OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Handbook of Management Scales/Supplier-oriented CSR
## Supplier-oriented corporate social responsibility (CSR) (alpha = 0.84)
### Description

A multidimensional measure of corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) was developed and validated. Hereby, the authors conducted a series of analyses, including exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural equation modeling to assess different types of validity of the proposed scale. The scale consists of six dimensions: community-oriented, natural environment-oriented, employee-oriented, supplier-oriented, customer-oriented, and shareholder-oriented CSR.

### Definition

Corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) is defined as “an organization’s context-specific actions and policies designed to enhance the welfare of various stakeholder groups by accounting for the triple bottom line of economic, social, and environmental performance”.

### Items

* Our company endeavors to ensure that all its suppliers (and subcontractors), wherever they may be, respect and apply current labor laws. (0.77)
* Our company makes sure that its suppliers (and subcontractors) respect justice rules in their own workplaces. (0.75)
* Our company cares that labor laws are applied by all its suppliers (and subcontractors) wherever they may be. (0.74)
* Our company would not continue to deal with a supplier (or subcontractor) who failed to respect labor laws. (0.73)
* Our company helps its suppliers (and subcontractors) to improve the working conditions of their own workers (e.g., safe working environment, etc.). (0.65)

### Source

* El Akremi (201_): How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. _, No. _, pp. _–_

### Comments

Future research could further distinguish between direct suppliers (tier one) and indirect suppliers (tier two, subcontractors).
# Handbook of Management Scales/Supplier involvement
## Supplier involvement (alpha = 0.86)
### Description

The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.

### Items

* We involve key suppliers in the product design and development stage. (0.63)
* We have key supplier membership/participation in our project teams. (0.50)
* Our key suppliers have major influence on the design of new products. (0.64)
* There is a strong consensus in our firm that supplier involvement is needed in product design/development. (0.64)

### Source

* Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 4

Today 1968 US patent No. 3,387,286 for a one-transistor MOS dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell and the basic idea behind the three-transistor cell was granted. This was the dynamic RAM technology that replaced magnetic-core memory.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 7

Today in 2018 the Software Heritage archive held its official opening ceremony at the UNESCO.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 8

Today in 1995 version 1.0 of the Personal Home Page Tools (PHP) was released.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 5

Today in 1998 version 1 of The GIMP was released.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 1

Today in 1994 the first issue of Linux Journal was published, the first Linux-specific periodical.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 10

Today in 2001 the Free Software Foundation Europe was founded.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 30

Today in 2009 Janet Hope published Biobazaar: The Open Source Revolution and Biotechnology.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 6

Today in 1996 the influential early warez release group Rabid Neurosis was formed.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 3

Today in 2004, revision 1 of x264 was released, an early and fast open source encoder implementation with uncompromising quality that contributed to the enormous success of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video format, which in turn is a commercial, patent-encumbered standard.
← previous day · following day →
# Hebrew/Elementary/Lesson 4
## Basic food (אוכל בסיסי)

| English | | Hebrew |
| Food | Okhel | אוכל |
| Rice | Orez | אורז |
| Soup | Marak | מרק |
| Bread | Lekhem | לחם |
| Noodles | Itriyot | אטריות |
| Meat | Basar | בשר |
| Pasta | Pasta | פסטה |
| Drink | Shtiya | שתייה |

## Israeli Food (אוכל ישראלי)

| English | | Hebrew |
| Falafel | Falafel | פלאפל |
| Shawarma | Shawarma | שווארמה |
| Strained yogurt | Labane | לבנה |
| Shakshouka | Shakshuka | שקשוקה |
| Sabich | Sabikh | סביח |
| Jerusalem mixed grill | Meorav yerushalmi | מעורב ירושלמי |
| Halva | Khalva | חלבה |
| Tahini | Tkhina | טחינה |
| Hummus | Khumus | חומוס |
| Baklava | Baklawa | בקלאווה |

## Meat in Israel (בשר בישראל)

| English | Hebrew | |
| Beef | Bakar | בקר |
| Turkey | Hodu | הודו |
| Chicken | Of | עוף |
| Goat | Ez | עז |
| Sheep | Keves | כבש |

## Restaurant types

| Hummus Restaurant | Khumusia | חומוסיה |
| Steak restaurant | Stekiya | סטייקיה |
# Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 2

* Lessons on the Hebrew Aleph-Bet
* Introduction
* 1 א בּ ת • E
* 2 ב ה נן • E
* 3 מם שׁשׂ • E
* 4 ל ו • E
* 5 ד ר י • E
* 6 ג ז ח • E
* 7 ט ככּך
* • E
* 8 ס ק • E
* 9 ע פפּף • E
* 10 צץ • E
* Review
* Test • Answers
* • talk
Welcome to the exercises related to Aleph-Bet Lesson 2 of learning Hebrew.
Click "▼" to check your answers.

