OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Knots/Loop knots/French bowline

The French Bowline, also known as the Portuguese Bowline, is similar to the regular bowline but it has two loops. The two loops are adjustable in size. You can pull rope from one loop into the other, even when the knot is tight.

## Steps

* Click on a picture to see its full-size version.
* Make an overhand loop (loop with the working end on top).
* Put the working end through.
* Put it through again. From here, the steps are the same as the regular bowline.
* Put it around the standing end and back through the loop.
* Pull tight and you're done.

## See also

* Knots/Loop knots/Bowline on a bight
* Knots/Loop knots/Spanish bowline
* Category:Knots/Bowlines
# Knots/Loop knots/Taut-line hitch

* Taut-line hitch
* Use: The Taut-Line Hitch is an adjustable loop knot for use on lines under tension. It is useful when the length of a line will need to be periodically adjusted in order to maintain tension. It is made by tying a Rolling hitch around the standing part after passing around an anchor object. Tension is maintained by sliding the hitch to adjust size of the loop, thus changing the effective length of the standing part without retying the knot. When under tension, however, the knot will grip the cord and will be difficult to cause to slip. It is typically used for securing tent lines in outdoor activities involving camping, by arborists when climbing trees, for creating adjustable moorings in tidal areas, and to secure loads on vehicles. A versatile knot, the Taut-line hitch was even used by astronauts during STS-82, the second Space Shuttle mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope.
* How to tie:
* Pass the working end around the anchor object. Bring it back along side of the standing part and make a half-hitch around the standing part.
* Continue with another wrap inside the loop, effectively making a round turn around the standing part.
* Complete with a half-hitch outside the loop, made in the same direction as the first two wraps, as for a clove hitch.
* Dress by snugging the hitch firmly around the standing part. Load slowly and adjust as necessary.
# Knots/Loop knots/Yosemite bowline

The Yosemite bowline is a variation of the bowline. It is easier to untie.
# Knots/Loop knots/Lariat knot

* Lariat
* Use: A lariat knot is the loop knot commonly used in a lasso. Its round shape, especially when tied in stiff rope, helps it slide freely along the rope it is tied around.
* How to tie:
* Place an overhand knot in the end of the rope.
* Tie a second overhand knot, pass the rope end through it, and tighten.
# Knots/Loop knots/Man harness knot

* Man harness knot
* Use: The Man harness is a knot with a loop on the bight for non-critical purposes. This knot is used when multiple people are to pull a load. Typically one end of the rope is tied to a load, and one man harness knot per puller will be tied along its length. Each loop is then pulled by a different person.
* How to tie:
* Lay the rope flat
* Make a loop in the rope with the running end going beneath the standing part.
* Pull the running end down so that it crosses over the loop.
* Pull the bottom of the loop through the gap between the top of the loop and the running end.
* WARNING: The Man harness knot must have the loop loaded or it will slip and contract easily.
# Knots/Loop knots/Triple bowline

The triple bowline can be used to make an improvised rope chair. The legs go in two loops and the torso goes in the third. To tie it, tie a bowline with a bight.

## See also

* Bowline
* Bowline on a bight
* Category:Book:Knots/Bowlines
# Knots/Loop knots/Water bowline

The water bowline is a variation on the bowline. It is less likely to jam or slip and can be used in extreme conditions, such as in wet environments, hence the name. There are more turns near the loop end, which makes more friction, which leads to less tension on the core of the knot.
    How to tie the water bowline
* Make the first overhand loop
* Make the second overhand loop
* Complete the knot in the manner of the bowline (around the standing part and back down through the loops)
# Historical Geology/Bibliography

This is a partial bibliography. I have not attempted to keep records of the innumerable sources I have read during the preparation of this textbook which told me either nothing I didn't know, or (much more frequently) nothing that I thought belonged in an introductory work.
It is almost certain that I have omitted some sources on which I have in fact relied; I can only apologize to the undeservedly anonymous authors of those valuable books and papers.
References are given according to the standard established by the publication manual of the A.P.A.
← Glossary and index · Chemistry for geologists →
# Historical Geology/Biogeography and climate

In this article we shall look at how biogeography relates to climate.

## Species and their preferred climates

Pretty much every species, with the notable exception of our own, flourishes within a fairly narrow range of climatic conditions. This means that when we find representatives of that species preserved in the fossil record, we should conclude that those conditions were present at the date and location when and where they lived.
We can refine our knowledge of temperatures by looking at the overlap in the ranges of species. If one lives in regions with an average annual temperature between 20°C and 24°C , and another inhabits regions with an average annual temperature between 22°C and 26°C, then when we find them together we can conclude that they were living in a time and place where the average annual temperature was between 22 and 24°C.

## How do we know?

In order for this method to work, we need to know what climatic conditions suited the species we find in the fossil record.
If the species is still extant, we can of course just look at where it lives and what the extremes of temperature are in that location. You might speculate that perhaps without any visible morphological change the species could have evolved to adapt to different climatic conditions, so that the temperature range it lived in then is not the same as that which it inhabits now. While this is possible in principle, what we observe is that species do not evolve to adapt to shifting climatic conditions; rather, they shift their locations to follow the conditions that suit them. (Even plant species will migrate; although an individual plant cannot move, the spread of their seeds allows them to migrate as a species.)
Species, of course, come and go over time; but we can also look at larger groups. For example, since out of about 2,600 species of palm trees we know of none that will grow in a cold climate without human intervention, it is reasonable to conclude that this would be also be true of an extinct species of palm tree.
Still, extinction does present us with a problem. For example, with no modern representatives at all, how are we meant to know a warm-water trilobite from a cold-water trilobite? This difficulty is not quite insurmountable in principle. For example, if we frequently find some species of trilobite in association with ooids, then we would be inclined to think that it was a warm-water species, and then if we were to find it in the absence of other climatic indicators, we would take the trilobite species as an indication of a warm climate. That being said, the use of the biogeographic method of assessing paleoclimatic conditions does in practice get less and less useful the further back into the past we wish to look.
← Paleocurrents · Leaf shape and temperature →
# LLVM Compiler

The LLVM compiler infrastructure project is a set of compiler and toolchain technologies, which can be used to develop a front end for any programming language and a back end for any instruction set architecture. LLVM is designed around a language-independent intermediate representation (IR) that serves as a portable, high-level assembly language that can be optimized with a variety of transformations over multiple passes.

## Installation

Installation

## Main Components

LLVM contains a list components
* Clang: Frontend for C language family
** LLVM Compiler/Clang Plugins Clang Plugins make it possible to run extra user defined actions during a compilation.
* compiler-rt: runtime libraries with builtins, sanitizer runtimes, profile, and Apple Blocks runtime interfaces.
* test-suite: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-test-suite

## OpenMP support

see more at OpenMP Support
With the release of Clang 3.8.0, OpenMP 3.1 support is enabled in Clang by default, and the OpenMP runtime is therefore built as a normal part of the Clang build, and distributed with the binary distributions. You do not, therefore, need explicitly to check out this code, or build it out of tree; a normal Clang check out and build will automatically include building these runtime libraries.
https://openmp.llvm.org/
cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$LLVM_PATH -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;compiler-rt;openmp" -DCLANG_BUILD_EXAMPLES=1 $LLVM_SRC/llvm
ninja install -j8 -l8

## Development Support

Code review of LLVM is handled by Phabricator https://reviews.llvm.org/. Regression tests are run by Buildbot http://lab.llvm.org:8011/ using test suite under https://github.com/llvm/llvm-test-suite .
LLVM uses Buildbot to run some regression tests.
Their website has JSON API: http://lab.llvm.org:8011/json/help
Take the OpenMP testing’s API results as an example
* http://lab.llvm.org:8011/json/builders/openmp-gcc-x86_64-linux-debian/builds/7095
This get request will get a json file, with links to each step’s logs among other information. You check the log files from the links to see the command lines used. For example: here is the log file for the configuring step:
* http://lab.llvm.org:8011/builders/openmp-gcc-x86_64-linux-debian/builds/7095/steps/configure-openmp/logs/stdio
# LLVM Compiler/Clang Plugins
## How to Debug a Plugin

There are two ways to run a Clang plugin:
* call the clang frontend directly: clang -cc1 ...
* call the compiler driver, clang -v, to find out real command lines
# LGBT Young Adult Literature/Homosexuality as a Phase

Some people think it is just a phase.
# LGBT Young Adult Literature/Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit

Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit is a novel by Jeanette Winterson published in 1985, which she subsequently adapted into a BBC television drama. It is a coming-of-age story about a lesbian girl who grows up in an English Pentecostal community.

## Background

The book and subsequent BBC mini series, adapted by Winterson, is believed to be semi-autobiographical and is generally based on Winterson's life in Accrington, Lancashire, after moving from her birth town Manchester. The book was written many years after any actual events as Winterson moved to London, her present location.

## Reception

* The novel won Winterson the Whitbread Award for a First Novel in 1985.
* Jeanette Winterson does not consider this novel to be a lesbian novel, arguing, 'I've never understood why straight fiction is supposed to be for everyone, but anything with a gay character or that includes gay experience is only for queers.'
* The book is now popular in U.K. schools, most often as part of an A-level literature course.
# LGBT Young Adult Literature/Introduction
## Introduction to Wikibook

Welcome to the LGBT Young Adult Literature wikibook! The goal of this wikibook is to introduce parents, children and teachers to concepts, themes and plots explored in LGBT YA Literature. It covers the History of LGBT YA novels, as well as the LGBT movement and the origin of YA Literature. It will also help analyze common themes of LGBT YA novels. Additionally, there will be summaries of important LGBT novels. The wikibook aims to keep its language simple so readers of all levels can enjoy it.

## What is Young Adult Literature?

Young Adult Literature is a pretty new genre, and there are many ways to define it. The ALA (American Library Association) says YA Literature includes books written for people 12 to 18 years old.

## Why is LGBT Young Adult Literature Important?

Until recently there have been few books written specifically for the LGBT community and especially few for the young LGBT community. The rights of the LGBT community are currently a hotly debated topic. LGBT youth have been the targets of physical and sexual harassment in schools across America. LGBT Literature, particularly novels with realistic characters and positive outcomes, are important for the self-acceptance of LGBT youth.

## References

* ↑ ALA Website
* ↑ Human Rights Watch Report: May 2001
# LLVM Compiler/OpenMP Support

With the release of Clang 3.8.0, OpenMP 3.1 support is enabled in Clang by default, and the OpenMP runtime is therefore built as a normal part of the Clang build, and distributed with the binary distributions. You do not, therefore, need explicitly to check out this code, or build it out of tree; a normal Clang check out and build will automatically include building these runtime libraries.
https://openmp.llvm.org/

## installation

cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$LLVM_PATH -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;compiler-rt;openmp" -DCLANG_BUILD_EXAMPLES=1 $LLVM_SRC/llvm
ninja install -j8 -l8

## OpenMP lowering or Code Geneneration
### Hello example

clang -fopenmp -S -O3 -emit-llvm omp_hello.c
cat omp_hello.ll

### offloading example

clang -fopenmp -S -O3 -emit-llvm -fopenmp-targets=nvptx64-nvidia-cuda offloading_success.cpp

## relevant source files

List
* tests: clang/test/OpenMP
* Clang CodeGen for OpenMP IR:
** clang/lib/CodeGen/CGOpenMPRuntime.cpp
** clang/lib/CodeGen/CGStmtOpenMP.cpp //This contains code to emit OpenMP nodes as LLVM code.
* LLVM OMP IR Builder: llvm/lib/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPIRBuilder.cpp
* Runtime support: openmp/runtime/src/kmp_csupport.cpp

## How to Debug

First, use -v to show the actual command line used by the clang driver:
clang -v -fopenmp omp_hello.c
Next, use gdb to debug the actual executable with the full command line options
* gdb -args /home/ubuntu/install/llvm_install/bin/clang-10 -cc1 -triple x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu -emit-obj -mrelax-all -disable-free -main-file-name omp_hello.c -mrelocation-model static -mthread-model posix -mframe-pointer=all -fmath-errno -fno-rounding-math -masm-verbose -mconstructor-aliases -munwind-tables -target-cpu x86-64 -dwarf-column-info -fno-split-dwarf-inlining -debugger-tuning=gdb -v -resource-dir /home/ubuntu/install/llvm_install/lib/clang/10.0.1 -internal-isystem /usr/local/include -internal-isystem /home/ubuntu/install/llvm_install/lib/clang/10.0.1/include -internal-externc-isystem /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu -internal-externc-isystem /include -internal-externc-isystem /usr/include -fdebug-compilation-dir /home/ubuntu -ferror-limit 19 -fmessage-length 0 -fopenmp -fgnuc-version=4.2.1 -fobjc-runtime=gcc -fdiagnostics-show-option -fcolor-diagnostics -faddrsig -o /tmp/omp_hello-c73985.o -x c omp_hello.c
Warmup run of the compiler within gdb
* (gdb) r
Set a breakpoint at 1829 llvm::FunctionCallee CGOpenMPRuntime::createRuntimeFunction(unsigned Function)
* b CGOpenMPRuntime.cpp:1829
* r # run it
Now can check the backtrace/call stack
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Henry Freeman Coffey

Henry Freeman Coffey was a prominent ships wireless operator, coastal radio operator, amateur operator, amateur broadcaster and amateur club participant in the late 1900s and early 1930s. His station callsign was 4KY (4=Queensland, K=?, Y=?) and he operated from Brisbane (Doomben), Queensland, inter alia. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - Henry Freeman Coffey - More than 50 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Henry Freeman Coffey - Nothing uploaded as yet
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/George Frederick Chilton

George Frederick Chilton was a prominent amateur operator, amateur broadcaster, amateur club participant . His station callsign was 4GD (4=Queensland, G=George, D=???, FreDerick) and he operated from Brisbane, Queensland. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - George Frederick Chilton - More than 10 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - George Frederick Chilton - Nothing uploaded as yet
Chilton, George Frederick - 1891-1956 - 4GD Brisbane, 2GF Sydney (Carlingford), 4GD Townsville - amateur operator, amateur broadcaster, coastal operator (VIG, VIB, VIS, VIT, Rockbank), wireless telegraphist (PMG, RANRS), federal public servant (PMG)
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Henry Sutton
### Henry Sutton

Henry Sutton was a prominent inventor and early wireless experimenter based in Melbourne and Ballarat, Victoria. Among numerous inventions attributed to Sutton are telephone types, telephony systems, wireless telegraphy systems, wireless telephony systems. He is recorded experimenting in wireless technology from as early as 1892 when Victoria Post and Telegraphs had no formal licensing regime for wireless. After Federation and the Wireless Telegraphy Act of 1905, which brought wireless clearly within the remit of the Commonwealth, Sutton failed to apply for a licence. The attention of the PMG Department caused much grief to Sutton and significantly impacted on the development of his wireless related inventions. He was finally granted a provisional licence in 1910 and continued with his experiments until his untimely passing in 1912 at the dawn of Balsillie's Australian coastal wireless network.
A comprehensive biography of Henry Sutton has not yet been prepared here, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - Henry Sutton - More than 30 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Henry Sutton - Nothing uploaded as yet
* Bradley's 1934 article on the History of the Electric Telegraph in Australia - Essentially complete excepting formatting
* Work-in-progress of Wikipedia Article on Henry Sutton - Just started
In the National Library of Australia's Trove website, more than 250 articles (Newspapers & Gazettes, Journals and Magazines, Books, People) have been tagged as "XLM - Henry Sutton" (search publictag:XLM - Henry Sutton)
A search in Trove on "Henry Sutton", "H. Sutton" or Sutton Wireless identifies several hundred articles, many of which refer to Henry Sutton, those tagged to date are a quick review to identify the most important for this Wikibook. Articles transcribed for Notes are tagged: "Wikibooks - Sutton". Articles reviewed and considered either duplicates of other articles or not of sufficient importance for inclusion are tagged: "Wikibooks - Sutton Not"
The most comprehensive biography of Henry Sutton to date (and unlikely to be surpassed) is the 2018 book by Lorayne Branch "Henry Sutton, The Innovative Man" and all interested in Australia's early wireless history are commended to seek it out and put aside a week for reading.
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/George Henry Boundy

George Henry Boundy was a well known early wireless experimenter in the period before WW1. He was a member of the brief lived Wireless Institute of Queensland, but does not appear to have continued his interest through the Queensland Wireless Institute post WW1. He was a contemporary of Edward Gustavus Campbell Barton and was a member of the Queensland Electrical Association with Barton in the 1890s. He was originally a testing officer with the Department of Posts and Telegraphs in Victoria from 1882 and accepted a similar position in the Queensland department. He retired in 1931 and passed suddenly in 1932 while visiting relations in Victoria. The Boundy family was known in Victoria through their association with the earliest discoveries of gold in Victoria in 1851. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - George Henry Boundy - More than 50 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - George Henry Boundy - Nothing uploaded as yet
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Harry Keith Burbury
### Harry Keith Burbury

Harry Keith "Keith" Burbury (1897-1986) was an early wireless experimenter in Tasmania in the early 1910s though (like many youngsters of the time) there appears to be no record of a licence having been issued. He joined AWA in 1914 and was trained at the Marconi School of Wireless in Sydney. Like his older brother Eric Alfred Burbury, he commenced his professional career in AWA's marine division as a ship wireless officer. He served on the RMS Makura, RMS Marama, Niagara, Maheno, Maitai, Kapunda, SS Loongana, Pateena, South Africa, Katoomba, Yankalilla, Cooma and Bundarra. He returned to shore in 1920 and continued with AWA as the Instructor and Superintendent of the Marconi School of Wireless in Melbourne. During this period he also was engaged at the AWA Koo-we-rup station (established by his brother) and engaged in pioneering shortwave propagation research at the behest of Ernest Thomas Fisk which was crucial to the subsequent development of the Beam Wireless service. He joined the Postmaster-General's Department in 1925, initially managing the Wave Hill land station. In 1929 he was appointed as a radio inspector based in the Sydney state office. He was promoted to Superintendent Radio Branch, Tasmania in 1941. Again promoted to similar position for South Australia in 1947. He retired in 1957 and returned to Sydney, where he passed in 1986. (Much credit to OTC Veteran's newsletter of April 1987)
A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - Harry Keith Burbury - More than 50 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Harry Keith Burbury - Nothing uploaded as yet
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Harold Edward William Banks
### Harold Edward William Banks

A comprehensive biography of Harold Edward William Banks has not yet been prepared for this Wikibook, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Research - Harold Edward William Banks - Summary of research to date
* Transcriptions and Notes - Harold Edward William Banks - More than 10 transcriptions
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Harold Edward William Banks - Nothing uploaded as yet, but many relevant QSLs held
* Incubator of Wikipedia Article on Harold Edward William Banks - Coming real soon now!
Key internet links: Nil yet identified