OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nineteen Eighty-Four/Part 1/Chapter 5

At lunchtime, Winston talks to Syme, who is working on the eleventh edition of the official Newspeak dictionary. As Syme explains, why should there be so many synonyms and antonyms of "good" when "plusgood" can mean "very good" and "ungood" can mean bad, "doubleplusgood" mean extremely good, and so on? The hope of the Party is that with a smaller and smaller vocabulary, Thoughtcrime would be near impossible. As much as Syme is orthodox, Winston worries that he is too smart for his own good and may be vaporized by the Party. When Mr. Parsons arrives, he asks Winston for his "voluntary" donations which take up a quarter of his income. Again, the dark-haired girl catches his attention.
# Nineteen Eighty-Four/Part 1/Chapter 3

Winston woke up from a dream where his family sacrificed themselves to save him. He realized that the idea of a family where the members loved each other was no longer possible. Then, he dreamed of the dark-haired woman he saw at the Two Minutes Hate. Upon waking, he reminisced about his childhood, the only time he remembered where there was no war. Today, Oceania was at war with Eurasia, and had supposedly always been, but Winston knew that four years ago the enemy had changed to Eurasia from Eastasia. He then thought about the idea of Doublethink - accepting contradictory ideas as true.
# Nineteen Eighty-Four/Background Information

1984 was written by George Orwell in the 1940's after World War II. It is a dystopian novel depicting a so-called socialist government in Great Britain in the year 1984. In reality, the government is totalitarian, and controls everything from the economy to language.
Orwell is also known for the satirical novel Animal Farm.
Love is an important theme in the work. Love for a partner, love for a totalitarian regime, love for oneself and one's country and love in general, etc etc. The book ends on a note about love. You will see why if you carefully consider this theme throughout the work.
see also: Doublespeak which is an important defining feature of this work that crefully influenced other works. see also: Doublethink and Newsspeak herein noted and appended.
# Principles of Sociology/Ethics and Philosophy Guiding Sociological Inquiry

A short essay on Principles of Sociology/Sociology and Ethics based on "Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman"
# Principles of Sociology/Family

Subtopics:
Principles of Sociology/Cohousing and the New Everyday Life Model
This American Life presents... The Sanctity of Marriage... Stories trying to understand what actually happens in marriages, during this time when the definition of marriage is up in the air. Prologue. Ira visits Kassie Hannah's Adult Living class at Rock Island High School in Rock Island, Illinois, where they stage a mock wedding each year as part of the curriculum. (6 minutes) Act One. What Really Happens in Marriage. Ira visits marital researcher John Gottman, who's part of a generation of researchers that have revolutionized the way we see marriage by observing successful and unsuccessful marriages and trying to figure out what the successful happy ones are doing that the ones who end up in divorce are not. Marriage research and links to marriage education programs for couples are online at www.smartmarriages.com . (23 minutes) Act Two. The Defense of Marriage Act. Adam Felber explains how legalized gay marriage are ruining his marriage with his wife. (His comments first appeared on his blog felbers.net .) And Ira talks about legal strategies with Matt Staver, the head of the group defending traditional marriage in the California lawsuits, and with David Cruz, a law professor at the University of Southern California. (8 minutes) Act Three. I Want to be a Statistic. Starlee Kine gets answers about her parents marriage from her dad ... after a lifetime of mystery. She and her sister had wanted her parents to divorce since they were little. (16 minutes)
# Principles of Sociology/Race and Ethnicity

Subtopics:
Principles of Sociology/Roma Issues
This American Life presents... "Lincoln's Second Inaugural"... we begin with perhaps the most moving, poetic inaugural speech in American history, and look at its legacy today. In his second inaugural address, Lincoln wondered aloud why God saw fit to send the slaughter of the Civil War to the United States. His conclusion: that slavery was a kind of original sin for the United States, for both North and South, and all Americans had to do penance for it. Prologue. Ira reads briefly from Lincoln's Second Inaugural address, which describes slavery as America's Original Sin of sorts. Act One. Jack Hitt on the confederate flag over the South Carolina Statehouse. Act Two. Nelson Mandela and Abraham Lincoln. Some stunning parallels between the political strategies of the two leaders, by John Matisonn. Act Three. Good Blacks, Bad Blacks. Writer Malcolm Gladwell reads from a story that he first wrote for the New Yorker magazine, about his cousins, who immigrated to from Jamaican 12 years ago Act Four. Good Whites, Bad Whites. A documentary by Cecilia Vaisman, Christina Egloff, with Jay Allison, about a white woman named Carolyn Wren Shannon who grew up hating blacks in a Catholic neighborhood, and how her attitudes change.
# Principles of Economics/ASAD
## The Concept

The keystone concept of macroeconomics is the aggregation. In this sense, aggregate supply (AS) is the total of all goods supplied by the entire economy (of a nation, for example); it is not limited to any one industry. Likewise, aggregate demand (AD) is the total of all goods demanded by the entire economy; it too is not limited to any one industry. Oftentimes, the goods produced by one industry will become the goods demanded by another.

## Aggregate Supply

There are generally three forms of aggregate supply (AS). They are:
* Short run aggregate supply (SRAS) - Within the time frame during which firms can change the amount of labor used but not capital (such as building new factories). This form demonstrates what happens to the economy under the most slack, when resources are underused. Upward shifts in SRAS generally increase output (y) but don't increase price (P). The SRAS curve is nearly perfectly horizontal. The concept is that wages (price of labor) don't change over the short run.
* Long run aggregate supply (LRAS) - Over the long run, only capital, labor, and technology affect the LRAS in the macroeconomic model because at this point everything in the economy is assumed to be used optimally. In most situations, the LRAS is viewed as static because it shifts the slowest of the three. The LRAS is shown as perfectly vertical, reflecting economists' belief that changes in aggregate demand (AD) have an only temporary change on the economy's total output.
* Medium run aggregate supply (MRAS) - As an interim between SRAS and LRAS, the MRAS form slopes upward and reflects when capital as well as labor can change. When graphing an aggregate supply and demand model, the MRAS is generally graphed after aggregate demand (AD), SRAS, and LRAS have been graphed, and then placed so that the equilibria occur at the same point. The MRAS curve is affected by capital, labor, technology, and wage rate.

## The Model

The economy's output Y = q is the x axis; the price index P is the y axis. The Price index is generally defined as the overall cost of living; the most well-known price index is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Aggregate demand (AD) is downward sloping; short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) is perfectly horizontal; medium-run aggregate supply (MRAS) is upward sloping; long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) is perfectly vertical.
# Principles of Economics

This book serves as a brief introduction to microeconomics and macroeconomics. Only some basic ideas are covered in a simple way. Therefore, there are no prerequisites for this book. If you would like to learn microeconomics and macroeconomics in more details, you may read other related Wikibooks, e.g. Principles of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.

## Preface

* To the Student
* What is Economics?
* What kind of economist are you?

## Introduction

Thinking Like An Economist
* Scarcity
* Economic Modeling
* Assumptions Economists Make
* Allocation
* Perfect Competition
* Cautions
Specialization and Gains From Trade
* Production Possibilities
Market Forces
* Competition
* Demand
* Supply

## Microeconomics

Consumer Behavior
* Utility
* Marginal Utility (req. Utility)
* Opportunity Costs (req. Allocation, Marginal utility)
* Demand Laws (req. Opportunity costs)
* Elasticity
* Economic Systems

### Models

* Graphs
* Budget Constraints (req. Graphs)
* Production Possibilities (req. Budget constraints, Allocation)
* Indifference (req. Production possibilities, Demand laws)
* Types of Goods (req. Indifference)
* Budget Compensation (req. Indifference)
* Trade and Specialization (req. Production possibilities)
* Demand (req. Indifference)
* Labor Production (req. Budget compensation)
* Wage (req. Labor production)
* Costs to Firm (req. Perfect competition, Labor production)
* Supply (req. Costs to firm)
* Economies of Scale (req. Supply)
* Supply and Demand (req. Demand, Supply)
* S-D Shifts (req. Supply and Demand)

## Macroeconomics

* Macro objectives
* GDP
* Multipliers
* Money Supply
* Money
* Monetary Policy
* Fiscal Policy
* Taxation
* Interest Rates
* Inflation

### Models

* Laffer Curve
* Keynesian Cross Model
* Aggregate Supply & Demand Model (ASAD)
* Investment Savings Model (IS)
* Money Demand Model (MD)
* Liquidity Trap Money Model
* Investment Savings Loan Money model (ISLM)
* Philips Curve
* Back-ward Bending Labor Supply Curve
* Solow Growth Model

## Appendices

* Special contributions to this work
# OpenClinica User Manual/DeleteRowInRepeatingGroup
## Delete a row in Repeating Groups

Since OpenClinica 3.1 it isn't possible to delete entries/rows from a Repeating Group once it was saved. The following cite is from the OpenClinica User mailinglist
(2012-04-12) More detail on this change and the rationale for it has recently been added to the 'Entering Data for an Event Into CRFs' chapter of the user guide.
* ↑ https://mailman.openclinica.com/pipermail/users/2011-December/006321.html
# OpenClinica User Manual/DisableReasonForChange
## Disable Forced Reason For Change in Administrative Editing

Users editing a completed CRF have to provide a Reason for Change for every modification. This includes newly inserted group fields and may result in a lot of unwanted Reason for Change if the CRF has been marked complete accidentally.

### Workaround 1 (Disable Forced Reason for Change)

It is possible to disable the Forced Reason for Change in the Study Parameter Configuration section if the Forced Reason For Change in Administrative Editing? is set to No.
This effects the whole study and disables the Forced Reason for Change for all CRFs.

### Workaround 2 (Reset CRF status to data entry started)

This workaround uses OpenClinica in a way it that might not be intended. Before applying this workaround to a productive environment this should be tested on a non-productive system first.
Removing and restoring the CRF resets its status to "data entry started". Removing and restoring the whole event resets the status of all CRFs to "data entry started".
# OpenClinica User Manual/DiscrepancyNotes

OpenClinica can export Discrepancy Notes as a CSV file, however as of version 3.x, the export causes a few problems if opened in Excel. The problems are caused by double quotes, newlines and carriage returns in the description and detailed notes fields. Additionally, an extra newline character causes excel to have a blank row every other row.

## Aims

To simply transform the content of discrepancy notes csv exports into something usable by Excel. To do this, newlines and carriage returns in the description and detailed notes fields are removed. Double quotes are kept, but correctly escaped, and the double newline character at the end of the line is replaced with a single newline character.

## Limitations

* The code below is specific to Windows, and has been tested in Windows 7.
* Windows doesn’t run unsigned PowerShell scripts, so until a signed version of the script below can be created, you have to run the commands manually.
* Run this on the unaltered csv file downloaded from OpenClinica - don't alter or open and save the file in Excel
* Neither the output nor the input files can be open when the script is started.
* The regexps could be reimplemented in Perl under Linux.

## Instructions

* Alter the input and output values below to point to your desired inputfile and outputfile names (paths can be obtained from Explorer's 'location box')
* Type cmd into the Windows Start Orb search box (which opens a terminal)
* Then copy and paste the following section into the terminal (right-clicking on the terminal will open context menu from whence you can paste)
* Below the script are instructions on how to open the updated file and save it in Excel format

## Opening the file in Excel

* Open Excel
* From the file tab, select 'Open'
* Open the file by browsing to the location of the output file - broaden the search to 'All Files' if necessary.
* Select 'Delimited', press next
* Alter the delimiters section, uncheck 'Tab' and check 'Comma' (leave the Text qualifier as ")
* Press finish
* You can now save the file in a native xlsx or other format
# OpenClinica User Manual/Configuration
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Mail
** Google Mail

## Introduction

If you have trouble finding the right settings for your mail-server, try http://www.webpan.com/Customers/Email/SMTP_Authentication_Telnet_Test.htm with detailed instructions how to test your settings using telnet.
This link and some more can be found on https://docs.openclinica.com/Email-Configuration-and-Troubleshooting-Tips .

## Mail

OpenClinica can be configured to automatically send e-mail messages. For example if a user lost his or her password, the password can be reset and a mail can be sent to notify the user. But another use of mail is the generating of messages, defined by rules. For example, if a Serious Adverse Event happens, a mail is sent to to principal investigator.
Configuring the mail-option is done in the datainfo.properties file: /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/OpenClinica/WEB-INF/classes/datainfo.properties
Before you edit this file, make sure you have a backup, something like datainfo.properties-20120721

### Google Mail

Most people will use the mail server on their system, but sometimes it can be handy to use a GMail account. If you want to use a google mail account try the following configuration:
For versions before 3.1:
# Introduction

The news area on the OpenClinica login page gets its content via an RSS feed. By default the content is pulled from the OpenClinica blog. The blog url change recently from
to
This info was published in the OpenClinica forums (16-Dec-2014, Subject: Fixing RSS Feed (i.e. News) on Login Page)

# Change the URL

To change the URL of the news area you have to modify the keys rssUrl and rssMore in the central configuration file (datainfo.properties).

