OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Jack Sloper
## Overview

Jack Sloper is a Beater on the Gryffindor Quidditch team. Along with Andrew Kirke, he takes over for Fred and George Weasley after the latter are suspended from playing Quidditch.

## Role in the Books
### Order of the Phoenix

In the last meeting of Dumbledore's Army before Christmas, Angelina Johnson tells Harry that they have finally managed to get replacement Beaters. Alicia Spinnet says the new beaters are Andrew Kirke and Jack Sloper, and that they are nowhere as good as Fred and George, but were the best of a very bad lot.
On February 14th, Ron says that he can't go to Hogsmeade, because Angelina wants a full day's practice. Ron is skeptical that it will help, because Sloper and Kirke are even worse than he is.
The following weekend, in the match against Ravenclaw, it is remarked that one of the low points of the game is Sloper swinging at a Bludger, missing, and hitting Angelina in the mouth with his bat.
Sloper is later mentioned at Easter Break. Ginny, meeting Harry in the library, tells him that Quidditch practice had ended early because Ron had had to take Sloper to the Hospital Wing. They are not sure what happened, but they think he knocked himself out with his own bat.

### Half-Blood Prince

Jack carries a message from Albus Dumbledore to Harry, then asks Harry when try-outs are.
When try-outs happen two weeks later, Jack is passed over; the new Beaters are Jimmy Peakes and Ritchie Coote.

## Strengths

Jack appears to have at least some knowledge of Quidditch; although he is comically shown to not be a particularly good Beater, he does successfully try out for the position (and, in fact, is part of a team that wins the Quidditch Cup). He is also keen to try out again in the following year.
Although he delivers a message to Harry at one point, this may just be coincidental. Anyone can deliver a message; Jack was just an available Gryffindor.

## Weaknesses

Despite liking Quidditch, Jack is not very good at it. He does try out again for the position in Harry's sixth year, but is not successful.

## Relationships with Other Characters

Jack is presumably on relatively good terms with Andrew Kirke, as they work together as Beaters on the Quidditch team. He also knows Harry by association, as he addresses him as "Harry" when delivering his message.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Why is Jack on the Quidditch team when he lacks the necessary ability?
* How old do you think Jack might be? Why is this?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Jimmy Peakes
## Overview

Jimmy Peakes joins the Gryffindor team in Harry's sixth year. He is short and broad-chested, and although three years younger than Harry he is strong and quite fierce.

## Role in the Books
### Half-Blood Prince

Jimmy Peakes tries out for the Gryffindor Quidditch team and is accepted as one of the two Beaters, the other being Ritchie Coote.
When Cormac McLaggen is put in as Keeper to replace the poisoned Ron Weasley, he does not seem to understand the difference between practice and a real game, and borrows Peakes' Beater's bat to demonstrate the proper way to hit a Bludger towards the approaching Cadwallader. Mis-hitting the Bludger, he knocks Harry out instead, and as a result Gryffindor suffer a horrible defeat.

### Deathly Hallows

Many underage Gryffindors try to stay for the battle at Hogwarts, and Professor McGonagall must order them to leave; she calls out the names Creevey and Peakes when doing so.

## Strengths

Jimmy is evidently good at Quidditch, being a capable Beater. He is a Quidditch champion, being part of the Gryffindor team when it wins the Quidditch Cup during Harry's sixth year.
Due to the fact that Jimmy tries to stay and fight in the Battle of Hogwarts, we must assume that he has considerable strength of mind, which is typical for a Gryffindor.

## Weaknesses

Jimmy is too young to fight in the Battle, and he is never mentioned after his brief appearance in Deathly Hallows.
For some reason, Cormac McLaggen was able to take Jimmy's bat during a Quidditch game. Jimmy would not have simply handed it over, so it's likely that McLaggen just snatched it during a quiet moment.

## Relationships with Other Characters

Jimmy gels quite well with the rest of the Quidditch team. He is, unlike some other members of the team, in it for the entirety of the year, including their victorious final.

## Analysis

Jimmy is a good example of a stock Gryffindor: brave, loyal, talented and showing exception in one particular ability: Quidditch. He is, in some ways, the antithesis of former Gryffindor Beaters Andrew Kirke and Jack Sloper, neither of whom are particularly good at Quidditch.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Do you think Jimmy might remain on the Quidditch team after the events of Half-Blood Prince?
* If Jimmy is three years younger than Harry, he was clearly underage during the Battle of Hogwarts. Why did he try to stay in the Hall?

## Greater Picture

Harry is, of course, the Quidditch Captain who selects Jimmy Peakes as a Beater on his new team. The events of the year are tumultuous, and throughout it, members of the team come and go, including Ron, McLaggen, Dean, and Harry himself. Peakes, however, remains where he is and does his job well. This brings the reader to infer that, despite not always being present, Harry is a good Quidditch Captain when it comes down to the crunch.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Jugson
## Overview

Jugson (no first name given) is a Death Eater who takes part in the battle at the Department of Mysteries.

