# Famous Theorems of Mathematics/Geometry/Cones
## Volume

* Claim: The volume of a conic solid whose base has area b and whose height is h is ${1 \over 3}bh$.
Proof: Let ${\vec {\alpha }}(t)$ be a simple planar loop in $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$. Let ${\vec {v}}$ be the vertex point, outside of the plane of ${\vec {\alpha }}$.
Let the conic solid be parametrized by
    ${\vec {\sigma }}(\lambda ,t)=(1-\lambda ){\vec {v}}+\lambda \,{\vec {\alpha }}(t)$
where $\lambda ,t\in [0,1]$.
For a fixed $\lambda =\lambda _{0}$, the curve ${\vec {\sigma }}(\lambda _{0},t)=(1-\lambda _{0}){\vec {v}}+\lambda _{0}\,{\vec {\alpha }}(t)$ is planar. Why? Because if ${\vec {\alpha }}(t)$ is planar, then since $\lambda _{0}\,{\vec {\alpha }}(t)$ is just a magnification of ${\vec {\alpha }}(t)$, it is also planar, and $(1-\lambda _{0}){\vec {v}}+\lambda _{0}\,{\vec {\alpha }}(t)$ is just a translation of $\lambda _{0}\,{\vec {\alpha }}(t)$, so it is planar.
Moreover, the shape of ${\vec {\sigma }}(\lambda _{0},t)$ is similar to the shape of $\alpha (t)$, and the area enclosed by ${\vec {\sigma }}(\lambda _{0},t)$ is $\lambda _{0}^{2}$ of the area enclosed by ${\vec {\alpha }}(t)$, which is b.
If the perpendiculars distance from the vertex to the plane of the base is h, then the distance between two slices $\lambda =\lambda _{0}$ and $\lambda =\lambda _{1}$, separated by $d\lambda =\lambda _{1}-\lambda _{0}$ will be $h\,d\lambda$. Thus, the differential volume of a slice is
    $dV=(\lambda ^{2}b)(h\,d\lambda )$
Now integrate the volume:
    $V=\int _{0}^{1}dV=\int _{0}^{1}bh\lambda ^{2}\,d\lambda =bh\left[{1 \over 3}\lambda ^{3}\right]_{0}^{1}={1 \over 3}bh,$

## Center of Mass

* Claim: the center of mass of a conic solid lies at one-fourth of the way from the center of mass of the base to the vertex.
Proof: Let $M=\rho V$ be the total mass of the conic solid where ρ is the uniform density and V is the volume (as given above).
A differential slice enclosed by the curve ${\vec {\sigma }}(\lambda _{0},t)$, of fixed $\lambda =\lambda _{0}$, has differential mass
    $dM=\rho \,dV=\rho bh\lambda ^{2}\,d\lambda$.
Let us say that the base of the cone has center of mass ${\vec {c}}_{B}$. Then the slice at $\lambda =\lambda _{0}$ has center of mass
    ${\vec {c}}_{S}(\lambda _{0})=(1-\lambda _{0}){\vec {v}}+\lambda _{0}{\vec {c}}_{B}$.
Thus, the center of mass of the cone should be
    ${\vec {c}}_{cone}={1 \over M}\int _{0}^{1}{\vec {c}}_{S}(\lambda )\,dM$
    $\qquad ={1 \over M}\int _{0}^{1}[(1-\lambda ){\vec {v}}+\lambda {\vec {c}}_{B}]\rho bh\lambda ^{2}\,d\lambda$
    $\qquad ={\rho bh \over M}\int _{0}^{1}[{\vec {v}}\lambda ^{2}+({\vec {c}}_{B}-{\vec {v}})\lambda ^{3}]\,d\lambda$
    $\qquad ={\rho bh \over M}\left[{\vec {v}}\int _{0}^{1}\lambda ^{2}\,d\lambda +({\vec {c}}_{B}-{\vec {v}})\int _{0}^{1}\lambda ^{3}\,d\lambda \right]$
    $\qquad ={\rho bh \over {1 \over 3}\rho bh}\left[{1 \over 3}{\vec {v}}+{1 \over 4}({\vec {c}}_{B}-{\vec {v}})\right]$
    $\qquad =3\left({{\vec {v}} \over 12}+{{\vec {c}}_{B} \over 4}\right)$
    ∴ ${\vec {c}}_{cone}={{\vec {v}} \over 4}+{3 \over 4}{\vec {c}}_{B}$,
which is to say, that ${\vec {c}}_{cone}$ lies one fourth of the way from ${\vec {c}}_{B}$ to ${\vec {v}}$.

## Dimensional Comparison

Note that the cone is, in a sense, a higher-dimensional version of a triangle, and that for the case of the triangle, the area is
    ${1 \over 2}bh$
and the centroid lies 1/3 of the way from the center of mass of the base to the vertex.
A tetrahedron is a special type of cone, and it is also a stricter generalization of the triangle.

## Surface Area

* Claim: The Surface Area of a right circular cone is equal to $\pi rs+\pi r^{2}$, where $r$ is the radius of the cone and $s$ is the slant height equal to ${\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}}$
Proof: The $\pi r^{2}$ refers to the area of the base of the cone, which is a circle of radius $r$. The rest of the formula can be derived as follows.
Cut $n$ slices from the vertex of the cone to points evenly spread along its base. Using a large enough value for $n$ causes these slices to yield a number of triangles, each with a width $dC$ and a height $s$, which is the slant height.
The number of triangles multiplied by $dC$ yields $C=2\pi r$, the circumference of the circle. Integrate the area of each triangle, with respect to its base, $dC$, to obtain the lateral surface area of the cone, A.
$A=\int _{0}^{2\pi r}{\frac {1}{2}}sdC$
$A=\left[{\frac {1}{2}}sC\right]_{0}^{2\pi r}$
$A=\pi rs\!$
$A=\pi r{\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}}$
Thus, the total surface area of the cone is equal to $\pi r^{2}+\pi r{\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}}$