## Example

change
to
# OpenClinica User Manual/ChangeLogLock
## Waiting for changelog lock error

Every now and then you find yourself in a situation where Tomcat gets stuck and there is no other option then to force a shutdown. Then you startup Tomcat, but OpenClinica is not available. In the stdout.log you see as the last line couple of lines
and eventually:
At the same time, in your <server>.<date>.log you will see:
In this case you must delete all (probably just one) record from the table "databasechangeloglock" (see this thread about 'liquibase has a mechanism to prevent multiple updates'). Shutdown Tomcat first, or stop the OpenClinica app in Tomcat-manager. Start pgadmin and browse to the table; rightclick it View data-View all rows. Select the row(s) and press delete.
Or from the command prompt:
Start Tomcat again.
# OpenClinica User Manual/CreatingANewVersionOfACRF
## Creating a new version of an existing CRF
### Download the CRF

Login to OpenClinica as Study Director and click on "Tasks". Choose "CRFs" from the list under header "Administration".
Select the CRF you want to revise in the next screen ("Administer Case Report Forms (CRFs))" and click on the white arrow in the "Download" column. Clicking this link starts a download of the excelsheet which contains your CRF's settings.
Save the excelsheet to your computer. Open it using MSExcel, start with the first tab "CRF" and fill in a new version number in cell B2. Then edit and change anything you want and save the excelfile.

### Upload changed CRFs

Switch back to OpenClinica "Administer Case Report Forms (CRFs)" and click the icon labeled "Create New Version" (the column on the right in "Actions").
You get a screen very similar to that when creating a new CRF, but this one is titled "Create a CRF Version for X" (see below). Click the button labeled Browse and browse to the location on your PC where you saved your excelfile. Click on "Preview CRF Version" to have the CRF validated.

### Consequences of creating a new version

If no errors were found, the CRF will be included in your list of available CRFs. If the previous version of this particular CRF was never used you can overwrite it (though Item OIDs will change): just leave the version in cell B2 unchanged. On validating you will be asked if it's OK to overwrite the former CRF.
In any other case you now have two or more versions of a CRF. This means that you have to define which version should be the default version for each event using this CRF.
This may look like a petty thing, but it is not so when you have more studies or events using the same CRF. If you change the default to the new version for one study, this will apply to all (maybe a bit more than you wanted). Considering this it might be advisable to make copies of the existing CRFs when using them for another study.
Another not so trivial consequence of having a new version of your CRF is that you may need to update any rules that refer to a specific CRF version. Note that you can't download a "version" of a rule, edit it and upload it again - you need to update a stored copy of the rules XML.
# Pinyin/A crowd of

See also
# Pinyin/A-Bomb

Search Pinyin bomb
# Pinyin/-Based

Search Pinyin base
# Pinyin/A group of

Search Pinyin group
# Pinyin/A

See also

## Article

* a: used before countable or singular nouns referring to people or things that have not already been mentioned
** 1'g: yohngyur keeshuu huoh danshuh mirngcir zhiqiarn, zhii dih-1-cih tirdaoh d rern huoh shihwuh.
# Pinyin/A day

Search Pinyin day
# Pinyin/Interest rate

Search Pinyin interest rate
# Pinyin/International Monetary Fund
## See also

* Pinyin/International
* Pinyin/Money
* Pinyin/Fund
* Pinyin/Organization
# Pinyin/Intake