## Role in the Books
### Order of the Phoenix

Jugson is one of the twelve Death Eaters who initially confront Harry and his five companions in the Department of Mysteries. He is first named when Lucius Malfoy is sending parties out to search for Harry and his companions, who have escaped; Jugson is teamed up with Antonin Dolohov. Jugson and Dolohov meet Harry, Hermione, and Neville Longbottom; Harry Petrifies Jugson, shortly after Hermione Silences Dolohov.
Later in the battle, ten Death Eaters face Harry and Neville. We believe two Death Eaters are permanently disabled, one being Nott, and one never named, so we have to assume Jugson is amongst their number, though as Harry doesn't recognize him, he is never named.

## Strengths

Obviously one of Voldemort's most trusted Death Eaters, as Voldemort trusted him to try and capture Harry along with a few others of his top Death Eaters.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Propositional Calculus

Natural languages, such as English, are flawed. One such flaw is ambiguity, another is that they are tedious to write out if they are long. However, sentences can be formalised into a symbolic, logical language that contains neither of these flaws (although, as the discerning reader will discover, natural languages have many advantages over these languages).
The first such language to be considered is the propositional calculus.
# Introduction to Philosophical Logic/Prolegomena
## What is logic?

Logic is the study of the consistency of beliefs. For beliefs to be consistent it must be possible for them to obtain at the same time. For example, it is illogical to believe that the sky is completely blue and that the sky is completely red because the sky being entirely blue is inconsistent with its being entirely red, i.e. it is not possible for the sky to be entirely red at the same time as its being entirely blue.
Logic is also a study of "logical consequence", i.e. what follows by necessity from something else. By studying inconsistency of beliefs, philosophers are able to study the validity of arguments, as will be shown later. Methods of finding whether certain arguments are valid is described later.
The symbolisation of these sentences, known as formalisation, simplifies and quickens this process. It also enables the philosopher to clarify ideas using an unambiguous language in which to represent thoughts. The sophistication of the language used enables greater insights into the significance of these thoughts (and a cursory analysis of more logical languages is described in Other Logics.

## Aims of this book

This book aims to give the reader a basic understanding of logic and its relationship with philosophy, rather than a more mathematical approach to advanced logic. It is designed to provide the reader with a grasp of terms such as "valid", "consistency", "entailment", which often arise in philosophy, to help the reader comprehend the philosophical issues that use them. Philosophical debates of certain issues are not developed here, and are at most briefly mentioned. Certain assumptions are made; the reader is advised to consider them.
The final part of this book (Other Logics) is a development and extension of the principles described herein. It is designed to interest rather than fully inform the reader of these matters.
# Introduction to Philosophy/Aesthetics

Humans divide objects which they observe into categories. According to one definition, Philosophy is the discipline of how humans determine these categories, communicate about them and interact with them.
Aesthetics is the sub-discipline of philosophy which acknowledges that humans interact with their environment in the context of sensual experiences.
These experiences include color, sound, and taste. A question which is fair game for Aesthetics might be: "What combinations of notes sound good together?" This is an old question and may demonstrate various trends in philosophy. The answer to this question changes over time. The categories of which chords sound good and which sound bad have changed over time.
Another similar question is which colors look good together. This is completely analogous to the above question about musical harmonies. One may also ask which colors or sounds may easily be distinguished.
A philosopher who is inclined towards linguistics may take the result of these inquiries and ask what languages are possible given the combinations of symbols such as colors or harmony rather than the symbols of distinguishable vocal utterances.
# Introduction to Philosophy/Ancient Political Philosophy

< Introduction to Philosophy
Ancient Political Philosophy, whose major representatives are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, is an inquiry into the nexus of arete (excellence, virtue) and politics. In other words, it emphasizes the connection between ethics as the care of the soul and politics as the care of the polis (city, state).
Perhaps the most important work of ancient political philsophy is Plato's Republic, a dialogue in which Socrates discusses the ideal city-state with other guests at the house of his friend Cephalus. This dialogue is the source of the idea that the state should be ruled by philosopher-kings, a specially trained class which has demonstrated their ability through a lifetime of musical, philosophical, military, and political training. It is also notable for its criticism of democracy: despite the modern enthusiasm for democracy and the democracy present in Athens at the time of its writing, Socrates lists democracy as the second worst of the four non-ideal forms of government. Another well-known work is Aristotle's Politics.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Scourgify
## Overview

Scourgify is one of the cleaning charms, used to clean foreign material off surfaces.

