OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Pieris rapae

Imported Cabbageworm :
| Type: | Insect |
| Binomial: | Pieris rapae |
| Family: | Pieridae |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Complete |
| Damaging stages: | Larval |
The Small White (Pieris rapae) is a small to mid-sized butterfly of the Yellows and Whites Pieridae family. It is also commonly known as the small cabbage white or just the cabbage white. It is native across Europe, North Africa and Asia but has also been introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand where they have become pests on cultivated cabbages and other mustard family crops.

## Description

In appearance it looks like a smaller version of the Large White. The upper side is creamy white with black tips to the forewings. Females also have two black spots in the center of the forewings. Its underwings are yellowish with black speckles.
Its caterpillars can be a pest on cultivated cabbages, but it will readily lay eggs on wild members of the cabbage family. The eggs are laid singularly on foodplant leaves.
Known in the United States as "Imported Cabbage Worms", the caterpillars are green and well camouflaged. Unlike the Large White they don't store the mustard oils from their foodplants and so are not distasteful to predators like birds.

## Symptoms and Signs

Leaves are eaten one side at a time, starting from the edge and often eventually reduced to just a stem and the base of the midrib. Seedlings may become completely defoliated after only a day or two. Greenish-brown frass may collect in the leaf axils.

## Ecology

Like its close relative the Large White this is a strong flyer and the British population is increased by continental immigrants in most years. Like other "White" butterflies it hibernates as a pupa. Along with the Large White it is sometimes known as the Cabbage White or Cabbage Butterfly.
It has two flight periods, mid-spring and midsummer.

## Host plants

Hosts include members of the following genera, and possibly other mustard-family weeds.
* Armoracia (Horseradish)
* Brassica
* Capsella (Sheperd's Purse)
* Lactuca (Lettuce)
* Lobularia (Sweet Alyssum)
* Raphanus (Turnip)
* Sisymbrium
* Tropaeolum (Nasturtium)

## Control

* Biocontrols (microscopic): Bacillus thuringensis

## References

* Jim Asher et al The Millennium Atlas of Britain and Ireland Oxford University Press
* Evans, W.H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd Ed.), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
* Gaonkar, Harish (1996) "Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (Including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a Threatened Mountain System." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.
* Gay, Thomas; Kehimkar, Isaac & Punetha, J.C. (1992) Common Butterflies of India. WWF-India and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, India.
* Kunte, Krushnamegh (2005) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press.
* Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
* University of Hawaii
# Horticulture/Physical Removal of Garden Pests

Many garden pests can be controlled by simply removing them from the plant. In some cases, they can be simply "squished", in others they can be pruned out or blasted off with high-pressure water.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Observing the Sky from 40°N

This atlas contains a set of 24 maps regulated to the latitude of 40°N, similar to those of many important cities in the northern hemisphere, such as New York, Washington D.C., Boulder, San Francisco, Rome, Madrid, Beijing and Tokyo, as well as information about some double and variable stars and almost 160 deep sky objects.
These maps can be used also from latitudes between 45°N and 35°N without any notable difference.
8 selected areas of the sky suitable for binoculars are displayed in separated and detailed maps, followed by a short description of those galactic regions.

## Table of contents

    Introduction
    Sky maps
    Tables
    Selected areas of sky
    Sources and references
Note: the PDF version of this atlas was developed to be printed in A3 format paper.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/November 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for November 1, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/November 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for November 15, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/October 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for October 15, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/September 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for September 1, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/October 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for October 1, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 30°S/Sky maps/September 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for September 15, 10:00 pm, from 30°S. South is up and North is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot/FAQ
## How do I make a GUI in Python?

