# Na'vi/English–Na'vi dictionary/Print version

Naʼvi is a constructed language, created for the fictional Naʼvi, the humanoid inhabitants of the moon Pandora in the 2009 film Avatar. It was designed by Paul Frommer, a professor at the Marshall School of Business with a doctorate in linguistics, to fit film director James Cameron's conception of what the language should sound like in the film, to be realistically learnable by the fictional human characters of the film, and to be pronounceable by the real actors, but to not closely resemble any human language.
When the film was released in 2009, Naʼvi had a growing vocabulary of about a thousand words, but understanding of its grammar was limited to Frommer. To date, it has roughly 2,656 words and a fully fleshed out grammatical system, thanks to the work of Paul Frommer and a robust fan community. The goal of this book is to make what is known of Naʼvi grammar available to fans who are attempting to learn the language.
Na’vi–English
This vocabulary is a simple list of the English glosses in the Naʼvi–English dictionary.
Multiple senses of words, which are often ambiguous in English but not in Naʼvi, may be distinguished as (n) noun, (v) verb, (adj) adjective, (adv) adverb, (trans) transitive, (intrans) intransitive. A few Terran animals are given approximate Pandoran equivalents. Exclamations which cannot be easily translated are listed at the end. Stressed syllables are bold.

## A

    abandon: txìng
    able: tsusun. be able: tsun
    about: concerning: teri, -ìri. about to: ‹ìy›.
    above: io. from above: taʼem.
    across: ka
    action: kem
    add: sung
    afar: alìm
    afraid: be afraid: txopu si
    after (time) maw. afterwards: mawkrr. right after: pximaw.
    afternoon: haʼngir, (late) kaym
    again: nìmun
    against, counter to: wä+
    aged: koak
    ago: just a moment ago: pxiswawam. Thursday two weeks ago: mesrrmrrvam.
    agree: mllte
    agreement: come to an agreement: molte
    aim: (v) kan. (n) tìkan.
    air: ya
    alala!: ìley!
    alien: (n) ketuwong. (adj) kewong.
    alike: teng
    alive: rusey. be alive: rey.
    all: all of (it, you, them): nìwotx. all the time / at all times: frakrr. not at all: ke ... kawʼit.
    allow: tung
    almost: stum
    alone (of a person) nìʼawtu
    along: ìlä+, ìlä+
    also: kop, nìteng
    although: hufwa
    always: frakrr
    am: lu
    amazing (be amazing) wou (slang)
    among: kip
    amount: hìmtxan. (small) ʼit.
    ancestor: pizayu
    and: (between phrases) sì. (between clauses) ulte. and you?: nga tut?
    anger: (v) steyki. (n) tìsti.
    angry: be angry: sti. angrily: nìsti.
    animal: ioang
    another one: lapo
    answer: (v) ʼeyng, ting tìʼeyngit. (n) tìʼeyng. in answer: nìʼeyng.
    apart, divided: keʼaw
    apologize: tsapʼalute si
    apology: tsapʼalute
    apparently: tatlam
    appear: lam
    appearance (look) tìlam
    appetizing: pxasul
    approach: lok
    are: lu. aren't they?: kefya srak? kefyak?
    arm: pxun. (pair of) arms: mepun.
    around (spatial) pxaw
    arrival: tìpähem
    arrive: pähem, pate
    arrow: swizaw
    art: tseo. (visual) reltseo.
    ? artifact: tìngop
    artist (visual) reltseotu
    as (like) na, pxel, nì-. (the same way as) tengfya. (as for) -ìri.
    aside: step/move aside: (give way) tìng tseng. (move) rikx.
    ask: pawm
    ass (rear end) txìm
    assist: srung si
    assistance: srung
    at: ro+
    attack (v) ʼeko
    attempt (v) fmi
    attention: pay attention: eltu si
    auspicious: etrìp
    avatar: uniltìrantokx
    await: pey
    awake: txen
    aware: be aware, be in tune: kame
    away: (direction) neto. (position) mìso.

## B

    baby: prrnen
    back: (of body) txal. (rear part) käpxì. (direction) neʼìm. (in response) nìʼeyng. come back, go back, return: tätxaw. move back, step aside: rikx. to back down: tìng tseng
    bad (adj) kawng
    badge: pätsì
    balance of life: reyʼeng
    ball: rum
    banshee (flying mount) ikran
    barricade, barrier: ekxan
    bat (animal, approx.) riti
    bathe (wash oneself) yäpur
    battle group: wempongu
    brave: tstew
    be (am, is, are): lu. be at, occupy a space: tok.
    beat (n) ʼekong
    beautiful: (of people) sevin. (of things; pleasant to the senses) lor
    beauty (of things) tìlor
    because: (for that reason) taluna (talun), alunta. (due to that cause) taweyka (taweyk), aweykta. because of that: tafral.
    become: slu
    before: (time) sre+. (beforehand) srekrr. (in front of) eo. just before, right before (time) pxisre+.
    begin: (intrans.) sngäʼi. (begin something) sngeykäʼi.
    beginning: sngäʼikrr
    behind: uo. leave behind: txìng.
    believe: spaw
    beloved (adj.) yawne. (loved one) yawnetu, yawntu
    below: äo
    best: (adj) swey. (adv) nìswey.
    betray: kavuk si
    betrayal: kavuk
    between: mìkam
    big (in size or stature) tsawl. get big (grow): tsawl slu.
    bind: yìm
    bird: yayo
    bit: a bit: (n) ʼit. (adv) nìʼit.
    bite: frìp
    bitter: syäʼä
    black: layon
    bless: be blessed: Nawma Saʼnok lrrtok si [with dative]
    blind: kakrel
    blood: reypay
    bloom, blossom (v) ʼong
    blow, strike (n) tìtakuk
    blue, green: ean. in blue: nìean.
    body: tokx
    bond: (neural connection) tsaheylu. (establish a neural connection) tsaheyl si.
    book: puk
    boom! (sound of thunder) kxangangang
    border: pxawpa
    bottom: kllpa
    bow (weapon) tsko. bow and arrow: tsko swizaw.
    brain: eltu
    brainworm (hallucinogenic) eltungawng
    branch (of a tree) vul
    brave: tstew. brave person, hero: txantstew.
    bread (approx.) tsyosyu
    brief (adj) yol
    bring: (take to a place) munge. (bring here) zamunge.
    broken: fwel
    brother: (sibling) tsmuk, tsmuktu. (male) tsmukan.
    bud (n) prrnesyul
    bug: hìʼang
    build (v) txula
    building (a thing built): tìtxula
    bulk (the major part) txampxì
    bull (approx.) talioang
    burn (v) nekx
    but: (basic sense) slä. (however) ngian. (except) mungwrr, -mungwrr.
    butt (rear end) txìm
    by, along: ìlä+, ìlä+

## C

    call (v) syaw
    calm: mawey. calmly: nìmwey.
    camp: (n) ʼawm. (v) tìʼawm si.
    camping: tìʼawm
    can, be able: tsun
    captive: speʼetu
    capture: speʼe
    careful: be careful: nari si
    carry, bring: munge
    case: in that case: ha
    catch (v) stäʼnì
    cattle (approx.) talioang
    cause: (reason, source) oeyk. (produce) sleyku.
    ceaselessly: nìlkeftang
    celebration: ftxozä
    center (n) kxamtseng
    ceremonious: ʼeoio. ceremoniously: nìʼeoio.
    certain: law
    challenge (ceremonial) fpeio
    chance, opportunity: skxom
    change (intransitive) latem. (change something) leykatem.
    charge: (running attack) kxll. (to attack) kxll si. be in charge, be responsible: kllfroʼ.
    chase (v) fewi
    chat: (v) pängkxo. (n) tìpängkxo
    check (v) steftxaw
    child: ʼeveng. (kid) ʼevi.
    chin: tsuksìm
    choice: tìftxey
    choose: ftxey
    circumference: pxawpa
    clan: oloʼ
    clan leader: oloʼeyktan
    clean: laro
    clear, certain: law
    clearly: nìlaw, nìfyaʼo alaw
    clever: (person) kanu. (idea, plan) sìlronsem.
    cliff: ʼawkx
    close (v) tstu si
    close (adj): (be close to) lok. (close by) asim.
    closed: tstu
    club (weapon) txewk
    cold: wew. I feel cold: oe ʼefu wew.
    colleague: lertu
    color: ʼopin
    come: zaʼu. come back, go back: tätxaw.
    common: (ordinary) letrrtrr.
    commune: tireapängkxo
    comparatively: to
    complete: ʼänsyem
    completely: nìwotx
    comprehension tìtslam
    computer: eltu lefngap
    concerning: teri, -ìri
    conclude (end) ʼiʼa
    conclusion (end) tìʼiʼa
    congratulations!: aylrrtok ngaru
    connect with (establish a neural connection) tsaheyl si
    connection (neural) tsaheylu
    constantly: nìlkeftang, nìtut
    construct (v) txula
    construction: tìtxula (activity or object)
    consume: nekx
    continually: nìtut, nìlkeftang
    continuation: tìtut
    conversation: tìpängkxo
    converse: pängkxo
    convey, take: munge
    cook (v) ʼem
    cord (chord? musical?) telem
    correct (adj) eyawr
    correctness: tìyawr
    counter to, against: wä+
    cover, lid: lew. to cover: lew si.
    cow (approx.) talioang
    crazy, insane: lekyeʼung
    create: ngop
    creation: tìngop
    creator: ngopyu
    creature: swirä
    crossbow: tskalep
    cry (weep) tsngawvìk
    cup (n) tsngal
    cut (v) munʼi

## D

    daddy: sempu
    daily: (adv) fratrr. (adj) letrr.
    dance (v) srew
    danger: hrrap
    dangerous: lehrrap
    dark: vawm
    darkness: tìvawm
    daughter: ʼite
    dawn (nautical twilight, enough light to navigate) trrʼong. (just before dawn, astronomical twilight, stars disappearing) sresrrʼong. (just after dawn, civil twilight, bright enough to work) trrʼongmaw.
    day: trr. Good day!: trr lefpom.
    dead (adj) kerusey
    death: (Death, abstract) tìterkup. (of an individual) kxitx.
    decide: peʼun
    decision: tìpeʼun
    deed (n) kem
    defeat: be defeated (fall) zup
    deer (approx.) yerik
    defend: zong
    delicious: lor
    demon: vrrtep
    depart: hum
    descend: kllkä
    destroy: skaʼa
    destruction: tìskaʼa
    die: terkup
    difference: tìketeng
    different: keteng
    dig up: kllkulat
    dim-witted: snumìna
    dinner: wutso
    dip into liquid: (n) yemfpay. (v) yemfpay si.
    direhorse: paʼli
    dirty: tsewtx
    discover: run
    discuss: pängkxo
    discussion: tìpängkxo
    distant: (be distant) lìm. (at a distance) alìm.
    dive (v) tawng
    divided: keʼaw
    do: si. (suffice) tam. 'that will do': tam tam.
    doctor (title) toktor
    dog (approx.) nantang
    done: hasey
    don't!: räʼä
    dozen: vosìng. two dozen (octal: 30) pxevol
    down: downward: nekll. 'Get down!': ne kllte!. 'You're going down!': ngeyä kxetse lu oeru!
    dragon (approx.) toruk
    draw: (illustrate) weyn. (pull) zaʼärìp.
    dream (n) unil
    Dream Hunt: Uniltaron
    dreamwalker: uniltìranyu
    drink (v) näk
    drive out: kurakx
    drop: (v.trans) tungzup. (fall) zup.
    drum (made of skin) au
    dry: ukxo
    dull (of a blade) tete
    dunk: (n) yemfpay. (v) yemfpay si.
    during: krr a, a krr, etc.
    dusk (nautical twilight, enough light to navigate) txonʼong. (just before dusk, civil twilight, still enough light to work) sretonʼong. (just after dusk, astronomical twilight, stars appearing) txonʼongmaw.
    dwell: kelku si

