OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Blogs, Social Networks, and Mailing Lists
##### Chemistry and Chemical Electronic Mailing Lists

* CHMINF-L, Chemical Information Sources Discussion List
* CHMINF-L Archives, 1991 to date
* Chemistry Mailing Lists Compilation at University of Liverpool
* Chemistry and Chemical Information E-Mail Lists

##### Science Blog Networks

* ScienceBlogs.com
* Scientific American
* Discover
* The Guardian
* Wired Science
* PLOS
* Phenomena (National Geographic)
* Double X Science
* nature.com
* SciLogs
* Forbes Pharma and Healthcare and Innovation and Science
* Slate
* Southern Fried Science
* Ars Technica
More networks and feeds for non-network bloggers at ScienceSeeker

##### Selected Chemistry Blogs

* In the Pipeline (Derek Lowe)
* The Curious Wavefunction (Ashutosh Jogalekar)
* Useful Chemistry (Jean-Claude Bradley)
* Chempedia Lab
* ChemSpider Blog
* Computational Chemistry
* Cooking, Cakes and Chemistry (Patricia Meindl)
* Mass Spectrometry Blog (Kermit Murray)
* Open Chemistry Web
* Org Prep Daily
* petermr's blog (Peter Murray-Rust)
* Totallysynthetic (Paul Docherty)
* Chemistry Blogs
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Careers in Chemistry
#### American Chemical Society

* American Chemical Society Careers page
* EPiC Experiential Programs in Chemistry (ACS)

#### Employment in Chemistry and Related Areas

* Resources on Careers in Chemical Information (ACS CINF)
* Chemistry Jobs: Job posting network
* Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide/Jobs
* ChemJOBS.net
* The Road Less Travelled (Alternative Careers in Chemistry Blog of Patricia Meindl, University of Toronto)
* Medicinal and Computational Chemistry Job, Resume, and Consulting Market
* CCL Jobs
* Science Careers
* ScienceJobs.com (from New Scientist magazine)
* The Scientist Careers

#### Ethics in Science

* Ethics in Science (University of Vermont)
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Chemical Patent Searches
##### Free Patent or Trademark Databases

* Cambia's Patent Lens free and open public full text and biologicals patent search comprising USPTO, WO, EP, AU and INPADOC.
* Google Patents
* USPTO patent databases (bibliographic, citation, and full text data, 1976-)
* USPTO Patent Application Information Retrieval Search patent application status by patent number.
* USPTO Trademarks Page
* WIPO's PATENTSCOPE database (for international patent applications; front page data w/ drawings, 1997-)
* esp@cenet (has full pdf images of patents, including US)
* DEPATISnet (especially good for German patents)
* FreePatentsOnline Free Patent Searching from US 4000000. Updated as new patents are published by the USPTO.
* IP Newsflash Search for patent families based on INPADOC data.

##### Search Sites Requiring Registration

* Delphion
* SurfIP (offers access to multiple patent and other sources; International Patent Office of Singapore)
* WikiPatents (a public community that reviews US patents and pending patent applications)

##### Commercial Patent Databases

* Derwent
* MicroPatent
* Dialog Corporation
** Database list
* STN International
** STN Patent Forum
** STN Database List
* Questel
** Database Catalogs
** QPAT
* Paterra (machine translation of Japanese patent information)
* PharmaValet (integrates approved drugs and associated patent information from the US and Canada)

##### Patent Classification, Country, and Kind Codes

* US Patent Class Definitions and Classification Manual
** USPTO
* World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
** International Classifications
** IPC ed. 7 (web)
* Derwent (Thomson):
** Coding and Classification Database
** Kind Codes (patent specification descriptors: "type" or "kind" codes)
** Patent Assignee/Company Codes
* Chemical Abstracts Service
** CAS Coverage of Patents
** Coverage of CA Basic Patents by Year (Country Code and Year List for Patent Countries Covered)
** Patent Kind Codes for CA Basic and Patent Family Members
* Netmark
** Country Codes

##### Introduction to Patents

* Information About Patents (Thomson Reuters Derwent)
* What Every Chemist Should Know About Patents (Le-Nhung McLeland for the ACS) (version on the McLeland Web site)
* Understanding Intellectual Property
* WIPO Free Information Products

##### Miscellaneous

* U.S. Patent Number Guide (Michael White, Queen's University)
* Useful Links (European Patent Office)
* Patents (British Library)
* Intellectual Property Law: Patents (Yahoo)
* Patent Information Users' Group
* Patent Handout from the ACS CINF WORKSHOP: Teaching Chemical Information, August 18, 2002, Boston (Silvia Lee)
* Select Bibliography on Patents
* Patents (Swain Chemistry Library, Stanford University)
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 918

IBM code page 918 (CCSID 918) is an EBCDIC code page used on IBM mainframes in Pakistan to support Urdu.

## Codepage layout

Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.
Urdu EBCDIC :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | ST | HT | SSA | DEL | SSA | RI | SS2 | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | OSC | NL | BS | ESA | CAN | EM | PU2 | SS3 | IFS | IGS | IRS | ITB |
| 2x | PAD | HOP | BPH | NBH | IND | LF | ETB | ESC | HTS | HTJ | VTS | PLD | UP | ENQ | ACK | BEL |
| 3x | DCS | PU1 | SYN | STS | CCH | MW | SPA | EOT | SOS | SGCI | SCI | CSI | DC4 | NAK | PM | SUB |
| 4x | SP | NBSP | ، 060C | ؛ 061B | ؟ 061F | ﺁ FE81 | ﺍ FE8D | ﺎ FE8E | | ﺏ FE8F | [ 005B | . 002E | < 003C | ( 0028 | + 002B | ! 0021 |
| 5x | & 0026 | ﺑ FE91 | ﭖ FB56 | ﭘ FB58 | ﺓ FE93 | ﺕ FE95 | ﺗ FE97 | ﭦ FB66 | ﭨ FB68 | ﺙ FE99 | ] 005D | $ 0024 | * 002A | ) 0029 | ; 003B | ^ 005E |
| 6x | - 002D | / 002F | ﺛ FE9B | ﺝ FE9D | ﺟ FE9F | ﭺ FB7A | ﭼ FB7C | ﺡ FEA1 | ﺣ FEA3 | ﺥ FEA5 | ` 0060 | , 002C | ٪ 066A | _ 005F | > 003E | ? 003F |
| 7x | ۰ 06F0 | ۱ 06F1 | ۲ 06F2 | ۳ 06F3 | ۴ 06F4 | ۵ 06F5 | ۶ 06F6 | ۷ 06F7 | ۸ 06F8 | ۹ 06F9 | : 003A | # 0023 | @ 0040 | ' 0027 | = 003D | " 0022 |
| 8x | ﺧ FEA7 | a 0061 | b 0062 | c 0063 | d 0064 | e 0065 | f 0066 | g 0067 | h 0068 | i 0069 | ﺩ FEA9 | ﮈ FB88 | ﺫ FEAB | ﺭ FEAD | ﮌ FB8C | ﺯ FEAF |
| 9x | ﮊ FB8A | j 006A | k 006B | l 006C | m 006D | n 006E | o 006F | p 0070 | q 0071 | r 0072 | ﺱ FEB1 | ﺳ FEB3 | ﺵ FEB5 | ﺷ FEB7 | ﺹ FEB9 | ﺻ FEBB |
| Ax | ﺽ FEBD | ~ 007E | s 0073 | t 0074 | u 0075 | v 0076 | w 0077 | x 0078 | y 0079 | z 007A | ﺿ FEBF | ﻃ FEC3 | ﻇ FEC7 | ﻉ FEC9 | ﻊ FECA | ﻋ FECB |
| Bx | ﻌ FECC | ﻍ FECD | ﻎ FECE | ﻏ FECF | ﻐ FED0 | ﻑ FED1 | ﻓ FED3 | ﻕ FED5 | ﻗ FED7 | ﮎ FB8E | ﻛ FEDB | | 007C | ﮒ FB92 | ﮔ FB94 | ﻝ FEDD | ﻟ FEDF |
| Cx | { 007B | A 0041 | B 0042 | C 0043 | D 0044 | E 0045 | F 0046 | G 0047 | H 0048 | I 0049 | SHY | ﻠ FEE0 | ﻡ FEE1 | ﻣ FEE3 | ﮞ FB9E | ﻥ FEE5 |
| Dx | } 007D | J 004A | K 004B | L 004C | M 004D | N 004E | O 004F | P 0050 | Q 0051 | R 0052 | ﻧ FEE7 | ﺅ FE85 | ﻭ FEED | ﮦ FBA6 | ﮨ FBA8 | ﮩ FBA9 |
| Ex | \ 005C | ﮪ FBAA | S 0053 | T 0054 | U 0055 | V 0056 | W 0057 | X 0058 | Y 0059 | Z 005A | ﺀ FE80 | ﺉ FE89 | ﺊ FE8A | ﺋ FE8B | ﯼ FBFC | ﯽ FBFD |
| Fx | 0 0030 | 1 0031 | 2 0032 | 3 0033 | 4 0034 | 5 0035 | 6 0036 | 7 0037 | 8 0038 | 9 0039 | ﯾ FBFE | ﮰ FBB0 | ﮮ FBAE | ﹼ FE7C | ﹽ FE7D | APC |
^a 0x48 represents aleph after lam (not in Unicode).

## References

* ↑ "CCSID 918 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-26.
* ↑ "Code page 918 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-17.
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00918 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 00918 (txt), IBM
* ↑ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-918_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/JEF codepage

JEF is a stateful EBCDIC charset used in Fujitsu mainframe systems called FACOM and some OASYS series personal word processors. JEF is an acronym for "Japanese processing Extended Feature". It was introduced by Fujitsu in April 1979, but the implementation predates JIS C 6226-1978.

## Encoding structure

Here are the valid ranges of bytes according to its encoding structure.
| Byte Range Purpose | Byte Range in Hexadecimal | Comment |
| single byte | 41-F9 | Includes graphic characters. Does not include unassigned characters nor ISO control characters. |
| shift to single byte mode | 29 | |
| shift to double byte mode | 28 | |
| first byte of double byte | 40, 41-7D, 7F-FE | A1-FE are JIS C 6226-1978 characters. 41-7D, 7F are extended characters. 80-A0 are user defined characters. Byte 40 is only valid when followed by byte 40. |
| second byte of double byte | 40, A1-FE | 40 is only valid when preceded by byte 40. 0x40 0x40 makes the ideographic space character. |

## External links

* The Japanese Language Information System JEF

## References

Lunde, Ken. CJKV Information Processing. Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly & Associates, 1998. ISBN 1-56592-224-7.
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/KEIS

KEIS is a stateful EBCDIC charset used in Hitachi mainframe systems. KEIS is an acronym for "Kanji processing Extended Information System". It is also known as Code page 1279.

## Encoding structure

Here are the valid ranges of bytes according to its encoding structure.
| Byte Range Purpose | Byte Range in Hexadecimal | Comment |
| single byte | 41-F9 | Includes graphic characters. Does not include unassigned characters nor ISO control characters. |
| full width space | 40 40 or A1 A1 | |
| shift to single byte mode | 0A 41 | |
| shift to double byte mode | 0A 42 | |
| first byte of double byte | 40, 41-FE | A1-CF is the basic set. D0-FE is extended set 1. 59-80 is extended set 2. 81-A0 are user defined characters. Byte 40 is only valid when followed by byte 40. |
| second byte of double byte | 40, 41-FE | 40 is only valid when preceded by byte 40. 0x40 0x40 makes the ideographic space character. Normally only A1-FE is used. |

## References

* [Lunde, Ken. CJKV Information Processing. Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly & Associates, 1998. ISBN 1-56592-224-7. (Note that Appendix D has a typo for the hexadecimal ranges for KEIS. The decimal ranges were used for the encoding structure.)
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/ISO/IEC-P1289

IEC-P1289 (or ISO IR-181) is an 8-bit character set developed by the IEC. FreeDOS calls it code page 65503.

## Character set

At 0xDE is DOUBLE TILDE, unified with ALMOST EQUAL TO in Unicode. 0xE5 was mapped to U+2208 prior to Unicode 3.1. Only the upper half is shown, the lower half being plain ASCII.
IEC-P1289-1 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| Ax | NBSP | ⏋ 23CB | ⎍ 238D | ⎎ 238E | ◇ 25C7 | ⎏ 238F | ⎐ 2390 | ⎑ 2391 | ⎒ 2392 | © 00A9 | ≤ 2264 | ≪ 226A | ¬ 00AC | SHY | ® 00AE | |
| Bx | ° 00B0 | ± 00B1 | ÷ 00F7 | ∞ 221E | ∫ 222B | … 2026 | ≠ 2260 | · 00B7 | ≈ 2248 | ≡ 2261 | ≥ 2265 | ≫ 226B | ™ 2122 | ℄ 2104 | ― 2015 | ⎓ 2393 |
| Cx | ‰ 2030 | ← 2190 | | Γ 0393 | Δ 0394 | ◁ 25C1 | ∇ 2207 | ▷ 25B7 | Θ 0398 | ∩ 2229 | ⎔ 2394 | Λ 039B | | | Ξ 039E | |
| Dx | Π 03A0 | → 2192 | | Σ 03A3 | | Υ 03A5 | Φ 03A6 | × 00D7 | Ψ 03A8 | Ω 03A9 | □ 25A1 | ∅ 2205 | ∠ 2220 | ∼ 223C | ≈ 2248 | ≋ 224B |
| Ex | ° 00B0 | α 03B1 | β 03B2 | γ 03B3 | δ 03B4 | ϵ 03F5 | ζ 03B6 | η 03B7 | θ 03B8 | ι 03B9 | κ 03BA | λ 03BB | μ 03BC | ν 03BD | ξ 03BE | |
| Fx | π 03C0 | ρ 03C1 | | σ 03C3 | τ 03C4 | υ 03C5 | φ 03C6 | χ 03C7 | ψ 03C8 | ω 03C9 | ϑ 03D1 | ϕ 03D5 | ε 03B5 | | | |

## References

* ↑ "Cpi/CPIISO/Codepage.TXT at master · FDOS/Cpi". GitHub.
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/ISO/ISO-IR 123

ISO-IR 123, or CSA Z243.4, is used in Canada. It supports English, Canadian French, and Spanish, as well as some general purpose symbols used in North America. FreeDOS calls it code page 65501.
ISO-IR-123 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| Ax | NBSP | ¡ | ¨ | £ | ¢ | ¥ | ± | ´ | ⁽ | ⁾ | ½ | ⁺ | ¸ | SHY | · | ⁻ |
| Bx | ⁰ | ¹ | ² | ³ | ⁴ | ⁵ | ⁶ | ⁷ | ⁸ | ⁹ | ¼ | ¾ | ≤ | ≠ | ≥ | ¿ |
| Cx | À | Á | Â | Ç | È | É | Ê | Ë | Í | Î | Ï | Ñ | Ó | Ô | Ù | Ú |
| Dx | Û | Ü | ® | § | ¶ | µ | ª | º | ‘ | ’ | “ | ” | « | » | ° | ¦ |
| Ex | à | á | â | ç | è | é | ê | ë | í | î | ï | ñ | ó | ô | ù | ú |
| Fx | û | ü | © | ─ | │ | └ | ┘ | ┐ | ┌ | ├ | ┴ | ┤ | ┬ | ┼ | ¬ | ■ |

### References

* ↑ https://github.com/FDOS/cpi/blob/master/CPIISO/codepage.txt. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/MS-DOS/Code page 113

Code page 113 is a code page intended for Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, and Slovenian.

## Character set

The following table shows code page 113. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (128–255) is shown, the first half (0–127) being the same as code page 437.
Code page 113 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 8x 128 | Ç 00C7 | ü 00FC | é 00E9 | â 00E2 | ä 00E4 | à 00E0 | ć 0107 | ç 00E7 | ê 00EA | ë 00EB | è 00E8 | ï 00EF | î 00EE | ì 00EC | Ä 00C4 | Ć 0106 |
| 9x 144 | É 00C9 | č 010D | Č 010C | ô 00F4 | ö 00F6 | ò 00F2 | û 00FB | ù 00F9 | ÿ 00FF | Ö 00D6 | Ü 00DC | đ 0111 | £ 00A3 | Đ 0110 | ₧ 20A7 | ƒ 0192 |
| Ax 160 | á 00E1 | í 00ED | ó 00F3 | ú 00FA | š 0161 | Š 0160 | ž 017E | Ž 017D | ¿ 00BF | ⌐ 2310 | ¬ 00AC | ½ 00BD | ¼ 00BC | ¡ 00A1 | « 00AB | » 00BB |
| Bx 176 | ░ 2591 | ▒ 2592 | ▓ 2593 | │ 2502 | ┤ 2524 | ╡ 2561 | ╢ 2562 | ╖ 2556 | ╕ 2555 | ╣ 2563 | ║ 2551 | ╗ 2557 | ╝ 255D | ╜ 255C | ╛ 255B | ┐ 2510 |
| Cx 192 | └ 2514 | ┴ 2534 | ┬ 252C | ├ 251C | ─ 2500 | ┼ 253C | ╞ 255E | ╟ 255F | ╚ 255A | ╔ 2554 | ╩ 2569 | ╦ 2566 | ╠ 2560 | ═ 2550 | ╬ 256C | ╧ 2567 |
| Dx 208 | ╨ 2568 | ╤ 2564 | ╥ 2565 | ╙ 2559 | ╘ 2558 | ╒ 2552 | ╓ 2553 | ╫ 256B | ╪ 256A | ┘ 2518 | ┌ 250C | █ 2588 | ▄ 2584 | ▌ 258C | ▐ 2590 | ▀ 2580 |
| Ex 224 | α 03B1 | ß 00DF | Γ 0393 | π 03C0 | Σ 03A3 | σ 03C3 | µ 00B5 | τ 03C4 | Φ 03A6 | Θ 0398 | Ω 03A9 | δ 03B4 | ∞ 221E | φ 03C6 | ε 03B5 | ∩ 2229 |
| Fx 240 | ≡ 2261 | ± 00B1 | ≥ 2265 | ≤ 2264 | ⌠ 2320 | ⌡ 2321 | ÷ 00F7 | ≈ 2248 | ° 00B0 | ∙ 2219 | · 00B7 | √ 221A | ⁿ 207F | ² 00B2 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP 00A0 |
Symbols and punctuation  Differences from code page 437
# Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the study of the mechanics of tissues. Though the subject is typically considered a foundational aspect of Bioengineering, it is often part of a Biophysics curriculum, as it involves many concepts from physics in order to fully understand the biological mechanisms.
The types of tissues we are going to study are muscles, lungs and blood vessels, each with special characteristics to accomplish contraction functions and others.

## Chapters

* The Biomechanics Of Skeletal Muscles
* The Biomechanics Of Skeletal Muscles part 2
* The Biomechanics Of The Lung
* Hemodynamics
If you are interested in studying biomechanics you can check out the biomechanics department at Wikiversity! It is constantly under development, and you are encouraged to participate, learn what you can, and connect readers with the information that you know, or know where to attain, on the subject itself.
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/genetics3

* INTERMEDIATE

## Human Genetics

Sexual reproduction - Human sex cycle. Cells undergo Meiosis.
asexual reproduction - creates clones (organisms with identical genes).

### ploidy

Cells can have one or more sets of chromosomes.
haploid (1n) one set - sperm, egg Diploid (2n) two sets - human adult hexaploid (6n) six sets - wheat octoploid (8n) eight sets - strawberry
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/reproduction1

* EASY

## How are babies made?

For human reproduction there are two sexes: Male and Female. Babies are made when special cells called sperm (produced by male sex organs) combine with cells called eggs (produced by female sex organs) in a process called Fertilization.
Not every cell can combine to make a new organism. Sperm and Egg cells are produced by a process called meiosis which makes cells containing half the information found in the parent's cells. When the cells combine, they form a new cell, called a zygote which has all of the information needed to make a new person. The zygote will grow to become a baby with a unique combination of their parent's traits.

## Where do babies come from?

The simplest answer is that they come from inside of the mother. In order for fertilization to occur, the father must enter his sperm into the mother's body by a process called copulation or sexual intercourse. The man inserts his penis into the female's vagina and the sperm cells swim into the mother's body.
They travel through the vagina and through the womb to the oviduct where conception usually takes place. The newly made zygote will divide rapidly to make a ball of cells called a blastocyst that will lodge in the womb and grow into a baby.
About 266 days after fertilization, a new baby will come out of the mothers vagina in a process called childbirth.

## What is Puberty?

Puberty is the time in a person's life when they first have the ability to create babies. For boys this is when they first produce sperm. For girls, this is after their first menstruation. Menstruation, sometimes called a period, happens when the lining of the womb sheds and a red blood like material flows out of the girl's vagina. Menstruation usually occurs once a month for women. Menstruation signals that a woman is releasing eggs that can be fertilized. The lining of the womb grows to prepare for the growth of a baby. If the egg is not fertilized that month, the womb will shed its lining and begin growing anew.
The time of puberty varies greatly and can be anywhere from age eight to about fifteen years. Typically puberty in girls happens at a younger age than in boys. After puberty a person's body changes from that of a child to that of an adult. In boys, they will grow hair in their groin, under their arms, on their chest and on their face. Their voice will drop in tone, and they will grow larger. For girls, their breasts will grow and their hips will widen, they will also grow hair in their groin and under their arms. It takes years before a person grows to their full adult size. This period of changing from a child to adult is called adolescence.
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/reproduction3

* ADVANCED

## What happens during puberty?

Puberty is the time when the sex organs first become functional. Puberty is first triggered by signals from the brain. The hypothalamus will secrete a hormone called Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) which will travel to the Pituitary gland and signal it to begin releasing the hormones (FSH) Follicle stimulating hormone and (LH) Lutenizing hormone. These hormones travel through the blood stream to the gonads and signal the testis to produce testosterone in men and the ovaries to produce estrogen in women.
These hormones are responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics that occur in the sexes. In men, they grow hair on their face, chest, arms, groin, and legs, they grow in size, their voice drops, and they become more aggressive. In women, their skin soften and their breasts and hips grow.
The primary function of these signals, is that boys will begin to produce sperm (spermatogenesis), and girls will begin to release eggs (ovulation).
# Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/virus1

A virus destroys immune system, making it vulnerable to infections hence causes illness
# Biology Laboratory Techniques
## Hands on training

Biology is a hands on science, and biology students are usually required to spend some time in the laboratory.
The type of activities a student will perform vary depending on the exact field they are in. Plant geneticist, for example, sometimes spend time out in fields gathering plants, while molecular biologists may use complex equipment such as DNA sequencing machines. Even so, there are some basic techniques that all beginning lab students should understand.

### Basic skills

* Laboratory safety and understanding warning signs
* Preparation of simple solutions
* Sampling and preparation of samples
* Dissection of plants and animals
* How to clean glassware
* Use of the dissecting scope
* Use of the light microscope
* Making accurate drawings of organisms
* Using a Bunsen Burner

## Advanced

Specialized work places will require other skills. Some skills suggested by subject.

### Anatomy, Botany, and General Biology

* Use of a microtome to make slides
* staining techniques

### Medical

* Cell and tissue culture
* Patient sample handling techniques
* Making an accurate white blood cell count
* Antibody testing methods such as ELISA
* Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
.....This may also be appropriate under Microbiology

### Microbiology

* Use of micropipetter
* Knowledge of Southern and related blotting techniques
* Molecular cloning
* Use of restriction enzymes
* Use of PCR ( Polymerase Chain Reaction) machines
* Replica plating
* Growth of competent cells

### Molecular Biology

* Cell Fractionation
* DNA Extraction
* RNA Extraction
* Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
* Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
* Western Blot
* Northern Blot
* Southern Blot
* PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Although books exist to teach these techniques, experienced lab workers have special tricks and techniques that they do not write down. That is why it is best to learn by studying with an experienced lab worker.

### Sample template

Feel free to add a new entry using the sample template.
# Biology Laboratory Techniques/template
## References

Nqakwana,S.S. 2015. Laboratory Rules and Techniques. For beginners. Pretoria:Van Schaik
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4/6. Qh5/6...Kg8/7. Qd5
## Pusab Countergambit Trap

In the Pusab Countergambit, after the moves 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7 Kxf7 5. d4 Nxe4 6. Qh5+ Kg8, there's a trap that white can set if black blunders with 6...Kg8??¹².
The move 7.Qd5#! is a checkmate. Here's why: - The black king is trapped by its own pieces and has no legal moves. - The white queen attacks the king and no other black piece can block or capture the queen¹².
This is a shocking mate because it's unexpected and it ends the game immediately. However, it's important to note that 6...Kg8?? is a blunder and not a move that a well-prepared player would make¹². A better move for black would be 6...g6, blocking the check and also attacking the white queen¹².
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 Nc6 4.Nxf7!? Kxf7 5.d4 Nxe4 6.Qh5+ Kg8?? 7.Qd5#!
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe4/4. Qe2/4...Nf6
## 4...Nf6??

This appears to protect the knight, but in reality it loses the queen. Far better is 4...Qe7, 4...d5, or 4...d6, which only lose a pawn. After 5.Nc6+, he loses his queen with a hopeless position. This is known as the Copycat trap and has ensnared countless amateurs.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe4

Black has entered an inferior variation of Petrov's Defence. This position is usually only seen among beginners. White's response is 4. Qe2, which threatens the black knight on e4.
If black decides to move the knight away, perhaps with Nf6, white will respond with Nc6+! which threatens black's queen and gives discovered check from the white queen down the e-file. As black must move their king or block the check, the queen will be lost on the next turn with Nxd8 or Nxe7 if black moved Qe7 to block the check.
Thus, black's best move is not to move the knight. Attempting to protect it with d5 or f5 usually ends poorly, as the knight is pinned and white can pile on attackers with f3 and d3.
However, after the planned Qe2-Qxe4, white's queen will be undefended, which black can exploit via the sequence 4.Qe2 Qe7 5.Qxe4 d6, winning the piece back at the cost of the d-pawn.
Ultimately this line is a pawn sacrifice for which black obtains some compensation. It is unclear whether the compensation is objectively sufficient, but it offers decent practical chances, especially at faster time controls.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Nxe4
| 4 |
| Qe2 - | +/= |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.