OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/William Edward Hagarty

William Edward Hagarty was a prominent amateur operator, amateur broadcaster, amateur club administrator in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and a state public servant with the Postmaster-General's Department. His station callsign was 4WH (4=Queensland, W=William, H=Hagarty) and he operated from Longreach, Queensland. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - William Edward Hagarty - More than 130 transcriptions and notes from identified 200+
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - William Edward Hagarty - Nothing uploaded as yet, but several QSLs held in the NFSA collection
* Hagarty, William Edward - 1905(Qld)-1971(Qld) - 4WH Longreach - amateur operator (AOCP 172, 1925, No. 16 in Qld), amateur broadcaster, engineer, public servant (PMG)
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/William Leighton Gibson
## Transcriptions and Notes

More than 50 key articles relevant to William Leighton Gibson, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: William Leighton Gibson - Transcriptions and Notes
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Walter Phillip Renshaw/Notes
## Walter Phillip Renshaw - Transcriptions and notes
### Key article copies

   OBITUARY - PHIL RENSHAW, VK2DE On 16th November, 1968, there passed from the ranks of Wireless Pioneers one who did much to build up the world of Amateur Radio Experiments — Phil Renshaw. I first met Phil Renshaw about 1912 when the Wireless Institute of N.S.W. was formed and through his efforts Wireless Amateurs became a united body. He was not very active on the air, but he did much to make the Wireless Institute an active organisation. In 1922, when the Institute was formed into the N.S.W. Division of the Wireless Institute of Australia, he was the first Secretary of the N.S.W. Division, and was one of the signatories to the Articles of the Association. In 1923 the Wireless Institute N.S.W. Division held an Exhibition in the Sydney Town Hall, and as Secretary of the Division he was largely responsible for the success of the enterprise. He continued as Secretary of the N.S.W. Division until he became its President and in 1926 became Federal President of the Institute. Some may remember him in the early days as a motor bike enthusiast, riding a big Red Indian cycle. In later years he was often heard on the air using his call sign VK2DE. In early 1930, when the Wireless Institute was attracting Professional Radio men, it was decided to revive the Institute of Radio Engineers, which, at the time, was not functioning. In this, with others, Phil Renshaw played an important part and the Institute of Radio Engineers was re-born. Phil will always be remembered, not so much for the noise he made on the air, but for his energy and his personality, which endeared him to all who knew him. His bright and cheerful nature made it a pleasure to work with him. His interest in radio continued until business pressure forced him to leave the hobby he so much loved. He did not enjoy good health in later years, although he carried on as a Consulting Engineer in the city. So his passing removes yet another pioneer Radio identity to whom, we as Amateurs, owe so much.— H. A. Stowe.

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## References

* ↑ H. A. Stowe (January 1969). "Obituary: Phil Renshaw, VK2DE" (PDF). Amateur Radio, Journal of the Wireless Institute of Australia. Melbourne: W.I.A. (Vic. Div.). 37 (1): 25. Retrieved 18 July 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help); Unknown parameter |separator= ignored (help)
# IB Economics/Introduction
## IB Economics

   * Economics is one of the most fascinating subjects available in the IB. Unlike other subjects, much of Economics is understanding key concepts and using logic-memorization is secondary.
There are three papers for HL students, and just two for those taking SL.
   * Paper One: One longer response essay question, broken into two parts (a) and (b) (HL and SL)
   * Paper Two: Three short answer questions (HL only)
   * Paper Three: Three Data Response questions (HL and SL)
# IB Economics/International Economics/Terms of trade
#### Terms of Trade

   * definition of terms of trade: Index of export prices/ index of import prices × 100
   * Consequences of a change in the terms of trade for a country's balance of payments and domestic economy
   * The significance of deteriorating terms of trade for developing countries
   * Measurement of terms of trade
   * Causes of changes in country's terms of trade in the short-run and long-run
   * Elasticity of demand for imports and exports
   * Possible inverse relationship between Terms of Trade and Balance of Payments - depends on elasticity for imports and exports (Price and Income elasticities)
# IB Economics/Macroeconomics

