OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Brahmin Tamil/Lesson5

Braahmik uses English words freely, especially when discussing science subjects or when referring to modern equipment of western origin.
Text
Eng apaa varshaa varsham en birthday ki nerreia story books vaangi tharuvaa. Adh ei ellaam en shelf le ozhung a arrange pahnni vech iruken.
Indha varsham books u ku badhil a video games vaangi thandhaa. Adh ei computer oodu disc drive le vechutu naan nerreia naazhi vehlaiaaduveen.
On kite computer iruk a ? CD ei tharatum a ? nie vehlaiaadi pakare a ?
Veendaam daa, eng apaa thituvaa. Pariekshei varadhu, padikahnum.
English Translation:
My father buys me a lot of story books for my birthday every year. I have arranged them all neatly in my shelf.
This year he bought video games instead of books. I play for a long time keeping it on the disc drive of the computer.
Do you have a computer ? Shall I give you the CD ? Would you like to try and play with it too ?
No, man, my father will scold me. The exam is coming near. I have to sudy.
Notes:
Varshaa varsham 'every year'.
Similar expressions are :
Maasaa maasam 'every month' and vaaraa vaaram 'every week'/
Vaangi tharuvaa 'he (generally) buys for me'.
Indha varsham 'this year'. vehlaiaadi pakare a ?
Vehleiaadi paaru 'try to play'. The verb paaru 'to see' is used with other verbs with the meaning 'try to ...'
The interrogative particle a after a present rtense form may mean 'are you ....ing' or 'would you like to ....' .
Veendaam daa 'I don't want, man'. Young equals (male) while talking to each other use the 'tag address' daa after a verb, in the same way as the word 'chum' could be used in English. This is done more frequently in Braahmik
Padikahnum '(I) have to read'. The suffix /-hnum (Thanju) or -hnam (Paalu) attached to the infinitive of a verb means /have to, must'.
Vocabulary:
| Thanju / Paalu | English |
| varshaa varsham | every year |
| en birthday ki | for my birthday |
| nerreia / nerrechum | a lot of |
| vaangi thaaa (thar, thandh, tharuv) | to buy and give, buy for me |
| ozhung a | neatly |
| arrange pahnni veich iru | to have arranged and kept . |
| ku badhil a | instead of |
| nerreia naazhi, romba neeram | for a long time |
| oodu | (postposition) of |
| vehlaiaadu (-dar, -din, -duv) | to play |
| tharatum a ? | shall I give ? |
| vehlaiaadi paaru (paakar, paathu, paapu) | try to play |
| veendaam | it is not needed, I don't want, don't |
| daa | (a tagged on address among young equals) |
| thitu (thitar, thitin, thituv) | to scold |
| pariekshei | examination |
| vaa (var, vandhu, varuv) | to come |
| padikahnum | (I, you, we) have to study. |
# Brahmin Tamil/Introduction

Brahmin Tamil or Braahmik is the name for a number of closely related Tamil dialects used by the Tamil Brahmin communities (Iyers and Iyengars) of Tamil Nadu and in the neighbouring states.

## Various dialects

Braahmik is the proposed name for these dialects.
The 2 dialects are :
* The Thanju style, spoken in Tamil Nadu, mainly represented by Tanjore or Thanjavur and
* The Paalu style spoken in Kerala mainly represented by Palghat or Palakkad.
There are two main differences between these two styles :
* In the words ending in m and n preceded by a vowel, the vowel is nasalised but the nasal consonants themselves are not pronounced except when followed by a word beginning with a vowel in the Thanju style. In the Paalu style the nasal consonants in these cases are always pronounced.
* There is also often a difference in the vocabulary of the two styles. To give only one example, the word for 'news' is samaachaaram in Thanju, but varthamaanam in Paalu.
Both styles of Brahmin Tamil dialects augment their vocabulary by freely borrowing from Tamil language|Tamil, Sanskrit and English language|English.
A common orthography based on the Latin alphabet has been proposed for both styles of Braahmik.
# Brahmin Tamil/Lesson2

Enga 'our' is a possessive adjective, the final -a is often dropped when followed by a word beginning with a vowel : eng aam 'our house', When something is owned by most members of the family, enga 'our' is used instead of en 'my'. Thus 'my father, my house' is always replaced by 'our father, our house', etc.
In Thanju, words beginning with i- or -e tend to be pronounced as yi- or ye-, beginning with the semivowel or consonant y-, So, in the expression ong aam enge iruku, the m of aam is not pronounced and the aa is nasalised, because enge is pronounced as yenge beginning with the consonant y-. In Paalu e- and i- are pronounced as such, and in any case the final -m and -n are always pronounced as a full nasal consonant.
So the same expression ong aam enge iruku is pronounced differently in the two styles, although written in the same way.
The interrogative particle a (pronounced aa) turns a statement into a question.
The Paalu 2 nd person singular verb ending -aay is replaced by -e when it is followed by the interrogative partiocle a.
The simple present tense form is often equivalent to the simple present or present continuous form of English : padikaren 'I read, I am reading'
The negative form of the verb is obtained by placing the particle lei after the infinitive form of the verb.
The postposition ku / ki : ki occurs after a word ending in -i, -e, -ai or -ei. ku occurs elsewhere.
Vocabulary
Verbs are given in the imperative form. The present, past and future tense bases are given in parentheses.
Braahmik-English Vocabulary :
| Braahmik | English |
| enga, eng (before a vowel) | our |
| aam (aathu) | home, house |
| onga. ong (before a vowel) | your |
| enge | where |
| iru (iruku, irundhu, irupu) | to be |
| yaar, yaar yaar | who, who all |
| endha (interrog adj form of edhu) | which |
| edhu (int pron) | which one |
| padi (padikar, padichu, padipu) | to read, study |
| veelei | work, job |
| po, poo (poohar/poor, poon, poovu) | to go |
| ipo | now |
| ku / ki | to |
| pooha | to go (infinitive of po/poo) |
| lei | do / did not (after an infinitive) |
| dhaan | only, just |
| irukaa | he (hon.) / she is |
| Naan | I |
| paadam padi | read a lesson, study |
| nie | you (sg) |
| enna | what |
| pahn, pahnnu | to do |
| szeey | to do |
# Brahmin Tamil/Lesson4

The verb form szollatum (formed by affixing -tum to the infinitive of a verb) means 'let me (him, her, us, them) say'
When the interrogative particle a is placed after it, it means 'may I say?'
Epo paath aal um is a phrase that means 'always, whenever (you) see', The structure is complex, with epo... and ...um forming a frame meaning 'always, ever', into which a past participle plus aa(l) maning 'when / if (you)...'
The emphatic particle e, placed after the present adverbial participle form of a verb, means 'going on ...ing'.
Avar paduthund e irupar means literally 'he would go on lying down',
The present participle form is obtained by affixing -(ki/hi)ndu to the past participle form of a verb,
To get the present, past or future continuous tenses, the three finite tense forms of the verb iru 'to be' are used :
Naan padichund irundhen 'I was studying'
Nienga naahlei ki Mumbai ki pooynd irupehl 'You will be on your way to Mumbai tomorrow'
Kozhandheihahl innum thuungind irukaa 'The children are still sleeping'.
The particle o has many uses. One of them is 'as for ...'. Eng apaa k o 'as for my father, as far as my father is concerned'.
The perfect tenses could be formed by placing the shortened verb -du (as a suffix in its various tense forms) attached to the refular verb:
Szaapdu 'eat', szaaptudu 'finish eating'. The imperative, present, past and future bases of the suffixal vern -du are”
-du, -dar, -tu, -duv.
While the verb chaapdu, szaapdu 'to eat' is an ordinary transitive verb, chaaptudu, szaaptudu 'finish eating, eat it up' is a perfective verb that implies a definite beginning or definite finishing of an action.
The phrase or e means 'one and the same' or 'innumerable, endless, extreme (and so many other equivalents depending upon the context)':
Or e kahleipu 'extreme fatigue, (being) extremely tired', or e kuutam 'a milling crowd', or e chatei 'a single (one and the same) shirt'.
Words indicating time (as onl the calendar) can be used as adverbs without a postposition: thinga kezhamei 'Monday, on Monday. Also kalambara 'morning, in the morning'.
# Brahmin Tamil/Lesson1
## The Braahmik Alphabet

Short Vowels : a, i, u, e, o
Long Vowels : aa, ii /ie, uu, ee, oo
Diphthongs : ai / ei, au
Velar Consonants : k, g
Palatal Consonants : chee, jee
Retroflex Consonants : tada, dada
Dental Consonants : th, dh
Labial Consonants : p, b
Velar Nasal : ng
Palatal Nasal : nj
Retroflex Nasal : hn
Dental or Alveolar Nasal : n
Bilabial Nasal : m
Fricatives and continuants : y, r, l, v, zh, hl, sz, sh, s, h, rr, z
Many of these can occur as geminates : kk, gg, nng, nnj, hnn, mm, nn, cch, jj, tt, dd, tth, ddh, pp, bb, ll, hll, trr
There are also aspirated stop consonants : kh, gh, chh, jh, t'h, d'h, thh, dhh, ph, bh
Idhu 'this, this is'. The link verb 'to be' is not used in the present tense. There is no article, definite or indefinite. 'This table' as a full sentence means 'this is a table'.
The final -u in words is pronounced as an unrounded back vowel, something between i and u.
Nouns are followed by postpositions like kite 'near', le 'in' or kiizhe 'below'. There are also compound postpostions made up of a postposition plus noun plus postposition like k adi le 'below'. The verb iruku means 'is' or 'there is'.
Nouns are in an oblique form before a preposition. Most nouns have no special oblique form. Many have. Pusthahath is the oblique form of pusthaham. Sometimes between the oblique form and the postposition a dummy particle like u or n is placed. Chevar has an oblique form chevath. English words in English spelling are freely used in Braahmik.

## Vocabulary

Braahmik-English Vocabulary :
| Braahmik | English |
| Idhu | 'this, this is' |
| meejei, meeszei | 'table' |
| naakaali, naarkaali, kasaalei (paalu) | 'chair' |
| jannal, janal (paalu) | 'window' |
| kadhavu | 'door' |
| chevar, szevar | 'wall' |
| kite | 'near' |
| Ul-lae | 'in' |
| um | 'also' |
| dhaan | 'only' |
| kee lae | 'under, below' |
| kupai kudai | 'waste basket' |
| iruku (pres. t. of iru 'to be') | 'is, there is' |
| meele | 'above, on' |
| Puthakam, pusthakham | 'book' |
| pusthahath | (obl. form of pusthaham) |
| u | (a dummy infix before a postposition) |
| n | (a dummy infix before a postposition) |
| ku pakath le | 'near' |
| pakam | 'side' |
| Eluthukhol, pena | 'pen' |
# Brahmin Tamil/Lesson3

The word rendu 'two' has the forms rend aavadhu (Thanju) and rend aamadhu (Paalu) as the ordinal numerical pronouns (neuter gender).
The corresponding numerical adjectives are respectively rend aavadhu and rend aamathu.
The word paian 'boy', plural paszanga(hl), is preferred in Thanju and the word puhllei 'boy', plural puhlleiahl, is preferred in Paalu.
The expressions mun aale (Thanju) and min aale (Paalu) both mean 'before' (in time) and 'in front, forward' (in space).
The future tense base often serves as a noun, as in padi 'to read, srudy' and padipu 'reading, studies'.
The word aakum, variously translatable as 'indeed, of course, etc.' is more often used in Paalu and very rarely in Thanju.
Examples :
Aar aakum adhu ? 'Who could it be ?'
(This meaning results while trying to guess 'who it is').
It could mean 'Who the hell is it ?' (This is the meaning when a person is annoyed by the interference). Naan aakum chonnen 'It is I who said it'. Enge aakum poonaa ? 'where indeed did they go ?' or 'Can you guess where they went ?'
The plural ending could be -kahl, -gahl, -hahl or (y)ahl depending upon the phonetic context.
The future tense form of the verb is used often to refer to habitual actions of the past sometimes extending into the present:
Avaa varuvaa 'they will come, they used to come', irukum 'there generally is'.
The particle a or aa is often placed after a noun to convert it into an adverb.
Vocabulary
Verbs are given in the imperative form and the present, past and future bases are given in parentheses ( ).
Nouns and pronouns are given in their ordinary (nominative) form followed in parentheses by the oblique form and, separated by a semicolon, by the attributive form.
Vocabulary :
| Paalu / Thanju | English |
| Rendu | two |
| Rend aamadhu (aamadhu ; aamathu) / rend aavadhu | second, the second one |
| yuddham (yuddhathu) | war |
| min aale / mun aale | before, in front |
| graamam (graamathu) | village |
| puhllei | boy, son |
| ellaam (ellaathu ; ellaa) | all, everuthing, everybody |
| meel (adj) | higher, upper |
| padipu | reading, studies |
| enge | where |
| aakum | indeed, of course, can you guess ...? |
| poonaa (past 3 rd p pl / f sg of po, poo 'to go' ) | they went, she went |
| patahnam (patahnathu) | town, city |
| thaan, dhaan | (emphatic particle meaning:) of course, indeed, alone |
| edhu (edhu : endha) | which |
| mukiam a | mainly, chiefly |
| madhiraaszi / madraas | Madras |
| chela, szela (adj.) | some, a few |
| skuuhl, paadaszaalei / skuul, pahllikuudam (pahllikuudathu ; pahllikuuda(thu) | school |
| kutiahl (paalu) | children, boys, girls |
| thaamasi (-kar. -chu, -pu) / thangu (-ar, -in, -uv) | stay, live |
| le uhlla | (a relative phrase meaning:) that/who is in, that/who are in |
| bandhhukahl / sondhakaaraa(hl) | relatives |
| ... o ...o | either ... or ,,, |
| eedh aavadhu oru | any, some |
| eduthuko (-kar, -kindu, -kuv / -kar, -hd, -pu) | take, fix up for yourself |
| thamasikara / thangara | (present partyicipial adj) staying, living. |
# Demystifying Depression/Feeling Good vs Actual Improvement

Next page: Why Moderate Exercise May Sometimes Help, Previous page: The Role of Sports, Top: Demystifying Depression

### Feeling Good vs. Actual Improvement

Sports alone can lift up a depression, says one of the most common pieces of advice about the illness. Unfortunately, this statement is grossly incomplete, often tragically so. If you have properly understood the roles played by adrenaline and cortisol (take a look again at the section on The Stress System to refresh your memory), you already have a glimpse of why this is such misleading advice. Exercise can indeed momentarily lift up the subjective feeling of a depressed person, but that is all caused by adrenaline. It is therefore critical to make the distinction between the momentary mood improvement caused by exercise (which is undisputed), and whether it translates into an actual improvement of the underlying depression.
Please refer back to The Stress System. There I have speculated on recent findings which indicate that a process known as neurogenesis ("neuron birth") is implicated in recovery from depression. This process takes about three weeks to occur*, which also happens to be the average time required for antidepressants to have an effect. This coincidence has led some to hypothesise that antidepressants work by stimulating neurogenesis . The point of this digression is to emphasise that anything which has a positive effect on recovery from depression is likely to require at least three weeks to work and will often take longer to be noticeable. One should therefore be a bit suspicious of any cure which seems to work instantly, as is the case of exercise.
Now the question is: does exercise also have a long-term positive effect on depression, or is it all a short-term illusion?
Next page: Why Moderate Exercise May Sometimes Help, Previous page: The Role of Sports, Top: Demystifying Depression
# Demystifying Depression/Happiness

Next page: Facing the Prejudice, Previous page: The Burnout Syndrome, Top: Demystifying Depression

## Happiness

Next page: Facing the Prejudice, Previous page: The Burnout Syndrome, Top: Demystifying Depression
# Demystifying Depression/Daily Routine

Next page: Tips for Good Sleep, Previous page: General Lifestyle Advice, Top: Demystifying Depression

### Daily Routine

I will now make a brief description of the typical daily routine. This advice assumes that the person is in a serious condition, but there are still a few good pointers to extract even for mildly depressed individuals. Also, as the condition improves, one does not need to be as rigorous as in the early stages.
* Take your time to do the morning activities
You surely do not want to rev up your body immediately after waking up! Take your time to get up, to shower, to get dressed, and to breakfast. If it takes you less than one hour and a half to perform these activities, then you are doing them too quickly.
* Take a walk in the morning
The idea is to have a qualitative walk. Pay attention to the colours around you, to the smells, the sounds, the shapes, the people, etc. This will help to diffuse your thoughts, and to avoid the obsessive thinking that accompanies depression. Also, since you must limit physical activity, walking every morning is important for your body to burn excess sugar. Walk for about half an hour, and do not forget: lie down for another half an hour afterwards! (Remember Figure 3: your body will take longer than usual to get back to normal).
* Find an activity that gives you pleasure
Like gardening, painting, or bird-watching.
* Eat properly and avoid heavy meals
Digestion is also quite demanding on your body, and therefore it is better to have more meals rather than bigger meals. Also, a depression is really a bad time to be thinking of diets. Eat well and make sure you get all your nutrients.
Some people also swear by the importance of drinking water regularly during the day. The rationale is that dehydration is a stress event, thus triggering the physiological reaction we aim to avoid.
* Have a siesta
Even if you cannot sleep, it is important that you lie down for a while until your body is (relatively) rested. We all have a natural dip after lunch, and it is a pity that some modern societies have lost the siesta habit.
Next page: Tips for Good Sleep, Previous page: General Lifestyle Advice, Top: Demystifying Depression
# Demystifying Depression/Facing the Prejudice

Next page: Conclusion, Previous page: Happiness, Top: Demystifying Depression

## Facing the Prejudice

Most of the advice contained in both instalments of this document is based on one very important assumption: society will give you the means to recover. Unfortunately, this is still far from being the case. A seriously depressed person cannot constantly go over their limits if their brains are to be given any chance of recovering. Take the practical example of restarting work: one has to build up the activity slowly, in accordance with the increase of the maximum capacity of the brain (remember Figure 6 from The Recovery Process). Obviously, this requires some sort of official recognition of the particularities of depression. In theory, this is part of the law and recognised in most civilised countries. In practise, things can be very different.
Do not assume that because you live in an otherwise tolerant and socially-minded society, depression will also be well understood. Bear in mind that other factors come into play, most importantly the fact that cure takes a long time, which means it is also very expensive for an employer. Also, the overall stance towards mental illness might be biased by the prevailing religious substrate, influencing attitudes even of non-religious people: take the example of Calvinism here in the Netherlands. All in all, when depression is the subject, do not be surprised when society shows its ugly side. The good old advice of stashing away some six-months worth of salary for a rainy day is very much applicable in the case of depression: you will need it.
Interestingly enough, I see no reason—other than prejudice and bad will—why the state of affairs should remain like this. Take again a look at the section on Quantifying Depression: it is well within our means to devise reliable objective tests to assess the seriousness of a depression and/or to determine when a person is again fit enough to work. Depression itself provides more than enough misery. It is inhumane and cruel that the problem should be compounded by lack of recognition.
Next page: Conclusion, Previous page: Happiness, Top: Demystifying Depression
# Demystifying Depression/Depression and Ageing

Next page: The Genetic Link, Previous page: A Real World Example, Top: Demystifying Depression

## Depression and Ageing

You do not see 60-year olds having the same lifestyle as 20-year olds. Even a 40 or a 30-year old probably would not be able to accommodate for a long time all the intense living and partying of their youth. We naturally accept that our physical abilities decrease slowly with age, and our brains are no different. Mind you, in this context I will speak only of the brain's endurance, not of the general cognitive abilities. Therefore, do not interpret the graph in Figure 9 as "getting dumber with age". (Though it is most likely that cognitive abilities also decrease with age. Luckily, the added experience can in large part compensate for that).
Bear in mind that I am largely speculating here, but I would not be surprised if the reason why depression tends to strike first towards the mid 20s (and this is a fact) is related to a dip in the maximum normal capacity which happens after adolescence. Many people simply fail to accommodate for the necessary changes in their lifestyle, and thus find themselves constantly going over their (now slightly diminished) limits.
Still on the speculation front, consider the fact that people tend to sleep less as they get older. Could it be related with the graph in Figure 9? If sleep is indeed fundamental for the brain to repair itself, and if age cuts down the requirements for the maximum normal capacity, it is not too far-fetched to imagine that people would therefore require less sleep as they get older.
Speculations aside, do not look with gloom at the graph. Ageing is not a death sentence as far as feeling well is concerned. People do generally accommodate by making changes to their lifestyle, and remember that depression only arises should you constantly go over your limits. Furthermore, in percentage terms, the natural decrease might not even be large. (Unfortunately, our current understanding of depression does not yet allow us to make precise quantifications. See the section Quantifying Depression for details).
Next page: The Genetic Link, Previous page: A Real World Example, Top: Demystifying Depression