OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Geothermal Heating and Cooling/Refrigeration loops and Heat Pumps

Refrigeration Loops and Heat Pumps
It was long ago established that moving heat was less expensive than creating it. Your refrigerator at home, and your freezer if you have one, take heat out of an insulated box, and release it into the room. Thus cooling food to make it last longer. The techniques for doing so were invented long ago, and in fact have not changed significantly since the days of steam engines. What has changed is the chemical nature of the refrigerant, and therefore the temperatures at which it is more economical to pump heat, and the efficiency of the compressors.
The refrigeration cycle is very simple, first, a refrigerant vapor is compressed then cooled to form a liquid, then the liquid is pumped through a constriction that changes the high pressure to a low pressure liquid and allowed to expand into its gaseous state, during which it absorbs heat. The selection of whether you put the cool side or the hot side of the loop inside your box, determines whether you heat or cool the box.
A heat pump designed for HVAC, is only a little bit more complex, because it allows you to switch the piping so that during the summer the house is cooled, and during the winter the house is heated. This is possible because a special valve can be switched each season in order to set the direction of the heat.
# Geothermal Heating and Cooling

Welcome to Geothermal Heating and Cooling, a book about geothermal technology and specifically about Ground Source Heat Pumps.

## Table of Contents

* Geothermal Technology
* Ground source Heat Pumps
* Ground Loop and Open Loop Sources
* Refrigeration Loops and Heat Pumps
* Air Loops and Basic HVAC
* Heating Load Considerations, What Cools the building?
* Cooling Load Considerations, What Heats the building?
# Geothermal Heating and Cooling/Geothermal Technology
## Who this book is for

This book is meant for the general public, and for people interested in becoming qualified heat pump installers. It is meant to be read on its own, or used as a part of a course on Geothermal Heating and Cooling.

## GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY

Geo, short for Geological or earth based, Thermal for heat, All Geothermal Technologies have to do with taking heat from the earth, or giving it back. There are places where the fire from the middle of the earth runs close to the surface, and the earth is a passive store of solar energy, in places where that doesn't happen. And we don't have to just take heat from the earth, we can store heat there of our own instead.
This book isn't about the massive electrical stations that are built over fumaroles, nor about digging down to the magma layer to suck the superheated steam from the center of the earth, those type of projects are a little beyond the average person, and while they might exist somewhere, they are too expensive for the likes of most of the people in the world.
But if we could pump some of the heat out of the earth out, or pump some of the swelter on hot days into the earth, we could heat and cool our homes, our businesses, and our industries and maybe even for less than we are currently paying. The reason this technology is so cost-effective, is that it doesn't create heat, and so doesn't have to deal with latent heat, except in a positive way, instead it moves it from place to place using something called a heat pump.
For somewhere around $30,000.00 Canadian, you could heat your home for a cost a little bit more than the cost of running a refrigerator for about 3-4 times that you could heat a large business, or Industrial Plant. In some cases such as dual role buildings that have both a swimming pool and a skating rink, you can increase your relative efficiency to somewhere around 700% Most installations have only about 320% efficiency. But even that means that this has a relatively fast payback even though it has a high up-front cost. Part of that efficiency comes from the heat pump itself, but there are other heat pump technologies, for instance Air To Air heat pumps exist, but they must struggle to pump heat out of cold air because air has much less capacity for holding heat than water does.
In many places in the world Air to Air heat exchangers were not practical until their manufacturers developed two stage scroll compressors. However, for a little bit more money, you can achieve a significant jump in efficiency by going to Ground Source Heat Pumps because they use the same heat pump technology, but take their heat from the ground where there is more stored so you can use a smaller pump to pump the same amount of heat. It costs a little more because you have to get the heat from the ground into your building, but you don't have to dig down thousands of feet, in fact you seldom dig past 200 ft. Recently in many installations you don't even have to dig that far, in fact many installations are 4 to 12 foot deep.
# Georgian/Questions
### Questions
#### Yes/No questions

The only way in which an utterance is marked as a yes/no question is by altering the intonation of a statement sentence: the pitch rises towards the end of the sentence. For example:
    Chemtan ertad mokhval, 'you will come with me'
    Chemtan ertad mokhval?, 'will you come with me?'

#### Tag questions

Those tag questions which expect an affirmative answer may employ the particle xom in second position within the sentence. Compare statement, yes/no question, and tag question expecting an affirmative answer:
    Dghes k'argi amindia, 'The weather is good today'
    Dghes k'argi amindia?, 'is the weather good today?'
    Dghes khom k'argi amindia?, 'the weather is good today, isn't it?'
These sentences contain an -a- suffixed to the word amindi 'weather'. It is a reduced form of the verb aris, 'is'. Note that the tag question in Georgian does not include any of the three recognized negative particles (see subsection, "Negation"); the particle khom by itself conveys the meaning. However, if the answer expected is negative, then a negative particle and the full form aris are added right after khom:
    Dghes khom ar aris k'argi amindi?, 'the weather is not good today, is it?'
There is a particle, tu, which can be used to make a question more polite. The particle tu has many meanings in Georgian; in this context it cannot be exactly translated to English. Compare:
    Chai ginda?, 'do you want some tea?'
    Chai tu ginda?, 'would you like some tea?'

#### Interrogatives

Interrogative adjectives and interrogative pronouns are declined differently. An example of an interrogative adjective in English is which, as in "which city do you like the most?", while an example of an interrogative pronoun which is in the sentence "which (one) will you take?".
Some interrogative pronouns in Georgian are:
| Georgian | English |
| ra | what? |
| vin | who? |
| ramdeni | how much (many) |
| romeli | which |
| rogor | how |
| rat'om | why |
| ristvis | what for |
| sad | where |
| rodis | when |
* სად ცხოვრობთ?
* Where do you live?
* რამდენი წლის ხარ?
* How old are you?

### Negation

There are three kinds of negation particles in Georgian: ar, 'not', ver, 'cannot', and nu, 'do not!. Ar is the chief one. Ver is only used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the sentence is not able to carry out an action. Nu is only used when giving negative commands. Examples:
    Tsasvla ar minda, 'I do not want to go'
    Ver movedi, 'I could not come'
    Nu nerviulob!, 'don't worry!'
These three particles can be modified with the suffix -ghar, to create particles meaning 'no longer, no more':
    ar, 'not' → aghar, 'no longer, not anymore'
    ver, 'cannot' → veghar, 'can no longer, cannot anymore'
    nu, 'do not' → nughar, 'do no longer, do not anymore'
Examples of the use of these derived negative words:
    Pexburts aghar vtamashob, 'I do not play football anymore'
    Veghar vch'am, 'I cannot eat anymore'
    Nughar iparav!, 'do not steal anymore!'
Georgian/TOC
# Georgian/Word Order

Word order in Georgian is not very strict. One common sentence structure features the sequence subject-indirect object-direct object-verb. For example, the sentence "I am writing a letter to my mother" can be expressed as follows (the glosses use the abbreviations NOM = nominative case, DAT = dative case, PRES = present screeve):
| Me | dedas | ts'erils | vts'er. |
| I-NOM | my mother-DAT | letter-DAT | write-PRES |
The sentence could also occur with the constituent order subject-verb-direct object-indirect object. Since the verb encodes information about all the arguments, any of them can always be dropped (see pro-drop, null subject). It is common for pronoun arguments to be dropped.
# Geothermal Heating and Cooling/Air Loops and Basic HVAC

Air Loops and Basic HVAC
It is important to note that what a Ground Source Heat Pump does, is affect the temperature of the air within a building. All the other effects are really the consequences of attempting to control the heat of the air within the building. In order to do this, the heat pump has to have some method of affecting the temperature of the air. We call this part of the system the Air Loop because while it is part of the refrigeration system, it is the side that directly affects air temperature.
There are usually two types of heat that can be produced in the Air Loop, Direct Forced Air, where a refrigeration Loop actually heats and cools the air directly, and Radiant heat where the refrigeration loop heats and cools water, which then directly heats and cools the floor, radiating heat or coolness across the expanse of the floor, and thus heating or cooling the air indirectly. Radiant heat is thought to be the more efficient of the two, but people are more likely to have forced air in floors above the basement.
There is one aspect of Ground Source Heat Pump Air Loops that practically eliminates the Option of retrofitting homes that already have forced air systems, and that is the prohibitive cost of re-plumbing the Air Pipes, that connect the furnace to the registers, to incorporate 15% larger pipes, so as to allow for greater air movement, to accommodate the lower heat output of a heat pump with regards to the heat output of an open flame.
This does not affect the efficiency but does affect the renovation cost especially if the basement has been developed, building the HVAC system into the structure and requiring a tear down of the structure to accommodate the larger pipes. Retrofitting in a Forced Air Heat Pump system, requires gutting and re-framing the house to accommodate larger pipes. A combination system might work better as a retrofit where you do radiant heating in the basement, and thus have only to condition the heated air to keep it hot. In such a case the 15% increase in size of the HVAC pipes might be overcome with the heated basement, but no way to calculate this difference has been suggested in my existing manuals.
# Geothermal Heating and Cooling/Ground source Heat Pumps

Ground Source Heat Pumps
A Ground Source Heat Pump is a heating/cooling system based on a heat pump that gets its source from the ground. There are many different techniques that can be used to extract heat from the ground, but the safest one ecologically speaking is the closed loop type.
Despite this, many people who pioneered this type of heating, experimented and continue to experiment with alternate techniques that are not as expensive, or are more ecologically or legally sensitive. One such technique called Open Loop Geothermal, has been recommended against due to its potential for cross contamination of water sheds. Others such as deep lake geothermal have been recommended against for the damage they might do to fish habitat.
The main reason that closed loop geothermal is not recommended against is that the contaminants tend to stay within the system, at least until the system breaks down some 70 years in the future. By judicious choice of antifreeze, it should be possible to keep contamination down to an ecologically sound level even at that time. Further the installation lies under the surface of the ground where there is less chance of an accidental broaching of the system.
A Ground Source Heat Pump consists of a number of different loops that work together to produce the effect of geothermal heating or cooling. The Ground Loop brings the temperature of the ground into the building, using nothing much more complex than pipes in the ground, filled with a water antifreeze mix. The refrigeration coils transfer heat between the ground loop and the air loop, and the air loop transfers heat between the refrigeration loops and the building's air.
The secret that makes this system work, is the heat pump which is a large refrigeration unit that can often pump heat both ways. The system works quite simply by pumping heat out of the ground, and into the building, thus heating the building, or pumping heat out of the building and storing it in the ground thus cooling the building. The reason that this is possible and cost effective, is simply that the ground is heated every day by the sun, and so we are not creating heat so much as pumping it from place to place, which is much less expensive.
Modern two stage scroll compressors, are capable of being installed into Geothermal systems that produce 320% more heat than they consume power. In places where refrigeration and heating are both involved efficiencies have been reported up to 700% of the power it takes to run the system.
However the more complex the system involved the larger the up-front cost, extending the pay back period for a particular installation.
# Horticulture/Screens

Screens are plantings used to block wind, sunlight, or views, and are an important feature in both landscapes and agriculture.
Screens planted to block wind are in most cases large trees, with large conifers being the most common plants used.
Screens used to block views (called "privacy screens" when the objective is to prevent views from the outside) are usually evergreens, often maintained as high hedges.
# Horticulture/Senecio vulgaris

Common Groundsel :
| Binomial: | Senecio vulgaris |
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) is a cosmopolitan (world-wide) annual plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a common weed of agricultural fields, gardens, and other areas of exposed and regularly disturbed ground.
There are several other species of Groundsel, all of which are typically weedy but with usually more attractive flowers in as much as they have ray florets ("petals") around the margin of the flower head like most other members of the Daisy family.

## Description

Extremely variable in all its parts, the deeply toothed leaves and slightly fleshy stems topped with rayless, yellow flower heads (capitula) and fluffy white seed heads are very familiar to gardeners everywhere.

## Ecology

This plant can grow from seed to seeding in only a few weeks and do so in all types of soils, damp or dry. The windblown seeds make its presence in the garden almost inevitable.

## Uses

A good nectar source in the cold seasons.

## Control

* Mowing: Effective if done regularly, generally not a lawn weed
* Cultivation: Effective
* Mulching (for prevention): Effective, generally the easiest way to control this weed.
* Pulling: Pulls easily
* Flame: Effective against seedlings
* Pre-emergents (organic): Corn Gluten Meal
* Disposal: Safe if seeds aren't present.

## External Links

* Comprehensive profile for Senecio vulgaris from the website MaltaWildPlants.com
# Horticulture/Selectivity of Pesticides

The selectivity of pesticides (including herbicides) refers to how narrow a range of organisms it kills. For example, some herbicides only affect broadleaf plants or grasses, while while others kill all plants (the latter type is called unselective).
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Horticulture/Shredded Leaves

Shredded Leaves are often considered to be the best organic mulch available for use in the garden. Leaves contain a great number of Nutrients, are lightweight, and biodegrade quickly.
The major disadvantage to shredded leaves is that they are almost never available commercially, so the gardener generally has to make them herself using either a leaf shredder or by running them over with a lawn mower.
# Horticulture/Seed Banking

Seed Banking refers to populations of seeds in the soil over long periods, primarily applied to weeds. Many weeds create seed banks, which allow them to germinate even if the previous year's plants did not have an opportunity to set seeds.

## What can be done

* Prevent weeds from going to seed. Though this will not affect the seeds already in the soil, it will help prevent the problem from getting any worse, and eventually will run the seed bank down (as most seeds are not immortal, even though they might seem that way).
* Mulching in late winter or early spring will keep seeds from being exposed to light, which is the most common metabolic signal for germination.
* "Stale beds" can be created by repeated tilling or other methods of cultivation
* Pre-emergent herbicides can prevent the germination of many weed seeds .
# Horticulture/Senecio

Ragworts :
| Genus: | Senecio |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Weediness: | Some species are weedy |
| Pollination: | Insects |
| Toxicity and edibility: | Some species are toxic to humans and livestock |
Senecio is a genus of the daisy family (Family Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels. Though of late the genus has been reviewed and split up, it still contains a vast number of species (about 1,500) of extremely wide form including leaf succulents, stem and tuber succulents, annuals, perennials, aquatic forms, climbers, shrubs and small trees. Some species produce natural pesticides (especially alkaloids) to deter or even kill animals that would eat them.

## Description

The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters.

## Species

* Senecio vulgaris, Common Groundsel
* Senecio jacobaea, Tansy Ragwort

## Pests and diseases

Rusts
* Puccinia lagenophorae
Viruses
* Alfalfa Mosaic Virus
* Beet Western Yellows Virus (BWYV, syn. Beet mild yellowing luteovirus or BMYV)
* Potato Virus Y
Maggots
* Leafminer: Phytomyza senecionis
* Leafminer: Phytomyza ovatus
* Tansy seedfly: Pegohylemia seneciella
Flea Beetles
* Ragwort Flea Beetle: Longitarsus jacobaea has been introduced in New Zealand as a biocontrol for Senecio jacobaea.
* Longitarsus ganglbaueri
Caterpillars
* w:list of Lepidoptera which feed on Senecio.
* Cochylis atricapitana
* Phycitodes maritima
* Phycitodes saxicolais
* Saltmarsh Caterpillar: Estigmene acrea
* w:Cinnabar moth: Tyria jacobaeae absorbs alkaloids from the plant and become distasteful to predators, a fact advertised by the black and yellow warning colours. The red and black, day-flying adult moth is also distasteful to many potential predators. The moth is used as a biocontrol for Senecio jacobaea in countries in which it has been introduced and become a problem, like New Zealand and the western United States.

## References

* ITIS 36084
* Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); External link in |title= (help)
* S. rowleyanus at University of Catania
* ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4.
* Unuversity of Idaho
* esa
* Royal Society of New Zealand, New hosts of Alfalfa mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Soybean dwarf virus, and Tomato spotted wilt virus in New Zealand, J. D. FLETCHER
* Forestpests.org
* University of California, Davis
# Horticulture/Setaria

Setaria :
| Genus: | Setaria |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Type: | Grass |
| Weediness: | Several species are problem weeds |
Setaria is a genus of grasses, including some problem weed species.

## Description

The species share in common a "fox-tail" inflorescence.
# History of Hong Kong/Imperial years/Qin to Southern Dynasty

center|Image attribution
* About
* Introduction
* Prehistoric times
** Stone Age
** Bronze Age
* Imperial years
** →Qin to Southern Dynasty ←
** Tang and Southern Han
** Song and Yuan
** Ming and Qing
* Colonial days
** Early days
** 1860–1898
** New Territories taken
** The Revolution
* Modern age
** Educational reforms
** Political reforms
* Epilogue
From the Qin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasty, there were very few historical records to verify stories passed down by word of mouth. In fact, historians' knowledge of the Qin and Han Dynasties in Hong Kong is very limited, and studying artifacts is the only way of finding solid historical facts from these two periods. There are lots of stories about Hong Kong during the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, but those could not be confirmed by any solid historical evidence.

## Qin to Western Jin

During the Qin Dynasty, Hong Kong belonged to Panyu Commandery, Nanhai County. In the Han Dynasty, this was changed to Boluo County.
In 1955, an Eastern tomb was found in Lei Cheng Uk, Sham Shui Po, verifying the existence of people in Hong Kong during the Han Dynasty. Many artiefacts were found, including the model of a house.

## Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasty

During the Northern Jin Dynasty, barbarians invaded the north. A powerful barbarian tribe invaded China. The emperor was kidnapped, and all the royals and nobles moved to the South, along with servants and slaves. A royal was crowned the Emperor, restarting the Jin Dynasty. This period is known as the Jin Dynasty, and the Chinese ruled southern China while the barbarians ruled the north. The Jin Dynasty was overthrown and became the Song state, which later turned into Qi, Liang and Chen. This is why there were lots of stories going on about Hong Kong during the period: the people moved south.
During the Longan period, a Yue person surnamed Zheng became a monk, and built Po To temple in Tuen Mun.
By the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Hong Kong was more developed than before. Many famous monks passed by Hong Kong before going to the Jiaoguang region, which refers to Guangdong, Guangxi and northern Yuenan. The most famous of these monks was called Pui To. Nobody knows his real name or where he came from. He went to Po To temple above.
During the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, Sun En and Lu Xun started a rebellion. After failing, Sun committed suicide but Lu Xun continued the rebellion. Lu was defeated by Du Huidu, and his remaining troops escaped to the south. The place where they stayed was called Lo Ting and is believed to be around Lantau Island.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Not to be confused with the later Song Dynasty or Zhou state.
* ↑ This is the reign-name of the emperor at that time.
* ↑ This Lu Xun is different from the famous writer!