# Esperanto/Appendix/Alphabet and pronunciation
## Alphabet

The Esperanto alphabet has 28 letters.

### Uppercase

    A, B, C, Ĉ, D, E, F, G, Ĝ, H, Ĥ, I, J, Ĵ, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, Ŝ, T, U, Ŭ, V, Z

### Lowercase

    a, b, c, ĉ, d, e, f, g, ĝ, h, ĥ, i, j, ĵ, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, ŝ, t, u, ŭ, v, z

### Names

    a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo
Four letters from the English alphabet have been dropped – Q, W, X and Y – and there are six new accented letters: Ĉ, Ĝ, Ĥ, Ĵ, Ŝ and Ŭ. The first five have an angle-shape accent called a circumflex (^) over them, whilst the last has an accent rather like the bottom part of a circle, which is called a breve (˘).
All of the accented letters are unique to Esperanto except for ŭo (Ŭ), which also exists in Belarusian, and ĝo (Ĝ), which also exists in Aleut. Some of the accented letters may be used in transcription systems for languages that use non-Latin alphabets. (For example, ŝo (Ŝ) is used as the ISO 9:1995 transliteration of the Russian Cyrillic letter shcha (Щ).)

### Vowels

As in English, five letters are vowels (A, E, I, O, U), and the rest are consonants. The letter ŭo (Ŭ) is a consonant, not a vowel.

### Collation

Collation in Esperanto is the same as for English, except that the accented characters are counted as separate characters and collated after their non-accented versions. Collation is as shown in the table above.

## Pronunciation

Each letter in Esperanto has only one pronunciation (allowing for cultural variation), and no letters are silent. There are six dipthongs (see the next section), but their pronunciation follows logically from their constituent letters, except for being shortened into a single syllable. This means that Esperanto is pronounced just as it is spelled.
Also, each sound has only one way of being written, so it is very easy to spell Esperanto words you hear.
The technical description for these traits is that Esperanto is phonetic and orthographic.
| Letter | IPA | Sound | Example | Example | Example | Notes |
| Letter | IPA | Sound | Esperanto | Phonetic | English | Notes |
| Vowels |||||||
| A | a, ɑ | ah, as in father | amiko | ah-MI-koh | friend | Prounounced like in Spanish |
| E | ɛ, e | eh, as in bet | egala | eh-GAH-lah | equal | Prounounced like in Spanish |
| I | i | ee, as in me | ideo | ee-DEH-oh | idea | Prounounced like in Spanish |
| O | o, ɔ | oh, as in robot | ofta | OH'F-tah | common | Prounounced like in Spanish |
| U | u | oo, as in boot | utila | oo-TEE-lah | useful | Prounounced like in Spanish |
| Consonants |||||||
| B | b | b | bela | BEH-lah | beautiful | |
| C | t͡s | ts | celo | TSEH-loh | goal | |
| Ĉ | t͡ʃ | ch | ĉielo | chee-EH-loh | sky | |
| D | d | d | diri | DEE-ree | to say | |
| F | f | f | facila | fah-TSEE-lah | easy | |
| G | g | g | gaja | GAH-yah | cheerful | |
| Ĝ | d͡ʒ | j | ĝusta | JOOS-tah | correct | |
| H | h | h | hela | HEH-lah | bright | |
| Ĥ | x | ch as in Scottish loch | eĥo | E(HKX)-oh | echo | Depending on the context, it is sometimes replaced with h or k. This letter is not frequent in Esperanto. |
| J | j | y | juna | YOO-nah | young | j may be pronounced as a semivowel i̯ after a, e, o, or u and before another vowel. |
| Ĵ | ʒ | zh | ĵus | ZHOOS | just, just now | |
| K | k | k | kara | KAH-rah | dear | |
| L | l | l | longa | LOHN-gah | long | |
| M | m | m | mano | MAH-noh | hand | |
| N | n | n | nova | NOH-vah | new | |
| P | p | p | peni | PEH-nee | to try | |
| R | r | r | ruĝa | ROO-jah | red | Roll your tongue, as in Spanish. |
| S | s | s | suno | SOO-noh | sun | |
| Ŝ | ʃ | sh | ŝipo | SHEE-poh | ship | |
| T | t | t | tempo | TEHM-poh | time | |
| Ŭ | w | w | ŭai | WAH-ee | to cry “wah!” | This letter only occurs right before a vowel in mimetic words, onomatopoeia, and the name of the letter "ŭo"; other than that, it only appears in diphthongs as the semivowel u̯. In the past, it has been used to pronounce "w" in foreign words (e.g. ŭato for “watt”), but this has fallen out of favour (in this case, replaced with vato). |
| V | v | v | veni | VEH-nee | to come | |
| Z | z | z | zorgi | ZOHR-gee | to care | |
| Diphthongs |||||||
| AJ | ai̯ | "aye" | kaj | KYE | and | |
| AŬ | au̯ | "ow" | ĉirkaŭ | CHEER-cow | around, approximately | |
| EJ | ei̯ | "ey" | plej | PLAY | most | |
| EŬ | eu̯ | "euw" | Eŭropo | euw-ROH-poh | Europe | This is pronounced much like how Elmer Fudd pronounces the "ew" in "vewwy (very)". |
| OJ | oi̯ | "oy" | lingvoj | LING-voy | languages | |
| UJ | ui̯ | "oo-ee" as one syllable | ĉiuj | CHEE-(oo'ee) | all | |

### Stress

The stress on every word is put on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable.