OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Using an Abacus

Mankind has used abacuses, of one kind or another, since the dawn of civilizations to meet their calculation and accounting needs. The modern version of the Eastern abacus, originated in China, is still used nowadays around the world to help children improve their numerical skills. This book is a guide to the use of this modern abacus. After studying it, the reader will know:
* What is an abacus in a general sense.
* What are the special characteristics of the eastern abacus.
* How to use it effectively to perform the four basic arithmetic operations.

## Table of contents

* Basic concepts
* Close-up of the eastern abacus
* Addition and subtraction
* Modern multiplication
* Modern division

## Possible extension of the book

This book, as an elementary guide to the use of the eastern abacus, can be considered complete since it teaches how to perform the four elementary arithmetic operations, but obviously it can be expanded in many ways, for example by adding chapters on:
* Negative numbers
* Special multiplication methods
* Special division methods
* Roots
* etc.
Alternatively, it could be continued in a second book on advanced modern abacus methods.

## See also

Wikibook: Traditional Abacus and Bead Arithmetic
    This book offers a look at traditional arithmetic methods not currently taught with the modern abacus.

## Print version

Print version (In preparation)

## Obsolete pages (stubs)

The following pages have been around for over a decade without any actual content and have now been superseded by the previous ones. They should be marked for deletion.
* Introduction
* Basics
* Addition
* Subtraction
* Multiplication
** Exercises
* Division
** Exercises
* Negative Numbers
# Using an Abacus/Addition
## Addition

Addition is thought to be the easiest function the abacus can calculate. To add, the user must display the original number and add the desired number of beads to the original number.
Example: (6+5)

## External links

* Addition on a Japanese abacus selected from Abacus: Mystery of the Bead
# Using an Abacus/Division

Division is practically the opposite process of multiplication. Division of a given number by a desired number involves the subtraction of the given number by the desired number a certain amount of times, and this certain amount of times the answer.
To divide:
* display original number
* think of desired number
* subtract original number by desired number
* add a bead to a separated row (recommended two above highest digit of original number), this is the counter row
* Repeat steps 3-4 until original number is less than desired number
* multiply original number by 10 and repeat steps 3-4 while adding one bead one digit less than counter.
Example: (15/4)

## External links

* Division on a Japanese abacus selected from Abacus: Mystery of the Bead
# Using an Abacus/Introduction

The abacus is an ancient calculating device formerly used all over the world. It was originally a dust board, that is a board covered with dust (or wax) on which to trace figures, such as a writing pad is used nowadays. Later it became a board with grooves in which to slide counters back and forth. Finally, it became the familiar abacus, a wooden frame with beads on rods. In modern times, it has fallen out of use, being replaced by written arithmetic and, more recently, calculators; however, it is still used in Asian countries, in particular China and Japan.
There are many methods to use an abacus, those presented here are mostly classical, Japanese methods.

## External links

* Abacus: Mystery of the Bead - An Abacus Manual
* Advanced Abacus Techniques
* Lee Kai-chen's Improved Abacus - A demonstration of how the Lee's Abacus works
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Direct Actions
### Overview

Direct Actions are action methods that can be called without a WOSession. As opposed to Component Actions, where a WOSession is required and various form values are bound as objects, Direct Actions perform much more like traditional web frameworks where the form values are accessed via WORequest's formValues dictionary and cookies. Direct Actions are very useful for building stateless, high-performing websites, though you lose some of the easy-of-development that WebObjects provides with Component Actions.
Pages are still generated in the usual way, but if you want the links generated in the page to employ Direct Actions when clicked, ie. to create Direct Action URLs, you must make appropriate bindings.
Direct Actions can be used in conjunction with Sessions if desired, in much the same way that Sessions work with other web technologies - the correct Session object will be located automatically from information in the URL or in a cookie, and state can be obtained and altered in it.
Among other things, Direct Actions are typically used if no Session whatsoever is desired (uses less resource), or if bookmarkable or easily created URLs are required. DirectActions are also often used to provide multiple entry points to your application, each with it's own URL---but then subsequently returning components that use the ordinary Component Actions.
Direct Actions would also be good to use if you don't need the additional convenience of the Component Actions, simply because they come without any of its disadvantages. However, it's quite difficult to create a whole WO application without creating a WOSession and most of the time, you're going to need it anyway.

### David LeBer's Articles

David LeBer has a great series of articles on using Direct Actions:
* Using WebObjects DirectActions pt. 1
* Using WebObjects DirectActions pt. 2
* Calling a DirectAction with values from a form
* Calling a DirectAction with values from a WOHyperlink
* Calling a DirectAction with values from a WORedirect

### Notes

This page is a place to put notes and tips you've found useful when using direct actions.
* For a quick tour using direct actions see (on Mac OS X, WO 5.x): /Developer/Examples/JavaWebObjects/ThinkMovies
* When using direct actions in conjunction with a form that contains WOText or textarea elements you'll have to remove any \r\n (soft returns) that are sent back from the client yourself. In a component action page the WOText element takes care of this for you, but when you pull the value from the request's form values yourself you need to handle the soft returns on your own. You should likely just convert them to \n.
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Examples/Login
### Simple Login

Here is a little example on how to redirect a request to a "login" page if necessary:
WOContext._setPageComponent and WOContext._setCurrentComponent are undocumented methods, but are required in order to update the WOContext with the current page and component information.
The LoginPage class (not shown) will decide if a login is necessary or not.

### Avoiding Session Timeouts at Login

A good login should not timeout when no user is logged in. This can be a problem if your application uses a session in the page generation.
Fortunately Apple has provided us with a way of doing this correctly: "DirectAction";. You should implement your login page as a DirectAction and be very careful not to create a "lazy" session otherwise you will have worked for nothing. WO create a session when you call certain methods so you have to be careful. Use this.context.hasSession to check that everything is OK. After successful login you create a session by calling this.session in your component and store the user in it; you are in business.
On logout you destroy the session and return the direct action page that way the user has a new login screen instead of an empty screen. The easiest way of generating a login page on logout is to return a redirect page (302) to the main URL of the application it is transparent to the user and does exactly what you need.
You will find the code sample there after. I place it in the Application and when I want to logout I just call handleLogout with the context.
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Development on Windows

Here is a tutorial on installing WebObjects on Windows:
http://www.tetlabors.de/wo/setup_webobjects_on_windows.html

### Fixing Auto Launch

Q. Hi everyone. I've seen several people on the list with the same problem as this, but haven't seen it resolved yet. When launching an app on WO5.2.2 developer on Windows XP, this error message is displayed:
I can cut and paste the URL into a browser manually, but I'm too lazy to do all that 'work' all day long :) I've tried the WOAutoOpenInBrowser setting with no luck. I've also tried setting W2K compatibility mode for project builder and the WOOpenUrl application with no luck.
A. use the following methods in your Application class:
-- StefanKlein
B. Above method didn't work for me. Adding the following to the Application Class worked.
-- Guillaume Luszack
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Examples/List Components

So you have a title and a "list" of objects. The list has a minimum and maximum number of objects to display. If there is "too many" objects there is a "more..." link.
Here is the html:
And here is the wod:
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Examples/Page Layout

Here is a trivial example of a page layout WOComponentContent:
And the wod:
To use this layout, you could do the following in one of your pages:
wod file:
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Examples/Alphabetic List

An alphabetic list is simply a list that display its elements in, er, alphabetic order... There is also some pagination (not shown) when there is too many elements in one batch. The pagination is done alphabetically at runtime if necessary: eg A-D E-Z.
Here is the html:
And the wod:
As usual, the component implementation is left to the imagination of the reader.
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Examples/Calendar Component

Here is a little example on how to write a "calendar" component:
So you have a specific month, some of the dates are links (that will depend on what the calendar is for) and some basics navigations (next/previous month, year).
That's how the html could look like:
And here is the wod:
The component implementation is left to the imagination
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Examples/Open Link in New Window

Opening a link in a new window using JavaScript. There's actually a surprisingly easy way to do it. Just use a WOHyperlink, with an onclick binding.
The interesting this is, the hyperlink is sending itself to the openInNewWindow? function, which then gets the URL from the href property of the link, and opens it in a new window. You can use a regular old action method and bind it to this hyperlink. Also, it will work in browsers that don't have javascript, because the function will not return false, and the link will act like a regular hyperlink whose target is "_new". When the javascript returns false, the link is not followed.
To do something a bit more complex, suppose you are storing image dimensions in the database, and want the newly opened window to be exactly the right size. You will need to programatically create the "onclick" binding string for the WOHyperlink, which will pass the dimensions to the openInNewWindow? javascript function.
and in your component class, add the following method:
And finally, change your javascript method to accept the width & height parameters:
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Examples/Anchors

Put the following in the superclass for your components:
In the component where we want to use an anchor you just put in
and something like the following in the code where we want to jump to this anchor:
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Teegarten
## Teegarten

* Series
| AUT-0001 |
| | Tea bag Name : Apfel | Brand Group : |
| | Serie Name : Tegut ... | Bag number : no number |
| | Tea Type : Fruit Tea | Flavours : Apple |
| | Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : Tegut ... gute Lebensmittel |
| | Back Texts : Teegarten | Flap Texts : |
| | Material : Plastic | Form : Rectangular |
| | Colours : Gold, Black, Green | Size : |
| | Weight : | Country : Austria |
| | Year : | Notes : Tea label red |
| AUT-0002 |
| | Tea bag Name : Brenn-nessel | Brand Group : |
| | Serie Name : Tegut ... | Bag number : no number |
| | Tea Type : Herb Tea | Flavours : Stinging nettle |
| | Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : Tegut ... gute Lebensmittel |
| | Back Texts : Teegarten | Flap Texts : |
| | Material : Plastic | Form : Rectangular |
| | Colours : Gold, Black, Green | Size : |
| | Weight : | Country : Austria |
| | Year : | Notes : Tea label green |
| AUT-0003 |
| | Tea bag Name : Darjeeling | Brand Group : |
| | Serie Name : Tegut ... | Bag number : no number |
| | Tea Type : | Flavours : Darjeeling |
| | Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : Tegut ... gute Lebensmittel |
| | Back Texts : Teegarten | Flap Texts : |
| | Material : Plastic | Form : Rectangular |
| | Colours : Gold, Black, Green | Size : |
| | Weight : | Country : Austria |
| | Year : | Notes : Tea label brown dark & orange |
| AUT-0004 |
| | Tea bag Name : Fenchel | Brand Group : |
| | Serie Name : Tegut ... | Bag number : no number |
| | Tea Type : Herb Tea | Flavours : Fennel |
| | Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : Tegut ... gute Lebensmittel |
| | Back Texts : Teegarten | Flap Texts : |
| | Material : Plastic | Form : Rectangular |
| | Colours : Gold, Black, Green | Size : |
| | Weight : | Country : Austria |
| | Year : | Notes : Tea label green |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
Search Tea Bags by Countries :
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Sambique
## Sambique

| Tea bag Name : Chá | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Unknown |
| Flap : Slanted flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Instuções para 2 a 3 chávenas (2grs.) ... | Flap Texts : Produção da Chá Moçambique Lda. Abra por aqui |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : White, Yellow, Blue, Red | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Mozambique |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
Search Tea Bags by Countries :
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Silveira
## Silveira

* Series
| Tea bag Name : Chá Tea | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Unknown |
| Flap : Half long straight Flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : Chá - Tea Silveira Manuel Nabeiro Silveira LDA. .... Abrir Aqui Open Here |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Red, White, Gray | Size : |
| Weight : 1,4 g | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Cidreira | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Lemongrass |
| Flap : Half long straight Flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : Cidreira Silveira Manuel Nabeiro Silveira LDA. .... Abrir Aqui Open Here |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Green Dark, White, Gray | Size : |
| Weight : 1,5 g | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Camomila Manzanilla | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Chamomile |
| Flap : Half long straight Flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : Camomila-Manzanilla Silveira Manuel Nabeiro Silveira LDA. .... Abrir Aqui Open Here |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Yellow Dark, White, Gray | Size : |
| Weight : 1,1 g | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Tilia Tila | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Linden |
| Flap : Half long straight Flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : Tília - Tila Silveira Manuel Nabeiro Silveira LDA. .... Abrir Aqui Open Here |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Blue Dark, White, Gray | Size : |
| Weight : 1,1 g | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
Search Tea Bags by Countries :
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Sol de Acuario
## Sol de Acuario

* Series
| Tea bag Name : Té Orgánico | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Té de Hierbas Orgânicas | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : Organic Herbal | Flavours : Organic Herbs |
| Flap : Half Long straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Seleccionamos las mejores hojas para lograr un producto de excelente calidad ... | Flap Texts : Sol de Acuario |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Black, Gold, Red, White | Size : |
| Weight : 2,0g | Country : Argentina |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Cedrón | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Té de Hierbas Orgânicas | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : Organic Herbal | Flavours : Organic Herbs, Cédron |
| Flap : Half Long straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Seleccionamos las mejores hojas para lograr un producto de excelente calidad ... | Flap Texts : Sol de Acuario |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Green Light, Red, White | Size : |
| Weight : 1,3g | Country : Argentina |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Manzanilla | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Té de Hierbas Orgânicas | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : Organic Herbal | Flavours : Organic Herbs, Apple |
| Flap : Half Long straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Seleccionamos las mejores hojas para lograr un producto de excelente calidad ... | Flap Texts : Sol de Acuario |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Yellow Green , Red, Gold, White | Size : |
| Weight : 1,3g | Country : Argentina |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Mate Cocido | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Té de Hierbas Orgânicas | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : Organic Herbal | Flavours : Organic Herbs, Mate |
| Flap : Half Long straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Seleccionamos las mejores hojas para lograr un producto de excelente calidad ... | Flap Texts : Sol de Acuario |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Green , Red, Orange, White | Size : |
| Weight : 2,0g | Country : Argentina |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Menta | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Té de Hierbas Orgânicas | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : Organic Herbal | Flavours : Organic Herbs, Mint |
| Flap : Half Long straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Seleccionamos las mejores hojas para lograr un producto de excelente calidad ... | Flap Texts : Sol de Acuario |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Green Dark, Red, Orange, White | Size : |
| Weight : 1,5g | Country : Argentina |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
Search Tea Bags by Countries :
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/T
### Index of Brands / T

* RUS Tadin
* NED T'Amore
* PRT TAP Li-Cungo
* ITA Té Ati
* ITA Tea Gallery
* AUT Teegarten
* DEU Tee Gschwendner
* AUT Teekanne
* DEU Teekanne
* PRT Tenco
* USA Tender Leaf
* AUS Tetley
* CAN Tetley
* FRA Tetley
* GBR Tetley
* IND Tetley
* JAM Tetley
* POL Tetley
* PRT Tetley
* USA Tetley
* GBR The London Tea Company
* BEL Tisane Ardennaise
* PRT Tley
Total : 14
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Tetley-Portugal
## Tetley-Portugal

* Series
| Tea bag Name : Camomila | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Blue Serie | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Camomile |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Camomila | Flap Texts : Tetley |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Bue, White, Brown | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Chá Preto | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Blue Serie | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Black Tra |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Chá Preto | Flap Texts : Tetley |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Bue, White, Brown Dark | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Chá Preto Descafeinado | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Blue Serie | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Black Tea , Decaffeinated |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Chá Preto Descafeinado | Flap Texts : Tetley |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Bue, White, Blue Light | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Chá Verde | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Blue Serie | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Green Tea |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Chá Verde | Flap Texts : Tetley |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Bue, White, Green Dark | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Limão | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Blue Serie | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Lemon |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Limão | Flap Texts : Tetley |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Bue, White, Yellow | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Lucia Lima | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Blue Serie | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Vervain |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Lucia Lima | Flap Texts : Tetley |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Bue, White, Blue Dark | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Maçã Canela | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Blue Serie | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Appel , Cinnamon |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Maçã Canela | Flap Texts : Tetley |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Bue, White, Green Light | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Tilia | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Blue Serie | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Linden |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Tilia | Flap Texts : Tetley |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Bue, White, Green | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Portugal |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
Search Tea Bags by Countries :
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/S
### Index of Brands / S

* SVK Safari
* CEZ Saga
* GBR Sainsbury's
* URY Saint
* USA Salada
* ESP Salomon Crown
* URY Salud y Flora
* DEU Salus
* MOZ Sambique
* ESP Sanaflor
* JPN Sanrio
* ESP Sans & Sans
* ESP Santa Flora
* ESP Santiveri
* BEL SAS
* USA Scripture Tea
* CHN Sea Dike
* CAN Second Cup
* ITA Segafredo
* GBR Select Teas of London Limited
* SWE Sevan
* ESP Siembra
* ESP Siesta
* ITA Silvana
* PRT Silveira
* NED Simon Lévelt
* DEU Sir Henry
* SUI Sirocco
* ARG Sol de Acuario
* GBR Somerfield
* DEU Sonnentor
* AUT Spar
* NED Spar-Netherlands
* ESP Spar
* ESP Soria Natural
* ITA Star Tea
* USA Stash
* NED Super
* NED Super de Boer
* CHI Supremo
* ARG Supremo Hierbas
* SUI Swatch
Total : 40