OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Evaluation/Solution

A new transportation project is proposed to the city. This project is a form of "guide wire", where cars can hook to these moving, below-ground wires and be transported for free around town. This project is proven to reduce gas consumption by $5 million in its completion year. The city's preferred contractor says that it will take 10 years to build the thing and cost $470,000 a year, which is "perfect" because benefit would exceed costs by more than $300,000. Knowing that inflation is 3 percent, as an expert evaluator, is this a wise decision?
Convert everything to Present Value and see just how great a deal this is.
For the present value of the $5,000,000 benefit (gas reduction):
$P={\frac {F}{\left({1+i}\right)^{n}}}={\frac {\$5,000,000}{\left({1+0.03}\right)^{10}}}=\$3,720,469.57\,\!$
The benefit in present-day value is $3,720,469.57.
For the money (cost) being sent to the contractor, a payment of $470,000 per year, the present value would be:
$P=A\left[{\frac {\left({1+i}\right)^{n}-1}{i\left({1+i}\right)^{n}}}\right]=\$470,000\left[{\frac {\left({1+0.03}\right)^{10}-1}{0.03\left({1+0.03}\right)^{10}}}\right]=\$4,009,195.33\,\!$
The cost in present-day value is $4,009,195.33. Therefore, this detail, while shiny in appearance at first, is NOT a wise decision, since costs exceed benefits.
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Earthwork/Homework
## Homework

1. What is a Mass Diagram and why is it important? What are the units on the vertical axis of a Mass Diagram (Metric)?
2. Looking at a mass diagram, suppose you see that at Station 1+750 the ordinate equals -1000, at Station 1+780 the ordinate is -2750, and at Station 1+900 the ordinate is zero. A) Describe what happens between stations 1+750 and 1+780. B) If the project ends at Station 1+900, what can you conclude about the earthwork required for this project?
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 29

Today in 1969 the first transmission on the ARPANET was made, with the receiving system crashing after two bytes. On the anniversary of this date the International Internet Day is held.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 5

Today in 2016 Colin R. Turner published Into The Open Economy in which he proposes “open access economy”, an economy without trade and governance.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 7

Today in 1954 IBM demonstrated the first calculating machine based entirely on solid-state transistors. It was a cheaper, cooler, 95 % more energy-efficient experimental conversion of a vacuum tube machine.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 28

Today in 2014 the HTML5 specification was finalized. It ended the reign of Adobe/Macromedia Flash. While Web users run a lot of non-free JavaScript (e.g. YouTube’s HTML5 player), at least the platform is based on open standards and mostly Free Software. Flash is no longer required to display videos or consume web content of any kind. In 2011 Adobe threw in the towel on Flash and transistioned to HTML5 itself.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 31

Today in 2005 Sony’s XCP rootkit became public.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 6

Today in 1999 was the first release of DeCSS (version 1.1b). It contained the decryption algorithm for the Content Scramble System and a decryption key extracted from the Xing DVD player software. Its source code was leaked a little later and helped write libdvdcss which cracks the copy-prevention system and allows DVD-Video playback on free operating systems.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 3

Today in 1999 source code of the the Doom engine was released as Free Software. The source code was released two years earlier, but under a non-free license.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 30

Today in 2012 the dutch Rijksmuseum started to make its massive art collection freely available as full digital reproductions.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 4

Today in 1985 Free Software Foundation was founded.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 8

Today in 1982 the inaugural meeting of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) was concluded, an organization of the world’s major space agencies that develops international standard protocols for space communications.
← previous day · following day →
# High School Probability and Statistics/Events, Sample Spaces, and Probability
## Probability:
##### Introduction:

Consciously or unconsciously all of us sometimes use phrases like: ‘most likely’, ‘almost uncertain’, ‘most probably’, ‘no chance at all’, etc. If we read these carefully, we will find that all of them involve an element of uncertainty. The measure is called the theory of probability.

## Some Basic Terms and Concepts:
#### Experiment :

A process that results in some well-defined outcome is known as an experiment. For example:
* (i) When a coin is tossed, we shall be getting either a head or a tail i.e its outcome is a head or a tail, which is well-defined.