* 3.1 Measuring National Income
* 3.2 Introduction to Development
* 3.3 Macroeconomic Models
* 3.4 Demand-side and Supply-side policies
* 3.5 Unemployment and Inflation
* 3.6 Distribution of Income

### Key Terms

Accelerator (HL)
Aggregate demand
Aggregate supply
Bonds
Business cycle (trade cycle)
Circular flow of income
Consumption
Cost-push inflation
Crowding out (HL)
Deflation
Deflationary gap
Demand deficient/cyclical unemployment
Demand-pull inflation
Demand-side policy
Depression
Direct taxation
Economic growth
Economic development
Expectations
Factor markets
Fiscal policy
Frictional unemployment
Full employment
Gini coefficient (HL)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Gross National Product (GNP)
Human Development Index (HDI)
Indirect taxation
Inflation
Inflationary gap
Investment
Laffer curve (HL)
Long run aggregate supply (LRAS)
Lorenz curve (HL)
Monetary policy
Multiplier (HL)
Natural rate of unemployment
Net National Product (NNP)
Nominal GDP
Open market operations
Per capita GDP
Phillips curve (HL)
Product markets
Progressive taxation
Proportional taxation
Quantity theory of money
Real GDP
Real wage unemployment
Recession
Regressive taxation
Seasonal unemployment
Short run aggregate supply (SRAS)
Stagflation
Structural unemployment
Supply-side policy
Transfer payments
Underemployment
Unemployment rate
Unemployment
# IB Economics/Introduction to Economics/PPF and PPC
#### Production Possibility Curves/Production Possibility Frontiers

An illustration of trade offs facing an economy that produces only two goods
Draw diagrams showing opportunity cost, actual and potential output
Draw diagrams showing economic growth and actual output
Production Possibility Curves/Production Possibility Frontiers
   * Points A and B on the PPF shows the maximum that can be produced with existing resources and technology, it is a point of productive efficiency
   * The negative slope of the PPF reflects basic scarcity
   * The law of diminishing returns implies a convex PPF: as resources are transferred from one use to another, the increment in output becomes smaller, the opportunity cost larger
      * Resources are being released in the wrong combination
      * The resources being released are less and less suited to the new use
   * Area U inside the frontier is productively inefficient: more of one good could be produced without sacrificing any of the other:
      * Under market systems it is called unemployment
      * Under central planning it is called inefficiency
   * Impossible points outside the PPF can only be reached through:
      * Trade
      * The discovery of more resources
      * Increased labour productivity from greater education and training
      * Increased capital productivity from an increase in technological knowledge
# IB Economics/Macroeconomics/Distribution of Income
## Distribution of Income
### Purpose of taxes

      * to raise gov. revenue
      * to narrow the gap between rich and poor e.g progressive tax
      * to safe guard health e.g. tax in cigarettes, alcohol
      * influence consumer spending e.g. lead free petrol
      * to control the economy (fiscal policy)
      * to control externalities
      * to stop/ reduce imports (tariffs)

### Types of Taxes

      * direct taxation: income tax
      * indirect taxation: tax that is included in expenses, levied on good/service and not on individual or organization
      * progressive taxation: tax increases as income increases, the bigger your income, the larger % you pay of tax
      * proportional taxation: tax percent remains constant regardless of income e.g. 10%
      * regressive taxation: tax increases as income decreases, the bigger your income, the smaller % you pay of tax
      * Profit Tax: a tax on the firms profits. Usually there are different rates for smaller and larger firms
      * Wealth Tax: A tax on your wealth on an annual basis
      * Inheritance tax/ Death Duties/ Estate Duties: when you die you leave behind an estate, the gov. taxes these estates
      * Gift Tax/ Capital Transfer Tax: a tax on large gifts
      * Capital Gains tax: a tax on the gain you make between buying and selling something. Usually refers to shares
   * Transfer payments: payment by government as gift or aid and not for good or service.

### Higher level topics

   * Laffer curve: a graph showing the relationship between tax rate and government revenue
   * Lorenz curve: a graph showing the distribution of wealth in the economy.
   * Gini coefficient: a number between 0 and 1 quantifying the distribution of wealth in the economy. 1 is perfectly unequal distribution and 0 representing perfectly equal distribution.
# Horticulture/Nipponanthemum nipponicum

Nippon daisy :
| Binomial: | Nipponanthemum nipponicum |
| Type: | Perennial to sub-shrub |
| Light requirements: | Full sun to light shade |
| Water requirements: | Drought tolerant |
| Propagation: | Cuttings, layering |
| Pruning tolerance: | High |
| Pest issues: | Few |
| Disease issues: | Few |
| Bloom season: | Mid- to late autumn |
| Harvest: | Long lasting cut flower |
| Weediness: | Occasionally self-seeds |
| Pollination: | Insects |
| Height and spread: | 3 ft tall with a wider spread |
The Nippon daisy (Nipponanthemum nipponicum, synonyms include Chrysanthemum nipponicum and Leucanthemum nipponicum) is a large bushy perennial which is grown for its good foliage and the large daisy-like flowers in mid- to late autumn.

## Description

The plant grows as a mounded, shrub-like perennial up to 3 ft. tall with a wider spread. The leaves are a good dark green, and can be semi-evergreen. Flowers are heads 2-4" wide, with white rays and yellow disks. Stems are stout, green but turning light brown when old, and can root at the nodes if they are allowed to contact the soil.

## Growing conditions

Nippon daisy prefers full sun and a rich, well-drained soil. It can survive drought but may wilt temporarily if the soil becomes extremely dry. This plant becomes very large very quickly, so should be sited somewhere where there is ample space.

## Varieties

While there are few cultivars of this species, it has been used as a parent plant for hybrid chrysanthemums.

## Uses

Grown for fall display and as a cut flower.

## Maintenance

The plants can be cut back by 1/2 in midsummer to encourage a more compact, bushy habit, but it will be completely covered in blooms at the end of the season even if not cut back.

## Propagation

Propagate by layering or division. Cuttings with buds can be rooted indoors over winter and planted outdoors in spring, but will not mature enough to bloom for several years.

## Harvesting

As a cut flower, Nippon daisy has a long life in the vase if cut soon after they fully expand. Unopened flowers do not mature well.

## Pests and diseases

This plant rarely has serious problems, but can get the same pests and diseases as Chrysanthemums.

## References

PLANTS database page, USDA
# Horticulture/Otiorhynchus sulcatus

Black Vine Weevil :
| Type: | Weevil (Insect) |
| Binomial: | Otiorhynchus sulcatus |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Complete |
| Damaging stages: | Grubs, Adults |
The black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, is native to Europe, but common in North America as well. This weevil is a pest of many garden plants, causing the most damage on evergreen trees and shrubs.
The adult weevil is black with fused wing covers, and is unable to fly. Adults feed at night on the outer edges of leaves, causing the leaves to have a notched margin.
Grubs live below the soil surface, and feed on the roots and on the cambium at the base of the trunk.

## Host plants

Host plants include but are not limited to the following genera:
* Arisaema
* Aster
* Astilbe
* Camellia
* Echinacea
* Epimedium
* Euonymus
* Heuchera
* Hosta
* Kalmia
* Lilium
* Phlox
* Rhododendron
* Sedum
* Syringa
* Taxus
* Tsuga
* Wisteria

## Control

* Trapping: Adult weevils can be controlled by using sticky barriers on the trunks of affected plants, as the weevils return to the soil each day.
* Biocontrols (microscopic): Grubs can be controlled using the fungus Beauveria bassiana

## External links

* http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/fetch21/FRST308/lab3/otiorhynchus_sulcatus/vine.html
* http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/landturf/insects/black_vine_weevil/index.html
# Horticulture/Organic Gardening

Organic Gardening (also called Organic Horticulture) is a growing practice among gardeners around the world, as an alternative to gardening through the use of synthetic chemicals. This wikibook contains techniques and tips for gardeners wishing to use organic methods.
While the movement behind organic gardening began as a "back to basics" movement, over the past several decades the practice has become enriched by scientific research in the fields of ecology, ethnobotany, microbiology, and agronomy.
The practice of organic gardening can be described as "gardening with a limited toolbox", since organic gardeners do not use synthetic fertilizers or other synthetic chemicals. Non-synthetic fertilisers and chemicals can be used, however, depending on the gardeners preference.
Horticulture does not (at least presently) have separate pages for organic gardeners, but rather points out the "organic remedies" when a particular issue is discussed.
* Why grow organic?
* General differences in approach
* List of organic fertilizers
* List of organic herbicides
* List of organic pest controls
* Beneficial organisms
* List of organic disease controls
# Horticulture/Nepeta x faassenii

Hybrid Catmint :
| Binomial: | Nepeta x faassenii |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Type: | Perennial herb |
Nepeta × faassenii, a catmint also known as "Faassen's Nepeta" or "Faassen's Catnip", is a hybrid species of garden origin grown as a ground cover, the cross has produced plants that have viable seeds. Numerous cultivars are available in the trade that are produced from seed or by asexual propagation such as stem cuttings or division of clumps.

## Description

Nepeta x faassenii is an herbaceous plant with opposite, simple, dark green leaves, on square stems. It produces showy blue or white flowers from summer through fall.
# Horticulture/No Till Gardening

No-till or No-dig gardening is an approach to cultivation favored by many organic gardeners. The primary reasons for digging the soil are to remove weeds, to loosen and aerate the soil and to incorporate organic matter such as compost or manure. However, there is a strong case against digging, which argues that in the long term it can be detrimental to the soil's health. While digging is an effective way of removing perennial weed roots, it can also cause dormant seeds to come to the surface and germinate. Digging can also damage soil structure, cause problems like compaction, and disturb and damage balances of the soil flora and fauna. Also, by exposure to the air, digging tends to use up nutrients which then need to be replenished.
No-dig methods rely on nature to carry out cultivation operations. Organic matter such as well rotted manure, compost, leaf mold, spent mushroom compost, old straw, etc., is added directly to the soil surface as a mulch at least 2 or 3 inches deep, which is then incorporated by the actions of earthworms and other soil animals that move it downwards. Worms and other soil life also assist in building up the soil's structure, their tunnels providing aeration and drainage, and their excretions bind together soil crumbs. No-dig systems are said to be freer of pests and disease, possibly due to a more balanced soil population being allowed to build up in this comparatively undisturbed environment, and by encouraging the build up of beneficial rather than harmful soil fungi. Moisture is also retained more efficiently under mulch than on the surface of bare earth.
Converting to a no-dig system is a long term process, and is reliant upon having plentiful organic matter to provide mulch material. It is also necessary to thoroughly remove any perennial weed roots from the area beforehand, although their hold can be weakened by applying a light-excluding surface layer such as large sheets of cardboard or several thicknesses of spread out newspaper (overlapped to provide thorough cover) before adding the compost mulch.
No-dig is not a technique that is appropriate in all situations, but organic gardeners and farmers should at least consider minimizing soil-disturbing practices if they are to reverse soil damage and erosion.
No-dig gardening systems are strongly recommended by Dr. Shewell Cooper of the Good Gardeners Association.

## See also

w:Aquaponics
w:Masanobu Fukuoka Farming
w:Veganic gardening
# Horticulture/Organic Pesticides

Organic pesticides are pesticides that are acceptable in organic growing practices. As a rule, they are derived from botanical sources, unprocessed minerals, or are biological agents.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Horticulture/Organic Weed Management

Organic weed management is a particular approach to garden weed control that does not make use of synthetic chemicals. All of the weed profiles in Horticulture include both organic and non-organic methods for controlling particular weeds, since the only excluded methods are those that use the various synthetic herbicides: otherwise the methods are identical.
Organic weed control is most difficult when there are well-established perennial weeds, particularly in densely planted gardens. While methods such as paper mulch barriers often work well in these situations, they may not be appropriate in mixed borders with shallow-rooted shrubs. In these cases, vigilance in pulling or cultivating is the only available approach.
# Homological Algebra/Defintion of abelian category

