OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Practical Electronics/IC/4007

4007 :
| Logic Type | Transistor-level |
| Function Family | Transistor |
| Description | Dual complementary pair and inverter |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
The 4007 integrated circuit contains three complementary enhancement-mode MOSFET pairs. One pair has connections to the drain terminals, one to the source terminals and the commoned drains (i.e. it is wired as an inverter) and one allows access to all source and drain connections. All pairs have the gate terminals commoned and available. The bulk connections are to the power rails (V$_{DD}$ for the p-channel devices and V$_{SS}$ for the n-channel devices).
The meanings of the abbreviations on the diagrams to the right are:
| Pins | Functions |
| S$_{P2}$, S$_{P3}$ | Source terminals of 2nd and 3rd p-channel MOSFETs |
| D$_{P1}$, D$_{P2}$ | Drain terminals of 1st and 2nd p-channel MOSFETs |
| D$_{N1}$, D$_{N2}$ | Drain terminals of 1st and 2nd n-channel MOSFETs |
| S$_{N2}$, S$_{N3}$ | Source terminals of 2nd and 3rd n-channel MOSFETs |
| D$_3$ | Drain terminals (common) of 3rd p-channel and n-channel MOSFETs |
| G$_1$, G$_2$, G$_3$ | Gate terminals of each MOSFET pair. |
# Saylor.org's Comparative Politics/The Treaty of Westphalia the Origins of the Modern State

The Treaty of Westphalia effectively ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) in Europe and laid the foundation for the sovereign state system that has dominated international relations in the modern era. Although a complex and prolonged war, the Thirty Years' War nominally began as a conflict between Catholics and Protestants which dragged in most of the Great Powers of Europe. Because of the religious nature of the war, the most important tenet from the peace to emerge was the idea that each prince had the right to determine the religion in his land. At this time, there was no German nation as we today know it. Instead, the Holy Roman Empire was a loosely governed collection of independent kingdoms and principalities located mainly where modern Germany and Austria are. Because these German lands had been the location of much of the activity of the Protestant Reformation, Lutheranism and Catholicism were in direct competition with one another. By saying that a prince had the power to determine which religion would be practiced in the land he governed, free of outside influence or force, the Treaty of Westphalia laid the foundations for the idea of complete sovereignty of the ruler over their people. This might seem like an obvious system to modern observers, but in an era of empires, protectorates and influence from outside secular and religious forces, it was radical. It would be states (and later 'nations') that would decide internal policy, not empires or the church.
Although in the modern era kingdoms and principalities gave way to constitutional and representative forms of government, the principle of sovereignty still applied. In representative democracies the people who comprised the nation became sovereign to rule over their land in the manner decided by the majority.
# Shell Programming/What is portable shell syntax?

Portable Shell Syntax is the scripting language syntax used by the System V Unix shell. This syntax is compatible with the heirloom shell and is the syntax documented in most Unix books.
# Shell Programming/What is shell

The shell is the command interpreter which compiles instructions to the command prompt and can speed up and automate complicated command line processes. Shell scripting is useful for quickly running multiple lines of command line instructions but is very slow in terms of speed. In a case where speed and efficiency is important a shell script is not a good option.
Pros
* Relatively simple
* Automates normally repetitive processes in the command line
Cons
# Shell Programming/expr command
### expr 1 | expr 2

Expression 1 if expression 1 is non-zero, otherwise expression 2.

### expr 1 & expr 2

Zero if either expression is zero, otherwise expression 1.

### Other operations in expr command

The expr command is useful in simple arithmetic operations using integers only.
Similarly,
which have following results, respectively: 0; 1; 1; 0. Note that % is modulus.
# Shell Programming/while

The while statement has the following basic structure:
# Shell Programming/until

The until statement has the following basic structure:
# Shell Programming/eval command

The eval command is like an extra $ in shell scripting. It evaluates a string and attempts to expand it as a variable. For example the following evaluates the string as $horse and expands the value of variable horse.
# Shell Programming/example code using control statements
### Simple alarm clock - example code using control statements

The following code assumes bash environment with dialog utility present. $1 denotes value of first parameter. Infinite until loop in code line 18 drains memory after long time.

