OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Materials Science/Materials/Metals

Metals are materials made of elements on the left hand side of the periodic tables 'stair step' border starting on the left of Boron and going down and right and finishing at polonium. These elements can be mixed and combined with other elements (metals or non-metals) to create materials called alloys. Alloys are just a mix of elements and materials to create a new material with favorable properties.
Metals can be generally identified by a set of few physical properties (these a very general and there are plenty of exceptions). The main definition of a metal is an element that readily loses electrons and forms positive ions. The general bulk properties that are used to simply identify metals is that they tend to be lustrous (shiny when not oxidised), they are malleable (so can be beaten into a shape and not break), they are ductile (they can be drawn out into a wire) and that they conduct electricity; this rises from the fact that they readily lose electrons so there is a free electron 'gas' where the electrons can move around and this means that a charge can flow when an electric field is placed across the metal.
The metal that has changed the way the whole world functions and takes up a huge majority of the industry even now after over a century of its discovery and use (in terms of its modern production and composition). This metal is steel and is an alloy of mainly iron (Fe) and carbon (C) with many other constituent elements added depending on the type of steel wanted and the properties required.
Steel can be produced in a number of ways. Traditional methods utilise integrated steel processes which use energy intensive blast furnaces (to produce iron) sand basic oxygen steelmaking (to convert iron to steel). More modern methods use electric arc furnaces in which scrap steel is melted using electric currents and then formed into slabs or ingots for further processing. When the steel slab or ingot has cooled, a variety of forming operations such as rolling or extrusion are used to form the metal into flat sheet for use in cars, fridges, filing cabinets or radiators, or into beams, and heavy plate for use in construction and ship building
# Materials in Electronics/Confined Particles

Schrödinger's Equation can be used to find the electron distributions in a range of situations. The easiest to solve, theoretically, is the potential well. This is a region of space with a lower potential than neigbouring regions. The simplest case is where the well is infinitely deep, so electrons cannot ever escape. This is the Infinite Potential Well:
* 1D Infinite Wells
* 2D Infinite Wells
* 3D Infinite Wells
If you add more electrons to the box, the states are filled according to the Aufbau Principle:
However, infinte wells don't exist and are just a convenient approximation. In real life, we deal with Finite Wells:
# Materials Science/Thermochromics
## Thermochromics

Thermochromism is the ability of substance to change colour due to a change in temperature. A mood ring is an excellent example of this, but it has many other uses. Thermochromism is one of several types of chromism.
The two basic approaches are based on liquid crystals and leuco dyes. Liquid crystals are used in precision applications, as their responses can be engineered to accurate temperatures, but their color range is limited by their principle of operation. Leuco dyes allow wider range of colors to be used, but their response temperatures are more difficult to set with accuracy.
Some liquid crystals are capable of displaying different colors at different temperatures. This change is dependent on selective reflection of certain wavelengths by the crystallic structure of the material, as it changes between the low-temperature crystallic phase, through anisotropic chiral or twisted nematic phase, to the high-temperature isotropic liquid phase. Only the nematic mesophase has thermochromic properties; this restricts the effective temperature range of the material.
The twisted nematic phase has the molecules oriented in layers with regularly changing orientation, which gives them periodic spacing. The light passing the crystal undergoes Bragg diffraction on these layers, and the wavelength with the greatest constructive interference is reflected back, which is perceived as a spectral color. As the crystal undergoes changes in temperature, thermal expansion occurs, resulting in change of spacing between the layers, and therefore in the reflected wavelength. The color of the thermochromic liquid crystal can therefore continuously range from black through the spectral colors to black again, depending on the temperature.
Some such materials are cholesteryl nonanoate or cyanobiphenyls.
Liquid crystals used in dyes and inks often come microencapsulated, in the form of suspension.
Liquid crystals are used in applications where the color change has to be accurately defined. They find applications in thermometers for room, refrigerator, aquarium, and medical use, and in indicators of level of propane in tanks.
Liquid crystals are difficult to work with and require specialized printing equipment. The material itself is also typically more expensive than alternative technologies. High temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, some chemicals and/or solvents have a negative impact on their lifespan.
Thermochromic paint is a relatively recent development in the area of color-changing pigments. It involves the use of liquid crystal or leuco dye technology. After absorbing a certain amount of light or heat, the crystallic or molecular structure of the pigment reversibly changes in such a way that it absorbs and emits light at a different wavelength than at lower temperatures. Thermochromic paints are seen quite often as a coating on coffee mugs, whereby once hot coffee is poured into the mugs, the thermochromic paint absorbs the heat and becomes colored or transparent, therefore changing the appearance of the mug.
# Materials Science/Thermodynamics
## Thermodynamics of Material
### Phase Diagrams

