OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Electrochromatography

Electrochromatography is a chemical separation technique in analytical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology used to resolve and separate mostly large biomolecules such as proteins. It is a combination of size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration chromatography) and gel electrophoresis. These separation mechanisms operate essentially in superposition along the length of a gel filtration column to which an axial electric field gradient has been added. The molecules are separated by size due to the gel filtration mechanism and by electrophoretic mobility due to the gel electrophoresis mechanism. Additionally there are secondary chromatographic solute retention mechanisms.

## References

* ↑ Analysis by Electromigration plus Chromatography Strain, H.H., Sullivan, .J. C., Anal.Chem. 23, 816 (1951)
* ↑ Electrochromatography of Proteins , Basak, S., A. Velayudhan, K. Kohlmann and M. R. Ladisch, Journal of Chromatography A., 707, 69-76 (1995)
# California Civil Procedure

California Civil Procedure is a a project to provide free resources to those who are attempting to navigate California’s complicated legal system.
This book will largely focus on the practice of law in California and will differ from a casebook seen in law schools. Instead this book will attempt to serve as a treatise.
Outline
* Pre-Lawsuit
* The Parties
* Jurisdiction
* Preclusion
* Arbitration
* Venue
* Service of Process
* Case Management
* Pleadings
* Defaults
* Discovery
* Law and Motion
* Pre-Trial Considerations
* Evidence
* Witnesses
* Jury Trials
* Non-Jury Trials
* Post-Trial Motions
* Judgments
* Settlement
* Dismissals
# California Public Policy and Citizen Participation
## Table of Contents

Introduction
This book and the sister course at Wikiversity teaches you how to get your voice heard in the government systems used in the State of California. It works with case studies which provide working examples in selected fields of advocacy. It will teach practical skills to clean up your neighborhood, get government to respond to the community and create a sustainable future.
The course has a slightly different name: California Government and_Citizen Participation and in case you are printing out the page the URL, in text, is http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/California_Government_and_Citizen_Participation.

### Section I: What's So Special About California? Unique Aspects of Activism in the Golden State

Chapter 1: From the Bear Flag Republic to the Return of Governor Jerry Brown
Chapter 2: The (Ralph) Brown Act: Your Right to Know, Your Right to Speak Truth to Power
Chapter 3: Initiatives: The Good the Bad and the Ugly
Chapter 4: Agency Agendas and Public Comment

### Section II: Special topics in California eco-activism

Chapter 5: Marine Protection Areas
Chapter 6: Overview of Water Resource Policy
Chapter 7: Overview of Nuclear Energy Policy

### Section III: Mass Media, Corporate Concentration and Citizen News media

Chapter 8: Concentration in media
Chapter 9: Gary Webb and the San Jose Mercury-CIA Shake-up
Chapter 10: Alternative Media: California Indymedia, Wikinews

### Section IV: Applications to Current Events

Chapter 11: The War on Drugs: Tax Cannabis or Close the Dispensaries?
Chapter 12: Homelessness
    Solutions: The Warming Center Model
    Solutions:Homeless Vulnerability Index

### Section V: Creative Tools for Public Policy

    Solutions: The Vulnerability Index
Appendix A: The California Public Records Act (Recommended reading: Tobacco war: Inside the California Battles By Stanton A. Glantz, Edith D. Balbach Using selections currently available on Google Books.)
Appendix B: Glossary
# California Environmental Quality Act

California Environmental Quality Act (2006)
The simplified CEQA Guidelines in plain English.

## Definitions

* Summary Section-this tells what the definitions are.
* Agricultural land
* Emergency
* Environment
* Environmental
* Impact Report
* Infill Site
* Feasible

## Statutes

* Policy
* Short Title
* General
* State Agencies, boards and commissions
* Local Agencies
* Streamlined Environmental Review
* Submission of Information
* Limitations

## Guidelines

* General
* General Responsibilities
* Authorities Granted to Public Agencies by CEQA
* Lead Agency
* Preliminary Review of Projects and Conduct of Initial Study
* Negative Declaration Process
* EIR Process
* Time Limits
* Contents of Environmental Impact Reports
* Considerations in Preparing EIRs and Negative Declarations
* Types of EIRs
* Master Environmental Impact Report
* Special Situations
* Review and Evaluation of EIRs and Negative Declarations
* Projects Also Subject to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
* Litigation
* EIR Monitor
* Exemption for Certified State Regulatory Programs
* Statutory Exemptions
* Categorical Exemptions
* Definitions

## Court Cases

Any listed court cases will be shown by the relevant laws in which they were affected by.

## CEQA Filters

* Search by article or reference number
* Water
* Air
* Waste

## External Links

* http://www.epa.org
* http://www.califaep.org
* http://ceres.ca.gov/ceqa
# California Environmental Quality Act/Statutes/Policy

SS 21000-210006: Policy
Summary: It is the role of the government and its citizens to prevent environmental devastation caused by human interactions.

## 21000: legislative intent

* Summary: The environment must be maintained relevant to our socioeconomic condition.
* A.The environmental matters all the time
* B.A healthy environment for man
* C.To study the relationship of a good environment
* D.Resources are limited. The legislature must do something
* E. Citizens must help the environment
* F. Cooperation is needed in society to enhance the environment
* G. The legislature will regulate it entities to prevent environmental damage.

## 21001: Additional legislative intent

Summary: To develop standards which ensure health of the people
* A. maintain environmental quality
* B. Provide a healthy environment to the people
* C. ensure marine biodiversity
* D. The environment shall be hospitable.
* E. Nature and man will exist in harmony to fulfill social and economic requirements.
* F. Develop standards
* G. Consider many factors which affect the environment in our society

## 21001.1: Review of Public Agency projects

* Summary: private and public agencies will have the same standards of review

## 21002: Approval of Projects; Feasible Alternative or Mitigation Measure

* Summary: if alternatives are found which impact the environment less, than proposed projects may not be simply approved. Depending on the situation, approval may vary

## 21002.1: Use of Environmental Impact Reports; Policy

* A. The purpose of Environmental Impact Reports are to show that if alternatives can be made to reduce project pollution and its affects.
* B. Projects which show significant affects on the environmental will not be approved.
* C. If socioeconomic factors favor high polluting projects, it may be approved by a public agency under certain laws.
# Canadian Criminal Evidence/Admissions and Confessions
## Introduction

Admissions and confessions are a family of statements made by an accused that are admissible as evidence. An admission is a statement, usually inculpatory, made by an accused to a civilian witness. A confession is a statement, usually inculpatory, made by an accused to a person in authority.

## Topics

* Admissions
* Confessions
* Voluntariness
* Right Against Self-crimination

## See Also

* Canadian Criminal Evidence/Cases
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Hotbed cold frame

Hotbed
A hotbed is a pile of decaying organic matter warmer than its surroundings due to the heat given off by the metabolism of the microorganisms in the decomposing pile. Hotbeds are used for composting and keeping delicate plants warm during the winter.
Cold Frame
In agriculture and gardening, a cold frame is a transparent-roofed enclosure, built low to the ground, used to protect plants from cold weather. The transparent top admits sunlight and relies on the greenhouse effect to reflect back radiant heat that would otherwise escape at night. Essentially, a cold frame functions as a miniature greenhouse season extension device.
Cold frames are found in home gardens and in vegetable farming. They create microclimates that provide several degrees of air and soil temperature insulation, and shelter from wind. In cold-winter regions, these characteristics allow plants to be started earlier in the spring, and to survive longer into the fall and winter. They are most often used for growing seedlings that are later transplanted into open ground, and can also be a permanent home to cold-hardy vegetables grown for autumn and winter harvest.
Cold frame construction is a common home or farm building project, although kits and commercial systems are available. A traditional plan makes use of old glass windows: a wooden frame is built 30-60 cm, and the window placed on top. The roof is often sloped towards the winter sun to capture more light, and to improve runoff of water, and hinged for easy access. Clear plastic, rigid or sheeting, can be used in place of glass. An electric heating cable, available for this purpose, can be placed in the soil to provide additional heat.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Honors Not Yet Complete

This page is updated automatically.
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# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Household Arts
## Index of Household Arts Honors (18)

AY Answer Book Development Stages :
| No Icon No Answers | Some Answers | 25% Answered | 50% Answered | 75% Answered | Comprehensive Answers |
| Baking Basic Sewing Cooking Cooking - Advanced Cultural Food Preparation Dressmaking | Dressmaking - Advanced Food - Canning Food - Drying Food - Freezing Housekeeping Laundering | Mat Making Nutrition Nutrition - Advanced Quilting Tailoring Tapa Cloth |
Division Honors :
| General Conference | East Africa Division | Euro Africa Division | North American Division | South Pacific Division |

## Index of Household Arts Honors by Skill Level
### Skill Level 1 Household Arts Honors

There are no pages matching this query.

### Skill Level 2 Household Arts Honors

There are no pages matching this query.

### Skill Level 3 Household Arts Honors

There are no pages matching this query.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/NMR spectroscopy of stereoisomers

NMR spectroscopy techniques can determine the absolute configuration of stereoisomers such as cis or trans alkenes, R or S enantiomers, and R,R or R,S diastereomers.
In a mixture of enantiomers, these methods can help quantify the optical purity by integrating the area under the NMR peak corresponding to each stereoisomer. Accuracy of integration can be improved by inserting a chiral derivatizing agent with a nucleus other than hydrogen or carbon, then reading the heteronuclear NMR spectrum: for example fluorine-19 NMR or phosphorus-31 NMR. Mosher's acid contains a -CF$_3$ group, so if the adduct has no other fluorine atoms, the $^{19}$F NMR of a racemic mixture shows just two peaks, one for each stereoisomer.
As with NMR spectroscopy in general, good resolution requires a high signal-to-noise ratio, clear separation between peaks for each stereoisomer, and narrow line width for each peak. Chiral lanthanide shift reagents cause a clear separation of chemical shift, but they must be used in low concentrations to avoid line broadening.

## Methods

* Karplus equation
* Chiral derivatizing agent
** Mosher's acid
** Chiral solvating agent
** Chiral lanthanide shift reagent (e.g. Eufod)
* NMR database method

## References

* ↑ David Parker. "NMR determination of enantiomeric purity." Chem. Rev. 1991, 91, 1441–1457.
* ↑ Frank J. Hollis. "NMR Through the Looking Glass: Uses of NMR Spectroscopy in the Analysis and Synthesis of Chiral Pharmaceuticals." 1994.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Monoisotopic mass

The monoisotopic mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms in a molecule using the unbound, ground-state, rest mass of the principal (most abundant) isotope for each element instead of the isotopic average mass. For typical organic compounds, where the monoisotopic mass is most commonly used, this also results in the lightest isotope being selected. For some heavier atoms such as iron and argon the principle isotope is not the lightest isotope. The term is designed for measurements in mass spectrometry primarily with smaller molecules. It is not typically useful as a concept in physics or general chemistry. Monoisotopic mass is typically expressed in unified atomic mass units (u), also called daltons (Da).

## Isotopic abundance

The mass spectral peak representing the monoisotopic mass is not always the most abundant isotopic peak in a spectrum despite it containing the most abundant isotope for each atom. This is because as the number of atoms in a molecule increases the probability of the entire molecule containing at least one heavy isotope atom increases. For example if there are 100 carbon atoms in a molecule each of which has an approximately 1% chance of being a heavy isotope the whole molecule is highly likely to contain at least one heavy isotope atom and the most abundant isotopic composition will no longer be the same as the monoisotopic peak.
The monoisotopic peak is sometimes not observable for two primary reasons. First the monoisotopic peak may not be resolved from the other isotopic peaks. In this case only the average molecular mass may be observed. In some cases even when the isotopic peaks are resolved, such as with a high resolution mass spectrometer, the monoisotopic peak may be below the noise level and higher isotopes may dominate completely.

## Context of Usage

The monoisotopic mass is not used frequently in fields outside of mass spectrometry because other fields can not distinguish molecules of differing isotopic composition. For this reason mostly the average molecular mass or even more commonly the molar mass is used. For most purposes such as weighing out bulk chemicals only the molar mass is relevant since what one is weighing is a statistical distribution of varying isotopic compositions.
Isotopic masses can play an important role in physics but physics less often deals with molecules. Molecules differing by an isotope are sometimes distinguished from one another in molecular spectroscopy or related fields, however it is usually a single isotope change on a larger molecule that can be observed rather than the isotopic composition of an entire molecule. In such cases, again, the isotopic mass can be important since the change in mass changes the vibrational frequencies for example but the monoisotopic mass is generally not relevant or at least uninteresting.

## References

* ↑ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "monoisotopic mass spectrum". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/NMR database method

The NMR database method enables identification of the stereochemistry of chiral molecules, especially polyols. It relies on the observation that NMR spectroscopy data depend only on the immediate environment near an asymmetric carbon, not on the entire molecular structure. All stereoisomers of a certain class of compounds are synthesized, and their proton NMR and carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants are compared. Y. Kishi's group at Harvard University has reported NMR databases for 1,3,5-triols 1,2,3-triols, 1,2,3,4-tetraols, and 1,2,3,4,5-pentaols.
The stereochemistry of any 1,2,3-triol may be determined by comparing it with the database, even if the remainder of the unknown molecule is different from the database template compounds.

## References

* ↑ Kobayashi, Y.; Tan, C.-H.; Kishi, Y. “Toward Creation of a Universal NMR Database for Stereochemical Assignment: The Case of 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Acyclic Systems” Helv. Chim. Acta 2000, 83, 2562-2571.
* ↑ S. Higabayashi, W. Czechtizky, Y. Kobayashi, and Y. Kishi. "Universal NMR Databases for Contiguous Polyols." J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 14379-14393.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Motional narrowing

In physics and chemistry, motional narrowing is a phenomenon where a certain resonant frequency has a smaller linewidth than might be expected, due to motion in an inhomogeneous system.
A common example is NMR. In this process, the nuclear spin of an atom starts rotating, with the frequency of rotation proportional to the external magnetic field that the atom experiences. However, in an inhomogeneous medium, the magnetic field often varies from point to point (depending, for example, on the magnetic susceptibility of nearby atoms), so the frequency of nuclear spin rotation is different in different places. Therefore, when detecting the resonant rotation frequency, there is a linewidth (i.e., finite range of different frequencies) due to the variation in that resonant frequency from point to point. (This is called "inhomogeneous broadening".)
However, if the atoms are diffusing around the system, they will experience a higher magnetic field than average sometimes, and a lower magnetic field than average other times. Therefore, (in accordance with the central limit theorem), the time-averaged magnetic field experienced by an atom has less variation than the instantaneous magnetic field does. As a consequence, when detecting the resonant rotation frequency, the linewidth is smaller (narrower) than it would be if the atoms were stationary. This is the motional narrowing effect.
A similar phenomenon occurs in many other systems. Another example is vibrational modes in a liquid. Each molecule of the liquid has vibrational modes, and the vibrational frequency is influenced by the positions of nearby molecules. However, if the nearby molecules reorient and move around fast enough, the vibration will essentially occur at an averaged frequency, and therefore have a smaller linewidth. For example, simulations suggest that the OH stretch vibration linewidth in liquid water is 30% smaller than it would be without this motional narrowing effect.

## References

* 1 2 Solid state: nuclear methods by J. N. Mundy, section 6.2.1.1, page 441.
* ↑ "The Effects of Dissolved Halide Anions on Hydrogen Bonding in Liquid Water", J. D. Smith et al., DOI:10.1021/ja071933z
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Named Reactions

* Aldol Reaction
* Baeyer-Villiger Rearrangement.
* Barton Reaction
* Beckmann Rearrangement
* Benzoin Reaction
* Curtius Rearrangement
* Demjanov Rearrangement
* Dieckmann Condensation
* Diels-Alder Reaction
* Favorskii Rearrangement
* Hofmann Rearrangement
* Hofmann-Loffor-Freytage Reaction
* Lossen Rearrangement
* Mannich Reaction
* Michael Reaction
* Perkin Reaction
* Pinacol-Pinacolone Rearrangement
* Reformatsky Reaction
* Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
* Robinson Annulation Reaction
* Schmidt Rearrangement
* Shapiro Reaction
* Sharpless Epoxidation Reaction
* Sommelet-Hauser Rearrangement
* Stork Enamine Reaction.
* Wagner-Meerwein Rearrangement
* Wittig Reaction
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 290

IBM code page 290 (CCSID 290) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes in Japan. It supports Katakana. Contrast EBCDIC 298.
CCSID 8482 is the euro currency update of code page/CCSID 290. Code point E1 is the "€" (euro sign) character.

## Codepage layout

EBCDIC 290 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | SEL | HT | RNL | DEL | GE | SPS | RPT | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | RES/ ENP | NL | BS | POC | CAN | EM | UBS | CU1 | IFS | IGS | IRS | ITB |
| 2x | DS | SOS | FS | WUS | BYP/ INP | LF | ETB | ESC | SA | SFE | SM/ SW | CSP | MFA | ENQ | ACK | BEL |
| 3x | | | SYN | IR | PP | TRN | NBS | EOT | SBS | IT | RFF | CU3 | DC4 | NAK | | SUB |
| 4x | SP | 。 3002 | 「 300C | 」 300D | 、 3001 | ・ 30FB | ヲ 30F2 | ァ 30A1 | ィ 30A3 | ゥ 30A5 | £ 00A3 | . 002E | < 003C | ( 0028 | + 002B | | 007C |
| 5x | & 0026 | ェ 30A7 | ォ 30A9 | ャ 30E3 | ュ 30E5 | ョ 30E7 | ッ 30C3 | | ー 30FC | | ! 0021 | ¥ 00A5 | * 002A | ) 0029 | ; 003B | ¬ 00AC |
| 6x | - 002D | / 002F | a 0061 | b 0062 | c 0063 | d 0064 | e 0065 | f 0066 | g 0067 | h 0068 | | , 002C | % 0025 | _ 005F | > 003E | ? 003F |
| 7x | [ 005B | i 0069 | j 006A | k 006B | l 006C | m 006D | n 006E | o 006F | p 0070 | ` 0060 | : 003A | # 0023 | @ 0040 | ' 0027 | = 003D | " 0022 |
| 8x | ] 005D | ア 30A2 | イ 30A4 | ウ 30A6 | エ 30A8 | オ 30AA | カ 30AB | キ 30AD | ク 30AF | ケ 30B1 | コ 30B3 | q 0071 | サ 30B5 | シ 30B7 | ス 30B9 | セ 30BB |
| 9x | ソ 30BD | タ 30BF | チ 30C1 | ツ 30C4 | テ 30C6 | ト 30C8 | ナ 30CA | ニ 30CB | ヌ 30CC | ネ 30CD | ノ 30CE | r 0072 | | ハ 30CF | ヒ 30D2 | フ 30D5 |
| Ax | ~ 007E | ¯ 00AF | ヘ 30D8 | ホ 30DB | マ 30DE | ミ 30DF | ム 30E0 | メ 30E1 | モ 30E2 | ヤ 30E4 | ユ 30E6 | s 0073 | ヨ 30E8 | ラ 30E9 | リ 30EA | ル 30EB |
| Bx | ^ 005E | ¢ 00A2 | \ 005C | t 0074 | u 0075 | v 0076 | w 0077 | x 0078 | y 0079 | z 007A | レ 30EC | ロ 30ED | ワ 30EF | ン 30F3 | ゙ 3099 | ゚ 309A |
| Cx | { 007B | A 0041 | B 0042 | C 0043 | D 0044 | E 0045 | F 0046 | G 0047 | H 0048 | I 0049 | | | | | | |
| Dx | } 007D | J 004A | K 004B | L 004C | M 004D | N 004E | O 004F | P 0050 | Q 0051 | R 0052 | | | | | | |
| Ex | $ 0024 | € 20AC | S 0053 | T 0054 | U 0055 | V 0056 | W 0057 | X 0058 | Y 0059 | Z 005A | | | | | | |
| Fx | 0 0030 | 1 0031 | 2 0032 | 3 0033 | 4 0034 | 5 0035 | 6 0036 | 7 0037 | 8 0038 | 9 0039 | | | | | | EO |

## References

* ↑ "CCSID 290 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-26.
* ↑ "Code page 290 information document". Archived from the original on 2017-06-10.
* ↑ "CCSID 8482 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-26.
* ↑ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-8482_P100-1999.ucm, 2002-12-03
* ↑ "Code Page 290" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-21.
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00290 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00290 (txt), IBM
* ↑ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-290_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03