### Simple alarm clock2 - example code using control statements

This is yet another alarm program. This time code is more efficient because it uses sleep command instead of infinite loop, so there is less risk of memory drainage. The trap command at code line 7 traps signal INT (ctrl-c) and performs cleanUp function as after action.

### Simple alarm clock 3

Actually, this code is the only one that does a reasonable job as an alarm clock. It is based on the following algorithm:
where a_h is alarm_hour, T_h is Time_hour, a_m is alarm_minute, T_m is Time_minute.
# Shell Programming/for

The for statement has the following basic structure:
Every loop replaces variable_name's value with value1-2 and beyond.
# Programmable Logic/CPLDs

CPLD stands for Complex Programmable Logic Device. They are similar in concept to FPGA, but operate using different methods.
# Programmable Logic

This book will cover the design and implementation of programmable logic devices (PLDs) using the Verilog, VHDL, and System C Hardware description languages. It is not meant to be a comprehensive reference to these languages, but more of a quick guide that covers the parts essential to developing effective digital designs. This book will also cover programming a variety of specific programmable devices, such as FPGA and CPLD devices. Contents intended to be covered are: Programming HDL, Concurrent programming and synthesis. A Previous knowledge of programming a high-level language is assumed. Knowledge of Semiconductors is helpful but not necessary. Previous experience or knowledge of Digital Circuits is must.

## Table of Contents

* Terminology

### Hardware Description Languages (HDL)

* HDL Basics - HDL history and comparison
* VHDL - An Ada/Pascal influenced HDL
* Verilog - A C influenced HDL
* SystemC - A class library to C++
* Mixed-Language Programming

### Programmable Logic Devices

* Programmable Hardware
* Devices
* Device Programming

### Programmable Logic Design

* Design Basics
* Program Descriptions
* Implementation Flow
* Cores and IP
* Debugging Designs
* Timing and Synchronization

### Appendices

* Tools
* Further Reading

## References

* Ashenden, Peter J., "The Designer's Guide to VHDL", 2nd edition.1
* Chu, Pong P., "RTL Hardware Design Using VHDL: Coding for Efficiency, Portability, and Scalability".ISBN 9780471720928
* Altera FPGA: Leading Innovation in Programmable Logic Devices :www.vemeko.com/blog/altera-fpga-leading-innovation-in-programmable-logic-devices.html
# SimCity/SimCity 4/Concepts

SimCity 4 was the most complex SimCity game at the time of release. Old tactics that have worked from past games no longer applied, and now the world has gotten a lot bigger, regions can hold several to hundreds of cities that can all be interconnected to create a massive megalopolis. SimCity 4 deserves its own section as many of the rules that apply to it do not apply to past SimCity games.
# SimCity/SimCity 4

There are many differences between this game and previous versions, the largest difference being that cities are now located in regions that are divided into segments, each of which can be developed. The regional play concept adds a whole new dimension to this sequel of SimCity.
Neighbor cities played a large role in the previous version of the game, SimCity 3000. For example, neighbor deals could be established, where a city could exchange resources such as water, electricity, or garbage disposal for money. In this version, the player may develop several dependent cities at the same time, eventually populating the entire region. Additionally, the simulated city can now be seen at nighttime as well as during daytime.
SimCity 4 can be used in conjunction with Maxis' popular game The Sims. Sims can be imported into the city where they will report what they think of the area they are living in. SC4 comes with some default sims for those without a copy of the game. Moreover, SC4 does have a control interface very similar to The Sims.
Graphics in SimCity 4 are rendered using trimetric orthographic projection whereas SimCity 2000 and SimCity 3000 were rendered with diametric projection. According to an article on the history of SimCity, published on its official site, free camera movement was considered but rejected for use in this version and a locked perspective camera was retained from earlier versions. Like The Sims, SimCity 4 incorporates both 2D and 3D graphics in the game; buildings and static props are presented as sprites wrapped around polygons, and a majority of other elements have incorporated full 3D graphics, such as the natural landscape, moving vehicles, roads and railways.
You can also port the .sc4 files from SimCity 4 to The Sims 2 for new neighborhood types.