Definition ($Ab$-enriched category):
An $Ab$-enriched category is a category ${\mathcal {C}}$ such that:
* $\forall a,b\in \operatorname {Obj} ({\mathcal {C}})$, ${\mathcal {C}}(a,b)$ is an abelian group.
* $\forall a,b,c\in \operatorname {Obj} ({\mathcal {C}})$, $\circ _{a,b,c}:{\mathcal {C}}(b,c)\times {\mathcal {C}}(a,b)\to {\mathcal {C}}(a,c)$ is bilinear.
Definition (zero object):
A zero object is an object in an $Ab$-enriched category that is both initial and terminal. We usually denote it by $\mathbf {0}$.
Definition (biproduct):
Given an $Ab$-enriched category ${\mathcal {C}}$, a biproduct of $a,b\in \operatorname {Obj} ({\mathcal {C}})$ is a tuple $(c,i_{1}:a\to c,p_{1}:c\to a,i_{2}:b\to c,p_{2}:c\to b)$ such that:
* $p_{1}\circ i_{1}=1_{a}.$
* $p_{2}\circ i_{1}=0_{a,b}.$
* $p_{1}\circ i_{2}=0_{b,a}.$
* $p_{2}\circ i_{2}=1_{b}.$
* $i_{1}\circ p_{1}+i_{2}\circ p_{2}=1_{c}.$
We usually denote $c$ by $a\oplus b$.
Definition (additive category):
An additive category is an $Ab$-enriched category ${\mathcal {C}}$ such that:
* There is a zero product in ${\mathcal {C}}$.
* Every $a,b\in \operatorname {Obj} ({\mathcal {C}})$ has a biproduct.
Definition ((co-)kernel):
Given $f:a\to b$ in an $Ab$-enriched category. A (co-)kernel of $f$ is a (co-)equalizer of $f$ and $0_{a,b}$.
Definition (abelian category):
An abelian category is an additive category where:
* Every morphism has a kernel and cokernel.
* Every monomorphism is a kernel and every epimorphism is a cokernel.
Example:
The category of all left $R$-modules of a ring $R$ is an abelian category.

## Exercises

* Given $f:a\to b$ in an $Ab$-enriched category with zero object. Prove that $f=0_{a,b}$ iff $f$ factors through $\mathbf {0}$.
* Given a biproduct $(a\oplus b,i_{1},p_{1},i_{2},p_{2})$ of $a$ and $b$. Prove that $(a\oplus b,i_{1},i_{2})$ is a coproduct of $a$ and $b$ and $(a\oplus b,p_{1},p_{2})$ is a product of $a$ and $b$.
* In an $Ab$-enriched category with zero object, a kernel of $f:a\to b$ can be equivalently be characterized as a pullback of $\mathbf {0} \to b$ along $f$.
# Homeopathy/Materia Medica

Unlike Allopathic Medicine Homeopathy does not advise the use of Specific medicine for diseases,however in this section medicines are arranged under disease headings for brevity and ease of understanding.

## Adenoids

Calcium phosphate (Ca$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$) is the prime Homeopathic medicine for the treatment of Adenoids. Another remedy used by the old German doctors was calcium iodide (CaI$_2$). Both of these medicines are given in lower potencies especially 6X. When Adenoids occur following vaccination the indicated medicine is Thuja in high potencies. A common strategy is to give calcium phosphate or 4 tablets twice daily and Thuja twice weekly.

## Anemia

Schuessler recommends the use of calcium phosphate for Green sickness in young girls.Vineger, Pickles, And Lemons should be proscribed if their use in subjects is very high.
In persons lacking intellect can try Baryta Carb 200 once a day but in homoeopathy totality of symptoms count so it is advisable to take proper Homoeopathic consultation.

## Arteriosclerosis

Homeopaths believe that the common milk thistle (Silybum marianum), which they call Carduus Marianus, can cure arteriosclerosis. The dose is 5 drops of Tincture thrice daily. Free use of Olive oil should be encouraged in such patients. The most effective to remove blockages of the arteries has been and still is Crataegus Q, taking several drops, 3 to 5 times daily over at least 6 months. another remadies baryta muriaticum and baryta carbonica(both in 30 and 200 potencies) are nearly specific for this condition especially in eiderly.
==Asthma==it surly cure by

## Further reading

Homeopathy at Citizendium
# Homological Algebra
## Table of Contents

* Defintion of abelian category
* Sequences
* Diagram chases in abelian categories
* Homology and cohomology