OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant: The WikiBook/San Andreas Fault

According to public domain material from the US Geological Survey, posted at a website in the dot-gov domain, the San Andreas fault includes "several branching faults...[which] share the movement of the crustal plates ... [t]he fault zone is marked by distinctive landforms that include long straight escarpments, narrow ridges, and small undrained ponds formed by the settling of small blocks within the zone. Many stream channels characteristically jog sharply to the right where they cross the fault...[b]locks on opposite sides of the San Andreas fault move horizontally. If a person stood on one side of the fault and looked across it, the block on the opposite side would appear to have moved to the right. Geologists refer to this type fault displacement as right-lateral strike-slip." Source: Sandra S. Schulz and Robert E. Wallace

## Accumulated Displacement

It is believed that "[d]isplacement from earthquakes and creep is at least 350 miles along the San Andreas fault since it came into being about 15-20 million years ago. Studies of a segment of the fault between Tejon Pass and the Salton Sea revealed geologically similar terranes on opposite sides of the fault now separated by 150 miles, and some crustal blocks may have moved through more than 20 degrees of latitude... drift at the rate of as much as 2 inches per year."

## References

* ↑ The San Andreas Fault
The San Andreas Fault module or this section of Fukushima Aftermath: Diablo Nuclear Redux? is an incomplete stub. You can help! Add your contributions.
# Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant: The WikiBook/Special Invite
### Fukushima Aftermath: Diablo Nuclear Renaissance or Industry Meltdown?
## Introduction to the Wikibooks-Wikiversity textbooks

This Wikibook is the first of an anticipated series on specific nuclear power plants such as Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant. They are offered in conjunction with a Wikiversity course entitled California Government and Citizen Participation and the Wikibook of the same name. All policies of Wikibooks and Wikiversity apply and you are invited to read but also to write copy and edit existing copy. All content herein is subject to the CCL 2 license which means that it is free for re-use with attribution in accordance with the CCL 2 guidelines.

## You Are Personally Invited to Contribute to the Updating and Improvement of this Wiki Book...

If you have any questions please post your remarks to the Wiki Talk Page and you will receive prompt assistance. Please respect the Nuetral Point of View policy.

### Other titles in the Fukushima Aftermath series at WikiBooks

* Fukushima Aftermath (Series Introduction)
* Fukushima Aftermath/Whither Indian Point Nuke?
* Fukushima Aftermath/Last Dance for SONGS? (Pending)
# Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant: The WikiBook/Shoreline Fault

Shoreline Fault is a 25 km long vertical strike-slip fault discovered in 2008 that lies less than a mile from the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant in California. It is thought to be able to produce quakes up to 6.5 magnitude, along with the Hosgri fault are thought to pose a threat to the nuclear plant despite the operator, Pacific Gas and Electric claiming the facility to be able to withstand a 7.5 magnitude quake.

## References

* ↑ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100602215239.htm ScienceDaily:Revised Seismotectonic Model for California Central Coast: More Complex Than Previously Thought]
* ↑ http://www.santamariatimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_8c1f14cc-2c11-11df-b385-001cc4c03286.html Santa Maria Times:Supervisors request delay for Diablo relicensing

## External sites

* PG&E Shoreline Fault Zone Report
The Shoreline Fault module or this section of Fukushima Aftermath: Diablo Nuclear Redux? is an incomplete stub. You can help! Add your contributions.
# Electronics/Inductors/Special Cases

This section list formulas for inductances in specific situations. Beware that some of the equations are in Imperial units.
The permeability of free space, μ$_0$, is constant and is defined to be exactly equal to 4π×10$^{-7}$ H m$^{-1}$.

## 1. Basic inductance formula for a cylindrical coil

       $L={\frac {\mu _{0}\mu _{r}N^{2}A}{l}}$
* L = inductance / H
* μ$_r$ = relative permeability of core material
* N = number of turns
* A = area of cross-section of the coil / m$^2$
* l = length of coil / m

## 2. The self-inductance of a straight, round wire in free space

       $L_{self}={\frac {\mu _{0}b}{2\pi }}\left[\ln \left({\frac {b}{a}}+{\sqrt {1+{\frac {b^{2}}{a^{2}}}}}\right)-{\sqrt {1+{\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}}}+{\frac {a}{b}}+{\frac {\mu _{r}}{4}}\right]$
* L$_{self}$ = self inductance / H
* b = wire length /m
* a = wire radius /m
* $\mu _{r}$ = relative permeability of wire
If you make the assumption that b >> a and that the wire is nonmagnetic ($\mu _{r}=1$), then this equation can be approximated to
       $L_{self}={\frac {\mu _{0}b}{2\pi }}\left[\ln \left({\frac {2b}{a}}\right)-3/4\right]$ (for low frequencies)
       $L_{self}={\frac {\mu _{0}b}{2\pi }}\left[\ln \left({\frac {2b}{a}}\right)-1\right]$ (for high frequencies due to the skin effect)
* L = inductance / H
* b = wire length / m
* a = wire radius / m
The inductance of a straight wire is usually so small that it is neglected in most practical problems. If the problem deals with very high frequencies (f > 20 GHz), the calculation may become necessary. For the rest of this book, we will assume that this self-inductance is negligible.

## 3. Inductance of a short air core cylindrical coil in terms of geometric parameters:

       $L={\frac {r^{2}N^{2}}{9r+10l}}$
    L = inductance in μH
    r = outer radius of coil in inches
    l = length of coil in inches
    N = number of turns

## 4. Multilayer air core coil

       $L={\frac {0.8r^{2}N^{2}}{6r+9l+10d}}$
    L = inductance in μH
    r = mean radius of coil in inches
    l = physical length of coil winding in inches
    N = number of turns
    d = depth of coil in inches (i.e., outer radius minus inner radius)

## 5. Flat spiral air core coil

$L={\frac {r^{2}N^{2}}{(2r+2.8d)\times 10^{5}}}$
    L = inductance / H
    r = mean radius of coil / m
    N = number of turns
    d = depth of coil / m (i.e. outer radius minus inner radius)
Hence a spiral coil with 8 turns at a mean radius of 25 mm and a depth of 10 mm would have an inductance of 5.13µH.

## 6. Winding around a toroidal core (circular cross-section)

       $L=\mu _{0}\mu _{r}{\frac {N^{2}r^{2}}{D}}$
* L = inductance / H
* μ$_r$ = relative permeability of core material
* N = number of turns
* r = radius of coil winding / m
* D = overall diameter of toroid / m
# Electronics/KCL

Electronics | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix |

## Kirchoff's Current Law

Current is conserved.
Current flowing into a junction is equal to that flowing out.
I1 = I2 + I3
    $I_{1}=I_{2}+I_{3}+\cdots +I_{n}\,\!$
Current is the flow of electrons through a piece of metal. Given the sheer number of electrons involved it is similar to the flow of water through a pipe. When the pipe branches the water has multiple paths to travel. The only rule is that the amount of water entering any place has to be equal to the amount of water leaving any that place. Otherwise the pipe would explode from the pressure or the water would cease to exist.
Here is more about Kirchhoff's laws which can be integrated here
# Electronics/Inductance

A electron moving through space creates a magnetic field that spins around the charge according to the right hand rule. The magnetic field is created by the spin of the moving electron. If the wire is bent in the shape of a ring, when its current is flowing it magnetic field will resemble water flowing through a hose. In order for the ring to have a magnetic field, its magnetic field must first displace the magnetic field that is already there. This is why inductors initially resist any changes in current when a voltage is applied. Over time the magnetic field changes to reflect the magnetic field of the ring and current starts flowing.
Inductors resist changes in current and take time to adjust.
A popular example of inductance is an electromagnet. It is essentially an inductor connected to dc with a piece of metal in its core. The flow of current creates a magnetic flow that mimicks a magnet. The direction of current determines the polarity of the magnet.
The nice thing about electromagnets is the strength of the current determines the strength of the magnetic field, so the more current the more magnetic field. Also reversing the direction of the current switches the polarity of the electromagnet.
This property allows electromagnets to be used as switches. As the current increases the magnet becomes more repulsive to other magnets.
Electromagnets are also used in loudspeakers. You have a voltage that is dependent on distance so as the distance decreases the voltage increases and as the distance increases the voltage decreases. The result is the ability to program the loudspeaker according to a vibration pattern.
# Electronics/Inductor Construction

An inductor is the electrical equivalent of a flywheel. When you introduce energy to an inductor, the current flows slowly at first, just like a flywheel doesn't instantly get up to speed. And if you try to stop a flywheel instantly, something will break. If you let current through an inductor, then open the switch, the energy of the inductor must go somewhere - it will arc back across the switch, quickly ruining it - thus the condensor used in coil-type automotive ignition systems: it stores the energy until the inefficiency of the flywheel can turn it into heat.
Inductors are formed of a coil of conductive material. Normally they are made of copper wire, but not always (Example: aluminum wire, or spiral pattern etched on circuit board). The material around and within the coil affects its properties; common types are air-core (only a coil of wire), iron-core, and ferrite core. Iron and ferrite types are more efficient because they conduct the magnetic field much better than air; of the two, ferrite is more efficient because stray electricity cannot flow through it. Ferrite is more expensive but operates at much higher frequencies than iron cores.
Some inductors have more than a core, which is just a rod the coil is formed about. Some are formed like transformers, using two E-shaped pieces facing each other, the wires wound about the central leg of the E's. The E's are made of laminated iron/steel or ferrite.
Toroidal inductors are most efficient of all, they are wound around a donut shape which is made of ferrite. They are more difficult to make, because the formed coil cannot be manufactured directly on the toroid - it must be wound onto it.
Important qualities of angf inductor
There are several important properties for an inductor.
* Current carrying capacity is determined by wire thickness.
* Q, or quality, is determined by the uniformity of the windings, as well as the core material and how thoroughly it surrounds the coil.
* Last but not least, the inductance of the coil.
The inductance is determined by several factors.
* coil shape: short and squat is best
* core material
* windings: winding in opposite directions will cancel out the inductance effect, and you will have only a resistor.
(someone add formulas etc. for determining inductance, please.)
# Electronics/Inductors/Transient Analysis

The following is a description of the events that take place when a DC voltage is applied to an inductor. We need to consider that fact that the inductor has a parasitic resistance caused by the fact the wire it is made from is not superconducting. If we do not consider this, then we have a circuit with no way to dissipate energy - an ideal inductor is just a short circuit to DC once the magnetic field has been set up. So, we consider an ideal inductor in series with an ideal resistor as shown to the right.
* Before the switch is closed, there is no voltage or current across either the resistor or the inductor.
* When the switch is first closed, the current through the inductor is zero, because it cannot change instantaneously.
* This means that the inductor acts like an open circuit, so all the voltage is across the inductor.
* As the current ramps up from zero, the magnetic field builds in strength.
* The changing magnetic field creates a back emf which acts to oppose the current in the inductor. This back emf will not stop the current completely, but it will slow it down.
* Eventually, the current in the inductor reaches full strength (as governed by the resistor and the voltage by Ohm's Law).
* When this happens, the current is no longer changing, so the voltage across the inductor is zero. The magnetic field is still present, but it is static, so there is no back emf.
* All the voltage is now across the resistor, and the inductor acts as a short circuit.
The circuit will remain like this, with a certain current, all the voltage across the resistors and none over the inductor. There is a constant magnetic field in the inductor, and no back emf. However, when the switch is opened again,
* The current drops to zero very rapidly.
* The magnetic field collapses rapidly.
* The hanging magnetic field induces a back emf in the inductor. As the magnetic field changes so rapidly, the back emf is very large (infinite if the switch was perfect).
* This large voltage is across the switch.
* It is likely that a spark will jump the gap, possibly damaging the switch. If a transistor is used, it should be protected with diodes.
* After the back emf has settled, the circuit has no current and no voltage in it - we are where we started.
As you can see, inductors don't really add much to a DC circuit, except when energized and de-energized. However, in AC circuits, inductors can be used for many things.
# Electronics/Integrated Circuit
## Overview

An integrated circuit is a collection of very small components etched onto a silicon wafer. The wafer is then cut out and placed into a package usually made out of plastic or ceramic and connected to leads with small wires.
The integrated circuit was independently invented in 1959 by both Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor. (about.com) Their invention led to the modern integrated circuit, devices with millions of transistors and incomprehensible computing power.
Some popular ICs
* 747 Operational Amplifier
* 555 Timer IC
* PIC -Peripheral Interface Controller,
* 7400 series ICs.
# Electronics/KVL

Electronics | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix |

## Kirchoff's Voltage Law

Kirchoff's laws can be described with a sentence as, What comes in, must go out. It's that simple. You have a potential on one side of a battery, then you need the negative potential on the other side of the battery. You have a current into a junction, the same current must go out of the junction.
in a circuit
in series voltage drops and current stays constant in parallel voltage stays constant and current divides according to the resistance
voltage stays constant in parallel and current drops in p
Voltage is the potential between two charges.
The nice things about potentials is you can add or subtract them in series to make a larger or smaller potential as is commonly done in batteries.
In parallel voltage...
The flow a circuit is that of a potential drop. Electrons flow from areas of high potential to ground which is low potential. At a given place in a circuit there are numerous paths to ground. Each of them has the same voltage as they have the same potential from ground.
All the components of a circuit have resistance that acts as a potential drop.
# Electronics/Inductors/Networks
## Series

Consider n inductors in series, as above. The voltage across the whole arrangement (i.e. across the two terminals) must be equal to the sum of the voltages across the individual inductors:
       $v_{tot}=v_{1}+v_{2}+\cdots +v_{n}.$
from our definition of inductance, where the voltage is the inductance multiplied by the rate of change of current, we get
       $v_{tot}=L_{1}{\frac {di_{1}}{dt}}+L_{2}{\frac {di_{2}}{dt}}+\cdots +L_{n}{\frac {di_{n}}{dt}},$
where i$_1$ is the current in element 1, and so on. Since the current in every element the series must always be the same (by Kirchhoff's Current Law), we can see that
       $v_{tot}=L_{1}{\frac {di}{dt}}+L_{2}{\frac {di}{dt}}+\cdots +L_{n}{\frac {di}{dt}},$
where i is the current in the network. Factorising, we get:
       $v_{tot}=\left(L_{1}+L_{2}+\cdots +L_{n}\right){\frac {di}{dt}}$.
If we now call all the element in the series a single, equivalent inductance, L$_{eq}$, we see that
       $v_{tot}=L_{eq}{\frac {di}{dt}}.$
Thus,
       $L_{eq}=L_{1}+L_{2}+\cdots +L_{n}$
This means that when in series, the total inductance is just the sum of all the constituent inductances.

## Parallel

When inductors are in parallel, then each inductor has the same voltage across it, that is, the voltage present at the terminals of the network. This can just be called v. Now, our equation describing the equivalent inductance, L$_{eq}$, is:
       $v=L_{eq}{\frac {di_{eq}}{dt}},$
where i$_{eq}$ is the current through the network.
By Kirchhoff's Current Law, we have
       $i_{eq}=i_{1}+i_{2}+\cdots +i_{n}$
Differentiating with respect to time gives
       ${\frac {di_{eq}}{dt}}={\frac {di_{1}}{dt}}+{\frac {di_{2}}{dt}}+\cdots +{\frac {di_{n}}{dt}}$
Now by rearranging the general equation describing inductance in the i'th element, we can obtain, for each term in the above,
       ${\frac {di_{i}}{dt}}={\frac {v}{L_{i}}}$
Substituting into the equation before, we get
       ${\frac {di_{eq}}{dt}}={\frac {v}{L_{1}}}+{\frac {v}{L_{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {v}{L_{n}}}$
Factorising,
       ${\frac {di_{eq}}{dt}}=v\left({\frac {1}{L_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{L_{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{L_{n}}}\right)$
Rearranging, we get
       $v={\frac {\frac {di_{eq}}{dt}}{{\frac {1}{L_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{L_{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{L_{n}}}}}$
       $v={\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{L_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{L_{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{L_{n}}}}}{\frac {di_{eq}}{dt}}$
So, therefore:
       $L_{eq}={\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{L_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{L_{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{L_{n}}}}}$
       ${\frac {1}{L_{eq}}}={\frac {1}{L_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{L_{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{L_{n}}}$
This is identical to the rule for combining resistors.
# Electronics/Inductors/Real Inductors

In the real world, various factors contribute to non-idealities within inductors.

### Nonzero Resistance

Nearly all common components have wire leads. Inductors specifically have this drawback in addition to the fact that they are typically made from a length of wire which is coiled around some form of material. This wire typically does not have zero resistance. While small lengths of wire made of typical conductive materials, such as copper, larger coils will have a relatively large amount of this wire, leading to an added resistance which may not be neglected. This also becomes true when the potential applied across the inductor increases.
To account for this added resistivity, a non-ideal inductor may be modeled as an ideal inductor in series with a resistor. This resistance may be measured under DC steady-state conditions.

### High-frequency considerations

Although quite small, lead wires do have some amount of self-inductance. This will usually be neglectable except in the case of very small values for inductive components as well as for high frequency design. To account for the inductance added by these wires, one may model such a non-ideal inductor by including series inductors on for each of the two (or more) leading wires coming from the component.
# Calculus/Precalculus

1.1 Algebra
1.2 Functions
1.3 Trigonometric functions
1.4 Graphing functions
1.5 Rational functions
1.6 Conic sections
1.7 Exercises
1.8 Hyperbolic logarithm and angles
Navigation:
Main Page · Precalculus · Limits · Differentiation · Integration · Parametric and Polar Equations · Sequences and Series · Multivariable Calculus · Extensions · References
# Calculus/Pressure and force
##### Force

Force is a fundamental concept in physics. It is defined as a push or pull on a point mass. The magnitude of this physical quantity is given algebraically as a linear equation by the newton's second law of motion.
$\ F=\ ma$ , where $\ m$ is the mass of the point particle in kilograms and $\ a$ is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time (acceleration) in ms$^{-2}$ (the force obtained will be in newtons).

##### Derivative definition of Force(Instantaneous Force)

Force (F) is also defined as the rate of change of linear momentum (p) with respect to time (t):
$\ F={\frac {dp}{dt}}$

##### Effects of Force

Force plays an important role in the motion of objects as it can cause these effects on the object:
* It can make an object at rest acquire motion.
* It can make an object in motion come to rest.
* It can change the state of motion of an object.
* It can change the shape and size of an object.
* It can change physical and chemical properties of an object.
* It can change the direction of motion of an object.

## Pressure

Pressure (P) is defined as force acting normally on an object per unit area of its surface. It always acts parallel to the surface of an object.
$\ P={\frac {F}{A}}$, where $\ F$ is the force acting in newtons and $\ A$ is the area on which the force is acting on the body in m$^2$ (the pressure obtained will be in pascals).
$\ P={\frac {dF}{dA}}$ gives the instantaneous pressure.
# Calculus/Polar Differentiation
### Differential calculus

We have the following formulae:
    $r{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}=x{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}+y{\frac {\partial }{\partial y}}$
    ${\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}=-y{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}+x{\frac {\partial }{\partial y}}$
To find the Cartesian slope of the tangent line to a polar curve $r(\theta )$ at any given point, the curve is first expressed as a system of parametric equations.
    $x=r(\theta )\cos(\theta )$
    $y=r(\theta )\sin(\theta )$
Differentiating both equations with respect to $\theta$ yields
    ${\frac {\partial x}{\partial \theta }}=r'(\theta )\cos(\theta )-r(\theta )\sin(\theta )$
    ${\frac {\partial y}{\partial \theta }}=r'(\theta )\sin(\theta )+r(\theta )\cos(\theta )$
Dividing the second equation by the first yields the Cartesian slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point $(r,r(\theta ))$ :
    ${\frac {dy}{dx}}={\frac {r'(\theta )\sin(\theta )+r(\theta )\cos(\theta )}{r'(\theta )\cos(\theta )-r(\theta )\sin(\theta )}}$
# Calculus/Probability

Calculus Based Probability.
To learn this section you need to know about Integral calculus (and Differential calculus of course) and/or finding the area under a curve and some integration techniques. like U-substitution, Integration by parts. You can learn these things from the relevant pages of this book.
Calculus plays an very important role when it comes to probability as well. When you learn discrete probability distributions like binomial distribution you don't have to deal with continuous data because all the data are discrete. Let's imagine situations when you need to calculate continuous data, like the height or weight of a person. You cannot practically measure it 100% correctly. Meaning there is no probability of the existense of a living creature whose height or weight is exactly 2.000... meters or a exact value like that. Think about it a little bit.
When calculating things like that, you need to make an interval so you can check whether the person you measuring is around 2. like 1.95 - 2.05. So when you calculate the probability of this kind of situation you need something other than discrete calculations.
This is where calculus comes in.
>>CONTINUE...
# English Grammar/Phrases and Clauses
## Table of Contents for Chapter 3: Phrases and Clauses

* Lesson 1. Prepositional Phrases
* Lesson 2. Phrases Used as Adjectives
* Lesson 3. Phrases Used as Adverbs
* Lesson 4. Participles
* Lesson 5. Gerunds
* Lesson 6. Infinitives
* Lesson 7. Clauses
* Lesson 8. Complements and Modifiers
* Lesson 9. Sentence Structures
* Chapter 3 Review
* Chapter 3 Test