## Contents

* Concepts
* Transport
# SimCity and Urban Planning/Bibliography
## Wikipedia

The following Wikipedia articles were used extensively for the initial content for this WikiBook:
* Fiscal policy
* LinCity
* Municipal government
* SimCity
* SimCity 2000
* SimCity 3000
* SimCity 4
* SimCopter
* SimHealth
* Streets of SimCity
* Urban planning
* Urban Infrastructure
* Zoning
# SimCity/Streets of SimCity

Streets of SimCity is a 1997 computer game published by Maxis. The novelty of this game stemmed mostly from the fact that the player could race cars around cities that had been created in SimCity 2000. The game is in full 3D, which was a departure from Maxis's normal fare. It was almost universally considered a flop. It is one of the few games in the Maxis series that Will Wright did not work on. Despite features such as being able to load cities from SimCity 2000 and an excellent soundtrack, the game was known more for its bugs, including unexpected crashes, issues with vehicles stuck in buildings, people walking backwards and being able to drive through trees.
The game is known to be the black sheep of the "sim" line, since it in no way actually simulates driving with precision. It instead focuses more on the goals of blowing up other enemy cars, winning races, evading cops, and hitting the occasional cow. The game can be controlled with a keyboard, a joystick, or a gamepad. As a result, the game was mostly only popular with SimCity 2000 users, which like SimCopter, allowed players to explore SimCity 2000 cities, created by themselves or otherwise. There is also a network mode in which players can play deathmatches with up to seven other individuals.
# SimCity and Urban Planning

This book is a guide to the casual learner about how Will Wright's popular game SimCity relates to urban planning and how concepts were utilized in the game.
Urban planning is a profession of city and regional governments that addresses the need to effectively plan for new development or redevelopment in an urban area. Today in almost all developed countries, it is commonly applied to any type of formal land development whether it it be in the rural country, suburbia, or downtown. SimCity simulates this profession by giving the tools necessarily to "create cities" such as zoning for land uses, plotting roads, and shaping the landscape.
SimCity takes planning a step further by giving the player control of the city budget, unlimited bulldozing power (eminent domain), and no legal hurdles. In essence the game captures the functions of city government, not just urban planning. However the basis on which the city can grow and the game's programming of what grows or doesn't, is heavily based in planning policy and theories of economic development.

## Table of contents

* Preface
* Introduction
* Basic Concepts
** Taxation and Fiscal Management
** Building Transportation
** Zoning
** Municipal Infrastructure
** Environment
** Natural Disasters
* Bibliography
* Glossary
* Authors and Contributors

## Read more

* SimCity
* SimEarth
# SimCity/SimCopter

As the name implies, SimCopter puts the player in the role of a helicopter pilot.
There are two modes of play. The free mode lets the player import and fly through cities of their own or any of the 30 cities supplied with the game. However, user cities sometimes need to be designed with SimCopter in mind, and most of the time the player must increase the number of police stations, fire stations, and hospitals to allow for speedier dispatches. The second mode is the heart of the game, the career mode. This puts the player in the shoes of a pilot doing various jobs around the city. These jobs include:
* Rescuing sims from burning buildings, runaway trains, and capsized boats
* Clearing traffic jams
* Aerial firefighting
* Catching criminals
* Riot control
* MEDEVAC
* Transporting VIPs
The player starts with a small, weak helicopter, but as they accumulate money they can upgrade their existing helicopter and purchase new ones. Some jobs require certain equipment in order to complete them, and better helicopters offer greater speed, handling, and capacity. By completing jobs, the player earns money and points. When the player has accumulated enough points, the game lets them move on to the next city. The player then has a choice of going into a new city of the same difficulty or advancing to the next level. There are ten levels of difficulty, with new types of jobs being introduced and previous types of jobs increasing in difficulty.
The player is assisted by paramedics and police which will ride in the helicopter and can be deployed when necessary. The player can also dispatch police cars, fire engines, and ambulances.
There are five virtual radio stations that can be listened to while in the helicopter: classical, rock, jazz, techno and a mix station featuring all songs from every other station. The file format of the music is low quality WAV, and if a user wants, they can import their own music into the game as long as the music uses the WAV format as well.

