OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Animal Behavior/Cuckoo
## Brood Parasitism

Common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) in Europe, and brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in North America lay their eggs in the nests of other species and leave them to the care of their respective host. A Cuckoo female searches for an unguarded nest of another species and then replaces an egg in it with one of her own. The mother then abandons her egg leaving it to be raised by the nest's natural owners. Clearly, lacking a distinct ability to identify and remove foreign eggs from among its clutch appears maladaptive.
As an example of an evolutionary arms race, cukoos have adapted their kleptoparasitic strategies to the host behavior. Upon return, hosts may reject the foreign egg if it is a poor match, added at the wrong time of day, or the cukoo's presence has been witnessed. Different cuckoo strains exhibit distinct preferences for a specific host species which provide a close visual match to their own eggs. Likewise, hosts have adapted to selection from cuckoos where species suffering high amounts of parasitism are much better at identifying and removing cuckoo eggs than those who suffer little. When parents remove an egg from their nest they do risk removing one of their own or breaking some of the others in the process. Whether taking such risks will be worth it depends on the overall rate of parasitism and the ability to discriminate foreign from own eggs.
In contrast to cuckoos, brownheaded cowbirds exhibit little preference for nests of a specific song bird species. Moreover, their eggs fail to show close mimicry to those of their hosts. Removal of parasitic eggs is much more variable, high in some species and rare in others. Although cowbird fledglings do not evict their nest mates, up to 50% of the nests may be parasitized in some areas.
The lack of co-evolution in brood parasitism of cowbirds compared to that of cuckoos is puzzling. Do these two cases represent different stages of the arms race? Are cowbirds in the early parts of the game while cuckoos have had a chance to adapt for a much longer time? Has the recent change in North America landscape from forest to agricultural lands brought cowbirds into contact with a much greater number of new hosts? Alternatively, both species may be at an evolutionary equilibrium with stabilizing selection. Differing degrees of rejection may well depend on their respective costs of rejecting vs. accepting any given egg.
# Animal Behavior/Ch4

<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 >>|

## Chapter 4. Functional Significance of Behavior

   * Evolution
   * Sex and Mating Systems
   * Population Genetics
   * Altruism and Sociality
   * Modeling Behavior
   * Coevolution
<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 >>|
# Animal Behavior/ContributorNotes

Please feel free to work your magic on this book. The outline roughly follows Tinbergen's Four Aims, an added chapter of examples, and a discussion of animal/human phylogenetic links.
# Animal Behavior/Ch6

<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 >>|

## Chapter 6. Case Studies
### Communication Systems

   * Bird Song
   * Human Language
   * The Parallels between Bird Song and Human Language Learning

### Spatial Distributions

   * Habitat Use
   * Orienting, Navigation, Migration
   * Territoriality

### other

   * Animal Behavior/Army Ants - Social Hierarchy, Life Cycles, and Migration
   * Animal Behavior/Honeybee Foraging Behavioral Analysis
   * Penguins
   ** Animal Behavior/Penguin Loving
   * Sea Turtles
   ** Animal Behavior/Nesting Behavior
<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 >>|
# Animal Behavior/Ch7

<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 >>|

## Chapter 7. Comparative Human Behavior

   * Human Evolution
<< Contents page | |<< Chapter 6 | Chapter 7 >>|
# Animal Behavior/Cover

Animal Behavior
A guide to the hows and whys of animals as they interact with each other and with the world around them.
This textbook focuses on the mechanisms and evolution of animal behavior, including neural, hormonal, and genetic substrates of behavior; foraging; anti-predator defenses; mating systems and sexual selection; social behavior; communication; parental care; kin selection and recognition; and territoriality. Associated laboratory exercises provide hands-on experience for many of these concepts.
# A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP2/Polar Coordinates

We have usually used cartesian co-ordinates(x,y).Polar coordinates are an alternative system which can describe position of a point.In polar co-ordinates any point can be described in terms of its distance and direction from a fixed point O.
Each point P in the plane is assigned polar coordinationates according to the following rules:  r is the directed distance from O to P.  θ is the directed angle between the polar axis (usually a ray from point O to the east) to the line OP.
# A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP1/Mathematical Induction

Proof by induction is a method of deductive reasoning that produces a fully rigorous mathematical proof:
* Step 1 Prove that the result is true for a starting value, such as $n=1$ . This is called the basis case.
* Step 2 Assume that the result is true for some value, $k$
* Step 3 Prove that if it is true for $n=k$ , it is true for $n=k+1$ .
* Step 4 Conclude that the proposition is true for all positive integers.
Since we have proved the result for a general value, $k$ , then if we prove it for the next value, $k+1$ , we can logically conclude that it will be true for the next value, and the next, and the next, and so on ad infinitum.

