.022×10$^{23}$ atoms; 2 moles of oxygen gas contains 1.204×10$^{24}$ molecules.

### Moles and Mass

It would be useful to be able to convert between the number of moles and the mass of a substance. The molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, measured in grams per mole or ${\hbox{g}}\cdot {\hbox{mol}}^{-1}$. Not by coincidence, the molar mass is the same as the atomic weight of a substance (this is how the concept of moles was originally defined).
For example, the molar mass (and atomic weight) of carbon-12 is 12 g·mol$^{−1}$, so 1 mole of carbon-12 weighs 12 grams. Similarly, chlorine has a molar mass of 35.45 g·mol$^{−1}$, so one mole of chlorine atoms weighs 35.45 g. There are two chlorine atoms in one molecule of Cl$_2$ gas, so one mole of Cl$_2$ gas weighs 70.90 g.

## Measurement and Quantities

See the Units Appendix for tables of SI fundamental and derived units.

### Commonly used units in Chemistry

| Quantity | Commonly used units and symbols | Conversions (etc) |
| amount of substance | mole, mol | 1 mol = 6.022×10$^{23}$ particles |
| concentration (solutions) | mole per litre, mol L$^{-1}$ gram per litre, g L$^{-1}$ | (mol L$^{-1}$)(g mol$^{-1}$) = g L$^{-1}$ (g L$^{-1}$)/(g mol$^{-1}$) = mol L$^{-1}$ |
| electric charge | coulomb, C | |
| electric current | ampere, A | |
| electromotive force | volt, V | |
| energy | joule, J kilojoule, kJ | 1000 J = 1 kJ |
| density | gram per litre, g L$^{-1}$ | |
| mass | gram, g kilogram, kg ton | 1 tonne = 1000 kg = 1×10$^6$ g |
| molar volume | litre per mole, L mol$^{-1}$ | 22.41 L (S.T.P) 22.47 L (25 °C, 101.325 kPa) |
| pressure | kilopascal, kPa atmosphere, atm millimetre of mercury, mmHg | 1 atm = 101.324 kPa = 760.0 mmHg |
| temperature | kelvin, K degree celsius, °C | T$_K$ = T$_C$ + 273.15 |
| time | second, s hour, h | 1 h = 3600 s |
| volume | litre, L millilitre, mL cubic centimetre, cm$^3$ cubic decimetre, dm$^3$ | 1 L = 1000 mL = 1 dm$^3$ = 1000 cm$^3$ |

### Commonly used prefixes

| Prefix | Symbol | Factor |
| tera | T | 10$^{12}$ |
| giga | G | 10$^9$ |
| mega | M | 10$^6$ |
| kilo | k | 10$^3$ |
| milli | m | 10$^{−3}$ |
| micro | µ | 10$^{−6}$ |
| nano | n | 10$^{−9}$ |
| pico | p | 10$^{−12}$ |
# General Chemistry/Nomenclature
## Naming Ions and Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions). The nomenclature, or naming, of ionic compounds is based on the names of the component ions. Here are the principal naming conventions for ionic compounds, along with examples to show how they are used:
Roman Numerals A Roman numeral in parentheses, preceded by the name of the element, is used for elements that can form more than one positive ion.
This is usually seen with transition metals. Fe$^{2+}$ Iron (II) Fe$^{3+}$ Iron (III) Cu$^+$ Copper (I) Cu$^{2+}$ Copper (II)
-ous and -ic Although Roman numerals are used to denote the ionic charge of cations, it is still common to see and use the endings -ous or -ic. These endings are added to the Latin name of the element (e.g., stannous/stannic for tin) to represent the ions with lesser or greater charge, respectively. The Roman numeral naming convention has wider appeal because many ions have more than two valences. Fe$^{2+}$ Ferrous Fe$^{3+}$ Ferric Cu$^+$ Cuprous Cu$^{2+}$ Cupric
-ide The -ide ending is added to the name of a monoatomic anion of an element. H- Hydride
F- Fluoride O$^{2−}$ Oxide S$^{2−}$ Sulfide N$^{3−}$ Nitride P$^{3−}$ Phosphide
-ite and -ate Some polyatomic anions contain oxygen. These anions are called oxyanions. When an element forms two oxyanions, the one with less oxygen is given a name ending in -ite and the one with more oxygen is given a name that ends in -ate. NO$_2$- Nitrite NO$_3$- Nitrate SO$_3$- Sulphite SO$_4$- Sulphate
hypo- and per- In the case where there is a series of four oxyanions, the hypo- and per- prefixes are used in conjunction with the -ite and -ate suffixes. The hypo- and per- prefixes indicate less oxygen and more oxygen, respectively. ClO- Hypochlorite ClO$_2$- Chlorite ClO$_3$- Chlorate ClO$_4$- Perchlorate
bi- and di- hydrogen Polyatomic anions sometimes gain one or more H$^+$ ions to form anions of a lower charge. These ions are named by adding the word hydrogen or dihydrogen in front of the name of the anion. It is still common to see and use the older naming convention in which the prefix bi- is used to indicate the addition of a single hydrogen ion. CHO$_3$- Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate HSO$_4$- Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate H$_2$PO$_4$− Dihydrogen phosphate

## Naming Binary Acids

Binary acids are compounds containing Hydrogen and an anion (non-metal ion).
When these compounds are in solution in water, oxonium ions (H$_3$O$^+$) are formed giving rise to the properties that we associate with 'acids'.
In general, when the binary acid is not in solution the name is as follows: 'Hydrogen' followed by the anion name ending in '-ide'.
e.g. Hydrogen chloride
When the binary acid is in solution (aq) the name is as follows: 'Hydro-' followed by the anion name ending in '-ic' then add the word 'acid' to the end.
e.g. Hydrochloric acid
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 15

On today's birthday of the Esperanto creator, Esperantists celebrate Zamenhofa Tago or Esperanto Book Day, the most popular holiday in Esperanto culture, with events to promote Esperanto literature. The auxiliary language is the strongest project of its kind to date. It is pitched as pivot language that can facilitate communication between participants that do not even speak Esperanto as a common language. This older community shares many beliefs and goals with enthusiasts who believe in the democratizing powers of the Internet, but focuses on a different technology with more low-tech appeal.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 17

Today in 2012 the Freedom of the Press Foundation was launched.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 2

Today is World Computer Literacy Day.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 20

Today in 1997 was the first release of the GNU Privacy Guard (gpg).
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 21

Today in 1999 the Quake engine was released by id Software as Free Software.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 13

Today in 2004 the first batch of Vores Øl (our beer) was produced, the predecessor of FREE BEER (“free beer” as in “free speech”, not “free beer”...).
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 19

Today in 2011 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced its massive open online course program MITx.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 14

Today in 1988 TAT-8, the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable, entered service.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 18

Today in 1987 the Perl programming language was released. It was designed for administrators, with a focus on manipulating text. Its power and a shallow learning curve allowed for quick, satisfying hacks and contributed to its once immense popularity, especially for operating Internet services. It held hundreds of thousands of websites together. Problems included a lack of focus on code maintainability.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/December 16

Today in 1947 the first working transistor was made at AT&T's Bell Labs in New Jersey. The first to see it were some colleagues who were given an internal demontration a few weeks later, and at the end of June next year it was presented to the public.
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# Game Maker Programming/InputOutput

All of Game Maker's visible output is performed in the Draw event of an instance. By default, the object will be drawn at its specified coordinates, but this can be overridden by creating a draw event. Functions that deal with output have the prefix draw_, and these functions are not guaranteed to provide any visible output if used outside of a draw event.
To receive input, built-in variables are used. keyboard_string holds the last 1,024 characters typed while the window is in focus. mouse_x and mouse_y hold the x and y of the mouse relative to the top left hand corner of the window.
Together with output functions, you can create interactive games very easily based on user input. For example, in the Draw event of an instance:
would draw the last 1,024 characters the user typed, starting from 0,0 - or the upper left hand corner.

## Drawing surfaces

    Note: This is not available in the free version of Game Maker.
It is possible to draw images on a canvas instead of directly on the screen. To do this, you will need to use the functions starting with surface_ and draw_surface_.
# Game Maker Programming/Mathematical calculations

GameMaker can perform mathematical functions on integers, on variables containing integers. Writing in code:
would equal 4. If a=2, then:
would also equal 4. Game Maker can perform basic addition, multiplication, subtraction and division, as well as square rooting, as shown below:
List of functions :
| random(x) | Random decimal number between 0 and x (including 0, but not x). |
| random_range(x,y) | Random decimal number between x and y (including x, but not y). |
| abs(x) | Absolute value of x. |
| sign(x) | Sign of x (-1, 0, or 1) |
| round(x) | Round to nearest integer. (.5 rounds to nearest even.) |
| floor, ceil(x) | Floor and ceiling functions. |
| frac(x) | Returns fractional portion. |
| sqrt(x) | Square root. |
| power(x,n) | x$^n$ |
| exp(x) | e$^x$ |
| ln(x) | Natural log of x (log$_e$ x) |
| log2(x) | Log 2 of x. |
| log10(x) | Log 10 of x. |
| logn(n,x) | Log of base n of x. |
| sin (x), cos(x), tan(x) | Sin, cos or tan of x. |
| arcsin, arccos, arctan(x) | Inverse sin, cos or tan of x. |
| arctan2(y, x) | arctan(y/x). returns angle in correct quadrant. |
| degtorad(x), radtodeg(x) | Converts between degrees and radians. |
| min(...), max(...), mean(...), median(...) | Returns min, max, mean or median of all arguments. |
| point_distance(x1, y1, x2, y2) | Returns distance between two points. |
| point_direction(x1, y1, x2, y2) | Returns direction from (x1, y1) to (x2,y2) in degrees. |
| lengthdir_x(len, dir), lengthdir_y(len, dir) | Returns x or y component of the indicated length and direction. |
# Game Maker Programming/Installing
## Version 6.1

Older versions of Game Maker (6.1A and below) can be downloaded from the old Game Maker Pages. It is recommended that you download the zipped version as some tutorials on this site will assume you have the sprites included in it.
Once you have downloaded Game Maker open the zipped folder and double click on gmaker.exe. This will bring up the setup. Click through it, being careful to read the Licensing Agreement. That's it! You've Installed Game Maker in your computer!

## Version 7

Version 7 is the latest version of Game Maker and can be found at the YoYo Games Download Page. It features several improvements over older versions including enhanced security and a new extension mechanism. As of version 7.0 Game Maker is managed by YoYo Games.

## CTW Version (5.3)

The Children's Technology Workshop Version of Game Maker is a non-violent version made for the CTW camps. Though still powerful it is a few versions behind the standard edition, is only available as a 15 day trial and lacks any 3D functionality. Most Tutorials should be compatible with the CTW version and sections that are not backward compatible will be clearly marked. The CTW version of Game Maker can be downloaded from Children's Technology Workshop.
# Game Maker Programming/Intro
## Programming: An introduction

Before you even begin programming, it would be a good idea to understand a little bit about what you are getting into. This chapter will help you understand the purpose of programming, as well as some basic concepts of it.

### Getting things done

The point of any program is to accomplish some task, whether it be as simple as a calculation or as complex as a computer game, a program gets something done. Think of the computer as a person awaiting instructions; You must speak that person's language in order to tell them what you want done, and you must give that person your instructions. It is the same with the computer, you need to know the computer's language as well as give it instructions in that language.
That is what a program is, a series of instructions in the computer's language.
* Note: A Programming language is not really the language a computer uses. The computers native language is actually Binary. Computers therefore need a Compiler to translate from code to Binary.

### Instructions

As mentioned earlier, a program is a series of instructions in the computer's language. And just as English has words and grammar, so does a programming language.
Let's say you wanted Bob to go to the store and get some eggs. You could say,
"Bob, go to the store."
Bob would not get you your eggs though. He would go to the store, just as you instructed him however. The same concept applies to programming; you need to tell the computer exactly what you want done, because the computer won't be able to guess what you mean. So instead, you tell Bob:
"Bob, go to the store - eggs."
This time, Bob might get the eggs; but only because he could guess you meant to get some eggs. But a computer would not understand you if you programmed like that. Instead you would tell Bob:
"Bob, go to the store and get 12 eggs; be back at 5:00." This would tell Bob exactly what to do.
Your instructions (programs) should always be precise, using the correct grammar of the programming language. Remember, a computer can only do what you tell it to.

### Language

In order to give your computer instructions however, you must know a language you can talk to it in. In this case the language is Game Maker Language (GML). You will learn more about GML in the upcoming chapters.
# Game Maker Programming/Statements

A statement is an instruction within the Game Maker Language. They are most commonly used when a variable is set. For example:
In Game Maker a statement can simply be written as above in a code object, or in the D&D event "Set the value of a variable" under "control".
# Game Maker Programming/LibraryBuilder/Basics

To use the library builder you have to have a very good understanding of GML - the programming language of Game Maker. Not many people know it - but the libraries are simply made up of Game Maker code. All you are doing when dragging and dropping is putting small chunks of GML into the program, but it is represented by icons. To make your own library, you provide images, coding for the tab and sometimes initiation code.
# Game Maker Programming/LibraryBuilder/Installing
## Where to find it

At the authors wishes a direct link cannot be given, but a link to the download can be found in this forum.

## Installation

To be finished later.
# Game Maker Programming/Variables

Variables hold information. These bits of information are given names so they can be identified, and changed more easily. For example, if a = 4, and b = 7, a+b would equal 11.
In Game Maker, variable names can only have the following kinds of characters:
* Letters
** Lowercase and Uppercase
** Variables are case-sensitive, for instance: PenColor is NOT the same as pencolor
* Digits
** A variable name cannot start with a digit.
* The underscore symbol "_"
In Game Maker, variables are defined by the name of the variable, an equals sign, and the value of this variable. For example:
A variable can also be declared by using var, for example, var variable1. Using var to declare a variable only makes that variables available during that piece of code - it is removed from memory after use. This makes your game use less memory, and can be very efficient. However, it is not required.
By default, Game Maker reports an error if you try to use an undefined variable before assigning to it. If you receive the error, you should initialize it in the create section with the default value. An option in Global Game Settings allows you to treat uninitialized values as 0, as well as to disable the display of error messages; however, caution should be used when using these two options since it will make bugs more obscure.