## The Letters & Niqqud

Assign each letter to the sound it stands for.
Note: In this font Tsere looks like Pataħ, only slightly longer. Sorry for the inconvenience.
* בֵ
* הְ
* ן
* הַ
* הָ
* נָ
* בַ
* Ve
* H
* N
* Ha
* Ha
* Na
* Va
* Ve
* H
* N
* Ha
* Ha
* Na
* Va
Assign each sound to the letter that makes it:
* Na
* He
* V
* Va
* N
* Ne
* נַ/נָ
* הֵ
* בְ
* בַ/בָ
* נְ
* נֵ
* נַ/נָ
* הֵ
* בְ
* בַ/בָ
* נְ
* נֵ

## Vocabulary

How is each word pronounced?
Translate the following words from Hebrew to English:
Translate the following words from English to Hebrew:

## Definite He

Translate the following words from Hebrew to English:
Translate the following words from English to Hebrew:

## Reading Without Vowels

Already?! Yes, we need to start sometime. All texts written in Hebrew, except for dictionaries, children's books, learner's books and other linguistic material are written without vowels. You will have to recognize and know how to pronounce a word just by looking at it. Don't be afraid, though, you'll be surprised to find out it is pretty easy. Read aloud the following words:
* אבא
* בת
* אתה
* בננה
* אב
* את
* תא
* בן
* Bat
* Atah
* Banana
* Av
* At
* Ta
* Ben
* Bat
* Atah
* Banana
* Av
* At
* Ta
* Ben
See? It wasn't that hard.

## Next steps

Review lesson: Aleph-Bet 2
Next lesson: Aleph-Bet 3 >>>
# Hebrew/Elementary/Lesson 1/Exercises

There here a few Exercises (תרגילים-Targilim) for practice.

## תרגיל א'

How do we say good morning in Hebrew?
1. בוקר טוב boker tov
2. סליחה slicha
3. ערב טוב erev tov
How do we say yes in Hebrew?
1. לא lo
2. כן ken
3. תודה toda
How do we say hello in Hebrew?
1. שלום shalom
2. להתראות leitraot
3. בבקשה bevacasha

## תרגיל ב'

Write the word in English nearest to the correct word in Hebrew.
1. סליחה
2. בבקשה
3. בסדר
4. תודה
5. להתראות
6. שלום
# Shopping-קניות

| English | transliteration | Hebrew |
| mall | kanyon | קניון |
| store | khanoot | חנות |
| how | kama | כמה |
| price | mekhir | מחיר |
| How much is it | kama ze oleh | כמה זה עולה |
| t-shirt | khooltsa | חולצה |
| trousers | mikhnasaym | מכנסיים |
| Seller | mokher | מוכר |
| buyer | koneh | קונה |
| client | lakoakh | לקוח |
| supermarket | markol | מרכול |
| dress | simla | שמלה |
| shorts | mikhnasayim ktsarim | מכנסיים קצרים |
| Clothing | bgadim | בגדים |
| money | kesef | כסף |
| Toys | tsa'atsooim | צעצועים |
| doll | booba | בובה |

# Exercises-תרגילים

Translate the sentences into English:
* סליחה כמה זה עולה
* איפה יש חנות בגדים
* כמה עולה הבובה
* איפה הקניון

# Answers-תשובות

* Excuse me, how much does it cost?
* סליחה כמה זה עולה
* Where is there a clothing store?
* איפה יש חנות בגדים
* How much for the doll?
* כמה עולה הבובה
* Where is the mall?
* איפה הקניון
# Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 10

* Lessons on the Hebrew Aleph-Bet
* Introduction
* 1 א בּ ת • E
* 2 ב ה נן • E
* 3 מם שׁשׂ • E
* 4 ל ו • E
* 5 ד ר י • E
* 6 ג ז ח • E
* 7 ט ככּך
* • E
* 8 ס ק • E
* 9 ע פפּף • E
* 10 צץ • E
* Review
* Test • Answers
* • talk
Welcome to the exercises related to Aleph-Bet Lesson 10 of learning Hebrew.
Click "▼" to check your answers.

