OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# D'ni/Idioms

There are some idioms to the D'ni that differentiate it from English. A D'ni fanfic writer should have these rules handy:

## Word order

* The adjectives follow the noun they describe. 'Small rock' is Præd prin
* Articles always precede the noun they refer to, never the adjective: 'the natural rock' is 'the-rock natural', so we must say repræd vogec, and not **re-vogec præd.
* When a word has several modifiers (adjectives, adverbs), the closer a modifier is to that word, the greater its significance. While English has them scattered on both sides of the noun, D'ni arranges them all afterwards in descending order of significance, single-word adjectives first, then adjectival phrases.
* The bond between verb and object is very strong and can never be broken. Thus, when adverbs are introduced into a sentence that has both verb and object, they don't come directly after the verb as would be expected but rather are placed after the object.

## Commas

* The repeating ‘and’ ga between a series of words is correct, so it is okay to say 'I walked between rocks and plants and trees and mountains and caves and animals' while in English it might be annoying...

## Quantity

* Quantity factor such as 'a bit', 'very' or 'a lot' are expressed with preposition b' followed by a number between 1 and 25. B'fasí ('to 25') means 'absolutely'. Numbers above 25 are used for exaggeration. See also Numbers
# D'ni/Nouns

The noun is the basic form of speech in D'ni. Nouns that are basic words, usually have 2 syllables, but many have 3 as well.
Some which are compounds can reach 4 or 5. Those usually have derived endings and are derived from other parts of speech, like verbs.

## Articles

The articles are prefixes to the nouns. Like in English, there are two kind of articles: definite re ('the') and indefinite erþ ('a'); unlike English, they stay the same whether the noun is singular or plural:
* kor 'book
* re-kor 'the book'
* erþ-kor 'a book' (and possibly erþ-kortí 'some books')

## Numbers

As in many languages, there are two numbers of the D'ni noun: singular and plural.
Plural is formed with the ending -tí
* kor-tí 'books'
# D'ni/Prepositions

Like English, D'ni is a non-inflected language. Therefore, prepositions are very important. They are mostly prefixes connected to words with apostrophes.
The prepositions attested are
* be 'to', which can used if someone is giving something to someone (dotagen b'set ‘is giving to us’), to express amount with numbers (b'vat ‘to five’), to show direction (relena b'retalío ‘the journey to the surface’) and, like English, to form the infinitive of verbs (rebišta kodoséen b'mes ‘the tunnel was designed to require’)
* fe 'along/at', to show something be done on the surface of something (tornen f'reprædtí ‘it spits at the rocks’) and the expression f'túgo, ‘on foot’ is attested
* xe 'for' when it means 'towards the goal of', in xregicaþ ‘for the safety’
* me 'from/of', to show origin (dorísloen remarg melin m'repræd ‘dissolving the outer layer from the rock’) or composition (erþbæntí me kílentí ‘a series of steps’)
* ne 'around', to show direction of motion
* te 'by/with/in/of', which has the same function as the Latin ablative. It expresses instrument, or something that happens with something else (trebigto ‘with the blessing’, tre'irvæntí ‘along with the minerals’) and place (regalpotí tretalío ‘the caves at the surface’)
* ben is a different kind of preposition; it means 'during, for (a time)' or 'instead' when it means 'in exchange or equivalence with', in ferem ben erþgor tona ‘dry for a long time’

## Contraction

Oftentimes, prepositions are contracted.
* When the word does not begin with an article, the preposition's becomes a prefix and the e is replaced with an apostrophe (re'irvæntí, t'Gen, b'Yavo, kortí'nea)
* When the word does begin with an article (re or erþ), the preposition becomes a prefix and loses the e altogether (trebigto 'with the blessing', terþtes 'of a group')
The above rules also apply to the conjunction ga, 'and'.
Ben is never contracted.

