OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Meitei Culture/Economy

Economy in Meitei civilisation heavily relies on the agricultural farm lands, established in the fertile plains of the Imphal river and her tributaries, in the Imphal Valley of Kangleipak.
Another important source of economy is the Loktak lake, located in the southwestern part of the Imphal valley, which provides thousands of Meitei fishermen, their livelihoods, as fish is one of the two major staple food items of Meitei people, with the another one being rice (paddy).
The Ima Keithel (literally meaning "Mothers' Market" in Meitei), located in the heart of Imphal city, is a commercial hub for the Meitei women. No man is allowed to use the market place as a shopkeeper. It is said to be the "world's only women run market". This centuries-old market is still working today, giving Meitei womenfolk the opportunity to hold a lion's share in the income generating commercial activities in Meitei society.
# Nepal Bhasa/Basic Nepāl Bhāsā

* Hello = jwajalapā/jojalapā ज्वजलपा/जोजलपा
* How are you? = chhita gathe chwa? छि गथे च्वं?
* Goodbye = bāy बाय्‌
* Thank you = subhāy सुभाय्
* Welcome = lasakusa लसकुस
* Congratulations = Bhintunā भिंतुना
* Good = bānlā: बांलाः
* Bad = bāmalā: बांमलाः
* Friend = pāsā पासा
* What is your name? = chhigu nā chhu kha? छिगु नां छु?
* Birthday = jarmani/boon-di जर्मनिं/ बुदिं
* Today = thaun थौं
* Tomorrow = kan-he कन्हय्
* Yesterday = mhi-ga म्हिगः
* I'm hungry = jita ne-pi-tyā-ta जितः नय् पित्यात।
* Money = dhya-bā ध्यबा
* How much? = guli गुलि
# Nepal Bhasa/Nepal Bhasa Literature
## Literature

Nepal Bhasa literature has a long history. It has the fourth-oldest literature of the Sino-Tibetan languages (the first, second and third being Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese respectively).

### Drama

Dramas are traditionally performed in open Dabu (stage). Most of the traditional dramas are related to deities and demons. Masked characters are central to such dramas. Music forms an important part of drama. Most of them are narrated with the help of songs sang at intervals. The drama as such resembles dance in many cases. The theme of most of the drama is to create a social wellbeing with morals illustrating the rise, turbulence and fall of evil. There are fixed dates in the Nepal Sambat (Nepal Era) calendar for performance of specific drama. Most of the dramas are carried out by specific Guthis.

### Poetry

Poetry writing constituted a pompous part of medieval Malla aristocracy. Many of the kings were well renowned poets. Siddhidas Mahaju and Chittadhar Hridaya are two great poets in the language.

### Prose fiction

This is a relatively new field of literature compared to other fields. Most of the fiction were written in poetry form till the medieval era. So, almost all of prose fiction belong to the modern Nepal Bhasa. Collective short stories in Nepal Bhasa are more popular than novels.

#### Story

The art of verbal story telling is very old in Nepal Bhasa. There are a variety of mythical and social stories that have aided in establishing the norm of Kathmandu valley. Stories ranging from the origin of Kathmandu valley to the temples of the valley and the important monuments have been passed down verbally in Nepal Bhasa and very few are present in written form. However, with an increase in literacy rate and an awareness amongst the people, those stories have been penned down. Stories on other topics have also taken root.
# Nepal Bhasa/Nouns

* Family = chhen, ja-hān
* Father = abu
* Mother = mā
* Elder sister = ta-tā
* Younger sister = ke'
* Elder brother = daa-i, daa-ju
* Younger brother = ki-jā, bau-chā
* Husband = bhā-ta
* Wife = ka-lā
* Son = kā-ye
* Daughter = mhyāy-e
* Grandfather = A-jā
* Grandmother = A-ji
* House = chhen
* Land = boon, khya
# Nepal Bhasa/Pronouns

* I = ji
* You (informal) = chha
* You (honorific) = chhi
* You (royalty) = chha-sa-po-la*
* He/She/It (informal) = wa, wo
* He/She/It (honorific) = we-ka
* He/She/It (royalty) = wa-sa-po-la*
* They = i-pin
* We (including the listener) = jhi
* We (not including the listener) = ji-pin
*Note: shortly after Nepal's dynastic rule, these pronouns have become obsolete in colloquial speech, yet continue to be used liturgically.
# Nepal Bhasa
## Contents