## Extended Description

In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, we see it a couple of times; Tonks uses it with limited results to clean Hedwig's cage (she admits that she's not very good at that); and Ginny uses it to clean up the Stinksap that Neville's Mimbulus Mimbletonia has sprayed around the compartment of the Hogwarts Express. It is also used to "wash out" a young Snape's mouth in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.

## Analysis

Scourgify seems to be limited to surfaces; it cannot restore spilled liquids to a container, only eliminating them. It also is not used to remove foreign matter from a container; Evanesco is used for that – which may be why Tonks' attempt to clean Hedwig's cage, a container, does not succeed. There is also a charm Tergeo that seems to be used for almost the same purpose.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Sectumsempra
## Overview

Sectumsempra is a very dark curse that causes a cut (Latin "sectum" = "cut") which will not heal ever (Latin "semper" = "always").

## Extended Description

It is possible that Severus Snape was planning to use this jinx on James Potter when he was being picked on in the scene that Harry witnessed in the Pensieve, in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. However, as Snape never got even one syllable of the jinx spoken, we cannot be sure.
In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry finds this curse in the Advanced Potion-Making book that was previously owned by the Half-Blood Prince. There is no description of its effects, the only notation is "For enemies". Out of desperation, Harry used it on Malfoy, as Malfoy was preparing to hit Harry with the Cruciatus curse. It apparently causes the caster's wand to act as a very long knife, thus resulting in the target getting huge cuts across their body. The way the caster moves their wand when saying the incantation decides how the cuts are made. Since Harry's hand was shaking badly as he pointed it at Malfoy, Draco got large cuts across his chest and face. Professor Snape, summoned to this duel by Moaning Myrtle's screams, manages to close the cuts, and then takes Malfoy to the Hospital Wing, saying that he will need essence of Dittany to heal them up all the way. This evidently works, because when we see Malfoy again, there is no mention of scarring.
Snape used this spell on George Weasley in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, cursing his ear off. Mrs. Weasley remarks that as his ear was severed by Dark magic, it will be impossible to grow it back. Mentioning that it was Snape who did it, Lupin remarks that "Sectumsempra was always a speciality of Snape's."

## Analysis

The spell is said to create never-healing cuts, yet Snape was able to partially heal Draco with an unnamed spell. It is reasonable to suppose that since Snape either invented, or did a significant amount of research into, the Sectumsempra jinx, he more than likely came up with, or discovered, a counter spell for it.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Given that Snape was revealed to be the Half-Blood Prince, was it Snape that created this spell?

## Greater Picture

Much later in the book, it will be revealed that Snape had been attempting to use this jinx on the Death Eater then targeting George, to remove or at least disable his wand arm; his hitting George and removing his ear is accidental.
We note that Snape claimed to have created this spell, along with others, in the duel with Harry at the end of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. They were certainly written in the textbook he had owned, and there seems to be little knowledge of them elsewhere, though Lupin, discussing the Levicorpus charm with Harry, seems to suggest it was merely a charm that had gone in and out of style.

## Answers

Given that Snape was revealed to be the Half-Blood Prince, was it Snape that created this spell? –– Yes
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Serpensortia
## Overview

Serpensortia makes a snake appear from the end of the caster's wand. Malfoy uses this spell against Harry during a duel in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

## Extended Description

This is a major plot point, as it is the first time that Harry has had to use Parseltongue in front of wizards, and while we have seen it before, neither he nor we understand its significance.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Shrake
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Shrinking Solution
## Overview

A Shrinking Solution is a potion which shrinks living things by apparently causing them to revert to childhood.

## Extended Description

Professor Snape has Harry's Potions class make Shrinking Solution. Draco is, at the time, malingering with the wound inflicted by Buckbeak, and Snape has Harry and Ron prepare ingredients for him. A somewhat comic side note is caused by Neville's attempt to create this potion, and Hermione's setting him right.
Ingredients mentioned are peeled Shrivelfigs, very evenly diced daisy roots, leech juice, and sliced caterpillars.

## Analysis

While we do see the effect of the potion when it is applied to Neville's toad, Trevor, the non-entertainment use and application of this potion is never explained. We imagine it might be useful for removing trees and the like – dose the oak until it is a sapling, then simply uproot it.
The episode where the potion is being made is meant more as a highlight on the characters involved, and specifically as a chance for Draco to be close enough to Harry, for long enough, to needle Harry about Sirius Black. Supervision, preferably by Snape, is necessary, to prevent Harry from simply walking away from the hated Draco. The episode also is used to highlight Neville's humorous incompetence with the cauldron; Snape's ongoing dislike of Harry and Gryffindor house, and partiality towards his own House; Hermione's book knowledge and how she is applying it; Draco's sly personality; and Harry and Ron's steadfastness in the face of adversity.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Runespoor
## Overview

The Runespoor is a magical three-headed snake, commonly 6-7 feet long with orange and black stripes, and native to Africa.

