OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IB

* IB Homepage
* Contributing
* International Baccalaureate DiplomaFree course companions, resources, and more!

## Subject Areas

| 1. Studies in Language and Literature IB/Group 1 | 2. Language Acquisition IB/Group 2 | 3. Individuals and Societies Business Management Cultural Anthropology Economics History Geography Psychology Environmental Systems and Societies |
| 4. Experimental Sciences Computer Science Physics Chemistry Biology Group 4 Project | 5. Mathematics Further Mathematics Higher Level Higher Mathematics Level Standard Mathematics Level Mathematical Studies Standard Level | 6. The Arts Music Visual Arts |

## Core

* Theory of Knowledge
* What is Theory of Knowledge?
* The Problem of Knowledge
* The Nature of Knowledge
* Ways of Knowing
* Areas of Knowledge
# IB/Group 3/Economics/Economic Development

| Introduction Measuring development The role of domestic factors in the process of development The role of international trade | The role of foreign direct investment and the multinational corporation The roles of foreign aid and multilateral development assistance The role of foreign debt The balance between markets and the intervention |
# Høgnorsk

Høgnorsk ~ English
Høgnorsk (en: High Norwegian) is the usual term for an unofficial, and today little used, form of one of the two written languages in Norway, [Nynorsk (en: New Norwegian) (the other one being Bokmål. The basis for the High Norwegian language direction, is a wish to preserve the New Norwegian written language as an independent language, free of the strong influence from Bokmål that today's New Norwegian has.
The written High Norwegian language is a tradition originating from the first version of the New Norwegian written language (then called (Landsmål), as it was built by Ivar Aasen and later used by classical New Norwegian authors as Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, Arne Garborg, Olav Nygard and Olav H. Hauge.

## Lessons

* Grammatical genders

## Vocabulary

* Numbers

## Appendices

* Appendix 1: Bokstavrekkja ~ Norwegian alphabet and Pronunciation Guide
* Appendix 2: Phrase Book ~ Common phrases in Norwegian
# Høgnorsk/Grammatical genders
## Nouns - Namnordi

The nouns have one of three genders, either masculine, feminine or neuter. (hankyn, hokyn, inkjekyn) As an example we can use four words with different genders:
| Masculine | Feminine 1 | Feminine 2 | Neuter |
| dag | sol | kyrkje | eple |
| day | sun | church | apple |
As you can see there's two categories for the feminine gender, the first one is a lot more common. Both are treated the same except in certain declensions of the word itself.
Now, what do we write when we want to say something like 'a day' or 'the day'? Like in English 'a day', the indefinite article is before the word...
Indefinite articles :
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| ein | ei | eit |
but with 'the day' we have to change the end of the word itself.
Singular definite suffixes :
| Masculine | Feminine 1 | Feminine 2 | Neuter |
| -en | -i | -a | -et |
Try it out for yourself! Match them with the words we have. Indefinite 'ein, ei, and eit' being before the word, and definite '-en -i -a -et' being added to the end. Keep in mind that the vowel E at the end of kyrkj e and epl e are replaced completely by the suffix.
| Answers |
| ein dag | ei sol | ei kyrkje | eit eple |
| dagen | soli | kyrkja | eplet |
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Ancient Runes
## Overview

Ancient Runes is the study of runic writing. Runes are characters designed to be scratched onto hard surfaces such as rock, and are almost entirely made up of straight lines. This subject is offered as an elective, taught in years three, four, and five; those with sufficiently high O.W.L. marks in the course can then go on to N.E.W.T.-level study in years 6 and 7.

## Extended Description

We first hear mention of Ancient Runes as a course in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, around Easter. The first two years of Harry's education have been taken up with the basics: Defence Against the Dark Arts, Potions, Charms, Transfiguration, Herbology, History of Magic, and Astronomy, with Flying taking the place of Muggle physical education. As the beginning of the third year approaches, students must choose a set of electives to add to these core subjects. Hermione chooses all the available subjects, including Ancient Runes, and stays with Ancient Runes until the end of her time at Hogwarts.
Hermione makes use of her understanding of Ancient Runes in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, where she is bequeathed an ancient copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard. It is her ability to decipher these runes that allows us to hear the Tale of the Three Brothers, and so become enlightened in the nature of the Deathly Hallows.
As only Hermione takes this class, we do not see any of it. It is possible that it is taught by Bathsheba Babbling, but we never meet the professor of the course.

## Analysis

The sole purpose of the introduction of this course seems to be to allow Hermione to be able to read the copy of the Tales of Beedle the Bard bequeathed to her by Professor Dumbledore. One would think that the purpose of this legacy could have been equally carried out by a version of the book written in English. However, creating of the book in runes serves two purposes. First, it indicates in no uncertain terms that the book is extremely old, being written in an alphabet no longer used. This serves, among other things, to reinforce that the tales in this edition are as close to the original as is possible. Second, it requires Hermione to spend time trying to figure out the meaning of the sigil of the Deathly Hallows as it appears over the one tale in that book, requiring that she bring Harry into her thoughts about the symbol, and thus connecting it to Grindelwald's mark, Xeno Lovegood, and the signature on one of Dumbledore's letters as reproduced in Rita Skeeter's book.
The only other place we see ancient runes is on Dumbledore's Pensieve. Though Harry notes them, we don't think Hermione ever does, and they play no part in the story except as decoration, and possibly an indication of the Pensieve's age.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Arithmancy
## Overview

Arithmancy is a branch of magic involving the study of the magical properties of numbers. At Hogwarts, Arithmancy is an elective course, taught, we believe, by Professor Vector. It is offered to students in third to fifth years; those with sufficiently high O.W.L. marks in the course can then go on to N.E.W.T.-level study in years 6 and 7.

## Extended Description

Hermione takes Arithmancy starting in her third year, and continues taking it, apparently, until her sixth year. We are told that she signs up for everything at the beginning of her third year, drops Divination at Easter, and then drops Muggle Studies at the end of the year. We also hear that she passed all her OWLs, which leads us to believe she has advanced to NEWT-level study in everything she chose to; and the only course we know she dropped at that point is Care of Magical Creatures. On the first day of her third year, Hermione says she is learning much more in Arithmancy than in Divination.
In Arithmancy class, a student is expected to understand complicated number charts and write essays, which is also part of a student's homework. This would seem to make it ideal for Hermione.

## Analysis

In our world, Arithmancy is clearly related to numerology and gematria (Wikipedia link), belief in the mystical nature of numbers. We do not presume to judge whether there is any deeper meaning to numbers, but we suspect that the Wizarding world, working as it does with magic as an every-day thing, will have a better success rate with linking numbers to magical effects than we Muggles would.
We suspect that Tom Riddle's query, "isn't seven the most magically powerful number," in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, is based on something he learned in Arithmancy. This would, of course, be very basic arithmancy, probably first touched on in the first course year.
Quite separately from the series, a number of other fictional books about magic have cast doubt on the magical power of the number seven. One of the few that seems to have detailed the inner workings of magic as well as the Harry Potter series, the Lord Darcy series by Randall Garret, suggests that in fact seven is the least powerful number magically, because magic is based on the natural world, and the number seven is very rare in nature.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Ashwinder
## Overview

An Ashwinder is a thin, ash-coloured serpent that is born from the embers of a magical fire.

## Extended Description

The lifespan of an Ashwinder is short; they live for only an hour. Their primary purpose is to find a secluded area within the home to lay their eggs. Following the egg-laying, the parent ashwinder will collapse into dust. Ashwinder eggs are bright red and can give off intense heat. If not frozen with an appropriate charm, the eggs can ignite the dwelling within minutes. An ashy trail left by Ashwinders may assist in locating the eggs before any damage happens.
Frozen Ashwinder eggs are valuable. They are used in love potions, and can be eaten whole as a cure for ague.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Alohomora
## Overview

Alohomora is a spell that is used to opens locks on doors and windows.

## Extended description

We are first introduced to this spell two weeks into Harry's first school year, when Hermione uses it to open a door, so that they can escape from Filch. Throughout the books, when a locked door is found, Hermione, if she is available, is called upon first to attempt to open it; it seems that she is the most practiced at this particular spell.
Not all doors will respond to this charm, though; for instance, in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Professor Umbridge has counter-charmed her door so that Alohomora will not work, although the knife Sirius gave Harry will.

## Analysis

One has to wonder about the usefulness of having locks at all in the Wizarding world. The unlocking spell is so simple that a 12-year-old girl can work it, and it is apparently taught as part of the first year curriculum at Hogwarts; and artifacts (such as Sirius' knife) exist that will unlock even those locks that are charmed against the unlocking spell. From a Muggle point of view, we must assume that an ordinary lock, in the Wizarding world, is similar to a Muggle Yale lock that can be slipped with a credit card; basic security and not much more. If the Alohomora countercharm is used, the security is more that of a bolt lock, with Sirius' knife being akin to more specialized lock-picking gear; presumably, that knife would be controlled by Ministry law, or purchased outside of the legal system. And finally there are high-security locks, such as those at the Ministry (one of which actually melts Sirius' knife) and the vaults at Gringotts.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Hermione finds this spell in The Standard Book of Spells, Grade 1, so why do wizards bother to lock doors in the first place if such a simple spell can open them?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Anapneo
## Overview

Anapneo is a spell that is used to clear a blocked airway.

## Extended description

Professor Slughorn cast this spell on Marcus Belby when the latter began to choke after swallowing too fast.

## Analysis

The incantation for this spell is based on the Greek πνοη (breath), which is also seen in a number of words in English starting with "pneu-"; the prefixed α may mean "no" with the αν in front of that negating the negative, to change this to mean "restore stopped breath".

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Aparecium
## Overview

This spell is used to make hidden objects, notably paint, appear.

## Extended Description

This was first seen being used by Hermione to reveal the contents of Tom Riddle's diary in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Astronomy
## Overview

Astronomy instructs students on planets, stars, and other sky objects and their role in the magical world. At Hogwarts, this may be a core subject, required of all Hogwarts students until at least their fifth year; those with sufficiently high O.W.L. marks in the course can then go on to N.E.W.T.-level study in years 6 and 7. We believe that at Hogwarts it is taught by Professor Sinistra.

## Extended Description

Astronomy classes take place in the top-most level of the Astronomy Tower, the tallest tower in Hogwarts Castle, and of course are always after dark.
Evidence is that this is a core subject, required from first year onwards. When courses are selected, there is no specific mention of this course, but the first-year book list explicitly calls out the requirement for "a telescope". Additionally, there is later mention that the telescopes are used at night for plotting the positions of the planets, which is clearly astronomy even if the course is not named.
Harry, Ron, and Hermione are seen to take the OWL exam in that course, but as they are disturbed by the firefight surrounding Hagrid's dismissal, Harry and Ron manage only an Acceptable OWL mark in the course, and do not continue at that point. We suspect that Hermione, as usual, has finished her work early and so has already earned her top marks by the time the firefight breaks out.

## Analysis

We must be careful in discussion of astronomy to differentiate it not only from the branch of Muggle fortune-telling and Wizarding Divination known as "astrology", but from the study of the motion of spatial objects called "Astronomy" in the Muggle world. It is certain that Wizarding astronomy involves location of the heavenly bodies and determinations of their relative motions, but we expect that the impact of the motions of these bodies also has some magical effect, and the Astronomy course almost certainly is involved with the memorization of these effects and their uses. We note the following two examples of this sort of effect: in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, we see Professor Slughorn collecting something that is "most efficacious if harvested at twilight", as he remarks to Professor Sprout. And in our world, there is a belief that crops will grow better if planted "in the dark of the moon."

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# MUMPS Programming/indirection

MUMPS allows for self-modifying code and indirection of variables. The @ symbol is used as a prefix to indicate that the variable is actually a pointer to another variable.
EXAMPLE:
The pointer reference can contain any string that evaluates to a valid variable name, whether a LOCAL or a GLOBAL variable. The pointer reference itself can be either type of variable.
NOTE: This is not the same as code indirection, which is covered under a different article.
# MUMPS Programming/simple input and output

MUMPS uses the WRITE (abbreviated W) command for output and the READ (R) command for input. Unless specified by the USE (U) command, output defaults to the STDOUT equivalent for the implementation and input from STDIN equivalent.
The USE command redirects the I/O device to other devices. Its syntax varies from implementation to implementation. On older PDP-11 computers running DSM-11, devices were given integer designators. VAX-DSM and other implementations allowed strings to specify host OS devices.
The default device for any particular running instance is always $PRINCIPLE ($P) and most implementations will also accept 0 as the equivalent of $P.
# MUMPS Programming/variables

Variables are names that refer to values. In MUMPS, there are are two kinds of variables, "global variables" and "local variables".
# MUMPS Programming

MUMPS is a programming language. It is named after the acronym Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming Systems.
If you have programmed before and would like to see a little bit of how MUMPS works and is different from other programming languages, you can get an overview.

## Contents

* Beginning MUMPS
* MUMPS syntax and functions Lines, spaces, commands & arguments
* Basic Terminology- Routines & Globals Programs: Routines, Database: Globals
* MUMPS features
* MUMPS and data
* MUMPS code and interfaces
* Setting up to Program MUMPS Set up the IDE and Install MUMPS
* Advanced MUMPS
* History of MUMPS

## Table of contents
### Beginning MUMPS

    Basic Concepts
    Variables
    Simple Input and Output
    Simple math in MUMPS
    Program Flow
    Procedures and Functions
       Libraries
       Standard libraries
       Further math in MUMPS
    Basics of Compilation
    Exercises

### In-depth MUMPS ideas

    Pointers and relationship to arrays
    String Manipulation
    Programming Structure and Style
    MUMPS complex types
    Memory Management
    Error Catching
    Variable Indirection
    closures and Xecution of data

### MUMPS and beyond

    Language Overloading and Extensions
    Combining Languages
    Commented Source Code Library
# MUMPS Programming/overview
## MUMPS Terminology

First, some MUMPS terminology-
* Routines - the term for programs, lines of commands in sequence.
** Each routine has a name (RoutineName) which is used to execute it by way of the DO command.
** An up arrow ^ (caret character) is a prefix to the RoutineName distinguishing it as a routine versus a label within the current routine.
** Traditionally a routine is about a page in length as a logical section that is easily visible as a cognitive unit.
* Globals are the persistent database variables in MUMPS. These are a unique feature.
** Global Names begin with up arrow (caret) also.
** Global names have a comma-separated list in parentheses of subscripts as a multi-dimensional array.
** Subscripts create a hierarchical database, which may be huge, may be shared among many simultaneous tasks.
** Globals are persistent on the Hard Drive (or other devices like flash drives) as they are the database representation in MUMPS.
** The intrinsic nature of globals in the MUMPS language largely hide the necessity of application programmers dealing with issues of file opening, buffering, caching, encryption, compression, etc. These are managed with historic sophistication by the binary tree encoding and dynamic creation of the MUMPS system. See MUMPS as an Operating System.
# MUMPS Programming/Beginning Exercises

Write a program for a Patient Information system. It should have the following options:
* Add new patient
* Edit Patient(use patient unique identification number)
* View Patient
** All
** Search by name
Each patient should have a unique identifier, store into the global ^PAT
# MUMPS Programming/syntax
## Basic MUMPS Syntax - Lines, Spaces, WhiteSpace, Comments

MUMPS syntax was designed to be concise in a time of scarce memory. This serves a purpose now in that programs are cognitively concise: a lot more fits in view on a screen or on a page of paper.
* The basic language structure is command command-separator argument.
** The command may be one of the MUMPS commands, like "SET" or "WRITE"
** The command-separator is written as a single space (or blank) between command (SET) and the arguments.
** The argument depends on the command.
*** The argument can be a list of single-arguments (separated by commas) or a single-argument.
*** Each single-argument usually is in the form of an expression or group of expression, separated by colons.
* separating each command may be multiple spaces for readability.
* Another command may follow a space on the same line.
* Whitespace - eol is NOT treated as equivalent to space. Each has different role in MUMPS.
* Tabs are also NOT equivalent to a space, but are sometimes treated like space to delineate a label. Traditional MUMPS editors (IDEs) sometimes treat tabs specially, but do not put the tab character into the MUMPS routine.
* Lines are significant to the syntax as each line starts with a tag(line label) and a space or a space when there is no label.
* Comments start with semicolon (;) and go to the end of the line. A line may start with ; and is all comment.
* There is no command termination character (like ; in java or Perl) other than the eol or a space following the argument.
* Assignment requires the explicit command SET or S
* There is no syntactic role for braces
* Expressions are grouped by parenthesis
* Programs ('routines' in traditional MUMPS terminology) have a unique name and consist of a linear sequence of lines.
# Pinyin/Direction

Direction is the position that something faces toward.
fāngxiàng shì mǒushìwù miànxiàng d wèizhì.
# Pinyin/Discipline

See also
# Pinyin/Discover

to discover: to find out something that you did not know before
faxiahn: zhaaochu zhiqiarn bu zhidaoh d mooushihwuh
# Pinyin/Diglyceride

See also
# Pinyin/Dignity

See also
# Pinyin/Disability

Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations.
Disability is thus not just a health problem. It is a complex phenomenon, reflecting the interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives. Overcoming the difficulties faced by people with disabilities requires interventions to remove environmental and social barriers.
People with disabilities have the same health needs as non-disabled people – for immunization, cancer screening etc. They also may experience a narrower margin of health, both because of poverty and social exclusion, and also because they may be vulnerable to secondary conditions, such as pressure sores or urinary tract infections. Evidence suggests that people with disabilities face barriers in accessing the health and rehabilitation services they need in many settings.
Cánjí shì yīgè zǒngchēng, bāokuò sǔnshāng, huódòng shòuxiàn yǐjí cānyù de xiànzhì. Sǔnshāng shì shēntǐ gōngnéng huò jiégòu fāngmiàn de wèntí; huódòng shòuxiàn shì rén zài zhíxíng rènwù huò xíngdòng shí yùdào de kùnnán; ér cānyù de xiànzhì shì cānyù gèrén shēnghuó shí yùdào de wèntí.
Yīncǐ, cánjí bùjǐnjǐn shì yīgè jiànkāng wèntí. Tā shì yīzhǒng fùzá xiànxiàng, fǎnyìngle réntǐ tèzhēng yǔ tā suǒ shēnghuó de shèhuì tèzhēng zhījiān de hùdòng guānxì. Yào kèfú cánjí rén yùdào de kùnnán, jiù xūyào jìnxíng gānyù, xiāochú huánjìng hé shèhuì fāngmiàn de zhàng'ài.
Cánjí rén jùyǒu yǔ fēi-cánjí rén yīyàng de jiànkāng xūqiú——jìhuà miǎnyì, áizhèng shāichá děng. Tāmen de jiànkāng zhuàngkuàng huòxǔ gèngjiā miǎnqiǎng, zhè jìshì yīnwèi pínqióng hé shèhuì páichì wèntí, yěshì yóuyú tāmen yì-huàn jìfāxìng jíbìng, rú rùchuāng huò niàodào gǎnrǎn. Yǒu zhèngjù biǎomíng, cánjí rén zài xǔduō qíngkuàng xià dōu miànlínzhe huòdé suǒxū wèishēng hé kāngfù fúwù fāngmiàn de zhàng'ài.
# Pinyin/Discharge

See also
# Pinyin/Dinosaur

See also
# Mathematica/3DContours

Mathematica supports 3D contours on surfaces using the option MeshFunctions.
MeshFunctions draws ISO lines of an arbitary function of the x,y,z values, and for some functions additional parameters.
For a conventional set of altitude contours we just use the identity function of the z value (the third parameter) using MeshFunctions->{#3&}
eg
In addition the region between the contours can be colored using the option MeshShading. The following example divides the image into 10 altitude contours and colors them in gray scale.