OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Generic Real Arrays

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Numerics.Generic_Real_Arrays is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Numerics.Generic_Real_Arrays in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Numerics.Generic_Real_Arrays in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* G.3.1: Real Vectors and Matrices

#### Ada 2012

* G.3.1: Real Vectors and Matrices

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-ngrear.ads
* Body: a-ngrear.adb
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-ngrear.ads
* Body: numerics/a-ngrear.adb
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Discrete Random

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* A.5.2: Random Number Generation

#### Ada 2005

* A.5.2: Random Number Generation

#### Ada 2012

* A.5.2: Random Number Generation

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-nudira.ads
* Body: a-nudira.adb
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-nudira.ads
* Body: numerics/a-nudira.adb
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Elementary Functions

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Numerics.Elementary_Functions is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Numerics.Elementary_Functions in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Numerics.Elementary_Functions in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* A.5.1: Elementary Functions

#### Ada 2005

* A.5.1: Elementary Functions

#### Ada 2012

* A.5.1: Elementary Functions

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-nuelfu.ads
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-nuelfu.ads
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Complex Types

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Numerics.Complex_Types is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Numerics.Complex_Types in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Numerics.Complex_Types in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* G.1.1: Complex Types

#### Ada 2005

* G.1.1: Complex Types

#### Ada 2012

* G.1.1: Complex Types

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-nucoty.ads
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-nucoty.ads
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Generic Complex Arrays

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Arrays is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 2005.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Arrays in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Arrays in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 2005

* G.3.2: Complex Vectors and Matrices

#### Ada 2012

* G.3.2: Complex Vectors and Matrices

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-ngcoar.ads
* Body: a-ngcoar.adb
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-ngcoar.ads
* Body: numerics/a-ngcoar.adb
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Complex Elementary Functions

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Numerics.Complex_Elementary_Functions is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Numerics.Complex_Elementary_Functions in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Numerics.Complex_Elementary_Functions in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* G.1.2: Complex Elementary Functions

#### Ada 2005

* G.1.2: Complex Elementary Functions

#### Ada 2012

* G.1.2: Complex Elementary Functions

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-ncelfu.ads
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-ncelfu.ads
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Float Random

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Numerics.Float_Random is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Numerics.Float_Random in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Numerics.Float_Random in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* A.5.2: Random Number Generation

#### Ada 2005

* A.5.2: Random Number Generation

#### Ada 2012

* A.5.2: Random Number Generation

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-nuflra.ads
* Body: a-nuflra.adb
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-nuflra.ads
* Body: numerics/a-nuflra.adb
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Generic Complex Elementary Functions

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Elementary_Functions is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Elementary_Functions in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Elementary_Functions in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* G.1.2: Complex Elementary Functions

#### Ada 2005

* G.1.2: Complex Elementary Functions

#### Ada 2012

* G.1.2: Complex Elementary Functions

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-ngcefu.ads
* Body: a-ngcefu.adb
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-ngcefu.ads
* Body: numerics/a-ngcefu.adb
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Generic Complex Types

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Types is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.
The generic package Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Types defines complex type for a defined floating point type. Being generic it can not only be used for predefined floating point types but also for any user defined floating type.

## Usage

There is an extensive usage guide in Ada Programming/Mathematical calculations. Here the relevant extract:

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Libraries
* Ada Programming/Mathematical calculations#Complex arithmethic

### External examples

* Search for examples of Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Types in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
* Search for posts related to Ada.Numerics.Generic_Complex_Types in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* G.1.1: Complex Types

#### Ada 2005

* G.1.1: Complex Types

#### Ada 2012

* G.1.1: Complex Types

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-ngcoty.ads
* Body: a-ngcoty.adb
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-ngcoty.ads
* Body: numerics/a-ngcoty.adb
# Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Numerics.Generic Elementary Functions

This language feature is available from Ada 95 on.
Ada.Numerics.Generic_Elementary_Functions is a unit of the Predefined Language Environment since Ada 95.
The generic package Ada.Numerics.Generic_Elementary_Functions defines various mathematical functions for floating point type. Being generic it can not only be used for predefined floating point types but also for any user defined floating type.

## Usage

There is an extensive usage guide in Ada Programming/Mathematical calculations. Here the relevant extract:

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada

### Ada Reference Manual
#### Ada 95

* A.5.1: Elementary Functions

#### Ada 2005

* A.5.1: Elementary Functions

#### Ada 2012

* A.5.1: Elementary Functions

### Open-Source Implementations

FSF GNAT
* Specification: a-ngelfu.ads
* Body: a-ngelfu.adb
drake
* Specification: numerics/a-ngelfu.ads
* Body: numerics/a-ngelfu.adb
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Merino

Merino :
* Description: The merino is the most numerous breed of sheep in the world. It is a breed prized for its wool, although more recently the low price of wool has led to more of an emphasis on its meat. Super fine merinos are regarded as having the finest and softest wool of any sheep.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Rambouillet

Rambouillet :
* Description: The Rambouillet is also known as the Rambouillet Merino or the French Merino.
* The fleece was valuable in the manufacture of cloth, at times being woven in a mixed fabric of cotton warp and wool weft, known as delaines.
* The breed is well known for its wool, but also for its meat, both lamb and mutton. It has been described as a dual-purpose breed, with superior wool and near-mutton breed characteristics.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Shropshire

Shropshire :
* Description: The Shropshire breed of sheep originated from the hills of Shropshire, and North Staffordshire, England, during the 1840's. The breeders in the area used the local horned black-faced sheep and crossed them with a few breeds of white-faced sheep (Southdown, Cotswold , and Leicester). This produced a medium sized hornless sheep that produced good wool and meat.
* The breed's adaptability to most environments and their dual-purpose nature led to them quickly becoming a popular breed.
* Today's modern Shropshire isone of the most numerous breeds of sheep (especially in the mid-west). Its gentle nature and medium size makes it very popular with 4H exhibitors. The mature weights for Shropshire rams is between 225 to 250 pounds and between 150 to 180 pounds for the females.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 1 ADRA

* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/ADRA/Community Assessment
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/ADRA/Disaster Response
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/ADRA/Community Service
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/ADRA/Rural Development
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/ADRA/Hunger Relief
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/ADRA/Community Development
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Rock Climbing/Figure Eights
## Figure eight

Sometimes just called "eight", this device is most commonly used as a descender, but may also be used as a belay device in the absence of more appropriate equipment.
It is an aluminium (or occasionally steel) "8" shaped device, but comes in several varieties. Its main advantage is efficient heat dissipation. A square eight, used in rescue applications, is better for rappelling than the traditional 8. Because of the "ears" or "wings" on the rescue 8, there is less chance of forming a girth hitch while rappelling very quickly.
Figure eights allow fast but controlled descent on a rope. They are easy to set up and are effective in dissipating the heat caused by friction but have a tendency to put a twist in the rope. This twisting only occurs during improper use of the 8. Holding the brake hand off to the side twists the rope, whereas holding the brake hand straight down, parallel to the body, allows a controlled descent without twisting the rope. Because of the many bends it puts into the rope, an 8 descender can wear a rope quicker than a tube style belay/rappel device. Many sport climbers also avoid them because of the extra bulk an 8 puts on the rack. However, many ice climbers prefer to use the 8, because it is much easier to thread with stiff or frozen rope.

### Rescue eight

A rescue eight is a variation of a figure eight, with "ears" or "wings" which prevent the rope from "locking up" or creating a girth hitch, thus stranding the rappeller on the rope. Rescue eights are frequently made of steel, rather than aluminum.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Hampshire

Hampshire :
* Description: The Hampshire is a breed of sheep developed from the Southdowns.
* The Southdowns had long had sheep which had dark brown or black legs, matured early, produced the best of mutton and a fine quality of medium wool. The original Hampshire was larger, coarser, but hardier, slower to mature, with inferior flesh, and a longer but coarser wool. The Southdown had always been remarkable for its power of transmitting its special characteristics to its progeny by other kinds of sheep, and hence it soon impressed its own characteristics on its progeny by the Hampshire. The horns of the original breed have disappeared; the face and legs have become dark, the frame has become more compact, the bones smaller, the back broader and straighter, the legs shorter, and the flesh and wool of better quality, while the superior hardiness and greater size, as well as the large head and Roman nose of the old breed, still remain. Hampshires of the 1890s matured early and fattened readily. They clipped from six to seven pounds of wool, suitable for combing, which was longer than Southdown wool, but less fine.
* The resultant mutton had a desirable proportion of fat and lean, and was juicy and fine flavored; the lambs were large and were usually dropped early and fed for market.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Sheep Breeds/Lincoln

Lincoln :
* Description: The Lincoln Longwool is a breed of sheep from England that has been significantly altered by selective breeding in the later part of the eighteenth century. Cross-breeding with Leicesters improved the breed's meat production qualities.
* The Lincoln Longwool is the largest British sheep, developed specifically to produce the heaviest, longest and most lustrous fleece of any breed in the world. Great numbers were exported to many countries to improve the size and wool quality of their native breeds. The versatile fleece is in great demand for spinning, weaving and many other crafts.
* The adult has a body weight of about 60 kg, its fleece can weigh up to 7 kg with a diameter of about 40 microns and a staple ranging up to 32".
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Shetland

Shetland Pony :
* Description: The Shetland pony is a breed of pony originating in the Shetland Islands. Shetlands range in size from a minimum height of approximately 28 inches to an official maximum height of 42 inches (10.2 hands, 107 cm) at the withers. (11.2 hands for American Shetlands) Shetland ponies have heavy coats, short legs and are considered quite intelligent. They are a very strong breed of pony, used for riding, driving, and pack purposes.
* Shetland Ponies are hardy and strong, in part because the breed developed in the harsh conditions of the Shetland Islands. In appearance, Shetlands have a small head, sometimes with a dished face, wide spaced eyes and small, alert ears. The original breed has a short, muscular neck, compact, stocky bodies, and short, strong legs and a shorter than normal cannon bone in relation to their size. A short broad back and deep girth are universal characteristics as is a springy stride. Shetlands have long thick manes and tails and a dense double winter coat to withstand harsh weather.
* Shetlands can be almost every color, including skewbald and piebald (called pinto in the United States), but are mainly black, chestnut, bay, brown, gray, palomino, dun, roan, cremello, and silver dapple.
* Shetland ponies are generally gentle, good-tempered, and very intelligent by nature. They make good children's ponies, but can be very opinionated or "cheeky," and, if not handled properly, can be impatient, snappy, and sometimes become uncooperative, traits often lumped under the label "stubborn" by those who fail to understand that pony behavior is influenced by the quality of human handling. Due in part to their intelligence and size, they are easily spoiled and can be very headstrong if not well-trained.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 1 Arts and Crafts

* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Decoupage
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Pinewood Derby
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/String Art
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Airplane Modeling
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Scrapbooking
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Tie-Dye
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Soap Craft (South Pacific Division)
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Braiding
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Glass Craft
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Bread Dough
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Model Cars
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Music - Beginners
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Music (General Conference)
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Candlemaking
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Copper Enameling
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Glass Etching
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Plaster Craft
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Soap Craft (General Conference)
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Model Rocketry
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Origami
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Weaving
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Felt Craft
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Native American Lore
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Whistles
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Glass Painting
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Plastic Canvas
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Lighthouses
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Leather Craft
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Macrame
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Africa Lore
# Applied Robotics

Robots are devices that can sense their environment, reason about the acquired information, and act on their environment. This course is a multidisciplinary hardware project design experience in which small teams of electrical and computer engineering, mechanical engineering, and computer science students deliver an end-of-course demonstration of a final robotic system. Throughout the semester, the students configure, design, implement, test and evaluate in the laboratory a succession of mechatronic devices and subsystems culminating in the final integrated system. Lectures during the first half of the quarter will complement the laboratory experience with comparative surveys, operational principles, integrated design issues, and brainstorming associated with the spectrum of mechanism, electronics, and control components. Lecture coverage includes information needed to complete the main project: mechanisms, motors, motor drives, sensors, interface circuits, microcontroller programming, and control.

## Contents
### Mechanisms and Actuation

* Getting Started
* Power Supplies
* DC Brushed Motor
* DC Stepper Motor
* Servos

### Sensors and Perception

* Getting Started
* Open CV
** Basic OpenCV Tutorial
* MATLAB Computer Vision System Toolbox
* Encoders and Resolvers
* Other Resources

### Microcontrollers

* Getting Started
* Serial Communication
* Reading Sensors
* Other Resources

### Programming and Controls

* Getting Started
# Applied Robotics/Microcontrollers/Getting Started
## Basics of Microcontrollers

A microcontroller is a programmable integrated circuit containing a microprocessor, memory, and I/O peripherals for general purpose control in embedded applications.

## Typical Peripherals
### Timer/Counters

Most microcontrollers contain timer/counter peripherals that increment a counter register on each cycle of an input clock (internally or externally generated). These peripherals are used for numerous purposes including program timing, timing external signals (i.e. encoders or pulse widths), and generating PWM signals.

### Analog-to-Digital Converters

Microcontrollers often contain analog-to-digital converters to read in analog voltages. These peripherals convert a voltage on command or periodically into a digital code that is readable by the processor. Some microcontroller ADCs contain an internal reference voltage, however some may require an external reference to operate.
# Animal Behavior/Contributors
## Contributors

While Wikibooks offers somewhat clearer opportunities for "authorship" than Wikipedia, there remains the fact that anything put here is really a contribution. Content is thus developed by contributors rather than authors. If you are interested in developing a particular subject as part of this textbook, please add your material to an existing chapter or start a new page and fit it into the book's structure. The chapter arrangement can be fine-tuned at a later time.
* Robert Huber is a biologist at Bowling Green State University. This book started as an online, html-based, modular textbook in 1998. This material was transferred into the Wikibook to start things off. Since then content continues to develop for use in a college course in Animal Behavior.
* C. Jackson. Contributed to the Nature vs. Nurture section.
* C. Nordal. Contributed to the Sensory Memory section.
* G. Grecco. Contributed to the Curare section.
* S. Laing. Contributed to the Epigenetics section.
* R. Goldsmith. Contributed to Pituitary Gland, Oxytocin sections.
* ... (add your name and contribution)
* Case Studies were contributed by ... (add your name if you have contributed a case study, research summary, or example)
* Wikibook contributors (see individual page histories)
* Wikipedia contributors
<<Return to Contents Page
# Animal Behavior/Ch5

<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 >>|

## Chapter 5. Phylogeny and Behavior

   * Darwin's Finches
<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 >>|
# Animal Behavior/Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, a form of associative learning. It requires an unconditioned reflex, where an unconditioned stimulus (US)brings about an automatic, unlearned (unconditioned) response (UR). If a neutral stimulus (NS) tends to precede it, an association is made and the conditioned response (CR) becomes transferred onto the (previously neutral) conditioned strimulus (CS); a conditioned reflex has been learned. For instance, food (US) elicits salivation (UR) in a dog as a natural response. If the sound of a bell (NS) frequently occurs before the food (US) is presented then the mere sound of the bell (CS) will elicit salivation (CR).
   * Little Albert