OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pinyin/Xi'an

Xi'an is situated inland of China. It is the core city of the Eurasian continental bridge. It is the capital of Shaanxi province. It is the political, economical, cultural, transportational, medical and educational center of Shaanxi. Xi'an has 7,000 years of history. It is the capital of many dynasties in Chinese history, including the dynasties of Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui and Tang, etc. Xi'an is the starting point of the Silk Road in the Han-Tang period, and the starting point of the Sui-Tang Grand Canal. Xi'an was the capital and the political, economical and cultural center of China for more than 1,200 years. It is known as one of the four ancient capitals in the world with Roma, Cairo, and Athens.
Xī'ān wèiyú Zhōngguó nèilù. Tā shì Ōu-Yà Dàlùqiáo de zhōngxīn chéngshì. Tā shì Shǎnxī Shěng de shěnghuì. Tā shì Shǎnxī de zhèngzhì, jīngjì, wénhuà, jiāotōng, yīliáo, jiàoyù zhōngxīn. Xī'ān yǒu 7000 duō nián de lìshǐ. Tā shì Zhōngguó duōgè cháodài de shǒudū, bāokuò Zhōu, Qín, Hàn, Suí, Táng děng. Xī'ān shì Hàn-Táng shíqī Sīchóu Zhī Lù de qǐdiǎn, hé Suí-Táng Dà Yùnhé de qǐdiǎn. Xī'ān céngjīng zuòwéi Zhōngguó shǒudū hé zhèngzhì, jīngjì, wénhuà zhōngxīn 1200 duō nián. Tā yǔ Roma, Cairo, her Athens chēngwéi shìjiè sì dà gǔdū zhīyī.
Xi'an is situated in the central part of Guanzhong Plain, in the southeastern riverside of Wei He river. It is situated in the central of China. It is one of the six regional core cities in China. It is the energy, financial, cultural and commercial center of the Silk Road economic belt. It is the largest city and the economical, technological and educational center of the new Eurasian continental bridge and the Huang He river basin. It is the innovative knowledge and technology center of Asia. It is the core city of the Guanzhong city cluster. It is one of the manufacturing base of big airplanes in China. It has an area of 10,108km2, with a population of 8,500,000+.
Xī'ān wèiyú Guānzhōng Píngyuán de zhōngbù, Wèi Hé dōngnán'àn. Tā dìchǔ Zhōngguó de zhōngxīn. Xī'ān shì Zhōngguó liù dà guójiā qūyù zhōngxīn chéngshì zhīyī. Tā shì Sīchóu Zhī Lù Jīngjìdài de néngyuán, jīnróng, wénhuà, shāngmào zhōngxīn. Tā shì Xīn Yà-Ōu Dàlùqiáo hé Huáng Hé Liúyù de dì-yī dà chéngshì hé jīngjì, kējì, jiàoyù zhōngxīn. Tā shì Yàzhōu de zhīshí jìshù chuàngxīn zhōngxīn. Tā shì Guānzhōng Chéngshìqún de zhōngxīn chéngshì. Tā shì Zhōngguó dà fēijī de zhìzào jīdì zhīyī. Xī'ān miànjī 1'0108km2, rénkǒu 850'0000+.
# Pinyin/Writing

Writing is the activity of writing , in contrast to reading, speaking, etc.
xieezuoh shih xiangduih yuehdur, shuohuah, deeng d shuxiee huordohng.
# Pinyin/X Chromosome

X chromosome is one of the chromosome that determined the sex of some animals. X chromosome appeared in the X0 and XY sex determination system. For humans in general, females have two X chromosomes, males have one of each of X and Y chromosome.
X raansehtii shì bùfèn dòngwù juédìng xìngbié d rǎnsètǐ zhīyī. Tā chūxiàn zài X0 hé XY xìngbié juédìng xìtǒng zhōng. Duì yībān rénlèi láishuō, nǚxìng yǒu 2-tiáo X rǎnsètǐ, nánxìng X,Y rǎnsètǐ gè yǒu 1-tiáo.
# Pinyin/Wrist

See also
# Pinyin/Written Language

Search Pinyin language
# Pinyin/Wuhan

Wuhan is situated in the central part of China. It is the capital of Hubei province. It is the political, economical and cultural center of Hubei province. The world's third longest river Chang Jiang river and its longest branch river Han Jiang river meet at Wuhan, dividing Wuhan into three parts - Wuchang, Hankou, Hanyang. Wuhan administers 13 districts and 3 national development zones - Wuhan Economic Technology Development Zone, Donghu New Technology Development Zone, Wujiashan Taiwanese Businessmen Investment Zone. The area of Wuhan is 8,494km2, its population is 10,000,000+.
Wuuhahn weihyur ZG d zhongbuh. ta shih Hurbeei Sheeng d sheenghuih. ta shih Hurbeei d zhehngzhih, jingjih her wernhuah zhongxin. shihjih dih-3 charng herliur Charng Jiang her ta d zuih charng zhiliur Hahn Jiang zaih Wuuhahn xianghuih, baa Wuuhahn fenweir 3 buhfehn - Wuuchang, Hahnkoou her Hahnyarng. Wuuhahn guaanxiar 13'g dihqu her 3'g guorjiajir kaifaqu - Wuuhahn Jingjih Jihshuh Kaifaqu, Donghur Xinjihshuh Kaifaqu, Wurjiashan Tairshang Tourziqu. Wuuhahn miahnji 8494km2, rernkoou 1000'0000+.
# Pinyin/Xinhua

See also
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/FAP

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) / Gardner Syndrome
* Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene (5q21) - gatekeeper (controls other downstream genes)
* 100% progress to carcinoma, most by age 30, often in teens. 100s-1000s of polyps. Other malignancies: thyroid, GB, adrenal. image
Gardner syndrome
* After it has been found to be caused by APC, merged into familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
* Colonic adenomatous polyps plus multiple osteomas (skull, mandible, long bones), epidermal cysts, fibromatosis (usually intraabdominal after surgery), fibromas, lipomas, impacted and supernumerary teeth, dental cysts, lymphoid polyps in small intestine and fundic gland polyps in stomach. 100% develop colon cancer. Other malignancies: periampullary, thyroid, adrenal.
* Mutation in APC gene but has variable penetrance so not all extracolonic features are present.
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/HNPCC

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
* wikipedia entry
* DNA Repair chapter
* Defect in DNA mismatch repair pathway (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS, PMS2)
* Microsatellite instability is a hallmark feature.
* Estimated to be responsible for ~5% of colorectal cancer; conversely, patients with HNPCC have ~80% risk of colon cancer and 30-50% risk of endometrial cancer.
* Also increased risk for ovarian, gastric, small intestine, hepatobiliary, upper urinary, brain, and skin
* Autosomal dominant, but has incomplete penetrance
* Criteria - Amsterdam criteria (PMID 2022152), Bethesda guidelines (PMID 9392616, Full text), PREMM$_{1,2}$ model (Prediction of Mutations in MLH1 and MSH2)
** 3 colon cancers in which 2 people are first-degree relatives of the third. Cancer in 2 generations. One diagnosis before age 50. No evidence of FAP
** However, up to 40% of families with these mutations don't meet the Amsterdam criteria.
* Average age of developing cancer: 45 years (vs 63)
* Screening: full colonoscopy q3y beginning age 20-25; annual endometrial screening age 25-35
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/Syndromes You Should Know

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials

# Syndrome associated with Esophageal Ca
## Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

* Patterson Kelly Syndrome = Sideropenia (iron deficiency) syn.
* Increase chance of Ca in:
** Esophagus
** Oral Cavity
** Hypopharynx

# Syndromes associated with Colorectal Ca
## Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

* Gardner Syndrome
* Individuals with FAP develop hundred to thousands of benign colonic polyps during their early adulthood
* If not removed by surgery —>develop into adenocarcinomas
* Autosomal Dominant
** 100% Penetrance, 100% progress to carcinoma, most by age 30
* Gene on chromosome 5q21
** Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC)
** Tumor suppressor gene
** APC also plays a role in sporadic CRC
** In FAP —> Germline gene is mutated
** In sporadic —> somatic cell gene is mutated
* Also get desmoid tumors

## Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

* Lynch Syndrome
* Predisposition to Colorectal Ca
** Also increased risk for Endometrium, ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin.
* Genetic instability
** Expansion or contraction of the length of microsatellites
** Microsatellite instable (MSI+)
* Genes involved:
** MSH2 (Mut S Homolog 2)
*** Encodes a protein that is required for recognition and repair of DNA mismatches
** MLH1
** MSH6 (Mut S Homolog 6)
** PMS2 (Post-meiotic segregation 2)
** Mut L homolog 3 (MLH3)
* ~3% of population. Estimated to be responsible for ~5% of colorectal cancer; conversely, patients with HNPCC have ~80% risk of colon cancer and 30-50% risk of endometrial cancer

