OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# United Nations/Preliminary

In many ways the United Nations is a product of the Second World War. It took quite a bit of effort to forge the political alliances necessary to build the Allied military force that defeated the Axis powers during this war. Even before the formal surrender of Germany and Japan, it was realized that a long-term relationship should be developed among those countries that participated in the defeat of Fascism, and a political solution that had global input needed to occur with the territories captured from the Axis powers.
During the final years of WWII, the name of the alliance had even changed, with the term United Nations being used formally for the first time as the name of the allied nations in press releases and newspaper accounts. While not formally the organization that exists today that is called the United Nations, many of the tasks that are now handled by the various Secretariats of the UN were first started at this time. There was also a strong sentiment among all of the participants of this alliance that they should not repeat the same mistakes that occurred at the end of the First World War, and in retrospect it could be argued that the framers of the United Nations have largely succeeded in that task.
Another aspect of the organization of the United Nations is the need to coordinate new participation in the war. The wartime alliance toward the end of WWII had many new countries willing to participate directly and indirectly in the combat operations, but this required formal alliance treaties independently with each of the major allied powers and grew more complex as more countries joined the alliance. It was becoming so complex that some otherwise needed wartime supplies were actually refused because of the political bureaucracy that was developing.
Some international agencies such as the International Postal Union and the International Telecommunications Union pre-date the founding of the United Nations as well, but currently receive support from the UN and are considered appendages to the larger organization as well and are governed under charters issued by the UN. There were also some aspects of the League of Nations that were absorbed into the United Nations, as most of the participants in the older League of Nations were also members of the United Nations as well. This is largely the result of a spirit of cooperation between nations that existed in the years prior to WWII, particularly for issues that didn't seem to have significant differences of opinion on how to proceed but required cooperation and standardization.
# United Nations/Structure

The United Nations has set up six principal organs:
| UN General Assembly - Deliberative assembly of all UN member states (each country has one vote) - | UN Secretariat - Administrative organ of the UN - its chairman is the UN Secretary General - | International Court of Justice - Universal court for international law (based in The Hague) - |
| may resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states, or suggestions to the UNSC (not a Parliament) decides on the admission of new members, on proposal of the UNSC adopts the budget elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC, all members of Economic and Social Council, on the proposal of the UNSC the UN Secretary General, and the 15 judges of the ICJ | supports the other UN bodies administratively, e.g. in the organization of conferences, writing reports and studies, and the preparation of the budget-plan its chairman - the UN Secretary General - is elected by the UN General Assembly for a five-year mandate and is the most important representative of the UN beside its headquarters in New York City it has three main offices in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna | decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction and creates legal opinions the 15 judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine years. It renders judgement with relative majority parties on the ICJ can only be countries, however no international organizations and other subjects of international law (not to be confused with the ICC) |
| UN Security Council - For international security issues - | UN Economic and Social Council - For global economical and social affairs - | UN Trusteeship Council - Was administering trust territories (currently not active) - |
| responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security the most powerful organ of the UN, as it may adopt compulsory resolutions its decisions include peacekeeping- and peace enforcement-missions, as well as non-military pressure mediums, such as trade embargos has 15 members: five permanent members with veto power (China, Russia, France, the United Kingdom and the United States), and ten elected members | responsible for cooperation between states on economic and social fields (raising the general standard of living, solve economic, social and health problems, promotion of human rights, culture and education, as well as humanitarian aid) therefore it has established numerous functional and regional commissions also coordinates the cooperation with the numerous specialized agencies of the United Nations has 54 members, who are elected by the UN General Assembly to serve staggered three-year mandates | was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were earlier League of Nations mandates is inactive since 1994, with the last trust territory (Namibia) attaining independence in 1990 |

## References

* ↑ Charter of the United Nations - Chapter III (Organs)
# SwisTrack/Components/Preprocessing (binary)

These components process a binary image and are often used after the thresholding step.
# SwisTrack/Components/Preprocessing (grayscale)

These components preprocess grayscale images. Add a "Convert to Gray" component before you are using any of these components.
# SwisTrack/Components/SpecificColorSubtraction
## Description

This component subtracts a specific color from the input image. In the example, we were tracking the color of the shelters (red). The tracked objects in the resulting image will be black, and you can use an inverted threshold to highlight them.
To make the system more robust to varying light conditions, the average intensity value of the first input image (or the image of selection) can be subtracted from the subsequent images.

## Input

A color image.

## Output

A color image.