## E

    ear: mikyun. (pair of) ears: memikyun.
    Earth: ʼRrta. Earth Day: Trr ʼRrtayä.
    easily: nìftue
    easy: ftue
    eat: yom
    edge (perimeter) pxawpa
    eh?: ko
    eight (octal: 10) vol. (human digit '8') ʼeyt.
    eighteen (octal: 22) mevomun
    eighteenth (number eighteen) mevomuve
    eighth (number eight) volve
    eighty (exact; octal: 120) zam mevol.
    either: either A or B: A, B, ke tsranten.
    elbow: pxuntil
    eleven (octal: 13) vopey
    eleventh (number eleven) vopeyve
    else: or else: txokefyaw. someone else, something else: lapo.
    encounter (v) ultxarun
    end: (v) ʼiʼa. (n) tìʼiʼa.
    ending: tìʼiʼa
    enemy: kxutu
    English: ʼÌnglìsì. in English: nìʼÌnglìsì.
    enjoyable: mowan. (of an activity) prrteʼ.
    enough: (adj) letam. (after an adjective) nìtam. (be enough) tam.
    enter: fpxäkìm
    equal: teng
    erect: pxim. (sit) erectly: nìpxim.
    error: (mistake) kxeyey. (incorrectness) tìkxey.
    especially: nìpxi
    even: (level) ʼengeng. (adv) keng. not even once: ke keng ʼawlo. [stress?] even so: tsalsungay.
    evening: (dusk) txonʼong. (late afternoon) kaym.
    every: fra-. every day: fratrr. every night: fratxon. everyone: frapo. everything: fraʼu. everywhere: fratseng. every time: fralo.
    everyday, ordinary: letrrtrr
    evil (adj) kawng. (n) tìkawng.
    examine, check: steftxaw
    example (n) tìkenong. be an example: kenong.
    excellent: txantsan
    except: mungwrr
    excess (overabundance) hawng
    excessive: lehawng. excessively: nìhawng.
    exercise, practice (n) tskxekeng
    explain, explain why: oeyktìng
    explanation: tìoeyktìng
    explode: pxor
    expression (phrase) lìʼfyavi
    eye: nari. eyes (2, of person) menari, (4, of horse, banshee) aynari.

## F

    face: key
    fair: muiä
    fall (v) zup
    false: tsleng
    family: soaia
    far: (be far) lìm. (far away) alìm.
    fascinating (be fascinating) wou (slang)
    fast: (quick) win. (quickly) nìwin.
    fasten: yän
    fate: syay
    father: sempul
    favorable: etrìp
    fear: (n) txopu. (v) txopu si.
    feed: yomtìng
    feel: ʼefu
    feeling: tìʼefu
    female (person) tute
    few: hol
    field (open terrain) txayo
    fifteen (octal: 17) vohin
    fifteenth (number fifteen) vohive
    fifth (number five) mrrve
    fifty (exact; octal: 62) puvolmune, (approx.) puvol
    fight (n) wem
    fill (v) teya si
    final: syen
    find (v) run
    finger: zekwä
    finished: hasey
    fire: txep
    first: ʼawve, nìʼawve
    fish (n) payoang
    five: mrr. five hundred (approx.) vozam. five thousand (approx.) zazam. [stress?]
    flesh: vey
    floating mountains: iknimaya
    flour: tsyo
    flower: syulang. (blue sp.) seze.
    fly (v) tswayon
    foe: kxutu
    follow: (proceed after) nong. (track) sutx. (travel along) kä/zaʼu ìlä.
    food: syuve. (vegetable) fkxen. (animal) vey. (meat) tsngan. (from flour) tsyosyu.
    foot: venu. (pair of) feet: mevenu.
    for (for the sake of) fpi+
    forbidden: kxanì
    forest: naʼrìng
    forever: (until the end of time) tìʼiʼavay krrä. (incessantly) nìlkeftang.
    forget: tswaʼ
    forgive: forgive me: ngaytxoa
    forgiveness: txoa
    formal: skepek
    former: spuwin
    fortunate: be fortunate: Nawma Saʼnok lrrtok si [with dative]
    fortune: aylrrtok (from Eywa)
    forty (exact; octal: 50) mrrvol
    foul (taste or smell) väʼ. (do wrong) tìkxey si
    four: tsìng. four hundred (approx.) puzam. four thousand (approx.) zazam.
    fourteen (octal: 16) vofu
    fourteenth (number fourteen) vofuve
    fourth (number four) tsìve
    freckle (bioluminescent) tanhì
    fresh (appealing as food) pxasul
    Friday (Earth calendar) trrpuve
    friend: ʼeylan
    friendship: tìʼeylan
    from: ta. (direction) ftu. from above: taʼem. from among: takip. from up among: tafkip.
    front (part or section) zapxì. in front of: eo.
    full: teya
    fungus: spxam
    funny (odd) hiyìk
    future: zusawkrr

## G

    game: uvan
    garbage: sngel. garbage dump: sngeltseng.
    get: (receive) tel. (understand) tslam. Got it!: tslolam.
    give: tìng. give way: tìng tseng.
    glad: be glad teya si [with dative]
    go: (move) kä. (go on, proceed) salew. go after, follow: nong. go down: kllkä. go in: fpxäkìm. go near: lok.
    goal (target) tìkan
    God (Gaea): Eywa, Nawma Saʼnok
    good: sìltsan. (appealing as food) pxasul.
    goodbye: (farewell) Eywa ngahu. (see you soon) kìyevame
    good night (sleep well) hivahaw nìmwey.
    Got it!: tslolam
    grab: niä
    grant (v) teswotìng
    grassroots movement: ngrrpongu
    great (noble) nawm. (in quantity) txan. great person: nawmtu.
    Great Leonopteryx (animal like a large banshee) toruk
    greed: tìtxanew
    greedy: txanew
    green, blue: ean. in green: nìean
    grok: kame
    ground: kllte
    group: (of people) pongu. (battle group) wempongu.
    grow: tsawl slu
    guest: frrtu
    guidance: tìfyawìntxu
    guide: fyawìntxu
    guideline, rule: koren
    gunship: kunsìp

## H

    hair: nikre (aynikre ?)
    Hallelujah Mountains: iknimaya
    halt (v) txey
    Hammerhead Titanothere (animal like a rhino) ʼangtsìk
    hand: tsyokx. (pair of) hands: mesyokx.
    happen: len
    happiness, peace: fpom; aylrrtok (from Eywa)
    happy (of occasions) lefpom. (of people) nitram. be happy: ʼefu nitram. happy (celebration) aylrrtok [with dative]
    hard: txaʼ
    harm (n) kxu
    harmless: kxuke
    harmonious: meʼem
    harmony: tìmeʼem. (with nature) meoauniaea.
    hateful: fkay
    have: lu [with dative]
    he: po, poan
    head: reʼo
    health (physical) fpomtokx
    healthy: lefpomtokx
    hear: stawm
    heart: txeʼlan. with all one's heart: nìftxavang.
    heavy (weight) kuʼup
    heed: lek
    Hellfire Wasp: zizeʼ
    hello: kaltxì
    help: (n) srung. (v) srung si.
    her: (gen) peyä. (acc) pot, poti. (dat) por, poru. (after prep.) po.
    here: fìtsenge, fìtseng [syll?]
    hero: txantstew
    Hexapede (animal like a deer) yerik
    hey! (anger, annoyance) oìsss! (threat) saa! (warning, frustration) tsa-hey!, wiya!
    high: kxayl
    him: (acc) pot, poti. (dat) por, poru. (after prep.) po.
    hinge: til
    his: peyä
    hit, strike (v) takuk
    hold off (suspend action) fpak
    home: kelku
    Hometree: Kelutral [stress?]
    honor (n) meuia
    hookah gourd: txllʼu [stress?]
    hope (v) sìlpey
    horse (approx.) paʼli
    hot: som. (to feel that one is hot) ʼefu som.
    house: kelku
    how?: pefya?, fyape?
    how many?: polpxay?, holpxaype?
    how much?: pìmtxan? hìmtxampe?
    however: ngian
    howl (n) nguway
    human (n) tawtute
    hundred: (exact, octal: 144) zam tsìvosìng. (approx.) zam fu mezam. two hundred (approx.) : pxezam. five hundred (approx.) vozam
    hunger: tìohakx
    hungry: ohakx. be hungry: ʼefu ohakx
    hunt: (v) taron. (n) tìtaron.
    hunter: taronyu
    hurry (be in a hurry) win säpi
    hurt: (be painful) tìsraw si. (hurt someone or something) tìsraw seyki.

## I

    I: oe (we- when inflected). (deferential and ceremonial form) ohe.
    idea: säfpìl
    idiot: skxawng
    if: txo. if not: txokefyaw.
    illness: (disease) säspxin. (state of being ill) tìspxin.
    image (n) rel
    immediately: (right now) pxiset. (very soon) pxiyeʼrìn
    immerse: yemfpay si
    immersion: yemfpay
    important: letsranten. be important: tsranten.
    impossible: keltsun
    in: mì+
    incessantly: nìlkeftang
    incorrect: keyawr
    incorrectness: tìkxey
    individual (n) ʼawpo
    individuality (negative connotation) tìʼawpo
    infant: prrnen
    inharmonious, divided: keʼaw
    insane: lekyeʼung
    insanity: keyeʼung
    insect (approx.) hìʼang
    inside: mìfa, mìfa
    instance: alo
    instead of: tup
    instruct: sänume si
    instruction: sänume
    insult (n) zoplo
    intelligence: tìkanu. (understanding) tìtslam.
    intelligent: kanu. intelligently: nìkanu.
    interesting (be interesting) eltur tìtxen si
    interpret: ralpeng
    into (direction) nemfa
    intriguing (be intriguing) eltur tìtxen si
    invention: tìngop
    is: lu. isn't it? isn't that so?: kefya srak? kefyak?
    it: (animate) po. (inanimate) tsaʼu ~ tsaw.
    itch (v) fkxake
    its: (animate) peyä. (inanimate) tseyä.

## J

    jellyfish (aerial, approx) fpxafaw
    join two things together: ʼawstengyem
    joint (n) til
    journey: tìsop
    joyous (of occassions) lefpom
    jump (v) spä
    just: (fair, justified) muiä. (only) nìʼaw. just before: pxisre. just after: pximaw. just now, just a moment ago: ‹ìm›, pxiswawam. in just a moment: ‹ìy›, pxiswaway.

## K

    keep up with someone: latsi
    kid (n) ʼevi
    kill: (v) tspang. (n) tìtspang
    kind: (n) fnel. what kind? fnepe, pefnel
    kiss (v) pom
    knee: kinamtil
    knife: tstal
    know: omum; law lu [with dative]. as is known, as you know: nìawnomum.

## L

    lake: ʼora
    land (n) atxkxe
    language: lìʼfya
    large: apxa
    larva, larvae (sp. beetle larva used for food) teylu
    last: (final) syen. (previous) ham. last time: alo aham. last night: txonam. last Thursday (Thursday of last week) trrmrrvam.
    laugh (n) hangham
    lead (v) eyk
    leader: eyktan. leader of clan: oloʼeyktan
    leaf: rìk
    leafy: lerìk
    lean (v) tuvon
    learn: nume
    leave: (go away) hum. (abandon) txìng.
    left (side, direction) ftär
    leg: kinam
    Leonopteryx (animal like a large banshee) toruk
    lesson: sänumvi
    lest: fteke
    let go: lonu
    Let's ...!: ... ko
    level, even: ʼengeng
    lid: lew
    life (abstract) tìrey. (living) tìrusey. balance of life: reyʼeng.
    light (n) atan
    light (adj), lightweight: syo
    like (as) na, pxel, nì-. (the same way as) tengfya. like this: fìfya. like that: tsafya.
    likewise: nìteng
    lip: seyri
    liquid: pay
    listen: tìng mikyun (pron. "tìm mikyun")
    little (adj) hìʼi. a little: ʼit, nìʼit.
    live (be alive) rey. (dwell) kelku si.
    living: (alive) rusey. (being alive) tìrusey. living thing: rusey.
    location: klltseng
    lock up: sutx
    long: (length) ngim. (time) txan.
    look (v) tìng nari (pron. "tìn nari"). look at: nìn. look for: fwew. look like: lam. (n) tìlam
    lose: lose track of: tatep. lose oneself (spiritual sense) ʼia.
    loud: wok
    love: (n) tìyawn. (v) lu yawne [with dative]. I love you: nga yawne lu oer.
    loved (adj) yawne. loved one: yawnetu, yawntu
    low: tìm
    lung: tsopì. (pair of) lungs: mesopì.

## M

    majority: txampxì
    make: (do) si. (create) ngop. (build) txula.
    male (person) tutan
    manner: fyaʼo. in a (certain) manner: nìfyaʼo.
    mantis (approx.) fwäkì
    many: pxay
    marriage: tìmuntxa
    marry: muntxa si
    mate (v) muntxa si
    mated: muntxa
    mating (n) tìmuntxa
    matriarch: tsahìk
    matter: (subject) txele. (be important) tsranten.
    may, be possible: tsunslu
    maybe: kxawm
    me: (acc) oeti (weti). (dat) oeru, oer (weru, wer). (after prep.) oe.
    meadow: txayo
    meal (served) wutso
    meaning: ral
    meantime: in the meantime: tsakrrvay
    meanwhile (until then) tsakrrvay
    meat: tsngan
    medusa (approx. a large aerial jellyfish) fpxafaw
    meet: (by chance) ultxarun. have a meeting: ultxa si.
    meeting: ultxa. have a meeting: ultxa si.
    memory, remembrance: ʼok
    mess up: tìkxey si
    message: ʼupxare
    metal: fngap
    metallic: lefngap
    midday: kxamtrr. (See 'noon'.)
    middle, midpoint: kxam
    midnight: kxamtxon
    mighty: fkew
    military squad: wempongu
    mind (n) ronsem
    mistake: kxeyey. make a mistake: kxeyey si.
    model (n) kenong
    moment: swaw. (very short time) hìkrr. just a moment ago: pxiswawam. in just a moment: pxiswaway.
    mommy: saʼnu
    Monday (Earth calendar) trrmuve
    more: nìʼul. (for comparison, use: to.)
    morning: (daylight before noon) rewon. (dawn) trrʼong. (For early morning, see 'dawn'.)
    moron: skxawng
    moss: prrwll
    most: (adv: use frato). (n) txampxì.
    mother: saʼnok
    mountain: floating mountains: iknimaya
    mouth: kxa
    move: (shift position) rikx. (move something) ʼärìp.
    movement (grassroots) ngrrpongu
    much: (great quantity) txan. (great extent) nìtxan. so much: fìtxan.
    mushroom (approx.) spxam
    music: pamtseo
    musical instrument (stringed) iʼen
    musician: pamtseotu
    must: zene. must not: zenke (zengke). don't need to: ke zene.
    my: oeyä (weyä)
    My! (encouragement) nang
    myriad: zazam [stress?]

## N

    Naʼvi: (n) tute. (adj) leNaʼvi. in Naʼvi: nìNaʼvi.
    name (n) tstxo. my name is: oeru syaw .... what is your name?: fyape syaw ngar?
    near: (be near) sim. (nearby) asim.
    neck: pewn
    need: (v) kin. (n) tìkin. do not need to: ke zene
    necessary: lekin
    neural connection: tsaheylu
    never: ke ... kawkrr
    nevertheless: tsalsungay
    new: mip
    news: fmawn
    next: hay, -ay. next time: alo ahay. next Thursday (Thursday of next week) trrmrrvay
    night: txon. tonight: fìtxon. last night: txonam. tomorrow night: txonay. Good night!: txon lefpom, (sleep well) hivahaw nìmwey.
    nine: (octal: 11) volaw. (human digit '9') nayn.
    nineteen (octal: 23) mevopey
    nineteenth (number nineteen) mevopeyve
    ninety (approx.) zam pxevol
    ninth (number nine) volawve
    no: No!: kehe. (with a noun: no X) kea, ake. No?: kefya srak, kefyak. No way! (vulgar) pxasìk. No, it can't be! (consternation) au!
    noble: nawm
    none: ke ... keʼu, ke ... kawʼit
    nonetheless: tsalsungay
    noon: kxamtrr. pre-noon (sun just before zenith) srekamtrr. post-noon (sun just after zenith) kxamtrrmaw.
    no-one: ke ... kawtu
    nose: ontu
    not: ke. not at all, not a bit (adv) ke ... kawʼit.
    nothing: (pn) ke ... keʼu. nothing at all (adv) ke ... keʼu.
    noun: tstxolìʼu
    now: (sentence opener) tse. (at this time) set. until now: vay set. right now: pxiset. Thursday two weeks from now: mesrrmrrvay.
    number (n) holpxay

## O

    O! (address) ma
    oath: pänu?
    obey: lek
    obstruction: ekxan
    occasion (happy) ftxozä
    occupy (a space) tok
    occur: len
    ocean: txampay
    odd, strange: hiyìk
    of: -yä, -ä. (a clan; used in full names) te. (See also 'from'.)
    offense: zoplo
    often: pxìm
    oh! (consternation) au! (poor thing!) keftxo! (exertion) sau!
    old: (not new) spuwin. (not young) koak.
    okay: tam, tam tam. ...okay?: ... ko
    on: mì+. on, onto (?) sìn.
    once: (in the past) ʼawlie. (not twice) ʼawlo.
    one: ʼaw. one individual: ʼawpo. one time (once) ʼawlie, ʼawlo. one hundred (approx.) zam fu mezam. one thousand (approx.) mevozam. [stress?]
    one (pronoun: 'you', 'they') fko
    only: nìʼaw
    oomph!: sau!
    open: (be open) piak. (open something) piak si.
    opinion: in my opinion: tìʼefumì oeyä
    opportunity: skxom
    opposed to: wä
    optimal: swey. optimally: nìswey.
    or: fu. or else: txokefyaw. or not: fuke.
    order: in order to: fte [with subjunctive]
    ordinary, everyday: letrrtrr
    other: lahe. other one (person or thing) lapo. to the others: aylaru.
    otherwise: txokefyaw
    our (including your) awngeyä, (ay)oengeyä [stress?]
    our (but not your) (ay)oeyä (weyä, ayweyä)
    out there: käsatseng
    outside: wrrpa
    overabundance: hawng

## P

    pain: tìsraw
    painful: sraw. be painful: tìsraw si
    Pandora: Eywaʼeveng
    panther (approx.) palulukan
    part (n) hapxì
    party (group of people) pongu
    pass (a test) emzaʼu. (pass by something) ftem.
    passionate: ftxavang
    passionately: nìftxavang
    past: the past: ftawnemkrr
    pasta (approx.) tsyosyu
    path: fyaʼo
    patience: tìmweypey
    patient (adj) lemweypey. be patient: maweypey. patiently: nìmweypey. a patient person: maweypeyyu.
    pattern (n) renu
    pay attention: eltu si
    peace: fpom
    peaceful: lefpom. peacefully: nìmwey.
    peel (v) fkarut
    people: (persons) sute. (the People) Naʼvi.
    perceive: ʼefu
    perhaps: kxawm
    perimeter: pxawpa
    person: tute
    phrase: lìʼfyavi
    picture (n) rel
    place (n) tsenge, tseng. [syll?] (v) yem.
    plain, field: txayo
    plan: (v) hawl. (n) tìhawl.
    plant (n) ʼewll
    play: (play a game) uvan si
    pleasant: (to the senses) lor. (of an activity) prrteʼ. (enjoyable, of a person or thing) mowan
    please!: rutxe!
    pleasing: mowan
    pleasurable (of an activity) prrteʼ
    pleasure: tìprrteʼ
    practice, training tskxekeng
    pointedly: nìpxi
    poison (n) txum
    poor thing!: keftxo!
    position: klltseng
    possible: letsunslu. be possible: tsunslu.
    power: tìtxur
    powerful: fkew, txantur
    prefer: nulnew
    preparations: tìhawl
    prepare, plan: hawl
    present (time) sekrr
    pretty: sevin
    previous: ham. previous instance: alo aham.
    prey (n) tìtspang
    proceed: salew
    probable; probably: skxakep
    produce (v) sleyku
    proliferate: virä
    promise: (n) pänu. (v) pänutìng.
    propel: spule
    proper: muiä
    prophesize: sreseʼa
    prophesy: tìsreseʼa
    protect: hawnu, tìhawnu si
    protection: tìhawnu
    pterosaur (approx.) ikran
    pull (v) zaʼärìp
    purpose (goal) tìkan
    push (v) käʼärìp
    put: yem

## Q

    question (n) tìpawm
    (question marker) srak(e). (with fuke) ftxey.
    quiet: (n) tìfnu. be quiet: fnu.
    quote ... unquote: san ... sìk
    quotidian: letrrtrr

## R

    rain (n) tompa
    rather: (would rather) nulnew. rather than: tup.
    ready: alaksi. get ready: hawl.
    rear: (part or section) käpxì. (of person) txìm.
    reason (n) lun
    receive: tel
    recent: sok
    recline: tuvon
    refuge: zongtseng
    refuse (v) sto
    release: lonu
    remain: ʼìʼawn
    remember: zerok
    remembrance: ʼok
    represent: kenong
    request: (n) ätxäle. (v) ätxäle si.
    respond: ʼeyng
    response: tìʼeyng. in response: nìʼeyng.
    responsibility: have responsibility (for): kllfroʼ
    responsible: be responsible (for): kllfroʼ
    rest (v) tsurokx
    restore: speng
    return, go back: tätxaw
    rhino (approx.) ʼangtsìk
    rhythm: kato
    ride (v) makto. ride out: kämakto.
    right: (side, direction) skien. (proper) muiä. (correct) eyawr. you're right: ngaru tìyawr. Right?: kefya srak? kefyak? right now: pxiset. right before: pxisre. right after: pximaw.
    river: kilvan. (sacred) Swotulu.
    rock, stone: tskxe
    root: ngrr
    rule (n) koren
    run (n) tul
    rush: (v, hurry) win säpi. (rush something) win si.

## S

    sacred: swok. sacred place: swotu. Sacred River: Swotulu.
    sad: keftxo. sadly: nìkeftxo. How sad! keftxo!
    safe: kxuke. safe place: zongtseng.
    safely: nìzawnong
    sake: for the sake of: fpi+
    same: teng
    Saturday (Earth calendar) trrkive
    save: zong
    say: plltxe
    saying ...: san ... sìk
    school: numtseng
    science: tìftia kifkeyä
    scream (v) zawng
    Screw that! (vulgar) pxasìk
    screw up: tìkxey si
    sea: txampay
    second (number two) muve. (short time) hìkrr. (look also under 'moment')
    see: (physical sense) tseʼa. See (spiritual sense) kame. see you soon: kìyevame.
    seed: rinaʼ. (of Hometree) atokirinaʼ.
    seek: fwew
    seem: lam
    selfishness: tìʼawpo
    send: fpeʼ
    sense (v) ʼefu
    serve: kìteʼe si
    service: kìteʼe
    seven: kinä
    seventeen (octal: 21) mevolaw
    seventeenth (number seventeen) mevolawve
    seventh (number seven) kive
    seventy (approx.) zam vol
    shaman: tsahìk
    sharp: pxi
    she: po, poe
    shelter (v) hawnu
    shoot: (intrans.) tem. (trans.) toltem.
    short (of time) yol
    show (v) wìntxu
    shut: (adj) tstu. (v) tstu si.
    sibling: tsmuk, tsmuktu
    sick: spxin
    sickness: (disease) säspxin. (state of being sick) tìspxin.
    side: paʼo
    sign, omen: aungia
    silence: tìfnu
    simple: ftue
    sing: rol. singing (instance of): tìrusol. (art) tseo tìrusolä.
    sister: tsmuke, tsmuk
    sit: heyn
    six: pukap
    sixteen (octal: 20) mevol
    sixteenth (number sixteen) mevolve
    sixth (number six) puve
    sixty (approx.) zam
    size: tsawlhìʼ
    skin (n) taʼleng
    sky: taw
    sleep (v) hahaw. sleep well! hivahaw nìmwey.
    slow: kìʼong
    slowly: nìkʼong
    small: (little in size) hìʼi. (small in quantity) hìm. (a small amount) ʼit.
    smart: (person) kanu. (idea, plan) sìlronsem.
    smell (n) fahew
    smile: (n) lrrtok. (v) lrrtok si.
    smoke (n) kxener
    so: (in that case) ha. even so tsalsungay. so much: fìtxan. so that: fte. so that not: fteke.
    soft: (of an object) hewne. (of a sound) ʼango.
    some: -o. someone: tuteo. something: ʼuo. somewhere: tsengo.
    son: ʼitan
    song: tìrol, way
    songchord: waytelem
    soon: yeʼrìn. See you soon: kìyevame.
    sorry! ngaytxoa
    soul: vitra
    sound (n) pam
    source: tsim
    spaceship: tawsìp
    spark (n) txepvi
    speak: plltxe
    spear (n) tukru
    spin (v) kìm
    spiral (n) ʼìheyu
    spirit: tirea
    spirit animal: tireaioang
    spirit path: tireafyaʼo
    spread, proliferate: virä
    squad: wempongu
    squirt (v) tsäʼ
    Stairway to Heaven: iknimaya
    stand (v) kllkxem
    star: tanhì
    start: (intrans.) sngäʼi. (start something) sngeykäʼi.
    stay: ʼìʼawn
    still: (yet) vay set. (as before) mi.
    sting (v) sngap
    stingbat (flying animal): riti
    stomach (n) ngäng
    stone (n) tskxe
    stop: (v) ftang. (suspend action) fpak.
    stopping: tìftang. without stopping: nìlkeftang.
    story, tale: vur
    straight: (not crooked) yey. (upright) pxim.
    strange: (unfamiliar) stxong. (odd) hiyìk.
    stream: payfya
    strength: tìtxur
    strike, blow (n) tìtakuk
    strike, hit (v) takuk
    stringed instrument: iʼen
    strong: txur
    student: numeyu
    study: (v) ftia. (n) tìftia.
    stupid: snumìna
    sturmbeast (animal like cattle) talioang
    subject (n) txele
    succeed: flä
    such: (adj) nafìʼu; tsafnel, fìfnel + genitive; tsafne-, fìfne- (pl. tsayfne-, fayfne-). such as: pxel.
    suffice: tam
    sufficient: letam
    summary: vurvi
    sun: tsawke. sunrise: (see dawn). sunset: (see dusk).
    Sunday (Earth calendar) trrʼawve
    supplies: mekre
    sustain: fmal
    sweet: kalin
    swoop (v) tawng
    synopsis: vurvi

## T

    tail: kxetse
    take: munge. take time: krrnekx.
    tale: vur
    tall: tsawl
    target (n) tìkan
    teach: kar
    teacher: karyu
    teaching: sänume
    tell: peng
    ten (octal: 12) vomun
    tenth (number ten) vomuve
    territory: kllpxìltu
    test: (v) fmetok. (n) tìfmetok.
    than: to. than all: frato.
    Thanator (animal like a panther): palulukan
    thank: irayo si. Thank you!: irayo!
    that: tsa-. (that thing) tsaʼu, tsaw. (that action) tsakem, tsakem. that one (that person) tsatu. that way: tsafya. that kind of: tsafnel + genitive, tsafne-.
    that (conjunction) tsnì. (as for that) furia. (as object) futa. (as subject) fwa. (which, with a noun) a + N, N + a.
    their: (animate) feyä. (inanimate) seyä.
    them (animate): (acc) fot, foti. (dat) for, foru. (after prep.) fo.
    them (inanimate): (acc) sat, sati. (dat) sar, saru.
    then: tsakrr
    there: tsatseng, tsatseng. out there: käsatseng. There there!: tam tam.
    therefore: tafral
    these: fay+. these kinds of: fayfnel + genitive, fayfne-.
    they (animate): ayfo, ayfo, fo. (those two) mefo. (those three) pxefo.
    they (inanimate): (ay)saʼu, (ay)saw. (those two) mesaʼu, mesaw. (those three) pxesaʼu, pxesaw. [stress?]
    "they" (unspecified agent, 'one', 'you') fko.
    thing: (object, fact, abstraction) ʼu. (action) kem.
    think: fpìl
    thinking (way of thinking) fpìlfya
    third (number three) pxeyve
    thirteen (octal: 15) vomrr
    thirteenth (number thirteen) vomrrve
    thirty (approx.) tsìvol
    this: (with a noun) fì-. (action)
fìʼu. (one) fìpo. this way: fìfya. this kind of: fìfnel + genitive, fìfne-. this morning: fìrewon. this afternoon: fìhaʼngir. this evening: fìkaym.
    those: tsay+. (those things) saʼu. those kinds of: tsayfnel + genitive, tsayfne-. (See also 'that', 'they'.)
    thought: säfpìl. thought pattern: fpìlfya.
    thousand: (approx.) mevozam. four thousand (approx.) zazam
    thread (n) kìng
    three: pxey. three hundred (approx.) mrrzam. three thousand (approx.) puvozam. (of other nouns) pxe+.
    through: kxamlä
    throat: flew
    throw: tsreʼi
    thunder (sound of) kxangangang!
    Thursday (Earth calendar) trrmrrve
    thus: fìfya, tsafya
    tie: tie down, fasten: yän. tie up, bind: yìm.
    time (n) krr. take time: krrnekx. all the time: frakrr.
    time (adv) alo, -lo. 5 times: alo amrr. 1 time (once): ʼawlo. 2 times (twice) melo. each/every time: fralo. at all times: frakrr. next time: alo ahay. last time: alo aham.
    tired: ngeyn
    to: (direction) ne. (recipient) -ur, -ru. (infinitive) fte [with subjunctive].
    today: fìtrr
    tonight: fìtxon
    toe: venzek
    together: ʼawsiteng
    tomorrow: trray. tomorrow night: txonay. tomorrow morning: rewonay. tomorrow afternoon: haʼngiray. tomorrow evening: kaymay.
    tongue: ftxì
    too: (as well) nìteng. (excessively) nìhawng.
    tooth: sreʼ
    top (n) fäpa
    torn apart, divided: keʼaw
    totality: wotx
    touch (v) ʼampi
    track, follow: sutx
    training: tskxekeng
    trap (v) syep
    travel: sop
    treachery: kavuk
    tree: utral. Tree of Souls: Vitrautral. Tree of Voices: Utral Aymokriyä. Hometree: Kelutral. [stress?]
    trip (journey) tìsop
    true: ngay
    truly: nìngay
    trunk (of a tree) tangek
    truth: tìngay
    try (v) fmi
    Tuesday (Earth calendar) trrpxeyve
    tune: be in tune, be aware: kame
    turn (v) mìn
    turn (n) alo. my turn: alo oeyä.
    twelfth (number twelve) vosìve
    twelve (octal: 14) vosìng
    twentieth (number twenty) mevosìve
    twenty: (exact, octal: 24) mevosìng. (approx.) mevol fu pxevol
    twice: melo
    twilight: See 'dusk', 'dawn'.
    two: mune. two hundred (approx.) pxezam. two thousand (approx.) tsìvozam. the two of us: moe, oeng ["weng"]. the two of you: menga. [stress?] the two of them: mefo, mesa. (of other nouns) me+.
    type, kind: fnel. what type? fnepe, pefnel

## U

    ugly (sight or sound) väʼ
    unambiguously: nìpxi
    understand: (a fact) tslam. (a person) kame.
    understanding: (comprehension) tìtslam. (wise) txantslusam.
    Understood!: tslolam
    unequal: keteng
    unfamiliar: stxong
    unfold: ʼong
    unfortunately: nìkeftxo
    unhappy: keftxo
    unhealthy: kelfpomtokx
    unknown: stxong
    unpleasant to the senses: väʼ
    unquote: sìk
    until: vaykrr. until now: vay set. until then: tsakrrvay
    up: upward: nefä. up among: fkip. up to (place, time, or number): vay.
    upright: pxim, nìpxim
    upset (sad) keftxo
    us (excluding you): (acc) ayoeti (ayweti). (dat) ayoeru, ayoer (ayweru, aywer). (after prep.) ayoe.
    us (including you): multiple forms, including (acc) awngati. (dat) awngaru, awngar. (after prep.) awnga, ayoeng (ayweng).
    use (v) sar
    useful: lesar
    using: fa

## V

    valid: kangay
    vegetable (food) fkxen
    verb: kemlìʼu
    versus: wä
    vertical: pxim. vertically: nìpxim.
    very: nìtxan
    via: ìlä+, ìlä+
    village: tsray
    violet (flower, approx.) seze
    viperwolf: nantang
    vision (spiritual) äie
    visit (v) frrfen
    visitor: frrtu
    voice (n) mokri

## W

    wait, wait for: pey
    walk (v) tìran
    want: new
    war: tsam. war party: tsampongu.
    warrior: tsamsiyu
    was: lamu, lolu. wasn't it? kefya srak? kefyak?.
    wash: yur. (oneself) yäpur.
    wasp (approx) zizeʼ
    watch: (look at) nìn. watch out: nari si. watch it! oìsss!, tsa-hey!, wiya!, saa!
    water: pay
    way: fyaʼo. No way! (vulgar) pxasìk. give way: tìng tseng. way of thinking: fpìlfya.
    we (but not you): ayoe. we two moe. we three pxoe.
    we two (you and I): oeng [weng]. (formal) ohe ngengasì. we, all of us (including you) awnga, ayoeng
    weak: meyp
    weave: täftxu
    weaver: täftxuyu
    Wednesday (Earth calendar) trrtsìve
    weep: tsngawvìk
    well: (adv) nìltsan. as well: nìteng. (See also 'healthy'.)
    well: (n) ramunong. Well of Souls: Ayvitrayä Ramunong. [stress?]
    well (sentence opener) tse
    well-being: fpom
    were: lamu, lolu. weren't they? kefya srak? kefyak?.
    what?: (action) pehem?, kempe?. (thing) peu?, ʼupe?. (word, utterance) pelìʼu?, lìʼupe?. (what kind?) fnepe, pefnel. (with other nouns) pe-, -pe?. what? you call that a ...? (disparagement) pak.
    what a ...! (praise) nang.
    when: (not a question) a krr, krr a. (if) txo.
    when?: pehrr?, krrpe?
    where?: peseng?, tsengpe?
    whether: san srake, ftxey
    which?: pe+, -pe. which kind? fnepe, pefnel. which day (of the week, month)? trrpeve
    which (not a question) a + N
    while: tengkrr [with the imperfective for the -ing verb]
    white: teyr
    who?: pesu?, tupe?
    whole: (n) wotx. (adj) ʼänsyem.
    why?: pelun?, lumpe?
    wind (n) hufwe
    wing: tsyal
    wise: txantslusam
    wish (v) rangal. I wish ...: nìrangal.
    with: (accompaniment) hu. (by means of) fa.
    without: luke
    wolf (approx.) nantang
    word: lìʼu
    work: (n) tìkangkem. (v) work: tìkangkem si.
    world (physical) kifkey
    worm: ngawng. (hallucinogenic) eltungawng.
    worst: ʼeʼal
    worthy: pxan
    wow!: tewti!
    write: pamrel si
    writing: pamrel
    wrong: (incorrect) keyawr. (an error) tìkxey. do wrong: tìkxey si. you're wrong: ngaru tìkxey

## Y

    yeah: sran
    year: zìsìt
    yellow: rim. in yellow: nìrim.
    yes: srane
    yesterday: trram. yesterday night: txonam. yesterday morning: rewonam. yesterday afternoon: haʼngiram. yesterday evening: kaymam.
    yet: (still) mi. not yet: vay set (with negative verb).
    you (sg.) nga. (honorific form) ngenga. you two: menga. you three: pxenga. you all: aynga. you (unspecified; 'one', 'they') fko. [stress?]
    young: ʼewan
    your: ngeyä. (formal) ngengeyä. [stress?]
    yucky: väʼ

## Z

    zero: kew

## Discourse particles

The following exclamations have no easy translation into English. They stand as a clause of their own:
    of consternation (it can't be!): au
    war cry (alala!) ìley
    of pity (poor thing!): keftxo
    of anger or annoyance (aargh!) oìsss
    vulgar (screw that!) pxasìk
    alarm cry; call to defense: rawke
    as a threat: saa
    upon exertion (oomph!) sau
    soothing (there there!) tam tam
    of surprise and pleasure (wow!) tewti
    of warning or frustration (oy!) tsa-hey, wiya
(See also 'yes', 'no', 'yeah', 'please', 'thank you', 'sorry!', 'forgive me!', 'right?', 'okay', 'understood', 'don't!', 'down!', 'well', 'hello', 'goodbye'.)
The following emotive particles occur at the end of a clause:
    soliciting agreement (Let's X; X, eh?) ko
    surprise, exclamation, encouragement (Oh my! What an X!) nang
    disparagement (Pshaw! You call that an X?) pak
Others help the grammatical flow of discourse:
    direct address (O!) ma
    continuation (And you?) tut
* ↑ "Do You Speak Naʼvi? Giving Voice To 'Avatar' Aliens : NPR". Retrieved 16 December 2009.
* ↑ http://dict-navi.com/ Retrieved 24 July 2021
* ↑ https://naviteri.org/
* ↑ https://learnnavi.org/