OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Education in Uzbekistan/Informal Education in Uzbekistan

In 1997, Uzbekistan enacted a Law on Education that would reform the country’s educational framework, and set a realistic framework for lifelong learning that would ensure continuous education for the population. National education is now run through two ministries, the Ministry of Public Education, and the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialised Education, which deals exclusively with professional and higher education. The Ministry of Public Education is responsible for delivering education through three mechanisms:
Formal education: This sector provides formal schooling, from pre-school to advanced further education. In Uzbekistan there are currently more than ten thousand general secondary schools, 63 higher education and 539 technical vocational institutions. The formal education sector also includes the assessment and awarding of all state-accredited qualifications. Through the formal education sector, Uzbekistan has already reached its Millennium Development Goal for universal access to primary education, and reports literacy rates of nearly 100 per cent.
Non-formal learning and education: Through educational establishments that are not connected with formal adult education, non-formal education provides retraining or upgrading of vocational skills. This may include a wide range of levels from training in basic literacy, to advanced application of ICT in enterprising. The role of non-formal learning may be simply conceptualised as learning to apply literacy and contents of formal education to the development of vocational skills that may assist in personal development. Informal learning: Uzbekistan has identified informal learning as the mechanism in which people continuously learn under their own initiative. This includes personal study assisted by national publications as well as indirectly educational program broadcast and distributed by the mass-media. Amidst the development of a knowledge and information society, non-formal and informal learning opportunities are increasingly in demand in Uzbekistan, as many people from traditional disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds are beginning to understand the benefits of continuous education for the development of themselves, their families and their communities. In 1999, the establishment of Community Learning Centers began, with an aim to satisfy these demands.

## Reference list

* ↑ https://uil.unesco.org/case-study/effective-practices-database-litbase-0/community-learning-centres-uzbekistan
# Education in Uzbekistan/Vocational Education in Uzbekistan

Unemployment remains relatively high, and there are many people desperately in need of new or more appropriate skills. There are a number of state and donor programs in place to address the structural training shortfall. Eventually, the goal is to meet European union standards. One of the distinguishing features of the National model of training is to introduce separate types of education. It was created a new type of educational institutions: academic lyceums and professional colleges, offering the possibility of mastering one or more modern professions and the acquisition-depth theoretical knowledge in different academic disciplines. The choice of the institution of a particular type is free. Moreover, both college high schools gives the right to go on their education in the subsequent education levels.
As can be seen the main feature of this model - is the continuity of education. That is, a person has the opportunity to acquire knowledge, skills and qualifications throughout his life. This program creates an effective mechanism for the educational system, which has as its main components present respect for the individual, the disclosure of abilities and creativity; the formation of free-thinking man, his moral, physical and spiritual development; progressive training, acquisition of professional skills and a complete personal fulfilment in life. A perfect system of continuous education based on the modern economy, science, culture, engineering and technology is a fundamental precondition for the country's development. This system ensures formation of the new generation of human resources that will be capable of identifying long term objective and effectively achieve them; generation that shows high standards of general culture and professional skills; people that are creative, socially active and able to, independently, appreciate social and political landscape.
127,400 external partners (businesses, organizations, educational institutions) collaborate with PCs. Students sign a tripartite agreement with the college and enterprise. They can pass obligatory practice on this enterprise based on this agreement. About 50% of students are further employed in enterprises they had contracted with.

## References

* ↑ Ergashev Sharibboy To’lanovich. (2021). Vocational Guidance in General Secondary Schools. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(2), 460–466. Retrieved from http://annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/971
# Education in Uzbekistan/History of Primary Education in Uzbekistan

In Uzbekistan 11 years of education are compulsory and free, beginning with 4 years at primary school, and followed by 2 phases of secondary education taking 5 and 2 years respectively. Primary school begins at age 6 and there is no specific leaving examination after the 4 years are complete.
Primary education is designed to form the basis of literacy, skills and knowledge necessary for further studies. At the next stage, young people receive more information, develop independent thinking, organizational skills, gain practical experience that contributes to the initial professional orientation.
# Education in Uzbekistan/The Future of Education in Uzbekistan

In April 2019, the President of Uzbekistan approved the Concept of Development of Public Education System until 2030. Besides improving the education infrastructure and methodology, the Concept sets an ambitious goal for the country to enter the group of 30 leading countries of the world by 2030, as per PISA ratings, an international student assessment program.
“Schools that are performing poorly are the ones attended by the most deprived children in community, and these schools need support,” said Sascha Graumann, Representative, UNICEF Uzbekistan. “It is important to provide them with better learning materials and human resources to compensate for their deprivation,” he added.
The dialogue emphasized on what should be focused in the classrooms. Without developing foundational skills like reading, writing and numeracy; and transferable skills like communication and critical thinking starting at pre-primary level, young people cannot access further training and employment that requires higher level thinking and so will be excluded from benefits of future of work.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...Nxe5/6. Nxe5/6...dxe5/7. Bxf7/7...Kxf7/8. Qxd8/8...Bb4/9. Qd2
## 9.Qd2

Black's only good move is Bxd2+, as remaining a queen down is resignable.