## Extended Description

The Runespoor's eggs are produced through the mouth, the only magical creature to do so, and are viable for mental agility-enhancing potions.
According to some Parselmouths, the Runespoor's three heads each have a different personality. From someone facing the snake: The left head planned; deciding what the Runespoor was to do, the middle head dreamed; causing some Runespoors to stay dormant for days, lost in imagination, and the right head criticized; often hissing and judging the other two heads' actions. Due to this, many Runespoors are found with no right head, the other two heads having gotten tired of its criticism. As a consequence, most Runespoors do not live to an old age. The right head's fangs are quite venomous.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Salamander
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Sea Serpent
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Linear Algebra/Topic: Fields/Solutions
## Solutions
### Problem 1

Show that the real numbers form a field.

### Answer

These checks are all routine; most consist only of remarking that property is so familiar that it does not need to be proved.

### Problem 2

Prove that these are fields.
* The rational numbers $\mathbb {Q}$
* The complex numbers $\mathbb {C}$

### Answer

For both of these structures, these checks are all routine. As with the prior question, most of the checks consist only of remarking that property is so familiar that it does not need to be proved.

### Problem 3

Give an example that shows that the integer number system is not a field.

### Answer

There is no multiplicative inverse for $2$ so the integers do not satisfy condition 5.

### Problem 4

Consider the set $\{0,1\}$ subject to the operations given above. Show that it is a field.

### Answer

These checks can be done by listing all of the possibilities. For instance, to verify the commutativity of addition, that $a+b=b+a$, we can easily check it for all possible pairs $a$, $b$, because there are only four such pairs. Similarly, for associativity, there are only eight triples $a$, $b$, $c$, and so the check is not too long. (There are other ways to do the checks, in particular, a reader may recognize these operations as arithmetic "mod $2$".)

### Problem 5

Give suitable operations to make the set $\{0,1,2\}$ a field.

### Answer

These will do.
${\begin{array}{c|ccc}+&0&1&2\\\hline 0&0&1&2\\1&1&2&0\\2&2&0&1\end{array}}\qquad {\begin{array}{c|ccc}\cdot &0&1&2\\\hline 0&0&0&0\\1&0&1&2\\2&0&2&1\end{array}}$
As in the prior item, the check that they satisfy the conditions can be done by listing all of the cases, although this way of checking is somewhat long (making use of commutativity is helpful in shortening the work).
# Nazi Leaders/Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was a dictator and was in charge of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was known as the "Führer" or leader. He used a gesture with his hand up slanted meaning "Heil" or "Hail" Hitler. He died in a Nazi bunker. He was with Eva Braun.
Hitler was born on 20 April 1889.
# Navajo/Number

In English we express number as singular (one) and plural (more than one). Navajo, on the other hand, expresses number as singulra (one), dual (two), duoplural (two or more), plural (more than two), and distributive plural (indicating not only that the number is more than two, but also that each of the subjects or objects in reference is taking part in the act, state or condition denoted by the verb). To illustrate with concrete examples:
| yishááł | I am walking along |
| yiit'ash | we two are walking along |
| yiikah | we (plural) are walking along |
| niheezná | they (duoplural) moved with their goods |
| ndahaazná | they (distributive plural) moved with their goods |
The distributive plural is indicated by the prefix da-. It is used regularly with verbs, and on occasion with nouns. In the latter case it indicates that there are many individually scattered about, and the attention is focused on themas individuals rather than in collectivity. Thus kǫ' (fire) and daakǫ' (many fires). Chóshk'eh (dry wash) chádaashk'eh (dry washes).
A few personal nouns such as boy, girl, youth, maiden, etc. as well as nouns which express genealogical relaitonship are rendered plural by suffixation of -ké or -(y)óó. Thus: 'ashkii (boy) 'asiiké (boys); 'at'ééd (girl), 'at'ééké (girls); sik'is (my sibling -- of same sex as self), sik'isóó (my siblings).
# Navajo/Word and Sentence Structure

The possessive pronouns of Navajo are always prefixed to the noun. Thus, we have shimá (my mother), nimá (your mother), bimá (his mother), but never má. The stem -má has no independent form and never occurs without a prefix.
The structure of the Navajo verb has similar characteristics, but is more complex. The subject of the sentence is always incorporated in the verb with a pronominal form, and other verbal elements. Ideas of time and mode are likewise incorporated in the verb, and auxiliary verbs such as will, did, have, might, etc. do not occur in Navajo. The ideas conveyed by these independent words in English are expressed by different forms of the verb itself in Navajo.
Another point in which Navajo sentence structure differs from English is that English prepositions are postpositions in Navajo.
| with my elder sister | shádí bił (my elder sister, with her) |
| for my mother | shimá bá (my mother for) |
whereas normal word order in English is subject, verb, and object, Navajo has subject, object, and verb.