OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Comparative Politics/Federal, unitary, and confederate states

There are in general three types of states: federal, unitary, and confederate states.

## Unitary states

A unitary state is where only one government has sovereign power. That central government can create other bodies to exercise its power, but the central government can also eliminate them. The typical example of a unitary state is France, which has a central government located in Paris.

## Federal states

A federal state is where sovereignty is shared between relatively sovereign state governments, and an "umbrella" government of very limited, clearly defined power. Neither state nor federal governments have the power to interfere with the other's powers. The United States of America had been an excellent example of a federal state, with a federal government located in Washington, D.C. - which was a non-state, neutral and federal territory. Some consider "The War Between the States," which eliminated the right of secession, the end of the federal era. But elements of federal government lingered until at least 1913, when the states' voice in federal government, a state-appointed senate, was lost under the 17th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

## Confederate states

A confederate state is where sovereignty is given mostly to the regional governments, with minimal power given to the central government. Two good examples of this form of government include the original United States government under the Articles of Confederation, as well as the Confederate States of America, which believed in states' rights. In current times the best example of confederal government is the European Union.
# Comparative Religion/Gods

micheal, mars and ares
archangel micheal astrological sighn the sun Michael ("who is like God?" Daniel refers to Michael as a "prince of the first rank" lattter-day Saints (also known informally as Mormons) believe that Michael is Adam, the Ancient of Days (Dan. 7) adam= micheal lillith=venus.Aphrodite n the 4th century, Saint Basil the Great's homily (De Angelis) placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called "Archangel" because he is the prince of the other angels, leader of the Army of God He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the spiritual warrior
charles Haddon Spurgeon,[52][53] a Trinitarian, stated that Jesus is Michael �the only Archangel�,[54] and that he is God the Son, and co-equal to the Father.[52] In Spurgeon�s view, "archangel" means "head of the angels" rather than "head angel," and is a title similar to "Prince or Leader of the host." (Daniel 8:11)[ eventh-day Adventists believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the Son of God, the second person of the Godhead. According to Adventist Michael is also the commander of God's army In late medieval Christianity, Michael, together with Saint George, became the patron saint of chivalry and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics, firefighters and the military Michael in the Hebrew language means "Who is like God?" or "Who is equal to God?" St. Michael has been depicted from earliest Christian times as a commander, who holds in his right hand a spear
roman god mars astrological sighn mars In ancient Roman religion and myth, Mars (Latin: Mars, [ma?rs]) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome.[1] He was second in importance only to Jupiter and he was the most prominent of the military gods in the religion of the Roman army guardian of the Roman people Mars represented military power as a way to secure peace, and was a father (pater) of the Roman people.[5] In in Roman art, Mars is depicted as either bearded and mature, or young and clean-shaven. Even nude or seminude, he often wears a helmet or carries a spear as emblems of his warrior nature. also consort to venus
Ares (/ˈɛəriːz/; Greek: Ἄρης [árɛːs]) is the Greek god of war. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera.[1] In Greek literature, he often represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect of war, in contrast to his sister the armored Athena, whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship.[2] the word ares is used as a common noun synonymous with "battle."[3]
greek god ares astrological sighn mars said to be a coward and fled from typon In Renaissance and Neoclassical works of art, Ares's symbols are a spear and helmet The union of Ares and Aphrodite created the gods Eros, Anteros, Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, and Adrestia. While Eros's and Anteros's godly stations favored their mother, Adrestia preferred to emulate her father,
# Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/About

The following should be included the written Case Study Report:
* Summary
* Annotated List of Actors
* Timeline of Events
* Maps of Locations
* Clear Identification of Policy Issues
* Narrative of the Case
* Discussion Questions
* Complete References of Cited (primary and secondary) Documents (with hyperlinks as appropriate)
The report should be written from a Neutral Point-of-View. Online encyclopedias are not acceptable sources for citation (feel free to read to get background information, but they are at best tertiary sources).
The report should be on the order of 3000-5000 words. It should be fully referenced. Additional readings on the order of 30 -100 pages should be assigned with the case, these will be linked on the case web page or handed out in class.
Do not copy material you find on the Internet - copyright violations will be deleted and you may be blocked from editing again.
Source: Adapted from "Transportation Planning Casebook/About, " Wikibooks , accessed Feb 2016
# Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/Indirect effects

* Smart adapters of 3D printing technology will create small, modular, and agile cells in order to relieve logistical planning and costs. These cells may be brought down to the lowest neighborhood retail level, so that true "Just-in-time" supply is available. Additionally, companies have the option to “On-shore” their logistical chains now, and at a bargain price. A majority of 3D adopters will likely focus on urban basing for their cells, with the most expensive, largest, and highest-end equipment only being reserved for major regional setups. This will reduce traffic through decreased routes, increased hubs, and will reduce the need for warehouses and transportation while creating a less centralized network that responds to a software system. This is similar to those currently in use which keep track of inventory and stock in stores and online in real time, but with automated ability to produce items needed.
* Medical applications and biometrics are also advancing; critical things like the ability to print human organs are in development right now. If successful, a hospital or clinic could create them on-site instead of expending tremendous resources transporting them in. Given the need for donor organs and the waiting list, this will allow many people who otherwise couldn’t get an organ to get the lifesaving surgery they need. Medical supply printing, for items such as PPE or pharmaceuticals, is also a forthcoming capability but will require greater hospital involvement—a hospital which invests in a dedicated print lab would have a scalable capability to respond at a local level to pandemics and emergent situations, and quality scanning equipment will make available intensively personalized equipment.
| < Direct effects | - | - | - | Challenges > |

## References

* ↑ https://bizibl.com/logistics/download/six-theories-about-how-3d-printing-will-change-logistics
* ↑ https://hbr.org/2015/05/the-3-d-printing-revolution
* ↑ https://hbr.org/sponsored/2016/12/3-d-printing-will-soon-transform-supply-chains
* ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sean_Murphy20/publication/264500820_3D_Bioprinting_of_Tissues_and_Organs/links/54ca3f450cf2c70ce521a333.pdf
* ↑ https://www8.hp.com/us/en/printers/3d-printers/resources/case-studies-resources.html?jumpid=ps_m87fjc4zvd
# Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/Implementation: current uses of 3D Printing

* Scanning technology for 3D modeling is becoming rapidly cheaper, more effective, easier to use, and more accessible to the average person. For example, Samsung is incorporating 3D Scanning hardware and software into their high-end phones like the Galaxy Note 10, proliferating the technology and making it more accessible. Simultaneously, companies like Scan Dimension are producing dedicated 3D scanners which are affordable to have in homes and/or classrooms everywhere, and which work with multiple operating systems. These developments will put rapid design and iteration capability into the hands of more and more of the population, stimulating creativity and broadening the horizons of the technology itself as well as the industry as a whole.
* 3D printing itself is rapidly advancing to greater and greater capabilities through fidelity and material abilities, while also becoming more and more affordable. Competition is rampant at present, with companies as big as Hewlett-Packard competing with successful recent startups like Lulzbot for space within the wide and varied 3D printing market. Current materials include plastics, thermoplastics, flexible and rigid resin, Kevlar®, carbon fiber, fiberglass, copper, steel, and more. As hardware and software advances to produce ever stronger and more detailed products, more sectors are adopting 3D printing into their processes and business plans. Capacity and capability exist across multiple fields and industries, including fashion, design, medical, automotive, aerospace, infrastructure, fitness, maritime, and more, not to mention innovators and hobbyists who just want something to tinker with at home.
* With the increased capabilities offered by these scanners and printers, 3D printing is being utilized by more people and within more market sectors each day. The ability to print nearly anything desired without requiring the creation or retooling of an entire production process or assembly line grants tremendous opportunity in almost any area. As long as the right raw material and printing hardware and software are available, a small company or individual can produce parts or whole end-items on printers small enough to fit on a desk, or large enough to take up a two-car garage, from almost any material while meeting very precise specifications.
| < What is 3D Printing? Software & Hardware | - | - | - | Future developments > |

## References

* ↑ https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/samsung-unveils-new-galaxy-note-10-model-with-instant-3d-scanning-capabilities-159877/
* ↑ https://scandimension.com/collections/scanners; https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/scan-dimension-updates-sol-3d-scanner-software-167382/
* ↑ https://markforged.com/materials/; https://all3dp.com/2/3d-print-rubber-is-rubber-3d-printing-possible/
* ↑ https://www.quora.com/Is-3D-printing-the-future-of-manufacturing
# English-Hanzi/Ningxia

Ningxia is an autonomous region in the northwest of China.
宁夏是中国西北部的一个自治区。
# English-Hanzi/November

November is the eleventh month of a year.
十一月 是 一年 的 第十一个 月。
# English-Hanzi/Nose

Nose is an organ of the body that is used to breathe.
鼻子 是 用于 呼吸 的 身体 的 器官。
# English-Hanzi/Number

A number is a symbol that is used to record or to calculate quantity.
数字 是 用于 记录 或 计算 数量 的 符号。
# English-Hanzi/Noon

Noon is the midday.
中午就是正午。
# English-Hanzi/North Korea

North Korea is a country to the northeast of China. Its population is 25.5 million. Its capital is Pyongyang.
朝鲜 是 一个 在 中国 东北面 的 国家。它 的 人口 有 2550万。它 的 首都 是 Pyongyang（平壤）。
# English-Hanzi/North Pole

The North Pole is the north endpoint of the axis of the Earth.
北极 是 地球 轴心 的 北面 端点。
# English-Hanzi/North Sudan

North Sudan is a country in the north of Africa. Its population is 40 million. Its capital is Khartoum.
North Sudan是一个在非洲北部的国家。它的人口是4000万。它的首都是Khartoum。
# English-Hanzi/North

The north is the direction of the North Pole. It is the opposite direction of the south.
北方 是 北极 的 方向。它 是 南方 的 相反 方向。
# English-Hanzi/North America

North America is the continent in the north of the Americas. Its population is 570 million.
北美洲 是 在 美洲 北部 的 大陆。它 的 人口 是 5.7亿。
# English-Hanzi/Nerve

Nerves are a group of fibers in the body that transfers messages between the brain and the other parts of the body.
神经 是 身体 中 的 一组 纤维，在 脑部 和 身体 的 其他 部分 之间 传递 信息。
# English-Hanzi/New Year's Eve

Special:search/New Year prefix:English-Hanzi/
New Year's Eve is the festival before New Year's Day, on December 31, the last day of the current year.
新年除夕 是 新年 前 的 节日，在 每年 最后 一天 的 12月31日。
# English-Hanzi/Nepal

Nepal is a country to the southwest of China. Its population is 29 million. Its capital is Kathmandu.
Nepal 是 一个 在 中国 西南面 的 国家。它的 人口 是 2900万。它的 首都 是 Kathmandu。
# English-Hanzi/Nile

The Nile is a river in Africa. It is the longest river on Earth (about 6,650km or 4,132 miles), though other rivers carry more water. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria.
Nile河 是 非洲 的 一条 河流。它 是 地球上 最长 的 河流（约 6,650km 或 4,132英里），尽管 其他 河流 的 流量 更大。它 流入 Alexandria 附近 的 地中海。
# English-Hanzi/Name

A name is a word that something is called.
名字 是 称呼 某事物 的 词语。
# English-Hanzi/New York

New York is the most populous city in the United States. With a population of 8.4 million people, New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States.
纽约是美国人口最多的城市。 纽约人口840万人，也是美国人口最稠密的主要城市。
# English-Hanzi/New Year's Day

New Year's Day is a festival on January 1.
元旦日 是 一个 在 1月1日 的 节日。
# English-Hanzi/New Zealand

New Zealand is an island country to the southeast of Australia. Its population is 4.9 million. Its capital is Wellington.
New Zealand一个在Australia东南面的岛国。它的人口是490万。它的首都是Wellington。
# English-Hanzi/Nigeria

Nigeria is a country in the west of Africa.
Nigeria是非洲西部的一个国家。
# English-Hanzi/Natural gas

Special:search/natural gas prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/gas prefix:English-Hanzi/
Natural gas is a fuel. It is a gas that is under the ground or the sea.
天然气 是 一种 燃料。它 是 一种 在 地下 或 海底 的 气体。
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Marjoram
## Marjoram (Origanum majorana)

Marjoram oil comes from the flowers and leaves of the Origanum majorana plant. It has a spicy, herbal scent.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress and anxiety. Reduces hyperactivity.