## Theory table

| 9 | 10 | |
| Qd2 Bxd2+ | Nxd2 | +/- |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...Nxe5/6. Nxe5/6...dxe5/7. Bxf7/7...Kxf7/8. Qxd8/8...Bb4/9. Qd2/9...Bxd2/10. Nxd2
## 10.Nxd2

White is up a pawn and the weakness of e5 guarantees that white will win with best play.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...Nxe5/6. Nxe5/6...dxe5/7. Bxf7/7...Kxf7
## 7.Kxf7

Ke7 doesn't make any sense, as who wants an exposed king (not to mention the lost pawn) with the queens on the board? Therefore, the best move is 7...Kxf7. White will, obviously play Qxd8. Black hasn't lost his queen due to 8...Bb4+.

## Theory table

| 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Qxd8 Bb4+ | Qd2 Bxd2+ | Nxd2 |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...dxe5
## dxe5?

This is simply a blunder, however, Nxe5 also loses in the long run to a forcing sequence of moves.

## Theory table

| Ng5! | +- |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...Nxe5/6. Nxe5
## 6.Nxe5

This is the winning move. The only sane reply is dxe5.

## Theory table

| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
| Nxe5 dxe5 | Bxf7+ Kxf7 | Qxd8 Bb4+ | Qd2 Bxd2+ | Nxd2 | +/- |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...Nxe5/6. Nxe5/6...dxe5/7. Bxf7
## 7.Bxf7+

This move appears to win Black's queen, but in reality wins a pawn. Ke7 doesn't make any sense, as who wants an exposed king (not to mention the lost pawn) with the queens on the board? Therefore, the best move is 7...Kxf7. The only good move after 7...Kxf7 is 8.Qxd8.

## Theory

| 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
| Bxf7+ Kxf7 | Qxd8 Bb4+ | Qd2 Bxd2+ | Nxd2 | +/- |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...Nxe5/6. Nxe5/6...dxe5/7. Bxf7/7...Kxf7/8. Qxd8
## 8.Qxd8

This is obviously the only move to regain the sacrificed material with interest. Now Black has to unleash a discovered attack on the queen with 8...Bb4+ if he doesn't wish to be a queen down.

## Theory table

| 8 | 9 | 10 | |
| Qxd8 Bb4+ | Bd2 Bxd2+ | Nxd2 | +/- |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...Nxe5/6. Nxe5/6...dxe5/7. Bxf7/7...Kxf7/8. Qxd8/8...Bb4
## 8...Bb4+

This is a forced move to regain as much material as possible. If White plays Nc3 or Nd2, or foolishly moves the king, he loses a piece after Rxd8. If c3 or Bd2, then after Rxd8 and a capture on b4, white would be better because of Black's weak e-pawn, but not a pawn up. So, the best move is 9.Qd2. After Bxd2+, Nxd2 guards the e-pawn, thus remaining a pawn up to the good.

## Theory table

| 9 | 10 | |
| Qd2 Bxd2+ | Nxd2 | +/- |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...Nxe5/6. Nxe5/6...dxe5/7. Bxf7/7...Kxf7/8. Qxd8/8...Bb4/9. Qd2/9...Bxd2
## Bxd2+

This move regains the lost queen with check and hopes to capture on e4, but after Nxd2, White prevents that and remains a pawn up to the good.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7/4. Bc4/4...Ngf6/5. dxe5/5...Nxe5/6. Nxe5/6...dxe5
## 6.dxe5

After this, the shot that follows seeme to win black's queen, but in reality only nets a pawn. The move is 7.Bxf7+!

## Theory table

| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| dxe5 Bxf7+! | Kxf7 Qxd8 | Bb4+ Qd2 | Bxd2+ Nxd2 |
# Electronics/Spin

Electrons posses a quantum mechanical property called spin. It is responsible for magnetism. It works when charge is moving. When charge does not flow there is no magnetic field. Magnetic fields work in a direction perpendicular to the flow of charge.
(should this even be in here?)
Sure, it's the easiest way to understand magnetism. We don't need to talk about the formulas associated with spin, we just need to give an overview of how it works.
(okay, perhaps we should lump this into an article about magnetism? Things are getting crowded in the main page)
# Electronics/Steady State
## Steady State

That can be said to be the condition of "rest", after all the changes/alterations were made. This may imply, for examples, that nothing at all happens, or that a "steady" current flows, or that a circuit has "settled down" to final values - that is until the next disturbance occurs.
If the input signal is not time invariant, say if is a sinusoid, the steady state will not be invariant either. The response of a systematic convergence can be considered to be composed of a transient response: the response to a disturbance, and the steady state response, in the absence of disturbance.
The transient part of the response tends to zero as time since a disturbance tends to infinity, so the steady state can be considered to be the response remaining as T -> infinity.
. In this case we make an assumption for error we can determine by calculation the extent of statistics how much power there is according to the formulae. Deducing the theory of certain parts of a sinuous making plausible solution in understanding the intricate mechanism of a steady state solution.
# Electronics/TTL

Electronics | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix |

## Introduction

TTL stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic. It is the system based on combining transistors in such a way that they can be used for logic gates. Transistors have the capability of becoming parts of very complex devices when combined. An average microprocessor uses upwards of 40 million transistors. Transistors in microprocessors, however, are microscopic as opposed to the discrete components used in consumer electronics and circuitboards.

## The NOT Gate

The NOT gate works by inverting the input. The TTL version of the NOT gate contains one transistor, seen below:
When the input, A, is high (+5V), the base of the transistor is saturated, allowing current to flow from the collector of the transistor to the emitter. Since this is possible, the current does not take the higher resistance path through the output (assuming it has a resistive load attached to it such as an LED). When the input is low (0V), the current has no choice but to flow out of the inverted A output (the A with the line overtop to indicate it is negated). The two resistors in the circuit are for limiting current as to not destroy the transistor, and sometimes may not even be required depending on the transistor.
(note: this image is considered *Resistor-Transistor Logic* The proper TTL representation is below.)
To further explain, the NOT gate has been integrated into a circuit by connecting it to a current probe and a battery. When the switch for the input of the not gate is not hit, the current flows in the path indicated by the red diagram below. The current flows through the resistor because the transistor does not conduct when the base is not saturated.:
However, when the switch is hit, making the input high, the circuit is shorted and current flows directly from one terminal of the battery through the transistor, to the other terminal. This is illustrated further in the next figure:
In real logic gates, several more transistors are used in order to stabilize the input and output. Although this may seem like a large hike in complexity and price, creating transistors in ICs is a lot cheaper and easier to do, as they do not have to even have a shell or casing, and are a lot smaller.
# Electronics/Table of Chemicals

Electronics has quite a few chemicals in it many of which are toxic.

## What things are made of

Batteries:
Electrolysis:
LEDs:
Phosphors:
Semiconductors:
wires:
The * denotes toxic

## Elements at Wikipedia

* (Ag) Silver
* (Al) Aluminium
* (Au) Gold
* (B) Boron
* (C) Carbon
* (Cd) Cadmium
* (Cu) Copper
* (Ga) Gallium
* (Hg) Mercury
* (In) Indium
* (P) Phosphorous
* (Pb) Lead
* (Pd) Palladium
* (Pt) Platinum
* (Se) Selenium
* (Si) Silicon
* (Ti) Tin
* (Y) Yttrium
* (Zn) Zinc
# Electronics/Superconductors

In a superconductor, resistance drops to zero and current flows as a short without attenuating.
Until recently most superconductors operated at very low temperatures close to absolute zero. Recently there have been higher temperature superconductors.
Superconductors all for floating magnets.
Superconductors have a great promise for reducing electricity bills.
# Electronics/Signal Propagation
## Generation

AC source alternates on a piece of wire. This creates an electric field that creates a magnetic field that creates an electric field. These waves are known as Electro-Magnetic waves, and are photons that travel through free space.
* EMP (Electro-Magnetic Pulse): Generated by a nuclear blast, a high intensity blast of many frequencies. Shorts out electrical components.

## Propagation

Originally people thought that photons propagate through an aether wind. The aether was disproved by showing that it was not flowing from any direction even though the earth is moving.
My first tie in with other books. The idea is to have a short intro which motivates the other books so people will be interested in reading them.
In showing that the aether did not exist came the realization that light travels at the same speed regardless of how fast you are moving and that time is relative and events do not happen at the same time. With that knowledge came the famous E=MC$^2$ equation, time travel, the secrets behind blackholes, and how gravity and energy warp time and space. Click Here to unlock these secrets of the universe.

## Antennas

You only need a quarter wavelength antenna to resolve a full wavelength. It is hard to resolve wavelengths of 200 meters. Use powerlines. Fractal antennas allow to compress the antenna size. As long as the antenna is long enough for a standing wave it does not matter how it is compressed.
* aerials

### Antenna Configurations
## Range

The earth behaves like a conductor. The ionosphere also behaves like a conductor. Both can reflect radio waves.

## Further reading

* Electronics/RF Basics
* Electronics/Electromagnetic Waves
# Electronics/Symbols

Electronics | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix |

## Power Sources

| Voltage Source | Current Source | Controlled Voltage Source | Controlled Current Source | Single cell | Battery of cells |

## Grounds

| Signal Ground | Chassis Ground | Earth Ground |

## Resistors

| Resistor | Variable Resistor | Potentiometer |

## Capacitors

| Capacitor | Polarized Capacitor | Variable Capacitor |

## Transformers

| Air-core Transformer | Iron-core Transformer | Center-tapped Transformer | Autotransformer | Coil with tickler | Step up | Step down |

## Diodes

| Diode | Light-Emitting Diode or LED | Zener Diode | Schottky Diode |

## Transistors

| | | | P-channel |
| | | | N-channel |
| JFET | IGFET enh | IGFET dep |
* PNP
* NPN

## Switches

| Normally Open Momentary Switch | Normally Closed Momentary Switch |
See here for more examples:

## Greek characters

One reason people don't understand math or Physics very well is that it literally is Greek to them.
* alpha α
* beta β
* gamma γ
* delta δ
* epsilon ε
* zeta ζ
* eta η
* theta θ
* iota ι
* kappa κ
* lambda λ
* mu μ
* nu ν
* xi ξ
* pi π
* piv ϖ
* rho ρ
* sigma σ
* sigmaf ς
* tau τ
* upsilon υ
* phi φ
* chi χ
* psi ψ
* omega ω
* Gamma Γ
* Delta Δ
* Theta Θ
* Lambda Λ
* Xi Ξ
* Pi Π
* Sigma Σ
* Upsilon Υ
* Phi Φ
* Psi Ψ
* Omega Ω
# Electronics/Simplifying Capacitor/Inductor Networks

Electronics | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix |

## Introduction

Capacitors and inductors follow similar laws as resistors when it comes to simplification.

## Simplifying Capacitor Configurations
### Capacitors in Parallel

Capacitors in parallel are the same as increasing the total surface area of the capacitors to create a larger capacitor with more capacitance. In a capacitor network in parallel, all capacitors have the same voltage over them.
File:Electronics Capacitorsparallel.png
In a parallel configuration, the capacitance of the capacitors in parallel is the sum of the capacitance of all the capacitors.
    $C_{eq}=C_{1}+C_{2}+\cdots +C_{n}\,\!$

### Capacitors in Series

Capacitors in series are the same as increasing the distance between two capacitor plates. As well, it should be noted that placing two 100V capacitors in series results in the same as having one capacitor with the total maximum voltage of 200V. This, however, is not recommended to be done in practice. Especially with capacitors of different values. In a capacitor network in series, all capacitors can have the a different voltage over them.
File:Electronics Capacitorsseries.png
In a series configuration, the capacitance of all the capacitors combined is the sum of the reciprocals of the capacitance of all the capacitors.
    ${\frac {1}{C_{eq}}}={\frac {1}{C_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{C_{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{C_{n}}}$

## Simplifying Inductor Configurations

An inductor works by opposing current change

### Inductors in Parallel

Each inductor has a decreased amount of current flowing through it. Take two inductors of the same strength that are in parallel. This divides the current so half the current is flowing through each inductor.
${\frac {1}{L_{eq}}}={\frac {1}{L_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{L_{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{L_{n}}}$

### Inductors in Series

Inductors in series are just like resistors in series. Simply add them up.
# English-Hanzi/Working knowledge of English has become a requirement

A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing.
英语的工作知识已经成为许多职业和专业的必要条件，例如医学和计算机。
# English-Hanzi/Workplace exposure to silica dust, engine exhaust or welding fumes

Workplace exposure to silica dust, engine exhaust or welding fumes can cause heart disease.
工作场所暴露于二氧化硅粉尘，发动机排气或焊接烟雾会导致心脏病。
# English-Hanzi/Word

A word is the smallest unit of a language.
词 是 语言 的 最小 单位。
# English-Hanzi/World's hottest borehole nearly complete

Geologists say they are close to creating the hottest borehole in the world.
地质学家 说，他们 近乎 创造 出 了 世界 上 最热 的 钻孔。
They are drilling into the heart of a volcano in the south-west of Iceland.
他们 正在 钻进 Iceland（冰岛）西南部 一个 火山 的 中心。
# English-Hanzi/Wood ears can flush arteries

Special:search/wood ear prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/artery prefix:English-Hanzi/
Fungal foods, especially wood ears, can flush the arteries, reduce the chance of artery hardening and stroke, promote blood circulation, lower cholesterol, clean the blood, make people happy.
真菌食物，尤其是 木耳，能 冲洗 动脉，减少 动脉硬化 和 中风 的 机会，促进 血液循环，降低 胆固醇，清洁 血液，使 人 开心。
# English-Hanzi/World's largest reindeer herd plummets

The world's largest wild reindeer herd has fallen by 40% since 2000, scientists have warned.
科学家们 警告 说，自 2000年 以来，世界上 最大 的 野生 驯鹿群 已经 下降了 40％。
# English-Hanzi/Woodwind instrument

A woodwind instrument is an instrument belonging to the woodwind family. Traditionally they were always made of wood, although some of them are now made of metal or plastic.
木管乐器是属于木管乐器家族的乐器。 传统上它们总是由木材制成，尽管其中一些现在由金属或塑料制成。
# English-Hanzi/Working in bad posture for a long time can strain muscles

Working in bad posture for a long time can strain muscles. Neck pain can also be caused by an injury caused by a traffic accident, or even an overstretched muscle during exercise.
长时间以不良姿势工作会拉伤肌肉。 颈部疼痛也可能是由于交通事故造成的伤害，甚至是运动过程中肌肉过度拉伸所致。
# English-Hanzi/World

The world is the Earth that we live in.
世界就是我们生活的地球。
# English-Hanzi/Worcester sauce

Worcester sauce is a dark thin sauce that is made of vinegar, soya sauce, and spices.
Worcester sauce（伍斯特沙司）是 一种 用 醋，酱油，和 香料 制成 的 深色 稀薄 的 酱料。
# English-Hanzi/Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) is a chemical compound. It is a gas at room temperature. It is made of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. People and animals release carbon dioxide when they breathe out. Also, every time something organic is burnt (or a fire is made), it makes carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide to make food. This process is called photosynthesis. The properties of carbon dioxide were studied by the Scottish scientist Joseph Black in the 1750s.
二氧化碳（CO$_2$）是 一种 化合物。它 在 室温 下 是 气体。它 由 一个 碳 原子 和 两个 氧 原子 组成。人 和 动物 呼出 时 释放 二氧化碳。另外，每次 有机物 被 烧毁 （或 发生 火灾），都会 产生 二氧化碳。植物 使用 二氧化碳 来 制作 食物。这个 过程 被 称为 光合作用。十八世纪 五十年代，Scotland 科学家 Joseph Black 研究了 二氧化碳 的 性质。
# English-Hanzi/Cargo

Cargo is the things that are being transported by vehicles.
货物 是 由 交通工具 运送 的 东西。
# English-Hanzi/Cashew nut

Cashew nuts are a popular food. Unlike other nuts, the starch content of cashew nuts is about 10%. This makes it more intense than other nuts and is suitable for rich dishes such as soups, stews and some Indian milk desserts. Many Southeast Asian and South Asian cuisines make use of the special characteristic of cashew nuts instead of other nuts.
腰果 是 一种 流行 的 食物。与 其他 果仁 不同，腰果 的 淀粉 含量 约 10％。这 使 其 比 其他 坚果 更 浓郁，适宜 用于 浓郁 料理 如 浓汤，炖肉 和 一些 India (印度) 牛奶 甜点。许多 东南亚 和 南亚 美食 利用 腰果 的 特点，而 不 采用 其他 果仁。
# English-Hanzi/Catalonia

Catalonia is the autonomous region in the northeast of Spain. Its population is 7.5 million. Its capital is Barcelona.
Catalonia 是 Spain 东北部 的 自治区。它的 人口 是 750万。它的 首都 是 Barcelona。