OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of Flight/Unmotorised

A kite or glider is a motorless aircraft that flies without using engine energy. In fact, because this bird does not have engine power; It should use a negative head angle to overcome the push force and maintain a constant speed. In other words, it takes help from its weight component to overcome friction. The wings of this aircraft are longer and narrower than a normal plane, which give more lift. The kite is mostly flown with the help of a tow plane. When the engineless plane gets high enough, they drop it. By using the force of the wind, the kite stays in the air and slowly decreases its height. If the wind speed is the same as the speed or height of the kite, the kite will be at a constant height, and when the speed increases, its height will increase. Their landing gear consists of a wheel that is placed under the cockpit and behind the tail is another small wheel, which prevents damage to the tail when it is on the ground.
# History of Embrun/Under a new name/Life in Embrun in 1883

< Back to the Corporate Lumber Industry

## Under a new name: Life in Embrun in 1883

3 schoolhouses existed in Embrun in 1883. The town's population was 3,300 in 1883.

### The new industry

Now, flour and bread production was Embrun's main industry. A few hundred people in Embrun moved north or south to the areas that were formerly forests cut down by the Lumber companies. There, they started huge farms of wheat as far as the eye could see. These people, however, were still considered part of Embrun and were still counted as part of Embrun's population. These people that moved out of the main built-up area were nicknamed 'bulk growers' in the sense that they had large fields of wheat.
Some people in Embrun bought huge grants of land to the north or south, but still lived in their homes in the village itself. These people travelled every so often to their fields to tend their wheat plants. These people were nicknamed, 'bulk travelers' because they grew lots of wheat but still lived in the village.
However, the majority of Embrun's population lived in the village and grew crops in their yards. Each household in Embrun had a fairly large backyard. These people were named 'house growers' in the sense that they grew their crops in their backyards.
These three wheat growing methods and their nicknames were fully developed by 1883.
The 1883 harvest was very successful. Originally, people in Embrun would export their wheat as a raw product, but the harvest was so huge in 1883 that three flour mills were hastily built on the shores of the Castor River. The water was used to power the mills. The grain was turned into flour. A few residents of Embrun who didn't like farming formed an extra large bakery. They turned the flour into bread there that year. Then, the bread was exported to make money.

### Getting To and From Embrun in 1883

The main way of getting to and from Embrun in 1883 was by road. Despite the prosperity of the town, no railroad (yet) traveled into Embrun. In the fall of 1883, huge cart after huge cart left the town by road, bound for the cities to sell the grain.
Continue to Into a new century ›
# History of Flight/Antiquity

Ancient myths and legends offer many examples of the human dream of flying like birds. An ancient Greek legend has King Corinth, with the aid of the winged horse Pegasus, flying in to battle a multi-headed monster. Ancient Persian legend has the King capturing eagles, and attaching them to his throne so he can fly around, checking on his kingdom. One of the most well-known Greek legends is that of Icarus and Daedalus, a father and son who flew by fashioning wings from wax, only to crash back to earth after soaring too close to the sun and melting their artificial wings.
In practical terms, around 400 B.C.E. The Chinese invented the kite. This simple device lead them to think that humans might fly with the help of a kite. While that dream proved elusive at the time, the invention of kites opened the road for other important flight discoveries such as balloons, and gliders.
The history of human flight is primarily one of disappointment until the 18th century. Many brave inventors tried to achieve flight, often by attempting to mimic flying as birds do. Some tried to fly by attaching wings to their arms and jumping from high cliffs, but these episodes of course ended in disaster.
# How To Beat The Draft Board/Claim2
## Claim #2

    Hardship (3-A)
A hardship claim means that there's one or more people out there who will be seriously adversely affected by you being drafted. Who? Almost anyone. Wife, child, parent, grandparent, and sibling are the official categories, but it can be applied to others (a sample case involves a niece and nephew). The support can include financial assistance, personal care, and companionship. Pretty broad, so you have lots of wiggle room there, so long as there are serious adverse effects: "more than the usual and customary grief and problems caused by the absence of a loved one". Furthermore, there cannot be a reasonable solution to the problem - a workaround that remedies the situation should you be drafted. Being the lone care provider for someone who cannot take care of themselves, with no other friends or relatives who could do the job and no money to pay for care, is a good example.
This claim is less subjective than CO, but still highly subjective. Witnesses can be very important here. Boards are somewhat less likely to be inherently hostile to a hardship claim than to a CO, but it won't help with the people who think that their job is to send as many people on to the military as possible. Written documentation can be critical to prove the claims that you're making; your word alone is unlikely to be good enough. Don't lie.
Summary: Having a non-hostile board is important, but sincerity and good documentation are critical.
# How To Beat The Draft Board/Claim4
## Claim #4: Essentiality of Occupation (2-AM)

This applies only to people who work in the healthcare industry. Curiously enough, neither in our training literature nor the lectures was a "length of time in the field" consideration listed, which would make this seem to be a good fields to get into late in the game for a deference, like ministerial school. However, that doesn't mean that a board won't weigh the job change. Also, note that healthcare workers may be in double jeopardy for being drafted, as both the general and healthcare draft lotteries could select them (whichever lottery selects them first gets them). So, it's a double-edged sword. Ministerial school is probably a safer bet.

## Critical roles

You not only must be working in the healthcare industry, but you must be filling a critical national or community healthcare need. This can be the practice of medicine, health research, teaching health care professionals, or being engaged in the delivery of other direct health care services. You must be unable to be replaced within the foreseeable future because of a shortage of other persons with the same qualifications and skills. Removal of you for your position would have to cause a lengthy loss of effectiveness in health care activity, especially in the community. For community needs essentiality, you must be currently practicing in the community in question or be contracted to serve there in the future, in a way that the breaking of the contract would lead to the reduction or elimination of the service (only concerning a contract signed at least six months before the date of the induction order and with a start date not later than 90 days after the induction date).

## Teachers and researchers

Note that not only can direct health care providers get this exemption, as mentioned, but also teachers and researchers. They must demonstrate that removal of them from their positions would cause a long term shortage or elimination of critical health care teaching or research services. From the board's perspective, they're going to be looking for people who, if removed from their jobs, their community or the nation will be clearly harmed more than it supposedly benefits from having the citizens serving in the military.

## Example cases

A good example of an essentiality claim is a doctor who is one of the few health practitioners on a remote island. Technically, however, it could apply to people as diverse as a teacher in a medical school or a person writing software for medical research, so long as they can demonstrate how important their work is to the future of local and/or national healthcare.
# How To Beat The Draft Board/Closing
## Closing

There are no guarantees. But there are a number of things you can do to increase your odds of getting past the board. Know your local board and how they tend to vote, if you can. If it's not too late, prepare in advance by laying the groundwork for a future claim(s) or living where there is a friendly board. Pick your claim(s) well, and prepare, prepare, prepare. Prep yourself and your witnesses alike. If your claim is denied, move up the chain; you just need one board to grant you one of your claimed statuses. Make sure that you meet the requirements of your claim, that you come across as sincere, and all of your documents are signed. Don't give them any excuse to turn you down, because a number of boards are loaded with people eager to send everyone off to war. Then again, some boards are loaded with people who are just the opposite. In the end, by knowing what your options are and preparing, you're in better shape than most people who appear before the boards.
# How To Beat The Draft Board/Meeting Structure
## Meeting Structure

Regardless of the grounds on which you appeal your draft notice, the procedure will be roughly the same. Your order will be to report for a physical, mental, and moral evaluation; after you receive the results, you will have only ten days to file a claim for exemption, postponement, or deferment. When your claim is processed, the local board will be alerted and will work you into their schedule - probably in a matter of days to weeks, depending on their workload.

## Starting the meeting

When you are met, or any of your witnesses are met, there will be something along the lines of this:
* Introduction/Welcome/This is an informal hearing.
* Photographic/sound equipment/verbatim transcripts prohibited; however, registrant may take notes during hearing
* If hearing is open to the public (as per your request), the chair may limit the number of people in the room and may close the hearing if the people become disruptive.
* May have up to three witnesses.
* May not be represented by a lawyer, but may have an advisor. The advisor may have discussions with the registrant, but may NOT take an active part in the hearing, nor interfere with the proceedings.
* May have interpreter, if necessary may present evidence not contained in the file.
* False statements subject to imprisonment of up to five years or fine of up to $250,000, or both.

## Closing the meeting

On closing of the meeting, you will be told something along the lines of this:
* Thank registrant/witness/interpreter/advisor
* Decision will be made by board members present
* Decision will be based on oral testimony and information in file
* Registrant classified in lowest class for which eligible
* Registrant will receive notice of classification identifying claim considered, which will notify him whether claim is granted or denied and, if denied, the reason for denial.
* The notice of classification will inform registrant of appeal rights and procedures.
* Registrant may file written summary of testimony within five calendar days from date of hearing.
* CO claims only: If classified 1-0 (not available for combat or non-combat military service) and found qualified for service, will receive order to perform alternative service and required to serve 24 months. If classified 1-A-O (available for non-combat military service only), will receive an induction reporting date for noncombatant service in the armed forces.
# How To Beat The Draft Board

How To Beat The Draft Board is a tutorial on how to be successful in getting an exemption to the United States draft in the event that it should be reactivated.

## Table of Contents

* Background
* Meeting Structure
* General Strategies
* Claim #1: Conscientious Objector (1-A-O, 1-O)
* Claim #2: Hardship (3-A)
* Claim #3: Divinity Student (2-D) or Minister (4-D)
* Claim #4: Essentiality of Occupation (2-AM)
* Other Deferments Or "Options"
* Closing

## About

This guide was originally written in the 2000s, based on my official training for becoming a member of a local draft board. As the original author at the time was an active member of a draft board, this was authored anonymously.
# How To Beat The Draft Board/Claim3
## Claim #3: Divinity Student (2-D) or Minister (4-D)

These claims are almost unfairly easy to land … if you have the qualifications. They tend to be "just the facts"; reviews, so the particular board isn't as important as it is with prior claims.

## Divinity Students

For a divinity student, you must prove that you are preparing for the ministry under direction of a recognized church or religious organization, making satisfactory progress, and working towards this full time. The school must be a recognized theological or divinity school. The church must have an organized structure, congregations chapters or groups, scheduled services/meetings, liturgical materials, shared beliefs, and a governing body. About the only personal judgment the board would likely weigh is how long you've been in the school (more than one semester is probably good enough). The length of the exemption is 12 months or less. You can then reapply for another deferment.

## Ministers

For a minister, you must be recognized by your church as a minister of religion, the church must be established as a community of faith and belief, doctrines, and practices. Ministering must be your primary focus. The only kind of judging that may come into play here is if you're part of a religion where "everyone" is a minister, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses, or if the church you claim to be a minister for is itself iffy. There is no expiration date for this claim.

## Judging

I'll again stress that there is very little judging here apart from the facts of the case (so have everything documented and signed!). Witnesses aren't very important compared to prior claims, but are unlikely to hurt. You could come in looking high and have a criminal record, but if your papers are in order, it would be very hard for the board to deny your claim.
# How To Beat The Draft Board/Other Deferments Or Options

Other Deferments Or "Options"
4-B: Official Deferred by Law. Odds are, this doesn't apply to you. It applies to the people who made the policy decisions that are trying to send you to war, though.
4-G: Exempt from Service Because of Death of Parent or Sibling while Serving in the Armed Forces or Whose Parent or Sibling is in a Captured or Missing in Action Status. In short, they don't want to deprive a single family of many members.
4-F: Not Acceptable for Military Service. You've failed the military's physical, mental, or moral fitness requirements. See Richard Feynman's autobiography, or "Alice's Restaurant."
Student: Non-divinity students cannot get the nice deferments that they used to be able to. The student deferments were a source of resentment among the poor and working class during the Vietnam War, as they saw it as a way that the rich could pay their way out of going to war. Presently, students are allowed to finish up their semester or, if they are in their senior year, their academic year. After that, they are activated.
Running to Canada: While this worked in Vietnam, Canada is not guaranteed to be a safe haven unless there is government backing for such a policy. Check your countries before you leave. If they're merely "sympathetic", fleeing and keeping a low profile may be a solution. Don't expect to be able to return to the US for a long period of time, if ever. Draft dodgers from Vietnam weren't allowed back in until Carter's 1977 blanket pardon, and by then, most were so integrated with their new communities that only half ultimately returned.
Risking jailtime: Judging from Vietnam, expect a prison term of at least one year, probably three to four years - if convicted. There's a chance that you won't even be prosecuted; it all depends on how the Justice Department decides to treat cases. Just realize that, if you take this route, you're gambling with serious consequences. If you want to resist the draft directly in this manner, check out Resisters.info for advice. For this route, sooner is better than later.
# Inheritance Cycle/Magic

Magic, properly known as gramarye, was the manipulation of energy. Users of gramarye had an innate power that allowed them to use their energy, directed by thoughts (though most people believed it was directed through spoken words), to manipulate the nature of the world. Casting a spell with magic costs as much energy as would be lost to do the task by mundane means. Magicians were able to also draw energy from their surroundings with the proper knowledge, though few knew of this.
Magic has a massive influence These are a list of a few
* Energy shaft
* Dark magic
# Inheritance Cycle/Major Events

Major events that occurred over the Inheritance Cycle

## Inheritance

* Siege of Dras-Leona
* Battle of Urû'baen
# Inheritance Cycle/Races/Dwarf/Dwarf clan

The dwarven nation was split into 13 clans, one ruling clan and 12 other clans to support the rulers. Each clan was composed of a number of dwarven families. All clans were interlinked and held a specific function within society. To emphasize the difference between each clan, most clans operated independently in specific areas, with general matters and overall cohesion overseen by the king. Each clan had its own clan chief, or Grimstborith, who presided over matters concerning the individual families.
A dwarf criminal may also, depending on the severity of his crime, be cast out of his clan and be named vargrimst, causing him to be completely ignored by all dwarves.
The thirteen Dwarf clans were as follows:
* Dûrgrimst Ingeitum
* Dûrgrimst Ragni Hefthyn
* Dûrgrimst Ebardac
* Dûrgrimst Quan
* Dûrgrimst Feldûnost
* Dûrgrimst Nagra
* Dûrgrimst Az Sweldn rak Anhûin
* Dûrgrimst Vrenshrrgn
* Dûrgrimst Ledwonnû
* Dûrgrimst Gedthrall
* Dûrgrimst Fanghur
* Dûrgrimst Knurlcarathn
* Dûrgrimst Urzhad
# Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry | Transition Metals | Catalysis
    Cover
    Foreword

## Atomic Structure

* The Discoveries of Electrons, Protons and Neutrons
* First Glance At Subatomic Particles
* From Big Bang to Atoms
* Introduction to Elements
* Chemical Bonding
* Coordination Chemistry
* Transition metals
* Qualitative Analysis
* Catalysis
# Inheritance Cycle/Locations/Eoam

Eoam was a settlement on the island of Beirland. It was located in a bay on the west side of the island and appears to be the farthest west inhabited settlement in Alagaësia. There is also an example of "wild magic" at Eoam. Both Oromis and Arya describe a floating crystal being there. This is one of the natural manifestations of energy, more powerful than a living spellcaster and more dangerous.
# Inheritance Cycle/Objects

There are plenty of items

## Swords

* Brisingr
* Zar'roc

## Items

* Aren
# Inorganic Chemistry/Atomic Structure
## From Big Bang to Atoms

Big Bang, a great explosion that happened around 13.75 ± 0.11 billion years ago , is thought to create our universe. The idea is based on the observation that our universe is expanding, so it was probably a single point at some time in the past if we trace back.
At about 10$^{-6}$ seconds after the explosion, quarks and gluons combined to form baryons such as protons and neutrons, while anti-quarks and anti-gluons formed anti-protons and anti-neutrons. A small excess of quarks and gluons over their anti-particles led to a small excess of baryons over anti-baryons. Latter, the universe cooled to a level that it could not produce gluons, quarks, anti-gluons and anti-quarks. This led to a dramatic decrease in the universe mass: matter and anti-matter 'eats' each other, left only 1 of 10$^{10}$ protons and neutrons survive and none of their anti-particles. That's why the universe now is a matter environment, not an anti-matter one :)
At one second afther the explosion, same thing happened to electrons and positrons (positrons are anti-electrons)
A few minutes after the explosion, the temperature was about 10$^9$ K. The energy was still so high. Protons and neutrons didn't combine yet. When the universe got cooler, the strong force (a powerful but short-range force) got advantage, combined protons and neutrons together, formed nuclei. After 379,000 years, electromagnetic force (a weak but long-range force) got advantage, making electrons first attached to nuclei. The first atom was born, consisting of a nuclei (protons, neutrons) and one or more electrons.
* ↑ , Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP1) Observations: Sky Maps, Systematic Errors, and Basic Results, page39.
# Inheritance Cycle/Races

Numerous Races exist in Alagaesia. These are the dominant races.
* Human
* Dwarf
* Dragon
* Ra'zac
# Inheritance Cycle/Races/Dragon Riders

Dragon Riders are
# Fractals/kf-extras

kf-extras: c programs by Claude Heiland-Allen for
* manipulating output from Kalles Fraktaler 2
* the exponential map (aka log polar or mercator projection) convertor

# install

* git clone https://code.mathr.co.uk/kf-extras.git
* make

## dependencies

OpenEXR

# Programs

Exemap: convert sequence of flat zoom images to the final location into an exponential map (unwrapped into log-polar coordinates)
* one long image
* side- by -side tiling
Scripts included ('bash' shell and common linux utilities required):
automatic movie maker with sound generation. Here
* s is desired movie length in seconds
* work is absolute path to dir containing
* *.kfb; tmp is absolute path to dir for output
it checks for the less-common programs it needs

## exr

Check header of exr file:
Result:

# examples
## ogv

* Now obsoleted by a fully automatic movie maker bash script (kfbtoogv.sh in the repository) - just specifiy the length in seconds and a couple of directories! A few things are hardcoded (program directories, antialiasing factor, ... - need to make them runtime options), and using ghc for simple maths is a bit overkill, so it's not perfect yet.
* Overnight I rendered a zoom out sequence of the same location at 3840x2160 into ~/work
* then I mkdir ~/work/tmp,
* kfbtoogv.sh 120 ~/work ~/work/tmp and 18mins later got this video without having to do anything manually:

### full example
## expmap_wire

* parameters: http://mathr.co.uk/mandelbrot/2014-12-17_kf-extras_expmap_wire.kfr
* rendered from 98 640x360 kfb files, giving a 565x6075 image, downscaled 4x in GIMP for anti-aliasing.

### description
# key words

* flat image = image in linear-linear scale ( normal Cartesian coordinate) = standard flat view of part of the Mandelbrot set. Here width and height refer to the flat image.
* log-polar image ( expmap )
** circumference is the width of the output strip
** radius is the height of each section (one section is generated for each input file
** The expmap->row variable is a counter that loops through concentric circles in the flat image circumference and radius parameters is a bit more involved, here's the bit of code that does that with a few inline comments
** exponential map EXR keyframe sequences
** expmap
** exponential map coordinate transformation (useful for export to zoomasm for efficient video assembly)
* exponentially spaced rings around the zoom center. See image exponential_strip.svg

# References

* blog: emndl-0.1_released
* exponential_mapping_with_kalles_fraktaler
* ↑ AcademySoftwareFoundation: openexr
* ↑ fractalforums.com kf-extras-for-manipulating-output-from-kalles-fraktaler-2