## An Example

Prove that the sequence: $1+2+3+\cdots +n={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}$
Step 1: when $n=1$ : LHS = $1$ , RHS = ${\frac {1(1\cdot 2)}{2}}=1$ . Therefore, we have proved the hypothesis for one value...
Step 2: Now let $n=k$ , and prove this.
Let us use the symbol $s$ to represent the series $1+2+3+\cdots +(k-2)+(k-1)+k$
However, $s$ also represents $k+(k-1)+(k-2)+\cdots +3+2+1$ (which is the same series, but in a different order)
If we add the two series together, we get:
$2s=(k+1)+(k+1)+(k+1)+\cdots +(k+1)+(k+1)+(k+1)=k(k+1)$
$s={\frac {k(k+1)}{2}}$
Step 3: Now let $n=k+1$:
$1+2+3+\cdots +k+(k+1)={\frac {(k+1)(k+2)}{2}}$
However, the part in italics of the above line, is already known. Thus:
$s+(k+1)={\frac {(k+1)(k+2)}{2}}$
${\frac {k(k+1)}{2}}+(k+1)={\frac {(k+1)(k+2)}{2}}$
When we expand the left hand side, we get:
${\frac {k^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {3k}{2}}+1={\frac {k^{2}+3k+2}{2}}={\frac {(k+1)(k+2)}{2}}$
Step 4 The left hand side of the equation is equal to the right hand side, so therefore we can conclude that, by the principle of mathematical induction, since it is true for $n=1$ , and since if it is true for $n=k$ then it is true for $n=k+1$ , it is true for any positive integer.

## Another Example

Prove that the sequence: $\sum {r^{2}}={\frac {n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}}$
Step 1:
Prove true when $n=1$
    $1^{2}={\frac {1(1+1)(2+1)}{6}}$
    $1={\frac {6}{6}}$
LHS = RHS therefore true
Step 2:
Assume true when $n=k$
    $1+4+9+\cdots +k^{2}={\frac {k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6}}$
Step 3:
Prove true when $n=k+1$
    $1+4+9+\cdots +k^{2}+(k+1)^{2}={\frac {(k+1)(k+1+1)(2(k+1)+1)}{6}}$
We have assumed that $1+4+9+\cdots +k^{2}={\frac {k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6}}$ is true. So we can now assume that ${\frac {k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6}}+(k+1)^{2}={\frac {k(k+1)(k+1+1)(2(k+1)+1)}{6}}$
will also be true. However this time we need to prove it as well. This bit can get confusing, but all we have to rearrange each side so that we can see they are equal.
    ${\frac {(k+1)(k(2k+1)+6(k+1))}{6}}={\frac {(k+1)((k+1+1)(2(k+1)+1))}{6}}$ (LHS: took out a factor of ${\tfrac {k+1}{6}}$ ) (RHS: nothing)
    ${\frac {(k+1)(2k^{2}+7k+7)}{6}}={\frac {(k+1)((k+2)(2k+3))}{6}}$ (LHS: expanded the brackets) (RHS: simplified the brackets)
    ${\frac {(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)}{6}}={\frac {(k+1)((k+2)(2k+3))}{6}}$ (LHS: factorized brackets) (RHS: nothing)
RHS = LHS therefore true
This is part of the FP1 (Further Pure Mathematics 1) module of the A-level Mathematics text.
# A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP1/Summation of Series
## Summation of a Series

In Core Two we learned about arithmetic and geometric progression, but if we need to sum an arithmetic progression over a large range it can become very time consuming. There are formulae that can allow us to calculate the sum. Note that these formulae only work if we start from 1; we will see how to calculate summations from other end points in the example below. The formulae are:
    $\sum _{r=1}^{n}1=n$
    $\sum _{r=1}^{n}r={\frac {1}{2}}n(n+1)$
    $\sum _{r=1}^{n}r^{2}={\frac {1}{6}}n\left(n+1\right)\left(2n+1\right)$
    $\sum _{r=1}^{n}r^{3}={\frac {1}{4}}n^{2}\left(n+1\right)^{2}$
We also need to know this general result about summation:
    $\sum _{r=1}^{n}ar^{b}=a\sum _{r=1}^{n}r^{b}$
You can see why this is true by thinking of the expanded form:
    $(a\times 1^{b}+a\times 2^{b}+a\times 3^{b}+...+a\times n^{b})\equiv a(1^{b}+2^{b}+3^{b}+...+n^{b})$

### Example

Find the sum of the series $\sum _{x=3}^{10}3x^{3}+4x^{2}+5x$.
* First we need to break the summation into its three separate components.
    $\sum _{x=3}^{10}3x^{3}+\sum _{x=3}^{10}4x^{2}+\sum _{x=3}^{10}5x$
* Next we need to make them start from one. We then need to subtract the sum of the numbers not included in the summation.
    $\sum _{x=1}^{10}3x^{3}-\sum _{x=1}^{2}3x^{3}+\sum _{x=1}^{10}4x^{2}-\sum _{x=1}^{2}4x^{2}+\sum _{x=1}^{10}5x-\sum _{x=1}^{2}5x$
* Now we use the identities to calculate the individual sums. Remember to include the co-efficients.
    $3\left[{\frac {1}{4}}10^{2}\left(10+1\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}2^{2}\left(2+1\right)^{2}\right]+4\left[{\frac {1}{6}}10\left(2\times 10+1\right)\left(10+1\right)-{\frac {1}{6}}2\left(2\times 2+1\right)\left(2+1\right)\right]$ $+5\left[{\frac {1}{2}}10(10+1)-{\frac {1}{2}}2(2+1)\right]$
* Now we need to perform a lot of arithmetic. This can be done by hand or utilizing a calculator.
    ${\frac {3}{4}}\left(100\times 121-4\times 9\right)+4{\frac {1}{6}}\left(10\times 21\times 11-10\times 3\right)$ $+{\frac {5}{2}}\left(10\times 11-2\times 3\right)$
    $={\frac {3}{4}}\left(12100-36\right)+{\frac {2}{3}}\left(2310-30\right)+{\frac {5}{2}}\left(110-6\right)$
    $=10828\,$
* The sum of the series $\sum _{x=3}^{10}3x^{3}+4x^{2}+5x=10828$.
This is part of the FP1 (Further Pure Mathematics 1) module of the A-level Mathematics text.
# A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP2

This is the Further Pure Mathematics 2 module of the A-level Mathematics book. This module assumes that you are familiar with the modules C1, C2, C3, C4 and FP1. Please post all questions to A-level Mathematics/Discussion.

## Contents

* Rational Functions and Graphs
* Polar Coordinates
* Hyperbolic Functions
* Complex Differentiation
* Complex Integration
* Numerical Methods

## Formulae

By the end of this module you will be expected to have learnt the following formulae:
* $\cosh x\equiv {\frac {1}{2}}(e^{x}+e^{-x})$
* $\sinh x\equiv {\frac {1}{2}}(e^{x}-e^{-x})$
* $\tanh x\equiv {\frac {\sinh x}{\cosh x}}$
# A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP2/Numerical Methods
## The Newton-Raphson method

The best way to find a root of a function is to use the Newton-Raphson method; this uses a series of tangent lines to estimate the value of the root. The first number in the series is chosen from either one of the previous methods or semi-randomly. We can find the value of a function to a certain degree when the $x_{n}=x_{n+1}$ to the specific number of digits. This method may not work always because if f'(x) = 0 the function will be undefined at this point the function will diverge.
$x_{n+1}=x_{n}-{\frac {f\left(x\right)}{f'\left(x\right)}}$

