OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Three Hundred Tang Poems/In Her Quiet Window
## In Her Quiet Window

| English | Chinese (Simplified) | Chinese Pinyin |
| In Her Quiet Window by Wang Chang Ling | 闺怨 王昌龄 | guī yuàn Wáng Chāng Líng |
| Too young to have learned what sorrow means, Attired for spring, she climbs to her high chamber. The new green of the street-willows is wounding her heart, Just for a title she sent him to war. | 闺中少妇不知愁， 春日凝妆上翠楼。 忽见陌头杨柳色， 悔教夫婿觅封侯。 | guī zhōng shàofù bùzhī chóu, chūn rì níng zhuāng shàng cuì lóu. hū jiàn mò tóu yáng liǔ sè, huǐ jiào fū xù mì fēng hóu. |
# Tibetan
## Contents

* The Alphabet
* Nouns
* Pronouns
* Adjectives
* Verbs
* Vocabulary

## See also

* On Wikivoyage there is a little Tibetan phrasebook.
# Thursday Club's Diseases All Medstudents Should Understand/Alcoholic Liver Disease

Alcoholic Liver Disease
This disease can take various forms. In its most benign, it can be fatty liver disease. In its more serious it can be hepatitis, or eventually cirrhosis. Hepatitis is simply inflammation of the liver tissue which leads to infiltration of lymphocytes. Fatty liver disease occurs when the liver's metabolism becomes skewed towards synthesising fatty acids. Cirrhosis is the end-stage of hepatitis, when the repair mechanism has decompensated. Nodules of healing tissue is surrounded by fibrosis rings. It occurs in about 1 in 10 alcoholics.
# Tibetan/Alphabet

Bod yig
When learning a new language, it's always a good idea to begin by knowing how to read and write. The Tibetan script has 30 consonants. The vowels are a, i, u, e, o. As in other Indic scripts, each consonant letter includes an inherent a, and the other vowels are indicated by marks; thus ཀ ka, ཀི ki, ཀུ ku, ཀེ ke, ཀོ ko. There is no distinction between long and short vowels in written Tibetan, except in loanwords, especially transcribed from the Sanskrit.
Syllables are separated by a tseg ་; since many Tibetan words are monosyllabic, this mark often functions almost as a space. Spaces are not used to divide words.
Although some Tibetan dialects are tonal, because the language had no tone at the time of the scripts invention, tones are not written. However, since tones developed from segmental features they can usually be correctly predicted by the spelling of Tibetan words.
| ཀ ka [ká] | ཁ kha [kʰá] | ག ga [ɡà/kʰːà] | ང nga [ŋà] |
| ཅ ca [tɕá] | ཆ cha [tɕʰá] | ཇ ja [dʑà/tɕʰːà] | ཉ nya [ɲà] |
| ཏ ta [tá] | ཐ tha [tʰá] | ད da [dà/tʰːà] | ན na [nà] |
| པ pa [pá] | ཕ pha [pʰá] | བ ba [bà/pʰːà] | མ ma [mà] |
| ཙ tsa [tsá] | ཚ tsha [tsʰá] | ཛ dza [dzà/tsʰːà] | ཝ wa [wà] |
| ཞ zha [ʑà] | ཟ za [zà] | འ 'a [ʔà] | ཡ ya [jà] |
| ར ra [rà] | ལ la [là] | ཤ sha [ɕá] | ས sa [sá] |
| ཧ ha [há] | ཨ a [ʔá] |
The h or apostrophe (’) usually signifies aspiration, but in the case of zh and sh it signifies palatalization and the single letter h represents a voiceless glottal fricative.
Old Tibetan had no letter w, which was instead a digraph for 'w.
The Sanskrit "cerebral" (retroflex) consonants are represented by mirror forms of the letters ta, tha, da, na, and sha to give ཊ ṭa (Ta), ཋ ṭha (Tha), ཌ ḍa (Da), ཎ ṇa (Na), and ཥ ṣa (Sa).
As in other Indic scripts, clustered consonants are often stacked vertically. Unfortunately, some fonts and applications do not support this behavior for Tibetan, so these examples may not display properly; you might have to download a font such as Tibetan Machine Uni.
W, r, and y change form when they are beneath another consonant; thus ཀྭ kwa; ཀྲ kra; ཀྱ kya. R also changes form when it is above most other consonants; thus རྐ rka. An exception is the cluster རྙ rnya.
# Three Hundred Tang Poems/Beyond The Border
## Beyond The Border

