OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fermat's Last Theorem/Pythagoras

The origins of numbers is sometimes thought to be lost in the meanders of human history. As a matter of fact since ancient times man has studied numbers and their properties. In the beginning the study was dictated by practical necessity (measures geometrical, astronomical, economical, etc.) but subsequently some humans began to interest themselves in the properties of numbers and sought to understand not only how to solve problems but also why certain formulae or methods always gave the correct result. This desire of abstraction, desire of exploring the more intimate nature of numbers and of their properties saw one of its greatest exponents in Pythagoras.

## Pythagoras

During his life Pythagoras passed the years of his youth navigating the length and breadth of the Mediterranean in search of knowledge. During his travels he learnt practically all the ideas in the field of mathematics possessed by the Egyptians and by the Babylonians but, while these peoples were interested principally in the practical applications, Pythagoras wanted to understand the why of mathematics and more generally of things. After some trials and tribulations he succeeded in founding a school of philosophy, this school differently to modern centres of instruction resembled more a sect where numbers were venerated like divine entities. He who entered the school had to divest himself of all his worldly goods which went into the common purse. An obligation of absolute secrecy with respect to the uninitiated was in force and many myths and legends arose around the school.

## The theorem of Pythagoras

Pythagoras is universally famous for his theorem.
Given a and b two sides of a right-angled triangle and c its hypotenuse one has:
       $a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}\,\!$
In reality this equation was known by many other mathematicians of the era but Pythagoras became the father of it since he was the first to furnish a generic proof of the equation. He produced by means of a combination of logic and elementary geometry a proof for every right angled triangle. He then passed from an empirical proof for a finite number of cases to a proof as we currently understand it, that is a proof that it is always true for fixed preconditions. Proofs are those which differentiate mathematics from all other sciences. In sciences such as physics, chemistry, etc., the theories are based on theoretical considerations and on experimental trials but they are never considered definitive, they can always be overtaken by the evolution of knowledge. Instead in mathematics once a theorem has been proved, its veracity can no longer be open to discussion. The theorem of Pythagoras was true two thousand years ago and it will be true even in two thousand years from now. The link between Pythagoras’ theorem and Fermat’s last theorem is obvious, it is enough to substitute the power 2 with a generic power n in order to obtain Fermat’s theorem. In fact the theorem of Pythagoras is a particular case of Fermat’s theorem. Fermat was in fact studying the properties of the pythagorean triads (the solutions of the theorem of Pythagoras) when he enunciated his theorem.
# Ways to Contribute
## Internationalization
### Keep the Simplified/Traditional Versions in Sync

The Chinese Wikibook has two identical versions; Simplified and Traditional. This is done to unclutter the textbook and to meet the needs of people either interested in the characters used in China or used in Taiwan. However, whenever a change is made in one version, it is not automatically carried over, so periodic checks must be made to ensure that the two remain in sync. This sometimes involves translating from one script to the other, but often only involves copying formatting changes.

### Translate Pages

Currently, the English version is the most developed of the Chinese Wikibooks. If you know another language, please check if a Chinese book is started in that language and compare it to this one. You can make changes to their content based on ideas gained here, or do a wholesale translation of this textbook into the target language. Since the Chinese can stay the same across languages, a lot of work can be saved in this way. Translation efforts have been started in the following languages:
* Italiano
* Polski
* Español
Even if a translation has been done at one time, it may have been incomplete or not been updated to reflect recent changes on the English site. Please work to keep them current. If you can only do a partial translation, leave a note to later contributors linking back to your source (a good candidate for using Templates).

### Add InterWiki Links

If you can't translate pages, but know enough of a language to locate the corresponding Chinese Wikibook, you can make Interwiki links. You can see them on the Wikibooks Sidebar listed under "in other languages" when available. They are typically placed at the very end of a page using a simple format. Here is the list used for the Chinese TOC page:
The ones listed above the divider are translations of this book. The ones below are of their own design. In addition to the main page, Lesson pages, Stroke Order pages and anything else can be interwikied as long as the content is the same.

