OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ruy Lopez: l'Hermet Variation
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.O-O Nxe4 5.d4 Nd6 6.Bxc6 dxc6 7.dxe5 Nf5 8. Qxd8+
| 8 |
| Qxd8+ ... | = |
| Kxd8 ... | = |
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## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Ruy Lopez: l'Hermet Variation
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.O-O Nxe4 5.d4 Nd6 6.Bxc6 dxc6 7.dxe5 Nf5
| 8 |
| Qxd8+ ... | = |
| Kxd8 ... | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Ruy Lopez:Open Game

White's threatened bishop has five options, but any retreat along the f1-a6 diagonal it travelled on move 3 constitutes a loss of tempo, while Bxc6 gives a bad Exchange Variation where the lack of a fixed centre makes Black's bishop pair a fearsome force. So White is more or less forced to transpose into the Open Variation with Ba4.
This is a good example of a move-order trick. Fans of the Open Variation can avoid a whole world of nonsense (Exchange Variation, Worrall Attack, 5. d3) by playing 3...Nf6 and transposing later.
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# Ruy Lopez, Cozio Defence

Cozio Defence. Black defends the knight with the other knight.
# Ruy Lopez - 4_d4!?

The move 4. d4 is an aggressive and risky response to black's move, after Black plays 3...Qf6, a sideline. The idea is to sacrifice a pawn for a strong attack on the black king and the center. The move 4. d4 has the following pros and cons:

#### Advantages:

* It opens up the center and creates more space for White's pieces.
* It threatens to win the black e-pawn with 5.dxe5 or 5.Nxe5, or to fork the black queen and knight with 5.Nd5.
* It prepares to bring the knight or the bishop to the d-file, creating more threats and possibilities for tactics.

#### Disadvantages:

* While White attacks the bishop on c5, the line 4...exd4 5. Nxd4 Bb6, where Black's bishop goes on a more active square or, exchange with 5...Bxd4. Black can capture the pawn with 4...exd4, and White has to prove that they have enough compensation to stop the strong bishop on b6.
* It exposes the white king to a possible attack by the black queen on h4, especially after White castles short. Black can also play g5 to prevent White from playing Bg5 or Ng5.
* Other than capturing, It allows Black to play 4...d6, defending the e5-pawn more and preparing to play Be7 followed by O-O, with a solid and safe position.
The move 4. d4 is a very sharp and complex move, which requires a lot of calculation and accuracy from both sides. It can lead to many different variations.

#### Continuations:

* The Cordel Gambit: 4...exd4 5.O-O Ne5 6.Nxe5 Qxe5 7.c3 Bc5 8.cxd4 Bxd4 9.Nc3
* The Schlechter Variation: 4...exd4 5.O-O Bc5 6.e5 Qg6 7.Bxc6 dxc6 8.Nxd4 Ne7
* The Alapin Variation: 4...exd4 5.e5 Qe6 6.O-O Bc5 7.Bxc6 dxc6 8.Nxd4 Qd5
* The Leonhardt Variation: 4...exd4 5.e5 Qg6 6.O-O Bc5 7.c3 dxc3 8.Nxc3 Nge7
# Ruy Lopez: Berlin Wall Endgame

After trading off the pawns and minor pieces in the center of the board, both sides find themselves in an undeveloped and rather drawish position. For this reason, it has gained a reputation for being an unexciting opening which has almost always led to draws in games between grandmasters. However, some players have argued that White holds an imbalance with a kingside majority while Black's bishop pair can dominate the board.
GM Vladimir Kramnik was the one who popularized the position among chess players like Magnus Carlsen and Viswanathan Anand.
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## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Ruy Lopez - 3...Qf6!?

The move 3...Qf6 is a rare and provocative response to the Ruy Lopez opening. It is part of some of the Ruy Lopez sidelines, where Black defends the e5-pawn with the queen instead of the usual 3...a6 attacking the bishop or 3...Nf6 attacking the e4 pawn. The move 3...Qf6 has the following advantages and disadvantages:

#### Advantages:

* It prevents White from castling kingside, as the queen can attack the white king on g1 after 4.O-O Qf4 (or 4...h5).
* It allows Black to play g5 and h5, creating a kingside attack and discouraging White from playing d4 (followed by) Bg5.
* It entices the black bishop on f8 to move to e7, where it can join in an all-out kingside attack with the queen.

#### Disadvantages:

* It exposes the black queen to attacks by White's minor pieces, such as Nc3 (followed by) Nd5, d4 (followed by) Bg5, or attacking the f7 pawn with Ng5 and rerouting the bishop to c4 or b3.
* It blocks the development of the black knight on g8, which may have trouble finding a good square.
* It violates the opening principle of not moving the queen too early, as it may waste time and tempo. It also allows White to play 4. d4 and take over the center.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |

# Morphy Defence

By far the most commonly played Black third move in the Ruy Lopez game is the Morphy Defence, 3...a6, which "puts the question" to the white bishop. Although 3...a6 was known earlier, it became popular after it was played by world champion Paul Morphy. White has only two good options, 4. Bxc6 or 4. Ba4. The main point to 3...a6 is that after the common retreat 4.Ba4, Black will have the possibility of breaking the pin on his queen knight by playing ...b5. In fact, White must take some care to not fall into the Noah's Ark Trap in which Black traps White's king bishop on the b3-square with a ...a6, ...b5, and ...c4 pawn advance on the queenside.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6
| | 4 | 5 |
| Exchange Variation | Bxc6 dxc6 | O-O f6 | = |
| Norwegian defence | Ba4 b5 | Bb3 Na5 | = |
| Classical Defence Deferred | ... Bc5 | O-O Nf6 | += |
| Steinitz Defence Deferred | ... d6 | O-O Bg4 | += |
| Arkhangelsk Defence | ... Nf6 | O-O b5 | ∞ |
| Møller Defence | ... ... | ... Bc5 | += |
| Russian Defence | ... ... | ... d6 | += |
| Open Defence | ... ... | ... Nxe4 | = |
| Main Line/Closed Defence | ... ... | ... Be7 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Bc5
### 4...Bc5

Black develops the bishop and attacks the f7 pawn
5.Nxe5 is the main move
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Bc5

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# English-Hanzi/Chromosome

The chromosomes of a cell are in the cell nucleus. They carry the genetic information. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein combined as chromatin. Each chromosome contains many genes. Chromosomes come in pairs: one set from the mother; the other set from the father. Cytologists label chromosomes with numbers.
细胞 的 染色体 在 细胞核 中。它们 携带 遗传 信息。染色体 由 DNA 和 蛋白质 组成 染色质。每个 染色体 含有 许多 基因。染色体 成对 出现：一组 来自 母亲；另一套 来自 父亲。细胞学家 用 数字 标记 染色体。
# English-Hanzi/Class

A class is a group of students that study together.
一个 班级 是 一群 一起 学习 的 学生。
# English-Hanzi/Coal

Coal is a fuel. It is a fossil fuel that is under the ground.
煤炭 是 一种 燃料。它 是 地下 的 化石 燃料。
# English-Hanzi/Coast

Special:search/coast prefix:English-Hanzi/
The coast is the land beside the sea.
海岸 是 海边 的 土地。
# English-Hanzi/City

A city is a big or important town.
城市 是 一个 大 的 或 重要 的 市镇。
# English-Hanzi/Classmate

A classmate is or was a student of the same class.
同班同学 是 或 曾经 是 同一个 班级 的 学生。
# English-Hanzi/Communication

Communication is the way for understanding each other.
沟通 是 彼此 了解 的 方式。
# English-Hanzi/Colon

The colon is the downstream part of the intestines of the body. It is the bigger part of the intestines. It is also called the large intestine.
结肠 是 身体 肠道 的 下游 部分。它 是 肠脏 的 较大 部分。它 也 被 称为 大肠。
# English-Hanzi/Comma

Comma is a punctuation mark that is used to divide a sentence.
逗号 是 用来 分隔 句子 的 标点 符号。
# English-Hanzi/Cobalt

Special:search/cobalt prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/mineral prefix:English-Hanzi/
Cobalt is a mineral in the body. It is a part synthesizes vitamin B12. Foods having cobalt include green vegetables, wholegrains, nuts, and fish.
钴 是 体内 一种 矿物质。它是合成维生素B12的一部分。具有钴的食物包括绿色蔬菜，全谷物，坚果，和鱼类。
# Emergency Medicine/Troponin

Troponin
Troponin is a muscle protein present in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Troponin is a complex of three proteins, troponin C, troponin T and troponin I. The complex is located on the thin filament of the sarcomere and is involved in the regulation of muscle contraction.
Cardiac troponins Cardiac isoforms exist of troponin T and troponin I. Antibodies have been raised against these cardiac isoforms. The presence of a rised cardiac troponin in serum or plasma indicates cardiac cellular damage.
# Emergency Medicine/Wheezing

Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound produced by expiratory air flowing through narrowed breathing tubes, especially the smaller ones deep in the lung. It is a common finding in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

## Causes

* Asthma
* Bronchiectasis
* Bronchiolitis
* Bronchitis
* Emphysema (COPD)
* Pulmonary Oedema / Heart failure (cardiac asthma)
* Allergic reaction
* Inhalation of foreign matter into the lungs (especially in children)
Conditions which may exacerbate existing underlying asthmatic tendency include
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease
* Viral infection, especially in infants younger than 2 years old
* Pneumonia
* Smoking
* Medications (many asthmatics wheeze after taking aspirin or NSAID)

## Treatment

* Drugs to relieve narrowing of the airways, (beta agonist)such as albuterol, are usually given by inhalation or nebulisation. These are referred as rescue medication.
* Steroids are extremely important component in the treatment as airway inflammation has now been proved to be the major component of the disease. Steroids may be given orally during the acute phase treatment, but are usually given by inhalers in the long term treatment(so called 'preventors').
* Hospitalization may be required if the patient's breathing is particularly difficult, or if close observation by medical personnel, intravenous medications, supplemental oxygen are required. In any case, the patient needs to be closely monitored as asthma can deteriorate rapidly.
If a diagnosis is made related to wheezing such as asthma or COPD, further action to treat and manage the condition will be needed.
# Emerging Instructional Technology
## Table of Contents

    Preface
    Simulations and Gaming
    Collaborative Writing
    Social Networking
    Digital Video and YouTube
# Emergency Medicine/Psychosomatic Disorders

Somatoform disorder is a relatively new term for what many people used to refer to as psychosomatic disorder. In somatoform disorders, the physical symptoms cannot be explained by any underlying physical disease. In some cases of somatoform disorders, a physical disease is present that might explain the occurrence but not the severity or duration of the physical symptoms. People with somatoform disorders are not faking illness; they sincerely believe that they have a serious physical problem.
The most commonly diagnosed somatoform disorders are somatization disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, and pain disorder. The individual people who are diagnosed with a somatoform disorder vary greatly. Treatment approaches also vary according to which somatoform disorder a person has.

## Diagnosis

Before establishing the diagnosis of a somatoform disorder, the doctor makes sure that the child does not have a physical illness that could account for the symptoms. However, extensive laboratory tests are generally avoided because they may further convince the child that a physical problem exists and unnecessary diagnostic tests may themselves traumatize the child. If no physical illness can be found, the doctor then talks to the child and family members to try to identify underlying psychologic problems or troubled family relationships.

## Treatment

Increasingly doctors are recognizing the importance of dealing with psychological and social factors in relation to physical disease. As a result, many doctors now try to deal with the whole person. This means taking all these factors into consideration. By doing this, it is important to realize that the doctor is not playing down or ignoring the physical disease. Many people with so-called psychosomatic disorders feel that their doctor does not take them seriously. They feel that the doctor believes that it's all in the mind . The doctor will always attempt to treat the physical illness with appropriate medical treatment if necessary. But he will also be interested to understand more about the person who has the illness. This will in turn help him and the patient to understand the illness better. Sometimes psychotherapy or talking treatment can help. Patients are given the opportunity and time to talk about their feelings and emotions. This will help provide them with an insight into themselves and help them understand their illness better. Sometimes it is helpful to look at the whole lifestyle of the person involved. This may require looking at how the stress is dealt with, teaching techniques for stress management, as well as examining factors such as diet and exercise.
# Emergency Medicine/Stencil Paper

Note: the following is the structure for a wikibook page which summarizes one published paper relevant to EM.
The Wikibook Name is standardized to begin with EM_P1234567_ and then to include a short mnemonic to identify the paper.
For example, a PIOPED article might be named EM_P8877665_PIOPED.
    --Title:
    --Author(s):
    --Ref PMID link and Ref in ___ format.
    --Keywords:
Introduction to summary and EM significance of the paper
    --Quality and Relevance
    --Bibliography:
1. PMID 9999990 Ref... EM_P9999990 2.
# Stafford Gambit
## 4. Nxc6

White, being up one pawn in material, trades knights. Black plans to take the sacrifice in material in exchange for rapid development.
* 4...dxc6 is the main line.
* 4...bxc6 is also playable.

# Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 Nc6 4. Nxc6
| | 4 | 5 |
| Stafford Gambit (5. d3) | ... dxc6 | d3 Bc5 | + |
| | 4 | 5 |
| Stafford Gambit (5. e5) | ... dxc6 | e5 Ne4 | + |
| | 4 | 5 | |
| Stafford Gambit (5. Nc3) | ... dxc6 | Nc3 Bc5 | + |
| | 4 | 5 | |
| Stafford Gambit (4...bxc6 5. e3) | ... bxc6 | d3 d5 | + |
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# Stafford Gambit
## 4...dxc6

Black recaptured the knight with the d-pawn. This opens the d-file for Black's queen and the diagonal for Black's light square bishop. The g4-square is now covered by Black's light square bishop.
    The main line is 5. d3, defending the e4 pawn and allowing for later c3 and d4 pushes.
   * 5. Nc3 also protects the e4-pawn, but allows 5... Bc5 with the threat of Ng4, as White will have a hard time playing d4.
   * 5. f3 protects the pawn and covers the important g4 square.
   * 5. e5?! moves the pawn away from danger and gains tempo on Black's knight.
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# Stafford Gambit - Main Line
## 6. Be2

White tries to prevent Ng4.
A common response for Stafford gambit players is 6...h5, still fighting for the g4-square. Black can also immediately play 6...Ng4 (7. Bxg4 Qh4 winning back the bishop) but Black would prefer not to trade and instead keep up the attack on the f-pawn.
From here, the main line goes 7. c3 Ng4 8. d4 Qh4 9. g3 Qf6, and White has a significant advantage. However, White needs to be careful still. If 10. Bxg4?, then 10... Bxg4 11. Qd3 (11. Qd2? Qf3! and Black is already winning) O-O-O, and Black gets a dangerous attack and plenty of development, along with a safe king, giving more than enough compensation for the pawn. Instead, the way to continue is 10. f3! (10. Bf3 also works) h4!? 11. fxg4 hxg3 12. Be3 (not 12. hxg3?? Rxh1+ winning the rook or 12. dxc5?? Qf2+ with a crushing attack. 12. Rf1 gxh2 isn't good for white either) Rxh2 13. Rg1! (Rf1 and Rxh2 are alright according to computer analysis, but 13. Rg1 is the most straightforward way to maintain advantage) Be7 14. Nd2! Qh4?! 15. Nf3 Qh3 16. Kd2!, with complications favoring White in a chaotic position.
If white does manage to get through the attack black gets (or tries to get), white should be completely winning, but this is harder than most people think, and even many titled players have struggled with the long-term attack that black gets.
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# Petrov Defence
## 3. Nxe5

Black has to drive the white knight away before attacking.
   * The natural move 3...Nxe4 is a bad move, containing a deadly trap and variations that put White into a superior position. After White plays 4. Qe2, Black loses a pawn after 4... d5 or 4... d6, and 4... Nf6?? is a blunder that loses a queen. 4... Qe7 is the best move after which Black will likely win back the pawn, but White retains a stable advantage larger than the main line.
   * 3...d6 is the main line.
   * 3...Nc6 the Stafford Gambit

# Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5
| | 3 | 4 |
| Classical Variation (Main Line) | ... d6 | Nf3 Nxe4 | = |
| Damiano Variation | ... Nxe4 | Qe2 Qe7 | +/- |
| Stafford Gambit | ... Nc6 | Nxc6 dxc6 | + |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Stafford Gambit
## 5.d3

White's most common move reinforces the center pawn and opens their dark square bishop. Generally, White will play passive and defensive moves while Black attempts to capitalize on their accelerated opening development.
Black will almost always play the Stafford Gambit's main line after the key move 5...Bc5.
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# Stafford Gambit - Main Line
## 6.Bg5??