* Introduction

### Grammar

* Basic Nepāl Bhāsā
* Nouns
* Verbs
* Pronouns
* Adjectives
* Counting
* Simple sentences

### Appendices

* Nepal Bhasa Literature
* History of Nepal Bhasa
# Nepal Bhasa/Adjectives

* Good = bān-lā
* Bad = bān-ma-lā
* Beautiful = bān-lā-mha
* Rich = ta-mhi
* Poor = fogin
# Nepal Bhasa/Simple sentences

ऐ, मईचा, छंगु मिखा गुली बांला? ओ, दाईचा, छिगु ख्वा: तस्कं बांला (ओ-हो) मईचा, छःगु मिखा गुली बाला? ओ, दाईचा, छिगु ख्वा: तस्कं बांला
# One-to-One Laptop Schools

Schools, school districts, states and nations across the world are trying systems to provide a laptop for each student in a classroom. Some "one-to-one" laptop programs have been under way for over a decade; many are just starting out. To inform educators and stakeholders about the variety of ways one-to-one programs are designed and implemented, the Wikibook provides case studies on programs around the globe. Some use inexpensive Linux computers, others Apple Macintosh, and others Windows. Some begin in the elementary grades, others in high school, and yet others in middle school. The differences in goals and implementation among the programs provides a range of options to those considering a one-to-one implementation.
Some of the case studies have been compiled from published information, and many have been augmented with personal interviews with key implementation staff. This Wikibook starts with a focus on implementation issues: what in each case went as planned, and what unexpected issues had to be overcome. The intent of the Wikibook is to compile case studies of best practices and of issues to anticipate to help new initiatives learn from the pioneers.

## Table of Contents

* Contents
* Australia
* Birmingham, AL
* Ethiopia
* Henrico County, VA
* Bombay, India
* Maine
* New York City
* Portugal
* San Diego, CA
* South Carolina
* Texas
# Messier Index/M80

Messier 80 (also known as M80 or NGC 6093) is a w:globular cluster in the w:constellation w:Scorpius. It was discovered by w:Charles Messier in w:1781.
M80 is located midway between α Scorpii (w:Antares) and β Scorpii in a field in the Milky Way that is rich in w:nebulae. It can be viewed with modest amateur w:telescopes as a mottled ball of light. With an apparent diameter of about 10' and at an estimated distance of 32,600 w:light-years, M80's spatial diameter is about 95 light-years and contains several hundred thousand w:stars. It is among the more densely populated globular clusters in the w:Milky Way Galaxy. M80 contains a relatively large amount of w:blue stragglers, stars that appear to be much younger than the cluster itself. It is thought these stars have lost part of their outer layers due to close encounters with other cluster members or perhaps the result of collisions between stars in the dense cluster. Images from the w:Hubble Space Telescope have shown districts of very high blue straggler densities, suggesting that the center of the cluster is likely to have a very high capture and collision rate.
On w:May 21, w:1860, a w:nova was discovered in M80 that attained a magnitude of +7.0. The nova, w:variable star designation T Scorpii, reached an w:absolute magnitude of -8.5, briefly outshining the entire cluster.

## External links

* Messier 80, SEDS Messier pages
* Messier 80, Galactic Globular Clusters Database page
* Astronomy Picture of the Day description
* Messier 80 at ESA/Hubble

## References

* 1 2 3 4 "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for NGC 6093. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
# Messier Index/M88

Messier 88 (also known as M88 or NGC 4501) is a w:spiral galaxy about 47 million w:light-years away in the w:constellation w:Coma Berenices. The galaxy is a member of the w:Virgo Cluster. It was discovered by w:Charles Messier in w:1781.

## External links

* Spiral Galaxy M88 @ SEDS Messier pages

## References

* ↑ Krisciunas, Kevin; Hastings, N. C.; Loomis, Karen; McMillan, Russet; Rest, Armin; Riess, Adam G.; Stubbs, Christopher (2000). "Uniformity of (V-Near-Infrared) Color Evolution of Type Ia Supernovae and Implications for Host Galaxy Extinction Determination". The Astrophysical Journal. 539 (2): 658–674. doi:10.1086/309263.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4501. Retrieved 2006-11-14.
# Messier Index/M8

The Lagoon Nebula (catalogued as Messier 8 or M8, and as NGC 6523) is a giant w:interstellar cloud in the w:constellation Sagittarius. It is classified as an w:emission nebula and as an w:H II region.
The Lagoon Nebula was discovered by w:Guillaume Le Gentil in 1747 and is one of only two star-forming w:nebulae faintly visible to the naked eye from mid-northern latitudes. Seen with w:binoculars, it appears as a distinct w:oval cloudlike patch with a definite core. A fragile w:star cluster appears superimposed on it.

## Characteristics

The Lagoon Nebula is estimated to be 4,100 w:light-years from the Earth. In the sky of Earth, it spans 90' by 40', translates to an actual dimension of 110 by 50 light years. Like many nebulas, it appears w:pink in time-exposure color photos but is gray to the eye peering through w:binoculars or a w:telescope, w:human vision having poor color sensitivity at low light levels.
The nebula contains a number of w:Bok globules - dark, collapsing clouds of protostellar material - the most prominent of which have been catalogued by E. E. Barnard as B88, B89 and B296. It also includes a funnel-like or w:tornado-like structure caused by a hot O-type star that pours out w:ultraviolet light, heating and ionizing gases on the surface of the nebula.
left|thumb|Central region of the Lagoon Nebula, showing the Hourglass Nebula to the right
The Lagoon Nebula also contains at its centre a structure known as the "Hourglass Nebula" (so named by w:John Herschel), which should not be confused with the better known w:Hourglass Nebula in the constellation of w:Musca. In 2006 the first four w:Herbig-Haro objects were detected within the Hourglass, also including w:HH 870. This provides the first direct evidence of active star formation by accretion within it.

## References

* 1 2 3 "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for M8. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
* 1 2 Arias, J. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Rubio, M. (2006). "The infrared Hourglass cluster in M8". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 366 (3): 739–757. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09829.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for Hourglass Nebula. Retrieved 2006-12-22.

## External links

* Messier 8, SEDS Messier pages
* NightSkyInfo.com - M8, the Lagoon Nebula
* Messier 8, Pete's Astrophotography Gallery
* Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD): Lagoon Nebula
# Messier Index/M85

Messier 85 (also known as M85 or NGC 4382) is a w:lenticular galaxy (type S0) in the w:Coma Berenices constellation. It is 60 million light years away, making it the 94th most distant Messier object, and it estimated to be 125,000 light years across.
It was discovered by w:Pierre Méchain in w:1781. It is the northernmost outlier of the w:Virgo cluster discovered as of 2004.
The type I w:supernova, w:1960R was discovered in M85 on Dec 20, w:1960 and reached an w:apparent magnitude of 11.7.
M85 is interacting with the nearby w:spiral galaxy w:NGC 4394, and a small w:elliptical galaxy called w:MCG 3-32-38.

## External links

* SEDS Lenticular Galaxy M85

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Messier 85. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
* ↑ J. L. Tonry, A. Dressler, J. P. Blakeslee, E. A. Ajhar, A. B. Fletcher, G. A. Luppino, M. R. Metzger, C. B. Moore (2001). "The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances". Astrophysical Journal. 546 (2): 681–693. doi:10.1086/318301.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ "M85, Lenticular Galaxy". Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
# Messier Index/M84

Messier 84 (also known as M84 or NGC 4374) is a w:lenticular galaxy in the w:constellation Virgo. M84 is situated in the heavily populated inner core of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies.
Radio observations and images of the w:Hubble Space Telescope of M84 have revealed two jets of matter shooting out from the galaxy's center as well as a disk of rapidly rotating gas and stars close to the nucleus indicating the presence of a supermassive w:black hole of 18 ×10$^8$ M$_☉$ in the galaxy's nucleus.

## History

w:Charles Messier discovered Messier 84 on 18 March 1781 in a systematic search for "nebulous objects" in the night sky. The object is the 84th in the w:Messier Catalogue.

## Supernovae

Two w:supernovae have been observed in M84: w:SN 1957 and w:SN 1991bg. Possibly, a third, w:SN 1980I is part of M84 or, alternatively, one of its neighboring galaxies, w:NGC 4387 and M86.

## External links

* SEDS Lenticular Galaxy M84

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4374. Retrieved 2006-11-14.
* ↑ J. L. Tonry, A. Dressler, J. P. Blakeslee, E. A. Ajhar, A. B. Fletcher, G. A. Luppino, M. R. Metzger, C. B. Moore (2001). "The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances". Astrophysical Journal. 546 (2): 681–693. doi:10.1086/318301.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Finoguenov, A.; Jones, C. (2002). "Chandra Observation of Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries in the Elliptical Galaxy M84". The Astrophysical Journal. 574 (2): 754–761. doi:10.1086/340997.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Ly, C.; Walker, R. C.; Wrobel, J. M. (2004). "An Attempt to Probe the Radio Jet Collimation Regions in NGC 4278, NGC 4374 (M84), and NGC 6166". The Astronomical Journal. 127 (1): 119–124. doi:10.1086/379855.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ K. G. Jones (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37079-5.
* ↑ Götz, W. (1958). "Supernova in NGC 4374 (= M 84)". Astronomische Nachrichten. 284: 141. doi:10.1002/asna.19572840308.
* ↑ Kosai, H.; Kushida, R.; Kato, T.; Filippenko, A.; Newberg, H. (1958). "Supernova 1991bg in NGC 4374". IAU Circ. 5400: 1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Smith, H. A. (1981). "The spectrum of the intergalactic supernova 1980I". Astronomical Journal. 86: 998–1002. doi:10.1086/112975. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
# Messier Index/M86

Messier 86 (also known as M86 or NGC 4406) is a w:lenticular galaxy in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by w:Charles Messier in w:1781. M86 lies in the heart of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies and forms a most conspicuous group with another giant, w:Lenticular Galaxy M84. It displays the highest w:blue shift of all Messier objects, as it is approaching the w:Milky Way at 244 km/s. This is thought to be due to its falling towards the center of the Virgo cluster, which brings it closer to us.

## External links

* SEDS Lenticular Galaxy M86

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4406. Retrieved 2006-11-14.
* ↑ Jensen, Joseph B.; Tonry, John L.; Barris, Brian J.; Thompson, Rodger I.; Liu, Michael C.; Rieke, Marcia J.; Ajhar, Edward A.; Blakeslee, John P. (2003). "Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations". Astrophysical Journal. 583 (2): 712–726. doi:10.1086/345430. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Jacoby, G. H.; Kenney, J. D. P.; Tal, T.; Crowl, H. H.; Feldmeier, J. J. (2005). "Imaging and Spectroscopy of Large Scale H-alpha Filaments in M86". American Astronomical Society Meeting 207, #138.06; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 37: 1392.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Messier Index/M83

Messier 83 (also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy, M83 or NGC 5236) is an w:intermediate spiral galaxy approximately 15 million w:light-years away in the w:constellation Hydra. It is one of the closest and brightest barred spiral galaxies in the sky, making it visible with w:binoculars. Six w:Supernovae (w:SN 1923A, w:SN 1945B, w:SN 1950B, w:SN 1957D, w:SN 1968L and w:SN 1983N) have been observed in M83.

## History

Pierre Mechain discovered M83 in 1752 at the w:Cape of Good Hope. w:Charles Messier added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects (now known as the w:Messier Catalogue) in March 1781.
On w:16 June w:2008 NASA's w:Galaxy Evolution Explorer project reported finding large numbers of new stars in the outer reaches of the galaxy. It had hitherto been thought that these areas lacked the materials necessary for star formation.

## Nearby galaxies and galaxy group information

M83 is at the center of one of two subgroups within the w:Centaurus A/M83 Group, a nearby w:group of galaxies. w:Centaurus A is at the center of the other subgroup. These two groups are sometimes identified as one group and sometimes identified as two groups. However, the galaxies around Centaurus A and the galaxies around M83 are physically close to each other, and both subgroups appear not to be moving relative to each other.

## External links

* M83, SEDS Messier pages
* Spiral Galaxy Messier 83 at the astro-photography site of Mr. Takayuki Yoshida.
* M83 The Southern Pinwheel

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 5236. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
* 1 2 I. D. Karachentsev, M. E. Sharina, A. E. Dolphin, E. K. Grebel, D. Geisler, P. Guhathakurta, P. W. Hodge, V. E. Karachetseva, A. Sarajedini, P. Seitzer (2002). "New distances to galaxies in the Centaurus A group". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 385: 21–31. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020042.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ "SIMBAD astronomical database". Results for M83. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
* 1 2 K. G. Jones (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37079-5.
* ↑ R. B. Tully (1988). Nearby Galaxies Catalog. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35299-1.
* ↑ P. Fouque, E. Gourgoulhon, P. Chamaraux, G. Paturel (1992). "Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group members". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 93: 211–233.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ A. Garcia (1993). "General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 100: 47–90.
* ↑ I. D. Karachentsev (2005). "The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups". Astronomical Journal. 129: 178–188. doi:10.1086/426368.
# Pinyin/Addiction