## Stroke Order Images

There is a project on Wikicommons to upload images and animations of the stroke order for characters. There are directions on how to contribute. It's easy with the use of some free programs and can be done even with only a basic understanding of Chinese. Please contribute so that we'll have a standardized reference for our Wikibook users.
Have a look at the stroke order pages for each lesson to see what our immediate needs are:

## Sound Samples

With a microphone and a read through the recording guidelines for the Spoken Wikipedia you can contribute audio examples. Sound samples are particularly important for beginners, especially ones who are studying alone with no teacher or native speaker on hand.
You can see what has been uploaded so far at Category:Chinese pronunciation. Peter Isotalo started, but a native speaker would be best.
# Contributors

The Chinese Wikibook was started 2003 December 13. Below is a list of users who have contributed greatly to the authoring of this Wikibook. Please add your username if you have made substantial additions and/or revisions to this textbook. Use *{{user|username}} to add a name.
* everlong (discuss · email · contribs · logs · count)
* Taoster (discuss · email · contribs · logs · count)
* Ran (discuss · email · contribs · logs · count)
M4RC0, Yug and Wikic all made substantial contributions to the Chinese stroke order project on Wikicommons, which are used in our lessons. Peter Isotalo, also of Wikicommons, contributed the first audio samples used in this Wikibook.
In addition, the authors would like to thank the development team in relation with the Wikimedia Foundation and its affiliates, without whom our text could not be so accessible.
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Development History

This history of the Chinese Wikibook highlights milestones along the book's development.

## 2006

* March 17 A PDF Version is created and the first audio samples are added to vocabulary
* March 13 Print version created

## 2005

* October Chinese is elected October's Book of the Month, the first language text to do so
* June 12 First stroke order images linked from vocabulary
* March First nomination for Book of the Month. One vote (or 37 minutes) shy of High school extensions' 5 votes. Chinese would also be the runner-up in August and September.
* Translated versions of the Chinese Wikibook appear in Spanish (March 13), Italian (July 19) and Polish (August 20).

## 2004

* December 29 First Table of Contents
* December 22 Planning page added
* December 19 Major rewrite of Lesson 1

## 2003

* December 13 by Yacht
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Engineering
## General engineering

| 简体字 (Simplified character) | 繁体字 (Traditional character) | 拼音 (Chinese pinyin) | 英语（English) |
| 能源 | | néngyuán | energy |

## Chemical engineering

| 简体字 (Simplified character) | 繁体字 (Traditional character) | 拼音 (Chinese pinyin) | 英语（English) |
| 树脂 | 樹脂 | shùzhī | resin |

## Electrical and electronics engineering

| 简体字 (Simplified character) | 繁体字 (Traditional character) | 拼音 (Chinese pinyin) | 英语（English) |
| 变电所 | 變電所 | biàndiànsuǒ | electrical substation |
| 变压器 | 變壓器 | biànyāqì | transformer |
| 传输线 | 傳輸線 | chuánshūxiàn | transmission line |
| 导体 | 導體 | dǎotǐ | conductor |
| 电导率 | 電導率 | diàndǎolǜ | conductivity |
| 电缆 | 電纜 | diànlǎn | electric cable |
| 电流 | 電流 | diànliú | electric current (I) |
| 电势 | 電勢 | diànshì | electric potential |
| 电压 | 電壓 | diànyā | voltage (V) |
| 电源 | 電源 | diànyuán | mains, power supply, power source |
| 断路器 | 斷路器 | duànlùqì | circuit breaker |
| 发电厂 | 發電廠 | fādiànchǎng | power plant, power station |
| 风力发电场 | 風力發電場 | fēnglì fādiànchǎng | wind farm |
| 分散式发电 | 分散式發電 | fēnsànshìfādiàn | distributed generation |
| 交流电 | 交流電 | jiāoliúdiàn | alternating current (AC) |
| 三相电 | 三相電 | sānxiàngdiàn | three-phase electricity |
| 输电 | 輸電 | shūdiàn | power transmission |
| 水庫 | | shuǐkù | reservoir |
| 停电 | 停電 | tíngdiàn | blackout, outage |
| 整流器 | | zhěngliúqì | rectifier |
| 直流电 | 直流電 | zhíliúdiàn | direct current (DC) |
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Everyday Phrases

There are several phrases that may be useful to learn if you are going to visit China. All phrases have the Chinese characters as well as the pinyin spelling and tone intonation next to them. Pinyin is the convention officially adopted in China for transcribing Chinese characters into Western-style alphabet.

