OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Silicates

Silicates are the largest and most important group of minerals in nature. Silicates account for around 95% of all the rocks of the Earth's crust, and the soils, clays and sands formed when those rocks break down.
Silicates are so ubiquitous that oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass, with silicon in second place: oxygen makes up 46% of the mass of the Earth's crust, while silicon is responsible for 27%. Silicon and oxygen together therefore account for 73% of the crust.

## Tetrahedra

The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the [SiO$_4$]$^{4−}$ tetrahedron. There are four covalent Si−O bonds. Each oxygen atom forms one vertex of the tetrahedron. The silicon to oxygen ratio is 1:4.
Silicate minerals containing isolated [SiO$_4$]$^{4−}$ tetrahedra are called nesosilicates or orthosilicates.
* structural formula
* ball-and-stick model
* polyhedral model
* Chemical Ideas representation

## Corner-sharing tetrahedra

If two [SiO$_4$]$^{4−}$ tetrahedra share an oxygen atom at one common vertex, an [Si$_2$O$_7$]$^{6−}$ ion is formed. The silicon to oxygen ratio is 2:7.
Silicate minerals containing isolated [Si$_2$O$_7$]$^{6−}$ double tetrahedra are called sorosilicates.
* structural formula
* ball-and-stick model
* polyhedral model
* Chemical Ideas representation

## Chains

Silicate minerals containing chains are termed inosilicates.

### Single chains

(SiO$_3$$^{2−}$)$_n$. The silicon to oxygen ratio is 1:3.

### Double chains

(Si$_4$O$_{11}$$^{6−}$)$_n$. The silicon to oxygen ratio in double chains is 4:11.

#### Asbestos

Asbestos (from Greek ἅσβεστος, unquenchable) is a group of fibrous silicate minerals containing double chains. Prolonged exposure to dust containing fibres from certain types of asbestos is now known to cause scarring of the lungs, lung cancer, and a particularly aggressive cancer called mesothelioma. Mesothelioma is almost always fatal, with a median survival time of 11 months. Due to the exceptional danger posed by some absestos, all work involving asbestos in the UK must be done by specialist companies. The vast majority of asbestos is the so-called white form, which is not known to pose any real danger.

## Sheets

SiO$_4$ tetrahedra can be arranged to form sheets, as illustrated to the right. The formula of such a sheet can be written (Si$_2$O$_5$$^{2−}$)$_n$.
Silicate minerals containing sheets are termed phyllosilicates.

## Three-dimensional frameworks

Perhaps the most structurally complicated silicates are those based on networks of Si and O that extend in all three dimensions. Examples of such minerals include quartz, zeolites and feldspars.
Silicate minerals containing three-dimensional frameworks are termed tectosilicates.
# A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Periodic table

| Group → | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| Period ↓ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 1 H | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 He |
| 2 | 3 Li | 4 Be | | | | | | | | | | | 5 B | 6 C | 7 N | 8 O | 9 F | 10 Ne |
| 3 | 11 Na | 12 Mg | | | | | | | | | | | 13 Al | 14 Si | 15 P | 16 S | 17 Cl | 18 Ar |
| 4 | 19 K | 20 Ca | 21 Sc | 22 Ti | 23 V | 24 Cr | 25 Mn | 26 Fe | 27 Co | 28 Ni | 29 Cu | 30 Zn | 31 Ga | 32 Ge | 33 As | 34 Se | 35 Br | 36 Kr |
| 5 | 37 Rb | 38 Sr | 39 Y | 40 Zr | 41 Nb | 42 Mo | 43 Tc | 44 Ru | 45 Rh | 46 Pd | 47 Ag | 48 Cd | 49 In | 50 Sn | 51 Sb | 52 Te | 53 I | 54 Xe |
| 6 | 55 Cs | 56 Ba | * | 72 Hf | 73 Ta | 74 W | 75 Re | 76 Os | 77 Ir | 78 Pt | 79 Au | 80 Hg | 81 Tl | 82 Pb | 83 Bi | 84 Po | 85 At | 86 Rn |
| 7 | 87 Fr | 88 Ra | ** | 104 Rf | 105 Db | 106 Sg | 107 Bh | 108 Hs | 109 Mt | 110 Ds | 111 Rg | 112 Cn | 113 Nh | 114 Fl | 115 Mc | 116 Lv | 117 Ts | 118 Og |
| * Lanthanides | * Lanthanides | * Lanthanides | * Lanthanides | 57 La | 58 Ce | 59 Pr | 60 Nd | 61 Pm | 62 Sm | 63 Eu | 64 Gd | 65 Tb | 66 Dy | 67 Ho | 68 Er | 69 Tm | 70 Yb | 71 Lu |
| ** Actinides | ** Actinides | ** Actinides | ** Actinides | 89 Ac | 90 Th | 91 Pa | 92 U | 93 Np | 94 Pu | 95 Am | 96 Cm | 97 Bk | 98 Cf | 99 Es | 100 Fm | 101 Md | 102 No | 103 Lr |
| Block | Background |
| s block | red |
| p block | orange |
| d block | yellow |
| f block | green |
Radioactivity
* elements with solid borders have stable isotopes
* elements with dashed borders have only radioactive naturally occurring isotopes
* elements with dotted borders do not occur naturally
* elements without borders are too radioactive to have been discovered yet
# A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the fifteenth element in the periodic table. The phosphorus nucleus therefore contains fifteen protons.

## Isotopes

Only phosphorus-31, $^{31}$P, is stable, so all naturally-occurring phosphorus is this isotope, which contains 16 neutrons. The $^{31}$P nucleus is NMR-active, and $^{31}$P NMR is widely used in chemistry.
$^{32}$P is radioactive and emits beta particles; it is used in biological experiments.

## Electron configuration

The electron configuration of the neutral phosphorus atom, H, in the gas phase is
$1{\mbox{s}}^{2}2{\mbox{s}}^{2}2{\mbox{p}}^{6}3{\mbox{s}}^{2}3{\mbox{p}}^{3}\,\!$
which is more concisely written as
$[{\mbox{Ne}}]3{\mbox{s}}^{2}3{\mbox{p}}^{3}\,\!$
This simplifies to 2.8.5 in GCSE-style electron shell notation.

## Allotropes

In its standard elemental state, phosphorus is known to exist in several infinite covalent network structures. The most important allotropes of P are:
* White phosphorus: contains discrete P$_4$ tetrahedra (these also exist in liquid P)
* Black phosphorus: sheets of phosphorus atoms stacked on top of each other - each sheet is puckered
* Red phosphorus: amorphous, like glass
* ball-and-stick model of a sheet of P atoms in black phosphorus

## Compounds

Phosphorus forms compounds with most elements in the periodic table. Due to its larger size, phosphorus is much worse at forming double bonds than nitrogen is, so it mostly forms single bonds. One key exception is the very strong P=O bond is phosphoric acid.

### Phosphates

Salts of phosphoric acid, contain the phosphate ion, PO$_4$$^{3−}$.
* sodium phosphate, Na$_3$PO$_4$
* magnesium phosphate, Mg$_3$(PO$_4$)$_2$
* aluminium phosphate, AlPO$_4$

### Phosphides

In compounds with very electropositive elements, as in sodium phosphide, Na$_3$P, phosphorus can exist as the phosphide ion, P$^{3−}$. P$^{3−}$ does not exist in solution because it is exceptionally reactive. For example, if you try to dissolve Na$_3$P in water, the following reaction occurs:
    Na$_3$P + 3H$_2$O(l) → PH$_3$(g) + 3NaOH(aq)
In compounds with elements whose electronegativity is similar to or greater than phosphorus, such as phosphorus trifluoride, PF$_3$, phosphorus is covalently bonded to the other element.

### Organophosphorus compounds

* Phosphines: phosphorus analogues of amines
* Organophosphates: esters of phosphoric acid
* Organophosphites: esters of phosphorous acid
# A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Physical quantities

| Physical quantity | Symbol for quantity | Unit(s)* | Symbol for unit(s) |
| concentration | c | mole per cubic metre mole per litre mole per cubic decimetre | mol m$^{−3}$ mol l$^{−1}$ mol dm$^{−3}$ |
| energy | E | joule kilojoule | J kJ |
| frequency | ν (Greek letter nu) | hertz reciprocal second | Hz s$^{−1}$ |
| charge | Q | coulomb | C |
| amount of substance | n | mole | mol |
| mass | m | kilogram gram | kg g |
| molar mass | M | gram per mole | g mol$^{−1}$ |
| relative molecular mass | M$_r$ | no unit | no unit |
| wavelength | λ | metre | m |
* Note that SI units are shown in bold
Notes: An SI unit named after a person has the first letter of its symbol capitalised, but the full name of the unit written out is all lower case. For example, the unit of energy named after James Joule is called the joule (lower case) and has the symbol J (upper case). An SI unit that is not named after a person has an all-lowercase name and symbol. For example, the unit of amount of substance is called the mole (lowercase) and has the symbol mol (lowercase). The symbols for quantities are always in italic type, whereas the symbols for units are always in upright (normal) type.
# Anarchist FAQ/What is Anarchism?/2.4
## A.2.4 Are anarchists in favour of "absolute" liberty?

No. Anarchists do not believe that everyone should be able to "do whatever they like," because some actions invariably involve the denial of the liberty of others.
For example, anarchists do not support the "freedom" to rape, to exploit, or to coerce others. Neither do we tolerate authority. On the contrary, since authority is a threat to liberty, equality, and solidarity (not to mention human dignity), anarchists recognise the need to resist and overthrow it.
The exercise of authority is not freedom. No one has a "right" to rule others. As Malatesta points out, anarchism supports "freedom for everybody . . . with the only limit of the equal freedom for others; which does not mean . . . that we recognise, and wish to respect, the 'freedom' to exploit, to oppress, to command, which is oppression and certainly not freedom."
In a capitalist society, resistance to all forms of hierarchical authority is the mark of a free person—be it private (the boss) or public (the state). As Henry David Thoreau pointed out in his essay on "Civil Disobedience" (1847)
   "Disobedience is the true foundation of liberty. The obedient must be slaves."

## References

* ↑ Errico Malatesta: His Life and Ideas, p. 53
# A-level Graphic Products/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Graphic_Products

# Edexcel

This is a book about A-Level Graphic Products. It aims to fit in with the Edexcel GCE A-Level Product Design syllabus but is not endorsed by Edexcel. It should be useful as a revision guide or to find alternative explanations to the ones in your textbook. If you haven't heard of an A-Level then this book probably won't be of much interest to you but you can find out about them at Wikipedia.
Please note that the last opportunity for the sitting of the GCE EDEXCEL GRAPHIC PRODUCTS qualfication (9GR01,9RM01,8GR01 & 8RM01) is JUNE 2017 for AS candidates and JUNE 2018 for A2 candidates. After this, EDEXCEL is replacing the qualification with the new 2017 - 9DT0 course. This textbook has been designed specifically for the older qualification.
If any part of this book is unclear or even wrong then please post a comment on the discussion page or simply fix it yourself! In particular, please say if the book assumes any knowledge or skills which not all A-Level Product Design students have.

## AS modules

50% of GCE OR individual AS qualification
* Unit 1 :Portfolio of Creative Skills
60% of AS qualification, 30% of total GCE
* Unit 2 :Design and Technology in Practice
40% of AS qualification, 20% of total GCE

## A2 modules

50% of GCE
* Unit 3 :Designing for the Future
60% of A2 marks, 30% of total GCE
* Unit 4 :Commercial Design
40% of A2 marks, 20% of total GCE

## External links

Question past papers: http://www.edexcel.com/quals/gce/gce08/dt/product/Pages/default.aspx (Just make sure you don't select resistant materials)
# A-level Mathematics

This book covers A-level mathematics with chapters each focusing on the requirements for each examining body.

## Table of Contents

* OCR
* OCR (MEI)
* AQA
* Edexcel
* WJEC
* CIE
* CCEA
* Advanced A-level Mathematics — greater depth than required by the curriculum, not specific to a particular examining body

## External Links

* Talking Picture Book version with SpeedRead
Template:Fix/category - of OCR module C1
# A-level Mathematics/AQA

This Wikibook is about A-level Mathematics, designed to follow the AQA syllabus, but is not endorsed by AQA.

## Modules

| Module | Code | AS or A2 |
| Pure Core 1 | MPC1 | AS |
| Pure Core 2 | MPC2 | AS |
| Pure Core 3 | MPC3 | A2 |
| Pure Core 4 | MPC4 | A2 |
| Further Pure 1 | MFP1 | AS |
| Further Pure 2 | MFP2 | A2 |
| Further Pure 3 | MFP3 | A2 |
| Further Pure 4 | MFP4 | A2 |
| Statistics 1 | MS1A (with coursework) MS1B (without coursework) | AS |
| Statistics 2 | MS2A (with coursework) MS2B (without coursework) | A2 |
| Statistics 3 | MS03 | A2 |
| Statistics 4 | MS04 | A2 |
| Mechanics 1 | MM1A (with coursework) MM1B (without coursework) | AS |
| Mechanics 2 | MM2A (with coursework) MM2B (without coursework) | A2 |
| Mechanics 3 | MM03 | A2 |
| Mechanics 4 | MM04 | A2 |
| Mechanics 5 | MM05 | A2 |
| Decision 1 | MD01 | AS |
| Decision 2 | MD02 | A2 |

## External links

* AQA course page
* AQA Mechanics M1 resources
# A-level Mathematics/AQA/MFP3
## Series and limits

Two important limits:
$\lim _{x\rightarrow \infty }\left(x^{k}e^{-x}\right)\rightarrow 0$ for any real number k
$\lim _{x\rightarrow 0}\left(x^{k}\ln {x}\right)\rightarrow 0$ for all k > 0

### The basic series expansions

$e^{x}=1+x+{x^{2} \over 2!}+{x^{3} \over 3!}+{x^{4} \over 4!}+\cdots +{x^{r} \over r!}+\cdots$
$\sin x=x-{x^{3} \over 3!}+{x^{5} \over 5!}-\cdots +\left(-1\right)^{r}{x^{2r+1} \over (2r+1)!}+\cdots$
$\cos x=1-{x^{2} \over 2!}+{x^{4} \over 4!}-\cdots +\left(-1\right)^{r+1}{x^{2r} \over (2r)!}+\cdots$
$(1+x)^{n}=1+nx+{n(n-1) \over 2!}x^{2}+\cdots +\;{\ n \choose r}\;x^{r}+\cdots$
$\ln(1+x)=x-{x^{2} \over 2}+{x^{3} \over 3}-\cdots +(-1)^{r+1}{x^{r} \over r}+\cdots$

### Improper intergrals

The integral :$\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx\,$ is said to be improper if
* the interval of integration is infinite, or;
* f(x) is not defined at one or both of the end points x=a and x=b, or;
* f(x) is not defined at one or more interior points of the interval $a\leq x\leq b$.

## Polar coordinates

$x=r\cos \theta ,\,$
$y=r\sin \theta ,\,$
$r^{2}=x^{2}+y^{2},\,$
$\tan \theta ={y \over x}$

### The area bounded by a polar curve

For the curve $r=f(\theta ),\,$ $\alpha \leq \theta \leq \beta .\,$
$A=\int _{\alpha }^{\beta }{1 \over 2}r^{2}d\theta \,$
r must be defined and be non-negative throughout the interval $\alpha \leq \theta \leq \beta .\,$

## Numerical methods for the solution of first order differential equations
### Euler's formula

$y_{r+1}=y_{r}+hf(x_{r},y_{r})\,$

### The mid-point formula

$y_{r+1}=y_{r-1}+2hf(x_{r},y_{r})\,$

### The improved Euler formula

$y_{r+1}=y_{r}+{1 \over 2}(k_{1}+k_{2})\,$
where
$k_{1}=hf(x_{r},y_{r})\,$
and
$k_{2}=hf(x_{r}+h,y_{r}+k_{1}).\,$

## Further reading

The AQA's free textbook
# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 4 :Commercial Design

This is the coursework section of AS-level.
* 60% of A2 course
* 30% of full GCE

## Contents

* Product design and make
# Afrikaans/Users

If you have used this Wikibook to learn Afrikaans, please add your name to the list below. This helps us see how many people are using this Wikibook. If you are a user, please use your signature by typing . If you are not a user, either leave your name or just list yourself as Anonymous.
* Icelandic Hurricane 17:49, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
* Delano 13:57, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
* Ceigered (talk) 12:52, 6 September 2008 (UTC)
* Kazu89 (talk) 15:35, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
* --AGrobler (talk) 14:03, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
** I am a native Afrikaans speaker and just went through it for informational purposes.
* ~ThePCKid (talk) 03:03, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
* Anonymous 19:09 20-07-2012 (CAT)
** former South African wishing to relearn the language.
* Qwerty number1 (discuss • contribs) 21:19, 12 March 2019 (UTC)
# Afrikaans/Vocabulary/Animals
## Categories and Classes

Classes (Klase) :
| English | Afrikaans | Pronunciation |
| amphibian | amfibie (-ë) | /amˈfə.bi/ |
| animal | dier (-e) | /dir/ |
| mammal | soogdier (-e) | /ˈsʊəχ.dir/ |

## Mammals

Mammals (Soogdiere) :
| English | Afrikaans | Pronunciation | Extra Notes |
| aardvark | erdvark (-e) | /ˈɛːrt.fark/ | |
| cat | kat (-te) | /kat/ | |
| (mohol) bushbaby | nagapie (-s) | /naχˈɑːpi/ | |
| dog | hond (-e) | /ɦont/ | Plural form could be pronounced as /ˈɦoːnə/. |
| horse | perd (-e) | /pɛːrt/ | The plural form is most often pronounced as /ˈpɛːrə/. |
# Agatha Christie's Detectives/Hercule Poirot and Jane Marple/Conclusion

Taking into consideration their characteristics, it is obvious that Hercule Poirot and Miss Jane Marple are different types of characters. The main factor causing this distinction is that Hercule Poirot is a flat character and Miss Marple undergoes a change from a nosy parker into an old lady interested in the local affairs in her village.
Another difference is that Hercule Poirot is a semi-official, and that is why he works with the police and has the full access to the evidence and testimonies of the witnesses. Miss Marple, being an amateur, can count only on the good will of people in charge of the investigation. Without patronage of her friends among the detectives she has to rely on the information which she collects from the people by means of gossip or just a friendly talk by the cup of coffee.
In consequence, their investigations are also different. Poirot comes up with his solutions on the basis of the substantial evidence and he always can turn back to it and analyse it calmly. Miss Marple has no opportunity to act in the same way because she does not have access to the evidence collected by the police. That is why she has to remember the information gathered from the witnesses in informal conversations or to recall other cases that she was working on to find some elements in common in order to solve the mysteries more easily.
The characters of both detectives are also different. Monsieur Poirot is extremely self-confident and he himself admits that he is vain. He loves praising himself and underlining his skill in solving crimes. Jane Marple in comparison to him is modest and timid. She does not boast about what a talented detective she is, but she expresses her uncertainty about how big her successes are.
However, there are also some similarities between Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. First of all, they are both solitaries. None of them has married, but Poirot admits that he was once in love with an English girl. Secondly, they use similar techniques of solving crimes. They both talk with witnesses and examine the place of the crime. They also use some unconventional methods such as a ruse used by Poirot, or imitation of the victim`s voice as Miss Marple did. Finally, both Poirot and Marple encounter people who do not have sympathy for them.
What makes those two characters memorable are their characteristic features. Hercule Poirot is such a successful literary construct owing to his moustache, foreign origin and speech patterns full of French sayings. Miss Jane Marple imprints herself in the reader`s memory thanks to her eccentricity. It is rare to encounter an old lady who would be as much fascinated in solving crimes and mysteries as she is.
# Agatha Christie's Detectives/Hercule Poirot and Jane Marple

In her detective fiction Agatha Christie created the characters of two memorable fictional detectives: Hercule Poirot and Jane Marple. Both have fascinated generations of readers and are models for most of subsequent detective fiction.
The aim of the subsection about Hercule Poirot is to present his characteristics. Not only his physical appearance, but also his personality and methods of solving the crime will be presented. The description will start with the detective`s early career in “The Third-Floor Flat” from the collection of short stories Poirot`s Early Cases (1974), and will follow through Death on the Nile (1937) and “Four and Twenty Blackbirds” from the collection The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding (1960).
The next subsection will be devoted to Miss Jane Marple, an amateur detective. Her appearance, as well as her characteristics and techniques of solving mysteries, will be discussed. The description will be based on the analysis of “The Tuesday Night Club” (1927) from the collection of short stories The Thirteen Problems (1932), “Miss Marple Tells a Story” (1934) from the collection of short stories Agatha Christie Complete Short Stories of Miss Marple (1985) and the novel A Murder is Announced (1950). The following section will include the comparison between the two detectives.
* Hercule Poirot
* Jane Marple
* Conclusion
# Afrikaans/Pronunciation

Afrikaans uses the same alphabet as English. Notable differences include diacritics on the letters (like ê), while certain letters, such as c, exist but are infrequently used.
You'll soon find Afrikaans has a very phonetic (phonemic) spelling; that is, unlike in English, French or even its parent language Dutch, Afrikaans words are almost always spelled the way they sound.
This chart uses IPA - the international phonetic alphabet to show the exact Afrikaans pronunciation. You can read more about it here. The English words are only an approximate guide. Afrikaans pronunciation can be a bit tricky for English speakers because the language has quite a few sounds that don't exist in English. The best way to learn is to listen to native Afrikaans speakers. You can listen to streaming Afrikaans radio here and hear Afrikaans sound recordings at this site .
| Letter | IPA | English Approximation | Example Word |
| a | ʌ, a, ɑː | plus, jump, awesome | kap |
| aa | ɑː | awesome | daad |
| aai | aːɪ | why | laai |
| ai | aɪ | thai | baie |
| au | ou | goat | auditorium |
| b | b, p (final position) | bat, mapp | bevat |
| ch | x | loch | chemie |
| c | s (before e, i, and y), k | sun, kick | Celsius |
| d | d, t (final position) | dark, hat | daar |
| dj | c | justice | djihad |
| e | ɛ, iˑǝ, ə, æ | bed, erie, about, cat | bed |
| ê | ɛː (final position), æ | hair, cat | hê |
| ee | iˑe | eerie | een |
| eeu | iːu | east + took | leeu |
| ei | əi | play | seil |
| ey | əi | play | ceylon |
| eu | øː | few | euforie |
| f | f | fox | familie |
| g | x, g, ç | loch, golf, hue | geld |
| gh | g, k (final position) | golf, kick | gholf |
| h | h | high | hoe |
| i | i, ə | see, about | idee |
| ie | i | see | dankie |
| j | j | yes | ja |
| k | k | kick | kat |
| l | l | let | lughawe |
| m | m | mall | maak |
| n | n, ŋ (before c, k, q, and x) | nice, sing | van |
| ng | ŋ | sing | vang |
| ns | ns | barns | Afrikaans |
| o | ɔ, oˑǝ | bog, wisdom | obligasie |
| ô | ɔ | cause | môre |
| oe | u | loot | voet |
| oei | uiː | phooey | koei |
| oi | oj | row + yes | boikot |
| oo | uˑo | loot | soom |
| ooi | ɔiː | oil | strooi |
| ou | ɔʊ | tow | mou |
| p | p | map | paar |
| r | ɾ | rolled r | rooi |
| s | s | sun | sein |
| sj | ʃ | shin | sjoe |
| t | t | top | taal |
| tj | tʃ (initial position), kj | top + shin, kick + yes | tjek |
| u | ɵ | urn | uit |
| uu | y | breed | duur |
| û | œː | no English approximation | brûe |
| ui | œy | play | lui |
| uy | œy | urn + east | ly |
| v | f | fox | voël |
| w | v, w (after consonant) | visit, winter | water |
| y | əi | play | ys |
| z | z | zulu | zirkonium |
<<Back to Introduction
On to Lesson One!>>
# A-level Mathematics/CIE/Pure Mathematics 2

* Algebra
* Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
* Trigonometry
* Differentiation
* Integration
* Numerical Solution of Equations