## Parameters
### Blue channel

Value of the blue channel of the color to track (0..256)

### Green channel

Value of the green channel of the color to track (0..256)

### Red channel

Value of the red channel of the color to track (0..256)

### Correct Mean

Specify whether to correct the average intensity value of the input image with the average intensity value of the background image. This option makes the tracking less sensible to lighting conditions variations.

### Specify the color on an image

Specify wheter SwisTrack open a window to select the color on the input image, or use the color defined by the three parameters above.
# SwisTrack/Components/Thresholding

Thresholding components convert a grayscale or color image into a binary (black and white) image.
# SwisTrack/Components/Preprocessing (color)

These components preprocess color images. Add a "Convert to Color" component before you are using any of these components.
# SwisTrack/Components/SimulationParticles
## Description

Reads particle information from an NMEA file and injects them as if they had been discovered on the image. This is useful for debugging and testing your own scripts/programs that use the information received from SwisTrack for further processing.
The particles are provided in world coordinates and are injected as if there was an overhead camera (with ideal characteristics) observing them. Particles that lie outside the (virtual) camera image are discarded, whereas particles inside the image are transformed to their respective position on the (virtual) camera image. Note that particles are not distorted in this process. (The pixel size, for example, does not have any influence on the precision of the results.)

## Input

None.

## Output

Particles.

## Parameters
### Simulation file

Path to the file with the particle information. The file must contain NMEA records in the same way SwisTrack outputs them (and can therefore easily be created by dumping the output to a file). Such a file looks as follows:
The coordinates are supposed to be world coordinates.

### Camera origin

The position (world coordinates) of the upper left pixel of the camera.

### Orientation

The rotation of the camera with respect to the world coordinate system. An angle of 0 means that the camera's X axis is the same as the world's X axis.

### Pixel size

The size of a pixel in world coordinates. Pixels are assumed to be square.

### Camera size

The size of the camera image in pixels. The effective size (in world coordinates) of the camera image are these values multiplied by the pixel size.
# SwisTrack/Components/ThresholdColorIndependent
## Description

This step intends to separate the pixels that belongs to tracked objects. The pixels kept are in white and the black pixels will be considered as the background. Most of the time, this step follows a preprocessing method like background subtraction.

## Input

A color image.

## Output

A binary (black and white) image.

## Parameters
### Blue Threshold

A Threshold value (between 0 and 256) for the blue channel. If the tracked objects don't appears in the image, try to reduce the value. Otherwise, if parts of the background are selected, the value need to be increased.

### Green Threshold

A Threshold value (between 0 and 256) for the green channel. If the tracked objects don't appears in the image, try to reduce the value. Otherwise, if parts of the background are selected, the value need to be increased.

### Red Threshold

A Threshold value (between 0 and 256) for the red channel. If the tracked objects don't appears in the image, try to reduce the value. Otherwise, if parts of the background are selected, the value need to be increased.

### Using "OR" instead of "AND"

Specify whether, after the thresholding of the three individual channels, we apply a OR or a AND function between the resulting binary masks.

### Invert Threshold

Whether the threshold must be inverted or not.
# SwisTrack/Components/Particle Detection

These components detect blobs on a binary image and store them as particles (e.g. robots, ...).
# SwisTrack/Components/ThresholdColorCommon
## Description

This step intends to separate the pixels that belongs to tracked objects. The pixels kept are in white and the black pixels will be considered as the background. Most of the time, this step follows a preprocessing method like background subtraction.

## Input

A color image.

## Output

A binary (black and white) image.

## Parameters
### Threshold

A threshold value (between 0 and 256). If the tracked objects don't appear in the image, try to reduce the value. Otherwise, if parts of the background are selected, the value need to be increased.

### Using average value of the channels

Whether to threshold the free channels independently with the same threshold value and apply an OR function between the resulting binary masks, or to compute the average of the three channels and then apply the threshold.

### Invert threshold

Whether the threshold must be inverted or not.
# SwisTrack/Components/ThresholdGray
## Description

This step intends to separate the objects to track from the background. The background will become black, while the objects to track will appear in white. Most of the time, this step follows a preprocessing method like background subtraction.

## Input

A grayscale image.

## Output

A binary (black and white) image.

## Parameters
### Threshold

A threshold value (between 0 and 256). If the objects to track don't appear in the image, try to reduce the value. If parts of the background become white, the value need to be increased.