## Greetings

* 你好 - nǐ hǎo - How are you; hello.
* 很好 - hěn hǎo - Very well.
* 我还不错 - wǒ hái bùcuò - I'm OK (not bad).
* 幸会 - xìnghuì - Very pleased to meet you (polite/formal address).
* 早上好 - zǎoshang hǎo - Good morning.
* 早安 - zǎo'ān - Good morning; have a peaceful morning.
* 晚上好 - wǎnshang hǎo - Good evening.
* 晚安 - wǎn'ān - Good evening / Good night; have a peaceful evening.
* 欢迎 - huānyíng - Welcome.

## Yes and No

* 是 - shi4 - Yes; is so (literally: "is")
* 对 - dui4 - Yes; that's correct (literally: "correct").
* 不 - bu4 - Not.
* 不是 - bu4shi4 - Is not (literally: "not is").
* 唯 - wei3 - Yes/Hello (only used when answering the phone).
* Yao, xie xie." - (literally: "have, thank you").

## Please and Thank You

* 请 - qǐng - please (do something).
* 拜托 - bai4tuo1 - please (informal).
* 谢谢 - xièxie - Thank you.
* 多谢 - duo1xie4 - Thanks a lot.
* 太客气 - tai4ke4qi - You are too courteous (polite).
* 不敢当 - bu4gan3dang1 - Thank you/I dare not accept the honor (chivalrous, harking a former age).
* 不客气 - bu4ke4qi - You are welcome/no need for formalities.
* 别客气 - bié kèqi - You are welcome/no need for formalities.
* 不谢 - bu2xie4 - Not at all/no need to thank me.
* 不用谢 - bu2yong4xie4 - Not at all/no need to thank me.
* 理当的 - li3dang1de - Certainly (it's only proper)/"courtesy demands it" (formal).
* 哪里 - na3li3 - Not at all (informal).

## Getting Attention

* 对不起 - dui4buqi3 - Excuse me.

## Apology

* 对不起 - dui4buqi - Sorry.
* 很对不起 - hen3dui4buqi3 - Very sorry.

## Farewells

* 再见 - zai4jian4 - Goodbye; see you again.
* 明天见 - ming2tian1jian4- See you tomorrow.
* 回头见 - hui2tou2jian4 - See you.
* 拜拜 - baibai - Borrowed from English, Bye Bye.

## Praise

* 恭喜 - gong1xi3 - Congratulations

## Toast

* 干杯 - gan1bei1 - Cheers; bottom's up.

## Finding the Bathroom

* 请问厕所在哪儿? - qing3wen4 ce4suo3 zai4 nar3 - Excuse me (may I ask), where is the toilet?
* 请问洗手间在哪里? - qing3wen4 xi3shou3jian1 zai4 na3li3 - Excuse me (may I ask), where is the washroom?
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Family

| Mandarin - Simplified Han character 汉字 - 简化字 | Mandarin - Traditional Han character 漢字 - 繁體字/正體字/傳統漢字 | Hanyu Pinyin 汉语拼音 / 漢語拼音 | English 英语 / 英語 |
| 阿姨 | | āyí | mother's sister |
| 爸爸 | | bà ba | dad |
| 表弟 | | biǎo dì | younger male cousin on mom's side |
| 表哥 | | biǎo gē | older male cousin on mom's side |
| 表姐/表姊 | | biǎo jiě | older female cousin on mom's side |
| 表妹 | | biǎo mèi | younger female cousin on mom's side |
| 伯父 | | bó fù | father's older brother |
| 伯母 | | bó mǔ | father's older brother wife |
| 弟弟 | | dì di | younger brother |
| 弟媳 | | dì xí | younger brother's wife |
| 儿子 | 兒子 | ér zi | son |
| 父母 | | fù mǔ | parents |
| 父亲 | 父親 | fù qin | father |
| 哥哥 | | gē ge | older brother |
| 姑姑 | | gū gū | father's sister |
| 姑丈 | | gū ㄓㄤˋ | father's sister's husband |
| 孩子 | | hái zi | children |
| 姐夫 | | jiě fu | older sister's husband |
| 姐姐 | | jiě jie | older sister |
| 舅舅 | | jiù jiu | mother's brother |
| 舅母 | | jiù mā | mother's brother wife |
| 妈妈 | | mā ma | mother |
| 妹妹 | | mèi mei | younger sister |
| 妹夫 | | mèi fu | younger sister's husband |
| 母亲 | 母親 | mǔ qīn | mother |
| 女儿 | 女兒 | nǚ ér | daughter |
| 老婆 | | lǎo pó | wife |
| 嫂子 | | sǎo zi | older brother's wife |
| 嬸嬸 | | ㄕㄣˇㄕㄣ˙ | father's younger brother's wife |
| 叔叔 | | shū shu | father's younger brother |
| 双胞胎 | 雙胞胎 | shuāng bāo tāi | twin |
| 堂弟 | | táng dì | younger male cousin on dad's side |
| 堂兄 | | táng xiōng | older male cousin on dad's side |
| 堂姐 | | táng jiě | older female cousin on dad's side |
| 堂妹 | | táng mèi | younger female cousin on dad's side |
| 外公 | | wài gōng | grandfather (mother's side) |
| 外婆 | | wài pó | grandmother (mother's side) |
| 外甥 | | wài shēng | nephew (sister's side) |
| 外甥女 | | wài shēng nǚ | niece (sister's side) |
| 爷爷 | 爺爺 | yé ye | grandfather (father's side) |
| 奶奶 | | nǎi nai | grandmother (father's side) |
| 姨妈 | | yí mā | mother's older sister |
| 姑妈 | | gū mā | father's older sister |
| 姨丈 | | yí ㄓㄤˋ | mother's sister husband |
| 老公 | | lǎo gōng | husband |
| 侄女 | | zhí nǚ | niece (brother's side) |
| 侄儿 | 侄子 | zhí ㄗ˙ | nephew (brother's side) |
| 外曾祖父 | | wài zēng zǔ fù | mother's grandfather (also called great-grandfather) |
| 外曾祖母 | | wài zēng zǔ mǔ | mother's grandmother (great-grandmother) |
| 曾祖父 | | zēng zǔ fù | father's grandfather (also called great-grandfather) |
| 曾祖母 | | zēng zǔ mǔ | father's grandmother (great-grandmother) |
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Food

| Mandarin - Simplified Han character 汉字 - 简化字 | Hanyu Pinyin 汉语拼音 | English 英语 |
| 饭* | fàn | food |
| 果 | guǒ | fruit |
| 果汁 | guǒzhī | fruit juice |
| 苹果 | píngguǒ | apple |
| 香蕉 | xiāngjiāo | banana |
| 草莓 | cǎoméi | strawberry |
| 芒果 | mángguǒ | mango |
| 橙 | chéng | orange |
| 杨桃/羊桃 | yángtáo | starfruit |
| 汉堡包 | hànbǎobāo | hamburger |
| 三明治/三文治 | sānmíngzhì/sānwénzhì | sandwich |
| 猪肉 | zhūròu | pork |
| 鸡肉 | jīròu | chicken |
| 牛肉 | niúròu | beef |
| 羊肉 | yángròu | mutton |
| 鱼肉 | yúròu | fish (as meat) |
| 汤 | tāng | soup |
| 面包 | miànbāo | bread |
| 鸡蛋 | jīdàn | egg |
| 米饭 | mǐfàn | rice |
| 面条 | miàntiáo | noodles |
    $^*$ Depending on context, 饭 can have a different meaning. 一碗饭 means a bowl of rice.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Upper Sorbian-Slovak
## Hornjoserbšćina — Slovenčina

| USo. listopad Slk. november ‘November’ Slk. listopad USo. lisćopad ‘falling of leaves’ | map |
| USo. słowjenski Slk. slovinský ‘Slovene’ Slk. slovenský USo. słowakski ‘Slovak’ | map |
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
* Just click the "edit this page" button at the top of this page — it’s easier than you think! If you need advice, see the editing help for this book.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Upper Sorbian-Bosnian
## Hornjoserbšćina — Bosanski jezik

| USo. listopad Bo. studeni ‘November’ Bo. listopad USo. lisćopad ‘falling of leaves’ | map |
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
* Just click the "edit this page" button at the top of this page — it’s easier than you think! If you need advice, see the editing help for this book.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Upper Sorbian-Croatian
## Hornjoserbšćina — Hrvatski jezik

| USo. listopad Cr. studeni ‘November’ Cr. listopad 1. oktober, winowc ‘October’ 2. lisćopad ‘falling of leaves’ | map |
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
* Just click the "edit this page" button at the top of this page — it’s easier than you think! If you need advice, see the editing help for this book.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Upper Sorbian-Macedonian
## Hornjoserbšćina — Македонски

