OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Social Importance of Diffusion

The diffusion of Innovations theory by Everett Rogers (2004) attempts to study the process by which innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among members of a social system (p. 13). Roger’s theory includes four key components: innovation, communication channels, time, and social system. I am a proponent of this theory due to its reliance on communication channels and social systems.
Atul Gawande also researched why certain innovations were adopted at different rates, although Gawande focused primarily on communication and social relationships as a tool to introduce and encourage adoption of innovations (2013). For example, although antiseptic and anesthesia were introduced to the medical field in a similar manner, anesthesia was accepted much more readily than antiseptic. Gawande noticed that while both of these discoveries made life better for patients, only one made life better for doctors (p. 5).
After delving into case studies, Gawande concluded that to create new norms or to adopt innovations, innovators first must understand user’s existing norms and barriers to change. Once users are understood by the innovators, the innovators must use human interaction through means of communication and social relationships as a way to overcome resistance and to speed the adoption of innovations (p. 13).
Since I am an advocate for the importance of the communicative and social aspects of adopting innovations, I am inclined to agree with Roger’s Diffusion of Innovations theory. For example, in Gawande’s case study regarding birthing practices in a developing country, Gawande found that although nurses had knowledge to perform birthing practices correctly, they still were choosing to not adopt those practices. An outside worker hoped to assist nurses in adopting these correct birthing practices, or innovations, by joining their social system. The birthing nurses only adopted correct birthing practices after much communication and the emergence of a social relationship between the outside worker and the birthing nurses (p. 12). This example demonstrates the importance of Roger’s communication channel and social system components of the diffusion of innovations theory.
Reference List Gawande, A. (2013). Slow Ideas. Annals of Medicine, 1-23. Print. Rogers, E. M. (2004). A Prospective and Retrospective Look at the Diffusion Model. Journal of Health Communication, 9, 13-19.
# Social Loafing

Social loafing is a detrimental force to collaborative work in general. Examining the concept and an example provides some guidance to improving collaboration efforts.

## Definition of Social Loafing

What is Social Loafing? Per Carroll, Social Loafing is defined as individuals will work less if they are members of a group. The extent of the how much less they will work varies, depending both on the nature of the task and the nature of the group. In general, individuals work harder when they like the group, i.e. the group is more attractive. Additionally, the individual will work harder if the task they are assigned is deemed valuable. In general, this leads to people working harder in a group that values their contribution. Another potential cause of the absence of Social Loafing comes when the individual perceives other members of the group as lacking, leading to increased work.

## Example of Social Loafing

A perfect example of Social Loafing seems to be your standard undergraduate project. Generally everyone who has been through an undergraduate degree has at least one encounter with group work. In the process, a team is formed, which generally consists of at least three people. This leads to a team makeup where you have a star performer, one or more people who will contribute enough to get a decent grade, and someone who is just along for the ride, and plans on contributing no work. When this occurs, the start performer usually makes up for the lack of input from the group, and the entire team gets a better grade. Both the slacker and the general team members could be engaged in Social Loafing to varying degrees.

## Solving Social Loafing

How can teams be considered advantageous when multiple members can and will engage in Social Loafing? Carroll proposes that when team members are not able to evaluate performance accurately of other team members, they may inaccurately judge their performance to be lacking. This however causes duplicated work which may be less efficient. In general though, it would be better to have a little inefficiency over having the group entirely capable of team judgement. This would lead to higher amount of work, and reduce both Social Loafing and the stress on those who engage in Social Loafing less.
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Stages of Action as Design Aids

In his book The Psychology of Everyday Things Donald Norman proposes a 7-stage process of action to describe our, often subconscious, process of interacting with the world. The process describes the intermediate steps taken as we form a goal, execute, and evaluate the results. Norman’s process starts with the creation of a goal and then the forming of an intention, which Norman describes as specific statements of action. Next are specifying and executing the action followed by perceiving and interpreting the state of the world and, finally, evaluating the outcome. Norman suggests that products be designed with this process in mind and defines two deficiencies arising when they are not. The Gulf of Execution is the difference between user intentions and allowable actions and indicates whether the product allows the user to perform intended functions natively. The Gulf of Evaluation measures the difficulty the user has in perceiving the physical state of the product. In translating the seven stages to a design aid Norman arrives at a checklist for designers – provide visibility (user can see the state of the product and the actionable options), provide a good conceptual model (presentation of operations and results is consistent and coherent), provide good mappings (correlations exist between actions/results and controls/effects), and provide feedback (full and continuous feedback is provided from actions).
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Sci-Fi in the Not-So-Distant Future?

Paul Pangero gives us a great definition of cybernetics: "It's about steering and getting to the goal...the loop of acting, sensing, and steering towards the goal is essential." (Pangero, 2012) This can lead us into a discussion regarding the idea of ‘Hybrid Humans': both an exciting and a scary one. Ray Kurzweil, Director of Engineering at Google, recently predicted that in the 2030s human “brains will be able to connect directly to the cloud” which will “augment our existing intelligence.” (CNNMoney, 2015) Also, the company SoftBank stated three years ago that, “the number of transistors on a circuit will exceed the number of brain cells in a human brain by 2018” and will continue to grow by factors in the 100s by 2040 and 1000s by 2300. (CNNMoneyTech, 2012) The 'goal' here is to act to receive information, sensing if we received the correct information, and correcting the action if needed. Whether through our own brains or cybernetics, it is essentially the same goal.
Not-so-distant future
Hybrid humans may be closer than we think. After all, look at the technology we already have in place: when someone asks me a question, I tend to grab my phone, Google it, and within a few seconds can generally track down the answer. Isn’t the next logical step to ‘hardwire’ that request for information into our brains, allowing me to simply think the phrase, “Google, what is the capital of England?” and receive the answer instantaneously? Apple could command virtually any price for an offering of an endless stream of information delivered to you wirelessly and with no more effort than simply thinking about something.
No more 'spur-of-the-moments'?
Of course, with every new technology comes the fear of losing our humanity. An article by Chris Matyszczyk asks the reader, “When our thoughts and feelings are predicted in advance by the great algorithm in the sky, where’s our spontaneity?” (Matyszczyk, 2015) Indeed, many of today’s applications (spellcheck, predictive texting) are programmed in such a way as to make an educated guess as to what we will do next. If we put our full trust in the cloud to make decisions for us, will we someday find ourselves never able to spontaneously take a scenic by-route because we have asked Google Maps to only take the shortest route?
Citations
CNNMoney. (2015, June 4). Humans will be Hybrids by 2030. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/03/technology/ray-kurzweil-predictions/index.html
CNNMoneyTech. (2012, March 28). The Hottest Tech of 2015 and Beyond. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2012/technology/1203/gallery.coolest-tech-2015/7.html?iid=EL
Matyszczyk, C. (2015, June 4). Google exec: Humans will be hybrids by 2030. Retrieved from http://www.cnet.com/news/google-exec-humans-will-be-hybrids-by-2030/
Pangaro, Paul. (2012) What is Cybernetics? https://vimeo.com/41776276
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Small Business and TAM

The Technology Acceptance Model is best used to measure the rate in which companies adopt new technology that impacts work performance. Usefulness and ease of use as the primary factors used to evaluate new technologies in the workplace. The TAM model differs greatly from the Diffusion model, which relies heavily on the evaluation of societal factors over time.
In the case for a local, family owned heating and air conditioning business that has been in business for 20 years the decision to upgrade their computer systems and office management software to Windows 8 was not easy. The upgrade was at least 10 years overdue. The cost associated with such a change and the efficacy rate was a major factor. The perceived usefulness and ease of use was skewed by the cost-benefit paradigm. For small companies the decision to adopt new technology can be a painstaking one.
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Social Psychological Theory and the wiki platform

Social Psychological Theory and Wiki Platform I think the Wikibooks platform motivates interactions that are similar to what would be in a face-to-face context. The Social Psychological Theory lends well to this online collaborative tool because it is created and maintained by multiple individuals who are working together as a group to create subject based content. The outcome of the content provided should have better information than that of an average individual. The inputs can contain a more diverse group of individuals (especially since it is not constrained to any one physical location). Communication through contributing members is essential and may take away time from their actual contributions. Even though social loafing is a concern (in SP theory) when individuals work in groups, it is less likely to occur when the members are drawn to that group through their own motivation. In the case of Wikibooks, people are drawn to a subject due to their own interest, so there is a motivation for the content they add. There is also social pressure for detailed accurate information and contributions.
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Social translucence system and Knowledge Management as a Social Phenomenon
### Social translucence system and Knowledge Management as a Social Phenomenon (CheeKang Tan)

The Computer mediated communication (CMC) is a process that human data interaction occurs through the use of two or more networked telecommunication systems. WikiBook itself is a great collaborative platform that helps knowledge management from a socially translucent perspective. WikiBook is one of the “Social translucent systems” that is in a designed digital system, which support coherent behavior by making participants and their activities visible to the public.
WikiBook is also a knowledge management that inputting useful information into databases, providing schemes for organizing, and retrieving information. It has becoming a popular social phenomenon. It helps organization self-conscious and enable themselves to tap their own experience in solving problems rather than going through reinvent solution for recurring problems. [1] The social translucence system leads people to think in terms of data mining, text clustering, databases and documents. [1]
However, this platform do not necessary motivates interaction that resembles a face-to-face context. A face to face context have more factors involved that may not be as efficient as WikiBook-collaborative platform in the perspective of knowledge management. The face to face context has the factors of visibility, awareness, and accountability. Visibility- the human faces, figures, movement and environment; Awareness – the awareness of social relationships and respect of vertical hierarchy; Accountability – Conservative in ideas, opinions, feelings about certain issues. For example, students who are silent in face-to-face communication, contribute more participation in CMC discussion.
Reference:
[1] THOMAS ERICKSON and WENDY A. KELLOGG, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2000, Pages 59–83. http://www.ics.uci.edu/~corps/phaseii/EricksonKellogg-SocialTranslucence-TOCHI.pdf
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Social Loafing and WikiBook Collaboration
### Social Loafing and WikiBook Collaboration – Brian Finn

I am of the view that WikiBook as a collaboration platform has low transparency, and as it is used currently, it can be subject to social loafing for group-oriented goals. It seems that WikiBook platform would be a prime candidate for social loafing if a group was tasked to interact and problem solve. Transparency is lost in comparison to face to face interactions for a variety of factors. A lost might occur in member’s sense of identification with the group as a whole in relation to attractive principle. Another factor that contributes to the low level of transparency might be the level of anonymity that is found in virtual collaboration. As concluded in the white paper “ Don’t Hide in the Crowd! Increasing Social Transparency Between Peer Workers Improves Crowdsourcing Outcomes ” researchers found that members knowing certain demographic information about their teammates lead to better performance overall. Information such as name, nationality gender and age effectively increased the level of social transparency. It the most basic function of the WikiBook it lends itself better for individual efforts and individual contributions as opposed to collaboration. For example if the goal was to have team members work to create a WikiBook post I would recommend to introduce an intermediate step for WikiBook such as a team blog, team score, or even a team video conference.
# ID Board Review/Bacterial Diseases/Gram-negative Rods (GNR)/Enterobacteriaceae
## Overview of Enterobacteriaceae

* Facultatively anaerobic GN bacilli/rods
* Glucose-fermenting and Oxidase-negative
* Non-spore-forming
* Non-motile

## Enterobacteriaceae Species

Lactose non-fermenting
* Salmonella spp
* Shigella
* Yersinia spp
Lactose fermenting
* Escherichia coli
* Citrobacter spp
* Klebsiella spp
* Serratia spp
# ID Board Review/Bacterial Diseases/Gram-negative Rods (GNR)/Campylobacter spp
## Medically Significant Campylobacter Species

* Campylobacter jejuni
# Modx/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modx

# An Introduction to Modx
### Introduction to Modx

You may have heard of Joomla! or Drupal or any other number of CMS's, but they all have the same, uneditable, uniform feel to them. There is no way to break free of the bonds that tie you down to the system. This is not true with a relatively new addition to the CMS scene, Modx. Modx is powerful and fast, while still being 100% customizable in every way. It does not matter what you want to do in Modx, if it can be done in PHP, it can be done in this powerhouse of a framework.

## What is Modx?

Modx is several things. It is a customizable web application builder, a website builder, a content management system (CMS) and much more. Basically, it is a powerful tool for creating almost anything you want in an easy to use graphical user interface (GUI).
# Mohawk/Animals

    katshénen : animal (domesticated);
    káryo : animal (wild);
    tsikerahwihstaks : bat;
    Ohkwari : bear (grizzly);
    kanya'kwari : bear (black);
    kanya'kwaritakenra : bear (polar);
    tsyennito : beaver;
    kanawakeha : bobcat;
    tsitekeriyakon : buffalo (woodland);
    atinati : caribou;
    orhyoken : chipmunk;
    tyo'nhonskwaron : cow;
    ohskennonton : deer (white-tail);
    ohskennonton tewahontes : deer (black-tail);
    èrhar : dog;
    tsyononnyowane : elk;
    tyorahteken : fisher;
    tsitsho : fox;
    akosatens : horse;
    tahontaneken'kó:wa : lynx;
    ahneseranóha : marten;
    ayóha : mink;
    skanyonhsa : moose;
    otsinowen : mouse (field);
    anokyen : muskrat;
    tawí:ne' : otter;
    anéntaks : porcupine;
    kén:reks : puma;
    kwayen´a : rabbit (cotton-tail);
    tahontaneken : rabbit (snowshoe);
    atí:ron : raccoon;
    otsinowen'kó:wa : rat;
    aní:tas : skunk;
    tahwasenh : squirrel (flying);
    onkwetakon : squirrel (gray);
    aró:sen : squirrel (red);
    ohkwáho : wolf (timber);
    aninhetshotarhon : wolverine;
    anonhwarawéron : woodchuck (groundhog).
# Mohawk/Hello

Shé:kon! Hello!
Kwe kwe! / Kwe! Hi!
Ó:nen. Goodbye.
# Mohawk/Phrases
## Some Phrases

       ; Some phrases (Eastern dialect) ::
Hello/Goodbye
* She:kon- Hello
* Kwe – hi
* Kwehkwe - hi there
* Ó:nen ki' wáhi - goodbye (goodbye my good friend, it's dearer to the heart; now then I am going).
* Ó:nen - you can’t say “o:nen” by itself because that will mean you are saying: “now, then”.
* Oh niiawenhátie? - what’s happening... what’s going on?
Thank you/You're welcome
* Niá:wen - thank you
* Niawen’kó:wa - thank you very much
* Niá:wen ki’ wáhi - thanks a lot (thank you my good friend, it's dearer to the heart).
* Tekwanonwerá:tons - welcome
* ioh - you're welcome
Friends
* Atenró:sera- friendship
* Ontiatén:ro or yonkiatén:ron- he/she and I are friends (Eastern then Western dialect)
* Onkwatenro'shón:'a- they all and I are friends.
* Tiatén:ro- you and I are friends.
First/Second Person
* Í:’i - I, me
* Í:se - you
* Akwá:wen - mine
Words/General
* Otsi'tsa - flower
* Otsi'tsa'shón:'a - flowers
* Óhente - grass
* Otsi'nonwa'shón:'a - bugs
* Ioráhkote - sunny
* Iokennó:ron - rainy
* Akwé:kon - all
* Khá:wis - I am carrying
* Tyorahteken - fisher
* Iakohsatens – she rides
* Tsiktsinenná:wen - butterfly
* Karonhià:ke - in the sky
* Ohontsà:ke - on earth
* Otkon - spirit
* Atonhnhetshera - spirit
* Tsikenon'waristak - dragonfly
* Skén:nen - peace; serenity.
* Skennen'kó:wa - great peace
* Ka'shatsténhshera - power
Family
* Ista – mom [isda]
* Akenistén:’a – my mother [isdʌ̃ʔa] (when referring to her)
* Raké:ni - dad
* Rake'níha - my father (when referring to him)
* Tiakení:teron – wife/husband (when speaking about him/her it works either way).
* Rakshótha - grandfather (when referring to him).
* Akshótha - grandmother (when referring to her).
* Akhso – grandmother (when talking to her).
* Tóta – can be used in reference to either grandmother/grandfather (slang)
Nature
* Tree- Ó:kwire
* Birch - Watenake:tarons
* Cedar - Onen'takwenhten:sera
* Elm - A'ka:ratsi'
* Sugar Maple - Wahta
* Spruce - O'so:ra
* Maple Myrup - Wahta Oh'shis
Animals
* Tsyoka'wehkowa - raven
* Ori:te' - dove
* Ori:te nih wa'a - dove (small)
* Oskenón:ton - deer
* É:rhar - dog
* Atená:ti – elk
* Tsítsho - fox
* Akoshá:tens - horse
* Aióha - mink
* Tako'skó:wa - mountain lion
* Otsinò:wen - mouse
* Tawí:ne - otter
* Anén:taks - porcupine
* Tehahonhtané:ken - rabbit
* Atí:ron - raccoon
* Otsinowenhkó:wa - rat
* Anì:tas - skunk -
* Onón:kote - weasel
* Okwaho - Wolf
* Ohkwa:rí - Bear
Sentences
* Skennen’kó:wa kenh ontiatenro'shón:a - how are you, my friends?
* Konnorónhkwa - I love you (I show you I care)
"The best chief is not the one who persuades people to his point of view. It is instead the one in whose presence most people find it easiest to arrive at the truth". –Mohawk-
Onkwehonwehnéha – (the) native way
Questions
* Ónkha - Who?
* Oh nahó:ten - What?
* Kanón:wes - Where?
* Oh nontye:ren - Why?
* Katke - When?
* Oh nihyot - How?
Names
* Ko:r iónkiats - My name is Paul
* Arísawe iesá:iats - Your name is Elizabeth.
* Keshini - one with beautiful hair
# Molecular Cloning
## Contents

* Plasmid
** Plasmid extraction
** Preparation of competent cell (''E.Coli'')
* Extraction of DNA
** Southern hybridization
* PCR
* Checking of DNA on PAGE
** Extraction of Protein
* SDS-PAGE (Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)
** western blot
# Mohawk/E2
#### Conversing in Mohawk: Introductions

Note: Spelling and dialects are what is used in Six Nations Territory (Ohsweken), Ontario
Shé:kon!1 Hello!
Oh nahòten í:se yesá:yats? What's your name? (lit. what are you called?)
Sawatis ní:'i yónkyats. My name is John. (lit. they call me Sawatis - Sawatis is a Mohawk version of "John".)
Nok ní:se? And you?
Wíhshe ní:'i yónkyats. My name is Mike. (lit. they call me Wíhshe - Wíhshe is a Mohawk version of "Mike".)
Oh káti ne raónha? And him?
Tawit ronwá:yats ne raónha. His name is David. (Tawit = David)
Oh káti ne akaónha? And her?
Wári yontátyats ne akaónha. Her name is Mary. (Wári = Mary)
Ka' nón:we nitisé:non? Where are you from?
Singapore nitewaké:non. I'm from Singapore.
Skennen'kó:wa ken? How are you? (lit. great peace)
Henh, skennen'kó:wa. Yes, I'm fine.
Yoyanerátye ken? How are you? (lit. is it going well?)
Henh, yoyanerátye. Yes, I'm well.
Nyá:wen.2 Thank you.
Ó:nen.1 Goodbye.

##### Notes:

Í:'i Me, I
Í:se You
Raónha Him
Akaónha Her
1 Shé:kon and ó:nen do not literally mean hello and goodbye respectively, but is used to express as such. 2 Nyá:wen: It is considered etiquette for a guest, in finishing his or her meal, to say nyá:wen, to which the host responds: nyoh. Children are told that a failure to say nyá:wen will give them a stomach ache .
References F.W., Waugh (September 1991). Iroquois Foods and Food Preparation (Facsimile, 1973 ed.). Ottawa Government Printing Bureau. p. 47.
# Mohawk/Mohawk Numbers
## Mohawk Numbers

Note: Spelling is according to what is used in Ohsweken (Six Nations), Ontario.
1 Enskat
2 Tékeni
3 Áhsen
4 Kayéri
5 Wísk
6 Yà:yak
7 Tsyá:tak
8 Sha'té:kon
9 Tyóhton
10 Oyéri
# Geometry for Elementary School/Construction

In this section, we will learn how to construct things. That means drawing things in an accurate way.

## Before you start

Answer these simple questions to check your understanding:
* What is the angle sum of triangles?
* What is the difference between a line segment and a line?
* Apart from being equilateral, what other features do equilateral triangles have?
If your answer to any of these questions is know, you should re-read the first part before advancing any further.

## Table of contents

* Our tools: Ruler and compasses
* Constructing equilateral triangle
* Copying a line segment
* Copying a triangle
* Copying an angle
* Constructing a triangle
* Why the constructions are not correct?
* Bisecting an angle
* Bisecting a segment