### Invert threshold

Whether the threshold must be inverted or not.
# Tanchangya/Vocabulary/Weather and seasons
### Seasons

* Climate-Ap kha wa abawsta
* Season-Ritu/Kal
* Rainy Season-Basyakal
* Summer-Hawnya
* Winter-Jakal
* Dry season-Suguna kal/sawmawi

### Weather

* Weather-Ap kha wa
* Sun-Bel
* Sunny-Roit din
* Cloud-Meg
* Cloudy-Migilya
* Rain-jhahaw
* Cyclone-bawrBawyar jari gui (Spide) baire
* Typhoon-bawr Bawyar Gul gui pak khai re (Purbaw prawsantaw mawha sagawrawt baire)
* Hurricane-bawr Bawyar Gul gui pak khai re ( Pawsim Atlantik mawha sagawrawt baire)
* Fog-Khawa
* Snow-Barawp
* Temperature-Tanda Gawrawm Abawsta
* Hot-gawrawm
* Warm-Um
* Cold-Tanda/Juaw
* Cool- Itukt tanda/Juaw
# Tanchangya/Vocabulary/Family and people

* Lisu-Great Great grand father
* Pisu-Great grand father
* Bua-Da/Achu- Grand Father
* Bua-Bei/Nu- Grand Mother
* Ma-Mother
* Ba/Bo/- Father
* Bei- Elder/older sister
* Boin- Younger-sister
* Da-Elder/older brother
* Bai-Younger brother
* Hukhu-Uncle
* Hui-Aunt
* Jiru-Father elder/older brother/ Great uncle
* Jerei-Father elder/older brother's wife/ Great Aunt
* Mosya- Uncle (Husband of one's mother sister)
* Moi-One's mother' sister/cousin sister
* Pisya- Husband of father's sister
* Pi-Father sister/ cousin sister
* Mamu- Uncle
* Mammi-Aunty
* Nek- Husband
* Purobo- Daughter-in-law
* Jamei- Son-in-law
* Muk-Wife
* Pawa-Son
* Jhi- Daughter
* Naring-Grand child/son/daughter
* Puring-Great grand child/son/ daughter
* Suring-Great great grand child/son/ daughter
* Uring- Great Great great grand child/son/ daughter
# Tanchangya/Vocabulary/Food and Drink
### Food

* Food-Haidyo/Hairiya jinish
* Meat-Eya
* Rice (cooked)-Bhat
* Rice (uncooked-Sol

### Fruit

* Apple- Apel
* Banana-Kawla
* Grape- Angur
* Guava-Guchung gula
* Water-melon-Tawrmoit/Mawlphawl
* Plum-Boigula

### Vegetable

* Brinjal-Begoin
* Carrot-Mula
* Redish-Mula
* Cabbage-Banda Kawfi
* Cauliflower-Phul Kafi
* Tomato-Hawraw begoin

### Spices & Condiments

* Garlic-Roin
* Onion-Peyait
* Cardamon-Jira
* Peeper-Gul Moroit
* Salt-Nun

### Drink

* Green Tea-Rawng Sha
* Tea-Sha
* Coffee-Koffi
* Milk- Dut
* Juice-Sawrbat/Roit
* Orange-Juice-Kawmawla roit

### Alcoholic beverages

* Mawt-Wine
* Rum-Rawm
# Tanchangya/Vocabulary/Health

* Illness-Ruk
* Sickness-Awsuk
* Condition-Awbawsta
* Headache-Marapia/ Marapagana
* Toothache-Dat pya
* Stomachache-Petpya
* Runny nose-Sebai dawana
* Cough-Kasana
* Fever-Jaw
* Dizzy-Mara gurana
* Cold-Tanda/ Seba jaw
* Influenza-Seba jaw
* Medicine-dabu
* Injection-Injeksaw
# Tanchangya/Vocabulary/Dates
### Unit

* Centuries- Ek saw bawsaw
* Years (of an era, esp. A.D.)- Bawsaw ( Jisur Kristaw jawrmawtun duri gawnawnde bawsaw)
* Month-Mait
* Week- Sapta
* Day-Din
* Night-Rait

### Absolute Time
#### Months

* January-Janawari
* February-Febrawari
* March-Mars
* April-Epril
* May-Mei
* June-Jun
* July-Julai
* August-Awgust
* September-Septembar
* October-Awktubar
* November-Nawbembar
* December-Dicembar

### Days of the week

* Weekdays-Sapta Din ( Sawmbarawtun duri-Sukaw bar)
* Weekend-Sapta Ses Din (Suni bar Rubibar)
* Sunday-Rubibar
* Monday-Sawmbar
* Tuesday-Mawngawlbar
* Wednesday-Buitbar
* Thursday-Bisupbar
* Friday-Sukawbar
* Saturday-Sunibar

### Years

* Before last year-pesabawsaw
* Before last two years-Lhesa bawsaw
* Last year-Gele bawsaw
* This year-I bawsaw
* Next year-Asyete bawsaw/Samne bawsaw
* After next year-Asyete di bawsaw
* Every year -Puti bawsaw/Bawsaw baguni
* Annually-Bawsawe- ekabar

### Days

* Morning-Binya
* Noon-Tik Dibuya
* Afternoon-Dibuya
* Evening-Bilya
* Night-Rait
* Day before yesterday-Gele pushu
* Yesterday-Gele kalya
* Today-Asya
* Tomorrow-Asyete kalya
* Day after tomorrow-Asyete Pushuga dinya
* Every day/ daily-Din ba guni/
* Yesterday morning-Gelekaly binya
* This morning-I binya
* Tomorrow morning-Asyete binya
* Every morning-Binya baguni
* Last night-Gelakalya rayawt
* This evening/ tonight- I rayawt/ Asya rayawt
* Tomorrow night-Asyete kalya rayawt
* Every night/ nightly- Rait baguni
# Tanchangya/Vocabulary/Direction
## Cardinal point

* North: uttawr
* East: purbaw
* South:dawkkhin
* West: puchim, pawchim
* Northeast: uttawr-purbaw
* Northwest: uttawr-pawchim
* Southeast: dakkhin-purbaw
* Southwest: dawkkhin-pawchim
* Up : uwe
* Bellow: niche
* Left: bang, bagwa
* Right: dain, dainywa
* Straight: uchu
# Tatworth Village
## Chapters

* Settlement
* Church and Home
* Village Life around Rosalie Cottage
* Cottage contents and farming pursuits
* Over the garden gate
* Seasonal work and the village school
* The early life of Elsie May
* Elsie and the world of work

## Authors

* Terence Kearey
# Tanchangya/Vocabulary/Numbers
## Cardinal Numbers

* One - Ek
* Two - Di
* Three - Tin
* Four - Cai
* Five - Fait
* Six - Soi
* Seven - Sat
* Eight - Aityo
* Nine - Naw
* Ten - Dawit
* Eleven - Egaraw/Ek-ubaw-doit
* Twelve - Baraw/Di-ubaw-doit
* Thirteen - Teraw/Tin-ubaw-doit
* Fourteen - Suoitdyaw/Cai-ubaw-doit
* Fifteen - Fawnndawraw/Fait-ubaw-doit
* Sixteen - Sulaw/Soi-ubaw-doit
* Seventeen - Sattaraw/Sat-ubaw-doit
* Eightteen - Atdaraw/At-ubaw-doit
* Nineteen - Uneis/Naw-ubaw-doit/Ek-kawm-kuri
* Twenty - Kuri
* Twenty-one - Egoit/Ek-ubaw-kuri
* Twenty-five - Baich/Tin-ubaw-kuri
* Twenty-nine - Untiris/Ek-kawm-tiris
* Thirty - Tiris/Tin-doit
* Forty - Cawlis/Cai-doit
* Fifty - Fonchaiet/Fait-doit
* Sixty - Hait/SaiytSoi-ubaw-doit
* Seventy - Suttur/Sat-ubaw-dot
* Eighty - Asi/Aityo-doit
* Ninety - Nawboi/Naw-doit
* Hundred - Saw/Ek-saw
* Thousand - Ajar/Ek-ajar
* 100 Thousands - Lak/Eklak/Eksaw-ajar (100,000)
* 10 Million - Nijawr (10,000,000)
* Billion - Doit-kutti (1,000,000,000)
* Trillion - Doit-ajar-kutti (1,000,000,000,000)

## Ordinal Numbers

* First - Ek-nawmbawr
* Second - Di-nawmbawr
* Third - Tin-nawmbawr
* Fourth - Cai-nawmbawr
* Fivth - Fait-nawmbawr
* Sixth - Soi-nawmbawr
* Seventh - Sat-nawmbawr
* Eighth - Aityo-nawmbawr
* Ninth - Naw-nawmbawr
* Tenth - Dawit-nawmbawr
# Tanchangya/Vocabulary/Time

* Second - Sekend
* Minute - Minit
* Hour - Ghawnta
* Today - Asya
* Morning - Binya
* Evening - Bilya
* AM - Binya
* PM - Bilya
* Tomorrow -Gele-Kalya
* 1:00 - Ek-ta
* 2:00 -Di-ta
* 3:00 -Tin-ta
* 4:00 -Cai-ta
* 5:00 -Fait-ta
* 6:00 -Soi-ta
* 7:00 -Sat-ta
* 8:00 -Aityo-ta
* 9:00 -Naw-ta
* 10:00 -Doit-ta
* 11:00 -Egaraw=ta
* 12:00 -Baraw-ta
# Wikimedia/Wikipedia/Criticisms

One of the things that people criticize Wikipedia for include the fact that anyone can edit it, thus possibly introducing errors and/or vandalism.
# Wikimedia/What is Wikimedia?

Wikimedia is a not-for-profit organisation that owns some of the largest wikis on the internet, the most famous of which is Wikipedia. Wikimedia's goal is to deliver free information to every single person in the world. There are 16 wikis maintained by Wikimedia, each covering numerous languages, either via multi-lingual applications (Meta, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata), or separate webservers (Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wiki source, Wikiversity, Wiktionary). This book is about the foundation as a whole, and the wikis it maintains.
Wikimedia is also used a general term to either refer to specific technical platforms, applications, user projects, (yearly) campaigns or conferences, national chapters, or user groups.
The general software is called MediaWiki.
# Wikimedia/Wikibooks

Wikibooks (previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks) is a Wiki hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation for the creation of free content textbooks and annotated texts that anyone can edit.
In April 2010, Alexa ranked wikibooks.org as the 2,462nd most popular web site in the world. Compete.com estimates that Wikibooks had 576,838 unique visitors, and Quantcast estimates 646,500 unique visitors, from the United States in that month.

## History

Wikibooks was launched on July 10, 2003, in response to a request made by Wikipedia contributor Karl Wick for a project to host and build free textbooks on subjects such as organic chemistry and physics. Two major sub-projects, Wikijunior and Wikiversity, were created within Wikibooks before its official policy was later changed so that future incubator type projects are started according to the Wikimedia Foundation's new project policy. In August 2006, Wikiversity became an independent Wikimedia Foundation project.

### Wikijunior

Wikijunior is a subproject of Wikibooks that specializes in books for children. The project consists of both a magazine and a website, and is currently being developed in English, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese and Spanish. It is funded by a grant from the Beck Foundation.

## Book content

While some books are original, others began as text copied over from other sources of free content textbooks found on the Internet. All of the site's content is covered by a Creative Commons license. This means that, as with its sister project, Wikipedia, contributions remain copyrighted to their creators, while the copyleft licensing ensures that the content will always remain freely distributable and reproducible.
Wikibooks differs from Wikimedia/Wikisource in that content on Wikibooks is expected to be significantly changed by participants. Raw source documents such as the original text of Shakespearean plays are hosted on Wikisource instead.
The project is working towards completion of textbooks on numerous subjects, which founders hope will be followed by mainstream adoption and use of textbooks developed and housed there.

## References

* ↑ "Site Profile for wikibooks.org", compete, retrieved June 15, 2010
* ↑ "wikibooks.org", Quantcast, retrieved June 15, 2010

## Further reading

* Ben Crowell (2005). "All Systems Go: The Newly Emerging Infrastructure to Support Free Books". Retrieved June 18, 2006.
* Michael F. Shaughnessy (2009-07-14). "An Interview with Curtis Bonk: A Look at Wikibooks and Wikibookians". EducationNews.org.

## Internet links

* Wikibooks' multilingual portal
* Wikibooks Language Editions: list of Wikibooks for various languages ordered by size.
* Wikibooks page on Meta-Wiki
* Wikibooks takes on textbook industry
# Wikimedia/Wikidata

Wikidata is a wikimedia project intended to manage structured, computer readable data, about items.
One notable use of Wikidata items is the linking of articles across languages in a centralized way.
# Wikimedia/Wikimedia Cloud Services

Wikimedia Cloud Services is a tool hosting domain that hosts thousands of tools that are used to access or edit Wikipedia in different ways, whether this be a complex edit counter, a Wikidata Game, or simply a piece of software that allows a bot to run. The current domain is https://wmflabs.org/. Before the Wikimedia Cloud Services were created, tools were hosted on a domain called Toolserver. But all tools have been migrated to the Wikimedia Cloud before December 2014, when the Toolserver has been completely decommissioned.
# Wikimedia/Wikimedia Commons

Wikimedia Commons (or simply Commons) is an online repository of free-use images, sounds, other media and JSON files.
Files from Wikimedia Commons can be used across all Wikimedia projects in all languages, including Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikispecies, Wikisource, and Wikinews, or downloaded for offsite use.

## Internet links

* Main page - Wikimedia Commons
* Wikimedia Commons page on Meta-Wiki
# Wikimedia/Wikinews

Wikinews is a multilingual free news source. It uses the same software as Wikipedia (MediaWiki). It is currently owned by the Wikimedia Foundation. The project was proposed by an anonymous user in 2003. The English Wikinews currently has more than 20,700 articles in English and 76,000 articles in Serbian.

## Read more

* The History of Wikinews
* The Culture of Wikinews
* The Wikinews MOS