| USo. listopad Mk. ноември ‘November’ Mk. листопад USo. lisćopad ‘falling of leaves’ | map |
| USo. słowjenski Mk. словенечки ‘Slovene’ Mk. словенски USo. słowjanski ‘Slavonic’ | map |
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
* Just click the "edit this page" button at the top of this page — it’s easier than you think! If you need advice, see the editing help for this book.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Upper Sorbian-Serbian
## Hornjoserbšćina — Српски језик

| USo. listopad Sb. новембар ‘November’ Sb. листопад USo. lisćopad ‘falling of leaves’ | map |
| USo. słowjenski Sb. словеначки ‘Slovene’ Sb. словенски USo. słowjanski ‘Slavonic’ | map |
| USo. jebać Sb. варати ‘to cheat, to fool’ Sb. јебати USo. buchać, kezać, pjezać ‘to fuck’ | map |
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
* Just click the "edit this page" button at the top of this page — it’s easier than you think! If you need advice, see the editing help for this book.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Upper Sorbian
## Hornjoserbšćina (Upper Sorbian)

| listopad | is a complete false friend for about 283.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 77 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovenian. | map |
| listopad | The Upper Sorbian meaning ‘November’ is shared by Blr. лістапад, Ukr. листопад, Pol. listopad, Cz. listopad, Sln. listopad. The meaning ‘October’ (oktober, winowc) is attested in Cr. listopad. The meaning ‘falling of leaves’ (lisćopad) is attested in R. листопад, Blr. лістапад, Ukr. листопад, Cz. listopad, Slk. listopad, Sln. listopad, Cr. listopad, Bo. listopad, Sb. листопад, Mk. листопад, Bg. листопад. | map |
| listopad | [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo.] | map |
| Serb | is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. | map |
| Serb | The Upper Sorbian meaning ‘Sorb’ is unique. The meaning ‘Serb’ (južny Serb) is attested in R. серб. | map |
| Serb | [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] | map |
| serbski | is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. | map |
| serbski | The Upper Sorbian meaning ‘Sorbian (Lusatian)’ is unique. The meaning ‘Serbian’ (serbiski) is attested in R. сербский. | map |
| serbski | [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Pol., Ka., LSo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] | map |
| słowjenski | is a complete false friend for about 28 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 350.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Kashubian, Lower Sorbian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian. | map |
| słowjenski | The Upper Sorbian meaning ‘Slovenian’ is shared by R. словенский, Blr. славенскі, Ukr. словінський, Pol. słoweński, Ka. słowensczi, LSo. słowjeński, Sln. slovenski, Cr. slovenski, Bo. slovenski, Bg. словенски. The meaning ‘Slovak’ (słowakski) is attested in Cz. slovenský, Slk. slovenský. The meaning ‘Slavonic’ (słowjanski) is attested in Sb. словенски, Mk. словенски. | map |
| słowjenski | [NB: Information complete.] | map |
* More Upper Sorbian-Slavonic false friends:
* R. Leszczyński. Hornjoserbsko-polski i polsko-hornjoserbski słownik pozdatnych ekwiwalentów. Górnołużycko-polski i polsko-górnołużycki słownik ekwiwalentów pozornych. Warszawa 1996.
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
* Just click the "edit this page" button at the top of this page — it’s easier than you think! If you need advice, see the editing help for this book.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Upper Sorbian-Slovenian
## Hornjoserbšćina — Slovenščina

| USo. listopad Sln. listopad ‘November’ Sln. listopad 1. listopad ‘November’ 2. lisćopad ‘falling of leaves’ | map |
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
* Just click the "edit this page" button at the top of this page — it’s easier than you think! If you need advice, see the editing help for this book.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Upper Sorbian-Bulgarian
## Hornjoserbšćina — Български език

| USo. listopad Bg. ноемврий ‘November’ Bg. листопад USo. lisćopad ‘falling of leaves’ | map |
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
* Just click the "edit this page" button at the top of this page — it’s easier than you think! If you need advice, see the editing help for this book.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Ukrainian-Upper Sorbian
## Українська мова — Hornjoserbšćina

| Ukr. листопад 1. listopad ‘November’ 2. lisćopad ‘falling of leaves’ USo. listopad Ukr. листопад ‘November’ | map |
* For additional information on false friends, see the On-line hypertext bibliography by Daniel Bunčić and Ryszard Lipczuk.
* You can help!
* Have you spotted any mistakes on this page? Would you like to add information about false friends from your own experience, or help enhance this project in other respects?
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