## Real World Impact

The game became infamous when a gay designer inserted sprites of near-naked men kissing each other, which was caught shortly after release and edited from future copies. He cited his actions as a response to the "bimbos" within the game. Nevertheless, the designer, Jacques Servin, was fired, leading to widespread coverage by major news outlets.

## References

* ↑ "Boy 'Bimbos' Too Much for Game-Maker Maxis". Wired. https://www.wired.com/1996/12/boy-bimbos-too-much-for-game-maker-maxis/.
* ↑ "Man Is Dismissed Over a Game's Gay Images". The New York Times. 8 December 1996. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/08/us/man-is-dismissed-over-a-game-s-gay-images.html.
# SimCity/Starting a City

Once you've loaded up the game, you will have two basic options: Create a City, or Play Scenario. It's nt recommended to play a Scenario until you have the basics down, at least.
Click Create A City. A box will pop up asking you to name your city, name your mayor, choose difficulty, and other options. Then it will take you to the map-builder screen.
* Note for SC2K users
* In order to use the map-builder, you must specifically select it in the menu that pops up when you load the game. If you hit Create A City first, SC2K will auto-generate a map.
When you get to the map builder, there will be many options in a window. This window will have three sliders, a lot of buttons below it, and a square on top that shows a general indicator of how your city terrain will be made. You can click on that too if you want to modify how the mapmaker will generate your terrain. The sliders control the trees, water, map, etc. that the maker will generate. There are various buttons that can allow you to add trees, water, raise/lower terrain, increase/decrease water level, among others. Feel free to experiment.
# SimCity and Urban Planning/Authors

* Original Author: KirbyMeister
* Principal Author:
* Chief Contributor of Images:

## Contributors

(In Alphabetical Order - please sign using four '~')
* 4.72.0.3
* 69.37.222.21
* AmishThrasher 05:31, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
* Andreas Ipp
* Lynx7725
* Poiuyt Man
* PrezKennedy
* Tewdrig
* Mbrickn

## Wikipedia

The following Wikipedia articles were used extensively for the initial content for this WikiBook:
* SimCity
* SimCity 2000
* SimCity 3000
* SimCity 4
* SimCopter
* SimHealth
* Streets of SimCity
# SimCity/SimHealth

SimHealth, released by Maxis in 1994, is a simulation of the U.S. Healthcare system. Produced with assistance from the Markle Foundation, it is virtually unknown and difficult to find.
An incredibly complex simulation, it was generally regarded as difficult and dry. Armed with none of the tongue-in-cheek humor famous for Maxis games, the only real link to the franchise was the SimCity 2000-inspired user interface. Some also claimed that the game was unfairly biased towards more liberal healthcare programs. It was produced only for DOS, and is almost impossible to locate on the market today, let alone play on a modern operating system.
# Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/0126

