OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Levantine Arabic/Time

| وقت wa'ᵉt | time |

## Units of time

| يوم yōm | إيام 'iyyām (N) / أيام 'ayyām (S) | day |
| ليلة lēle | ليالي layāli | night |
| ساعة sēʕa / sāʕa | ساعات sēʕāt / sāʕāt | hour; clock |
| دقيقة da'ī'a | دقايق da'āye' | minute |
| ثانية sānye (N) / ṯāniye (S) | ثواني sawāni (N) / ṯawāni (S) | second |
ساعة (sēʕa/sāʕa) is one of the few word that is often pronounced with "ē" even in South Levantine. I doesn't only mean "hour" but also "clock" or "watch".

## Time of the day

| نهار nhār | daytime |
| صبح subᵒḥ | morning |
| ضهر ḍuhᵒr | noon |
| بعد الضهر baʕd iḍ-ḍuhᵒr | afternoon |
| مسا masa (m) | evening |
| ليل lēl | nighttime |
| نص الليل nuṣṣ il-lēl | midnight |

## Telling time

When telling the time you literally say "the hour is" (الساعة is-sēʕa / is-sāʕa) followed by the feminine (1-2) or independent (3-12) form of the number for the hour.
The minutes can be expressed by their exact number or by a fraction (half, third, quarter) of an hour. The word for minute (دقيقة da'ī'a) is only used for numbers larger than 10.
For fraction that are nearer to the next hour, they are substracted from it using the word "except" (إلا 'illa).
Question:
| قديش الساعة؟ 'addēš is-sēʕa | What time is it? |
Examples:
| Fraction | Minutes | |
| الساعة تنتين is-sēʕa tintēn | الساعة تنتين is-sēʕa tintēn | 2:00 |
| الساعة تنتين وخمسة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ḫamse | الساعة تنتين وخمسة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ḫamse | 2:05 |
| الساعة تنتين وعشرة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ʕašara | الساعة تنتين وعشرة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ʕašara | 2:10 |
| الساعة تنتين وربع is-sēʕa tintēn w-rubᵒʕ/ribᵉʕ | الساعة تنتين وخمستشر دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ḫamᵉstašar da'ī'a | 2:15 |
| الساعة تنتين وتلت is-sēʕa tintēn w-tult/tilt | الساعة تنتين وعشرين دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ʕišrīn da'ī'a | 2:20 |
| الساعة تنتين وتلت is-sēʕa tintēn w-nuṣṣ | الساعة تنتين وتلاتين دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-talatīn/tlātīn da'ī'a | 2:30 |
| الساعة تلاتة إلا تلت is-sēʕa talāte/tlāte 'illa tult/tilt | الساعة تنتين وأربعين دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-'arbaʕīn da'ī'a | 2:40 |
| الساعة تلاتة إلا عشرة is-sēʕa talāte/tlāte 'illa ʕašara | الساعة تنتين وخمسين دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ḫamsīn da'ī'a | 2:50 |
# Levantine Arabic/Verbs motion

This article is in South Levantine.
The present progressive is not used for verbs of motion. An ongoing motion is expressed by the active participle instead.

## Direction of movement

| Past tense | Past tense | Present tense | Present tense | Active participle | Active participle | English |
| راح | rāḥ | براح | birūḥ | رايح | rāyeḥ | to go; to depart |
| أجا | 'aja | بيجي | bīji | جاي | jāy | to come; to arrive |
| رجع | rijeʕ | برجع | birjaʕ | راجع | rājeʕ | to return, to go/come back |
| روّح | rawwaḥ | بروّح | birawweḥ | مروّح | mrawweḥ | to return home |
| فات | fāt | بفوت | bifūt | فايت | fāyet | to enter, to go/come in |
| دخل | daḵal | بدخل | yūdḵol | داخل | dāḵel | to enter, to go/come in |
| طلع | ṭileʕ | بطلع | biṭlaʕ | طالع | ṭāleʕ | to go/come out |
| طلع | ṭileʕ | بطلع | biṭlaʕ | طالع | ṭāleʕ | to go/come up; to get into (vehicle) |
| نزل | nizel | بنزل | binzal | نازل | nāzel | to go/come down; to get off (vehicle) |

