# Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry/Resources for Students and Teachers
## Resources for Students and Teachers

Powerpoint slides to accompany the chapters of this book will be provided to instructors upon request (tem5@psu.edu)
Additional resources:

## 12.1 VIPEr: Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource: A community for teachers and students of inorganic chemistry

IONIC VIPEr is a cyber-interface that facilitates collaborative development of learning materials and their dissemination to the wider inorganic community. This website, VIPEr (Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource), serves both as a repository and as a user-friendly platform for social networking tools that facilitate virtual collaboration and community building. The VIPEr community seeks to develop and disseminate best practices for teaching inorganic chemistry.
       IONIC VIPEr website

## 12.2 Beloit College/University of Wisconsin Video Lab Manual

The video lab manual provides a broad range of videos of laboratory experiments in inorganic nanoscience and materials chemistry. This is an especially useful resource for teachers who would like to develop laboratory experiments for their classes in inorganic chemistry.
       Video Lab Manual website

## 12.3 Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (University of Liverpool)

The University of Liverpool website shows animations of atomic orbitals, selected molecular orbital diagrams, and the VSEPR shapes of selected molecules.
       Structure and Bonding website

## 12.4 Interactive 3D Crystal Structures (University of Liverpool)

The University of Liverpool website also provides a menu of inorganic structures (both molecules and extended solids) that can be visualized and manipulated in 3D. This is a valuable tool that supplements the descriptions of structures in Chapters 5-8 of this book.
       3D Crystal Structure website

## 12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables

       Interactive Periodic Table (Wikipedia)
Interactive Periodic Properties (ptable.com)

## 12.6 Appendix 2: Selected Thermodynamic Values

Selected Thermodynamic Values (at 298.15 K)
| Substance | ΔH$_f$° (kJ/mol) | S° (J/K·mol) | ΔG$_f$° (kJ/mol) |
| Aluminum | | | |
| Al(s) | 0 | 28.3 | 0 |
| AlCl$_3$(s) | -704.2 | 110.67 | -628.8 |
| Al$_2$O$_3$(s) | -1675.7 | 50.92 | -1582.3 |
| Barium | | | |
| BaCl$_2$(s) | -858.6 | 123.68 | -810.4 |
| BaCl$_2$ • 2 H$_2$O (s) | -1460.1 | 203 | -1296.5 |
| BaO(s) | -553.5 | 70.42 | -525.1 |
| Ba(OH)$_2$ • 8 H$_2$O (s) | -3342 | 427 | -2793 |
| BaSO$_4$(s) | -1473.2 | 132.2 | -1362.2 |
| Beryllium | | | |
| Be(s) | 0 | 9.5 | 0 |
| Be(OH)$_2$(s) | -902.5 | 51.9 | -815 |
| Bromine | | | |
| Br(g) | 111.884 | 175.022 | 82.396 |
| Br$_2$(liq) | 0 | 152.2 | 0 |
| Br$_2$(g) | 30.907 | 245.463 | 3.11 |
| BrF$_3$(g) | -255.6 | 292.53 | -229.43 |
| HBr(g) | -36.4 | 198.695 | -53.45 |
| Calcium | | | |
| Ca(s) | 0 | 41.42 | 0 |
| Ca(g) | 178.2 | 158.884 | 144.3 |
| Ca$_{2+}$(g) | 1925.9 | | |
| CaC$_2$(s) | -59.8 | 69.96 | -64.9 |
| CaCO$_3$ (s; calcite) | -1206.92 | 92.9 | -1128.79 |
| CaCl$_2$(s) | -795.8 | 104.6 | -748.1 |
| CaF$_2$(s) | -1219.6 | 68.87 | -1167.3 |
| CaH$_2$(s) | -186.2 | 42 | -147.2 |
| CaO(s) | -635.09 | 39.75 | -604.03 |
| CaS(s) | -482.4 | 56.5 | -477.4 |
| Ca(OH)$_2$(s) | -986.09 | 83.39 | -898.49 |
| Ca(OH)$_2$(aq) | -1002.82 | -74.5 | -868.07 |
| CaSO$_4$(s) | -1434.11 | 106.7 | -1321.79 |
| Carbon | | | |
| C(s, graphite) | 0 | 5.74 | 0 |
| C(s, diamond) | 1.895 | 2.377 | 2.9 |
| C(g) | 716.682 | 158.096 | 671.257 |
| CCl$_4$(liq) | -135.44 | 216.4 | -65.21 |
| CCl$_4$(g) | -102.9 | 309.85 | -60.59 |
| CHCl$_3$(liq) | -134.47 | 201.7 | -73.66 |
| CHCl$_3$(g) | -103.14 | 295.71 | -70.34 |
| CH$_4$ (g, methane) | -74.81 | 186.264 | -50.72 |
| C$_2$H$_2$ (g, ethyne) | 226.73 | 200.94 | 209.2 |
| C2H4 (g,ethene) | 52.26 | 219.56 | 68.15 |
| C$_2$H$_6$ (g, ethane) | -84.68 | 229.6 | -32.82 |
| C$_3$H$_8$ (g, propane) | -103.8 | 269.9 | -23.49 |
| C$_4$H$_{10}$ (g, butane) | -888.0 | | |
| C$_6$H$_6$ (liq, benzene) | 49.03 | 172.8 | 124.5 |
| C$_6$H$_{14}$(liq) | -198.782 | 296.018 | -4.035 |
| C$_8$H$_{18}$(liq) | -249.952 | 361.205 | 6.707 |
| CH$_3$OH(liq, methanol) | -238.66 | 126.8 | -166.27 |
| CH$_3$OH(g, methanol) | -200.66 | 239.81 | -161.96 |
| C$_2$H$_5$OH(liq, ethanol) | -277.69 | 160.7 | -174.78 |
| C$_2$H$_5$OH(g, ethanol) | -235.1 | 282.7 | -168.49 |
| CH3COOH(liq) | -276.981 | 160.666 | -173.991 |
| CO(NH$_2$)$_2$(s, urea) | -333.5 | 104.6 | -197.4 |
| CO(g) | -110.525 | 197.674 | -137.168 |
| CO$_2$(g) | -393.509 | 213.74 | -394.359 |
| CS$_2$(g) | 117.36 | 237.84 | 67.12 |
| COCl$_2$(g) | -218.8 | 283.53 | -204.6 |
| Cesium | | | |
| Cs(s) | 0 | 85.23 | 0 |
| Cs$^+$(g) | 457.964 | | |
| CsCl(s) | -443.04 | 101.17 | -414.53 |
| Chlorine | | | |
| Cl(g) | 121.679 | 165.198 | 105.68 |
| Cl$^-$(g) | -233.13 | | |
| Cl$_2$(g) | 0 | 223.066 | 0 |
| HCl(g) | -92.307 | 186.908 | -95.299 |
| HCl(aq) | -167.159 | 56.5 | -131.228 |
| Chromium | | | |
| Cr(s) | 0 | 23.77 | 0 |
| Cr$_2$O$_3$(s) | -1139.7 | 81.2 | -1058.1 |
| CrCl$_3$(s) | -556.5 | 123 | -486.1 |
| Copper | | | |
| Cu(s) | 0 | 33.15 | 0 |
| CuO(s) | -157.3 | 42.63 | -129.7 |
| CuCl$_2$(s) | -220.1 | 108.07 | -175.7 |
| Fluorine | | | |
| F$_2$(g) | 0 | 202.78 | 0 |
| F(g) | 78.99 | 158.754 | 61.91 |
| F$^-$(g) | -255.39 | | |
| F$^-$(aq) | -332.63 | -13.8 | -278.79 |
| HF(g) | -271.1 | 173.779 | -273.2 |
| HF(aq) | -332.63 | -13.8 | -278.79 |
| Hydrogen | | | |
| H$_2$(g) | 0 | 130.684 | 0 |
| H(g) | 217.965 | 114.713 | 203.247 |
| H$^+$(g) | 1536.202 | | |
| H$_2$O(liq) | -285.83 | 69.91 | -237.129 |
| H$_2$O(g) | -241.818 | 188.825 | -228.572 |
| H$_2$O$_2$(liq) | -187.78 | 109.6 | -120.35 |
| Iodine | | | |
| I$_2$(s) | 0 | 116.135 | 0 |
| I$_2$(g) | 62.438 | 260.69 | 19.327 |
| I(g) | 106.838 | 180.791 | 70.25 |
| I$^-$(g) | -197 | | |
| ICl(g) | 17.78 | 247.551 | -5.46 |
| Iron | | | |
| Fe(s) | 0 | 27.78 | 0 |
| FeO(s) | -272 | | |
| Fe$_2$O$_3$(s, hematite) | -824.2 | 87.4 | -742.2 |
| Fe$_3$O$_4$(s, magnetite) | -1118.4 | 146.4 | -1015.4 |
| FeCl$_2$(s) | -341.79 | 117.95 | -302.3 |
| FeCl$_3$(s) | -399.49 | 142.3 | -344 |
| FeS$_2$(s, pyrite) | -178.2 | 52.93 | -166.9 |
| Fe(CO)$_5$(liq) | -774 | 338.1 | -705.3 |
| Lead | | | |
| Pb(s) | 0 | 64.81 | 0 |
| PbCl$_2$(s) | -359.41 | 136 | -314.1 |
| PbO(s, yellow) | -217.32 | 68.7 | -187.89 |
| PbS(s) | -100.4 | 91.2 | -98.7 |
| Lithium | | | |
| Li(s) | 0 | 29.12 | 0 |
| Li$^+$(g) | 685.783 | | |
| LiOH(s) | -484.93 | 42.8 | -438.95 |
| LiOH(aq) | -508.48 | 2.8 | -450.58 |
| LiCl(s) | -408.701 | 59.33 | -384.37 |
| Magnesium | | | |
| Mg(s) | 0 | 32.68 | 0 |
| MgCl$_2$(g) | -641.32 | 89.62 | -591.79 |
| MgO(s) | -601.7 | 26.94 | -569.43 |
| Mg(OH)$_2$(s) | -924.54 | 63.18 | -833.51 |
| MgS(s) | -346 | 50.33 | -341.8 |
| Mercury | | | |
| Hg(liq) | 0 | 29.87 | 0 |
| HgCl$_2$(s) | -224.3 | 146 | -178.6 |
| HgO(s, red) | -90.83 | 70.29 | -58.539 |
| HgS(s, red) | -58.2 | 82.4 | -50.6 |
| Nickel | | | |
| Ni(s) | 0 | 29.87 | 0 |
| NiO(s) | -239.7 | 37.99 | -211.7 |
| NiCl$_2$(s) | -305.332 | 97.65 | -259.032 |
| Nitrogen | | | |
| N2(g) | 0 | 191.61 | 0 |
| N(g) | 472.704 | 153.298 | 455.563 |
| NH$_3$(g) | -46.11 | 192.45 | -16.45 |
| N$_2$H$_4$(liq) | 50.63 | 121.21 | 149.34 |
| NH$_4$Cl(s) | -314.43 | 94.6 | -202.87 |
| NH$_4$Cl(aq) | -299.66 | 169.9 | -210.52 |
| NH$_4$NO$_3$(s) | -365.56 | 151.08 | -183.87 |
| NH$_4$NO$_3$(aq) | -339.87 | 259.8 | -190.56 |
| NO(g) | 90.25 | 210.76 | 86.55 |
| NO$_2$(g) | 33.18 | 240.06 | 51.31 |
| N$_2$O(g) | 82.05 | 219.85 | 104.2 |
| N$_2$O$_4$(g) | 9.16 | 304.29 | 97.89 |
| NOCl(g) | 51.71 | 261.69 | 66.08 |
| HNO$_3$(liq) | -174.1 | 155.6 | -80.71 |
| HNO$_3$(g) | -135.06 | 266.38 | -74.72 |
| HNO$_3$(aq) | -207.36 | 146.4 | -111.25 |
| Oxygen | | | |
| O$_2$(g) | 0 | 205.138 | 0 |
| O(g) | 249.17 | 161.055 | 231.731 |
| O$_3$(g) | 142.7 | 238.93 | 163.2 |
| Phosphorus | | | |
| P$_4$(s, white) | 0 | 164.36 | 0 |
| P$_4$(s, red) | -70.4 | 91.2 | -48.4 |
| P(g) | 314.64 | 163.193 | 278.25 |
| PH$_3$(g) | 5.4 | 310.23 | 13.4 |
| PCl$_3$(g) | -287 | 311.78 | -267.8 |
| P$_4$O$_{10}$(s) | -2984 | 228.86 | -2697.7 |
| H$_3$PO$_4$(s) | -1279 | 110.5 | -1119.1 |
| Potassium | | | |
| K(s) | 0 | 64.18 | 0 |
| KCl(s) | -436.747 | 82.59 | -409.14 |
| KClO$_3$(s) | -397.73 | 143.1 | -296.25 |
| KI(s) | -327.9 | 106.32 | -324.892 |
| KOH(s) | -424.764 | 78.9 | -379.08 |
| KOH(aq) | -482.37 | 91.6 | -440.5 |
| Silicon | | | |
| Si(s) | 0 | 18.83 | 0 |
| SiBr$_4$(liq) | -457.3 | 277.8 | -443.8 |
| SiC(s) | -65.3 | 16.61 | -62.8 |
| SiCl$_4$(g) | -657.01 | 330.73 | -616.98 |
| SiH$_4$(g) | 34.3 | 204.62 | 56.9 |
| SiF$_4$(g) | -1614.94 | 282.49 | -1572.65 |
| SiO$_2$(s, quartz) | -910.94 | 41.84 | -856.64 |
| Silver | | | |
| Ag(s) | 0 | 42.55 | 0 |
| Ag$_2$O(s) | -31.05 | 121.3 | -11.2 |
| AgCl(s) | -127.068 | 96.2 | -109.789 |
| AgNO$_3$(s) | -124.39 | 140.92 | -33.41 |
| Sodium | | | |
| Na(s) | 0 | 51.21 | 0 |
| Na(g) | 107.32 | 153.712 | 76.761 |
| Na$^+$(g) | 609.358 | | |
| NaBr(s) | -361.062 | 86.82 | -348.983 |
| NaCl(s) | -411.153 | 72.13 | -384.138 |
| NaCl(g) | -176.65 | 229.81 | -196.66 |
| NaCl(aq) | -407.27 | 115.5 | -393.133 |
| NaOH(s) | -425.609 | 64.455 | -379.484 |
| NaOH(aq) | -470.114 | 48.1 | -419.15 |
| Na$_2$CO$_3$(s) | -1130.68 | 134.98 | -1044.44 |
| Sulfur | | | |
| S(s, rhombic) | 0 | 31.8 | 0 |
| S(g) | 278.805 | 167.821 | 238.25 |
| S$_2$Cl$_2$(g) | -18.4 | 331.5 | -31.8 |
| SF$_6$(g) | 1209 | 291.82 | -1105.3 |
| H$_2$S(g) | -20.63 | 205.79 | -33.56 |
| SO$_2$(g) | -296.83 | 248.22 | -300.194 |
| SO$_3$(g) | -395.72 | 256.76 | -371.06 |
| SOCl$_2$(g) | -212.5 | 309.77 | -198.3 |
| H2SO4(liq) | -813.989 | 156.904 | -690.003 |
| H$_2$SO$_4$(aq) | -909.27 | 20.1 | -744.53 |
| Tin | | | |
| Sn(s, white) | 0 | 51.55 | 0 |
| Sn(s, gray) | -2.09 | 44.14 | 0.13 |
| SnCl$_4$(liq) | -511.3 | 248.6 | -440.1 |
| SnCl$_4$(g) | -471.5 | 365.8 | -432.2 |
| SnO$_2$(s) | -580.7 | 52.3 | -519.6 |
| Titanium | | | |
| Ti(s) | 0 | 30.63 | 0 |
| TiCl$_4$(liq) | -804.2 | 252.34 | -737.2 |
| TiCl$_4$(g) | -763.2 | 354.9 | -726.7 |
| TiO$_2$(s) | -939.7 | 49.92 | -884.5 |
| Zinc | | | |
| Zn(s) | 0 | 41.63 | 0 |
| ZnCl$_2$(s) | -415.05 | 111.46 | -369.398 |
| ZnO(s) | -348.28 | 43.64 | -318.3 |
| ZnS(s, sphalerite) | -205.98 | 57.7 | -201.29 |
| Aqueous Ions and Molecules | | | |
| Ca$^{2+}$(aq) | -542.96 | -55.2 | -553.04 |
| CO$_3$$^{2-}$(aq) | -676.26 | -53.1 | -528.1 |
| CO$_2$(aq) | -413.8 | 117.6 | -386.0 |
| Cl$^-$(aq) | -167.16 | 56.5 | -131.26 |
| H$^+$(aq) | 0 | | 0 |
| HCO$_2$$^-$(aq) | -410 | 91.6 | -335 |
| HCO$_2$H(aq) | -410 | 164 | -356 |
| HCO$_3$$^-$(aq) | -691.11 | 95 | -587.06 |
| H$_2$CO$_3$(aq) | -698.7 | 191 | -623.42 |
| NH$_3$(aq) | -80.29 | 111 | -26.6 |
| OH$^-$(aq) | -229.94 | -10.54 | -157.3 |
| Ag$^+$(aq) | 105.58 | 72.68 | 77.124 |

## 12.7 Appendix 3: Bond Enthalpies

Average single bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)
| H-H 436 | C-H 413 | N-H 391 | O-H 483 | F-F 155 |
| H-F 567 | C-C 348 | N-N 163 | O-O 146 | |
| H-Cl 431 | C-N 293 | N-O 201 | O-F 190 | Cl-F 253 |
| H-Br 366 | C-O 358 | N-F 272 | O-Cl 203 | Cl-Cl 242 |
| H-I 299 | C-F 485 | N-Cl 200 | O-I 234 | |
| | C-Cl 328 | N-Br 243 | | Br-F 237 |
| | C-Br 276 | | S-H 339 | Br-Cl 218 |
| | C-I 240 | P-H 322 | S-F 327 | Br-Br 193 |
| | C-S 259 | P-F 490 | S-Cl 253 | |
| | | | S-Br 218 | I-Cl 208 |
| | Si-H 323 | | S-S 266 | I-Br 175 |
| | Si-Si 226 | | | I-I 151 |
| | Si-C 301 | | | |
| | Si-O 368 | | | |
| | Si-F 565 | | | |
| | Si-Cl 464 | | | |
Average double bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)
| C=C 614 | N=N 418 | O=O 495 |
| C=N 615 | N=O 607 | S=O 523 |
| C=O 799 | | S=S 418 |
Average triple bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)
| C≡C 839 | C≡N 891 | N≡N 941 | C≡O 1072 |