OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Punjabi/Grammar/Adjective

(Adjective types) 1. descriptive - ਵਰਣਨਯੋਗ 2. Distributive - ਵੰਡ 3. Demonstrative. - ਪ੍ਰਦਰਸ਼ਨਕਾਰੀ 4. Interrogation. - ਪੁੱਛਗਿੱਛ 5. Number. - ਨੰਬਰ 6. Proper. - ਸਹੀ 7. Possessive. - ਕਬੂਲਣ ਵਾਲਾ 8. Quantitative. - ਮਾਤਰਾ

## ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ (Adjective)

An adjective is a modifier which modifies or qualifies a noun or pronoun. There can be
* Qualitative(ਗੁਣ-ਵਾਚਕ) adjectives,
** For example ਚੰਗਾ, ਠੰਡੀ and ਕਾਲ਼ੇ in ਚੰਗਾ ਮੁੰਡਾ, ਠੰਡੀ ਹਵਾ and ਕਾਲ਼ੇ ਬੱਦਲ are qualitative adjectives.
* Numerical(ਸੰਖਿਆ-ਵਾਚਕ) adjectives,
** ਇੱਕ, ਕੁੱਝ and ਬਹੁਤ in ਇੱਕ ਮੁੰਡਾ, ਕੁੱਝ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ and ਬਹੁਤ ਸ਼ੇਰ are all numerical adjectives.
* Quantitative(ਪਰਿਮਾਣ-ਵਾਚਕ) adjectives,
** ਥੋੜ੍ਹਾ, ਬਹੁਤਾ and ਕਾਫੀ in ਥੋੜ੍ਹਾ ਦੁੱਧ, ਬਹੁਤਾ ਪਾਣੀ and ਕਾਫੀ ਖਾਣਾ are all quantitative adjectives.
* Demonstrative(ਨਿਸ਼ਚੇ-ਵਾਚਕ) adjectives,
** Similarly ਉਹ, ਇਹ and ਹਾਹ in ਉਹ ਮੁੰਡਾ, ਇਹ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ and ਹਾਹ ਕਿਤਾਬ are demonstrative adjectives.
* Pronominal(ਪੜਨਾਵੀਂ) adjectives.
** Finally ਕਿਹੜਾ, ਜਿਸ and ਉਸ in ਕਿਹੜਾ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ, ਜਿਸ ਮਾਂ and ਉਸ ਰੱਬ are all pronominal adjectives.

### Inflection of Adjectives

Some adjectives change form to conform to number and case of the modified noun or pronoun. These adjectives bear gender and change form for number and case. For example, ਸੋਹਣਾ, ਕਾਲਾ and ਗੋਰਾ are all inflected adjectives for masculine gender and ਸੋਹਣੀ, ਕਾਲੀ and ਗੋਰੀ are the corresponding forms for feminine gender.
Inflected adjectives change like nouns taking different cases. Different forms of ਸੋਹਣਾ are ਸੋਹਣਾ, ਸੋਹਣੇ and ਸੋਹਣਿਆਂ. Inflectional form of feminine form ਸੋਹਣੀ are ਸੋਹਣੀ and ਸੋਹਣੀਆਂ.

### Uninflected adjectives

This class of adjectives do not change form for gender, number or case e.g. ਲਾਲ, ਮਿਹਨਤੀ, ਮਸ਼ਹੂਰ, ਦਿਲਚਸਪ etc.
# Punjabi/Grammar/Adverb
## ਕ੍ਰਿਆ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ - Adverb

An adverb modifies that is, changes the meaning of the verb or another adverb. For example in ਬਹੁਤ ਤੇਜ ਤੁਰਨਾ, ਤੇਜ(fast) modifies the verb ਤੁਰਨਾ(move) and ਬਹੁਤ(very) modifies the adverb ਤੇਜ. Both ਬਹੁਤ and ਤੇਜ are adverbs. There can be
* Adverbs of Time
** Such as ਅੱਜ, ਕੱਲ੍ਹ, ਅੱਜ-ਕੱਲ੍ਹ, ਭਲਕੇ, ਪਰਸੋਂ, ਸਵੇਰੇ, ਸ਼ਾਮੀਂ, ਤਰਕਾਲੀਂ, ਦੁਪਹਿਰੇ, ਰਾਤੀਂ, ਉਦੋਂ, ਕਦੋਂ, ਕਦੇ, ਜਦੋਂ, ਹਰ ਰੋਜ, ਹਾੜੀ ਸਾਉਣੀ, ਤਿਮਹੀ ਛਿਮਾਈ; or
* Adverbs of Place
** Such as ਇੱਧਰ, ਉੱਧਰ, ਸੱਜੇ, ਖੱਬੇ, ਉਤੇ, ਥੱਲੇ, ਦੂਰ, ਨੇੜੇ, ਪਿੱਛੇ, ਅੱਗੇ, ਸਾਹਮਣੇ, ਪਰ੍ਹਾਂ, ਉਰਾਂ; or
* Adverbs of Number
** Such as ਇੱਕ ਵਾਰ, ਕਈ ਵਾਰ, ਘੜੀ ਮੁੜੀ, ਬਾਰ ਬਾਰ, ਦੁਬਾਰਾ; or
* Adverbs of Manner
** Such as ਇਞੇਂ, ਕਿਵੇਂ, ਇੰਜ, ਕਿੰਜ, ਕਿਸ ਤਰਾਂ, ਇਸ ਤਰਾਂ, ਉਸ ਤਰਾਂ, ਜਿਸ ਤਰਾਂ, ਕੀਕਰ, ਜੀਕਰ, ਜਲਦੀ, ਕਾਹਲੀ, ਹੌਲੀ, ਹੌਲੀ ਹੌਲੀ, ਤੇਜ, ਤੇਜ ਤੇਜ, ਛੇਤੀ, ਛੇਤੀ ਛੇਤੀ; or
* Adverbs of Purpose
** Such as ਕੰਮ ਲਈ, ਕੰਮ ਨੂੰ, ਵੇਖਣ ਨੂੰ, ਵੇਖਣ ਲਈ; or
* Adverbs of Reason
** Such as ਇਸ ਲਈ, ਇਸ ਵਾਸਤੇ, ਕਿਉਂਕੇ, ਤਾਂ ਹੀ, ਤਾਂ ਜੁ, ਤਾਈਓਂ, ਕਿਸਮਤ ਦੇ ਮਾਰੇ, ਬਿਮਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਸਬੱਬ, ਗਰਮੀ ਦੇ ਚਲਦੇ; or
* Adverbs of Instrumental
** Such as ਗਲਾਂ ਨਾਲ, ਹਥ ਨਾਲ, ਚਾਕੂ ਨਾਲ, ਕਲਮ ਨਾਲ; or
* Adverbs of Degree
** Such as ਬਹੁਤ, ਕੁਝ, ਕਾਫੀ, ਕੋਈ or
* Adverbs of Comitative
** Such as ਦੇ ਨਾਲ.
Punjabi adverbs do not inflect and remain in the masculine singular form. This is in stark contrast to adjectives which inflect and have concord with the modified noun, pronoun or phrase.
# Punjabi/Dictionary/ਪ

ਪਕਾਉਣਾ
# Punjabi/Dictionary/ਵ

ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ - god
# Punjabi/Dictionary/ੲ
## ੲ

ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
ਇਸ਼ਕ love ਰੱਬੀ ~ ਦਾ ਦਰਜਾ ਉਤਮ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਇਸ਼ਟ god ਆਪਣੇ ~ ਨੂੰ ਸਦਾ ਧਿਆਨ ਨਿੱਚ ਰੱਖੋ।
ਇਸਤਰੀ 1. woman; ~ ਅਤੇ ਪੁਰਸ਼ ਇੱਕ ਹੀ ਗੱਡੀ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਪਹੀਏ ਹਨ। 2. iron (clothes) ਮੇਰੇ ਕੱਪੜੇ ਬਾਜਾਰੋਂ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਹੋ ਕਿ ਆਏ ਹਨ।
ਇਸਪਾਤ steel ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ~ ਦੇ ਕਈ ਵੱਡੇ ਕਾਰਖਾਨੇ ਹਨ।
ਇਸ਼ਾਰਾ hint; clue ਸਮਝਦਾਰ ਨੂੰ ~ ਹੀ ਕਾਫੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਈਸਵੀ christian era ਇਹ ਸੰਨ ~ ਦੋ ਹਜਾਰ ਇੱਕ ਸੌ ਅੱਠ ਹੈ।
ਈਸ਼ਵਰ god ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ ਇੱਕ ~ ਦੇ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਨੂੰ ਮੰਨਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਇਹ this ~ ਮੇਰਾ ਦੋਸਤ ਹੈ। also ਇਸ this
ਇੱਕ one ~ ਇੱਕ ਅਤੇ ਦੋ ਗਿਆਰਾਂ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ।
    ਇੱਕੀ twenty one; ਇਕੱਤੀ thirty one; ਇਕਤਾਲੀ forty one; ਇਕਵੰਜਾ fifty one; ਇਕਾਹਠ sixty one; ਇਕੱਤਰ seventy one; ਇਕਾਸੀ eighty one; ਇਕਾਨਵੇਂ ninety one
    ਇੱਕੀਵੀਂ twenty first, ਇਕੱਤੀਵੀਂ thirty first.........
ਏਕਾ union ਏਕੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਰਕਤ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਇੱਕਾਈ unit ਉਹ ਆਪਣੀ ~ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੱਭ ਤੋਂ ਉਪਰ ਦਾ ਅਫਸਰ ਹੈ।
ਇਕਸਾਰ level or uniform ਖੇਤ ~ ਹੈ।
ਇਕਾਗਰ (of mind) focused ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ~ ਮਨ ਨਾਲ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।
ਇਕੱਠ assembly or gathering ਸਮਾਗਮ ਤੇ ਬਹੁਤ ~ ਹੋਇਆ। 2. a social gathering after the death of a old person to pray and dine ਉਸਦੀ ਦਾਦੀ ਦੇ ~ ਤੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਰਿਸ਼ਤੇਦਾਰ ਆਏ। ਇਕਾਂਤ seclusion ਉਹ ~ ਪਸੰਦ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਇਕਤਾਰਾ a single string musical instrument ~ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸੰਗੀਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਖਾਸ ਸਥਾਨ ਰੱਖਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਇਕੱਲਾ lone ਉਹ ਜਮਾਤ ਵਿੱਚ ~ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਸੀ।
ਏਕੜ acre ਇੱਕ ~ ਵਿੱਚ 4840 ਵਰਗ ਗਜ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ।
ਇਛਾ desire; ਨਹਿਰੂ ਦੀ ਆਖਰੀ ~ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਉਸਦੀਆਂ ਅਸਥੀਆਂ ਸਾਰੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਖਿਲਾਰ ਦਿੱਤੀਆਂ ਜਾਣ।
ਇੰਜ like this ~ ਕਰਨ ਨਾਲ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਠੀਕ ਹੋ ਜਾਉਗੇ।
ਇਜਾਜਤ permission ਮੈਂ ਉਸਤੋਂ ਉਸਦੇ ਘਰ ਜਾਣ ਦੀ ~ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਹੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰ ਲਈ ਸੀ।
ਇੱਜਤ respect ਵੱਡਿਆਂ ਦੀ ~ ਕਰਨੀ ਚਾਹੀਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਇੱਜੜ herd ਚਰਵਾਹਾ ਆਪਣੇ ~ ਨੂੰ ਚਾਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ।
ਇੰਞਣ engine ਰੇਲ ਦਾ ~ ਚਾਲੂ ਸੀ।
ਇੱਟ brick ਹਵੇਲੀ ਇੱਟਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਚੂਨੇ ਨਾਲ ਬਣੀ ਸੀ।
ਇੰਤਜਾਰ wait ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਨਤੀਜੇ ਲਈ ਕੁਝ ਹੋਰ ~ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਵੇਗਾ।
ਇੰਤਜਾਮ arrangements ਪੁਲੀਸ ਨੇ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਦੇ ਚੰਗੇ ~ ਕੀਤੇ ਸਨ। also ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ
ਇਤਿਹਾਸ history ~ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਦੁਰਹਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਇਤਰ scent ਔਰਤ ਕੋਲੋਂ ~ ਦੀ ਖੁਸ਼ਬੋ ਆ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ।
ਇੱਥੇ here ~ ਹਰ ਧਰਮ ਦੇ ਲੋਕ ਵਸਦੇ ਹਨ।
ਈਦ a muslim festival ਹਨੇਰੀਆਂ ਰਾਤਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਪਹਿਲੇ ਦਿਨ ਜਦ ਚੰਨ ਦਿਸਦਾ ਹੈ ਤਾਂ ~ ਮਨਾਈ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਇੱਦਾਂ like this ~ ਕਰਨ ਨਾਲ ਕੁਝ ਹਾਸਿਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ। also ਇੱਸ ਤਰਾਂ or ਏਦਾਂ
ਇੱਧਰ this side ਉਹ ~ ਆ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। also ਏਧਰ ਈਨ accept domination of some one else ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੇ ਸਹਿਜਾਦਿਆਂ ਨੇ ਮੁਗਲਾਂ ਦੀ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਮੰਨੀ।
ਇੰਨਸਾਨ human being; person; ~ ਨੂੰ ਹਰ ਇੱਕ ਨਾਲ ਉਂਜ ਹੀ ਪੇਸ਼ ਆਉਣਾਂ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਉਹ ਦੂਜਿਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਆਸ ਕਰਦਾ।
ਇੰਨਕਾਰ deny; refuse ਉਸਨੇ ਤਜਵੀਜ ਮੰਨਣ ਤੋਂ ~ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ।
ਇਮਤਿਹਾਨ examination ਦਸਵੀਂ ਦੇ ~ ਖਤਮ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।
ਇਮਦਾਦ help ਔਖਆਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਥੋੜੀ ~ ਵੀ ਬਹੁਮੁਲੀ ਸੀ।
ਈਮਾਨ conscience; honesty ਉਹ ਆਪਣੇ ~ ਤੇ ਮਰ ਮਿਟੇ।
ਈਮਾਨਦਾਰ honest ਇਮਾਨਦਾਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਈ ਔਕੜਾਂ ਦਾ ਸਾਹਮਣਾ ਕਰਨਾ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਇਮਾਰਤ building ~ ਨੂੰ ਸਫੈਦੀ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ।
ਇੰਮਲੀ tamarind ~ ਖੱਟੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਇਰਾਦਾ intention ~ ਪੱਕਾ ਹੋਵੇ ਤਾਂ ਸਫਲਤਾ ਮਿਲ ਹੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਇੱਲ vulture; eagle ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ~ ਖਤਮ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਜਾ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ।
ਇਲਾਕਾ area; part of an area ਪਹਾੜੀ ਇਲਾਕੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਠੰਡ ਸੀ।
ਇਲਾਚੀ cardamom ਹਰੀ ~ ਚਾਹ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਾਉਣ ਨਾਲ ਚਾਹ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਵਾਦ ਲਗਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਇਲਾਜ cure; ਕੈਂਸਰ ਵਰਗੀਆਂ ਬੀਮਾਰੀਆਂ ਦਾ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ।
ਇਲਮ knowledge ਸ਼ਰਾਬੀ ਨੂੰ ਘਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਮੁਸ਼ਕਲਾਂ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ~ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ।
# Punjabi/Grammar

In this module, we will introduce the basics of Punjabi grammar. The most important concept dealt in this module concerns the parts of speech. The basic concepts of number, gender, person and case will be introduced. We will also give rules of inflection and declension. Many examples will be given to illustrate the conceptual text. Where many different grammatical derivations are possible we will provide tables to illustrate patterns. We will also be concerned with syntax of the Punjabi sentence, at a fair length. It is, however, not necessary to go through the grammar lessons before learning other modules as they all contain enough material to make them independent of this more detailed grammar module.
# Salam, Jonathan!/kapitule 1
## una kapitule
### 1a os maye

bate eni site. bate kitci in dibuke. bate wi site.
ki bate eni site? ha, lo eni site.
ki bate eni bate? ne, lo ne eni bate. lo eni site.
ki bate eni vage? ne, lo ne eni vage. lo eni site. bate eni site.
ki bate kitci in dibuke? ha, lo kitci in dibuke.
ki dibuke kitci in bate? ne, dibuke ne kitci in bate. dibuke ne kitci. bate kitci. tia bate kitci in dibuke.
ki site wi bate? ne, site ne wi bate. site ne wi. bate wi. ki bate wi site? ha, bate wi site.
kien bate? lo eni site. kie bate kitci? lo kitci dibuke. kie bate wi? lo wi site. lo eni site, ni lo kitci dibuke, ni lo wi site.
ki bate ini dibuke? ne, lo kitci in dibuke. ki bate wi bate? ne, lo ne wi bate, lo wi site.
bate si alta. bate si bona, ni bate si cesabla. lo meni. lo meni tem site. lo meni: "site si kie? ki site si bona? ki site si gua?"
ki bate kitci site? ne, lo ne kitci site; site si gua. lo kitci dibuke; dibuke ni si gua.
ki dibuke meni tem bate? ne, dibuke ne meni. bate meni. lo meni tem dibuke, ni lo meni tem site.
ni lo kitci in dibuke. lo kitci tem site. lo kitci: "site si bona, ni site si gua."
lo meni: "site si bona"; lo meni site si bona. lo meni tem site, ni lo meni tem dibuke.
dibuke si kie? dibuke si in bate kitci. in dibuke, bate kitci tem site. in dibuke, bate ne kitci tem vage; bate ini site, ne ini vage. lo ne meni tem vage; lo meni tem site, site munhen.
kia site? si munhen. kien munhen? si en bate eni. kien bate? lo eni munhen.
ha, munhen si gua site, ni bona site. bate meni munhen si bona site, ni lo meni si si gua site. bate si cesabla. lo peli: "salam, munhen!". lo si bona bate.
bate pedi ni meni: "kien vage?" lo wi… lo wi vage! lo meni: "vage!" nuo lo ne meni tem dibuke nio ne lo meni tem site; lo meni tem vage!
# Salom, Jonatan!/Mon 1

Monlari - Mon 1 - Mon 2 - Mon 3

## Unyum mon (1yum mon)
### Un de mesi lima (1 de mesi 5)

Ixu estay in xaher. Ixu eskri din-kitabu. Ixu oko xaher.
Kam ixu estay in xaher? Si, te estay in xaher.
Kam ixu estay in…ixu? No, te no estay in ixu. Te estay in xaher.
Kam ixu estay in tren? No, te no estay in tren. Te estay in xaher.
Kam ixu eskri din-kitabu? Si, te eskri din-kitabu.
Kam din-kitabu eskri ixu? No, din-kitabu no eskri ixu. Din-kitabu no eskri. Ixu eskri. Ixu eskri din-kitabu.
Kam xaher oko ixu? No, xaher no oko ixu. Xaher no oko. Ixu oko.
Kam ixu oko xaher? Si, ixu oko xaher.
Ixu estay keloka? Te estay in xaher. Ixu eskri keto? Te eskri din-kitabu. Ixu oko keto? Te oko xaher. Te estay in xaher, ji te eskri din-kitabu, ji te oko xaher.
Kam ixu estay in din-kitabu? No, te eskri in din-kitabu. Kam ixu oko ixu? No, te no oko ixu; te oko xaher.
Ixu sen day. Ixu sen bon, ji ixu sen cinonpul. Te fikir. Te fikir tem xaher. Te fikir: “Xaher sen kepul? Kam xaher sen bon? Kam xaher sen day?”
Kam ixu eskri xaher? No, te no eskri xaher; xaher sen day. Te eskri din-kitabu; din-kitabu no sen day.
Kam din-kitabu fikir tem ixu? No, din-kitabu no fikir. Ixu fikir. Te fikir tem din-kitabu, ji fikir tem xaher.
Te eskri in din-kitabu. Te eskri tem xaher. Te eskri, “Xaher sen bon, ji xaher sen day.”
Te fikir, “Xaher sen bon”; te fikir ki xaher sen bon. Te fikir, “Xaher sen day”; te fikir ki xaher sen day. Te fikir tem xaher, ji te fikir tem din-kitabu.
Din-kitabu sen keto? Din-kitabu sen denloka hu ixu eskri; te eskri in din-kitabu. In din-kitabu, ixu eskri tem xaher. In din-kitabu, ixu no eskri tem tren; ixu estay in xaher, no in tren. Te no fikir tem tren; te fikir tem xaher, xaher Muncen.
Xaher sen keto? To sen Muncen. Muncen sen keto? To sen denloka hu ixu estay. Ixu sen keloka? Te sen in Muncen.
Si, Muncen sen day xaher ji bon xaher. Ixu fikir ki Muncen sen bon xaher, ji te fikir ki to sen day xaher. Ixu sen cinonpul. Te loga, “Salom, Muncen!” Te sen bon ixu!
Ixu estay ji fikir, “Tren sen keloka?” Te oko…te oko tren! Te fikir, “Tren!” Fe nunya, te no fikir tem din-kitabu, ji no fikir tem xaher; te fikir tem tren!

## Gramati
### Tarihe

* Mesi lima, 2019 sen 2019-05.
** Un de mesi lima sen 2019-05-01.
** Dua de mesi lima sen 2019-05-02.
** Tiga de mesi lima sen 2019-05-03.

### kam

* kam = ?
** Ixu estay in xaher.
** Kam ixu estay in xaher?

### tem

* Ixu fikir tem Muncen.
* Ixu eskri tem Muncen.
* Ixu eskri, “Mi oko tren!” Te eskri tem tren.

### ·yum

* un = 1
** un·yum
* dua = 2
** dua·yum
* tiga = 3
** tiga·yum

## Lexilari

* bon
* cinon·pul
* day
* den·loka
* din-kitabu
* eskri
* estay
* fe nun·ya
* fikir
* hu
* in
* ixu
* ji
* kam
* ke·loka
* ke·to
* ki
* loga
* no ↔ si
* oko
* salom
* sen
* si ↔ no
* te
* tem
* tren
* xaher

## Am loga:

* h = kh
** hu: khu
** xaher: xakher
* x = sh
** ixu: ishu
** xaher: shaher
# Salam, Jonathan!/kapitule 2
## bia kapitule
### 2a os maye

nuo bate ini vage. lo ne eni munhen; lo eni vage. lo turi. lo meni: "nuo me turi da munhen na vin. si bona ture. me ami ture".
lo meni tem munhen. lo meni: "nuo me eni vage, may predio me eni munhen. ni nuo me kitci dibuke en munhen. ni nuo me meni en vage, may predio me meni en munhen. predio me meni tem munhen en munhen, ni nuo me meni tem vin en vage. nuo me eni vage, ne en vin. may me meni ni me kitci tem vin."
ki bate nuo meni en munhen? ne, lo nuo ne meni en munhen. lo meni en vage. predio lo meni en munhen. lo peli: "salam, vage!"
bate eni vage, ni lo turi na site. site ne si munhen; munhen si predia site. site si vin; vin si nudia site.
bate meni tem munhen ni vin. lo meni: "munhen si predia site, ni munhen boni. nuo si nudio, ni me eni vage; vage boni. ki vin boni?
bate meni tem munhen: munhen si predia site. lo meni en vage: lo nudio eni vage. ni lo meni tem vin: vin si posdia site.
ni lo meni: "munhen gui. vage gui. ki vin gui?"
ni lo meni: "en munhen me kitci in dibuke. en vage me kitci in dibuke. ki me posdio kitci in dibuke en vin? ha, posdio me kitci in dibuke. me ami dibuke". bate "multo" meni, ni lo multo kitci. he, lo si cesabla bate. cesabla bate multo kitci, ni multo meni. lo si djon'; djon' si cesabla bate.
lo kitci: "me djon'. me eni vage. predio me eni munhen; postio me eni vin".
lo meni, ni lo kitci: "vage... boni, may denovi. lo ne novi; lo denovi. ki vage denovi en munhen? ha, vage denovi en munhen. may vage a munhen boni, ni me ami vage a munhen. predio me ami vage en munhen, ni nudio me nuo ami vage, ni posdio me ami vage en vin. me ami vage".
djonatan kitci: "munhen si bona site ni denova site, ni vin si bona site ni denova site. munhen ni vin ne novi, may ley boni. munhen ni vin si denova site, may bona site. olbi site ne novi, may boni. me ami site!"
djonatan meni ti bia tura die boni. lo peli: "nudio si bia tura die. me ami ture".
# Salom, Jonatan!/Mon 5

Monlari – Mon 4 – Mon 5 – Mon 6

## Limayum mon (5yum mon)

Care de mesi lima (4 de mesi 5).
Nundin, Jonatan xa turi cel Konte Drakula. In hotel, te oko hotelyen, ji oko suratu de Konte Drakula in hanta de hotelyen. Te loga tas hotelyen in Doycisa, “Salom. Fe lutuf, am gibe tas mi suratu.” Hotelyen gibe tas te suratu.
Xafe to, te swal in Doycisa, “Suratu sen keto? Drakula le eskri keto in suratu?” Mas hotelyen loga, “Mi no pala Doycisa, mi no pala Doycisa.” Jonatan fikir: “Ajabu! Jaledin, mi le pala ton hotelyen in Doycisa, ji fe nunya, te loga ki te no pala Doycisa! Keseba?” Te swal hotelyen, “Kam yu jixi ku Konte Drakula sen kete?” mas fe nunya, hotelyen no pala.
Jonatan fikir, “Ajabu! Mi le pala ton hotelyen in Doycisa. Te ingay na pala Doycisa, mas te pala ki te no pala to! Mi ingay na swal te max, mas mi no hare watu. Mi ingay na idi.”
Fe nunya, Jonatan sen in tesu kamer in hotel. Xafe un satu, te ingay na xoridi. Mas am oko! Lao ixu le ata cel tesu kamer.
Lao ixu: “Yu xoridi keseba? Fe lutuf, am no xoridi! Nundin no sen bon din! To sen bur din, din har bur xey!”
Jonatan: “Mi sen bon, mi ata cel na tonata doste. Fe lutuf, am no pala tem bur xey.”
Lao ixu: “Kam yu no jixi ki nundin sen din de Santo Jorje? Fe satu des dua (12), bur xey xa ata! Kam yu jixi ku yu idi cel keloka?”
Jonatan: “No no, lao ixu, moyto sen bon. Mi sen bon, ji mal xey xa no ata nundin.”
Lao ixu: “Fe lutuf, am no xoridi! Am no xoridi!”
Jonatan: “No, mi ingay na xoridi. Fe lutuf, am no wawa.”
Lao ixu: “Prehay persaluba. Persaluba sen tas yu.”
Jonatan: “A…Engliyen no suki persaluba…mas xukra. Fe lutuf, am no wawa.” Jonatan pensa, “In Engli, imi suki saluba, mas no persaluba. In Rumani, ete suki persaluba, no saluba.”
Fe nunya, lao ixu idi, ji Jonatan sen solo in tesu kamer. Te fikir, “Hin loka sen ajabu! Lao ixu hu da gibe persaluba! Mas mi ingay na xoridi.”
# Pinyin/Junction

See also
# Pinyin/Kabul

Search Pinyin Kabul
# Pinyin/July

See also
# Pinyin/Jupiter

Search
Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System, fifth in order from the Sun.
Muhxing shih Taihyarngxih zuih dah d xirngxing, corng Taihyarng pairlieh dih-5.
# Pinyin/Kazakhstan

See also
Kazakhstan is a country located in Central Asia.
Kazakhstan shih Yahzhou zhongbuh d guorjia.
# Pinyin/Joy

See also
# Pinyin/Junk

Search junk
# Programming Fundamentals/Practice: Conditional Operator and Recursion

Questions, exercises, problems, etc. that support this chapter in the "Programming Fundamentals - A Modular Structured Approach using C++" collection/textbook.

## Learning Objectives

With 100% accuracy during a: memory building activity, exercises, lab assignment, problems, or timed quiz/exam; the student is expected to:
* Define the terms on the definitions as listed in the modules associated with this chapter.
* Understand the conditional operator and how it works.
* Understand recursion as a problem solving technique.
* When feasible, be able to convert C++ source code from a conditional expression to an if then else and vice versa.

## Exercises
### Exercise 1
#### Answer the following statements as either true or false:

* The conditional expression acts like a case structure.
* The conditional operator is a two part operator with three operands.
* Recursion is one method of implementing a repetitive algorithm.
* Recursion is always preferred over an iterative approach to a repetitive problem.
* Factorial is usually demonstrated with an iterative approach.

## Miscellaneous Items

None at this time.

## Lab Assignment
### Creating a Folder or Sub-Folder for Chapter 17 Files

Depending on your compiler/IDE, you should decide where to download and store source code files for processing. Prudence dictates that you create these folders as needed prior to downloading source code files. A suggested sub-folder for the Bloodshed Dev-C++ 5 compiler/IDE might be named:
* Chapter_17 within the folder named: Cpp_Source_Code_Files
If you have not done so, please create the folder(s) and/or sub-folder(s) as appropriate.

### Download the Lab File(s)

Download and store the following file(s) to your storage device in the appropriate folder(s). You may need to right click on the link and select "Save Target As" in order to download the file.
Download from Connexions: Lab_17a.cpp

### Detailed Lab Instructions

Read and follow the directions below carefully, and perform the steps in the order listed.
* Compile and run the Lab_17a.cpp source code file. Understand how it works.
* Copy the source code file Lab_17a.cpp naming it: Lab_17b.cpp
* Convert the code that is using the if then else to a conditional expression.
* Convert the code that is using the conditional expression to an if then else.
* Build (compile and run) your program.
* After you have successfully written this program, if you are taking this course for college credit, follow the instructions from your professor/instructor for submitting it for grading.

## Problems
### Problem 17a – Instructions

Using proper C++ syntax, convert the following if then else to a conditional expression.

#### Example 1: if then else
### Problem 17b – Instructions

Using proper C++ syntax, convert the following conditional expression to an if then else.
# Programming Fundamentals/Parallel Arrays
## Overview

A group of parallel arrays is a form of implicit data structure that uses multiple arrays to represent a singular array of records. It keeps a separate, homogeneous data array for each field of the record, each having the same number of elements. Then, objects located at the same index in each array are implicitly the fields of a single record.

## Discussion

A data structure is a data organization and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data. Data structure options include arrays, linked lists, records, and classes.
Parallel arrays use two or more arrays to represent a collection of data where each corresponding array index is a matching field for a given record. For example, if there are two arrays, one for names and one for ages, the array elements at index [2] for arrays "names" and "ages" would describe the name and age of the third person. This is because arrays begin counting at 0.

### Output
## Key Terms
### parallel array

    An implicit data structure that uses multiple arrays to represent a singular array of records.

## References

* ↑ Wikipedia: Parallel array
* ↑ Wikipedia: Data structure
# Programming Fundamentals/Parameters and Arguments
## Overview

A parameter is a special kind of variable used in a function to refer to one of the pieces of data provided as input to the function. These pieces of data are the values of the arguments with which the function is going to be called/invoked. An ordered list of parameters is usually included in the definition of a function, so that, each time the function is called, its arguments for that call are evaluated, and the resulting values can be assigned to the corresponding parameters.

## Discussion

Recall that the modular programming approach separates the functionality of a program into independent modules. To separate the functionality of one function from another, each function is given its own unique input variables, called parameters. The parameter values, called arguments, are passed to the function when the function is called. Consider the following function pseudocode:
If the CalculateCelsius function is called passing in the value 100, as in CalculateCelsius(100), the parameter is fahrenheit and the argument is 100. The terms parameter and argument are often used interchangeably. However, parameter refers to the variable identifier (fahrenheit) while argument refers to the variable value (100).
Functions may have no parameters or multiple parameters. Consider the following function pseudocode:
If the DisplayResult function is called passing in the values 98.6 and 37.0, as in DisplayResults(98.6, 37.0), the argument or value for the fahrenheit parameter is 98.6 and the argument or value for the celsius parameter is 37.0. Note that the arguments are passed positionally. Calling DisplayResults(37.0, 98.6)would result in incorrect output, as the value of fahrenheit would be 37.0 and the value of celsius would be 98.6.
Some programming languages, such as Python, support named parameters. When calling functions using named parameters, parameter names and values are used, and positions are ignored. When names are not used, arguments are identified by position. For example, any of the following function calls would be valid:

## Key Terms
### argument

    A value provided as input to a function.

### parameter

    A variable identifier provided as input to a function.
    A local variable in that function that will receive the value that was passed as argument when the function was called.

### return

    The value that a function return after it was executed, that value is stored in the variable that made the call to the function

## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
* ↑ Wikipedia: Parameter (computer programming)
# Programming Fundamentals/Pointer Data Type

An introduction to the pointer data type as used within the C++ programming language.

## Pointer Data Type in C++

A pointer variable is a variable that holds the address of a memory location. "Every variable is assigned a memory location whose address can be retrieved using the address operator &. The address of a memory location is called a pointer." The pointer data type allows us to designate a variable to hold an address or a pointer. The concept of an address and a pointer are one in the same. A pointer points to the location in memory because the value of a pointer is the address were the data item resides in the memory. Given an integer variable named age:
We can create a pointer variable and establish its value which would be the done using the address operator [which is the ampersand or &] by:
The asterisk is used to designate that the variable int_pointer is an integer pointer [int *]. This means that whenever we use the variable int_pointer that the compiler will know that it is a pointer that points to an integer.
In order to use pointers you will need to understand the indirection operator which is covered a supplemental link.

## Definitions
### pointer

    A variable that holds an address as its value.

## References

* ↑ Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters and Godfrey Muganda, Starting Out with C++ Early Objects Sixth Edition (United States of America: Pearson – Addison Wesley, 2008) 597.