Phase diagrams provide a graphical means of presenting the results of experimental studies of complex natural processes, such that at a given temperature and pressure for a specific system at equilibrium the phase or phases present can be determined.
SYSTEM - Any portion of the universe which is of interest and can be studied experimentally.
PHASE- any particular portion of a system, which is physically homogeneous, has a specific composition, and can be mechanically removed or separated from any other phase in the system.
* e.g. A system containing a mixture of ol and pl in equilibrium contains two phases - ol and pl.
In petrology we generally deal with primary phases - any crystalline phase which can coexist with liquid, i.e. it formed/crystallized directly from the liquid.
EQUILIBRIUM - The condition of minimum energy for the system such that the state of a reaction will not change with time provided that pressure and temperature are kept constant.
In experimental petrology there are three practical criteria used to test for equilibrium.
1. Time - with time the system does not change its physical or chemical makeup. 2. Approach equilibrium from two directions, e.g., the melting point of Albite.
   * begin with a liquid of Ab composition (Na$_2$O-Al$_2$O$_3$-6SiO$_2$) and cool until Ab crystallizes - T=1100°C
   * begin with the same mixture of solid Albite and heat it up until liquid forms - T=1120°C. Melting point of albite = 1110°C + 10°C.
3. Attainment of equilibrium by using different reactants and procedures. To determine the melting temperature of Albite
   * grind up a sample of pure albite
   * combine powdered oxides to give pure Ab composition
    Use both to determine Ab melting point.
One final term to be defined prior to examining phase diagrams.
COMPONENT - the smallest number of independent variable chemical constituents necessary to define any phase in the system.
* components may be oxides, elements or minerals, dependent on the system being examined.
For example, experiments carried out in the H$_2$O system, show that the phases which appear over a wide temperature and pressure range are ice, liquid water and water vapour. The composition of each phase is H$_2$O and only one chemical parameter or component is required to describe the composition of each phase. Systems which can be defined by a single component are called Unary Systems. H$_2$O System In this system pressures from 0 to 15 kbars seven phases, each with the same composition - H$_2$O have been recognized:
* Ice I
* Ice II
* Ice III
* Ice IV (actually does not exist)
* Ice V
* Water
* Steam
SiO$_2$ System In the one component SiO$_2$ system in the temperature range from 0 to 2,000°C and a pressure range from 0 to 30 kbars six phases of SiO$_2$ are recognized. At pressures > 30 kbar a seventh phase, stishovite, exists. The six phases of SiO$_2$ are:
* coesite
* alpha quartz (Trigonal)
* beta quartz (hexagonal)
* tridymite
* cristobalite
* anhydrous melt
# Materials in Electronics

This book is about the properties of materials at the most fundamental level, with a particular bias on the application of these properties to electronic systems. This book forms the basis of the book on Semiconductors. This book starts from considering the electron as a particle in a material, and progresses to the properties of conductive and semiconductive materials.

## Table of Contents
### Section 1: Charge Carriers

* The Electron
* Electrons in Conductors
* The Hole

### Section 2: Wave-Particle Duality and Implications

* Wave-Particle Duality
* Schrödinger's Equation
* Confined Particles
* The Hydrogen Atom
# Pinyin/Pinyin

Special:search/Hanyu Pinyin prefix:Pinyin/
Pinyin is a written system in Chinese language. Another Chinese written system is Hanzi.
Pīnyīn shì yizhoong Zhōngwén shuxiee xihtoong. lihngyizhoong Zhōngwén shuxiee xihtoong shì Hànzì.
# Pinyin/Pilot

Search Pinyin pilot
# Pinyin/Plan

A plan is something that you intend to do or achieve.
jihhuah shih daasuahn zuoh huoh warncherng d shihqirng.
# Pinyin/Planet

Search Pinyin planet
There are literally millions of objects orbiting the Sun - asteroids, comets, meteors and Kuiper Belt objects - eight of the largest of these bodies are called the eight planets. In order from the Sun, they are:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Shùyǐbǎiwànjì d wùtǐ wéirào Tàiyáng gōngzhuàn - xiǎoxíngxīng, huìxīng, liúxīng hé Kuiper Xīngqún - qízhōng 8'g zuìdà d chēngwéi 8 dà xíngxīng, cóng Tàiyáng d páiliè shì:
Shuǐxīng, Jīnxīng, Dìqiú, Huǒxīng, Mùxīng, Tǔxīng, Tiānwángxīng hé Hǎiwángxīng.
# Pinyin/Plant

See also
A plant is a living thing that grows in soil, has leaves and roots, and needs water and light from the Sun to live.
zhirwuh shih zaih nirtuu shengzhaang d shengwuh, yoou yeh her gen, xuyao shuii her yarngguang shengcurn.
# Pinyin/Plague

See also
Plague is a bacterial disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, which primarily affects wild rodents. It is spread from one rodent to another by fleas. Humans bitten by an infected flea usually develop a bubonic form of plague, which is characterized by a bubo, i.e. a swelling of the lymph node draining the flea bite site.
If the bacteria reach the lungs, the patient develops pneumonia (pneumonic plague), which is then transmissible from person to person through infected droplets spread by coughing. Initial symptoms of bubonic plague appear 7–10 days after infection.
If diagnosed early, bubonic plague can be successfully treated with antibiotics. Pneumonic plague, on the other hand, is one of the most deadly infectious diseases; patients can die 24 hours after infection. The mortality rate depends on how soon treatment is started, but is always very high.
Shǔyì shì yīzhǒng chuánrǎnbìng, yóu shǔyì Yersinia xìjūn yǐnqǐ, zhè shì yīzhǒng dòngwùyuánxìng xìjūn, tōngcháng kě zài xiǎodòngwù jíqí tiàozǎo shàng fāxiàn. Tā tōngguò rǎnbìng tiàozǎo dīngyǎo, zhíjiē jiēchù hé xīrù de fāngshì zài dòngwù yǔ rén zhījiān chuánbō, jíshǎoshù qíngkuàng xià yě tōngguò shèrù chuánrǎnwù chuánbō.
Shǔyì gǎnrǎn kě àn gǎnrǎn tújìng fēnwéi 3 zhǒng: xiànshǔyì, bàixuèxìng shǔyì hé fèishǔyì. Xiànshǔyì de tèdiǎn shì línbājié téngtòng zhǒngdà huò “fùgǔgōu línbājiéyán”, shì zuì chángjiàn de yīzhǒng shǔyì.
Bù jiā zhìliáo de shǔyì kěnéng xùnsù zhìsǐ, yīncǐ jízǎo zhěnduàn hé zhìliáo duìyú cúnhuó hé jiǎnshǎo bìngfāzhèng zhìguān zhòngyào. Rúguǒ zhěnduàn jíshí, shǐyòng kàngshēngsù hé zhīchíxìng liáofǎ kěyǐ yǒuxiào duìkàng shǔyì. Zhèxiē fāngfǎ bāokuò shǐyòng kàngshēngsù hé zhīchíxìng liáofǎ.
# Pinyin/Place

See also

## Noun

* a place is a space in which things exist.
** dihfang shih shihwuh curnzaih d kongjian.
# Pinyin/Pill

Search Pinyin pill
# Pinyin/Pigment

See also
# Movie Making Manual/Equipment Timeshare Agreement

This is the Draft Agreement fot the FilmEquipmentTimeshare

## Draft Agreement
### Outline

* The Film Equipment Timeshare is a "for mutual profit" partnership the purpose of which is to enable members to pool resources and buy film-making equipment which the members then share.
* Each member will contribute an initial £X.00 to the partnership and pay an 1/5th X renewal fee each year.
* There will be a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 12 members.
* Members can be individuals, companies, partnerships, etcetera.
* Members may choose to manage the partnership in-house or appoint an external management member.
* If Members choose to manage the partnership themselves they should elect a treasurer, a diary keeper, and an equipment maintainer. Members may hold more than one of these positions.

### Purchase of Equipment

* Members should agree their aims and then assemble a list of equipment to meet those aims.
* Members can then purchase this equipment in any manner the partnership agrees.

### Use of Equipment

* Each member is assigned 350/[number of members] days use per year.
* Members shall pay Y per day for actual usage of the kit
* Each Member therefore guarantees to pay each year £Y times 350/[number of members] per year.
* 15 days each year are set aside for servicing of equipment or emergencies.
* Members should reserve equipment with the diary controller. The diary should be available to all members at all times (preferably online) so they members can plan their projects.
* Equipment cannot be booked more than 1 year in advance.
* Members not using all their assigned days may allocate them to a "pool"/bulletin board where they may be purchased by another member.
* Members will sign equipment over to themselves when collecting it from the previous user. It is the accepting member's responsibility to cover any insurance excess for loss of or damage to the equipment while it is in his care.

### General

* The equipment shall be insured at all times
* Equipment cannot be lent or hired to 3rd parties

### Governance

* New members need approval from a majority of existing members
* Members may sell on at any time: existing members have pre-emption rights but if not taken up any new member to be approved by a majority.
* General Meetings at least once per year immediately following the anniversary date of the partnership's formation, any two members can requisition an extraordinary general meeting.
* At General Meeting members will vote on rental levels, how much of the capital to disburse, how much to reinvest in new equipment and how much to leave in the partnership.
# Movie Making Manual/Equipment Timeshares
## Abstract

Fairly early in many independent production company's lives a dilemma arises with regards to film equipment - should the company rent or buy?
Indy film and documentary makers need to be busier than their mainstream counterparts. Producing films at lower cost with lower margins means one needs to stay active in order to turnover enough "product" to be a viable business. This should make us more inclined toward the purchase of equipment but we are often deterred by hefty upfront costs and gear often sitting idle due to long development, pre- and post-production periods.
Some producers square the circle by purchasing equipment and renting it to other producers. This can work but the cost of marketing the service, attendant management overheads, threat of damage and distraction from the core business make this a sub-optimal solution.
This paper proposes an alternate model - collective ownership alongside an innovative financing model. Herein is a framework for a group of filmmakers or production companies to collectively purchase and share equipment. The high cost of film equipment, the cyclic nature of film production, and the collaborative nature of the industry make it well suited to such a collective.
* Equipment Timeshare Agreement
* Sample Shooting Kit

## Ebay Alternative

Find an equipment that:
* Has been on the market for over a year
* Is being sold on eBay
* Has at least 10 bidders on it
Then put in the bid to buy it used. Most likely when you are done with it you can sell it back for roughly the same price you bought it for (used is used).
The longer it has been on the market and the higher the number of bidders for the item, the higher the likelihood that you will be able to sell it at the same price. Save the text and the images from the auction so you can save effort when you decide to resell the item. Also, be sure to follow the typical best practices for eBay: check the seller rating, check shipping rate, etc.
# Distribution
## DVDs

One of the most exciting new areas for filmmakers with a strong visual style is the music/video DVD. Warp records are leading the way here - producing pieces of work that can only be described and visionary. DVDs where the music and the visuals have been developed together, not one after the other.

# Exhibition
## London

* NFT and XFM's "Antenna" (annual)
* Soho Rushes film festival
# Hardware reviews
## Video Cameras

* http://cnet.com

### miniDV, DVCam, DVCpro, DV50

* Canon XL1-S review

# Software

There is a large variety of software available, ranging from free solutions such as Windows Movie Maker/iMovie (included with any new PC/Mac), to professional solutions like Adobe Premier Pro (available for Windows and Mac OSX) and Final Cut Pro (Mac OSX only). There is also a number of programs in between: Adobe offers Premier Elements, essentially a stripped down version of Premier Pro, for more basic editing. Apple likewise offers Final Cut Express. If you are building a workstation specifically for editing, you are probably looking at something like Premier Pro. It should be noted that Adobe offers a Production Package that includes a number of titles from the Adobe family, including Premier, AfterEffects, and Photoshop Extended, all of which can be very useful for even more advanced editing than what Premier alone offers.

# Software reviews

Top 10 Video Editing Software Review http://video-editing-software-review.toptenreviews.com/
# Movie Making Manual/Foley

Foley sound is the technical term for the recreation of sound effects for a movie in a studio. Named after Jack Foley, the inventor of this technique, it entails replacement and addition of sound in a film. Foley sound is created by an industry professional known as the foley-artist. Usually this is done in a recording studio known as a Foley Stage with the film being played back and interlocked to an audio recording device while the artist watches the picture and uses sometimes unusal articles and techniques to match picture.
Foley sounds may include as much as a: the dry smack of a punch, the revving engine of a car, or the crashing waves of the sea.
External link: "The art of Foley" http://atlantamusicgroup.com/foley1.html
# Movie Making Manual/Film stock

Since the rise of digital cameras, film is not always needed.

# Types of Film stock
## 8mm

Amateur film gauge introduced by Eastman Kodak. In the camera, it was the same size with standard 16mm film but with double perforations. At the picture area of a typical 16mm film, four frames of 8mm were recorded, two in the first run and two when turning the film cassette to the other side to expose the other half width, much like audio cassettes are used. When processed, it was slit lengthwise to produce a double length (usually 50ft) Regular 8mm film for projection. A better variant, Super 8mm was introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1965. This had smaller perforations which allowed for 50% increase of the image size and hence more detail could be recorded. The larger frame also allowed for larger projection sizes than were possible with standard 8mm (called Regular 8mm) film. See also respective sections in Wikipedia and Kodak's web site.

## Super 16mm

Super 16mm film is physically 16mm wide, however, when compared to standard 16mm film one will notice that 16mm has perforations on both edges of the film, whereas super 16mm only has perforations on one side. This allows for a wider frame on the film and provides greater resolution to that achievable with standard 16mm film stock.

## 35mm

35mm Film Stock is regarded as the industry standard when it comes to professional productions. There are a few different types of 35mm film, including:
* Two perf
* Three perf
* Four perf
* Super 35mm

## 65/70mm

This type of film stock is the largest format made, it is generally used for IMAX productions. It is the highest quality film available.

## Buying Film stock
### Kodak

You can purchase Filmstock directly from Kodak by calling them. Information is at http://www.kodak.com

### Fuji

* Consider using cheaper Short end and Re-can stocks.

## Storing Filmstock

* Shameless Plug for Kodak... http://www.kodak.com/global/en/service/tib/tib5202.shtml
# Pinyin/Win

See also
# Pinyin/Whole

A whole is a complete thing made of some parts.
zheengtii shih yixie buhfehn zuucherng d warnzheeng shihwuh.
# Pinyin/Whole Grain

Search Pinyin grain
A whole grain is a grain that contains the germ, endosperm, and bran. In contrast, a refined grain keeps only the endosperm.
Quán-gǔwù shì bāokuò pēiyá, pēirǔ hé fūpí de gǔwù. Xiāngfǎn, jīngliàn-gǔwù zhǐ bǎoliú pēirǔ.
Eating whole grain can prevent cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. Whole grain is good for health, but refined grain is harmful to health.
Chī quán-gǔwù kě fángzhǐ xīnxuèguǎnbìng, tángniàobìng, chīféi. Quán-gǔwù yǒuyì jiànkāng, ér jīngliàn-gǔwù wēihài jiànkāng.
# Pinyin/Willow Catkin

Catkins
Today we went to see catkins with our teacher. Catkins are white, like duck feathers and snowflakes. I picked up some catkins, and gently sprinkled on my teacher. Then, my teacher looked like the Snow White. And catkins floated into my nose, causing my nose itchy.
liuuxuh
jīntiān lǎoshī dài wǒmen yīqǐ qù kàn liǔxù. Liǔxù báibái de, xiàng yāmáo, yòu xiàng xuěhuā. Wǒ pěngqǐ yī duǒ duǒ hěn měi hěn měi de xuěhuā, qīngqīng de sǎ zài lǎoshī shēnshang, lǎoshī lìkè biànchéngle Báixuě Gōngzhǔ. Liǔxù piāo ya piāo, piāo dào wǒ de bízi lǐ, bízi lǐ yǎngyang de.
# Pinyin/Whole Body

Search Pinyin body
# Pinyin/Will

See also
# Pinyin/Wind

Search wind
Wind
Spring wind, light and warm. Summer wind, cool and hot. Autumn wind, cold and colorful. Winter wind, ice-cold and bone-piercing. Different winds in four seasons in a year, decorating different four seasons.
Fēng
Chūntiān de fēng, qīngqīng de, wēnnuǎn de. Xiàtiān de fēng, liángshuǎng de, yánrè de. Qiūtiān de fēng, liángliáng de, duōcǎi de. Dōngtiān de fēng, bīnglěng de, cìgǔ de. Yī nián sìjì bùtóng de fēng, zhuāngdiǎnzhe bùtóng de sìjì.