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
RTOG 01-26 (PROSTATE)
* Title: A Phase III Randomized Study of High Dose 3D-CRT/IMRT vs. Standard Dose 3D-CRT/IMRT in Patients Treated for Localized Prostate Cancer
* Objective: Determine whether 3D-CRT/IMRT to 79.2 Gy in 44 fractions will lead to improved overall survival in patients treated for prostate cancer compared to a group of patients treated with 3D-CRT/ IMRT to 70.2 Gy in 39 fractions.
* Protocol:
** Arm 1: 3D-CRT or IMRT: 70.2 Gy in 39 fractions
** Arm 2: 3D-CRT or IMRT: 79.2 Gy in 44 fractions
* Eligibility:
** cT1b-T2b,
** (GS 2-6 and PSA 10-20) or (GS 7 and PSA <15)
** N0M0
* Enrollment Target: 1520 patients
* Activation: March 21, 2002
* Closed: Aug 20, 2008
* Additional Information:
** Meeting Minutes January 2005 - "Dr. Michalski updated the group regarding RTOG 0126. Accrual for this study has improved over the past six months."
** Meeting Minutes June 2004 - "The randomized prostate cancer trial (RTOG 0126) had the IMRT amendment approved by the NCI last fall. Accrual has improved this past meeting cycle."
** Meeting Minutes January 2004 - "The randomized prostate cancer trial (RTOG 0126) had the IMRT amendment approved by the NCI last fall. Accrual to the study has slowed while institutions submit the amendment to their IRB’s and complete credentialing requirements for IMRT. It is expected that accrual to this study will pick up once the regulatory requirements have been completed at the participating institutions and once RTOG 9910 closed to accrual."
** Meeting Minutes June 2003 - "Dr. Michalski reported that RTOG 0126, the randomized trial of high dose versus standard dose conformal radiation therapy for intermediate prostate cancer would soon allow IMRT. The decision was made to drop the need for two separate target volumes for patients receiving IMRT. Instead, a single target volume that encompasses the proximal seminal vesicles will be used. For patients treated with forward planned 3DCRT, an optional volume reduction after 55.8 Gy will be allowed. The prescription point was changed to a minimum dose to the PTV, rather than an ICRU reference dose."
# Radiation Oncology/Protons/Economics

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Economic Issues Related to Proton Therapy
# Radiation Oncology/RO-APM

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
US Radiation Oncology Alternative Payment Model (RO-APM)
Moffitt Cancer Center; 2021 -- "Assessment of MRI-Linac Economics under the RO-APM" (Palm RF, J Clin Med. 2021 Oct 14;10(20):4706.). Paper Link
* Comparison of technical fee reimbursement under Fee-For-Service (FFS) versus RO-APM reimbursement for MRI-Linac guided treatment. 200 patients, breast (31%), lung (13%), rectal (15%), pancreas/HPB (28%), prostate (13%)
* Result: FFS revenue $10.9M vs RO-APM $2.4M (-78%). Lung -89%, pancreas -83%, breast -74%, CRC -65%, prostate -48%
* Conclusion: Implementation of MRI-guided RT is susceptible under RO-APM
# Radiation Oncology/RTOG Trials/0011

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
RTOG 00-11 (PROSTATE)
* Title: Phase III Randomized Study of Adjuvant Therapy for High Risk pT2-3N0 Prostate Cancer
* Objective: The revised study design will test if the addition of androgen suppression to radiation therapy in patients with unfavorable pathologic stage pT3N0M0 prostate cancer leads to better overall survival than radiation therapy alone.
* Protocol:
** Arm 1: RP followed by AS x 2 years + 63.0 - 66.6 Gy RT
** Arm 2: RP followed by 63.0 - 66.6 Gy RT
** Arm 3: RP followed by AS x 2 years (CLOSED EARLY DUE TO NON-ACCRUAL)
* Eligibility:
** Status post RP
** (pT2 and GS 7-10 and preop PSA > 10 and +SM) or
** (pT3 and GS 7-10 and (PSA > 10 or +SM or SVI) or (pT3 and GS <7 and 2 of above risk factors)
* Enrollment Target: 1398 patients
* Activation: July 13, 2001
* Terminated: May 7, 2004 DUE TO NON-ACCRUAL