#### Random Experiment:

Random experiment means all the outcomes of the experiment are known in advance, but any specific outcome od he experiments is not known in advance. For examples:
* (i) Tossing a coin is a random experiment because there are only two possible outcomes, head or tail, and these outcomes are known well in advance. But the specific outcome of the experiment i.e whether a head or a tail is not known in advance

#### Sample Space:

The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called sample pace and is, in general, denoted by letter S For example: (i) When a coin and a dice are tossed together, the corresponding sample space for the random experiment is as given below:
S={(H,1), (H,2), (H,3), (H,4), (H,5), (H,6),(T,1), (T,2), (T,3), (T,4), (T,5), (T,6)}.

#### An Event:

An outcome of a random experiment is called an event. In other words, an event is something that happens. On tossing a coin, the possible outcome is head (H) or a tail (T). Here, getting ahead or a tail is an event of the experiment.
# High School Physics/Velocity

Velocity is a concept that combines the ideas of speed and direction. A velocity, thus, is comprised of two components. The magnitude of the velocity is the instantaneous speed at a particular point in time. The direction component can be expressed in a number of ways. Traditionally, we may express the direction in terms of the points of a compass (North, South-West). However, it is common in Physics and Mathematics to use an angle (either in degrees or radians).
The average velocity is similar to the idea of an average speed, but deals instead with the total displacement (as opposed to distance travelled) and is expressed as:
$v_{a}={\frac {\Delta x}{\Delta t}}$
For example, a runner who completes a lap of a 400m running track in 1 minute will have a total displacement of 0m, even though they have run 400m. Their average velocity, therefore is zero,
It correlates with acceleration,so if someone is constantly accelerating at a speed of 10cm/s and have been running for 10 seconds, their speed will be...
In which ${\rm {Time\cdot Acceleration=Speed}}$
    $t$ = time running
    $a$ = acceleration rate
    $s$ = speed.
So with the previous example,
${\rm {10s\cdot 10{\frac {cm}{s^{2}}}=100{\frac {cm}{s}}}}$
If you are accelerating with a speed that is growing by 10cm/s,the formula would be
$((at)+a)\cdot {\frac {t}{2}}=x$
so if one were gaining 10cm/s in their speed per second while keeping their current speed...
$((10\cdot 10)+10)\cdot {\frac {10}{2}}=500{\rm {cm}}$
For variety of values,lets say the acceleration only lasted 5 seconds...
$((5\cdot 10)+10)\cdot {\frac {5}{2}}=500{\rm {cm}}$
# High School Physics/Waves

Waves are a form of energy. They include electromagnetic waves and sound waves. Electromagnetic waves are the visible light waves and the microwaves that you use every day. The sound waves are just what they are the way sound transfers in a volume.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all the possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. This includes all visible light infrared light, microwaves,X-rays, and gamma rays. The way a we've is measured is using frequencies. These are the different levels of vibration that take place in a wave. For example a gamma ray has a much higher frequency than a ray of infrared light, because the distance between the peak of the waves are much greater in a gamma ray than in a ray of infrared light.
Sound waves are the oscillation of pressure through the atoms and molecules of matter such as a solid, liquid, or gas. It like electromagnetic waves is composed of a group of frequencies usually measured in Hertz. The higher the measure of Hertz the higher the pitch. As many older people can confirm sometimes very high or very low pitches can be hard or impossible to hear by the human ear.
# High School Probability and Statistics/Analysis of Variance and the F-Distribution

* F-Distribution and Testing Two Variances
* One-Way ANOVA Test
* Two-Way ANOVA Test
← Testing One Variable · F-Distribution and Testing Two Variances →
# High School Probability and Statistics/Analyzing Statistical Data

* Definitions of Statistical Terminology
* An Overview of Data
* Measures of Center
* Measures of Spread
← Organizing and Displaying Data · Definitions of Statistical Terminology →
# High School Probability and Statistics/Chi-Square

* The Goodness-of-Fit Test
* Test of Independence
* Testing One Variable
← Multiple Regression · The Goodness-of-Fit Test →
# High School Physics/Simple Oscillation
## Simple Oscillation

