OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# SwisTrack/FAQ

This page has Frequently Asked Questions about SwisTrack. If your question isn't here, feel free to ask on the mailing list!

## Where can I get SwisTrack?

Right now, the best version to use is the latest version from svn. Check it out at https://swistrack.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/swistrack

## What is the license?

SwisTrack is released under the Gnu Public License (GPL).

## Is there a python interface?

There exists a swig wrapper for SwisTrack. You can call SwisTrack from python and get images out for later processing. You cannot (yet) write new components in python.

## I'm having trouble with a double image on SwisTrack. Is it because I uploaded/converted my movies on a Mac and transferred them to Windows?

Yes. To avoid this problem, do NOT use Mac for loading and converting. Upload the media onto the same machine loaded with SwisTrack and convert to AVI if necessary. This will prevent video upload problems as wells as double images.
# SwisTrack/Examples/MultiCamera

The MultiCamera folder in the SwisTrack examples folder contains a small program to start and stop multiple SwisTrack instances at (almost) the same time. The program provides 3 buttons
* Start (production)
* Start (testing)
* Stop
and can be used for up to 16 cameras.
Note that the program does not merge the output of all SwisTrack instances - it simply starts and stops them. While this functionality may be sufficient in some cases, the example is rather thought of as starting point for your multi-camera project.
The code compiles on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows platforms.
# SwisTrack/Examples/RobotTracking

(Note that this example is not yet in the SVN tree, but will eventually appear there.)
This example demonstrates how you can use SwisTrack to track a fleet of robots. The robots have simple blue markers on them, and the camera being used is a color camera. (Note that the example reads an AVI file, but you can replace the AVI file component by a component matching your camera type.)

## Experimental Setup

The experiment took place in a standard office room with a camera mounted on the ceiling. Special attention was given to the lights, to ensure uniform illumination of the arena.

## SwisTrack Configuration

SwisTrack is configured with the following components:
* AVI file input (replace this by a component matching your camera type)
* Conversion to Color, to copy the image to the color processing channel
* Thresholding
* Blob Detection
* Output Particles
# Rosacea

Rosacea (IPA:ɹəʊ.ˈzeɪ.ʃʌ) is a common but often misunderstood condition that is estimated to affect over 45 million people worldwide.

## Chapters

* Authors and Contributors
* What Is Rosacea?
* Basic Skin Care
* Treatments
** Intense Pulsed Light and Laser
** Intense Pulsed Light and Laser manufacturers
* Insurance
* Researching
* Glossary
* Resources

## Medical Disclaimer

Wikibooks contains books on many medical topics; however, no warranty whatsoever is made that any of the books are accurate. There is absolutely no assurance that any statement contained or cited in a book touching on medical matters is true, correct, precise, or up-to-date. The overwhelming majority of such books are written, in part or in whole, by nonprofessionals. Even if a statement made about medicine is accurate, it may not apply to you or your symptoms.
The medical information provided on Wikibooks is, at best, of a general nature and cannot substitute for the advice of a medical professional (for instance, a qualified doctor/physician, nurse, pharmacist/chemist, and so on). Wikibooks is not a doctor.
None of the individual contributors, system operators, developers, sponsors of Wikibooks nor anyone else connected to Wikibooks can take any responsibility for the results or consequences of any attempt to use or adopt any of the information presented on this web site.
Nothing on Wikibooks.org or included as part of any project of Wikimedia Foundation Inc., should be construed as an attempt to offer or render a medical opinion or otherwise engage in the practice of medicine.
# Rosacea/Glossary
## B

* Blushing:
    A relatively short-term extra redness due to various mental causes such as embarrassment, shame, modesty; often accompanied by warm/hot sensations.

## E

* Erythema
    Abnormal redness of the skin.

## F

* Flushing:
    A prolonged (extra)redness of the face(and neck) caused by cutaneous vasodilation often due to physical causes, such as cold weather/wind, sunshine, heat etc. Flushing often includes a burning sensation.

## I

* IPL:
    Intense Pulsed Light — A treatment to remove blood vessels from the skin.

## N

* Nd-YAG
    Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet — A compound that is used as the lasing medium for certain solid-state lasers.
* NRS
    National Rosacea Society — A U.S. organisation for patients and doctors.

## O

* Ocular / Occular:
    Of, or relating to the eye, or the sense of sight.

## P

* Pustule:
    A raised lesion that contains pus and sometimes water.
* Papule:
    A small, solid and usually conical elevation of the skin which does not contain pus.

## R

* RRDI
    Rosacea Research & Development Institute — A worldwide organisation devoted to funding research.
* RLT
    Red Light Therapy — A certain phototherapy that improves skin and can be beneficial to rosacea.
* Rhinophyma:
    A large, bulbous and ruddy appearance of the nose caused by (advanced)phymatous rosacea.

## S

* SR
    Skin Rejuvenation — A term used for specific types of Intense Pulsed Light and Laser treatments.

## T

* Telangiectasia:
    Small dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin, also known as spider veins.

## V

* VL
    Vascular Lesions — A term used for specific types of Intense Pulsed Light and Laser treatments that treat vascular lesions.
# Rosacea/Authors and Contributors

Listed alphabetically as their contributions appear in the wikibooks edit summary
# Rosacea/Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments by Dr. Murad

It is estimated that 14 million Americans have Rosacea and don’t even know it! Many confuse the symptoms with Acne or other conditions or go undiagnosed.
Symptoms include:
* Rough, red irritated skin
* Prominent veins on the face
* Breakouts
* Red, dry patches
* Inflamed, sensitive skin
* Skin that feels hot and flushes easily
The symptoms of Acne and Rosacea are sometimes so similar that it is hard to tell the difference between them. This can make diagnosis difficult. Both conditions involve inflammation and damage at a cellular level, and can cause uneven skin tone and even blemish-like symptoms. Rosacea can be differentiated from acne by the following factors:
* Pervasive overall redness and stinging (particularly in the cheeks area) • Food sensitivities that aggravate irritation (such as alcohol or spicy foods) • Heat and tightness associated with facial redness
Skin that suffers from Rosacea-like redness is influenced by outside factors called triggers. These triggers determine when redness occurs and/or how severe the symptoms are. Triggers include sun exposure or extreme weather, genetics and spicy foods. To reduce the severity or occurrences of these triggers, fragile skin requires vital nutrients that will create a healthier environment for the skin, enabling it to strengthen cell function, reduce inflammation and avoid future irritation.
What is most important is helping to reduce and control the redness and associated concerns is to provide skin with agents that will help to claim and soothe current symptoms and treat and prevent future occurrences.
While the cause of Rosacea is unknown and there is no cure, today help is available that can control the signs and symptoms.
Dr. Murad has created a new line to help soothe rosacea-like symptoms called Redness Therapy R (Registered). This line will help calm inflamed skin, strengthen the skins barrier function, cool the skin on contact and restore hydration and suppleness.
Each of the products in the line which includes, Soothing Gel Cleanser, Recovery Treatment Gel and Correcting Moisturizer SPF 15, were specifically formulated to address sensitive red, inflamed skin.
The Soothing Gel Cleanser will leave the skin feeling soft and hydrated while removing impurities with out drying the skin. Goji Berry Extract provides maximum protection against inflamed skin; moisture-enriched beads soften rough, dry skin and essential fatty acids help lock in vital moisture
The Recovery Treatment Gel cools and soothes on contact. This weightless gel formula absorbs quickly to reduce redness immediately. Azeleic acid improves hydration, Goji Berry Extract super hydrates & rejuvenates dry, flaky skin, Zinc Oxide and Peppermint Leaf Extract soothes & helps reduce stinging and sensitivity
The Correcting Moisturizer SPF 15 provides superior hydration with full spectrum UVA/UVB sun protection. The Sheer green tint will counteract redness while the Goji Berry Extract reduces inflamed skin and free radical damage. Peppermint Leaf Extract will relieve discomfort and stinging.
# 293T Cells

293T cells, or Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells, are cells that are derived from human embryonic kidney cells. These cells are very tough and can be cultured easily through tissue culture. They are normally used in transfection for research, since they are very good models for cancer cells, and normal cells. These cells also have a very high transfectability, depending on the technique used. Some techniques yield close to 100% transfection.
They are usually transfected with a gene of interest and it is allowed to grow as a normal cell. Through translation it makes proteins from the gene of interest, which can then be studied. These cells are basically test tubes in which proteins are grown.
Another use of these cells is to produce viral vectors, which can be used to easily inject genes of interest into other cells. However, viruses can be a danger since they are pathogens, so 293T cells provide the ability to delete genes that allow the viruses to replicate.
# Structural Biochemistry/DNA recombinant techniques/Artificial Chromosomes
## General Information

Artificial chromosomes are synthetic chromosomes consisting of fragments of DNA integrated into a host chromosome. These artificial chromosomes are introduced into host cells to propagate and can be used to transfect other cells, introducing new DNA. Artificial chromosomes are useful in cloning larger fragments of DNA, as plasmids can only contain up to 10,000 base pairs and phages are hard to work with. Artificial chromosomes can contain anywhere from 300,000(BAC) to 1,000,000(YAC) base pairs, effectively reducing the amount of runs needed for a large fragment to be analyzed. Because these chromosomes are more useful in cloning larger fragments of DNA, it is easier and quicker to clone and transform genes. Artificial chromosome vectors also make it easier to store through bacterial cells rather than mammalian cells.
There are two types of artificial chromosomes: Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC). Although yeast artificial chromosomes can contain more base pairs (over one million) than bacterial artificial chromosomes, bacterial artificial chromosomes are more common than yeast artificial chromosomes because they are more stable, making them easier to work with a smaller risk of rearrangement due to the circular shape of a plasmid. Yeast artificial chromosomes also may produce chimeric effects, while bacteria artificial chromosomes will not.
The usage of artificial chromosomes is mainly for studying DNA fragments. This is done by integrating a non-viral/non-bacterial DNA into a bacterial chromosome and having it express the DNA fragment within the host. Once expressed, the host cell undergoes replication and thus the host chromosome containing the integrated DNA fragment will be replicated. The result is a huge colony of bacteria containing the fragmented DNA. In other words the DNA is cloned into millions of copies. The use of artificial chromosomes has revolutionized every aspect of biological studies.

## References

* The Big Bad BAC: Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
# Structural Biochemistry/DNA ligase

DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins two DNA molecules or fragments together They are used in cloning where the recombination DNA molecules occur. The DNA ligase can also be used in DNA replication.
Genetic recombination happens through the breaking and reattachment of DNA molecules and not by replication where two molecules were copied through a DNA polymerase. Robert Lehman and his group determined that NAD was used as a cofactor for the bacteria cell, E.coli. A cofactor is something that is involved in enzyme-substrate catalysis and is usually either a metal or organometallic metal derived from vitamins. They found that NAD is confined to the bacteria while phages and mammalian ligases use ATP instead of NAD as their source of energy. Their experiments showed that DNA ligase is essential for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication and is also responsible for combining the DNA chains during nucleotide and base removal and repair of DNA. DNA ligase is also important for the joining of DNA fragments after the cleaving of a Holiday junction in recombination that is homologous. DNA ligase is now a key reagent in the construction of recombinant DNA molecules which leads to genetic variation.
Lehman, Robert. Wanderings of a DNA Enzymologist: From DNA Polymerase to Viral Latency. Annu. Rev. Biochem. January 16, 2006.
# Structural Biochemistry/DNA manipulation techniques

Different techniques are commonly used to determine or alter DNA sequences. The most important ones include:
* DNA sequencing: It provides us a lot of information about gene architecture, the control of gene expression, and protein structure.
* solid state synthesis of nucleic acids: The desired sequences of nucleic acids can be synthesized precisely de novo and used to identify or amplify other nucleic acids.
* restriction enzyme analysis: These Restriction Endonucleases provides an investigator to manipulate DNA segments by cutting them from the recognized sites.
* polymerase chain reaction (PCR) : This is one of the most useful methods to amplify DNA sequence billion fold. This technique requires denaturing of DNA and hybridizing primers complementary to strand forward and reverse and the DNA is synthesized on both strands in the 5' to 3' direction. This technique is used to recognize pathogens and genetic diseases, to determine the source of a hair left at the scene of a crime, and to resurrect genes from fossils.
* Blotting techniques: Southern and Northern Blots are used to separate DNA and RNA, respectively.$^1$

## References

1. Berg, Jeremy M. 2007. Biochemistry. Sixth Ed. New York: W.H. Freeman. 68-69, 78. 2. Voet, Voet, Pratt (2004). - Fundamentals of Biochemistry
# Structural Biochemistry/DNA polymerase I

DNA polymerase I (E.Coli) is an enzyme that fills gaps in duplexes by stepwise addition of nucleotides to 3'-ends for DNA sequence. DNA polymerase I is an important enzyme to be used in DNA sequencing, DNA replication, and PCR. It is used to insert the right nucleotides into a primer to start base-pairings.
Robert Lehman studied DNA polymerase early on in his career under a lab in St. Louis in 1955. What triggered his interest was the discovery of DNA of the T-even phages that contained hydroxymethcytosine instead of cytosine and he was eager to determine how this hydroxymethylcytosine was made. He found that extracts of T2-infected E. coli did incorporate this carbon 14 label into dCMP so he decided to purify this enzyme that was creating the activity. A colleague of his at the time found that carbon 14 labeled thymidine incorporated into an acid-insoluble product by E.coli which demonstrated that there was DNA synthesis in vetro the cell. They found out that E.coli converted thymidine in the presence of ATP into thymidine-X which was later identified as dTMP and this activity was thymidine kinase. Kinase is a catalytic activity where an phosphate group is added onto a nucleotide. They determined after experimentation that incubation of the precipitate the activity increased which demonstrated that more than one enzyme was required for the incorporation of dTTP into an acid-insoluble product. After they purified each of the deoxynucleotide kinase, they discovered and characterized the four dNTPs as dTTP, dCTP,dGTP, and dATP. It was determined that all dNTP were needed for high activity. We now know that DNA polymerase requires a primer strand to begin the DNA chain replication and is not able to just begin replication out of nowhere and that in order to synthesize DNA, it required a DNA primer, a template, and all four dNTPs which allowed the DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA. If anything was missing, activity would slow down. The DNA polymerase discovered by Robert Lehman and his team is now known as DNA polymerase I. DNA polymerase I plays an essential role in processing the Okazaki fragments produced during the replication on the lagging strand during DNA replication at the replication fork that connects the fragments. Later on in his career, he went back to studying DNA polymerase and it was determined that the essential role of the Polymerase I in DNA replication is the five prime to three prime exonuclease that takes out this RNA primer and initiates the Okazaki fragment synthesis which then triggers the filling in of the gaps before becoming joined by the DNA ligase.
# Structural Biochemistry/DNA recombinant techniques/Artificial Chromosomes/Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC)
## Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC)

Similar to bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), yeast chromosomes can be used as host chromosomes in the process of DNA cloning Like BACs, YACs (yeast artificial chromosomes) are synthetic chromosomes with integrated DNA fragments from a foreign source. The difference between YACs and BACs is that YACs does not use a plasmid such as the F factor in E.Coli. Instead YACs use specific regions of the yeast chromosome. The yeast chromosomes contain all the necessary parts for replication which includes the following: a centromere, telomere ends, DNA site markers, restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI and the origin of replication. With the mentioned components, a foreign fragment of DNA can be spliced into any regions between the telomeres and centromeres. A DNA fragment is spliced by using restriction enzyme EcoRI.The cleaved DNA fragment can range from 100 to 1000kb, thus YACs allow for the insertion of larger DNA sequences which can result in greater efficiency. After the DNA fragment is cleaved, the yeast artificial chromosomes are also digested by the two restriction enzymes; EcoRI and BamHI. The fragments are then recombined at the EcoRI sites and are joined together by DNA ligase resulting in a new chromosome with the inserted DNA fragment.Once the foreign DNA fragment is spliced into the yeast chromosome, replication of DNA begins as DNA polymerase begin to elongate the DNA strand at the origin of replication site during cell division/replication by mitosis. When the host chromosome is elongated, the foreign DNA fragments get elongated along with the host chromosome. The result of this method is similar to using BACs, which is a huge colony of yeast cells with the fragmented DNA. The cloned fragments of DNA in the yeast chromosomes can then be used for genetic research such as gene mapping or simply put into a gene library for further use.
# Updated jan Pije's lessons/Lesson 1 Introduction

toki! I'm glad you've decided to give these lessons a look. Hopefully this introduction will answer any questions you may have. If you're thinking about learning Toki Pona, hopefully this introduction will also give you a feel for what lies ahead.
Toki Pona is the fastest-growing constructed language, including a fluent speakers, but I urge you to consider Toki Pona not so much for how well it can entertain you or how large of a following it has, but more for the insight it can give you as it helps you develop a simpler way of thinking.
If you're like me, as you learn Toki Pona you may find that the frame of mind that Toki Pona relies upon sometimes conflicts with how you've always approached understanding things. It's not so easy to adopt the way of thinking that Toki Pona requires. But be patient; eventually, even if you don't agree with the ideas behind Toki Pona, it will at least broaden your mind and help you understand things better.
You should now be able to decide whether or not you'd like to learn Toki Pona. A last word of advice: Don't feel like you're alone in learning the language. I've helped others learn the language in the past (Contact me!), and there are plenty of other people willing to explain tough concepts and give advice.
With that said, enjoy the lessons, and good luck learning Toki Pona!
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Para-koopa

They`re koopas ... with wings. You can knock off the wings with regular jump, but a Yoshi jump/spin jump will permanently wipe em' out.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Pidgit Bill

Pidgit Bill appears only after the Special zone is completed. Once this area is completed, Pidgit Bill replaces Bullet Bill, in the form of a black bird.
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Roy Koopa

ROY KOOPA- after you beat the forest fortress, you will have to face him. You and he will be enclosed over lava between 2 pillars that slowly move together. Eventually, if your not fast enough, they will crush you. Roy Koopa doesn't throw anything at you, but he does jump. Once you hit him, he literally bounces of the ceiling. And the walls. You will have to jump on him three times to defeat the castle!
Good Luck & STAY FOCUSED..but don't get stressed!! keep thinking YOU CAN DO IT TOO..YOU REALLY CAN! - Jenn&Liz&Sam&Rae
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Pokey

Pokeys are evil cacti, and they're one of Bowser's minions. They just wander around, and if they see Mario or Luigi, they'll start to follow them, trying to catch them. But because they're unbelievably slow, you don't have to worry about being caught. But the problem is, since they're quite large, you can hardly jump over them, making them a real pain. And, they have nasty spikes all over their body, so if you touch them, you'll get hurt. Fortunately, if you're riding Yoshi, you can eat them piece by piece (they are built out of five pieces, so you'll have to let Yoshi eat ALL of the pieces, because they can revive themselves).

## Specifications

* Length: about 4.5 meters (15 ft)
* Maximum age: Pokeys can become extremely old, about 1000 years. After they die, they sometimes turn into a Poison Pokey
* Speed: Pokeys are very slow in Super Mario World, but in other games, such as Paper Mario or Paper Mario: The Thousand Year Door, they're remarkably fast.
* Special powers: Pokeys can revive themselves, they can throw parts of their own body (only in Paper Mario), they can turn into Poison Pokeys after they die (in Paper Mario).
* Pokeys appeared for the first time in Super Mario Bros. 2
* Pokeys appear in almost every Mario game made, but Pokeys also appeared in The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons. If you shoot a Mystery Seed at them, they'll become even larger (in the Legend of Zelda series).

## Resistance to attacks

* Normal jump: Ineffective, it won't hurt Pokeys, only yourself
* Spin jump: Inefective, it won't hurt Pokeys, but you won't get hurt either
* Jump with Yoshi: Ineffective, it doesn't hurt Pokeys, but neither you
* Fireballs: Ineffective
* Yoshi's fireballs: Ineffective
* Slow cape landing: Ineffective, doesn't hurt them either
* Yoshi's tongue: Effective, but you must eat all of the pieces, or else they'll revive. Pokeys seem to be a tasty treat (at least for Yoshi)
* Sliding down a hill: Ineffective, it only hurts yourself

## Locations

* Yoshi's Island
<<Back to Super Mario World
# Super Mario World/Enemies/Porcu-Puffer

Porcu-puffers are nasty pufferfish with spines that can sting Mario. Yoshi can bounce on top of them without getting stung. You can also travel past them on a dolphin.