## Letters & Niqqud

Assign each letter to the sound it stands for:
1.
* צְ
* צֳ
* ץ
* צֵ
* צַ
* צָ
* צֻ
* Ts
* Tso
* Ts
* Tse
* Tsa
* Tsa
* Tsu
* Ts
* Tso
* Ts
* Tse
* Tsa
* Tsa
* Tsu
2.
* צֶ
* צֲ
* צֱ
* צֹ
* צִ
* Tse
* Tsa
* Tse
* Tso
* Tsi
* Tse
* Tsa
* Tse
* Tso
* Tsi
Assign each sound to the letter that makes it:
* Tsi
* Tsa
* Ts
* Tso
* Tse
* Tsu
* צָ/צַ/צֲ
* צְ
* צֹ/צֳ
* צֶ/צֵ/צֱ
* צֻ
* צָ/צַ/צֲ
* צְ
* צֹ/צֳ
* צֶ/צֵ/צֱ
* צֻ

## Vocabulary

How is each word pronounced?
Translate the following words from Hebrew to English:

## Reading Without Vowels

How is each word pronounced?
* צרפת
* מצרים
* צהוב
* צבע
* בוץ
* ציד
* עץ
* עצם
* Tsorfat
* Mitsrayim
* Tsahov
* Tseva‘
* Bots
* Tsayid
* ‘Ets
* ‘Etsem
* Tsorfat
* Mitsrayim
* Tsahov
* Tseva‘
* Bots
* Tsayid
* ‘Ets
* ‘Etsem

## Numbers

What is the numerical value of the following numbers?
How do you write in Hebrew the following numbers:

## Next Steps

Review lesson: Aleph-Bet 10 Aleph-Bet review >>>
# Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 3

* Lessons on the Hebrew Aleph-Bet
* Introduction
* 1 א בּ ת • E
* 2 ב ה נן • E
* 3 מם שׁשׂ • E
* 4 ל ו • E
* 5 ד ר י • E
* 6 ג ז ח • E
* 7 ט ככּך
* • E
* 8 ס ק • E
* 9 ע פפּף • E
* 10 צץ • E
* Review
* Test • Answers
* • talk
Welcome to the exercises related to Aleph-Bet Lesson 3 of learning Hebrew. Note that from this lesson and onward, you won't have exercises on He Hayedi‘ah and translating from English to Hebrew. The purpose of this lesson (and other lessons in this level) is to enhance your reading and interpreting skills, not your grammar or vocabulary (which is the main point of the next levels).
Click "▼" to check your answers.

## The Letters & Niqqud

Assign each letter to the sound it stands for.
* ם
* מֶ
* שְׂ
* שֶׁ
* שְׁ
* מַ
* מָ
* שֵׂ
* מֵ
* שָׁ
* M
* Me
* S
* She
* Sh
* Ma
* Ma
* Se
* Me
* Sha
* M
* Me
* S
* She
* Sh
* Ma
* Ma
* Se
* Me
* Sha
Assign each sound to the letter the makes it.
* Sha
* M
* Se
* Si
* She
* Sa
* Mi
* Shi
* שָׁ שַׁ
* מְ ם
* שֶׂ שֵׂ
* שִׂ
* שֶׁ שֵׁ
* שָׂ שַׂ
* מִ
* שִׁ
* שָׁ שַׁ
* מְ ם
* שֶׂ שֵׂ
* שִׂ
* שֶׁ שֵׁ
* שָׂ שַׂ
* מִ
* שִׁ

## Vocabulary

How is each word pronounced?
Translate the following words from Hebrew to English:

## Reading Without Vowels

How is each word pronounced?
* אמא
* הם
* שם
* אתן
* אתם
* שבת
* מה
* הן
* אם
* Ima
* Hem
* Shem
* Aten
* Atem
* Shabbat
* Mah
* Hen
* Em
* Ima
* Hem
* Shem
* Aten
* Atem
* Shabbat
* Mah
* Hen
* Em

## Next Steps

Review lesson: Aleph-Bet 3 Next lesson: Aleph-Bet 4 >>>
# Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 5

* Lessons on the Hebrew Aleph-Bet
* Introduction
* 1 א בּ ת • E
* 2 ב ה נן • E
* 3 מם שׁשׂ • E
* 4 ל ו • E
* 5 ד ר י • E
* 6 ג ז ח • E
* 7 ט ככּך
* • E
* 8 ס ק • E
* 9 ע פפּף • E
* 10 צץ • E
* Review
* Test • Answers
* • talk
Welcome to the exercises related to Aleph-Bet Lesson 5 of learning Hebrew.
Click "▼" to check your answers.

## Letters & Niqqud

Assign each letter to the sound it stands for:
* דֻ
* רֶ
* יֶ
* יֵ
* דֶ
* דְ
* רַ
* דַ
* יׁ
* רֹ
* Re
* Ye
* Ye
* De
* D
* Ra
* Da
* Yo
* Ro
* Re
* Ye
* Ye
* De
* D
* Ra
* Da
* Yo
* Ro
Assign each sound to the letter that makes it:
* Ru
* Ya
* Yu
* Do
* R
* Ri
* Yi
* Y
* Di
* Yo
* יָ/יַ
* יֻ/יוּ
* דֹ/דוֹ
* רְ
* רִ
* יִ
* יְ
* דִ
* יֹ/יוֹ
* יָ/יַ
* יֻ/יוּ
* דֹ/דוֹ
* רְ
* רִ
* יִ
* יְ
* דִ
* יֹ/יוֹ

## Vocabulary

How is each word pronounced?
Translate the following words from Hebrew to English:

## Reading Without Vowels

How is each word pronounced?
* מים
* ירושלים
* תודה
* ישראל
* בית
* דם
* דוד
* יהודי
* Yerushalayim
* Todah
* Yisra’el
* Bayit
* Dam
* Dod
* Yehudi
* Yerushalayim
* Todah
* Yisra’el
* Bayit
* Dam
* Dod
* Yehudi

## Next Steps

Review lesson: Aleph-Bet 5 Next lesson: Aleph-Bet 6 >>>
# Hebrew/Exercises

This page is a list of links to the exercises in this Wikibook.

## Aleph-Bet

* Lesson 2
* Lesson 3
* Lesson 4
* Lesson 5
* Lesson 6
* Lesson 7
* Lesson 8
* Lesson 9
* Lesson 10

## Basic

* Lesson 1
* Lesson 2
* Lesson 3
* Lesson 4
* Lesson 5
# Hebrew/Exercises/Aleph-Bet 4

* Lessons on the Hebrew Aleph-Bet
* Introduction
* 1 א בּ ת • E
* 2 ב ה נן • E
* 3 מם שׁשׂ • E
* 4 ל ו • E
* 5 ד ר י • E
* 6 ג ז ח • E
* 7 ט ככּך
* • E
* 8 ס ק • E
* 9 ע פפּף • E
* 10 צץ • E
* Review
* Test • Answers
* • talk
Welcome to the exercises related to Aleph-Bet Lesson 4 of learning Hebrew.
Click "▼" to check your answers.

## Letters & Niqqud

Assign each letter to the sound it stands for.
* לְ
* וַ
* וִ
* לֶ
* וֹ
* לֹ
* וְ
* לִ
* L
* Va
* Vi
* Le
* O
* Lo
* V
* Li
* L
* Va
* Vi
* Le
* O
* Lo
* V
* Li
Assign each sound to the letter the makes it.
* U
* Ve
* La
* Lu
* Va
* L
* וֶ/וֵ
* לָ/לַ
* לוּ
* וָ/וַ
* לְ
* וֶ/וֵ
* לָ/לַ
* לוּ
* וָ/וַ
* לְ

## Vocabulary

How is each word pronounced?
Translate the following words from Hebrew to English:

## Reading Without Vowels

How is each word pronounced?
* מלה
* בול
* מתנה
* מלון
* אות
* שן
* שלום
* Bul
* Matanah
* Malon
* Ot
* Shen
* Shalom
* Bul
* Matanah
* Malon
* Ot
* Shen
* Shalom

## Next Steps

Review lesson: Aleph-Bet 4 Next lesson: Aleph-Bet 5 >>>
# History of China/Qing Dynasty

