OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Marijuana Cultivation/Fundamentals/Temperature Control
### Temperature Control

Marijuana can survive between the temperatures of 60°F (16°C) and 92°F (33°C) but those are not ideal temperatures, those are the extremes that the plant can generally survive without dying. Ideal temperature control allows you to grow larger and higher quality marijuana with denser buds. In fact, once the basic nutrient and light needs of the plant are met, temperature control has the greatest impact on flower density of any other element.
The ideal range for marijuana is 75–83°F (24–29°C). Flower density will be determined not so much by the temperature you grow at but by the range of temperature. It is better to have plants that sit at 85°F (29°C) during the day and 83°F (28°C) at night, than 83°F (28°C) during the day and then 75°F (24°C) at night.
Getting those temperatures and temperature ranges can be quite a challenge but there are tricks to help. One simple trick is to have the hot lights run at night and have the dark period occur during the daytime hours. A small space heater or heating pad can be used to raise temperatures if needed. And of course airflow and air conditioning are a great way to remove heat and hot air from your grow environment. If your grow is closed for CO$_2$ exchange then a dehumidifier is a great way to reduce temperatures.
# Marijuana Cultivation/Fundamentals/Organic vs Inorganic
### Organic vs Inorganic

The organic vs inorganic choice is a hot topic. You don't need a book to help you make any moral decisions so its just the facts here. The plant material that the plant grows is identical in structure and content regardless of which method you use. The plant only uses basic building blocks, taking molecules from the air and the nutrients and assembling them into the plant matter. The by product of this process is oxygen.
The real (practical) difference between organic and inorganic growing is how the raw materials are provided. An organic grower will use larger elements that will be broken down by a system of organisms living in the nutrient solution/grow medium or the soil. An inorganic grower uses nutrients that are already broken down into a form that the plant can utilize. Non-organic nutrients might contain organic components. For instance, many fertilizers intended for soil will include urea nitrogen. This nitrogen requires micro-organisms to break it down before the plant can use it. These organisms won't thrive without soil so these fertilizers may not work in hydroponic systems.
There are hydroponic mixtures that are organic and there are those which are not. Either way, you have control over what you feed your plants and can insure that no harmful pesticides or other chemicals are used in growing your own marijuana. Provided you flush your plants properly they won't contain any of the nutrient solution so the actual plant material that results should be the same.
# Introduction to Software Engineering/Tools

Basically, for every step in the development process there are tools available.
Some of these tools we have talked about before, but some we still need to learn about.
# Mechanical Vibration

Mechanical vibration is defined as the measurement of a periodic process of oscillations with respect to an equilibrium point. This book should provide essential concepts involving vibrational analysis, uncertainty modeling, and vibration control. It should also give a good fundamental basis in computational results, mathematical modeling and assessment in performance of different systems and system components. Attention will be paid to vibrating systems such as beams, strings, plates and membranes, vibration isolation, critical speeds, the balancing of rotating and reciprocating machinery. Basic principles of control theory will be presented from feedback control systems. Finally, chapters will include numerous example problems and possibly projects.

## Contents
### Introduction & Background

* Distinguishing Mechanical Vibration
* Prerequisites
* Background & Models
* Idealization & Formulation
* Equilibrium
* Second Law of Motion
* Units

### Single Degree of Freedom: Introduction

* Deterministic Modeling
* Damping, Mass & Stiffness
* Electrical Analogy and relations
* Equations of Motion
* Formulation of Energy
* Lagrange Form Applied
* Pendulum Motion
* Free Vibration without Damping
* Harmonic forced without damping
* Vibrational Resonance
* Practice Problems
# Mechanical Vibration/Distinguishing Mechanical Vibration
## Distinguishing Mechanical Vibration

In regards to the subject of this book, when referring to mechanical systems we are implying systems such as compressors, pumps and other machines. When referring to structures we are implying buildings, space craft and other large scale objects. A most intuitive differential is simply that mechanical systems are ones that we use, whereas a structural system is one that we can physically enter. Although there are clearly many cases where a studied system can be categorized as both, this book will mainly focus on the more mechanical aspects of vibration; but most of the beginning conceptual formations are identical. I also want to note that there are similarities between vibrational theorems and analysis and acoustical; initially viewed as separate but they overlap considerably within some mathematical and conceptual subject.
Prerequisites →
# Mechanical Vibration/Second Law of Motion

Practically all motion based problems are directly derived from Newton’s Law’s of Motion, and Mechanical Vibration is no exception. In fact, after applying these equations under basic differential equations we have the basis of all that this text book will cover; albeit with increasing complexity and focus on specifics. Based on observation of experiments, in a gravitational model we notice that the acceleration the body experiences is always in the direction of the applied force. We can then surmise in accord with a standard convention of sign an equation relating force and acceleration vector-ally. This is none other than Newton’s famous second law of motion:
    $\mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {a}$
Bold notation indicates that the variable is a vector. This equation correlates to the physical embodiment of a force of 1 N equivalent to a mass of 1 kg accelerating at 1 m/sec^2
By manipulating this equation we can bring forth other useful gravitational relationships. Earlier in this chapter Inertia was briefly mentioned as the property of matter which acts as a resistance to a change in the bodies momentum; this is explained as a body which has a mass m having a change in velocity. The change in momentum per unit time is related to the acceleration of the body and is represented equationally by:
    $\mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v}$
    $\ \sum {\mathbf {F} }={\mathrm {d} \mathbf {p} \over \mathrm {d} t}=m{\mathrm {d} \mathbf {v} \over \mathrm {d} t}=m\mathbf {a}$
This can be seen as a direct relation to Newton's Second Law of Motion in the experiment of Hooke's Law;
    $\mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {a}$
We will now move along to understand Hooke's Law which is defined as the amount which a material body is deformed (or in the case of our supposed springs, deformation of the spring; strain) is linearly related to the force that is causing the deformation (the stress). It is an approximation of the bodies elasticity. The stiffness constant is expressed in units of force per unit length and assumes spring displacement is measured from the initial resting length of the spring. This is shown in the following equation as:
    $\mathbf {F} =-k\mathbf {x} \$
There do exist more complex nonlinear relations for the spring model under Hooke's Law but they will not be used for our vibrational modeling purposes.
← Equilibrium · Units →
# Mechanical Vibration/Background & Models
## Background & Models

Some of the theories and mathematical structures you will be learning shortly are entirely classical; in fact, the root of vibrational study is a derivation of Newton's laws of motion. During approximately the last four hundred years there has been an increased interest in this subject as engineers have been reevaluating earlier simpler formulation and design in an effort to maximize stability within their particular creation or area of focus. It is typically the vibration of all parts in a machine that can lead to its eventual failure and we are concerned with gaining the ability to shrink vibrational freedom. There are many applications where vibrations are permitted or even encouraged regarding the system; our efforts are typically reduction, though. The history of the evolution of vibrational study was modernized by the work of Lord Rayleigh in his book The Theory of Sound; a reminder that in essence both vibration and acoustics are intrinsically identical.
We can begin by firstly separating some key terms in order to clarify before there is much room to get lost. The following terms will be used often:
Vibration is a reciprocating motion of an elastic body or virtually any medium forced from a state of equilibrium. A classic example is a bell that has been struck with a hammer. It will periodically change its shape between two extremes. This can be heard as a sound and felt on the surface. Another example is given in the animation.
Oscillation is a reciprocating movement of a complete structure. An example could be the pad of an orbital sander which swings back and forth without actually changing its shape.
Structures range from simple objects like beams or rods to more complex things like rotor blades or the fuselage of an aircraft. Structures may be composed from several parts, but they can be considered one part in their analysis.
Systems are more general and abstract. They can loosely be defined as a grouping of parts, such as an assembly with different, distinguishable parts that do however interact closely with each other.
Environments are external to the system but have the ability to interact with them and influence the system's behavior.
Modeling is the act of representing certain properties of physical structures or systems by means of mathematical formulation, simulation or the like.
Inertia is the property of a mass which makes it resist any change in motion.
Stiffness is the resistance of an elastic body to deformation by an applied force. The stiffer a structure the more resistant it is to deformation.
Damping is the effect that reduces the amplitude of oscillations or vibrations over time by dissipating the kinetic energy that caused the movement into heat (see animation).
← Prerequisites · Idealization & Formulation →
# Measure Theory/Spaces of measurable functions

Definition (essential support):
Let $f:\mu \to \mathbb {R}$ be a measurable function, where $\Omega$ is a topological space and $\mu$ is a measure on the Lebesgue $\sigma$-algebra of $\Omega$. Then the essential support of $f$ is the set
    $\operatorname {esssupp} f:={\overline {\{x\in \Omega |\forall \epsilon >0:\mu (B_{\epsilon }(x)\cap \{y\in \Omega |f(y)\neq 0\})>0\}}}$.
The essential support $\operatorname {esssupp}$ is not to be confused with the essential supremum $\operatorname {esssup}$.
# Mechanical Vibration/Equilibrium
## Equilibrium

Before we can work with systems that have time dependent behavior, we must have a grasp of its counterpart. As you may have learned in your Statics class, a static system is defined as one which does not undergo any change with relation to the time it experiences. Virtually all problems an engineer solves start by evaluating the static characteristics of the system they are studying. This is done as a preliminary measure for further evaluation and can usually give insight and often help solve particular equations; in the least it offers another equation to work with in a case where more are needed to solve for variables. A static structure is one that is resistent to externally caused forces from deforming itself or by the act of sending forces within connections to the systems boundaries. With that understanding it can be said that the notion of a system in Equilibrium brings forth a useful conceptual tool, and will in turn lead to the notion of dynamic equilibrium, which is a formulation derived from Newton's second law of motion.
← Idealization & Formulation · Second Law of Motion →
# Mechanical Vibration/Idealization & Formulation
## Idealization & Formulation

In accord with how most engineers approach a problem, when we start studying systems we begin by taking a realistic problem and turning it into a specific mathematical formulation which will utilize known or currently developing techniques. It is standard to begin by taking a relatively complex and seemingly disordered system and creating a model which is simple, but also behaviorally correct. These simpler systems are called idealized systems and they are created by firstly having a deeply sophisticated understanding of the actual system and is derived from the actual system. When working in the derived idealized system, insight into the limitations of the actual system are developmentally realized; it is with this in mind that we always work from the ground up in all engineering and physical applications. In the same way that in a first semester physics class you were trained to use a point-mass model when solving for a typical pulley/weight/etc. system and then move forward into more point-masses and eventually (as in a statics class) a distributed mass, we will move in the exact same ordering. Below you will see a few examples of increasingly complex idealistic modular representations:
Those are the classic steps towards approximating systems as done in a physics class. Next we will look at a schematic of a car and the models we will use throughout this text. These models are based off of the tire-suspension systems as well as the wheels and the body of the car. Below are the increasingly complex idealistic representations:
This text will nearly follow the above flow of modeling. There are also other vibration freedoms we will study; namely axial and torsional, and towards the very end nonlinear models.
← Background & Models · Equilibrium →
# Mechanical Vibration/Lagrange form Applied
## Why Use Lagrange Form?

The largest benefit of using the Lagrange form is the deriving the equation of motion is easier for complex systems.
To start out we will start out applying the Lagrange formulation on a spring and mass system defined within the givens. We will
* Determine the equation of motion
* Plot the equation of motion

## Givens

$k=1000$
$m=10kg$

## Lagrangian Form \& Energy Equations

${\frac {d}{dt}}({\frac {dT}{\dot {x}}})-{\frac {dT}{dx}}+{\frac {dU}{dx}}=0$ where T equals the kinetic energy of the system and
U equals the potential energy in the system. $T=1/2*k*x^{2}$ $U=1/2*m*g*h$ or $U=1/2*m*g*-\delta x$

## work

The derivative of dT with respect to x is: ${\frac {dT}{dx}}=k*x$
# Mechanical Vibration/Prerequisites
## Prerequisites

This book is intended to act as a guide for an undergraduate mechanical engineer. There will be references and explanation to core principles, regardless of whether or not they fall out of range in Vibrational Analysis. We will attempt to minimalize the amount of extraneous learning material within this text, but it is never a bad idea to offer a refresher lesson when working with all too often forgetable scientific and mathematical complexities.
Can you quickly recall the Taylor Series expansion for a function of two variables?
This textbook aims to offer a balance of both learned material and material to be learned, but what we must assume is that the reader has at minimum a good understanding of the following and all of the background that each would require to understand:
Matrices
* Basic Operations
* Inverse
* Determinant
* Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
Taylor Series
* Linearization
Ordinary Differential Equations
* Linear Equations
* Homogenous Solutions
* Particular Solutions
Newtonian Physics
* Basic Velocitory and Aceleratory Understanding
* Inertia & Damping
* Hooke's Law
MATLAB
Microsoft Excel
Fluid Dynamics
Probability
* Distribution
* Density
* Basic Correlation
Electrical Engineering Basics
* Resistor/Capacitor Systems
Don't worry if you aren't entirely familiar with all of these; certainly some can be considered to follow after the study of Vibration or some may seem virtually unrelated. They have only been noted to suggest the best background possible for success in quickly and efficiently learning the material presented in this text.
← Distinguishing Mechanical Vibration · Background & Models →
# Invertebrate Zoology/Sponges

Phylum Porifera ("pori" = pores, "fera" = bearers) popularly known as sponges, a group simple organisms. Sponges are sessile organisms found attached to a substratum.
The majority of sponges are marine, living in seas and oceans. There is one family of fresh water sponges (Family Spongillidae).
Unlike Protozoans, the Poriferans are multicellular. However unlike higher metazoans the cells that make up a sponge are not organised into tissues. Primarily their body consists of a thin sheet of cells over a frame (skeleton).
As their name suggests, Poriferans are characterized by the presence of minute pores called ostia on their body and One large opening hole like structure called Oscullum . Poriferans body have consist many ostia in numbers but osculum are one .
# Investigating Critical & Contemporary Issues in Education

Education has long been a topic of debate. The world's greatest thinkers continue to revolutionize methods to create a better generation. But every time a seemingly flawless method is devised, a later and greater thinker proves it to be complete nonsense. The philosopher Freidrich William Neitzche comments that, "Philosophical systems are wholly true only for their founders. For all subsequent philosophers they usually seem one great mistake..."

## Author

Timothy Goodale Ph.D

## Unit 1: Current Student Related Challenges

    Chapter 1: Student Academic Performance
    Chapter 2: Racial Imbalances
    Chapter 3: Challenges of Poverty
    Chapter 4: Gender Bias
    Chapter 5: Parental Involvement
    Chapter 6: Mobility
    Chapter 7: Drugs & Violence

## Unit 2: Current Teacher Related Challenges

    Chapter 8: Attrition & Status
    Chapter 9: High Stakes Assessment
    Chapter 10: Diverse Learning Needs
    Chapter 11: Quality/Expectations

## Unit 3: Current School, State and National Related Challenges

    Chapter 12: School Level Disparities in Funding
    Chapter 13: Technology Issues
    Chapter 14: Charter and Private School Debate
    Chapter 15: English as a Second Language
    Chapter 16: Early Childhood Education
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Power in Global Development

This piece will discuss the power within the interdisciplinary field of global development, using research into—as an example. The majority of research focuses on .... Often associated with a North–South binary
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2019-20/Power in Film Production
## Introduction

This article discusses power within the interdisciplinary field of marketing, using research into individual film preferences as a case study. Marketing outlines and provides logical ground for the techniques that merchants use to sell their products. Specifically, social marketing is “the adaptation...of commercial marketing...as a means to induce behavioural change in a targeted audience on a temporary or permanent basis to achieve a social goal” [1] In the most extreme case, it can be argued that propaganda is a form of marketing of political ideas. Therefore, due to its natural dependency on power, marketing, as a discipline, can be better understood by analyzing the power dynamics within it through exploring people’s film preferences from different political, economic, and biological backgrounds.

### Disciplines
## Artist and the Studio

Conflict: artistic concept vs profitability
* Artist also may create politically sensitive material - The Spook Who Sat By The Door (1973)
* Experimental films are hardly profitable
** Avant-Garde, Punk, Alternative cinema
Synergy: High profits allow artist to continue idea through sequels, more confidence in artist so more freedom is given
* James Cameron's Titanic (1997) then Avatar (2008)

## Artist and the Consumer

* Conflict: Artist normally doesn't care about consumer
** Artist may create something too “deep” for the crowd to perceive - experimental films
** Punk films - aimed to enrage the audience / make the audience uncomfortable
* Synergy: Both want a good quality film

## The Studio and the Consumer

* Conflict: Over-marketing / marketing in the wrong direction
** Long Day's Journey Into Night (2018) by Bi Gan Synergy: Studio provides according to consumer trends and likes
* Synergy: studio are trying to provide what the consumers like
** Frozen 2 (2019) and other series movies
*** Marvel, DC, etc.

## Conclusion

Conclusion

## References

References
# Linear Algebra/Characteristic Equation

The matrix definition of an eigen value is very useful since it allows us to find eigen values for a given matrix using the following theorem:
    $\lambda$ is an eigen value of $A$ iff $det(A-\lambda I_{n}v)=0.$
Proof:
    If $Av=\lambda v$ then
$\Rightarrow Av=\lambda I_{n}v$
$\Rightarrow Av-\lambda I_{n}v=0$
$\Rightarrow (A-\lambda I_{n})v=0$
but since $v$ is non-zero we know that $(A-\lambda I_{n})$ is singular, ie it's determinant is zero so an eigen value of A will satisfy the equation
    $det(A-\lambda I_{n}v)=0.$
which is known as the characteristic equation. (haven't proved the converse, but this is not required when calculating eigenvalues).
In the case $A$ is a $2x2$ matrix, this equation leads to the characteristic polynomial :
    $det({\begin{bmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}\\a_{21}&a_{22}\end{bmatrix}}-\lambda {\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}})=0$
    $\Rightarrow det({\begin{bmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}\\a_{21}&a_{22}\end{bmatrix}}-{\begin{bmatrix}\lambda &0\\0&\lambda \end{bmatrix}})=0$
    $\Rightarrow det{\begin{bmatrix}a_{11}-\lambda &a_{12}\\a_{21}&a_{22}-\lambda \end{bmatrix}}=0$
    $\Rightarrow (a_{11}-\lambda )(a_{22}-\lambda )-a_{21}a_{12}=0$
    $\Rightarrow \lambda ^{2}-(a_{11}+a_{22})\lambda +a_{11}a_{22}-a_{12}a_{21}=0$
This is simply a quadratic equation and the roots of this are the eigen values of $A$
In order to find the corresponding eigen vectors, we simply solve the equation $Av=\lambda v$ which will be two simultaneous equations. There will in fact be infinitely many solutions to this equation since any scalar multiple of an eigen vector is also an eigen vector.
# Linear Algebra/Change of Basis

Representations, whether of vectors or of maps, vary with the bases. For instance, with respect to the two bases ${\mathcal {E}}_{2}$ and
    $B=\langle {\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}\rangle$
for $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$, the vector ${\vec {e}}_{1}$ has two different representations.
    ${\rm {Rep}}_{{\mathcal {E}}_{2}}({\vec {e}}_{1})={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}\qquad {\rm {Rep}}_{B}({\vec {e}}_{1})={\begin{pmatrix}1/2\\1/2\end{pmatrix}}$
Similarly, with respect to ${\mathcal {E}}_{2},{\mathcal {E}}_{2}$ and ${\mathcal {E}}_{2},B$, the identity map has two different representations.
    ${\rm {Rep}}_{{\mathcal {E}}_{2},{\mathcal {E}}_{2}}({\text{id}})={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}\qquad {\rm {Rep}}_{{\mathcal {E}}_{2},B}({\text{id}})={\begin{pmatrix}1/2&1/2\\1/2&-1/2\end{pmatrix}}$
With our point of view that the objects of our studies are vectors and maps, in fixing bases we are adopting a scheme of tags or names for these objects, that are convienent for computation. We will now see how to translate among these names— we will see exactly how representations vary as the bases vary.