| English | Chinese (Simplified) | Chinese Pinyin |
| Beyond The Border Wang Zhihuan | 出塞 王之涣 | chū sài Wáng Zhīhuàn |
| Where the Yellow River climbs to the white clouds, One piece of a lonely city-wall stands in the midst of ten-thousand-foot (towering) mountains, There under a Willow tree a Qiang flute laments with a sigh, Spring never blows through Yumen (Jade) Pass. | 黄河遠上白雲間， 一片孤城萬仞山。 羌笛何須怨楊柳， 春風不度玉門關。 | Huánghé yuǎn shàng báiyún jiān, yī piàn gū chéng wàn rèn shān. Qiāng dí hé xū yuàn yáng liǔ, chūnfēng bù dù Yùménguān. |
# Three Hundred Tang Poems/The Gold-threaded Robe
## The Gold-threaded Robe

| English | Chinese (Simplified) | Chinese Pinyin |
| The Gold-threaded Robe by Du Qiu Niang | 金缕衣 杜秋娘 | jīn lǚ yī Dù Qiū Niáng |
| Covet not a gold-threaded robe, Cherish only your young days! If a bud blooms, gather it, Lest you but wait for an empty bough. | 劝君莫惜金缕衣， 劝君惜取少年时。 花开堪折直须折， 莫待无花空折枝。 | quàn jūn mò xī jīn lǚ yī, quàn jūn xī qǔ shàonián shí. huā kāi kān zhé zhí xū zhé, mò dài wú huā kōng zhé zhī. |
# Tibetan/Adjectives

Degree
| Positive | Good | ཡག་པོ | Yag po |
| Comparative | Better | ཡག་ག | Yag ga |
| Superlative | The best | ཡག་ཤོས | Yag sho |
| Positive | Many | མང་པ་ | Mang po |
| Comparative | More | མང་ང | Mang na |
| Superlative | | མང་ཤོས | Mang sho |
| Positive | Sour | སྐྱུར་པོ | Kyur po |
| Comparative | More sour | སྐྱུར་ར | Kyur ra |
| Superlative | The most sour | སྐྱུར་ཤོས | Kyur sho |
| Positive | Fun | སྐྱིད་པོ | Kyid po |
| Comparative | More fun | སྐྱིད་བ | Kyid ba |
| Superlative | The most fun | སྐྱིད་ཤོས | Kyid sho |
| Positive | Eminent | དམ་པ | Dam pa |
| Comparative | More eminent | དམ་པ | Dam pa |
| Superlative | The most eminent | དམ་ཤས | Dam sho |
| Positive | Big | ཆེན་པོ | Tchen po |
| Comparative | Bigger | ཆེེན་བ | Tchen ba |
| Superlative | The biggest | ཆེན་ཤོས | Tchen sho |
* Bryu ru ni zi la khong chung ba yod
** Coral is cheaper than dzi
* Bu shel dang yu khong chung chung red
** Amber and turquoise are cheap
We expresse feelings and emotions with adjectives.
* Kyi po yin : I am happy
* Khong thro sa wa yin : I am angry
* Thang chhe pa yin : I am tired
* Saem kyo wa yin : I am sad
* Nyop pa yin : I am bored
* Go khor wa yin : I am confused
* Dro go tog pa yin : I am hungry
# Three Hundred Tang Poems/River-snow
## River-snow

| English | Chinese (Simplified) | Chinese Pinyin |
| River-snow by Liu Zong Yuan | 江雪 柳宗元 | jiāng xuě Liǔ Zōng Yuán |
| A hundred mountains and no bird, A thousand paths without a footprint; A little boat, a bamboo cloak, An old man fishing in the cold river-snow. | 千山鸟飞绝， 万径人踪灭。 孤舟蓑笠翁， 独钓寒江雪。 | qiān shān niǎo fēi jué, wàn jìng rén zōng miè. gū zhōu suō lì wēng, dú diào hán jiāng xuě |
# Transportation Geography and Network Science/Topology
## Circuits and Trees

Circuits and Trees are two basic structures of planar networks. A circuit is a closed path, with no less than three links, that begins and ends at the same node. A tree is a set of connected lines that cannot form a complete circuit.
At the individual trip level, the treeness is estimated as:
$\phi _{tree}={\frac {l_{tb}}{l_{sb}}}$
where:
$l_{tb}$ = Length (km) of street segments belonging to a branch network within the buffer,
$l_{sb}$ = Total length (km) of the street network within the buffer.

## References

* ↑ Open source software developed by Feng Xie, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (MWCOG) can be used to identify tree and circuit links on planar networks. Code can be downloaded from
# Constructing a Segment for Analysis

TMCs are segments of the roadway, often between interchanges or major intersections on arterials. The travel time data is reported at the TMC level. These segments range in length from less than a mile to several miles long. In order to build a corridor and calculate the travel time, TMCs must be connected. Each TMC is assigned a location code. Details can be found at Next Page → Data Format.
A Google Earth (.kml) file mapping out the TMCs in Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wisconsin is available here or on Google Maps here .
Typically, a corridor can be constructed by connecting successive TMCs in the positive or negative direction. The TMC numbers increase with the direction of travel along the positive direction and decrease along the negative direction. For example, a corridor in the positive direction might consiste of 107P04585, followed by 107P04586, 107P04587 and 107P04588 etc. In the negative direction, 107N04588 would be the first TMC, followed by 107N04587, 107N04586, and 107N04585 etc.
Longer corridors, however, can be constructed by simply connecting successive TMCs. When roadways intersect other roadways, the TMC sequence may change. Therefore, viewing TMC points in GIS or other mapping software allows one to see the sequence of TMCs along the desired corridor. The static file containing TMC information, includes the roadway name, direction and latitude and longitude coordinates, allowing the points to be plotted in various programs. The NPMRDS data set also includes a shapefile which can be used to construct corridors in GIS.
One difference in the TMC data provided by INRIX, is that TMC points are defined by a beginning and ending latitude and longitude which typically allows a corridor to be constructed by connecting the ending latitude/longitude of one TMC to the beginning latitude/longitude of another.
Once the order and sequence of TMC points along the corridor is defined, travel times and other metrics can be calculated.
Previous Page → Data Storage
Next Page → Availability of Real-Time Data
# NPMRDS Real-Time Data Availability

The charts below outline the availability of NPMRDS real-time data on two freeway corridors in January 2012.
The following two graphs show the availability of real-time data by hour of day in January 2012 for the 6-lane urban freeway and the 4-lane inter-regional freeway. The availability of real-time data is higher during daytime hours when vehicle volumes are higher and lower overnight. Overall, the 4-lane inter-regional corridor reported more real-time measurements. Although the urban freeway experiences higher vehicle volumes, the inter-regional freeway likely experiences higher commercial truck volumes, which are often a source of probe data. Another possible factor is the shorter TMC lengths along the urban freeway. The inter-regional freeway is 20 miles long with 4 TMC segments, while the urban freeway is 4 miles long with 6 TMC segments. It's unknown whether there is a correlation between TMC length and availability of real-time data.
The two charts below show the frequency at which varying amounts of real-time data were available along the corridors during January 2012. For example, 100% availability corresponds to all TMCs reporting (4/4 or 6/6 for these two corridors) real-time data during a given time interval, 50% availability to half of TMC segments (2/4 or 3/6) reporting real-time data etc. The frequency at which eac of these occur is plotted along the y-axis. The inter-regional freeway consists of 4 TMCs making up 20.18 miles, the urban freeway 6 TMCs totaling 4.35 miles. The greater number of TMC segments along the urban corridor is one factor leading to the smaller frequencies of availability. However, with fewer real-time data points (as shown in the graphs above), it is expected that the frequencies will also be lower on the urban corridor than the inter-regional.
6 TMC segments along 4.35 miles of corridor
4 TMC segments along 20.18 miles of corridor
Previous Page → Building Corridors
Previous Page → Calculating Speeds and Travel Times
# Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual/Creating Routes

TICAS is a powerful data collection tool for corridor-based traffic study. Travel time and vehicle miles traveled data can be downloaded for the routes created by the users. The database of corridors contains the majority of freeways, trunk highways, and US highways in Minnesota central area, and their directions are specified.
The interface of the tool is user-friendly and straightforward.The procedures for creating routs are stated below.
1. Open TICAS tool, and go to "Data/Performance" tab;
2. Click the button "Edit Route" in the "Route and Times" region;
3. Click " Create Route" tab when a new window named "Route Editor" shows up;
4. Drag down the corridor list, and select a corridor that contains the segment(s) interested;
5. A route will be specified in the right window box if a corridor is selected. For the pins showing on the routes, red pins are actual main lane stations of loop detectors, and pins of other colors represent the exit and enter ramp stations. Find the main lane station that closed to the starting location of the interested segment, right click the pin and select "Section start from here". This helps to specify the starting location of the route;
6. Find the main lane station that closed to the ending location of the interested segment, right click the pin and select "Section end to here". This helps to specify the ending location of the route;
7. Click "Save location" button. Then the new edited route will be listed in the "Route Lists" tab. This route can be extracted directly for data collection use.
Previous Page → About TICAS
Next Page → Primary use in SHRP II
# Data Storage

Due to the large size of the NPMRDS data sets, it is not possible to open the CSV files containing travel time data in Microsoft Excel. While Microsoft Access provides the ability to handle slightly larger data sets, MS Access is also limited in the amount of data it can hold (typically around 2 GB). With each month of data containing between 500 MB and 4 GB, depending on the region, it is recommended to use a non file-based relational database. MySQL and PostgreSQL are examples of open source databases which can handle these large data sets.
The data is often stored as two tables, one which holds the static TMC information and the other which holds the speed/travel time data. The two tables can be joined by the TMC id/name which is parameter in both data sets. Details of each data set can be found on the NPMRDS data format page.
Previous Page → Data Format and Size
Next Page → Building Corridors
# Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual/Example Data

Below are graphs and data for an 6-lane urban freeway (I-43/I-894 near Milwaukee) and 4-lane inter-regional (I-94 west of Eau Claire). All data comes from the NPMRDS data set in January 2012.
6-lane urban freeway (4.35 miles) Free flow travel time is based on the 70th percentile travel time
| Reliability Index | Value |
| TTI | 1.01 |
| BI | 0.26 |
| OPT | 94.90 |
| PTI | 1.27 |
| TTI80 | 1.02 |
| MI | 1.40 |
| | Travel Time in minutes |
| Mean | 4.58 |
| Free Flow | 4.55 |
| 95th % | 5.76 |
| 80th % | 4.65 |
| 97.5th % | 6.47 |
4-lane interregional freeway (20.18 miles) Free flow travel time is based on speed limit of 65mph
| Reliability Index | Value |
| TTI | 1.03 |
| BI | 0.06 |
| OPT | 98.40 |
| PTI | 1.09 |
| TTI80 | 1.038 |
| MI | 1.150 |
| | Travel Time in minutes |
| Mean | 19.26 |
| Free Flow | 18.63 |
| 95th % | 20.38 |
| 80th % | 19.33 |
| 97.5th % | 21.42 |
The 3-D graphs below show travel times by day and by hour for each corridor. Visually, one can see the better reliability of the inter-regional corridor over the urban. Blank areas represent points where real-time data did not exist along the entire corridor.
Travel Times for 6-lane Urban Freeway in January 2012
Travel Times for 4-lane Inter-regional Freeway in January 2012
Previous Page → NPMRDS and INRIX Data Comparison
Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual
# Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual/About the Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual

The Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual is authored and maintained by the Upper Midwest Reliability Resource Center. The main page acts as a table of contents for the manual.
Next Page → Travel Time Reliability Indices
# Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual/Availability of Data

Here are some graphs and data for an 6-lane urban freeway (I-43/I-894 near Milwaukee) and 4-lane interregional (I-94 west of Eau Claire). I realize the corridor lengths are much different, but the options were limited for non-urban interstates which had more than just a couple TMC points and the urban corridors tend to be shorter. In this case, we actually have more data for I-94. The reliability indices follow what we’d expect with the more rural freeway performing better. I had to use the 70th percentile travel time for the free flow travel time on the urban freeway because using the speed limit would have led to a mean speed less than the free flow. Let me know your thoughts.
6-lane urban freeway (4.34875 miles) Free flow travel time is based on the 70th percentile travel time
| Reliability Index | Value |
| TTI | 1.007 |
| BI | 0.257 |
| OPT | 94.900 |
| PTI | 1.266 |
| TTI80 | 1.021 |
| MI | 1.4 |
| | Travel Time in minutes |
| Mean | 4.583 |
| Free Flow | 4.550 |
| 95th % | 5.762 |
| 80th % | 4.648 |
| 97.5th % | 6.466 |
4-lane interregional freeway (20.178 miles) Free flow travel time is based on speed limit of 65mph
| Reliability Index | Value |
| TTI | 1.034 |
| BI | 0.058 |
| OPT | 98.400 |
| PTI | 1.094 |
| TTI80 | 1.038 |
| MI | 1.150 |
| | Travel Time in minutes |
| Mean | 19.261 |
| Free Flow | 18.626 |
| 95th % | 20.378 |
| 80th % | 19.327 |
| 97.5th % | 21.421 |
# Access to NPMRDS Data

The data set is made available to States and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) as a tool for performance measurement. Access can be obtained by emailing e-mail Heretraffic.nhsdata@here.com.
More information regarding access to the NPMRDS data can be found at http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/perform_meas/vpds/npmrdsfaqs.htm.
The data typically come out each month in the form of seven compressed .tar files. The files include:
* Documentation
* Canadian and Mexican border data
* Midwest
* Northeast
* South
* US
* West
Previous Page → About NPMRDS
Next Page → Data Format and Size

# References

* ↑ http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/Freight/Freight_Analysis/perform_meas/index.htm
# Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual/Calculating Speeds and Travel Times

Calculating speeds or travel times along a corridor is straightforward given that one has constructed the TMC segments which make up the corridor and that one has a tool by which to access the data. One open source tool for writing the necessary code is Python. Python extensions, such as Psycopg, allow one to access SQL databases which are storing the speed/travel time data.
INRIX and NPMRDS provide either speed or travel time measurements for each TMC for every time interval (1 or 5 minutes). TMC lengths are also reported which allows for easy conversion between speed and travel time. Calculating speeds or travel times along a corridor only requires that these values be aggregated. Python scripting can be used to read from the databases for the necessary TMC segments and desired time periods and loop over the values in order to construct speeds/travel times. These speeds/travel times can then be written to a Comma Value Separated (CSV) file, or inserted into a database table.
Additional add-ons are available for Python which allow 3D graphing capabilities. Below are sample graphs created using the NPMRDS data set and the Matplotlib python library. Blank areas represent points where real-time data did not exist along the entire corridor.
Travel Times for 4-lane Inter-regional Freeway in January 2012
Travel Times for 6-lane Urban Freeway in January 2012
Previous Page → Availability of Real-Time Data
Next Page → Imputing Missing Speed Data
# Xray Crystallography/References
## Journals in the Field

* Acta Cryst D
* Biochemistry
* Current Drug Targets
* Current Opinion of Structural Biology
* EMBO Journal
* J. Appl. Cryst.
* Journal of Biological Chemistry
* J.Med.Chem
* J. Mol. Biol
* Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
* Methods in Enzymology
* Phys Rev Letts
* PNAS
* Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
* Science
* Structure