Right off the bat, White falls into Black's hand by trying to pin the f6 knight with the dark square bishop. Although at first this seems like an okay move, White's king is unprotected and the opponent can go on the offensive. With the amazing move 6...Nxe4!, the Black queen is sacrificed and White's best follow-up is ignoring the queen and instead trying to defend their side of the board.
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# Stafford Gambit
## 3... Nc6

Black invites White to trade knights. White, being up one pawn in material, is compelled to accept the trade.
   * 4. Nxc6 is the main line.
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# Stafford Gambit - Main Line
## 5...Bc5

The stage is now set for the Stafford Gambit. Black exploits the opponent's weakest piece: the f-pawn, by pushing the dark square bishop. Due to the nature of White's pawn structure, it becomes difficult for the bishop to be removed. To put more pressure on the f2 square, Black also has future plans to move their knight forward with Ng4.

### White's Responses

   * 6. Be2 prepares for Black's knight moving forward while simultaneously developing their pieces.
   * 6. h3 prevents the knight from moving to g4 altogether.
   * 6. Be3 blocks the dark square bishop from attacking the f-pawn. Black will likely accept the trade of the bishops and play aggressively with their knight and queen.
   * 6. Nc3? allows Black to win back their pawn.
   * 6. Bg5?? leads to an extremely infamous trap in the Stafford Gambit. While the Black knight appears to be pinned, Black has a deadly combination to gain material or even win the game.
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# Stafford Gambit - Main Line
## 6...Nxe4!

Black springs into action and captures the pawn on e4, gaining an enormous advantage. The weak pawn on f2 is threatened and White must defend an inevitable attack on their king.
   * 7. Be3 is White's best response by defending the f2 square. However, Black can trade bishops and move their queen to 8...Qh4. 9.g3 is the only way to prevent checkmate and Black can take the rook with 9...Nxg3, sacrificing the knight.
   * 7. dxe4? capturing the knight. After 7...Bxf2, White's queen will be taken.
   * 7. Bxd8?? capturing the queen. Amazingly, Black now has a forced checkmate in 2 moves with 7...Bxf2+ 8.Ke2 Bg4#.
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# Stafford Gambit - Main Line
## 7.Bxd8??

The Stafford Gambit player's dream. White mistakenly accepts their queen sacrifice and now will be checkmated in 2 moves.
Black checks with Bxf2 and after the White king moves up, Bg4 is Black's win.
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# Emulation/Pokémon Mini
## About the Pokémon Mini

The Pokémon Mini is a small cartridge based handheld sold in the early 2000s.
The GPU of the Pokemon Mini is framebuffer based.

## Pokémon Mini Emulators
### Official

Pokémon Channel for the Nintendo Gamecube contains a Pokémon Mini emulator.

### GBE+

GBE+ is an open source emulator that supports Pokémon Mini emulation. Notably supports IR multiplayer through netplay.

## References

* ↑ "Edge of Emulation: Pokemon Mini". shonumi.github.io. Retrieved 28 July 2021.

## Read More

* Edge of Emulation: Pokemon Mini - Writeup on the emulation of the console by a member of the GBE+ project
# Emulation/Wii
## Dolphin

Dolphin is the premiere Wii emulator. It is open source and runs under many operating systems.

## Wii Accessories
### Wii Optical Disks

Wii Optical disks are notoriously difficult to read with conventional hardware. A modified Wii is the easiest way to read disks to create backup media.

### Wiimotes

Since Wiimotes use bluetooth, they are fairly compatible with most bluetooth supporting computers.
# Emulation/SNES
## About the SNES

The SNES was host to a number of culturally and historically important video games.

## SNES Emulators
### Higan

Higan is an open source SNES emulator with an extremely high accuracy. Higan has expanded support to a number of other systems.
This emulator was formerly known as bsnes, and development began in 2004.

### Snes9x

Snes9x Source available for non-commercial use.

### ZSNES

ZSNES An early SNES emulator with lower accuracy, but higher performance.

## Read more

Read more at Super NES Programming/SNES Emulators.
# Emulation/Sega Dreamcast
## About the Sega Dreamcast

The Dreamcast was Sega's final major home video game console.

## Sega Dreamcast Emulators
### Reicast

An open source and portable Sega Dreamcast emulator.

### Redream

A proprietary Sega Dreamcast emulator.