OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Liberalism/Moral Liberalism

Moral Liberalism is a form of liberalism that stresses the moral case behind liberal ideology. Moral liberalism is based on the premise that liberalism is the most moral ideology, because it is the only ideology that always ensures moral individuals are not oppressed by less moral governments, and that everyone can truly act upon their moral consciences. Unlike some other forms of liberalism, moral liberalism does not justify itself on utilitarian grounds or economic efficiency at all.

## Equal Moral Agency

Moral liberalism strongly stresses that, in a truly moral society, everyone must have equal moral agency.
I have studied all sorts of ideologies, from Communism to Christian Reconstructionism, from Anarcho-Capitalism to the Neoreaction. But liberalism remains unique. It is the only ideology that truly respects the idea that everyone is morally equal, and the rest of liberalism follows logically from this point.

## Resolving Moral Dilemmas

Moral liberals maintain that liberty and democracy is the only consistently moral way to resolve moral dilemmas.
Since social conservatives depend on the government to implement its program, to 'foster its morality' on society, whenever there is a split where the government must choose one conservative solution over another, the losing side will feel that the government is in fact implementing immorality. In fact, this is a problem shared by all statist ideologies.
For these reasons, liberalism may in fact be the best friend any rational conservative will ever have. It is true that under liberalism conservatives do not get to implement their values over society using the force of government. However, liberalism guarantees freedom of conscience and freedom of speech, which conservatives may freely use to promote their ideals and way of life.

## Relationship to Other Forms of Liberalism

Moral liberals may otherwise believe in classical liberalism, social liberalism, libertarianism, or a combination of these, depending on which form of liberalism they believe to be the most conducive to liberty.
# Lua Programming/include

The require function is used to incorporate code from an included header file.

## Inclusion statements are normally placed near the top of a source file

Inclusion statements are normally placed near the top of a source file. Note that the file extension is omitted from the specified header filename:
# Lua Programming/command line parameter
## Lua does not use argc and argv conventions

The lua programming language does not use argc and argv conventions for the command line parameters. Instead, the command line parameters to the main script are provided through the global table arg. The script name is placed into element zero of arg, and the script Lua Programming/parameters go into the subsequent elements.

## Determining the number of command line parameters

The number of command line parameters can be determined by using the length operator:

## Negative elements

If the script is being invoked from the shell command line by providing the name of the script to the lua interpreter, then the name of the interpreter and any command line parameters for the interpreter will be available in the variable arg using negative element numbers:
# Lua Programming/dofile

The dofile builtin function can be used to execute a chunk of code stored in a file. In the following example, we have two files main.lua and sayit.lua. The main program (main.lua) calls the sayit program, which outputs a message to the screen:
# Lua Programming/case conversion

The lua string library provides the string.upper and string.lower functions for converting strings to uppercase or to lowercase:

## string.lower
### Description

The string.lower function returns a lowercase version of the STRING argument. This function converts all letters to lowercase in the returned string. Only the returned string is converted, the provided argument remains unchanged:

## string.upper
### Description

The string.upper function returns an uppercase version of the STRING argument. This function converts all letters to uppercase in the returned string. Only the returned string is converted, the provided argument remains unchanged:

## These functions are affected by the locale settings

These function are affected by the following locale environment variable settings.
* LC_ALL
* LC_CTYPE
# Lua Programming/case sensitivity

The lua interpreter is case sensitive. This means that identifier names containing lowercase letters will be treated as being different and separate from those containing uppercase letters:

## Converting Strings

The lua interpreter provides the following functions for converting strings to uppercase or to lowercase:
# Lua Programming/colon
## Definition of methods

The colon symbol can be used for defining methods:

## Calls to object oriented methods

The colon symbol provides a special syntax for object oriented calls.

## Calls to instance methods

The colon symbol is used to define calls to instance methods:
# Lua Programming/comment

Comments are pieces of text or whitespace that can be included in a program to make the code more understandable to a programmer. Comments have no effect on the running program and are ignored by the lua interpreter.

## Comments start with a doublehyphen

In lua, comments start with a doublehyphen and run until the end of the line:

## Block comments

Block comments start with doubleshovel and run until doubleclosebox:

### Enabled code within comments

By adding a hyphen to a doubleshovel to form a long handled doubleshovel, this enables code within the comment to become enabled, rather than commented out:

## Nested comments

A limitation of block style comments is that it is not possible to nest existing code containing comments without stripping the doubleshovel and doubleclosebox symbols from the nested code:
The code needs modification as follows:
# Introduction to Mathematical Physics/Continuous approximation/Momentum conservation

We assume here that external forces are described by $f$ and that internal strains are described by tensor $\tau _{ij}$.
${\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{D}\rho u_{i}dv+\int _{\partial D}\tau _{ij}n_{j}d\sigma =\int _{D}f_{i}dv$
This integral equation corresponds to the applying of Newton's law of motion\index{momentum} over the elementary fluid volume as shown by figure figconsp.
Partial differential equation associated to this integral equation is:
${\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(\rho u_{i})+(\rho u_{i}u_{j})_{,j}+\tau _{ij,j}=f_{i}$
Using continuity equation yields to:
$\rho ({\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}u_{i}+u_{j}u_{i,j})+\tau _{ij,j}=f_{i}$
Remark: Momentum conservation equation can be proved taking the first moment of Vlasov equation. Fluid momentum ${\bar {p}}$ is then related to repartition function by the following equality:
${\bar {p}}=\int pdpf(r,p,t)$
Later on, fluid momentum is simply designated by $p$.
# Introduction to Mathematical Physics/Continuous approximation/Second principle of thermodynamics
## Second principle statement

Second principle of thermodynamics\ index{second principle of thermodynamics} is the macroscopic version of maximum entropy fundamental principle of statistical physics. Before stating second principle, let us introduce the thermostat notion:
Definition:
S system $\tau$ is a thermostat for a system ${\mathcal {S}}$ if its microcanonical temperature is practically independent on the total energy $E$ of system ${\mathcal {S}}$.
We thus have:
${\frac {\partial S_{\tau }^{*}}{\partial E_{\tau }}}(E_{tot}-E)={\frac {\partial S^{*}}{\partial E_{\tau }}}(E_{tot})$
so
$S_{\tau }^{*}(E_{tot}-E)=S^{*}(E_{tot})-\beta kE$
Postulate: Second principle. For any system, there exists a state function called entropy and noted $S$. Its is an extensive quantity whose variation can have two causes:
* heat or matter exchanges with the exterior.
* internal modifications of the system.
Moreover, if for an infinitesimal transformation, one has:
$dS=\delta _{e}S+\delta _{i}S$
then
$\delta _{i}S\geq 0$
and
$\delta _{e}S={\frac {\delta Q}{T_{e}}}$
Remark: Second principle does correspond to the maximum entropy criteria of statistical physics. Indeed, an internal transformation is always due to a constraint relaxing\footnote{here are two examples of internal transformation:
* Diffusion process.
* Adiabatic compression. Consider a box whose volume is adiabatically decreased. This transformation can be seen as an adiabatic relaxing of a spring that was compressed at initial time. }
Remark: In general, $\delta _{i}S$ can not be reached directly. Following equalities are used to calculate it:
${\begin{matrix}dS_{r}&=&{\frac {\delta Q}{T}}\\\delta S_{e}&=&{\frac {\delta Q}{T_{e}}}\end{matrix}}$

## Applications

Here are two examples of application of second principle:
Example: {{{1}}}
Example:
At section secrelacont, we have proved relations providing the most probable quantities encountered when a constraint "fixed quantity" is relaxed to a constraint "quantity free to fluctuate around a fixed mean". This result can be recovered using the second principle. During a transformation at $p$ and $T$ constant (even an irreversible transformation):
$\Delta G(p,T,n_{1},n_{2})=\Delta Q-T_{e}\Delta S$
Using second principle:
$\Delta G=-T_{e}\Delta S_{int}$
with $\Delta S_{int}\geq 0$. At equilibrium\footnote{ We are recovering the equivalence between the physical statistics general postulate "Entropy is maximum at equilibrium" and the second principle of thermodynamics. In thermodynamics, one says that $G(T,p,n_{i})$ is minimal for $T$ and $p$ fixed} system's state is defined by $\Delta G=0$, so
$\sum \mu _{i}dn_{i}=0$
where $\mu _{i}$is the chemical potential of species $i$.
# Introduction to Mathematical Physics/Continuous approximation/Energy conservation and first principle of thermodynamics
## Statement of first principle

Energy conservation law corresponds to the first principle of thermodynamics ([#References|references]). \index{first principle of thermodynamics}
Definition:
Let $S$ be a macroscopic system relaxing in $R_{0}$. Internal energy $U$ is the sum of kinetic energy of all the particle $E_{cm}$ and their total interaction potential energy $E_{p}$:
$U=E_{cm}+E_{p}$
Definition:
Let a macroscopic system moving with respect to $R$. It has a macroscopic kinetic energy $E_{c}$. The total energy $E_{tot}$ is the sum of the kinetic energy $E_{c}$ and the internal energy $U$. \index{internal energy}
$E_{tot}=E_{c}+U$
Principle:
Internal energy $U$ is a state function\footnote{ That means that an elementary variation $dU$ is a total differential. } . Total energy $E_{tot}$ can vary only by exchanges with the exterior.
Principle:
At each time, particulaire derivative (see example exmppartder) of the total energy $E_{tot}$ is the sum of external strains power $P_{e}$ and of the heat ${\dot {Q}}$ \index{heat} received by the system.
${\frac {dE_{tot}}{dt}}=P_{e}+{\dot {Q}}$
This implies:
Theorem:
For a closed system, $dE_{tot}=\delta W_{e}+\delta Q$
Theorem:
If macroscopic kinetic energy is zero then:
$dU=\delta W+\delta Q$
Remark:
Energy conservation can also be obtained taking the third moment of Vlasov equation (see equation eqvlasov).

## Consequences of first principle

The fact that $U$ is a state function implies that:
* Variation of $U$ does not depend on the followed path, that is variation of $U$ depends only on the initial and final states.
* $dU$ is a total differential that that Schwarz theorem can be applied. If $U$ is a function of two variables $x$ and $y$ then:
${\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial x\partial y}}={\frac {\partial ^{2}U}{\partial y\partial x}}$
Let us precise the relation between dynamics and first principle of thermodynamics. From the kinetic energy theorem:
${\frac {dE_{c}}{dt}}=P_{e}+P_{i}$
so that energy conservation can also be written:
eint
${\frac {dU}{dt}}={\dot {Q}}-P_{i}$
System modelization consists in evaluating $E_{c}$, $P_{e}$ and $P_{i}$. Power $P_{i}$ by relation eint is associated to the $U$ modelization.
# Introduction to Mathematical Physics/Continuous approximation/Exercises

Exercice:
Give the equations governing the dynamics of a plate (negligible thickness) from powers taking into account the gradient of the speeds (first gradient theory). Compare with a approach starting form conservation laws.
Exercice:
Same question as previous problem, but with a rope clamped between two walls.
Exercice:
exoplasmapert
A plasma\index{plasma} is a set of charged particles, electrons and ions. A classical model of plasma is the "two fluid model": the system is described by two sets of functions density, speed, and pressure, one for each type of particles, electrons and ions: set $n_{e},v_{e},p_{e}$ characterizes the electrons and set $n_{i},v_{i},p_{i}$ characterizes the ions. The momentum conservation equation for the electrons is:
me
$n_{e}m_{e}({\frac {\partial v_{e}}{\partial t}}+({v}_{e}.\nabla v_{e}))=en_{e}\nabla \phi -en_{e}v_{e}\wedge B-\nabla p_{e}$
The momentum conservation equation for the ions is:
mi
$n_{i}m_{i}({\frac {\partial v_{i}}{\partial t}}+({v}_{i}.\nabla v_{i}))=-en_{i}\nabla \phi +en_{i}v_{i}\wedge B-\nabla p_{i}.$
Solve this non linear problem (find solution $n_{i}({\vec {r}},t)$) assuming:
* $B$ field is directed along direction $z$ and so defines parallel direction and a perpendicular direction (the plane perpendicular to the $B$ field).
* speeds can be written $v_{a}={\tilde {v}}_{a}+v_{a}^{0}$ with $v_{i}^{0}=0$ and $v_{e}^{0}=-{\frac {k_{B}T_{e}\nabla _{x}n^{0}}{eBn^{0}}}e_{\theta }$.
* $E_{\perp }$ field can be written: $E_{\perp }=0+{\tilde {E}}_{\perp }$.
* densities can be written $n_{a}=n_{0}+{\tilde {n}}_{a}$. Plasma satisfies the quasi--neutrality condition\index{quasi-neutrality} : ${\tilde {n}}_{e}={\tilde {n}}_{i}={\tilde {n}}$.
* gases are considered perfect: $p_{a}=n_{a}k_{B}T_{a}$.
* $T_{e}$, $T_{i}$ have the values they have at equilibrium.
# Introduction to Mathematical Physics/Continuous approximation/Introduction

There exist several ways to introduce the matter continuous approximation. They are different approaches of the averaging over particles problem. The first approach consists in starting from classical mechanics and to consider means over elementary volumes called "fluid elements". [[ Image:
volume $d\tau$.}
figvolele
]] Let us consider an elementary volume $d\tau$ centred at $r$, at time $t$. Figure figvolele illustrates this averaging method. Quantities associated to continuous approximation are obtained from passage to the limit when box-size tends to zero.
So the particle density is the extrapolation of the limit when box volume tends to zero of the ratio of $dn$ (the number of particles in the box) over $d\tau$ (the volume of the box):
$n(r,t)=\lim _{d\tau \rightarrow 0}{\frac {dn}{d\tau }}$
In the same way, mean speed of the medium is defined by:
$v(r,t)=\lim _{d\tau \rightarrow 0}{\frac {dv}{dn}}$
where $dv$ is the sum of the speeds of the $dn$ particles being in the box.
Remark:
Such a limit passage is difficult to formalize on mathematical point of view. It is a sort of "physicist limit"!
Remark:
Note that the relation between particles characteristics and mean characteristics are not always obvious. It can happen that the speed of the particles are non zero but that their mean is zero. It is the case if particles undergo thermic agitation (if no convection). But it can also happen that the temporal averages of individual particle speed are zero, and that in the same time the speed of the fluid element is non zero! Figure
phenomenon ([#References
Another method consists in considering the repartition function for one particle $f(r,p,t)$ introduced at section
the probability to find at time $t$ a particle in volume of space phase between $r,p$ and $r+dr,p+dp$. The various fluid quantities are then introduced as the moments of $f$ with respect to speed. For instance, particle density is the zeroth order moment of $f$ :
$n(r,t)=\int f(r,p,t)dp$
that is, the average number of particles in volume a volume $d\tau$ is
$dn=n(r,t)d\tau .$
Fluid speed is binded to first moment of $f$ :
$mv(r,t)=\int pf(p,r,t)dp$
The object of this chapter is to present laws governing the dynamics of a continuous system. In general, those laws can be written as {\bf conservation
# Introduction to Mathematical Physics/Continuous approximation/Matter conservation

Setting $A_{i}=\rho ={\frac {dm}{d\tau }}$ in equation eqcon one obtains the matter conservation equation:
${\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+{\mbox{ div }}(\rho u)=0$
$\rho$ is called the volumic mass. This law can be proved by calculations using elementary fluid volumes. So, variation of mass $M$ in volume $d\tau$ per time unit is opposed to the outgoing mass flow:
${\frac {dM}{dt}}=-\int _{d\tau }\rho vdr$
Local form of this equation is thus:
${\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+{\mbox{ div }}(\rho u)=0$
But this law can also be proved in calculating the first moment of the Vlasov equation (see equation eqvlasov). Volumic mass is then defined as the zeroth order moment of the repartition function times mass $m$ of one particle:
$\rho =m\int dpf(r,p,t)$
Taking the first moment of Vlasov equation, it yields:
${\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+\nabla (\rho v)=0$
Charge conservation equation is completely similar to mass conservation equation:
${\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+{\mbox{ div }}{j}=0$
where here $\rho$ is the volumic charge and $j$ the electrical current density:
$j=\rho v$
Flow of $j$ trough an open surface $S$ is usually called electrical current going through surface $S$.
# Kirby franchise strategy guide/Bosses/Lololo and Lalala

Lololo and Lalala (ロロロ and ラララ) are characters from HAL Laboratories' Eggerland and Kirby series of video games. In Eggerland, their names are Lolo and Lala.

## Appearances
### Eggerland Series

Lolo first appeared as the main character in the Eggerland games, and later the popular Adventures of Lolo series for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
In these games, Lolo was a brave adventurer who had to solve series of puzzles to save Princess Lala from King Egger and his evil empire. He had the ability to turn enemies into eggs and push objects around, but otherwise was defenseless. Lala herself was eventually made a playable character. Lolo and Lala become married at the end of the first sequel. Much later in the series, as King and Queen, they have a child, Prince Lulu.

### Kirby series

* Kirby's Dream Land
Lololo and Lalala first appeared in the Kirby series as bosses in Kirby's Dream Land in the second stage, Castle Lololo. In their stage they would push green boxes around (much like in their own games) on platforms to try and hit Kirby. (This style of boss fight would later be copied by Nruff and Nelly and Pon and Con in later games.)
* Kirby's Avalanche
Lololo and Lalala show up as fellow contestants. They are the only characters in the game that haven't made an appearance in Kirby's Adventure / Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land.
* Kirby Super Star
The sub-game 'Spring Breeze', based on the original Kirby's Dream Land, featured Lololo and Lalala's graphically updated reappearance. Their stage and boss fight are the same as the earlier version.
* Kirby: Right Back at Ya!
Renamed to Fololo and Falala in the 4Kids dub, the pair's role in the anime is quite different from any of their games. No longer royalty themselves, they are the servants and friends of Tiff's family and live in King Dedede's castle.
Instead of walking, they float. They were actually a creation of Nightmare named Lola (Fofa in the dub) that was split into two people by the monster Slice n' Splice (KittariHattari (キッタリハッタリ)). Because of this they feel a strong connection to each other and are nearly always together. They're both very friendly and helpful, aiding Kirby whenever they can.
While they have more appearances early in the series, later on they seem to appear less and less, making some fans wonder if the writers didn't just forget about them. Interestingly, the name "Lola" first showed up in Kirby's Avalanche, where it is used as an abbreviation during their game.

### External Links

* HAL Laboratory, Inc. - Creators of the Eggerland series
* Eggerland: Adventures of Lolo - An English site dedicated to the Eggerland series
* King Egger and Pleasant Friends - A Japanese site dedicated to the Eggerland series
* 4Kids TV Kirby: Right Back at Ya! page
* Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Company page about Hoshi no Kirby
* Kirby's Rainbow Resort at GameSpy
# Kirby franchise strategy guide/Bosses/Drawcia

Drawcia is the main antagonist of Kirby: Canvas Curse. She is a witch who mixes painting with magic. Her name is a play on the word draw. Drawcia was created from a painting that resembled her slighty. She wanted a land of paint, and to get her wish, Drawcia turned Dream Land into a painting where she ruled everything. Drawcia also turned Kirby into a ball, so that he couldn't foil her plans. Her mistake was that she left one of her magical paintbrushes with Kirby upon fleeing the scene. Her magical paintbrush did not want any of this to happen, so it decides to help Kirby in getting rid of Drawcia. So Kirby and the magical paintbrush worked together to get through the newly-warped Dream Land. Drawcia has two forms which Kirby must face to defeat her and return Dream Land back to normal.

## Drawcia Sorceress

Drawcia Sorceress is Drawcia's physical form. She can paint characters like King Dedede and bring them to life. This how the bosses for the stages are created. She also used this technique against Kirby and creates enemies without copy abilities, spikes, or parachuting bombs to distract attention from herself. To stun her, as she has a force field, players have to deflect the fire balls she throws back towards her with the paintbrush's lines. Then Kirby is able to roll into Drawcia before she is able to recover, thereby damaging her. When she is defeated by Kirby, her robe and hat vanish into thin air as her body becomes a giant ball of paint. Drawcia also resembles Dark Matter in his first form in Kirby's Dream Land 2.

## Drawcia Soul

Drawcia Soul is a giant ball of paint with five small eyes, and a giant mouth below the five. She is the spirit form of Drawcia. She creates creatures called Para-Matters to attack Kirby. All of her attacks involve her manifesting her body somehow to attack Kirby. When she appears in the foreground, players must tap her a certain number of times (depending on the character used) to stun her and then roll the character into her. Upon her defeat, Drawcia is sucked back into her painting and is smashed to pieces, never again to be seen.

## Trivia

* Drawcia Soul resembles 0 (Zero), the final boss in Kirby's Dream Land 3.
* Drawcia is also the only villain that does not appear in a portrait featuring all of the major Kirby villains in Kirby: Squeak Squad for the Nintendo DS, besides Grill from Kirby no Kirakira Kizzu (though Grill wasn't really a villain, just looking for a challenge from Kirby) and Dark Nebula from Kirby: Squeak Squad.
* Drawcia Sorceress resembles Sophia from Fire Emblem: Sword of Seals.