#### Example

The graph that we have above is actually the same function that Newton used to demonstrate the theory. Find the value of the root accurate to six decimal places. We are going to use 2.05 as the first value.
$f'(x)=3x^{2}-2$
$x_{2}=2.05-{\frac {(2.05)^{3}-2(2.05)-5}{3(2.05)^{2}-2}}=2.095710$
Now we use this output for the next input and so on.
    $x_{2}=2.095710-{\frac {(2.095710)^{3}-2(2.095710)-5}{3(2.095710)^{2}-2}}=2.094552$
    $x_{3}=2.094552-{\frac {(2.094552)^{3}-2(2.094552)-5}{3(2.094552)^{2}-2}}=2.094551$
    $x_{4}=2.094552-{\frac {(2.094552)^{3}-2(2.094552)-5}{3(2.094552)^{2}-2}}=2.094551$
The root is approximately 2.094551. If we plug this into the original function we get -.00000000000004 which is very close to zero.
# A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP2/Complex Integration
## Midpoint Rule

The Midpoint Rule is more accurate than the Trapezium Rule. It works by finding the mid-points of rectangles drawn to the curve. The Midpoint Rule is:
$\int _{a}^{b}f\left(x\right)\,dx\approx =h\left[f\left(x_{1}\right)+f\left(x_{2}\right)+\ldots +f\left(x_{n}\right)\right]$
Where: $h={\frac {b-a}{n}}$ n is the number of strips.
and $x_{i}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(a+\left\{i-1\right\}h\right)+\left(a+ih\right)\right]$

### Example

Use the Midpoint Rule to evaluate $\int _{1}^{5}x^{2}+2x\ dx$ using 4 strips.
Firstly, we work out h.
$h={\frac {5-1}{4}}={\frac {1}{1}}=1$
Now we begin to set up the Midpoint Rule.
$\int _{1}^{5}x^{2}+2x\ dx\approx 1\left[f\left(x_{1}\right)+f\left(x_{2}\right)+f\left(x_{3}\right)+f\left(x_{4}\right)\right]$
$x_{1}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(1+\left\{1-1\right\}1\right)+\left(1+1\times 1\right)\right]={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(1\right)+\left(2\right)\right]=1.5$
$x_{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(1+\left\{2-1\right\}1\right)+\left(1+2\times 1\right)\right]={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(2\right)+\left(3\right)\right]=2.5$
$x_{3}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(1+\left\{3-1\right\}1\right)+\left(1+3\times 1\right)\right]={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(3\right)+\left(4\right)\right]=3.5$
$x_{4}={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(1+\left\{4-1\right\}1\right)+\left(1+4\times 1\right)\right]={\frac {1}{2}}\left[\left(4\right)+\left(5\right)\right]=4.5$
$\int _{1}^{5}x^{2}+2x\ dx\approx 1\left[f\left(1.5\right)+f\left(2.5\right)+f\left(3.5\right)+f\left(4.5\right)\right]$
Now we need to solve f(n)
$\int _{1}^{5}x^{2}+2x\ dx\approx 1\left[5.25+11.3+19.3+29.3\right]$
$\int _{1}^{5}x^{2}+2x\ dx\approx 65$
As you can see the resultant from the midpoint rule is closer to the true value $65{\frac {1}{3}}$ than the trapezium rule, but worse than Simpson's Rule.
# A-level Mathematics/OCR/FP2/Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbola:
A hyperbola is a curve with an equations similar to an quadratic. A hyperbola has an equation ax^2+bxy+cy^2+dx+ey+f, where b^2>4ac and all coefficients are real.
the eccentricity of a hyperbola is given as sqrt(1+b^2/a^2) where b is the length pf the semi minor axis and a is the semi major axis.
the semi major axis is 1/2 the distance between the branches and the semi minor axis is b/sqrt(e^2-1).
Hyperbolic functions:
# Advanced Interactive Media/Using Wikibooks and Facebook As Tools In an Interactive Society

Using Wikibooks.com and Facebook.com as tools in an interactive society is a great way of connecting people with similar interests, not only all over the country, but all over the world. Using them in the classroom creates a new availability for student and teacher communication. Assignments that are online bring a convenience to the student because of the accessibility of being able to study or contribute at home or wherever they may choose. These networks creates a new way of communicating, far different from cell phones, business meetings, or even email. With tools such as these you can search people, things, subjects, and groups that you want or are interested in. You can become members of different networks that are interested in the same things as you such as an art group or a Christian Music group. You can also connect with old classmates, or friends from a long time ago. It is a great way to emerge yourself in the ever growing Interactive Media.
# Advanced Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists/Eigenfunction Expansion

