OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Operating System Design/File Systems/Journal

Journaling is a technique for fault tolerance in file systems. It works by keeping track of all changes in a log (a "journal") before committing the changes themselves to disk. This makes crashes and power failures easier to recover from and less likely to cause permanent data loss or space leakage.
Because filesystem operations (read, write, delete, etc.) can not often be completed atomically, a halt in the middle of one can cause any number of problems. For example, consider a write operation that requires the filesystem to:
* Update the file's inode
* Write the new data to the disk
Now, consider what would happen if step 1 was completed but the system failed before step 2 could be. We would have an inode that describes a file as having a certain last modified time, size, etc. But the file itself would not reflect these changes! By recording all changes before they happen, journaling filesystems like ext4 can be more fault tolerant than others, like FAT.
# Horticulture/2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4-D :
| Effect: | Kills broadleaf plants |
| Selectivity: | Dicots |
| Persistence: | Persistent |
| Application: | Granule or WP |
| MSDS: | (pdf file) |
| Organic Gardening: | Not permitted |
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, or C$_8$H$_6$Cl$_2$O$_3$) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the third-most widely used herbicide in North America and the most widely used herbicide in the world. It was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war. When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots.
2,4-D is sold in various formulations under a wide variety of brand names. It continues to be used for its low cost, despite the availability of more selective, more effective, and less toxic products.
2,4-D is a member of the phenoxy family of herbicides, which include:
* 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)
* 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA)
* 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acids (mecoprop, MCPP)
* 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (dichloroprop, 2,4-DP)
* (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB)
2,4-D is manufactured from chloroacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenol, which is itself produced by chlorination of phenol. The production process creates several contaminants including isomers, monochlorophenol, and other polychlorophenols and their acids.
The powerful defoliant and herbicide Agent Orange, used extensively throughout the Vietnam War, contained 2,4-D. However, the controversies associated with the use of Agent Orange were associated with a contaminant (dioxin) in the 2,4,5-T component.

## Uses

2,4-D is most commonly used for:
* Weed control in lawns and other turf
* No-till burndown
* Control of weeds and brush along fences and highway and railroad rights of way
* Conifer release (control of broadleaf trees in conifer plantings)
* Grass hayfields and pastures
* Cereal grains
* Corn and sorghum (occasionally)
Over 1500 herbicide products contain 2,4-D as an active ingredient

## Action

2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators.

## Precautions

The LD$_{50}$ in rats has been reported as 375 and 666 mg/kg in two different studies. Single oral doses of 5 and 30 mg/kg body weight did not cause any acute toxic effects in human volunteers.
The amine salt formulations can cause irreversible eye damage.
# Horticulture/Abelia x grandiflora
## References

Template:Taxobox
Abelia × grandiflora (Glossy Abelia) is a hybrid Abelia, raised by hybridising Abelia chinensis with A. uniflora. It is a deciduous or semi-evergreen multi-stemmed shrub with rounded, spreading, or gracefully arching branches to 1-1.8 m tall. The leaves are ovate, glossy, dark green, 2-6 cm long. The flowers are produced in clusters, white, tinged pink, bell-shaped, to 2 cm long.

### Cultivation and uses

Abelia × grandiflora was first raised at the Rovelli nursery by Lake Maggiore in Italy in 1886. It is used as an ornamental plant in specimen plantings in gardens, or in a mixed border with other shrubs. Propagation is by cuttings.
Synonyms include Abelia rupestris Hort., Linnaea pringiana Graebn, and L. spaethiana Graebn.

## References

* Bailey, L. H. (2005). Manual of Gardening (Second Edition). Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
* Template:Pt icon Lorenzi, H.; Souza, M.S. (2001) Plantas Ornamentais no Brasil: arbustivas, herbáceas e trepadeiras. Plantarum ISBN 85-86714-12-7
# Horticulture/Abelia

This plant attracts stink bugs, primarily Chinese ones. (Halyomorpha halys)
# Horticulture

Horticulture is an effort to create a coherent and wide-ranging guide to the practice of gardening. The text is intended for use by horticulture students, horticultural workers, and home gardeners.
The project scope aims at temperate-region gardens, spanning the USDA Hardiness Zones 4-8.

## Chapters
### Garden Basics
#### Types of Gardens

* Container Gardening
* Rock Gardens
* Water Gardens
* Herb Gardens
* Flower Gardens
* Color Gardens
* Community Gardens
* Urban Gardens

#### Outdoor Gardening

* Elements of a Garden Location
* First Steps in Planning a Garden
* Laying Out a Garden Bed
* Putting a Garden Plan into Action
* Permaculture
* Raised Beds

#### Soils, composting and mulches

* Soils and Composts
* Soil Improvement

### Propagation methods, seeds and sowing

* Irrigation
* Leaf Cuttings
* Planting Techniques
* Sowing

### Plants
#### Outdoor Plants

* Foliage
* Flowers
* Foods
* Grasses
* Trees
* Shrubs
* Fungi and Lichen
* Mosses and Bryophites

#### House plants

* House Plants

#### Container Plants

* Flowers
* Foods
* Terrariums

### Tools

* Lawn Mowers
* Protective Clothing

### Materials

* Herbicides

### Schedule of activities

* Spring Cleanup
* Fall Cleanup

### Problems
#### Weeds

* Weed Profiles
* Weeding Tools

#### Pests and diseases

* Pest Control Methods
* Pest Profiles
* Pesticides
* Plant Pests and Diseases

## Resources

* All pages of Horticulture
* Index
* Requests

## Contributing

* An invitation to contribute
** List of contributors
* Discuss the project
* Manual of style
* Using the page templates to begin a new page
* Modifying Wikipedia articles for use here
# Horticulture/Abutilon theophrasti

Velvetleaf :
| Binomial: | Abutilon theophrasti |
| Type: | Annual |
| Germination Time: | Spring |
Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf, China Jute, Buttonweed, Butterprint or Indian Mallow) is an annual plant in the family Malvaceae, native to southern Asia. It is encountered as a weed in many other parts of the world.

## Description

It grows to 1 m tall, and has velvet-like, heart-shaped leaves 15–25 cm broad. The flowers are yellow, 4 cm diameter, maturing into button-shaped seed pods.

## Ecology

Velvetleaf grows primarily in cropland, especially maize fields, and it can also be found on roadsides and in gardens . Velvetleaf prefers rich and cultivated soils.
After being introduced to North America in the 1700s, velvetleaf has become an invasive species in agricultural regions of the eastern and midwestern United States. It is one of the most detrimental weeds to corn, costing hundreds of millions of dollars per year in control and damage. Velvetleaf is an extremely competitive plant, so much so that it can steal nutrients and water away from crops.

## Uses

Velvetleaf has been grown in China since around 2000 BCE for its strong, jute-like fiber. The seeds are eaten in China and Kashmir .

## References

* ^ Richard H. Uva, Joseph C. Neal and Joseph M. Ditomaso, Weeds of The Northeast, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 256-257.
* ^ Washingston State Noxious Weed Control Board: Velvetleaf
# Horticulture/Acer griseum

Paperbark Maple :
| Binomial: | Acer griseum |
| Type: | Small tree |
| Shade cast: | Light |
| Fruit type and season: | Samaras, ripening in late autumn |
| Light requirements: | Full sun to part shade |
| Water requirements: | Drought tolerant |
| USDA Hardiness Zone: | 4-8 |
| Propagation: | Cuttings or seed |
| Pruning season: | mid-spring or early autumn |
| Transplant: | Transplants well |
| Pest issues: | uncommon |
| Disease issues: | uncommon |
Paperbark Maple (Acer griseum) is a species of maple native to central China. It was introduced to cultivation in Europe in 1901 by Ernest Henry Wilson for Veitch Nurseries, and to North America shortly after. The tree grows very slowly, so if being planted as a shade tree, large stock should be used.

## Description

It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree, reaching 10-18 m tall, and has smooth, shiny orange-red bark, which peels in thin, papery layers (mature bark is platy and brightly metallic-copper in color). The leaves are compound, with three leaflets, each 4-10 cm long and 2-6 cm broad, dark green above, bright glaucous blue-green beneath. The petioles and young stems are pubescent. The flowers are produced in small corymbs in spring, the fruit being a pair of winged samaras with the seeds about 1 cm long and a 3 cm wing. Young trees are upright, eventually developing a rounded habit.
Emerging foliage is copper-colored, fall color is bright red, in late season.

## Ecology

Some specimens will produce prolific seedlings in the garden, but due to the slow growth it is unlikely to become invasive.

## Uses

Paperbark Maple is widely grown as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is admired for its decorative exfoliating bark, translucent pieces of which stay attached to the branches until worn away. It also has spectacular autumn color which can include red, orange and pink tones.
Deep, well-drained soils are recommended, as unlike many other maples its roots run well below the surface.
Recent attempts have been made to acquire new seed stock from wild populations in China because it is believed that the current gene pool of cultivated specimens is very small. Propagation of Acer griseum is somewhat difficult as seeds have parthenocaptic tendencies.

## Pests and diseases

Pest and disease issues are rare in the garden. See Acer for a discussion of pest and disease problems affecting maples in general.
Due to the slow growth of seedlings, nursery stock often has problems with wrapping roots, which can lead to girdling later on if not addressed early.

## References

* Bean, W. J. (1970). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, 8th ed, revised. John Murray.
* Rushforth, K. D. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins.
* ↑ Maples for Gardens: A Color Encyclopedia by C.J. van Gelderen & D.M. van Gelderen, 1999
# Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives

The first comprehensive book to uniquely combine the three fields of systems architecting/engineering, operations/production systems, and multiple criteria decision making/optimization
Systems architecting is the art and science of designing, engineering, and building complex systems—combining art, science, management, and engineering disciplines. Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives covers all classical topics of operations and production systems as well as new topics not seen in any similar textbooks before: small-scale design of cellular systems, large-scale design of complex systems, clustering, productivity and efficiency measurements, and energy systems. Filled with completely new perspectives, paradigms, and robust methods of solving classic and modern problems, the book includes numerous examples and sample spreadsheets for solving each problem, a solutions manual, and a book companion site complete with worked examples and supplemental articles. Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives will teach readers:
* How operations and production systems are designed and planned
* How operations and production systems are engineered and optimized
* How to formulate and solve manufacturing systems problems
* How to model and solve interdisciplinary and systems engineering problems
* How to solve decision problems with multiple and conflicting objectives
This book is ideal for senior undergraduate, MS, and PhD graduate students in all fields of engineering, business, and management as well as practitioners and researchers in systems engineering, operations, production, and manufacturing. this book covers the following topics:
I. Operations Systems and Decision Making
Ch. 1 Introduction
Ch. 2. Multiple-Criteria Decision Making
II. Production and Operations Planning
Ch. 3. Forecasting
Ch. 4. Aggregate Planning
Ch. 5. Push and Pull (MRP/JIT) Systems
Ch. 6. Inventory Planning and Control
III. Scheduling and Project Management
Ch. 7. Scheduling and Sequencing
Ch. 8. Project Management
IV. Supply Chain and Energy Systems
Ch. 9. Supply Chain and Transportation
Ch. 10. Productivity and Efficiency
Ch. 11. Energy Systems Design and Operation
V. Cellular Systems and Clustering
Ch. 12. Clustering and Group Technology
Ch. 13. Cellular Layouts and Networks
Ch. 14. Assembly Systems
VI. Facility Layout and Location
Ch. 15. Facility Layout
Ch. 16. Location Decisions
VII. Quality, Reliability, and Measurement
Ch. 17. Quality Control and Assurance
Ch. 18. Work Measurement and Analysis
Ch. 19. Reliability and Maintainability
References
Malakooti, B. (2013). Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives. John Wiley & Sons.
# Operator Algebra

* The zeroth K-group
* The first K-group
# Operator Algebra/The first K-group

Definition (K1):

## Exercises

* Given a loop $\gamma :[0,1]\to \operatorname {GL} _{n}(\mathbb {C} )$, we associate to it its winding number ${\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{0}^{1}\operatorname {tr} (\gamma (t)^{-1}\gamma '(t))dt$
** Prove that this number is an integer, appealing to the corresponding result in the one-dimensional case.
** Prove that if $\gamma :[0,1]\to \operatorname {GL} _{n}(\mathbb {C} )$ and $\rho :[0,1]\to \operatorname {GL} _{n}(\mathbb {C} )$ are loops and there exists a homotopy $H:[0,1]^{2}\to \operatorname {GL} _{n}(\mathbb {C} )$ through loops from $\gamma$ to $\rho$ which is continuously differentiable in the component that varies when going along a fixed loop, then the winding numbers of $\gamma$ and $\rho$ are equal.
** Prove that if $K_{1}$ is regarded as a group, then the winding number induces a group homomorphism $K_{1}({\mathcal {C}}(S^{1},\mathbb {C} ))\to \mathbb {Z}$.
** Prove that this group homomorphism is surjective.
** Prove that the winding number of a matrix-valued path equals that of its point-wise determinant.
# Operator Algebrae

This Wikibook contains information on algebrae of operators their natural generalisations. We will begin by introducing the basic objects of study, prove about them what can be proven only in the specialized setting, and then proceed to consider more general objects, and prove certain statements in a more general setting.

## Table of Contents

* Von Neumann algebrae
* C*-algebrae
* Banach algebrae
# Operator Algebrae/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Operator_Algebrae

# Von Neumann algebrae
## The operator algebra

Definition (operator algebra):
Let $X$ be a Banach space over the field $\mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R}$ or $\mathbb {C}$. Consider the set $B(X)$ of bounded and linear functions from $X$ to itself. This

## Operator topologies
### Topologies on a Banach space

Definition (weak topology):
Let $X$ be a Banach space, and let $X^{*}$ be its dual space. The weak topology on $X$ is defined to be the initial topology with respect to the maps $x\mapsto x^{*}(x)$, where $x^{*}$ ranges over $X^{*}$.
Theorem (properties of the weak topology):

### Topologies exclusively for operator spaces

Proposition (bounded operators on a normed space form a Banach space under norm topology):
Let $X$ be a Banach space, and equip the space $B(X)$ with
Definition (uniform topology):

## Von Neumann algebrae, basic constructions

Definition (von Neumann algebra):
A von Neumann algebra is a subalgebra $A\leq B(H)$ which is closed under the weak operator topology.
# Operator Algebrae/Von Neumann algebrae
## The operator algebra

Definition (operator algebra):
Let $X$ be a Banach space over the field $\mathbb {K} =\mathbb {R}$ or $\mathbb {C}$. Consider the set $B(X)$ of bounded and linear functions from $X$ to itself. This

## Operator topologies
### Topologies on a Banach space

Definition (weak topology):
Let $X$ be a Banach space, and let $X^{*}$ be its dual space. The weak topology on $X$ is defined to be the initial topology with respect to the maps $x\mapsto x^{*}(x)$, where $x^{*}$ ranges over $X^{*}$.
Theorem (properties of the weak topology):

### Topologies exclusively for operator spaces

Proposition (bounded operators on a normed space form a Banach space under norm topology):
Let $X$ be a Banach space, and equip the space $B(X)$ with
Definition (uniform topology):

## Von Neumann algebrae, basic constructions

Definition (von Neumann algebra):
A von Neumann algebra is a subalgebra $A\leq B(H)$ which is closed under the weak operator topology.
# Ophthalmology
## Contents

* Introduction
* Professional Requirements
* Anatomy of the Eye
* Eye Examination
* Diseases of Conjunctiva
* Diseases of Cornea
* Diseases of Sclera
* Diseases of Uveal Tract
* Diseases of Lens
* Glaucoma
* Diseases of Vitreous
* Diseases of Retina
* Neuro-Ophthalmology
* Strabismus and Nystagmus
* Diseases of Eyelids
* Diseases of Lacrimal Apparatus
* Diseases of Orbit
* Ocular Injuries
* Systemic Ophthalmology
* Community Ophthalmology
* Eye Surgery

## Useful External Links

* EyeMDLink.com - Cataract Surgery
* EyeWiki of the American Academy of Ophthalmology
* eMedicine.com - Glaucoma, Complications and Management of Glaucoma Filtering
* American Board of Eye Surgeons
* American Academy of Ophthalmology
* American Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgery
* European Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgery
* Royal College of Ophthalmologists
* American Board of Eye Surgeons
* American Board of Ophthalmology
* Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
* All India Ophthalmological Society
* Delhi Ophthalmological Society
* Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Medicham
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 308
* Johto Index: 308
* Hoenn Index: 77
* Stage: Stage 1
* Height: 1.3m/4'3"
* Weight: 31.5kg/69.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Pure Power
* Type: Fighting/Psychic
* Species: Meditate
* Egg Group: Humanshape
* Hatch Steps: 5120
* Catch Rate: 90
* Base Experience: 153
* Max Experience: 1000000
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 60 | 60 | 75 | 80 | 60 | 75 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 324 | 240 | 273 | 284 | 240 | 273 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are good on Medicham: Ghost Move types which are bad on Medicham: Rock
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Medicham.

## Moveset

| Level | Ruby / Sapphire | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Fire Punch Thunderpunch Ice Punch Bide Meditate Confusion Detect | Fire Punch Thunderpunch Ice Punch Bide Meditate Confusion Detect |
| 4 | Meditate | Meditate |
| 9 | Confusion | Confusion |
| 12 | Detect | Detect |
| 17 | - | Hidden Power |
| 18 | Hidden Power | - |
| 20 | - | Swagger |
| 22 | Mind Reader | - |
| 25 | - | Mind Reader |
| 28 | Calm Mind | Calm Mind |
| 32 | Hi Jump Kick | - |
| 33 | - | Hi Jump Kick |
| 36 | - | Psych Up |
| 40 | Psych Up | - |
| 46 | Reversal | - |
| 47 | - | Reversal |
| 54 | Recover | - |
| 56 | - | Recover |

### TM/HM

* RS/FL: Attract, Brick Break, Bulk Up, Calm Mind, Double Team, Facade, Flash, Focus Punch, Frustration, Hidden Power, Hyper Beam, Light Screen, Protect, Psychic, Rain Dance, Reflect, Rest, Return, Rock Smash, Rock Tomb, Secret Power, Shadow Ball, Strength, Sunny Day, Toxic

### Evolution

* RS/FL: Baton Pass, Dynamicpunch, Fake Out, Fire Punch, Foresight, Ice Punch, Thunderpunch

## Trading Cards

* EX Hidden Legends #10 - Medicham
* EX Hidden Legends #42 - Medicham
| Basic: Meditite | Stage 1: Medicham | (No Stage 2) |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Meowscrada
## Description

A green bipedal catlike like Pokémon. It's face resembles a mask.

## Base Statistics

A grass and dark type Pokémon.
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 400% of their damage to Meowscrada: bug Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Meowscrada: fire, ice, poison, flying, fighting, fairy Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Meowscrada: water, grass, electric, ground, ghost, dark Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Meowscrada: psychic

## How to Evolve

Floragato evolves from Floragato.

## Name

The name incorporates the words "Meow" and elements of the word "masquerade", which it references with its catlike motifs and its masklike visage.

## Notes

Introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet.