OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Germination testing

The purpose of a "rag doll" test is to determine the percentage of seeds in a given lot that will successfully germinate. This information can then used for calculating seeding rates.
A simple way to get an idea of the actual field germination prior to planting is to conduct a “ragdoll” test. A “ragdoll” consists of a rolled tube of moistened paper containing the seeds to be tested for germination, placed in plastic bag and stored in a warm place for several days. seedlings are counted as they germinate and are removed, giving the percentage of actual germination.
To conduct a ragdoll test, moisten a brown paper hand towel and squeeze out as much excess water as possible. Do not use a "soft" paper towel as are typically found in a home kitchen - seeds can send roots and tops through these complicating the count. Excess water in the towel will cut off oxygen and ruin the test.
Spread the paper towel out on a flat surface, count out 100 seeds and place them in a line (diagonally works well) across the towel. Roll the towel up and place it in a plastic bag. Seal the bag, and place it in a warm place, such as on the top of a refrigerator. A temperature of 30°C is ideal.
After four days, remove the towel from the plastic bag, unroll it, and count and remove any seeds that have germinated. Roll the towel back up, return it to the plastic bag, reseal, and return it to the top of the refrigerator.
After three or four more days, repeat the count. The total number of seeds from both counts will equal the germination rate, assuming 100 seeds were used. If a different number of seeds were used, you can calculate the germination rate as follows:
$Germination\ Rate={\frac {Germinated\ Seeds}{Germinated\ Seeds+Ungerminated\ Seeds}}\times 100$
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Health and Science
## Index of Health and Science Honors (18)

AY Answer Book Development Stages :
| No Icon No Answers | Some Answers | 25% Answered | 50% Answered | 75% Answered | Comprehensive Answers |
| Basic Rescue Blood and the Body's Defenses Bones, Muscles, and Movement Brain and Behavior Chemistry Child Care (Babysitting) | CPR Digestion First Aid Basic First Aid Standard First Aid Advanced Health and Healing | Heart and Circulation Heredity Home Nursing Optics Physics Red Alert |
Division Honors :
| General Conference | East Africa Division | Euro Africa Division | North American Division | South Pacific Division |

## Index of Health and Science Honors by Skill Level

| All Honors | Skill Level 1 | Skill Level 2 | Skill Level 3 |
| Health and Science | Skill Level 1 | Skill Level 2 | Skill Level 3 |

## Notes

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Red Alert, the First Aid honors, Basic Rescue, CPR, and Home Nursing honors have answers in the official Outreach Ministries Answer Book available through AdventSource. The Health and Science category was created in 2000, and at that time these honors were moved into it from the Outreach Ministries category.
* 1 2 3 The Chemistry, Optics, and Physics honors have answers in the official Nature Answer Book available through AdventSource. The Health and Science category was created in 2000, and at that time these honors were moved into it from the Nature category.
* ↑ The Heart and Circulation honor was introduced in 2006, so it does not appear in the official Answer Book.
* ↑ The Heredity honor was introduced in 2004, so it does not appear in the official Answer Book.
# Albanian/Common Words

Common Words in Albanian
* Hello! - Përshëndetje!, Tung!
* Goodbye! - Mirupafshim!, Tung!
* How are you? - Si jeni (formal), Si je (informal)
* What's your name? - Si quheni?
* Thank you - Faleminderit
* Thank you very much - Faleminderit shumë
* See you later - shihemi më vonë
* Happy birthday! : gëzuar ditëlindjen!
* Happy new year! : gëzuar vitin e ri!
* Merry christmas! : gëzuar krishtlindjet!
* Good luck : paç fat!
* Congratulations : urime!
* What's the time?: Sa është ora?
* Are you okay?: A jeni mirë?
* Where is the bus station?:Ku ndodhet stacioni i autobuseve?
* Where are the toilets?: Ku ndodhen banjot?
* Pretty good!:Shumë bukur!
# Albanian/Demonstratives
### Singular

* Masculine
** This bed : ky shtrati
** That key : ai çelësi
* Feminine
** This chair : kjo karriga
** That table : ajo tryieza

### Plural

* Masculine
** These beds : këta stratërit
** Those keys : ata çelësat
* Feminine
** These chairs : këto karriget
** Those tables : ato tryezat
# Albanian/Clothes

* Shirt : Këmishë
* Sweater : Triko
* Jacket : Xhaketë
* Coat : Pallto
* Socks : Çorape
* Shoes : Këpucët
* Trousers : Pantallona
* Hat : Kalë
* Belt : Rrip
# Albanian/Colours

* Black = 'i zi / e zezë
* Brown = kafe
** Light brown = kafe e hapur
* Blue = i/e kaltër, bojëqielli, blu
** Dark Blue = kaltër e errët
** Light Blue = kaltër e çelur/ bojëqielli / blu e hapur
* Cyan = cijan
* Gray = i/e hirtë [most commonly accepted], gri
* Green = i/e gjelbër [most commonly accepted] , i/e blertë, jeshil(e)
* Magenta = magentë
* Orange = portokalli
* Pink = trëndafil/rozë
* Red = i kuq / e kuqe
* Violet/Purple: vjollcë/lejla
* Yellow = i/e verdhë
* White = i/e bardhë
# Albanian/Family

* Father: atë
* Mother: nënë
* Brother: vëlla
* Sister: motër
* Dad: babi
* Mom: mami
* Uncle: ungj, dajë (mother's brother), xhaxha (father's brother)
* Aunt: emtë, Hallë (father's sister) Teze (mother's sister)
* Cousin (male): kushëri
* Cousin (female): kushërirë
* Grandfather: gjysh
* Grandmother: gjyshe
* Father-in-law: vjehërr / vjehrri
* Mother-in-law: vjehërrë / vjehrra
* Brother-in-law: kunat
* Sister-in-law: kunatë
* Stepfather: njerk
* Stepmother: njerkë
# Albanian/Asking Questions
### with pronouns

* How are you? : Si je?
* Where are you from? : Nga je?
* How many books do you have? : sa libra ke?
* How much does it cost? : sa kushton
* How old are you? : sa vjeç je?
* Why are you learning albanian? : pse po mëson shqip?
* In which shop/store are we going to? : në cilin dyqan do të shkojmë?

### Without pronouns

* Do you speak Albanian? : A flet shqip?
* Are you Albanian? : A je Shqiptar?
* Do you have rabbits? : A ke lepuj?
* Do you want cigarettes? : A do cigara?
# Albanian/Body

* Head : Kokë, Krye, Kaptinë
* Hair : Flokë, Kom
* Ears : Veshë
* Nose : Hundë
* Mouth : Gojë
* Lips : Buzë
* Body : Trup, Shtat, Korp
* Legs : Anësitë e poshtme
* Knees : Gjunjë
* Feet : Këmbë
* Arm : Krah
* Hands : Duar
* Fingers : Gishtërinj
* Nails : Thonjtë
* Eyes : Sytë
* Neck : Qafë
# Albanian/Animals

* Cow (female): Lopë
* Calf: Viç
* Pig (male): Derr
* Sheep (female): Dele
* Sheep (male): Dash
* Lion (female): Luaneshë
* Lion (male): Luan
* Cat (female): Mace
* Cat (male): Maçok
* Dog: Qen
* Dog (female): Kuçkë, Kudër
* Hamster: Kavie
* Mouse/Mice: Mi/Minj
* Fish: Peshk
* Goldfish: Peshk i artë (or) Peshk i kuq
* Bird: Zog
* Snake: Gjarpër
* Ant: Milingonë
* Cockroach: Bubuzhel (or) Kacabun
* Fly: Mizë
* Mosquito: Mushkonjë
* Rabbit: Lepur
* Squirrel: Ketër
* Wolf (male): Ujk
* Wolf (female): Ulkonjë
* Bear (male):Ari
* Bear (female): Arushë
* Horse (female): Pelë
* Horse (male): Kalë
* Chicken (female): Pulë
* Chicken (male): Gjel (or) Këndus
# Albanian/History of the Albanian Language

The Albanian language belongs to the Indo-European family of languages but has its own specifics, similar to Greek or Armenian, which means it does not have any direct similarities with other languages in the same family.
A hypothesis: The Albanian language is spoken by Albanians who descend from the ancient Illyrian tribes that lived in the western part of the Balkan peninsula. It is believed to be the continuation of the Illyrian language. Unfortunately, there are no written documents to prove this hypothesis so the connection between the two languages is only indirectly supported through the names of people, places and historical studies. There are strong arguments against the hypothesis that Albanians are descendants if Illyrians, as for example the fact that the origin of many Albanian words connected to maritime are Slavic which should not be the case since Illyrians had strong maritime tradition. For example Illyrian queen Teuta supporting the piratical raids of her subjects.
During the middle-ages, there was a large exodus/occupation of Albanians into Greece, where today, an archaic dialect of Albanian is still spoken. The Albanian language was also spoken in the Chameria region of northern Greece, but due to the ethnic cleansing of Albanians by Greeks there, many Albanians took refuge in Turkey or returned to Albania. After the death of the great Albanian national hero, Skenderbeg, and the occupation of Albania by the Ottoman Empire, thousands of Albanians migrated to southern Italy and Sicily. Today, some 200,000 Albanians called Arbëresh remain there and speak a very old Albanian dialect.
The national literary Albanian language was formed during the middle of the last century. At that time, there were two main dialects used: the northern dialect, Gege, and the southern dialect, Tosk.
Both dialects were incorporated into one in 1972 during a language congress held in Tirane where most of the Gege dialect was incorporated into the Tosk dialect and was declared the official, unified Albanian language and was subsequently accepted by all Albanians of the former Yugoslavia.
Where is the Albanian language spoken today?
Today, the Albanian language is spoken in Albania and within the ethnic Albanian areas of the former Yugoslavia, such as Kosova, Macedonia, Montenegro and South Serbia.
# Albanian/Food

* Bread : Bukë
* Water : Ujë
* Beans : Fasule
* Peas: Bizele
* Cucumber : Kastravec, Sallator (or) Trangull
* Oil : Vaj
* Olive : Ulli
* Cheese : Djath
* Taco : Sufllaqe
* Juice : Lëng
* Eggplant/Aubergine : Patëllxhan
* Soup: Supë
* Sugar: Sheqer

# Fruits

* Peach: Pjeshke
* Apple : Molle
* Banana: Banane
* Melon: Pjeper
# Accountancy/Management Accounting/Budgeting

Budgeting Systems is profit loss plan target at operating, it also be used to evaluate business performance. However, to avoid budget padding, the budget focus more on accuracy than amount or performance, this often different from other evaluation tool.
It's not going to adjust for new opportunities, in contrast,
In relevant cost analysis, managers exclude sunk cost, allocated fixed cost and utilized fixed cost.
# Accountancy/Notes to Authors

This is the place to write notes which are only useful to authors and not readers of this book. It is best to put everything here rather than clutter up the contents page for the book.

## Contributors

Contributors include:
* John Cross
* Benjamin Kok
# Accountancy/Professional Bodies

The following professional bodies represent and regulate accountants in their respective countries:

## Australia

* The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia (ICAA)
* CPA Australia
* Institute of Public Accountants, Australia (IPA)

## Bangladesh

* Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB)
* Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh (ICMAB)
* Institute of Chartered Secretaries of Bangladesh (ICSB)

## Canada

* The Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA)
* Certified General Accountants Association of Canada (CGA)
* Certified Management Accountants of Canada (CMA)
* The Professional Business Accountants' Society of Canada (PBA)

## India

* The Institute of Cost Accountants of India - CMA
* The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India - CA
* The Institute of Company Secretaries of India - CS

## Malaysia

* Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA)
* The Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants (MICPA)

## Malta

* The Malta Institute of Accountants (MIA)

## New Zealand

* New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants (NZICA)

## Pakistan

* The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP)
* The Institute of Cost & Management Accountants of Pakistan (ICMAP)
* The Institute of Internal Auditor of Pakistan (CIAP)
* Pakistan Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (PIPFA)
* Institute of Professional Accountants of Pakistan (IPA)

## Republic of Ireland

* The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (ICAI)

## United Kingdom

* Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA)
* Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW)
* Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS)
* Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA)
* Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA)
* Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT)
* Institute of Financial Accountants (IFA)
* Certified Public Accountants (CPA) Professional (CPA-PRO)
* Association of Certified Public Accountants (CPA)
* Institute of Professional Accountants (IPA)
* Institute of Cost & Executive Accountants (ICEA)
* Association of International Accountants (AIA)
* The Association of International Certified Practising Accountants (THEAICPA)

## United States

* Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
* Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB)
* American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
* Institute of Management Accountants (IMA)
* Association of Certified Project Accountants (ACPA)
# Accountancy/Journals

    General Journal:
most common journal to record every transactions affecting accounting system. All transactions in this journal will be posted to general ledger.
    Special Journals:
used to record common transactions of 4 types:
* sales on credit to "sales" journal (SJ);
* purchases on credit to "purchases" journal (PJ);
* cash received to "cash receipts" journal (CRJ);
* cash paid to "cash payments" journal (CPJ)
The Ledger postings must contain 4 parts: Date, Details, Ref ( which journal: GJ, SJ, PJ, CRJ or CPJ) and Amount
However, the special journals do not cover all required transactions in general ledger, the rest should use GJ.
The General Journal parted the other accounts which are generally:
* Sales returns not yet paid for;
* Purchase returns not yet paid for;
* Non-inventory credit transactions (e.g. Equipment acquired on credit)
* Adjusting entries on balance day ;
* Closing entries;
* Reversing entries;
* Correction entries;
Comparability: The General Journal adopted to more industries rather than Special Journals, while it has less efficiency and spend longer time; furthermore, the special journals have division of labour which is clearly focusing on Internal control which is significant for managerial accounting.
# Accountancy/Management Accounting

Management Accounting involves: Costing Management: how to determine the use of overhead in manufacturing/service business. Traditional procedure: find a single cost driver assigned to cost pool. There are several recently emerged more flexible Activity based costing. ABC, etc.
# Accountancy/Prepayments

Prepayments, also called deferrals, result from cash payment preceding an expense or revenue recognition. The most common example of a prepaid expense is unearned revenue.
Often, businesses pay for services from which they have not yet benefited e.g. rent is often paid in advance.
The double entry for a prepayment is:
Journal  - Page 1 :
| Date | Date | Description | Post Ref. | Dr | Cr |
| 2005 Feb | 1 | Prepaid Rent (Asset) | | 50 | |
| | | Cash (Asset) | | | 50 |
Later when the rent is actually due the entry is:
Journal  - Page 1 :
| Date | Date | Description | Post Ref. | Dr | Cr |
| 2005 Mar | 1 | Rent (Expense) | | 50 | |
| | | Prepaid Rent (Asset) | | | 50 |
# Artificial Intelligence/Logic

For a more in-depth book, see the wikibook Formal Logic. This chapter for AI Logic is aimed to be an introduction of specific elements of Logic that pertain to AI only.
What is logic? The philosophical definition is that logic is a description of how one should think. In the context of AI, logic is "formal," which means it resembles math in its clarity and lack of ambiguity.
There are lots of different kinds of logics out there (temporal logics, ethical logics, etc.). But when most people, particularly in AI, refer to logic, they are talking about propositional logic or the more complex predicate logic. So although you can make a logic with any kind of rules and symbols you want, what most people mean when they refer to logic are the widely-accepted rules and notations commonly taught in introductory logic courses.
Next we will discuss the basics of representation of propositions in logic.
Next: Representational perspectives
# Artificial Intelligence/My research results

In my quest to construct a circit that mimics a neuron in the brain, I ended with a circuit that exhibitted the following results
There are two types of learning
* Memorized learning
* Algorithimization

## Memorized learning

Lets take the case of Fibonacci series 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34 .............. Say you want to train a circuit the when given a number n gives out the nth Fibonacci number. Example if given n=5 the circuit gives out 3 and so on. When we try to train the circuit by this way the circuit simply remembers that at n=0,1,2,3,4,5 and so on the output must be 0,1,1,2,3 etc.

## Algorithmization

But instead if we train give a seed value of 0,1 and variable n which represents a feed back we can get a circuit that forms a algorithm that can generate Fibonacci series, rather than one that just remembers.
If a circuit undergoes algorithmized training it can generate output for previously encountered and non encountered values that are given as input. Else if a circit has learned by memorization it can give right output for previously trained values, but may give out erroneous output for previously nonencountered inputs.
# Artificial Intelligence/Neural Networks/Distributed Processing
## Parallel Distributed Processing

In the 1970s after Marvin Minski noted the linearity of the perceptron's output the bloom came off Neural Networks, and the near miracle status that they had been hyped to, made many people think that they were no longer a valid study. Neuroscientists knew better, but those who had hoped to earn money from the new systems, abandoned them temporarily.
One Scientist called Herman Hesse, however wrote a paper, on Parallel Distributed Processing, that showed that neural networks could be seen as a method of decomposing complex tasks into simple procedures, that were manageable with only a rudimentary processing element. Since that time, Neural networks has split into two separate fields, Natural Neural Networks, and Parallel Distributed Processing which is sometimes called Artificial Neural Networks.
The primary difference between these two fields is that Natural Neural Networks is limited to attempting to model real natural neural networks, while Parallel Distributed Processing is free to make any changes it wants to the basic model, in order to get better speed for the same process, or to get a better fit to a particular processing task. Some models like Igor Aleksander's weightless Neurons, seem so far from the standard neural network that they might be mistaken for an Artificial Neural Network, but they are applied to the task of modelling a natural neural network, so they fall within that school of thought even if there is no reason to assume that there are natural neurons that do not have synapses.
Because the point of Parallel Distributed Processing is to decompose complex functions into smaller easily processed chunks, the nature of the models changes, and we no longer need both a neuron model and a network model, and the nature of the learning algorithm depends on the application.
Thus some Artificial Neural Networks lack neurons, some Artificial Neural Networks lack Networks, and some Artificial Neural Networks have customized learning algorithms. The title of Neural network seems somewhat tenuous in these cases, but the Parallel Distributed Processing people don't see calling their programs a neural network as a problem. Besides enough of the original neural networks still exist to keep them current in the journals.
As an example consider the SOM or self-organizing map. Although this simulation is meant to simulate some functions it is thought might be found in the visual cortex, The processing element owes more to topology than it does to neural models. Essentially what it does is reduce the dimensional complexity of a highly dimensional topology to a relatively small usually two dimensional topology while attempting to retain the topological features of the higher dimensional structure.
It is possible to see the Neural Network within this structure even though the neurons have nothing to do with nerves, and the network is built to fit the topology, rather than fitting the topology to an existing network.
# Artificial Intelligence/Logic/Representation

Thoughts are complex things. In AI, logic is a way to simplify thoughts to their essences in a formal manner so that they can be reasoned about by machines. Like any representation, logical representations ignore some details and make a big deal out of others.
We will discuss propositional logic, and then predicate logic. But here we'll just give you a taste of what they are like.
Let's suppose you have a thought: "Ocelots are endangered." Propositional logic would represent this with a single letter, for example, "P."
$P$
Note that it ignores the fact that Ocelots are animals, that there is more than one, etc. In predicate logic, we might represent this fact like this:
$Endangered(Ocelots)$
Notice that in predicate logic we have more structure. This is more powerful, and in AI, this makes it slightly less efficient. In AI, there is often a tradeoff between representational power and complexity and computational efficiency.