### Digestive

Relieves indigestion, flatulence and constipation.

### Immunological

Helps fight colds.

### Respiratory

Eases asthma, bronchitis and sinusitis.

## Caution

* Don't use marjoram oil during pregnancy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/May Chang
## May Chang (Litsea cubeba)

May Chang oil comes from the fruit of the Litsea cubeba tree. It has a sweet citrus scent. It has an antiseptic and antidepressant effect.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress calms the mind.

### Skin

Improves oily skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Myrtle
## Myrtle (Myrtus communis)

Myrtle oil comes from the leaves of the Myrtus communis plant. It has a camphorous, floral scent.

## Properties
### Respiratory

Improves asthma, coughs and sore throat.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Lemon Eucalyptus
## Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora)

Lemon eucalyptus oil comes from the leaves and twigs of the Corymbia citriodora tree. It has a citrus woody scent.

## Properties
### Pain

Soothes arthritis.

### Respiratory

Alleviates bronchitis, catarrh, coughs and symptoms of colds and flu.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Lemon Myrtle
## Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora)

Lemon myrtle oil comes from the Backhousia citriodora plant. It has a lemony scent. It has an antibacterial and germicidal effect.

## Properties
### Skin

May help oily skin.

## Caution

* Possible dangers of lemon myrtle oil are not well documented.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Manuka
## Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium)

Manuka oil comes from the Leptospermum scoparium tree. It has a sweet, woody scent. It has an antibacterial effect.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression.

### Immunological

Fights fungal and bacterial infections.

### Skin

Improves dandruff and general skin conditions caused by bacterial and fungal infections such as rashes, ringworm, jock itch, etc. Neutralizes Poison Ivy and similar plant toxins that cause irritation of the skin, as well as insect bites. Used on shallow wounds as an antibacterial and skin healing agent. Popular as a natural acne remedy and has been reported to be effective on MRSA related infections.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Lemongrass
## Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)

Lemongrass oil comes from the leaves of the Cymbopogon citratus plant. It has a sweet citrus scent. It has an antidepressant and diuretic effect.

## Properties
### Digestive

Relieves indigestion and stimulates the appetite.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, nervousness and depression.

### Respiratory

Alleviates laryngitis.

### Skin

Improves oily skin and fights athlete's foot. Reduces excessive perspiration.

### Other uses

Repels insects.

## Caution

* Lemongrass oil may irritate sensitive skin. May provoke Asthma attack in Ashmatic patients.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Lime
## Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)

Lime oil comes from the rind of the fruits of Citrus aurantifolia or Citrus medica trees. It has a fruity citrus scent. It has an antiseptic effect.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Improves circulation.

### Emotional

Soothes anxiety and depression.

### Pain

Relieves arthritis, rheumatism, muscle and joint pain.

### Respiratory

Alleviates asthma, bronchitis, sinusitis and coughs.

### Skin

Improves acne and herpes.

## Caution

* Don't expose the skin to sunlight after using lime oil.
* Lime oil may irritate the skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Linden Blossom
## Linden Blossom (Tilia × europaea)

Linden blossom oil comes from the flowers of the Tilia × europaea tree. It has a floral scent.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress and insomnia.

### Pain

Eases headache and migraine.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Myrrh
## Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)

Myrrh oil comes from the resin (dried sap) of the Commiphora myrrha tree. It has a warm, spicy scent.

## Properties
### Digestive

Relieves indigestion, flatulence, diarrhea and hemorrhoids.

### Gynecological

Relieves menstrual pain.

### Immunological

Stimulates the immune system.

### Respiratory

Alleviates bronchitis, catarrh, coughs and symptoms of a cold.

### Skin

Alleviates eczema, skin ulcers and athlete's foot.

## Caution

* Don't use myrrh oil during pregnancy.
# Programs with formula parser

* Xaos
* HTML5 Fractal Playground by Daniel Langdon
* Mark McClure : visualization of polynomial_julia_sets
* Mark McClure : visualization of rational_julia_sets

## References

* ↑ HTML5 Fractal Playground by Daniel Langdon
# Fractals/The Newton-Raphson fractal

The newton fractal is calculated by iterating the Newton-Raphson root finding method, and coloring the sample point in various ways based on various properties of how the point is attracted to the various 'roots' or 'solutions' to the method. For example how fast or at what angle the orbit is attracted.

## Newton Family of fractals

There has been much development using this method to develop fractal formulae in the UltraFractal formula database, and in other fractal-rendering software. One notable family of newton style fractals is the Nova fractal family, with formulae that combine aspects of other well known fractals such as Mandelbrot, Phoenix and Halley's fractal - which is another fractal that is similar to the newton in that it implements a root finding method known as Halley's method.
An entire family of fractal formulae have been derived this way and given names that reflect their parent formulae, for example:
* Nova Julia
* Nova Mandelbrot
* Phoenix Nova
* Halley Nova
* Phoenix Double Nova
* Phoenix Halley Nova
As the development of these fractal formula authors has been quite prolific, there are a great many variations and combinations.

## Links

* Wikipedia on the Newton Fractal
* Newton method
* 3D images of Newton fractals
* Newton methon in WebGl the Newton basin fractal for the polynomial $z\to (z^{2}-1)(z-\lambda )$ . Clicking and dragging updates lambda and the resulting basins.
* Root finding methods: a dynamical approach Autor: Javier Olea Mart´ınez
* Examples in Python by Jürgen Meier
* basins-of-attraction by Bernd Frassek using VOC
* Dynamics of projectable functions: Towards an atlas of wandering domains for a family of Newton maps by Robert Florido, Núria Fagella
* ↑ math.stackexchange question : why-does-the-newton-raphson-method-not-converge-for-some-functions
* ↑ Newton’s Method as a Dynamical System by Johannes Ruckert
# Fractals/Midpoint displacement algorithm
## Links

* Wikipedia article about MDA
# Fractals/Rational/herman

Herman ring

# Images

* commons Category:Herman_rings

# Videos

* by Valannorton

# References

* On the formulas of meromorphic functions with periodic Herman rings by Fei Yang 2021
* ↑ Herman ring in wikipedia
* ↑ youtube user Valannorton videos
# Fractals/Mathematics for computer graphic

Mathematics for computer graphic
* Numbers
** by base
*** binary number
*** decimal
** sequences
** Period
** Continued fraction
* Function, map, iterated function
** angle doubling map
** rotating map
** Complex quadratic map
** rational map
** Derivative
* computations
** Numerical methods, precision, error
*** Finding roots of equation
**** Newton method
**** Durand-Kerner method
*** Finding function from sequence , curve fitting, model fitting
** Symbolic methods
*** Kneading sequences
* Group theory
** Binary adding group
** Basilica group
** Kleinian group
* Vector field
** Polynomial vector field in one complex variable
*** Line integral convolution ( LIC) global visualisation of vector field
** From discrete dynamical systems to continuous dynamical systems
* dynamical system
** discrete map
** difference equation
** differential equation
* Computational topology
** topology of point cloud data ( PCD)
*** from PCD to simplicial complexes
** surface topology: Normal curves and surfaces, Paths in the plane
** Topological graph theory, Computation of Contour Trees and Topology of Level Sets
** distance fields: SDF
** noise
** Morse theory relates critical points of a function on a manifold (geometry) to the topology of the manifold
* Computational Geometry has immediate applications in many other research areas, including computer graphics, mesh generation, geographic information systems, VLSI design, and robotics
** Specific problems
*** convex hulls
*** Voronoi diagrams
*** line segment intersection
*** polygon triangulation
*** geometric range searching
*** low-dimensional linear programming
*** geometric shortest paths
*** visibility
** parts
*** Discrete geometry ( it includes Digital geometry = computer graphics and image analysis, Geometry processing = mesh processing )
*** computational conformal geometry
*** Discrete Differential Geometry
*** Hyperbolic geometry
** software
*** cgal The Computational Geometry Algorithms Library