    You can use either TKinter at http://www.python.org/topics/tkinter/ or PyQT4 at http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/ or PyGobject at http://live.gnome.org/PyGObject For really simple graphics, you can use the turtle graphics mode import turtle

## How do I make a game in Python?

    The best method is probably to use PyGame at http://pygame.org/

## How do I make an executable from a Python program?

    Short answer: Python is an interepreted language so that is impossible. Long answer is that something similar to an executable can be created by taking the Python interpreter and the file and joining them together and distributing that. For more on that problem see http://www.python.org/doc/faq/programming/#how-can-i-create-a-stand-alone-binary-from-a-python-script

## (IFAQ) Why do you use first person in this tutorial?

    Once upon a time in a different millennia, (1999 to be exact), an earlier version was written entirely by Josh Cogliati, and it was up on his webpage http://www.honors.montana.edu/~jjc/easytut and it was good. Then the server rupert, like all good things than have a beginning came to an end, and Josh moved it to Wikibooks, but the first person writing stuck. If someone really wants to change it, I will not revert it, but I don't see much point.

## My question is not answered.

    Ask on the discussion page or add it to this FAQ, or email one of the Authors.
For other FAQs, you may want to see the Python 2.6 version of this page Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/FAQ, or the Python FAQ.
# Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot/Front matter

The book Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot is a tutorial designed to be an introduction to the Python programming language using the Linkbot modular robot. This guide is for someone with no programming or robotics experience.
If you have any questions or comments please use the discussion pages or see Authors page for author contact information. Please direct Linkbot related questions to the authors.

### Other resources

* Barobo Modular Robots
* Python Home Page
* Python Documentation
* A Byte of Python by Swaroop C H
* Porting to Python 3: An in-depth guide
# Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot/Intro to Imported Libraries and other Functions
## Intro to Imported Libraries and other Functions

    In this chapter, we will cover some functions from various imported libraries that are commonly asked about, or used in Python. This chapter is not required to fully understand basics of Python. This chapter is meant to show further capability of Python, which can be utilized with what you already know about the language.

### math

    The math library has many functions that are useful for programs that need to perform mathematical operations, that cannot be accomplished using the built in operators.
    This section assumes you have math training up to and including Trigonometry.
The following list, shows all the functions in the math library:
* math.ceil
* math.copysign
* math.fabs
* math.factorial
* math.floor
* math.fmod (Not the most ideal for its purpose. Will not be explained.)
* math.frexp (Outside the scope of this tutorial. Will not be explained.)
* math.fsum
* math.isfinite
* math.isinf
* math.isnan
* math.ldexp
* math.modf (Outside the realm of this tutorial. Will not be explained.)
* math.trunc (Outside the realm of this tutorial. Will not be explained.)
* math.exp
* math.expm1
* math.log
* math.log1p
* math.log10
* math.pow
* math.sqrt
* math.acos
* math.asin
* math.atan
* math.atan2
* math.cos
* math.hypot
* math.sin
* math.tan
* math.degrees
* math.radians
* math.acosh
* math.asinh
* math.atanh
* math.cosh
* math.sinh
* math.tanh
* math.erf
* math.erfc
* math.gamma
* math.lgamma
* math.pi
* math.e
    Of course we wont cover every one of these functions. But we will cover a good chunk of them.
Lets start off by covering the two constants in the math library. math.pi is the mathematical constant "π", to available precision on your computer. math.e is the mathematical constant "e", to available precision on your computer. Here is an example of both constants when entered in interactive mode in the Python shell.
These constants can be stored in a variable just like any other number. Below is an example of such, and shows simple operations on those variables.
Now, lets look at the functions. Lets start at the top of the list, and work our way down. Some of the functions will be skipped. At this point in the tutorial, you should be able to look at each of these examples to follow, and easily figure out what the example does. A simple sentence or two about what the function does will be provided.
Below is an example of every math module function, and how it is used. (Excluding functions noted above as not to be explained)
# Network Plus Certification/Security/Access Security

| « | Network Security Objective 6.3: Network Access Security | » |
| Objective 6.2: Firewall Features | Network Security Objective 6.3: Network Access Security | Objective 6.4: User Authentication |
Objective 6.3: Explain the methods of network access security

## Tunneling and encryption
### SSL VPN (Secure Sockets Layer Virtual Private Network)

o An SSL VPN (Secure Sockets Layer virtual private network) is a form of VPN that can be used with a standard Web browser. In contrast to the traditional Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) VPN, an SSL VPN does not require the installation of specialized client software on the end user's computer. It's used to give remote users with access to Web applications, client/server applications and internal network connections.
A virtual private network (VPN) provides a secure communications mechanism for data and other information transmitted between two endpoints. An SSL VPN consists of one or more VPN devices to which the user connects by using his Web browser. The traffic between the Web browser and the SSL VPN device is encrypted with the SSL protocol or its successor, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. An SSL VPN offers versatility, ease of use and granular control for a range of users on a variety of computers, accessing resources from many locations. There are two major types of SSL VPNs: SSL Portal VPN: This type of SSL VPN allows for a single SSL connection to a Web site so the end user can securely access multiple network services. • The site is called a portal because it is one door (a single page) that leads to many other resources. The remote user accesses the SSL VPN gateway using any modern Web browser, identifies himself or herself to the gateway using an authentication method supported by the gateway and is then presented with a Web page that acts as the portal to the other services. • SSL Tunnel VPN: This type of SSL VPN allows a Web browser to securely access multiple network services, including applications and protocols that are not Web-based, through a tunnel that is running under SSL. SSL tunnel VPNs require that the Web browser be able to handle active content, which allows them to provide functionality that is not accessible to SSL portal VPNs. Examples of active content include Java, JavaScript, Active X, or Flash applications or plug-ins.
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/SSL-VPN

### IPsec (Internet Protocol Security)
## Remote access
### ICA (Independent Computing Architecture)

* ↑ http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/SSL-VPN
# Network Plus Certification/Memory Aids

| « | Network Plus Certification Appendix A: Memory Aids |
| Domain 6: Network Security | Network Plus Certification Appendix A: Memory Aids |

## OSI Model

| Please | Do | Not | Throw | Sausage | Pizza | Away |
| Physical Layer | Data Link Layer | Network Layer | Transport Layer | Session Layer | Presentation Layer | Application Layer |
| Please | Do | Not | Touch | Steve's | Pet | Alligator |
| Physical Layer | Data Link Layer | Network Layer | Transport Layer | Session Layer | Presentation Layer | Application Layer |
| Puff | Daddy | Needs | To | Stop | Producing | Albums |
| Physical Layer | Data Link Layer | Network Layer | Transport Layer | Session Layer | Presentation Layer | Application Layer |
| Pew | Dead | Ninja | Turtles | Smell | Particularly | Awful |
| Physical Layer | Data Link Layer | Network Layer | Transport Layer | Session Layer | Presentation Layer | Application Layer |
| Princess | Di | Never | Tried | Screwing | Prince | Andrew |
| Physical Layer | Data Link Layer | Network Layer | Transport Layer | Session Layer | Presentation Layer | Application Layer |
| A | Priest | Saw | Two | Nuns | Doing | Push-ups |
| Application Layer | Presentation Layer | Session Layer | Transport Layer | Network Layer | Data Link Layer | Physical Layer |
| All | People | Seem | To | Need | Data | Processing |
| Application Layer | Presentation Layer | Session Layer | Transport Layer | Network Layer | Data Link Layer | Physical Layer |
| All | People | Should | Try | New | Diet | Pepsi |
| Application Layer | Presentation Layer | Session Layer | Transport Layer | Network Layer | Data Link Layer | Physical Layer |
| « | Network Plus Certification Appendix A: Memory Aids |
| Domain 6: Network Security | Network Plus Certification Appendix A: Memory Aids |
# Network Plus Certification/Security

| « | Network Plus Certification Domain 6: Network Security | » |
| Domain 5: Network Tools | Network Plus Certification Domain 6: Network Security | Appendix A: Memory Aids |
The Network Security Domain consists of 11% of the CompTIA Network+ exam.
* Objective 6.1: Security Devices
* Objective 6.2: Firewall Features
* Objective 6.3: Network Access Security
* Objective 6.4: User Authentication
* Objective 6.5: Device Security
* Objective 6.6: Threat Mitigation
# Network Plus Certification/Security/Device Security

| « | Network Security Objective 6.5: Device Security | » |
| Objective 6.4: User Authentication | Network Security Objective 6.5: Device Security | Objective 6.6: Threat Mitigation |
Objective 6.5: Explain issues that affect device security

## Physical security

Physical security describes both measures that prevent or deter attackers from accessing a facility, resource, or information stored on physical media and guidance on how to design structures to resist various hostile acts. It can be as simple as a locked door or as elaborate as multiple layers of armed security guards and guardhouses.
In a well designed system, these features must complement each other. There are at least four layers of physical security:
* Environmental design
* Mechanical and electronic access control
* Intrusion detection
* Video monitoring
The goal is to convince potential attackers that the likely costs of attack exceed the value of making the attack.

## Secure methods vs. unsecure methods

| Secure Method | Unsecure Method |
| SSH (Secure Shell) | Telnet and RSH (Remote Shell) |
| HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) | HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) |
| SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) | FTP (File Transfer Protocol) |
| SNMPv3 (Simple Network Management Protocol version 3) | SNMPv1/2 (Simple Network Management Protocol version 1 or 2) |
| SCP (Secure Copy Protocol) | RCP (Remote Copy Protocol) |
Objective 1.1 also requires knowledge of some of these protocols.
# Network Plus Certification/Security/Security Devices

| Network Security Objective 6.1: Security Devices | » |
| Network Security Objective 6.1: Security Devices | Objective 6.2: Firewall Features |
Objective 6.1: Explain the function of hardware and software security devices

## Network-based firewall

Network based firewalls – monitor traffic on the entire network segment, meaning an administrator monitors and controls firewall services from a central location.

## Host-based firewall

Host based firewalls – is installed on an individual system and monitors and controls inbound and outbound traffic for just that system.

## VPN (Virtual Private Network) concentrator

VPN concentrators increase remote access security. Concentrators sit between the VPN client and VPN server, creating a tunnel authenticating users and encrypting data as it travels. They also regulate and monitor data transfer across the tunnel, and control inbound and outbound traffic as an endpoint or router.
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions

Please edit this page to add other courses of IGNOU which you want to add here
* BA
* BCA
* MPS
* BDP
* Bcom
* MEC
* MCOM
* MSW
* MP
* MCA
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 1/MCS-011 Problem Solving and Programming/December 2010

MCA (REVISED)
Term End Examination December – 2010
MCS-011 : PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROGRAMMING
Note : Question No. 1 is compulsory. Answer any three question form the rest.
Q.1. (a) Write an algorithm, in C to sort a given list of numbers in ascending order usingbubble sort. (10)
Q.1. (b) What is Pointer? Give example. Write a program to swap the value using pass by value” and “pass by reference” method. (10)
Q.1. © explain file handling in C. What is EOF and its value? Write a program to copy one file to another. (10)
Q.1. (d) Explain (with example) :- (2.5x4=10)
Q.2. (a) Write a program in C to display the following output. (08)
Q.2. (b) Write a program to subtract 2 matrices of size 3x3. (08)
Q.2. © explain function prototype with examples. (04)
Q.3. (a) What are various storage classes in C, give an example of each. (06)
Q.3. (b) Write loops that calculate the sum of given series : (07)
Q.3. © Using an example, give steps to calculate the average and worst case complexity of and algorithm. (07) Q.4. (a) differentiate between :- (2.5x4=10)
Q.4. (b) A C program contains the following declaration :- (1x5=05)
Q.4. © Write a program in C to concatenate 2 strings without using strcat function. (05)
Q.5. (a) Write a program in C to implement binary search in a given list of numbers. Also give the average complexity of binary search. (10)
Q.5. (b) Using the concept of structures, write a program to display the salary, department and other details of employees of an organization. Make necessary assumptions wherever necessary. (05)
Q.5. © Explain dynamic memory allocation with examples. (05)
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 1/MCS-012 Computer Organization and Assembly language Programming

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 1/MCS-011 Problem Solving and Programming

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 1/MCS-011 Problem Solving and Programming/December 2007

MCA (REVISED TERM-END EXAMINATION)
DECEMBER , 2007
MCS - 011 : PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROGRAMMING
TIME : 3 HOURS <T> maximum marks : 100 (weightage : 75%)
noTE :
(1) Question 1 is compulsory
)ii) Attempt any three from the rest
1 (a) Design an algorithm , draw a corresponding flow chart and write a 'C' Program for Binary Search , to search a given number among the list of numbers. (10)
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 1/MCS-011 Problem Solving and Programming/june 2009

* MCA (Revised)
* Term-End Examination
* JUNE 2009
* MCS-011: PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROGRAMMING
* Time: 3 hours
* Maximum Marks : 100
* Note: Question number 1 is compulsory. Answer any three questions from the rest.
* 1.(a) Develop an algorithm, draw a corresponding flowchart and then write a program in ‘C’ to print the sum of the digits of a three digit number. [10 marks]
* 1.(b) Write a program that does not use the inbuilt string function to perform the following:
[10 marks]
main { Int x=2,y=3,S1,S2; S1=x+(++y); S2=++x+y++; Printf(“%d%d%d%d\n”,S1,S2,x,y); } [5 marks]
* 3(a) .Write a Program in ‘C’ to copy one file to another. The program should read the another.The program should read the filenames at command line. [10 Marks]
* 3(b) Explain the meaning and usage of each of the following function prototypes:
(i) getch (ii) strcmp (iii)getchr (iv) gets (v) puts [5x2=10Marks]
* 4.(a) Write a Program in ‘C’ in which a two-dimensional array is represented as an array of integer pointers to a set of single dimensional integer array. [10 Marks]
* 4(b)Write a ‘C’ program to find the sum of the given series:
S=1-2/2!+3/3!-4/4!_ _ _n/n! [10 Marks]
* 5.(a) List and explain bitwise operators in’C’. [10 Marks]
* 5 (b) Write a program to count the number of characters,number of words and number of lines in a given file. [10 Marks]
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 1/MCS-011 Problem Solving and Programming/December 2008

* MCA (Revised)
* Term-End Examination
* December 2008
* MCS-011: PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROGRAMMING
* Time : 3 hourse
* Maximum Marks : 100
* Note: Question number 1 is compulsory. Answer any three questions from the rest.
* 1.(a) Design an algorithm, draw a corresponding flowchart and then write a program in C to convert a given string to lower case. [10 marks]
* 1.(b) Write an algorithm and program in C to generate filbonacci series. Use recursion. [10 marks]
* 1.(c)Draw a flowchart and write a program in C to calculate the number of vowels in a given string. [10 marks]
* 1.(d) What do you mean by 'array of pointers' ? Write a program in C to calculate the difference of the corresponding elements of two arrays of integers of same size. [10 marks]
* 2.(a)Write the usage of the following (with an example of each): [5 marks]
* 2(c) What are the differences between structure and union ? Give one illustrative example of usage of the union. [8 marks]
* 3(a) Write a program in C, using structures to generate a report for employees which displays the total salary, designation, department,etc. Assumptions can be made wherever necessary. [8 marks]
* 3(b) Write a program to read formatted data from the file. [6 marks]
* 3(c)Give a brief note on null pointer assignment. Write a program in 'C' to illustrate this concept.
[6 marks]
[8 marks]
* 5 (b) Write a program in C to sort a given list of numbers using bubble sort. Draw corresponding flowchart also. [7 marks]
* 5 (c)Explain meaning of following prototypes and mention return data type of each of them : [8 marks]
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 1/MCS-012 Computer Organization and Assembly language Programming/june 2011

simply the boolean expression
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA

* Semester 1
* Semester 2
* Semester 3
* Semester 4
* Semester 5
* Semester 6