See also
# Pinyin/Additional

See also
additional: more than previously mentioned
fuhjia d: duoguoh xianqiarn tirjir d
# Pinyin/Administrating

See also
# Pinyin/Advertisement

See also
# Pinyin/Administration

See also
# Pinyin/Administrative region

See also
# Pinyin/Adult

An adult is a fully grown person who is legally responsible for their actions.
cherngrern shih warnquarn cherngzhaang bihng yaoh cherngdan faalvh zerrehn d rern.
# Pinyin/Add

See also
# Pinyin/Aden

Aden is a port city of Yemen. It is on the southwest coast of Yemen. It is a port in the Gulf of Aden. Its population is 1.76 million.
Aden shì Yemen de yīgè gǎngkǒu chéngshì. Tā zài Yemen de xīnán hǎi'àn. Tā shì Gulf of Aden de yīgè gǎngkǒu. Tā de rénkǒu shì 176 wàn.
# Pinyin/Understand

See also
to understand: to know what something means
liaaojiee: zhidaoh mooushihwuh d yihsi.
# Pinyin/Uncontrolled

See also
# Pinyin/Underwater

under the surface of water
zaih shuiimiahn xiahmiahn
# Pinyin/Ultraviolet radiation

See also
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic radiation, with wavelengths between 100 and 400 nm. Small amounts of UV radiation are essential for the production of vitamin D in humans, but exposure to large doses may have short- and long-term adverse effects on the skin, the eyes and the immune system.
Zǐwàixiàn fúshè shì bōcháng zài 100 yǔ 400 nm zhījiān de diàncí fúshè. Shǎoliàng zǐwàixiàn fúshè duì réntǐ shēngchéng vitamin D shì bìxū de. Dàn guòdù bàolù yú zǐwàixiàn fúshè zé kěnéng duì pífū, yǎnjīng hé miǎnyì xìtǒng zàochéng duǎnqī hé chángqī de sǔnhài.
# Pinyin/Unhappy Family

See also
Unhappy family
Everyday, I need to go to go to again and again unfinshed lessons, do again and again homework like a big mountain, and is criticized, beaten and shouted at…
In fact, childhood for everybody are unhappy…
jiatirng bu kuaihleh
meeitian,
woo dou yaoh quh shahng
shahng yee shahng bu warn d xuer,
zuoh yee zuoh bu warn d
haaoxiahng dahshan d zuohyeh,
hair yaoh zao zerbeih, daamah…
qirshir,
meeigehrern d torngniarn
dou bu kuaihleh…
# Pinyin/Understanding

Search Pinyin understanding
# MySQL/Language/Import/export

Aside from mysqldump (cf. MySQL/Administration), you can also export / import raw data.

## Export data

Data can be exported using the "INTO OUTFILE" keyword
Beware that the MySQL daemon itself will write the file, not the user you run the MySQL client with. The file will be stored on the server, not on your host. Moreover, the server will need write access to the path you specify (usually, the server can _not_ write in your home directory, e.g.). Hence why we (unsecurely) used /tmp in the examples.
You can also use the command line to export data
where query.txt contains an sql-query and the output will be stored in output.txt

## Import data

In another database/computer/etc. the data can be imported:
additional options are
to specify how the document is set up and whether there is a header. The columns in the data file can be mapped to the columns of the database table if they do not correspond and it is thus also possible to omit certain columns using a dummy variable:
In this example, we only need the second and third column of the data file and store these values in the name and phone_number column of our database table.

## Content precisions

To import a .sql which creates a user and its database, one should know if this user already exists on the server, because MySQL doesn't have any DROP USER IF EXISTS. On the contrary it works with the databases:
PS: if this commande returns "DROP DATABASE" statements are disabled with PhpMyAdmin, modify config.default.php by switching $cfg['AllowUserDropDatabase'] to true, and empty the navigator cache.
# MySQL/Language/Reserved Words

Difficult Column Names, Like `DATE` -- use backtick. If using "date" as a column name, enclose it in backticks ` as follows: