OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HyperText Markup Language/CSS

So far we have seen how to divide text into paragraphs and to create section headings. While HTML allows you to define the structure of your documents, it doesn't give you any control over their appearance. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a language that describes the presentation of documents. You can use CSS to alter the appearance of your HTML documents. CSS directives are called rules or styles, and a document of CSS rules is called a stylesheet. (Note that web browsers have a built-in stylesheet that determines the default appearances of headers, paragraphs, etc. These styles can be overridden with your own stylesheet.)
This section gives an introduction to styling HTML with CSS. CSS itself is covered in the companion wikibook Cascading Style Sheets.

## What does CSS do?

The example page from the Paragraphs and Headings section would look something like this, using a browser's default CSS.
By adding a stylesheet the appearance could be changed to:

## How to add a CSS style sheet

CSS is normally kept in a separate file from the HTML document. This allows a style sheet to be shared by several HTML documents. The link element is used to apply the rules from a CSS style sheet to a document. The basic syntax is:
where styles.css is the filename, path, or URI for the stylesheet.
(The name "styles.css" is used for the sake of simplicity and convention when you are working with only one stylesheet. You can use more than one stylesheet. Each additional sheet is added with an additional <link> tag. In some cases, it makes sense to split up your CSS rules into multiple stylesheets, especially when working with larger websites. In that case, you should use more descriptive names for your stylesheets.)
The CSS file for the example above contains the following:
Save this as styles.css.
The HTML document from the previous section with a link element added on the fifth line is given below. Save this as sundial2.htm in the same directory.
Open sundial2.htm with your web browser and you should see a page with a pale yellow background.
# Hydroculture/Propagation

This helps with the understanding of hydroculture related plant propagation.

## Stem cutting

Stem cutting is an asexual method of propagation. Cut the stem by 10 inches long. Cut a green branch off of the desired plant above a node with a sterile cutting utensil. On the cut branch, trim off one or both sides, up to the length of next node. There should be one or two strips of bark running the length from below the bottom most node to the bottom of the cutting. Wet and dip this in rooting hormone if desired. Place the cutting into the aggregate. The more leaf area the cutting has, the more chances that the plant dries out, as a green stem is all that is necessary. Proper drainage is required: a substrate that has a higher water to air ratio attracts an-aerobic conditions and mold.
There are ways of improving the growth of stem cutting propagations. Intensifying light allows cuttings to root and sprout faster, apart from the concern that this could cause the propagation material distress. Azalea cuttings can be mildly heated in water to disinfect it from the fungus pathogen Rhizoctonia, and this could potentially be used for other plants.

## Seeds, bulbs and tubers

Large seeds, bulbs and tubers (potatoes, avocado seeds) proved to be hardier than smaller propagation material. Propagation material is very delicate to minute water qualities. These minute water qualities are trivial to aquatic animal health. Ideally, keep the fish and other aquatic animals stress-free.
Some seeds need to have their coating removed, because it is susceptible to rot. Removing the seed coat, on certain species, also allows for quicker propagation.

## Grafting

Grafting is not specific to hydroculture, but it may be used. A reason may be, to grow different varieties of a species of the same genus on one plant.

## References

* ↑ Wallheimer, Brian (January 23, 2012). "Study shines light on ways to cut costs for greenhouse growers". Lopez and Currey. Purdue University. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
* ↑ Yao, Stephanie (December 24, 2009). "Hot Water Treatment Eliminates Rhizoctonia from Azalea Cuttings". USDA Agricultural Research Service. Physorg. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
# Hydroculture/Root/Rot

Phytopathology is the study of plant diseases.

## Root rot

Root rot is a condition that occurs, because of poor aeration and microbial, especially water mold problems. Dead roots allow rot to spread throughout the plant. This can be a result of inadequate oxygenation, sanitation and stagnation. It is usually lethal, since there is no certain effective treatment. The effectiveness of predator fungus remains in question.
The excess water makes it very difficult for the roots to get the air that they need, causing them to decay.
Root rot is commonly caused by members of the water mold genus Phytophthora. Perhaps the most aggressive is P. cinnamomi. Spore from root rot causing agents do contaminate other plants, but the rot cannot take hold unless there is adequate moisture. Spores are not only airborne, but are also carried by insects and other arthropod.
A plant with root rot will not normally survive, but can often be propagated so it will not be lost completely. Plants with root rot should be removed and destroyed.
Root rot can occur in hydroponic applications, if the water is not properly aerated. This is usually accomplished by use of an air pump with an air diffuser, or by allowing water to drain away from appropriate hydroculture systems frequently on a time cycle. Problems associated with poor water aeration were principal reasons for the development of aeroponics.

## Particular diseases

* w:Rhododendron root rot
* w:Shoestring root rot
* w:Texas root rot

## See also

* w:Pythium
* w:Plant pathology

## References

* Shurtleff, Malcolm C. (1962) How to Control Plant Diseases in Home and Garden Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, p. 73;
* Yepsen, Roger B. Jr. (1976) Organic plant protection: a comprehensive reference on controlling insects and diseases in the garden, orchard and yard without using chemicals Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA, pp. 194, 208, 212-213, 226, 247, 260, 295, 321, 333, 337, 469, 488, 577, and 629, ISBN 0-87857-110-8 ;
* Ellis, Barbara W. and Bradley, Fern Marshall (eds.) (1992) The Organic gardener's handbook of natural insect and disease control: a complete problem-solving guide to keeping your garden & yard healthy without chemicals Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA, p. 401, ISBN 0-87596-124-X ;
# Hydroculture/Substrates

Common hydroponic aggregates. Only materials that have a higher air to water retention ratio are included.

## Expanded clay

Expanded clay pellets are a common hydroculture substrate.

## Growstones

Growstones are a substrate for growing plants that can be used for soilless purposes or as a soil conditioner. This substrate is made from recycled glass. It has both more air and water retention space than perlite and peat. Another property of this medium is that it holds more water than parboiled rice hulls.
Growstones appear to be a comparable alternative to expanded clay aggregate.

## Parboiled rice hulls

Rice hulls that are parboiled (PBH) are a substrate or medium for gardening, including certain hydrocultures. This medium decays over time. Rice hulls allow drainage, and retain less water than growstones. A study showed that rice hulls don't affect the effects of plant growth regulators.

## Wood fiber

Wood fiber reduces the effects of growth suppressant hormones, used for uniform growth.

## Cocopeat

Coco fiber is a common hydroculture aggregate made from coconut hulls.

## Gravel

Gravel is good to be layered on the bottom. It allows better drainage near from the plastic net-pot. Placing seeds too close to plastic allows them to rot easier.

## References

* 1 2 (2011). "Growstones ideal alternative to perlite, parboiled rice hulls". American Society for Horticultural Science http://esciencenews.com/articles/2011/12/14/growstones.ideal.alternative.perlite.parboiled.rice.hulls
* ↑ Evans, Michael (2011). "Physical Properties of and Plant Growth in Peat-based Root Substrates Containing Glass-based Aggregate, Perlite, and Parboiled Fresh Rice Hulls". HortTechnology. 21 (1): 30–34. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
* 1 2 3 Wallheimer, Brian (October 25, 2010). "Rice hulls a sustainable drainage option for greenhouse growers". Purdue University. Retrieved August 30, 2012.

## External links

* Comparison to hydroton
* Growstones chart
* Growstones on YouTube
# HyperText Markup Language/Canvas

The <canvas> tag allows for scriptable rendering of 2D shapes. While a canvas is embedded in an HTML page, it can be rendered with JavaScript.
Rendering a Canvas:
JavaScript
# HyperText Markup Language/Comments

HTML offers the possibility to insert comments into the page. To place a comment in your HTML code, start it with <!-- and close it with -->. An example:
Unlike notes in office suites, comments are completely ignored by browsers, so the readers of the page have no idea of their presence. They can be viewed in the source of the web page though.
You should avoid nested comments, as these can cause troubles to many browsers. An example:
# Hydroculture/Physiology/Rhizosphere

Roots must breathe oxygen. There is a limit to the amount of dissolved gasses that can be contained in water. Aquatic plant roots do not need direct access to oxygen in the water or medium, because these plants are adapted to transport oxygen throughout its physiological system.

## Rhizosphere

The rhizosphere is the narrow region around the root that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated microorganism. The rhizosphere contains many bacteria that feed on sloughed-off plant cells, termed rhizodeposition, and the proteins and sugars released by roots. Protozoa and nematodes that graze on bacteria are also more abundant in the rhizosphere. Thus, much of the nutrient cycling and disease suppression needed by plants occurs immediately adjacent to roots.

## Secretions and endophytes

Plants secrete many compounds into the rhizosphere which serve different functions. Strigolactone, secreted and detected by mycorhizal fungi, stimulate the germination of spores and initiate changes in the mycorhiza that allow it to colonize the root. Symbiotic Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as the Rhizobium species, detect an unknown compound secreted by the roots of leguminous plants and then produce nod factors which signal to the plant that they are present and will lead to the formation of root nodules, in which the bacterium, sustained by nutrients from the plant, converts nitrogen gas to a form that can be used by the plant. Non-symbiotic (or "free-living") nitrogen-fixing bacteria may reside in the rhizosphere just outside the roots of certain plants (including many grasses), and similarly "fix" nitrogen gas in the nutrient-rich plant rhizosphere. Even though these organisms are thought to be only loosely associated with plants they inhabit, they may respond very strongly to the status of the plants. For example, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere of the rice plant exhibit diurnal cycles that mimic plant behavior, and tend to supply more fixed nitrogen during growth stages when the plant exhibits a high demand for nitrogen.

## See also

* w:Mucigel
* w:endophyte
* w:Trichoderma

## References

* ↑ Template:Cite DOI
* ↑ "Microbial Health of the Rhizosphere". Retrieved 5 May 2006.
* ↑ "The Soil Food Web". USDA-NRCS. Retrieved 3 July 2006.
* ↑ Sims GK, Dunigan EP (1984). "Diurnal and seasonal variations in nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) of rice roots". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 16 (1): 15–18. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(84)90118-4.

## Further reading

* "The Soil Habitat". University of Western Australia. Retrieved 3 July 2006.
* Digging in the Dirt: Is the Study of the Rhizosphere Ripe for a Systems Biology Approach? - A review from the Science Creative Quarterly (retrieved 4 December 2006)
# HyperText Markup Language

This is a guide to HTML, a standard markup language for web pages. A text editor and a web browser is all you need to create web pages, view your handiwork, and share information with others all over the world.
This book covers simple HTML syntax. For dynamic behavior in websites, see the JavaScript wikibook. Another separate book covers Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) which handle overall look and styling, but the present book addresses CSS briefly. Additionally, XHTML has its own textbook.

## Contents

* Introduction
* Head and Body Elements
* Paragraphs and Headings
* Text Formatting
* Hyperlinks
* Images
* Lists
* Tables
* Quotations
* Comments
* Forms
* CSS
* Canvas
* Validating HTML
* Proscribed Techniques
** Using Frames
** Using Layers
** Adding Music that auto-plays
* Browser extensions
** Conditional Comments
* Appendices
** Alphabetical list of HTML 4.01/XHTML 1.0 elements
** Standard Attributes List
** Index
** Glossary
** Links
** To Do

## Other Wikibooks

* Authoring Webpages
* Cascading Style Sheets
* JavaScript
* Web Development
* XHTML
# Hydroculture/Root

* Introduction Historical | Root zone | Nutrition DIY | Aquaponic | Passive
Roots must breathe oxygen. There is a limit to the amount of dissolved gasses that can be contained in water. Aquatic plant roots do not need direct access to oxygen in the water or medium, because these plants are adapted to transport oxygen throughout its physiological system.
# Inheritance Cycle/Christopher Paolini

Christopher Paolini is the author of the Inheritance Cycle.
# Inheritance Cycle/Culture/Ancient Language

The Ancient Language was once a language of all beings in Alagaësia, but was later used only by the elves and some human, along with the dwarves with one moment being the crowning of their king. It was the language of the Grey Folk but then, somehow, they managed to tie their language with magic. It was used to command and regulate magic. Each act of magic was linked to a specific word: therefore, it was generally true that the more knowledge one had of the Ancient Language, the more magic they could perform. It was also possible for experienced Magic user to utilize Non-verbal manipulation, although this was extremely dangerous, if the mind wandered the spell would change. For example if a magician cast non-verbally, for example 'Burn that door', and focused on something other than the door, they may accidentally burn that instead.
It was impossible to lie in the Ancient Language because words spoken in the language were unquestionably true-although, it was said that the elves were masters at saying one thing and meaning another (for example, the swordsmith, Rhunön, said she would never make another weapon but made one through Eragon). Because of the candid nature of the language, oaths of allegiance and similar contracts were usually conducted in it, ensuring they would not be broken, though they could be twisted to be ineffective if the one who made the oath left enough loopholes in their wording.
Names in the Ancient Language were "true name" and the knowledge of such a title was a source of power and control. The same holds true of the name of the Ancient Language itself: the knowledge of the name allows one to change the meaning of its words. The name was found by Galbatorix and subsequently used against him in the final confrontation with him.

## Translations

Take a look at some of the available
* Translations.
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Vanilor

Vanilor was a male dragon who lived during the time of the Dragon Riders as the King of the wild dragons. Eridor was his successor.
This name struck User:Artix Kreiger/Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Eragon\ as heroic, noble, and pleasing to the ear. This was the first name that Eragon suggested when trying to find out what name Saphira preferred for herself.

## Real-world connections

Vanilor's name is similar to that of Valinor, from The Lord of the Rings.
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Vervada

Vervada was a wild female dragon and the mother of Saphira II. In the Ancient language, Vervada means "Stormcleaver".

## Description

Over the years she bore many eggs, but gave only one to the Dragon Riders, which hatched for Eragon Bromsson. It is also known that her mate was a Rider's dragon named Iormúngr. She perished in the Fall of the Dragon Riders.
Vervada was the great-great-great-granddaughter of Raugmar the Black. Through him, she was a descendant of Belgabad, the largest and oldest wild dragon living at the time of the Fall.

## Physical Appearance

When asked what color Vervada and Iormúngr were in a Q&A session, Christopher Paolini said, "I've yet to decide that, actually, but with a name like Vervada, I wouldn't be surprised if Saphira's mother was crimson."
Vervada's crimson color would be lighter in tone and hue than the "ruby red" color of another red dragon in the series, Thorn.

## References

* ↑ Q&As with Christopher
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Yarbog

Yarbog was an Urgal ram who challenged Roran for control of the company during a raid in Brisingr. He also fought in the Siege of Feinster. It is unknown if he survived, as he is never mentioned again, save for a flashback to his wrestle with Roran.

## Battle with Roran

When Yarbog was under Roran's command, Yarbog and a couple fellow Urgals tied an enemy soldier to a tree and started poking him with a sword. This infuriated Roran, who then killed the soldier and put him out of his misery. Yarbog then went on to disobey Roran and then challenged him to wrestle. Eventually, he lost to Roran and became disgraced. When Roran defeated him, he asked Roran to kill him but Roran told him it was not his role: if he was going to die, it would be at the hands of the Broddring Empire.

## Personality

Yarbog does not take orders well, from any high rank soldier. However, that just may be because he is an Urgal and his leaders are humans in the Varden. He is very proud of his horns, as with any Urgal, but lost almost all self-respect after wrestling Roran.

## Appearances

* Brisingr
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Saphira I

Saphira I was the female dragon of Brom. It is said that she, like Saphira II, was blue.
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Snowfire

Snowfire was a magnificent white stallion, purchased by Brom in Therinsford. Although Haberth, Snowfire's owner, was hesitant to part with him, Brom promised to treat the animal "as if he had been sired by Gildintor, the greatest steed of legend". Reluctantly, Haberth agreed to sell Snowfire for two hundred crowns.
# Hebrew/Time
## Vocabulary

This is a basic lesson with starting vocabulary for time.

### Nouns

words: after, before nouns: time, day (related review: today, yesterday, tomorrow), hour, noon, midnight, morning, afternoon, evening, night
when (move to more advanced lessons?)
    after
    before
    time
    hour
    noon
    midnight
    afternoon
    night (lila)
    when

#### יוֹם

    day (yom)

#### הַיּוֹם

    today (hayom)

#### מָחָר

    tomorrow (makhar)

#### שַׁבָּת

    Sabbath, seventh day of the week or creation, Saturday (shabbat or shabbos)

#### ימים

    days (yamim) [could someone add diacritic marks? and correct phonetics if necessary?]

#### שבוע

    week (?) [could someone add diacritic marks? and add phonetics?]

## Translations

sentences: What time is it? When is supper? It is before three. Lunch is at noon. It is 8 in the morning.

## Related

This is the basic, simplest, of the lessons on time. See these related lessons for more advanced vocabulary and constructs.
* Hebrew/Time of Day
* Hebrew/Days of the Week
* Hebrew/Months (and calendar?)
* Hebrew/Numbers

## Exercises
### Without Diacritic Marks

Try to read the following words without the diacritic marks or vowels
* ימים
* יום
* שבוע
* יום
Hebrew/Time/Answers
# Hebrew/To and From
## Lesson 3
### Vocabulary

Question words
Particles
Nouns

## Footnote

* Although Me'ain (where from) is taught in a lot of textbooks, it is rarely used in daily speech. instead, the word used is Me'eifo (מאיפה).

### Exercises

How would you say the following in Hebrew?
* Where are you from?
* Where is the restaurant?
* How are you? (Review from lesson 1.)
* Where is a restroom? (This is useful and important question for travelers. Note: The English word "a" is not translated, so the question translates word for word as "Where is restroom?")
Use the word 'Eifo' (אֵיפֹה) for "where is":
Eifo hashirutim? "Where is the restroom?" איפה השרותים?‏
Eifo hamisadah? "Where is the restaurant?" איפה המסעדה?‏
Eifo hamalon? "Where is the hotel?" איפה המלון?‏
Eifo r'chov ben-y'hudah? "Where is Ben-Yehuda street?" איפה רחוב בּן-יהודה?‏
Eifo y'rushalayim? "Where is Jerusalem?" איפה ירושלים?‏

## Related lessons

Places Level 1B
# Hebrew/Topics

Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# Hebrew/Syllabus

| Wikiversity | Proposed Syllabus |
| > Next | Proposed Syllabus |
| Contents | |
# Hebrew/Roots

Many Hebrew words are based on three letter roots.

## אבד

אבד -- to perish, to go astray, root

## אכל

אכל -- eat, root לֶאֱכֹל -- to eat transliteration le-'e-khol
הוּא אוֹכֵל -- he eats transliteration hu o-khel
אֲנִי אוֹכֶלֶת -- I (feminine) eat transliteration a-ni o-khe-let
אָכַלְנו -- we (masculine/mixed) ate transliteration a-khal-nu

## בני

בני -- build, root

## ברא

ברא -- to bring forth or create, root

## ברח

ברח -- to flee, root

## גמר

גמר -- to finish, conclude, root

## דמה

דמה -- to resemble, root

## הלך

הלך -- to walk, go, go away, root

## זנה

זנה -- to go astray, sin, root

## חיה

חיה -- live, root

## כבר

כבר -- to hide, root

## נוע

נוע -- to move, root

## נוח

נוח -- to rest, stop moving, root

## נחם

נחם -- to change attitude, root

## נעח

נעח -- to please or attract, root

## נפש

נפש -- soul, root

## סדר

סדר -- order, root

## ספק

ספק -- to feed, root

## צבה

צבה -- to swell, root

## פרח

פרח -- to blossom, root

## פרע

פרע -- to loosen, root

## צדק

צדק -- to be just or righteous, root

## קדש

קדש -- holy, root

## ראש

ראש -- head or first, root

## רוח

רוח -- spirit, wind, root

## שבת

שבת -- to cease, stop, rest from work (strike), root

## שלם

שלם -- whole, complete, root שְׁלֵמוּת -- wholeness, completeness transliteration s'lay-moot
מְשֻׁלָּם -- paid transliteration m'shoo-lam
שָׁלוֹם -- peace transliteration shalom

## שפח

שפח -- to join, root

## תרם

תרם -- contribute or donate, root

## References

Some of the roots on this page are from Judaism 101's Hebrew Language: Root Words. Others come from Teachings of th Ecokosher Rebbe Hebrew Language. Maskilon has a root based dictionary.
# Hebrew/Templates

| Layout | Using the Templates |
| > Next | Using the Templates |
| Contents | |

## Verbs

This template is used for adding verbs to the Hebrew Textbook. The Verb Overview section has multiple templates according to which parts of the verb are available. The least amount of information that should be added for an overview is root, infinitive, building and group. Hebrew letters are used to indicate where each part should be added in the Wikicode. If you are confused you should visit the talk page and ask questions before you begin adding verbs to the Hebrew Textbook Index.