For a simple oscillator consisting of a mass m to one end of a spring with a spring constant s, the restoring force, f, can be expressed by the equation
${\rm {Force={\rm {Spring~constant\times {\rm {displacement\,}}}}}}$
where displacement is the displacement of the mass from its rest position. Substituting the expression for f into the linear momentum equation,
$f=ma=m{d^{2}x \over dt^{2}}\,$
where a is the acceleration of the mass, we can get
$m{\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}=-sx$
or,
${\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}+{\frac {s}{m}}x=0$
Note that
$\omega _{0}^{2}={s \over m}\,$
To solve the equation, we can assume
$x(t)=Ae^{\lambda t}\,$
The general solution for this type of 'simple harmonic motion' is $x=A\sin(wt+\phi )$. Here, $\phi$ (the angle expressed in radians) is known as the phase of the simple harmonic motion.
# High School Probability and Statistics/Hypothesis Testing

* Hypothesis Testing and the P-Value
* Testing a Proportion Hypothesis
* Testing a Mean Hypothesis
* Testing a Hypothesis for Samples
← Student's t-Distribution · Hypothesis Testing and the P-Value →
# High School Probability and Statistics/Discrete Probability Distribution

* Two Types of Random Variables
* Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable
* Mean and Standard Deviation of Discrete Random Variables
* Binomial Probability Distribution
* Poisson Probability Distribution
* Geometric Probability Distribution
← Basic Counting Rules · Two Types of Random Variables →
# High School Probability and Statistics
## Table of Contents

* The Basics
* Analyzing Statistical Data
* Visualizations of Data
* Probability
* Discrete Probability Distribution
* Normal Distribution
* Planning and Conducting an Experiment or Study
* Sampling Distributions and Estimations
* Hypothesis Testing
* Regression and Correlation
* Chi-Square
* Analysis of Variance and the F-Distribution
* Non-Parametric Statistics

## Resources

* PDF Version (Part 1) (info)
* PDF Version (Part 2) (info)
* Teacher's Guide (info)
* Enrichment (info)
# GNU Health/Errata

In GNU Health we strive to have a system free of bugs and issues, but we know that is not possible :)
This chapter addresses those issues that may impair the installation or upgrade process.

## 3.6

Context: Installation (gnuhealth-setup)
Issue : GNU Health installer needs to be updated due to incompatibility of Werkzeug 1.0 with Trytond Kernel 5.0
Solution:

## 3.4

Context: Upgrade process
Issue: Error when migrating the product templates and/or categories.
Solution:
* Run the script upgrade_34.sql as documented in the upgrade process for 3.4
* Execute the following SQL commands, as indicated in the Tryton migration
delete from ir_property where res like 'product.category,%' and SUBSTRING(res, POSITION(',' IN res) + 1)::integer not in (select id from product_category);
delete from ir_property where res like 'product.template,%' and SUBSTRING(res, POSITION(',' IN res) + 1)::integer not in (select id from product_template);
# GNU Health/FHIR REST server
## About FHIR and REST

Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) is a standard for exchanging healthcare information electronically developed by HL7. For more information about FHIR, please see http://hl7.org/fhir
Representational State Transfer (REST) is a software architecture style for scalable web services developed by the W3C Technical Architecture Group (TAG). REST based systems can be accessed over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the same protocol that is used by Web browsers to request Web pages from and to send data to a Web server. For more information about REST, please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer

## Installation

The server requires Flask and a few of its addons. And, of course, a working GNU Health installation.
It is recommended to install the packages into a virtual environment using virtualenv.
Setup the environment (as the gnuhealth user):
Now install the packages using the requirements file:
Some of the packages (like pywebdav) are already installed on the system. However, it’s usually easier to administrate and debug the Flask server when working in a virtual environment.
More help with virtualenv.

## Configuration

The server ships with a simple production config file. However, it needs to be edited.
There are other options available for Flask and its addons: * Flask * Flask-Login * Flask-Tryton * Flask-Restful * Flask-WTF

## Security

Use TLS. Sensitive medical information must be protected and confidential.
By default, all FHIR endpoints except the Conformance statement require user authentication. The user authentication and access follows Tryton’s model, respecting model and field access rights.
The same credentials used to sign into GNU Health are used to access the FHIR REST server.

## Running the Server

The server ships with a simple script (run_server.py) in the server/ folder to run the server using Tornado.
The script expects itself to be located one directory level above the server/ folder. Consequently, move the run_server.py script up one directory level. For example:
With the virtual environment activated and as the gnuhealth user, run the server.
However, most production servers use nginx, lighttpd, or apache in front of the Tornado server. For example, a common practice is to have nginx sit in front of multiple Tornado instances, acting as a load balancer, handling SSL, and serving static content (like images and common javascript). How to configure an nginx/lighttpd + tornado + flask setup is beyond this document, although it is not complicated, especially with nginx.

## Troubleshooting
### Cannot connect to database

Make sure you are running as the gnuhealth user.
Flask-Tryton should automatically find and parse the Tryton config file. If it is not found:

### No database with that name

This is related to the previous error, and occurs when Flask-Tryton cannot find the Tryton config file. Following the previous procedure should hopefully fix it.
← Troubleshooting · Using the FHIR REST server →
# GNU Health/Families
## The Family Concept in GNU Health

Since GNU Health 2.0, the family object is a model that holds all the individuals that compose a family, from the legal and/or genetic point of view. The family members don't necessarily share the same Domiciliary Unit.
A person can be part of several families at the same time. Consider the following situation:
* Peter Stone is the son of Mattew Stone and Rosanna Pellegrino.
* Peter marries Sandra Miller and has two children with her.
* After being divorced, Peter marries Lucia Martinez, and they have another child.
So Peter Stone would be:
* a son in the Stone-Pellegrino family
* the husband in the Stone-Miller familiy
* the husband in the Stone-Martinez familiy
The family model should only be used for one couple and their children, since things can become confusing otherwise. However, the system does not prevent you from entering families with more than two generations.

## Managing Families

Families are managed in the GNU Health → Demographics → Families section.
If you are creating a family, the first thing to do is to assign it a unique family name. In our demo database we use a combination of the two lastnames of husband and wife (e.g. "Zenon-Betz" for the familiy of John Zenon and Ana Betz). While this should work fine most of the time, you will run into problems when you have several families with the same combinations of lastnames. In this situation, adding the firstnames could help to make the familiy name unique (e.g. "Zenon-Betz, John & Ana").
Below the family name you will find a list of the family members, each consisting of the following fields:
* Party: Link to a person (or a Party record whith the Person flag set, to be technically correct).
* Role: The role of this person within the familiy (e.g. "Mother", "Son"). Please note that this is a simple text field where you can enter whatever you like. There are no predefined roles, and there is no validation (like a to make sure that a mother is female or that a son is younger than its father).

## Searching Family Members

In the GNU Health → Demographics → Family Members section you can find a list of all family members. This list is read-only, but you can use it to search family members by family name, party (person) or role.
← Individuals · Health Professionals →
# GNU Health/Financial Accounting

Chart of accounts
Configuring Accounts
Account Types
Configuring Journals
Organization structure
Asset management
Cost allocation among cost centers, cost allocation from cost centers
Multi-dimensional CO-PA reports
FI monthly closing (deprecation , FI related reports)
CO monthly closing (activity planning, maintain SKF, COPA report)
← Laboratory Management · Analytic Accounting →
# GNU Health/Events

An event can be scheduled on a calendar, with a start date and an end date.
# GNU Health/Functioning and Disability

* This section applies to version 3.0 of GNU Health.
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Queueing/Solution2

A ramp has an arrival rate of 200 cars an hour and the ramp meter only permits 250 cars per hour, while the ramp can store 40 cars before spilling over.
(A) What is the probability that it is half-full, empty, full?
(B) How many cars do we expect on the ramp?
$\rho =200/250=0.8\,\!$
Part (A)
What is the probability that it is half-full, empty, full?
Half-full
$P(n)={\frac {\left({1-\rho }\right)}{1-\rho ^{N+1}}}\left(\rho \right)^{n}\to P(20)={\frac {\left({1-0.8}\right)}{1-0.8^{40+1}}}\left({0.8}\right)^{20}=0.0023\,\!$
Empty
$P(n)={\frac {\left({1-\rho }\right)}{1-\rho ^{N+1}}}\left(\rho \right)^{n}\to P(0)={\frac {\left({1-0.8}\right)}{1-0.8^{40+1}}}\left({0.8}\right)^{0}=0.20\,\!$
Full
$P(n)={\frac {\left({1-\rho }\right)}{1-\rho ^{N+1}}}\left(\rho \right)^{n}\to P(40)={\frac {\left({1-0.8}\right)}{1-0.8^{40+1}}}\left({0.8}\right)^{40}=2.65*10^{-5}\,\!$
Part (B)
How many cars do we expect on the ramp?
$E(n)={\frac {\left(\rho \right)}{\left({1-\rho }\right)^}}{\frac {1-\left({N+1}\right)\left(\rho \right)^{N}+N\rho ^{N+1}}{1-\rho ^{N+1}}}={\frac {\left({0.8}\right)}{\left({1-0.8}\right)^}}{\frac {1-\left({40+1}\right)\left({0.8}\right)^{40}+40\left({0.8}\right)^{40+1}}{1-\left({0.8}\right)^{40+1}}}=4\,\!$
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Pricing/Homework
## Homework

1. Describe 5 different methods for implementing road pricing, and discuss their strengths and weaknesses.
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Queueing/Problem1

Application of Single-Channel Undersaturated Infinite Queue Theory to Tollbooth Operation. Poisson Arrival, Negative Exponential Service Time
* Arrival Rate = 500 vph,
* Service Rate = 700 vph
Determine
* Percent of Time operator will be free
* Average queue size in system
* Average wait time for vehicles that wait
Note: For operator to be free, vehicles must be 0
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Queueing/Problem3

In this problem we apply the properties of capacitated queues to an expressway ramp. Note the following
* Ramp will hold 15 vehicles
* Vehicles can enter expressway at 1 vehicle every 6 seconds
* Vehicles arrive at ramp at 1 vehicle every 8 seconds
Determine:
(A) Probability of 5 cars,
(B) Percent of Time Ramp is Full,
(C) Expected number of vehicles on ramp in peak hour.
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Queueing/Solution3

In this problem we apply the properties of capacitated queues to an expressway ramp. Note the following:
* Ramp will hold 15 vehicles
* Vehicles can enter expressway at 1 vehicle every 6 seconds
* Vehicles arrive at ramp at 1 vehicle every 8 seconds
Determine:
(A) Probability of 5 cars,
(B) Percent of Time Ramp is Full,
(C) Expected number of vehicles on ramp in peak hour.
$\lambda ={\frac {3600}{8}}=450\,\!$
$\mu ={\frac {3600}{6}}=600\,\!$
$\rho ={\frac {\lambda }{\mu }}=0.75\,\!$
Part A
Probability of 5 cars,
$P(n)={\frac {\left({1-\rho }\right)}{1-\rho ^{N+1}}}\left(\rho \right)^{n}={\frac {\left({1-0.75}\right)}{1-0.75^{16}}}\left({0.75}\right)^{5}=0.06=6\%\,\!$
Part B
Percent of time ramp is full (i.e. 15 cars),
$P(n)={\frac {\left({1-\rho }\right)}{1-\rho ^{N+1}}}\left(\rho \right)^{n}={\frac {\left({1-0.75}\right)}{1-0.75^{16}}}\left({0.75}\right)^{15}=0.0033=0.33\%\,\!$
Part C
Expected number of vehicles on ramp in peak hour.
$E(n)={\frac {\left(\rho \right)}{\left({1-\rho }\right)^}}{\frac {1-\left({N+1}\right)\left(\rho \right)^{N}+N\rho ^{N+1}}{1-\rho ^{N+1}}}={\frac {\left({0.75}\right)}{\left({1-0.75}\right)^}}{\frac {1-\left({15+1}\right)\left(\rho \right)^{15}+15\rho ^{16}}{1-\rho ^{16}}}=2.81\approx 3\,\!$
Conclusion, ramp is large enough to hold most queues, though 12 seconds an hour, there will be some ramp spillover. It is a policy question as to whether that is acceptable.