## Genitive

The word ox 'of' is an individual word when the noun is modified with a following adjective, otherwise it is a suffix. It means direct possession.
* rekorox Gen 'the book of Gehn'
* rekor prin ox Gen 'the small book of Gehn' (here the adjective prin intervenes between the noun and ox)
The word co also means 'of' but in the meaning of characteristics/properties.
# D'ni/Adverbs

D'ni has adverbs, both original or derived from adjectives. Adverbs generally follow the verb they describe, except the temporal ones which precede the verb.
There are a few adverbs attested:

### Mode

* þoe 'how?'
* megóré 'straight (out of)'
* ril 'not'

### Quantity

* blo 'about, approximately'

### Temporal

* gormot 'then'. Maybe gormot is a compound of gor ‘time’ and mot ‘that, which’.
* gormet 'now'. Not attested, but a hypothised compound of gor ‘time’ and met ‘this’.
* gaþ 'still'
* can 'always'

## Derivation from adjectives

The adverbs can be derived by -sh suffixed to an adjective
* kera 'brave' > kera-š 'bravely'
* garo 'might' > garo-š 'mightily'
# C Sharp for Beginners/Making Decisions
## If Statement:

The if statement in c# is so simple like other languages. The syntax for if statement is:
Here is condition we can check some expression for true or false. For example 5 > 4 is true but 4 > 5 is false.

## Else part:

In the else part if if condition we can give statements which will execute if condition is false.
# C Sharp Reference/System namespace/Console/ReadLine method

Reads a ligne of next characters starting with standard input stream.

## Return value

Returns next characters of input stream, or null if there is no ligne availabe.
# C Sharp for Beginners/Hello World

Here is your first C# program:
Let's go through each line and see what they do:
* class HelloWorldProgram defines a class named "HelloWorldProgram". At this point, you can think of a class as a group of methods.
* public static void Main defines a method named "Main". A method is simply a code block (a container) containing some statements. The Main method is special because it is the first thing that is run when your program is started.
* System.Console.WriteLine("Hello, world!"); is a statement. A statement performs an action, which in this case is printing (outputting) "Hello, world!" to the screen.
* System.Console.ReadKey; is another statement. This time, it waits for the user to press a key.
* After the last statement is executed, the program terminates.
Here's what should have happened:
* You start the program.
* The program outputs "Hello, world!" and waits.
* You press a key.
* The program closes.

## Comments

Comments are pieces of text which are ignored by the compiler. There are three types of comments, two of which were used in the hello world program above.
* A single line comment is produced by using a double slash (//) and tells the compiler to ignore the rest of the line.
* A multiline comment is started by using a slash and an asterisk (/*) and ended using an asterisk and a slash (*/). The compiler ignores everything in between, even if the comment stretches over multiple lines (hence the name).
* A documentation comment is used to document classes, properties, and methods. They start with three slashes (///) and use various XML tags.
Although comments are useful for describing code, they should not be used to simply restate what the code does, i.e.:
Instead, they should be used to explain why a code does something that way.
There are other solutions to this, as you will see soon.
# C Sharp for Beginners
## Table of Contents
### Basics

* Introduction and Prerequisites
* Hello World!
* Variables
* Operators
* Arrays
* Making Decisions
* Looping
* Making Decisions, Part 2
* Functions

### Object-Oriented Programming

* Classes
* Properties
* Methods
* Inheritance
* Polymorphism

### Advanced Topics

* More Classes
* Exceptions
* Generics
* Extension methods
* Garbage Collection
* LINQ

### .NET Framework

* Collections
* Input and Output
* Random numbers
* Reflection
* Threads
* XML
# C Sharp for Beginners/Arrays

using System;
Public Class TwoD {
# C Sharp Reference/System namespace/Console
## Methods

* Beep
* Clear
* MoveBufferArea
* OpenStandardError
* OpenStandardInput
* OpenStandardOutput
* Read
* ReadKey
* ReadLine
* ResetColor
* SetBufferSize
* SetCursorPosition
* SetError
* SetIn
* SetOut
* SetWindowPosition
* SetWindowSize
* Write
* WriteLine

## Properties

* BackgroundColor
* BufferHeight
* BufferWidth
* CapsLock
* CursorLeft
* CursorSize
* CursorTop
* CursorVisible
* Error
* ForegroundColor
* In
* InputEncoding
* KeyAvailable
* LargestWindowHeight
* LargestWindowWidth
* NumberLock
* Out
* OutputEncoding
* Title
* TreatControlCAsInput
* WindowHeight
* WindowLeft
* WindowTop
* WindowWidth