## Wikipedia Reference Articles
### General

* w:X-ray_crystallography
* w:Electromagnetic_wave
* w:X-ray

### Equipment
#### X-ray Generation

* w:X-ray_tube
* w:Synchrotron
* w:Synchrotron_radiation
* w:Synchrotron_light
* w:Beamline
* w:Bremsstrahlung

### Crystals

* w:Crystal
* w:Crystallographic_point_group
* w:Crystal structure
* w:Crystallization
* w:Crystal_lattice
* w:Bravais_lattice
* w:Unit_cell
* w:Space_group
* w:Crystal_system
* w:Screw_axis
* w:Glide_plane
* w:Point_group
* w:Symmetry_group
* w:Crystallographic_restriction_theorem
* w:Primitive_cell
* w:Crystal_growth
* w:Seed_crystal

### Diffraction

* w:Phase_problem
* w:Diffraction
* w:Bragg_diffraction
* w:Bragg's_law
* w:Bayes'_theorem
* w:Patterson_function
* w:Dynamical_theory_of_diffraction

### Refinement

* w:Probability_distribution
* w:Likelihood_function
* w:Unbiased_estimator
* w:Maximum_likelihood
* w:Molecular_modeling
* w:Standard_deviation
* w:Gaussian_distribution
* w:Mean_squared_error
* w:Fourier_transform
* w:Reciprocal_space
# Xray Crystallography
## Contents

* Introduction
** Why a WikiBook
** How to Help
** Abbreviations
* Foundations
** X-Rays
** Crystals
** Diffraction
** The Phase Problem
* Equipment
** Generating X-rays
*** In-House
*** Synchrotron
** Rotating crystals
** Data Collection
* Techniques
** Crystalisation
*** Screening
** Data Collection
** Solving the phase
*** Direct
*** MR
*** IR
*** SAD/MAD etc
** Map Generation
** Refinement
** Modeling
** Data Quality
* Radiation Damage
** Cryo-Cooling
** Scavengers
* References & Further Reading
* Authors
# Xray Crystallography/Authors

List of Authors of this book;
# Web Development/Staying updated: why people come back

People are creatures of habit, they love coming back to a place to find new things. However when people return to a place expecting new things, only to find that nothing has changed, they'll get frustrated and eventually will move on to new more interesting sites.

## When to update

For news websites, blogs, company pages, and more, an updating and evolving front page is critical.

## When not to update

Not all pages on your site need to be continuously updated. If you're updating a particularly old page, it may be worthwhile to note any changes in the bottom of the page as an addendum, to make it clear to readers what changed since they last saw it.
# Web Development/The common misconception: visits vs. hits

Collecting metrics about your website usage is not only incredibly important, it's also incredibly easy to mess up. A common tripping point is the definition of hits and visits.
It is important to differentiate the terms visits and hits. A hit is when a computer requests your website. It says nothing about how somebody used a site, and hits are often made by non-human actors.
A visit is when a user uses your website for real. A visit can include multiple hits. All visits are at least one hit, but not all hits are visits.
# Web Development/The design phase and the one-second test
## Design Phase
### Paper Prototypes

One of the easiest ways to start designing your website is old fashioned, but easy - making a paper prototype.
Sketch out all the details without worrying about your art skills. The purpose of this is to create designs with speed.
# Web Development/The importance of a website's unified theme

* Section 4.1 — Back to Contents
A website should have a unified graphic theme, as well as a tone and general feel. If a "professional feel" is what you're going for—if you're trying to sell a professional product or service, like web design—then aim for a professional look and design, and write the content with a professional tone. It's hard to describe because the concepts are often abstract, but a good designer can come up with a look and feel for any theme.
Besides helping the user subconsciously identify your website with a general category (professional, playful, serious, etc.), it's important to have a unified theme so that the user knows when they're actually at your website. That is, from a cognitive psychological view: if a user clicks a link, he should know whether he is still at your website or if the link has taken him to an external site.
Distinct and unique "logo types" (amazon.com, eBay, Microsoft, RollingStone Magazine) stay with a user. They are instantly recognizable and also lend an appropriate air to the content they represent.
It can take a long time to develop and decide upon a theme, but the visual aspect of a website is just as important as the backend and is an essential part of the user's experience.