See also
# Measure Theory/Convergence theorems

Theorem (monotone convergence theorem):
Let $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},\mu )$ be a measure space, and let $f_{n}:\Omega \to [0,\infty ]$ be an ascending (that is, $f_{n+1}\geq f_{n}$ pointwise) sequence of non-negative functions, that converges pointwise to a function $f:\Omega \to [0,\infty ]$. Then
    $\lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{\Omega }f_{n}d\mu =\int _{\Omega }fd\mu$.
Theorem (Fatou's lemma):
Let $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},\mu )$ be a measure space, and let $f_{n}:\Omega \to \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}$ be a sequence of non-negative functions. Then
    $\int _{\Omega }\liminf _{n\to \infty }f_{n}d\mu \leq \liminf _{n\to \infty }\int _{\Omega }f_{n}d\mu$.
Proof: Note that, upon defining
    $g_{N}:=\inf _{k\geq N}f_{n}$,
that the sequence of functions $g_{N}$ is strictly ascending and converges pointwise to $f$ as $N\to \infty$. Hence, the monotone convergence theorem is applicable and we obtain
    $\lim _{N\to \infty }\int _{\Omega }g_{N}d\mu =\int _{\Omega }fd\mu$.
Now for each $N\in \mathbb {N}$, we have
    $\int _{\Omega }g_{N}d\mu \leq \int _{\Omega }f_{N}d\mu$,
and if we take the lim inf,
    $\lim _{N\to \infty }\int _{\Omega }g_{N}d\mu =\liminf _{N\to \infty }\int _{\Omega }g_{N}d\mu \leq \liminf _{N\to \infty }\int _{\Omega }f_{N}d\mu$. $\Box$
# Measure Theory/Integral operators

Proposition (Schur's lemma):
Let $k:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ be an integration kernel, and suppose that $p,q$ are measurable functions such that
    $\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}|k(x,y)p(x)|dx\leq C_{1}q(y)$ and $\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}|k(x,y)q(y)|dy\leq C_{2}q(x)$.
Then the operator
    $Kf(x):=\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}k(x,y)f(y)dy$
is bounded, and explicitly $\|K\|\leq {\sqrt {C_{1}C_{2}}}$.
# Measure Theory/Measures on topological spaces

Definition (Borel σ-algebra):
Let $X$ be a topological space. The Borel $\sigma$-algebra ${\mathcal {B}}(X)$ on $X$ is the $\sigma$-algebra generated by all open subsets of $X$, ie.
    ${\mathcal {B}}(X)=\sigma (\tau )$,
where $\tau$ is the topology on $X$.
Definition (tight):
Let $\Omega$ be a topological space and let ${\mathcal {F}}$ be a $\sigma$-algebra on $\Omega$ that contains the Borel $\sigma$-algebra. A measure $\mu :{\mathcal {F}}\to [0,\infty ]$ is called tight iff for all sets $A\in {\mathcal {F}}$
    $\mu (A)=\sup _{K\subseteq A \atop K{\text{ compact}}}\mu (K)$.
The following proposition provides a class of tight measure spaces:
Proposition (Borel measure on Polish space is tight):
${\mathcal {F}}$
$\sigma$
$\Omega$
$\sigma$
$\mu :{\mathcal {F}}\to [0,\infty ]$
$A\in {\mathcal {F}}$
    $\mu (A)=\sup _{C\subseteq A \atop C{\text{ closed}}}\mu (C)$
Definition (outer regular):
Let $\Omega$ be a topological space and let ${\mathcal {F}}$ be a $\sigma$-algebra on $\Omega$ that contains the Borel $\sigma$-algebra. A measure $\mu :{\mathcal {F}}\to [0,\infty ]$ is called outer regular iff for all sets $A\in {\mathcal {F}}$
    $\mu (A)=\inf _{O\supseteq A \atop O{\text{ open}}}\mu (O)$.
Proposition (closed set with empty interior in σ-compact measure space is nullset):
Let $\Omega$ be a topological space, let ${\mathcal {F}}$ be a $\sigma$-algebra on $\Omega$ that contains the Borel $\sigma$-algebra, and suppose that $\mu$ is a ... measure on $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}})$. Then every closed subset $A\subseteq \Omega$ that has empty interior is a nullset.
Proof: Let
    $\Omega =\bigcup _{n\in \mathbb {N} }K_{n}$,
where the $K_{n}$ are compact. Then we have by countable subadditivity of measure
    $\mu (A)=\mu (\Omega \cap A)=\mu \left(\bigcup _{n\in \mathbb {N} }(K_{n}\cap A)\right)\leq \sum _{n\in \mathbb {N} }\mu (A\cap K_{n})$.
But closed subsets of compact sets are compact, and hence it suffices to prove that $\mu (A)=0$ whenever $A$ is a closed, compact subset of $\Omega$. $\Box$