## Events

* CancelKeyPress
# C Sharp for Beginners/Inheritance

As this is about getting started programming, we don't want to confuse you with too much complicated stuff.
You may sometimes see classes declared like this:
instead of just like this
People Inheritance
It is common for You to inherit characteristics from your parents. You may have your Mother’s way of talking or your Father’s nose. This doesn't mean you are identical to your Parents, but certain characteristics come "built in" when you’re born.
Code Inheritance
When we write code, it could be useful to inherit a whole bunch of abilities from an existing class. Lets go with an example. There are two defined classes “Animal” and “Bird”, but the “Bird” class inherits from the Animal class.
In real world, a bird is a kind of animal, but it has some characteristics that don’t apply to all animals. So it makes sense for a Bird class to have all the characteristics of an Animal as well as some extra ones. In this case, we’ve identified one special field for birds only – featherColor. We're really saying "I'm defining a new class called ‘Bird’ but it must inherit everything from the “Animal” class too.";
When to Use Inheritance
Inheritance is best used in cases where what you're trying to achieve can mostly be done by an existing class and you just want to extend it or customize it. In the following example, the class "Guitarist" inherits three fields from the class "Musician" and adds two fields of its own. The colon “:” is the part that tells the computer to make the new class (Guitarist) inherit from the class written to the right of the colon.
When we create an instance of a “Guitarist”, we can immediately address the fields of both a Musician and a Guitarist (as long as they’re not private).
# C Sharp for Beginners/Looping

Do loops are like while loops, except they always execute at least once.
# C Sharp for Beginners/Operators

Operators perform actions on data. There are three types of operators in C#:
* A unary operator has the form [operator][object]. An example is the negation operator: -number gives you number with the opposite sign (if number was 12 you would get -12).
* A binary operator has the form [object 1] [operator] [object 2]. An example is the assignment operator: number = 1234 sets number to 1234.
* A ternary operator has three objects on which it acts. C# only has one ternary operator, the conditional operator: number == 1234 ? "good" : "bad" gives you "good" if number is equal to 1234, but "bad" if number is not equal to 1234.
You can combine operators in almost any way you like. Here is an example incorporating many different operators:

## Prefix and Postfix

The ++ and -- operators can be placed before (prefix) or after (postfix) variables. There is a subtle difference between the two; if placed before, it increments or decrements and then returns the new value, and if placed after, it increments or decrements and returns the old value. For example:
# Communication Theory

This book is an introduction to communication theory — the theory of how humans share, encode, and decode what they know, what they need, and what they expect from each other.

## Contents

* Perspectives on Theory
** Introduction: An overview of theory in communication study
* Theorists and Approaches to Communication
** Uncertainty Reduction: Charles Berger, Richard Calabrese
** Propaganda and the Public: Walter Lippmann, Harold D. Lasswell, Edward Bernays, and Jacques Ellul
** Uses and Gratifications: Herzog, Katz, and friends
** The Frankfurt School: Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno
** Communicative Action: Habermas Commentary
** Semiotics and Myth: Roland Barthes
** Orality and Literacy: Walter Ong
** Diffusion of Innovations: Gabriel Tarde, Everett Rogers
** Social Systems: Niklas Luhmann
** Network Society: Manuel Castells
** Nonverbal Communication
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Addressing Resistance/Addressing the Belief that the Project will fail

One of the primary causes of resistance is the belief that action will fail.
Consider the following strategies for addressing resistance based on the fear of failure:
* Ask for and listen to their concerns
* Discover if their facts and fears are accurate and complete
* Determine if their beliefs are based on accurate information—they could be based on rumors
* Provide additional information to correct mistaken or inaccurate beliefs
* Offer more accurate interpretations of facts, even if the truth hurts
* Ask for suggestions to help make the action feel more successful
* Ask how you can help them implement change
* Encourage them to focus on the positive while addressing the reality of your situation
* Ask for their support in making the action work and thank them for what they have already done
* Express confidence in their ability to implement action successfully.
* Ask how you can help them implement action
* Follow through on agreements reached to improve the situation
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Addressing Resistance/Addressing the Belief that the Project has been Handled Improperly