Non-homogeneous partial differential equations can be solved via the method of eigenfunction expansion.
# Advanced Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists/Finite Difference Method
## Finite Difference Method

The finite difference method is a basic numeric method which is based on the approximation of a derivative as a difference quotient. We all know that, by definition:
    $u'(x)=\lim _{\Delta x\to 0}{\frac {u(x+\Delta x)-u(x)}{\Delta x}}$
The basic idea is that if $\Delta x$ is "small", then
    $u'(x)\approx {\frac {u(x+\Delta x)-u(x)}{\Delta x}}$
Similarly,
    $u''(x)=\lim _{\Delta x\to 0}{\frac {u(x+\Delta x)-2u(x)+u(x-\Delta x)}{\Delta x^{2}}}$
    $u''(x)\approx {\frac {u(x+\Delta x)-2u(x)+u(x-\Delta x)}{\Delta x^{2}}}$
It's a step backwards from calculus. Instead of taking the limit and getting the exact rate of change, we approximate the derivative as a difference quotient. Generally, the "difference" showing up in the difference quotient (ie, the quantity in the numeriator) is called a finite difference which is a discrete analog of the derivative and approximates the $n^{\text{th}}$ derivative when divided by $\Delta x^{n}$.
Replacing all of the derivatives in a differential equation ditches differentiation and results in algebraic equations, which may be coupled depending on how the discretization is applied.
For example, the equation
    ${\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}={\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}$
may be discretized into:
    ${\frac {u(x,t+\Delta t)-u(x,t)}{\Delta t}}={\frac {u(x+\Delta x,t)-2u(x,t)+u(x-\Delta x,t)}{\Delta x^{2}}}$
       ${\Big \Downarrow }$
    $u(x,t+\Delta t)=u(x,t)+{\frac {\Delta t}{\Delta x^{2}}}(u(x+\Delta x,t)-2u(x,t)+u(x-\Delta x,t))$
This discretization is nice because the "next" value (temporally) may be expressed in terms of "older" values at different positions.
# Advanced Interactive Media/Virtual Experiences: Now More Like Our Real World

Have you seen or experienced Nintendo's Wii controllers? Get ready to enter the game - I mean really ENTER the game when you become part of the action. Check these URL links for descriptions of this new controller technology that may make gamers the most physically fit people in their neighborhoods.
Los Angeles Times: http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-wii5mar05,1,1929371.story?coll=la-headlines-health
Canand.com: http://www.canada.com/topics/bodyandhealth/story.html?id=e4cac3b3-1f74-4616-be23-4d3b27afb65b&k=30298
mLive.com http://www.mlive.com/entertainment/grpress/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-2/1173109727270620.xml&coll=6

## AMD CHIPS

This website showed how AMD demonstrated and taught about their new chips that are coming out. They also compared their chips to Intel's. Showing exactly why AMD is better. Its a "virtual tradeshow." I found it really interesting that they used a virtual experience in order for the crowd to interact with software. It was pretty cool. Check out the link.
http://www.downloadsquad.com/2006/09/16/amds-virtual-tradeshow-experience/
# Advanced Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists

An all-in-one Printable Version is available. Partial differential equations may hurt your eyes and a computer monitor doesn't help, so printing is recommended.

## Table of Contents

The Front Cover
Introduction to Partial Differential Equations
Introductory Topics and Techniques
    Parallel Plate Flow: Easy IC
    Parallel Plate Flow: Realistic IC
    Change of Variables
    The Laplacian and Laplace's Equation
Fundamentals
    Introduction and Classifications
    Vector Spaces: Mathematic Playgrounds
    Nondimensionalization
    Details and Applications of Fourier Series
Moving On
    Using the Rayleigh Quotient
Numeric Methods
    Finite Difference Method
    Method of Lines
Other Topics
    Scale Analysis
    Eigenfunction Expansion
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Ithaca/659
## Annotations

ad libitum (Latin) at one's pleasure. In vocal music, this expression gives the singer licence to improvise; it is also used to indicate that a passage may be omitted in performance, though that is unlikely to be the meaning here, where the words are on the last page of the song.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Ithaca/665
## Annotations

Rus in Urbe (Latin) The Countryside in the City. The phrase, commonly used to indicate an extensive garden attached to a city residence, first occurs in the twelfth book of Martial's epigrams.