## Way of motion

| Past tense | Past tense | Present tense | Present tense | Active participle | Active participle | English |
| مشى | maša | بمشي | bimši | ماشي | māši | to walk |
| ركض | rakaḍ | بركض | burkoḍ | راكض | rākeḍ | to run |
| ركب | rikeb | بركب | birkab | راكب | rākeb | to ride (bike, bus etc.) |
| ساق | sā' | بسوق | bisū' | سايق | sāye' | to drive (vehicle) |
| سبح | sabaḥ | بسبح | bisbaḥ | سابح | sābeḥ | to swim |
| طار | ṭār | بطير | biṭīr | طاير | ṭāyer | to fly |
| رقص | ra'aṣ | برقص | bur'oṣ | راقص | rā'eṣ | to dance |
# Levantine Arabic/Verbs perception

The present tense is rarely used for verbs of perception, when they have a passive meaning (eg. “to hear”). A current perception is expressed by the active participle instead.
Some of those words can also have an active meaning (eg. “to listen”) depending on the context.
| Past tense | Past tense | Present tense | Present tense | Active participle | Active participle | English |
| شاف | šāf | بشوف | bišūf | شايف | šāyef | to see |
| تطلّع | tṭallaʕ | بتطلّع | bitṭallaʕ | - | - | to look |
| تفرّج | tfarraj | بتفرّج | bitfarraj | - | - | to look; to watch |
| سمع | simeʕ | بسمع | bismaʕ | سامع | sāmeʕ | to hear; to listen |
| حسّ | ḥass | بحسّ | biḥess | حاسس | ḥāses | to feel |
| عرف | ʔiref | بعرف | biʔref, biʔraf, byaʔref | عارف | ʕāref | to know |
| فهم | fihem | بفهم | bifham | فاهم | fāhem | to understand |
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Discrete-Time Transient

Transient Impulse Response Bound

## The System

For a single-input multi-output continuous-time LTI system with state-space realization
    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)\\y&=Cx\\\end{aligned}}$
where $A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, $B\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times 1}$ and $C\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\times 1}$.

## The Data

$A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, $B\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times 1}$ and $C\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\times 1}$.
Also it is assumed that Z(t)=C e$^{At}${\textstyle e^{\text{At}}}B be the unit impulsive response of the system.

## The LMI:

If the Euclidean norm of the impulse response satisfies. $\lVert z(T)\rVert \leq \gamma ,\forall T\in \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}$ and if there exist $P\in \mathbb {S} ^{p}$ and $\gamma \in \mathbb {R} _{>0}$,where P > 0, such that
* ${\begin{bmatrix}P&PB\\*&\gamma \end{bmatrix}}\geq 0,$
* ${\begin{bmatrix}P&C^{T}\\*&-\gamma 1\end{bmatrix}}\geq 0.$
* $PA+AP\leq 0$

## Conclusion

This LMI can be used to analyze the Transient Impulse Response Bound for the given system

## Implementation

This LMI can be used in a problem and can be solved using the solvers like Yalmip,sedumi,gurobi etc,.
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Discrete-time Detectability

Discrete-Time Detectability
A discrete time system operates on a discrete time signal input and produces a discrete time signal output. They are used in digital signal processing, such as digital filters for images or sound. The class of discrete time systems that are both linear and time invariant, known as discrete time LTI systems.
Discrete-Time LTI systems can be made detectable using observer gain L, which can be found using LMI optimization, such that the close loop system is detectable.

## The System

Discrete-Time LTI System with state space realization $(A_{d},B_{d},C_{d},D_{d})$ ${\begin{aligned}&A_{d}\in {\bf {{R^{n*n}},}}&B_{d}\in {\bf {{R^{n*m}},}}&C_{d}\in {\bf {{R^{p*n}},}}&D_{d}\in {\bf {{R^{p*m}}\;}}\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices: System $(A_{d},B_{d},C_{d},D_{d}),P,W$.

## The Optimization Problem

The following feasibility problem should be optimized:
Maximize P while obeying the LMI constraints. Then L is found.