Steps and Tools Resistance, active or passive, is a challenge to an attempt to initiate a given behavior or action.
Addressing resistance is never easy. In fact, addressing resistance effectively requires an astute ability to listen carefully, reflect an understanding of the root of resistance and to build trust in the process.
When team members feel that management has made bad choices, a negative situation can be made better by having a respectful conversation about perceived mistakes.  In particular, you can take the following steps when people believe that action has been handled improperly:
* Ask for and listen to their concerns
* Apologize for any mistakes that were made
* Provide additional information, as needed
* Don’t make excuses for mistakes
* Ask for suggestions to avoid similar situations in the future
* Be honest about suggestions you can and cannot accept and explain why
* Follow through on agreements reached to improve the situation.

#### See also

* in other sections of this handbook
* on Wikipedia
* on other Wikibooks
* in Devcopedia - EuropeAid Wiki
* External links
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Addressing Resistance/Identifying resistance

A significant cause of message/communication distortion or conflict can be attributed to a team member’s resistance to change.  Many people support change when they believe that their needs are not being met or when change will help them avoid a harmful situation. Even when team members support change, change is often difficult to accept. Many people would rather uphold the status quo—the world they know and understand—than to jump into the unknown, which a change environment always entails. In what follows, we address resistance in order to assist you in leading your team members through it.
Active Resistance •Being critical •Blaming •Appealing to fear •Ridiculing •Sabotaging •Manipulating •Distorting facts •Starting Rumors •Arguing   Passive Resistance   •Agreeing verbally, but not following through •Failing to implement change •Procrastinating •Feigning (pretending) ignorance •Withholding information, suggestions, help, or support •Standing by and allowing the change to fail
People who are actively resisting change tend to be defiant, critical and prone to attempts at evoking fear in others. Furthermore, they are likely to be argumentative, to start rumors or to distort facts.  In contrast, passive resisters will not be confrontational. Rather, they will show agreement publicly, but fail to implement change by procrastinating or withholding important information. In addition, passive resistance involves feigning ignorance of new policies or watching change fail when they have the power and skills to provide assistance. Guidelines for Addressing the belief that the project (or action) has been handled Improperly Guidelines for Addressing the Belief that the project (or action) will fail
See also Malicious Obedience - analyzing potential stakeholder resistance.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Identify the Method and the Effort Required

The Project Development team (PDT) identifies:
* Who produces the product
* Who receives the product
* The method of product transmittal
This information is tied directly to WBS elements and sub-products required for the project. The communication matrix includes all the information needed to manage project communication.
Keep in mind the following guidelines:
* Set up e-mail and phone distribution lists for groups inside and outside the team.
* Create a central network location for storage of all project information.
* Create templates for presentations, status reports, meeting minutes, and other important documents. Make sure that these follow organization-wide standards.
* Schedule conference rooms, projectors and conference calls in advance.
* Provide the team with access to the right tools, such as the following: - A shared project calendar - Collaboration software - Access to intranet web sites - Access to project databases
Contact third parties early to set up procedures for communicating with your project team.
* Create an approval chain for announcements that go outside the project team.
* Advise team members to organize all project-related e-mail messages so that they are easy to locate and refer to throughout the project. Team members can either file messages in electronic folders or print hard copies and keep them in a binder.
# Digital Electronics/Digital Signal Processing
## Digital Communication

* Digital Data
* Digital Clock

## Digital Information Coding

* Binary Coded Decimal
* Grey Code
* ASCII
* EBCDIC
* Unicode

## Signal Communication Standards

* ANSI
* ISO
# Digital Electronics/Flip Flop
## Flip Flop

Flip Flop is a Digital Circuit can be constructed from two NAND or NOR gates to form a circuit that has 2 stable states Set or RESET , 1 Unuse state and 1 store state

## NAND Flip Flop
### Truth Table

    SR latch operation SRAction 01Q = 1 10Q = 0 11Keep state

### Symbol
## NOR Flip Flop
### Truth Table

    SR latch operation SRAction 01Q = 1 10Q = 0 11Keep state
# Digital Electronics/Logic Gates/Basic Logic Gates Summary
## Logic Gates Summary

The table below summarize all the Basic Digital Gates and their characteristics
    Basic Logic GatesSymbolMathmatical FormulaTruth Table BufferQ = AA Q 0 0 1 1 NOTQ = NOT AA Q 0 1 1 0 ANDQ = A . BA B Q 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 NANDQ = NOT (A . B)A B Q 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 ORQ = A + BA B Q 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 NORQ = NOT (A + B)A B Q 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 XORQ = (A + B) . NOT (A . B)A B Q 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 XNORQ = NOT ( (A + B) . NOT (A . B) )A B Q 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
# Digital Electronics/Digital Encoder
## Digital Encoder

A digital encoder is a digital device that uses bits to represent information as binary numbers.

## Examples
### Example 1

Using a two bit binary number we have four 2 bits binary numbers
    00
    01
    10
    11
Let
    00 --- 0
    01 --- 1
    10 --- 2
    11 --- 3
The decimal numbers from 0 to 3 are encoded as 2 bit binary numbers.

### Example 2

Similarly, with a 4 bit binary number we can encode the decimal numbers from 0 to 15 as shown below
    0000 --- 0
    0001 --- 1
    0010 --- 2
    0011 --- 3
    0100 --- 4
    0101 --- 5
    0110 --- 6
    0111 --- 7
    1000 --- 8
    1001 --- 9
    1010 --- 10
    1011 --- 11
    1100 --- 12
    1101 --- 13
    1110 --- 14
    1111 --- 15
# Digital Electronics/Digital Signal Processing/Binary Coded Decimal
## Binary Coded Decimal

Binary Coded Decimal was invented by IBM to encode decimal numbers as 4 bit binary numbers

## BCD

    0 0000
    1 0001
    2 0010
    3 0011
    4 0100
    5 0101
    6 0110
    7 0111
    8 1000
    9 1001

## Number > 9

85 1000 0101
# Digital Electronics/Logic Gates
## Family Logic Gates

* Fundamental Digital Gates
* Combinational Gates
* Basic Logic Gates Summary
* Logic NAND

## Reference

* Logic Gate
# Digital Electronics/Digital Signal Processing/Digital Data
## Digital Data

Digital data is represented by a binary number stored as a series of bits. In digital systems a bit can only has either the value 0 or 1 .
A bit can only have either value 0 or 1 which is equivalent to
    Swith On is 1 . Swith Off is 0
    High is 1 . Low is 0
    Positive is 1 . Negative is 0
# Digital Electronics/Logic Gates/Combinational Gates
## Combination gates

More than one logic gates can be connected to produce new logic gates

### Buffer

    Basic Logic GatesCombinational GatesSymbolMathmatical FormulaTruth Table Buffer Y = is NOT NOT A Y = AA Q 0 0 1 1

### NOT Gate

    Digital GateCombinational GatesSymbolMathematical ExpressionTruth Table NOT Gate Y = is NOT AA Y 0 1 1 0

### NAND Gate

    Digital GateCombinational GateSymbolMathematical ExpressionTruth Table Buffer Y = is NOT A.BA B Y 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

### NOR Gate

    Digital GateCombinational GateSymbolMathematical ExpressionTruth Table NOT Y = is NOT A+BA B Y 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

### XNOR Gate

    Basic GatesCombinational GateSymbolMathematical FormulaTruth Table NOT Gate Y = is NOT AxorBA B Q 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
# Digital Electronics/Logic Gates/Fundamental Digital Gates
## Digital Gates

Digital gate is a Digital Device used to perform the logic operation on the input(s) to produce an equivalent logic in the output. The output produced from the inputs are listed in a table called a Truth table. The relation between output and inputs can also be represented by a mathematic equation .
There are 5 basic digital gates used to perform Logic Operation namely Buffer, NOT, AND, OR, XOR

## Basic Digital Gates

    Basic Logic GatesSymbolMathmatical FormulaTruth Table BufferQ = A AQ 00 11 NOTQ = NOT A AQ 01 10 ANDQ = A . B ABQ 000 010 100 111 ORQ = A + B ABQ 000 011 101 111 XORQ = A (+) B ABQ 000 011 101 110