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 590. Thornton (1968) 476.
* ↑ Martial, Epigrams 12:57:21 and Marcus Valerius Martialis, Epigrammaton Libri XII 12:57:21.
# Author's Right, Copyright and Free Licenses for Culture on the Web

    By Digital Cultural Heritage Research Group - ICOM ITALY
    Sarah Dominique Orlandi, Deborah De Angelis, Pierfrancesco C. Fasano, Cristina Manasse, Anna Maria Marras, Mirco Modolo
* Introduction to the FAQs
* I – Definitions
* II – Types of Content
** Photographs
** 2D-3D Reproductions
** Texts
** Databases
** Open Data
** Audio Content
* III – Web Tools
** Podcast and Webinar
** Sharing
** Websites
** Domain Name
** App
** Social Network
** Instant Messaging
* IV – Licenses and Reuse
** Data and Licenses
** Images of Cultural Goods in Public Domain
** Open Access and License: International Museum Cases
* V – Problems and Solutions
** Infringements
** Contracts and Consents
** Legal Notices
** Exceptions
# Australian History/World War I

‹ Return to the Contents

## Gallipoli

On the 25th of April in 1915, 16,000 Australian and New Zealand troops began fighting hard on the Gallipoli peninsula to relieve pressure on Russian allies, with a tough stalemate against Ottoman forces lasting eight months.

## Spanish Flu

Australia began taking precautions against the Spanish Flu on October 17th, 1918, and the virus was contained until January 1919.
Australia Between the Wars (1920-1938) ›
* ↑ "National Museum of Australia - Gallipoli landing". www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
* ↑ "National Museum of Australia - Influenza pandemic". www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
# Austronesian languages/State of the Book

For each module, the table of contents shows an icon indicating subjectively how complete that module is:
The module doesn't exist yet, or near enough.
Content and organization has yet to be fully decided.
The information is scattered, incomplete, or may be unreliable.
Much of the information is there, but it needs to be touched up or organised. This is still usable.
The information is essentially complete. However, additions and improvements can still be made.
# Ayyavazhi/Thalaimaippathi

Swamithoppe Pathi (Tamil: சுவாமிதோப்பு பதி; also called Swamithoppu-pathi, Manavaippathi, or Thalaimaippathi) is the primary pathi of the Ayyavazhi path of Hinduism, the head of all worship centers of Ayyavazhi, and the place where Ayya Vaikundar is said to have performed the Tavam.
According to Ayyavazhi , Ayya Vaikundar , an incarnation of Lord Narayana, carried out his tavam (efforts) at Poovantanthoppe, attracting many people from across India. The ponnmenikkoodu (Sacred Golden Body) of Ayya Vaikuntar were interred there, and the square-shaped Swamithoppu-pathi was constructed enveloping them. The holy book Akilathirattu ammanai of Ayyavazhi refers to the temple as "Thoppuppathi".
Swamithoppe Pathi contains two oil lamps (kuthuvilakku), an elunetru, and a large mirror. On a raised pedestal, covered with kavi cloth, the temple also preserves some articles believed to have been used by Ayya Vaikuntar, including a rattan cane (perampu) and a pair of wooden sandals.
Swamithoppe Pathi is the headquarters of the five pathis (Panchappathis) of Ayyavazhi , and its geographical focal point. Swamithoppe Pathi, is located in the village of Swamithope, which lies southeast of the City of Nagercoil, the head quarters (capital) of the District of Kanyakumari in the State of Tamil Nadu at the extreme southern tip of India. Swamithope lies about half-way between the Cities of Nagercoil and Kanniyakumari on the Nagercoil-Kanniyakumari road.
# Ayyavazhi/Sivam

"Sivan" Tamil name for Siva. This Sivan is not to confused with Sivam, which represents the whole mass which exists, according to Akilattirattu Ammanai (see also Sakthi).