## The LMI:

Discrete-Time Detectability
The LMI formulation
${\begin{aligned}P\in {S^{n}};W\in {R^{m*n}}\;\\&P>0\\{\begin{bmatrix}P&A_{d}^{T}P+C_{d}^{T}W\\*&P\end{bmatrix}}&>0,\\L=P^{-1}W\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

The system is detectable iff there exits a $P$, such that $P>0$. The matrix $A_{d}+LC_{d}$ is Schur with $L=P^{-1}W$

## Implementation

A link to CodeOcean or other online implementation of the LMI MATLAB Code

## Related LMIs

- Continuous time Detectability

## External Links

A list of references documenting and validating the LMI.
* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Discrete-time Lyapunov Stability

Discrete-Time Lyapunov Stability
A discrete time system operates on a discrete time signal input and produces a discrete time signal output. They are used in digital signal processing, such as digital filters for images or sound. The class of discrete time systems that are both linear and time invariant, known as discrete time LTI systems.
Stability of DT LTI systems can be determined by solving Lyapunov Inequality.

## The System

Discrete-Time System
    ${\begin{aligned}x(t)_{k+1}&=A_{d}x(t)_{k},&A_{d}\in {\bf {{R^{n*n}}\;}}\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices: System $A_{d},P$.

## The Optimization Problem

The following feasibility problem should be optimized:
Find P obeying the LMI constraints.

## The LMI:

Discrete-Time Bounded Real Lemma
The LMI formulation
       ${\begin{aligned}P\in {\bf {{S^{n}}\;}}\\{\text{Find}}\;&P>0,\\{\begin{bmatrix}A_{d}^{T}PA_{d}-P\end{bmatrix}}&<0\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

If there exists a $P\in {\bf {S^{n}}}$ satisfying the LMI then, $|\lambda _{i}(A_{d})|\leq 1,\forall i=1,2,...,n;$ and the equilibrium point ${\bar {x}}=0$ of the system is Lyapunov stable.

## Implementation

A link to CodeOcean or other online implementation of the LMI MATLAB Code

## Related LMIs

Continuous_Time_Lyapunov_Inequality - Lyapunov_Inequality

## External Links

A list of references documenting and validating the LMI.
* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Discrete-Time Quadratic Stability
## Discrete-Time Quadratic Stability

Stability is an important property, stability analysis is necessary for control theory. For robust control, this criterion is applicable for the uncertain discrete-time linear system. It is based on the Discrete Time Lyapunov Stability.

## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}x_{k+1}&=A_{d}(\alpha )x_{k}\\Where:\\&A_{d}(\alpha )=A_{d}+\Delta A_{d}(\delta (t))\\&\Delta A_{d}(\delta (t))=\sum _{k=1}^{n}\delta _{k}(t)A_{d;k}\in \mathrm {R} ^{n\times n}\\&\delta (t)=[\delta _{1}(t),...\delta _{n}(t)]-{\text{The set of perturbation parameters}}\\&\delta (t)\in \mathrm {R} \;\;\;A_{d;i}\in \mathrm {R} ^{n\times n}\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices $A\in R^{n\times n}\;A_{d;i}\in R^{n\times n}$.

## The Optimization Problem

The following feasibility problem should be solved:
    ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find}}\;&P>0:\\&(A_{d;0}+\Delta A_{d}(\delta (t)))^{T}P(A_{d;0}+\Delta A_{d}(\delta (t)))-P<0{\text{ for all }}\delta \end{aligned}}$
Where $P\in R^{n,n}$.
In case of polytopic uncertainty:
    ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find}}\;&P>0:\\&(A_{d;0}+A_{d;i})^{T}P(A_{d;0}+A_{d;i})-P<0{\text{ for all }}i=1,...n\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

This LMI allows us to investigate stability for the robust control problem in the case of polytopic uncertainty and gives on the controller for this case

## Implementation:

* - Matlab implementation using the YALMIP framework and Mosek solver

## Related LMIs: =

* - Discrete Time Stabilizability
* Polytopic stability for continuous time case
* Quadratic polytopic stabilization
* Discrete Time Lyapunov Stability

## External Links

A list of references documenting and validating the LMI.
* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes. (3.20.2 page 64)
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.

## Return to Main Page:

* Main Page.
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Discrete-Time Lyapunov Stability

Discrete-Time Lyapunov Stability
A discrete time system operates on a discrete time signal input and produces a discrete time signal output. They are used in digital signal processing, such as digital filters for images or sound. The class of discrete time systems that are both linear and time invariant, known as discrete time LTI systems.
Stability of DT LTI systems can be determined by solving Lyapunov Inequality.

## The System

Discrete-Time System
    ${\begin{aligned}x(t)_{k+1}&=A_{d}x(t)_{k},&A_{d}\in {\bf {{R^{n*n}}\;}}\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices: System $A_{d},P$.

## The Optimization Problem

The following feasibility problem should be optimized:
Find P obeying the LMI constraints.

## The LMI:

Discrete-Time Bounded Real Lemma
The LMI formulation
       ${\begin{aligned}P\in {\bf {{S^{n}}\;}}\\{\text{Find}}\;&P>0,\\{\begin{bmatrix}A_{d}^{T}PA_{d}-P\end{bmatrix}}&<0\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

If there exists a $P\in {\bf {S^{n}}}$ satisfying the LMI then, $|\lambda _{i}(A_{d})|\leq 1,\forall i=1,2,...,n;$ and the equilibrium point ${\bar {x}}=0$ of the system is Lyapunov stable.

## Implementation

A link to CodeOcean or other online implementation of the LMI MATLAB Code

## Related LMIs

Continuous_Time_Lyapunov_Inequality - Lyapunov_Inequality

## External Links

A list of references documenting and validating the LMI.
* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Discrete-Time Transient Impulse Response Bound
## The System

For the single-input multi-output discrete-time LTI system with state-space realization,
    ${\begin{aligned}\ x_{k+1}&=A_{d}x_{k}+B_{d}u_{k}\\y_{k}&=C_{d}x_{k}\\\end{aligned}}$
where $A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, $B_{d}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times 1}$ and $C_{d}\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\times n}$ and it is assumed that $A_{d}$ is invertible. It is also considered that $Z_{k}C_{d}A_{d}^{k-1}B_{d}$ be the unit impulse response of the system.

## The Data

$A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, $B_{d}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times 1}$ and $C_{d}\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\times n}$

## The LMI

If the Euclidean norm of the impulse response satisfies. $\lVert z_{k}\rVert _{2}\leq \gamma ,\forall k\in \mathbb {Z} _{\geq 0}$ and if there exist $P\in \mathbb {S} ^{p}$ and $\gamma \in \mathbb {R} _{>0}$,where P > 0, such that
* ${\begin{bmatrix}P&PA_{d}^{-1}B_{d}\\*&\gamma \end{bmatrix}}\geq 0,$
* ${\begin{bmatrix}P&C_{d}^{T}\\*&\gamma 1\end{bmatrix}}\geq 0,$
* $A_{d}^{T}PA_{d}-P\leq 0.$

## Proof

* The proof follows same procedure as for transient output bound for Discrete time autonomous LTI systems,but taking $X_{0}=A_{d}^{-1}B_{d}$as the initial condition, so that the unit impulse response matching the free response $Z_{k}=C_{d}A_{d}^{k}X_{0}$.
* This yields the result$X_{k}^{T}PX_{k}\leq B_{d}^{T}A_{d}^{-T}PA_{d}^{-1}B_{d}$.
* Using the non-strict Schur complement, the matrix inequality ${\begin{bmatrix}P&PA_{d}^{-}1B_{d}\\*&\gamma \end{bmatrix}}\geq 0,$ is equivalent to the inequality $B_{d}^{T}A_{d}^{-}TPA_{d}^{-}1B_{d}\leq \gamma$.Substituting this and ${\begin{bmatrix}P&C_{d}^{T}\\*&\gamma 1\end{bmatrix}}\geq 0,$ into $X_{k}^{T}PX_{k}\leq B_{d}^{T}A_{d}^{-T}PA_{d}^{-1}B_{d}$.gives the desired result.

## Conclusion

This LMI can be used to analyze the Discrete-Time Transient Impulse Response Bound for the given system

## Implementation

This LMI can be used in a problem and can be solved using the solvers like Yalmip,sedumi,gurobi etc,.
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/LMIs in system and stability Theory/Discrete-time Algebraic Riccati Inequalities

Algebraic Riccati Equations are particularly significant in Optimal Control, filtering and estimation problems. The need to solve such equations is common in the analysis and linear quadratic Gaussian control along with general Control problems. In one form or the other, Riccati Equations play significant roles in optimal control of multivariable and large-scale systems, scattering theory, estimation, and detection processes. In addition, closed forms solution of Ricatti Equations are intractable for two reasons namely; one, they are nonlinear and two, are in matrix forms.

## The System

The system is defined as:
$y_{t}=Ay_{t-1}+Bu_{t-1},$

## The Data

A typical specification of the discrete-time linear quadratic control problem is to minimize
    $\sum _{t=1}^{T}(y_{t}^{T}Qy_{t}+u_{t}^{T}Ru_{t})$
subject to the state equation
    $y_{t}=Ay_{t-1}+Bu_{t-1},$
where y is an n × 1 vector of state variables, u is a k × 1 vector of control variables, A is the n × n state transition matrix, B is the n × k matrix of control multipliers, Q (n × n) is a symmetric positive semi-definite state cost matrix, and R (k × k) is a symmetric positive definite control cost matrix.

## The LMI: Discrete-Time Algebraic Riccati Inequality

Title and mathematical description of the LMI formulation.
       ${\begin{aligned}{\text{ Consider}}\;A_{d}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times m},B_{d}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times m},P,Q\in \mathbb {S} ^{n},{\text{where}}\;\\P>0,\\Q\geq 0,\\R>0.\\{\text{ The Discrete-Time Algebraic Riccati inequality is given by}}\;\\A_{d}^{T}PA_{d}-A_{d}^{T}PB_{d}(R+B_{d}^{T}PB_{d})^{-1}B_{d}^{T}PA_{d}+Q-P&\geq 0,\\\\{\text{ can be written using the Schur complement lemma as}}\;\\{\begin{bmatrix}A_{d}^{T}-P+Q&&A_{d}^{T}PB_{d}\\\star &&R+B_{d}^{T}PB_{d}\\\end{bmatrix}}&\geq 0\\\end{aligned}}$
Equivalently, this discrete-time algebraic Riccati inequality is satisfied under any of the following necessary and sufficient conditions.
1. There exist $P,Q\in \mathbb {S} ^{n},{\text{and}}\;R\in \mathbb {S} ^{m},$ where $P>0,Q\geq 0,andR>0,$ such that
${\begin{bmatrix}Q&&0&&A_{d}^{T}P&&P\\\star &&R&&B_{d}^{T}P&&0\\\star &&\star &&P&&0\\\star &&\star &&\star &&P\\\end{bmatrix}}$ ${\begin{aligned}\geq 0\end{aligned}}$,
2. There exist $X,Q\in \mathbb {S} ^{n},{\text{and}}\;R\in \mathbb {S} ^{m},$ where $X>0,Q\geq 0,andR>0,$ such that
${\begin{bmatrix}Q&&0&&A_{d}^{T}&&1\\\star &&R&&B_{d}^{T}P&&0\\\star &&\star &&X&&0\\\star &&\star &&\star &&X\\\end{bmatrix}}$ ${\begin{aligned}\geq 0\end{aligned}}$,

## Conclusion:

If the solution exists, LMIs give a unique, stabilizing, symmetric matrix P.

## Implementation:

Matlab code for this LMI in the Github repository:

## External links

* https://https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.08599/ LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory.- - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes
# Network Lab
## Summary

* Introduction
* Intermedia
* Network collaboration
** Collaboration in wikis and blogs
*** Specificity
*** Differences
** Collaborative production of art and technology
* Bibliography
# Network Lab/Bibliography
## Books

* GÓMEZ, Orozco Guillermo. Comunicação social e mudança tecnológica: um cenário de múltiplos desordenamentos. In Sociedade Midiatizada. Denis de Moraes (org.). Rio de Janeiro: Mauad, 2006.

## Articles

* SANTOS, Francisco Coelho dos; CYPRIANO, Cristina Petersen. Blogs e Wikis: Duas formas de colaboração em redes sociais. 2010. Access: 14.Jul.2010.

## External links

* CASTELLS, Manuel. A era da intercomunicação, 2006. http://diplo.uol.com.br/2006-08,a1379. Acesso: 10.Fev.2010.
* CYPRIANO, Cristina Petersen. Produção Colaborativa - Tópico postado em um blog, em 30 de outubro de 2007. Access: 14.Jul.2010.
# Network Lab/Introduction

This Wikibook is presented as part of the research results of the collaborative production of scientific knowledge on blog and wiki formats - research and language experimentation, funded by FAPEMIG between 2008 and 2010 (APQ - 01254-08). The study, which was developed within the Group for Research and Communication Networks hypermedia (Web site) until early 2010, has moved to UFMG, and is now based at LINK - UFMG. Initially involving researchers and students of PUC Minas, UFMG on the areas of Media, Sociology and Computer Science, has now concentrates on the same subject areas, with the participation of students and researches of UFMG.
The central problem of research, which refers to the nature of collaboration in the blog and wiki environments and outcome of the knowledge produced in such collaborative conditions, could be summarized as follows: would the wiki platform be compatible to the cooperative development of knowledge, while the blog would provide better knowledge to the collaborative development? Or, is the cooperation an enhanced form of collaboration? And what does 'improved' means in terms of collective production of scientific knowledge in the network? Or is there any difference between collaboration and cooperation, as co-laboring and laboring co-operation involving, ie work or work operation, in both cases together?
This Wikibook is open to the participation of all those interested in the matter, to operate some work on these issues or to work them operationally. The contributions of all are of great importance for the final results of the survey.
# Network Plus Certification/Devices

| « | Network Plus Certification Domain 3: Network Devices | » |
| Domain 2: Network Media and Topologies | Network Plus Certification Domain 3: Network Devices | Domain 4: Network Management |
The Network Devices Domain consists of 17% of the CompTIA Network+ exam.
* Objective 3.1: Common Network Devices
* Objective 3.2: Specialized Network Devices
* Objective 3.3: Advanced Switch Features
* Objective 3.4: Basic Wireless
# Network Plus Certification/Devices/Advanced Switching

| « | Network Devices Objective 3.3: Advanced Switch Features | » |
| Objective 3.2: Specialized Network Devices | Network Devices Objective 3.3: Advanced Switch Features | Objective 3.4: Basic Wireless |
Objective 3.3: Explain the advanced features of a switch

## Spanning tree

==VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)== This is when you join together multiple LAN networks to make them look like they are a single LAN.
# Network Lab/Collaboration in wikis and blogs

The collaborative environment of hypermedia communication facilitated the spread of formats based on public records and online social interaction. Through these formats have expanded the network of information sharing experiences that often result in creative processes in schemes designed to co-authorship.
According to O'Reilly (2005) understanding of the Internet as a platform on which the user can also publish, participate without a pre-defined behavior, drawing on experiences from other users. Web 2.0, according to the author, and offers services not packaged software, and is thus the era of the tags and play with the infinite possibility to remix content and even use the collective intelligence. For O'Reilly (2005) Web 2.0 is more than a technology, is attitude. It is in this context that the user has the possibility of using the components of the Web, collaborate and make the networked environment. Openness and collaboration are two key words in relation to activities that allow them to function as a Web 2.0 platform. These two phenomena are also developers of network effects, the effects and effectiveness of connectivity, which are increasing the value of a product or service with the increased number of users, "users add value". Blogs and wikis are two tools that put in operation openness and collaboration, and it is the heart of the platform, with regard to publishing and sharing. This is the 'attitude' which includes actions such as retrieving / modify / publish.
Blogs, as is known, are sites whose content is produced by one or more authors and readers involved with your comments (posts), it has the form of a record or diary dated and arranged in reverse chronological order, start- day regularly, which is filled with links, sounds (podcast), photo (fotologs) and videos (video blogs). Wikis are websites that any of the participants of a given collective can load / edit. The best known of wikis is Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia and much sought-after free consultation, which is held by any internet ready to cooperate with the project. Therefore, while blogs and wikis are very different tools, they have much in common: the attitude of co-operation or co-laboration based on a model that has been called "architecture of participation"