The Qing dynasty (清朝), lasting from 1644 AD to 1911 AD, was the last legitimate imperial dynasty in Chinese history. It was the second dynasty ruled by traditionally non-Chinese people. The Manchus invaded and conquered China in 1644 AD, yet pacification and forced assimilation of the whole realm took decades longer and many lives. China prospered during the reigns of three consecutive emperors, Kangxi (康熙), Yongzheng (雍正) and Qianlong (乾隆), creating a rich and strong state, thus enabling it to annex surrounding neighbours, including Tibet and Xinjiang in the west. Many borders in China today, both internal and external, can be traced back to the Qing borders.
After around 100 years of prosperity, the country went on a down slope, coinciding with the arrival of large numbers of Europeans trying to set up trading posts and spheres of influence. Initially reluctant to trade with foreigners, the Qing only opened the port of Canton, current day Guangzhou, for trading under tight regulations. However, after being defeated by Britain in 1842 during the First Opium War, China was forced open and was compelled to set up trading ports, pay reparations, grant certain freedoms to Europeans in China and give up the island of Hong Kong. Other Western countries followed suit, and after a humiliating defeat by modernized Japan in 1894, a massive anti-West uprising erupted in 1900, the Boxer Rebellion, which was endorsed by the Empress dowager at the time, Cixi (慈禧). They raided the Western embassies and so a coalition was formed by Britain, France, Germany, the US, Japan, Russia, Italy and Austria-Hungary to put down the rebellion. They stormed Beijing and forced the Emperor to flee. After looting treasures, a treaty detailing even more colonies and legations in China was signed, with parts of important cities like Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai allocated to Westerners.
Revolutionaries like Sun Yat Sen and Song Jiao Ren have been planning to overthrow the Qing government for years before the end of the dynasty. Multiple uprisings were organised by their party, the Chinese United League (同盟會), yet all of them failed except for Wuchang Uprising in 1911, when the army joined the cause and various provinces declared independence from the central Qing government. The child emperor Puyi (溥儀) abdicated and handed power over to Sun Yat Sen as provisional president, thus ending the imperial period lasting 2000 years in China.
# History of China/The Qin Dynasty

Qin Dynasty (秦朝) was the fourth dynasty in Chinese history, as well as the first imperial dynasty (ruled by an emperor instead of a king) in ancient China. From 221 B.C. to 207 B.C., Qin Dynasty ruled over China for 15 years.

## Establishment
### Developing

Before the establishment of Qin Dynasty, Qin was one of the states under the rule of Zhou Dynasty. During the last few centuries' rule (7th century B.C.~ 3rd century B.C.) of Zhou Dynasty, the states had extremely high autonomy, had their own kings, and completely ignored the central government of Zhou (the king of Zhou). Wars always occurred between states. The state of Qin, lying in the west of China, gradually became one of the seven strongest states in 5th~ 3th centuries B.C. through many wars. After the reforms made by the chanceller Shang Yang (396 B.C.~ 338 B.C.) in 356 and 350 B.C., Qin became even sronger.

### Conquering other states

In 306 B.C., King Zhaoxiang of Qin started his reign and became the 28th ruler of the state of Qin. In 256 B.C., the central government of Zhou, together with the other six states, planned to started a war against Qin. However, the plan didn't work because the six states didn't keep their promise. King Zhaoxiang of Qin was very angry at the news. He then called on his army to invade Luoyang, the capital of Zhou. Zhou's government quickly surrendered. King Nan of Zhou died in the same year. After the death of the king of Zhou, Qin took down Luoyang, ending the 879 years' rule of Zhou Dynasty. In 230 B.C., Qin invaded Han. The king of Han, Han An, surrendered. Han became the first of the seven states to be conquered by Qin. 229 B.C., Qin attacked Zhao. The next year, the king Zhao Qian surrendered. 226 B.C., Qin took down Ji, the capital of Yan. Yan moved its capital to Liaodong. 225 B.C., Qin attacked Wei, the king Wei Jia surrendered. 224 B.C. Qin attacked Chu. The next year, its capital Shouchun fell, the king Xiong Fuchu was captured. 222 B.C., Yan's temporary capital Liaodong fell, the king Ji Xi was captured. 221 B.C., Qin attacked Qi, the king Tian Jian surrendered. Qi became the last state to be conquered by Qin.
# History of China/The Three Kingdoms Period

The Three Kingdoms Period, popularised primarily by the classic novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, was the turbulent period following the collapse of the Han Dynasty. Warlords from different parts of China gained power in their respective regions and battled each other, until only 3 remained: Wei (魏), Shu (蜀) and Wu (吳). In the end, none would unite China, as after Shu was conquered by Wei, Wei was usurped by Jin (晉), and Jin finished conquering Wu, thus uniting China. Heroes who appeared during these period are still famous in modern China, showing up in popular media and video games.
# History of Christianity
## Table of Contents
### Introduction to Christianity

* Defining Christianity
* The Influence of Christianity on Western Culture
* Wiki History of Christianity
* Schaff History of Christianity
* History of Christianity by Century
* Timeline of Christianity
* Theologians

### Origins of Christianity

* Old Testament
* Inter-Testamental Period
* Outline of Apostolic Period
* Life of Jesus
* The Historicity of Jesus of Nazareth
* The Christ
* The Apostles
* Early Christianity
* Separation from Judaism
* Early Centers of Christianity

### The Ante-Nicene Period

* Outline of Ante-Nicene Period
* Ante-Nicene Fathers
* Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
* Christian Gnosticism
* Ecumenical Councils
* The New Testament
* Dating the Bible
* Historical Reliability of the Gospels
* History of the Papacy
* Sacred Tradition
* Constantine the Great and Christianity
* Rulers who Converted to Christianity

### The Nicene or Post-Nicene Period

* Outline of the Nicene Period
* The Cappadocian Fathers
* Outline of the Byzantine Period
* Desert Fathers
* Monasticism
* Catechetical School of Alexandria
* Non-Chalcedonian Churches

### Medieval Christianity

* Development of the Medieval Church
* Christianization
* Celtic Christianity
* The Holy Roman Empire
* Crusades
* The Great Schism
* The Eastern Orthodox Church
* Franciscans
* Inquisition
* Waldensians
* Catharism

### Reformation

* History of Modern Christianity
* The Renaissance
* The Society of Jesus
* The Reformation in Germany
* Swiss Reformation
* French Reformation
* English Reformation
* Free Church Movement
* Christianity in the US
* Christian Ecumenism
* Systematic Theology

### Post Modern Christian Theology

* History of Christian Theology
* Evangelicalism
* Liberal Christianity
* Liberation Theology
* Christian Heresies in the 20th Century
* Christian Devotional Literature
# History of China/Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty (1271 AD - 1368 AD) was significant from a historical point of view, because it was the first non-Chinese ruled dynasty that managed to rule all of China. Instead, it was ruled by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, the Yuan Dynasty was short-lived compared to other dynasties, lasted only for 98 years. The Mongols separated the populace into classes, with the Chinese mostly in the lowest, yet they were sinicised as well, since they tried to adopt the Chinese method of ruling and accepted a lot of Chinese culture. The famed Marco Polo visited China during this period. It also solidified Beijing as a leading city in China.
# History of China/The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十國) was a period when China broke apart into various states each vying for power, and lasted from 907 to 979 AD. There were 5 states that appeared successively in the Chinese heartland and were the most powerful, constituting the Five Dynasties. Around them was a sleuth of smaller kingdoms, the ten strongest ones making up the Ten Kingdoms. The chaos in China gave a chance for the Khitans in the north to establish the Liao Dynasty, becoming a major threat later. Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the last dynasty in this period Later Zhou, was urged by his army to take the throne for himself, creating the Song Dynasty. He would then unite most of China, facing only the Liao Dynasty in the north as his rival.
# History of China/Zhou Dynasty

The Zhou Dynasty (周朝), divided into the earlier Western Zhou (c. 1045 – 771 BC) and the later Eastern Zhou (770–256 BC), was the longest dynasty in Chinese history and laid the foundation for the Chinese civilisation. Being in the pre-imperial period of Chinese history, it was ruled by a king with landed nobles at his command, somewhat similar to European feudalism. The Zhou Dynasty was headed by the Ji (姬) family. While the Western Zhou was relatively stable, the Eastern Zhou was an extremely fractured state where the king held little authority and nobles fought each other. Eastern Zhou was further divided into the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋時期) and the Warring States Period (戰國時期), with the latter being even more turbulent. Despite the chaos, a lot of thinkers came up during this period to push forward their philosophical ideas and political thinking. Such philosophers include Confucius (孔子), Mencius (孟子), Laozi/Laotzu (老子) and Hanfei (韓非) among others. These became hugely influential systems of thinking in later eras.