## Cowden Syndrome

See PTEN
* Lifetime risk for developing CRC: 10%
* Risk of breast cancer: 50%
* Other lesions:
** Lipomas
** Fibromas
** Ganglioneuromas
** Hamartomas
** specific cutaneous lesions (facial trichilemmomas and acral verrucous papules)
** Benign breast fibroadenomas, neurofibromas, lipomas
** Uterine leiomyomas
** Meningiomas
* Germline mutations in PTEN
** Tumor suppressor gene
*** Encoding the phosphatase and tensin homolog
*** On chromosome 10

## Turcot Syndrome

See Turcot Syndrome

# Syndromes associated with Pituitary adenoma
## MEN-1 Syndrome

* Autosomal dominant
* Tumors of
** Pituitary
*** in 25% of patients with MEN-1 syn.
** Parathyroid glands
** Pancreatic islet cells. Pituitary adenomas develop in 25% of patients with MEN type-1.

## Carney complex

* rare
* spotty skin pigmentation
* myxomas
* endocrine overactivity
* schwannomas
* Pituitary adenoma

# Syndromes associated with Thyroid Papillary Ca

* Turcot Syndrome
* Gardner Syndrome
* Familial Polyposis
* Familial Papillary Syn.

# Syndromes associated with Soft Tissue Sarcoma
## Li Fraumeni Syndrome

See Li Fraumeni
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/PTEN

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS)

## PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS)

* Gene Clinics Entry
* Includes Cowden Syndrome (CS), Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), Proteus syndrome (PS), and Proteus-like syndrome (PLS)
* Diagnosis only if PTEN mutation present
** PTEN functions as a tumor suppressor gene, by inhibiting PI3K pathway (please see growth factors page)
** Proportion of PTEN mutation present in above syndromes: CS (80%), BRRS (60%), PLS (50%), PS (20%)
** If PTEN mutation absent, then patients classified under corresponding clinical syndrome
* Autosomal dominant

## Cowden syndrome

* Part of PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
* Formation of skin lesions, hamartomas and neoplastic growths, throughout multiple body systems (therefore also known as multiple hamartoma syndrome)
* Clinical criteria (pathognomic, or 2+ major, or 4+ minor, or combinations):
** Pathognomonic: Cerebellar dysplastic gangliocytoma (adult Lhermitte-Duclos disease) or mucocutaneous lesions (facial trichilemmomas, acral keratoses, papillomatous lesions, or mucosal lesions
** Major: Breast cancer, thyroid cancer (non-medullary), endometrial cancer, macrocephaly,
** Minor: Benign thyroid lesions (e.g., adenoma, multinodular goiter), mental retardation (IQ less than or equal to 75), hamartomatous intestinal polyps, fibrocystic disease of the breast, lipomas, fibromas, GU tumors (especially renal cell carcinoma), GU malformation, uterine fibroids
* Autosomal dominant
* Clinical manifestation: by 30s 99% develop the mucocutaneous stigmata; colon polyps typically minute and asymptomatic
* Tumor risk:
** Breast CA: lifetime risk 25-50%; average age 38-46
** Thyroid CA: lifetime risk 10%
** Endometrial CA: lifetime risk 5-10%
* Prevalence: 1/200,000 but likely higher due to often subtle external manifestations
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/Fanconi Anemia

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Fanconi Anemia
* wikipedia entry
* DNA repair chapter
* FANC-D2 serves two roles, which are independent of each other
** Phosphorylation at S-222 by ATM in response to double strand break leads to activity in S-phase checkpoint
** Ubiquination at L-561 by FA nuclear complex leads to regulation of BRCA2 during homologous recombination
* Increased sensitivity to DNA cross-linking, but limited radiosensitivity
* Short stature, skeletal abnormalities, increased solid tumors and leukemias, aplastic anemia
* Autosomal recessive
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/Li-Fraumeni

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

## Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

* Gene Clinics Entry
* Originally published by Li & Fraumeni in 1969
** 6 component tumors inherited in an autosomal dominant manner: osteosarcomas, soft-tissue sarcomas, premenopausal breast cancer, brain tumors, adrenal cortical tumors, and acute leukemias
** Since then, also increased risk of: melanoma, GI (esophagus, stomach, colon/rectum, pancreas), gonadal germ cell tumors, breast cancer/phyllodes tumor, Wilms' tumor, lung, thyroid, GYN (ovary, endometrium, cervix), prostate
* Classic Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) criteria:
** A proband with a sarcoma diagnosed before 45 years of age AND
** A first-degree relative with any cancer under 45 years of age AND
** A first- or second-degree relative with any cancer under 45 years of age or a sarcoma at any age
* Li-Fraumeni-like Syndrome (LFL) criteria:
** A proband with any childhood cancer or sarcoma, brain tumor, or adrenal cortical tumor diagnosed before 45 years of age AND
** A first- or second-degree relative with a typical LFS cancer (sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumor, adrenal cortical tumor, or leukemia) at any age AND
** A first- or second-degree relative with any cancer under the age of 60 years
* Cancer risk: ~50% by age 40, 85-90% lifetime
* Approximately 50% have a p53 mutation
* 400 families identified world-wide
* Individuals with LFS/LFL should avoid RT

## p53 Mutation

* Classically associated with Li Fraumeni syndrome; approximately 50% of Li Fraumeni patients have p53 mutation
* Associated with a wide spectrum of cancers, including choroid plexus tumors
* "4 core cancers": sarcoma, brain tumor, breast cancer or adrenocorticoid carcinoma before age 50
* PMID 19204208
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/NBCCS

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCCS)
* Predisposition for basal cell carcinoma, particularly in non-sun-exposed areas
* Prevalence 1/100,000
* Diagnosis
** The major criteria consist of the following:
** more than 2 BCCs or 1 BCC in a person younger than 20 years;
** odontogenic keratocysts of the jaw
** 3 or more palmar or plantar pits
** calcification of the falx cerebri
** bifid, fused, or splayed ribs
** first-degree relative with NBCCS.
** The minor criteria include the following:
** macrocephaly
** congenital malformations, such as cleft lip or palate, frontal bossing, or hypertelorism
** other skeletal abnormalities, such as Sprengel deformity, pectus deformity, or syndactyly
** radiologic abnormalities, such as bridging of the sella turcica, vertebral anomalies, modeling defects or flame-shaped lucencies of hands and feet.
** ovarian fibroma or medulloblastoma
* Mutation in PTCH1 gene
** Protein acts as a receptor for sonic hedgehog, implicated in formation of embryonic structures
** Actual function not completely clear (as of 6/2009)
* RT as treatment for their BCC may be contra-indicated
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/NF1

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1)
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome
* Gene Reviews link
* Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
* DNA Repair chapter
* Absence of nibrin protein (NBS1 gene), part of MRN complex involved in DNA double-strand break recognition and repair
* Short stature, progressive microcephaly with loss of cognitive skills, premature ovarian failure in females, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, and an increased risk for cancer
* Historically considered a variant of A-T, until separate genes demonstrated
* 70 individuals reported to-date
* Cancer risk: 35% malignancy (25/70)
** Lymphoma 90% (22/25)
* Sensitivity to ionizing radiation
# Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes/Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome-Like Disorder

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome-Like Disorder
* Low levels of unstable RAD50 protein; part of MRN complex involved in DNA double-strand break recognition and repair
* Microcephaly, mental retardation, "bird-like" face, short stature
* 1 individual reported to-date
* Sensitivity to ionizing radiation
# Modern Greek/Lesson 01.2

This is the second section of lesson 1, on the modern Greek alphabet. The last section covered the 6 letters with the same form and pronunciation as Latin letters:
Α, α - alpha,
Ε, ε - epsilon,
Ι, ι - iota,
Κ, κ - kappa,
Ο, ο - omicron,
Τ, τ - tau
This section covers the 12 letters with sounds used in the Latin alphabet, but with different written forms in Greek.
| Letter | English Name | Greek Name | Pronunciation |
| Β β | beta | βήτα | /v/ as in victory |
| Ζ ζ | zeta | ζήτα | /z/ as in Zeus |
| Η η | eta | ήτα | /i/ as in pantheism |
| Λ λ | lambda | λάμδα | /l/ as in Lesbos |
| Μ μ | mu | μι | /m/ as in Mediterranean |
| Ν ν | nu | νι | /n/ as in nautical |
| Π π | pi | πι | /p/ as in paraphrase |
| Ρ ρ | rho | ρο | / r, ɾ / as in the Spanish word "pero or perro"• |
| Σ σ ς | sigma | σίγμα | /s/ as in soap |
| Υ υ | upsilon | ύψιλον | /i/ as in theology |
| Φ φ | phi | φι | /f/ as in feta |
| Ω ω | omega | ωμέγα | /o/ as in scope |
Notes: • Β,β is always a strong “V” sound. There is no single letter in Greek with the ‘b’ sound. The sound “b”, in Greek, is written with the diphthong ( two letters pronounced with a unique sound) μπ, which will be covered in a later section. • Ρ,ρ makes the sound of a "tapped or trilled r". Both are made by vibrating your tongue against the roof of your mouth along the back of your front teeth. A "tapped r" is made by doing this only one time while a "trilled r" is made by holding the vibration. In Greek there isn't a difference if you make a trilled or tapped r", the speaker can do either. There are some people that can't perform this sound due to genetic factors.
Readed the following Greek words that are the same or similar to common English words (ο, η, το, all mean “the”):
η μαμά, Η Κίνα, τρία, το άτομο, η μονοτονία, το μωβ, Ο Νίκος, η πέννα, το φύλλο, ο καφέ, η ταβέρνα, το βιβλίο, Η Ασία, ο παπά, το πάρκο, Η Μαρία, Η Άννα, Ο Κώστας, Ο Αλέκος, Η Αμερική
More Examples
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Lesson 2.1: Common Greek Expressions

This table will get you started speaking Greek. Don't worry for now that there isn't much explanation, here we just want to familiarise ourselves with the sounds and learn a few expressions which you might commonly hear.
Keep practicing, and then when you're ready, move on to the next lesson.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Modern Greek/Lesson 01.3

Lesson 1: The Alphabet, Section 3
The alphabet so far:
Αα Ββ Εε Ζζ Ηη Ιι Κκ Λλ Μμ Νν Οο Ππ Ρρ Σσς Ττ Υυ Φφ Ωω
The remaining letters are:
| Letter | English Name | Greek Name | Pronunciation |
| Γ γ | gamma | γάμα | No true English equivalent. /ʝ/ before /i/ (καθηγητής ) & /e/ (Γενάρης). /ɣ/ before /a/ (μαγαζί) & /o/ (Λίγο). |
| Δ δ | delta | δέλτα | /ð/ as in this |
| Θ θ | theta | θήτα | /θ/ as in hypothesis |
| Ξ ξ | xi | ξι | /ks/ as in exit |
| Χ χ | chi | χι | No true English equivalent. /ç/ before /i/ & /e/ as in human (some dialects). Before any other sound, /x/, pronounced from the back of the mouth like a cat hissing or German Bach (τέχνη). |
| Ψ ψ | psi | ψι | /ps/ as in synopsis |
See the summary for the entire alphabet.
Solutions
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Modern Greek/Lesson 01.6

This is the last actual lesson teaching you how to read, write and pronounce Greek. After this lesson you will know all Greek letters and the only thing you'll still have to learn are a few letter combinations, which will be treated in the "Wrapping up" lesson.
The next letter you should learn is Theta:
Θ θ
Both the upper and lowercase letters look different from the Latin alphabet. This letter is pronounced as the th in thumb and coincidentally the IPA symbol for this sound is a lowercase Theta: [θ]. Here are some sample words that you should be able to read now:
* μαθηματικά
* κιθάρα (a musical instrument)
* Θεσσαλονίκη
* θεραπεία
* απαθής
* αθλητής
* αμφιθέατρο
* ανθολoγία
* ανθρωπολογία
* αντιπαθητικός
Now for a letter that looks somewhat familiar again:
Χ χ
This is the letter Chi. The uppercase letter looks exactly like an X and the lowercase letter is slimmer and drops below the baseline like an English y. The pronunciation is not like X though. It's either of two sounds: when Chi is followed by a 'light' vowel sound such as e or i, it sounds like the h in English huge, (IPA [ç]) (which is equivalent to the ch in German Ich). When it is followed by any other vowel sound or by a consonant, it is pronounced like the ch in the Scottish word loch or the German word Bach (IPA [x]).
Some words for practise:
* τεχνολογία
* Χιλή
* συγχρονίζω
* Χουάν (Spanish name)
* Χοσέ (another Spanish name)
* Κοπεγχάγη
* Ζυρίχη
* Νέο Δελχί
* Στοκχόλμη
* αραχνοφοβία
Now you're probably wondering how to write the x (ks) sound that is rather common in Greek. The answer is the letter Xi:
Ξ ξ
This letter looks unfamiliar, but it sounds exactly like the English x as in axe (IPA [ks]). Here are some examples:
* ξενοφοβία
* Μεξικό
* Βρυξέλλες
* εξάγωνο
* Λουξεμβούργο
* Αλέξανδρος
* ορθόδοξος
* λεξικό
* οξυγόνο
The very last Greek letter to learn is Psi.
Ψ ψ
Psi is pronounced like ps as in apse (IPA [ps]). There are not that many English words with this letter combination, but in Greek it is more common. Practise reading:
* ψυχολογία
* ψυχίατρος
* αποκάλυψη
* αυτοψία
Solutions
That's all the letters done, there is a summary page following here.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits