OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Emulation/Game Boy Advance
## About Game Boy Advance

The Game Boy Advance is based on a 32bit ARM7TDMI CPU, and is relatively well understood.
Because the Game Boy Advance is relatively low spec, it can be emulated on most devices made since the early 2010's. However, the Game Boy advance is still a complex device, and so accurate emulation can still be taxing on hardware.

## Game Boy Advance Emulators
### mGBA

mGBA is a newer Game Boy Advance emulator, and features superior speed and accuracy when compared to VisualBoyAdvance. It is open source software.
mGBA can work with Dolphin for GameCube-GBA emulation. mGBA also allows for eReader emulation.
Supported platforms for mGBA currently include Windows, macOS, Linux, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo Switch, Wii, and PlayStation Vita. mGBA was made by developer endrift.

### NanoBoyAdvance

NanoBoyAdvance is an open source Game Boy Advance emulator for Windows, macOS, and Linux developed by fleroviux.

### VisualBoyAdvance

VisualBoyAdvance is an open source Game Boy Advance emulator from the mid-2000's. A more current fork, VBA-M, also exists.
Although VisualBoyAdvance (VBA) and a fork of VBA, VisualBoyAdvance-M (VBA-M), were once the best Game Boy Advance (GBA) emulators, they have been since surpassed by mGBA. VBA-M supports connections with Dolphin for GameCube-GBA emulation. While both are still good emulators, mGBA is superior in practically every way.
VBA is no longer in development and has a known security flaw allowing arbitrary code execution. This means it is especially critical that users only use known good backup files made by themselves when using VBA.

### No$GBA

No$GBA is a freeware (Gratis) Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS emulator.

### GBE+

GBE+ (Short for GB Enhanced +) is an open source emulator for most portable Nintendo handhelds of the 2000's, including the GameBoy Advance. GBE+ is most notable for supporting the emulation of a number of obscure add ons.

## Hardware Considerations
### Making backups

There are a variety of methods to make backups of the Game Boy Advance BIOS, game cartridges, and save files.

## References

* ↑ "mGBA now allows connection to Dolphin Emulator for Game Boy Advance to GameCube connectivity". GBAtemp.net - The Independent Video Game Community. https://gbatemp.net/threads/mgba-now-allows-connection-to-dolphin-emulator-for-game-boy-advance-to-gamecube-connectivity.587487/.
* ↑ "NanoBoyAdvance: A cycle-accurate Nintendo Game Boy Advance emulator". Retrieved 2023-09-28.
* ↑ "fleroviux - Overview". GitHub. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
* ↑ "GitHub - shonumi/gbe-plus: DMG/GBC/GBA emulator and experimental NDS emulator". GitHub. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
* ↑ "How to Easily Backup Your Gameboy Advance Bios and Games!".
# Emulation/MAME

MAME is an open source emulator of a huge number of systems, particularly arcade machines. If a machine was made before the 2000's, chances are good MAME supports it.
# Emulation/Amiga
## About Amiga

Amiga was a series of high end multimedia computers which were popular from 1985 to the early 1990's, before the original line was discontinued in 1996. Due to their high end graphics capabilities, a number of games were developed for them. A few emulators were actually written to run on the Amiga itself. A number of programmers cut their teeth on the Amiga, which was perhaps a factor which lead to a number of high quality emulators and software support.

## Amiga Emulators
### UAE

UAE is a common emulator of Amiga software. UAE is free and open source software. It has almost any feature one would need when emulating Amiga hardware, and a number of versions of UAE exist for different platforms.

### Other

Fellow is an older Amiga emulator, which was common on older hardware.

## System Files

Most Amiga emulators require an Amiga operating system and a boot ROM to run original Amiga software.

### Amiga Forever

A legal compilation of the Amiga operating system versions can be had by obtaining the proprietary Amiga Forever package. This is a commercial package from the rights holders which is available fairly cheaply digitally, or a bit more for a physical copy. It contains a number of operating system and boot ROM versions, as well as a number of games and demos.

### Alternative Operating Systems

A number of alternative operating systems have been developed to run on Amiga hardware, some of which may also run on Amiga emulators.

## Alternatives to Amiga Emulation

Contemporary hardware reimplementations of the Amiga exist, such as the Minimig.
# Emulation/Atari 2600
## Stella

Stella is a common emulator used for running Atari 2600 software.
# Emulation/How to get games?

Getting games, also known as ROMs are in a complex state. While some people download ROMs ripped from friends, online, others copy (also known as rip) themselves with a tool.
Note: If you download ROMs and if you don't have physical copies of the games, please do this in a private window. Otherwise, you may get in a big trouble. Doing this leaves no traces of history and cookies (at least) and others won't see if you accessed on a ROM website. When you are finished, close the window to clear all traces of history and cookies from that session! Also check if the emulator has a option to disable recording traces of history (the recent games you played).

### If you have a phyiscal copy of the game and if you dumped it

That's perfect and legal! You now have the ROM yourself copied from a physical copy!

### If you have a physical copy of the game and if you want to download a ROM

Sometimes it's legal, sometimes it's not legal. Decide!

### If you don't have a physical copy of the game and if you want to download a ROM

Please see above, or else you may get in a big trouble.
# Horticulture/Cankers

Canker is a general term for a large number of different plant diseases, characterised by broadly similar symptoms including the appearance of distorted, tumor-like growth and areas of dead tissue, which grow slowly, often over a period of years. Some are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal, and of major economic importance in agriculture and horticulture. Different cankers and anthracnoses are caused by a wide range of organisms, including fungi, bacteria,phytoplasmas and viruses. The majority of canker-causing organisms are tied obligately to a single host species or genus, but a few will attack a wider range of plants.
Some cankers are treatable with fungicides or bactericides, but many are not; often the only treatment available is to destroy the infected plant to prevent the disease from spreading to other plants.

## Bacterial Cankers

* Ash bacterial canker, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae
* Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis
* Poplar canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas populi

## Fungal Cankers

* Apple canker, caused by the fungi Nectria galligena
* Butternut canker, caused by the fungus Sirococcus clavigigenti-juglandacearum
* Cypress canker, caused by the fungus Seridium cardinale
* Dogwood anthracnose, caused by the fungus Discula destructiva
* Grape canker, caused by the water mold Eutypa lata
* Honey locust canker, caused by the fungus Thyronectria austro-americana
* Mulberry canker, caused by the fungus Gibberella baccata
* Oak canker, caused by the fungus Diplodia quercina
* Pine pitch canker, caused by the fungus Fusarium pini
* Plane anthracnose, caused by the fungus Apiognomonia veneta
* Rapeseed stem canker, caused by the blackleg fungus Leptosphaeria maculans
* Rose cankers, caused by the fungi Leptosphaeria coniothyrium and Cryptosporella umbrina
* Scleroderris canker, caused by the fungus Gremmeniella abietina
* Willow anthracnose, caused by the fungus Marssonina salicicola

## See also

* Galls
* Dieback
* Anthracnose
# Horticulture/Bugs

True Bugs :
| Type: | Insect |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Incomplete |
| Damaging stages: | All |
| Vulnerable stages: | All |
Heteroptera is a group of about 40,000 species of insects (also called true bugs) in the order Hemiptera. The word "Heteroptera" is Greek for different wings: most species have forewings with both membranous and hardened portions (called hemelytra); members of the primitive infraorder Enicocephalomorpha have wings that are completely membranous. The name Heteroptera is used in two very different ways in modern classifications; it commonly appears as a suborder within Hemiptera, but also as a rankless (non-Linnaean) but monophyletic grouping of infraorders within the suborder Prosorrhyncha of the order Hemiptera. The use of the name may eventually be rejected due to some taxonomical problems.
Heteroptera includes both pest insects and beneficial (predatory) insects, some of which are sold in the trade as biocontrols. The order also includes a number of aquatic insects ("water bugs"), including the water striders.

## Description

True bugs have a "plate" called a scutellum behind the head, which is triangular. Most species have forewings with both membranous and hardened portions (called hemelytra), most are good fliers as adults. Like all Hemipterans, they have piercing-sucking mouthparts they use to extract plant juices.

### Selected families of Heteroptera

* stink bugs or shield bugs (Pentatomidae and related families)
* leaf footed bugs and squash bugs (Coreidae)
* seed bugs (Lygaeidae)
* assassin bugs (Reduviidae)
* bedbugs and flower bugs (Cimicidae)
* leaf bugs or mirid bugs (Miridae; c.6,000 species)

### Selected families of water bugs

* back swimmers (Notonectidae)
* giant water bugs (Belostomatidae)
* water scorpions (Nepidae)
* water boatmen (Corixidae)
* pond skaters (Gerridae)
* Smaller water strider (Veliidae)

## Control

Note: Any control for a pest bug will also kill the beneficial bugs.

## References

Sorensen J.T., Campbell B.C., Gill R.J., Steffen-Campbell J.D., 1995. Non-monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha ("Homoptera"), based upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco-evolutionary and cladistic implications with pre-Heteropteroidea Hemiptera (s.l.) and a proposal for new monophyletic suborders. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 71 (1): 31-60
# Horticulture/Buxus

Hardy Boxwoods :
| Binomial: | Buxus |
| Root: | Fibrous on the surface with deep heavy roots |
| Growth rate: | slow |
| Cleanup issues: | Leaves often accumulate in branch crotches |
| Light requirements: | Sun to shade |
| Water requirements: | Evenly moist |
| Soil requirements: | Well-drained, humus-rich |
| Propagation: | Stem and root cuttings |
| Pruning season: | Any time but midsummer |
| Pruning tolerance: | very tolerant |
| Transplant: | Easy to move |
| Pest issues: | several, some serious |
| Disease issues: | several, some serious |
Buxus is a genus of about 70 species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include boxwood (North America) and box (all other English-speaking countries).
The boxes are native to western and southern Europe, southwest, southern and eastern Asia, Africa, Madagascar, northernmost South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean, with the majority of species tropical or subtropical; only the European and some Asian species are frost-tolerant. Centres of diversity occur in Cuba (about 30 species), China (17 species) and Madagascar (nine species).

## Description

They are slow-growing evergreen shrubs and small trees, growing to 2–12 m (rarely 15 m) tall. The leaves are opposite, rounded to lanceolate, and leathery; they are small in most species, typically 1.5–5 cm long and 0.3-2.5 cm broad, but up to 11 cm long and 5 cm broad in B. macrocarpa. The flowers are small and yellow-green, monoecious with both sexes present on a plant. The fruit is a small capsule 0.5-1.5 cm long (to 3 cm in B. macrocarpa), containing several small seeds.

## Ecology

The genus splits into three genetically distinct sections, each section in a different region, with the Eurasian species in one section, the African (except northwest Africa) and Madagascan species in the second, and the American species in the third. The African and American sections are genetically closer to each other than to the Eurasian section (Balthazar et al., 2000).

## Culture and Use

Boxes are commonly used for hedges and topiaries, and the dense wood is valued for wood carving and the making of wood type for printing. The inconspicuous flowers mean that boxes are usually only grown for their foliage.
Given time, neat low hedging can grow to enormous size, as at Powis Castle in north Wales. Often, however, they are kept dwarfed, as in the famous gardens at Château Villandry in France.
Boxwoods can be sensitive to sun, dry and wet soils, and exposure to winter winds. Deep, well-drained, humus-rich soils are the preferred conditions.
Boxwoods can be difficult to grow because they are prone to serious pest and disease problems, so careful monitoring for signs and symptoms is a must.

## Pests, Diseases, and other Problems
### Foliage problems

Curled leaves -- Boxwood Psyllid
Stippling -- Mites
Bronzing -- Winter damage, Volutella blights, Phytophthora

## References

Balthazar, M. von, Peter K. Endress, P. K., and Qiu, Y.-L. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships in Buxaceae based on nuclear internal transcribed spacers and plastid ndhF sequences. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161(5): 785–792 (available online).
# Horticulture/Callicarpa

Beautyberry :
| Genus: | Callicarpa |
| Family: | Verbenaceae |
| Type: | Shrubs |
Beautyberry (Callicarpa) is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Verbenaceae; between 40-150 species are accepted by different botanists. They are native to east and southeast Asia (where the majority of the species occur), Australia, southeast North America and Central America.

## Description

The temperate species are deciduous, the tropical species evergreen. The leaves are simple, opposite, and 5–25 cm long. The flowers are in clusters, white to pinkish. The fruit is a berry, 2–5 mm diameter and pink to red-purple with a highly distinctive metallic lustre, are very conspicuous in clusters on the bare branches after the leaves fall. The berries last well into the winter or dry season and are an important survival food for birds and other animals, though they will not eat them until other sources are depleted. The berries are highly astringent, and considered unfit for human use.

## Varieties

American Beautyberry Callicarpa americana is native to the southeastern United States. It can typically reach 1–2 m in height.
Bodinier's Beautyberry Callicarpa bodinieri, native to west-central China (Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi) is more cold-tolerant than C. americana, and is the species most widely cultivated in northern areas like the British Isles. It can reach 3 m tall.
Japanese Beautyberry Callicarpa japonica, native to Japan, is also cultivated in gardens. It is called Murasakishikibu in Japanese, in honor of Murasaki Shikibu.
Other species include:
* Callicarpa cathayana (China)
* Callicarpa dichotoma (China, Japan)
* Callicarpa formosana (Taiwan)
* Callicarpa kwangtungensis (southern China)
* Callicarpa longifolia (China)
* Callicarpa macrophylla (India to Malaysia)
* Callicarpa mollis (Japan, Korea)
* Callicarpa nudiflora (southern China, southeast Asia; a small tree to 10 m tall)
* Callicarpa pedunculata (northern Australia)
* Callicarpa rubella (southeast Asia)
* Callicarpa shikokiana (southern Japan)

## Uses

American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) has been found to be a natural insect repellant. Three chemicals have been isolated that appear to be the active ingredients; callicarpenal, intermedeol, and spathulenol. It has found to be repellant to the mosquitoes which carry yellow fever and malaria. The discovery and use of callicarpenal has been patented by the United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service.

## Maintenance

Pollard in early spring to keep the shrub tidy.

## Pests and diseases

Caterpillars
* Endoclita malabaricus
* Endoclita undulifer.

## References

* Scientists Confirm Folk Remedy Repels Mosquitoes University Of Mississippi (ScienceDaily) July 3, 2006
# Horticulture/Brunnera macrophylla

Siberian bugloss :
| Binomial: | Brunnera macrophylla |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Weediness: | weedy |
Siberian Bugloss is an herbaceous perennial grown for its blue flowers and shade tolerance.

## Description

This plant is a clump-forming perennial with a woody rootstock. Leaves are heart-shaped, coarse, and medium-greem (though a variegated cultivar is common in the trade). Abundant small blue flowers are produced in spring.

## Pests and Diseases

Botrytis, Leaf Spot, Fusarium, Phytopthora, Thielavpiosis, Rhizoctonia, Pythium.
Aphids, Slugs and Snails, Fungus Gnats, Foliar Nemetodes.
# Horticulture/Cardamine bulbosa

Bulbous Cress :
| Binomial: | Cardamine bulbosa |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |

## References

The Bulbous Cress, Bittercress, or Spring Cress (Cardamine bulbosa) is a perennial plant native to eastern North America. This plant grows in moist soils of bottomland woods and wet meadows.
In late spring and early summer, white flowers are produced well above the foliage.
Template:Brassicales-stub
# General Relativity/The Tensor Product

<General Relativity
If $\mathbf {T}$ and $\mathbf {S}$ are tensors of rank $n$ and $m$, then there exists a tensor $\mathbf {T} \otimes \mathbf {S}$ of rank $n+m$. The components of the new tensor (pronounced "T tensor S") are obtained by multiplying the components of the old tensors. In other words, if $\mathbf {T} =T_{\ \beta }^{\alpha }$ and $\mathbf {S} =S_{\mu \nu },$then $\mathbf {T} \otimes \mathbf {S} =T_{\ \beta }^{\alpha }S_{\mu \nu }$.
For example, if T and S are two contravariant, one-rank tensors, then their tensor product is a two-rank, contravariant tensor.
More to come...
# General Relativity/What is a tensor?/Answers

User : 109.246.48.3 (June 2021)
1) a ball bouncing off a wall or a light ray passing through a boundary
2) use multiple tensors multiplied of added together
3) no
User :
1)
2)
3)
# General Relativity/Reissner-Nordström black hole

<General Relativity
Reissner-Nordström black hole is a black hole that carries electric charge $Q$, no angular momentum, and mass $M$. General properties of such a black hole are described in the article charged black hole.
It is described by the electric field of a point-like charged particle, and especially by the Reissner-Nordström metric that generalizes the Schwarzschild metric of an electrically neutral black hole:
    $ds^{2}=-\left(1-{\frac {2M}{r}}+{\frac {Q^{2}}{r^{2}}}\right)dt^{2}+\left(1-{\frac {2M}{r}}+{\frac {Q^{2}}{r^{2}}}\right)^{-1}dr^{2}+r^{2}d\Omega ^{2}$
where we have used units with the speed of light and the gravitational constant equal to one ($c=G=1$) and where the angular part of the metric is
    $d\Omega ^{2}\equiv d\theta ^{2}+\sin ^{2}\theta \cdot d\phi ^{2}$
The electromagnetic potential is
    $A=-{\frac {Q}{r}}dt$.
While the charged black holes with $|Q|<M$ (especially with $|Q|<<M$) are similar to the Schwarzschild black hole, they have two horizons: the event horizon and an internal Cauchy horizon. The horizons are located at $r=r_{\pm }:=M\pm {\sqrt {M^{2}-Q^{2}}}$. These horizons merge for $|Q|=M$ which is the case of an extremal black hole.
# General Relativity/Stoke's theorem

Stokes' Theorem states that if there is an n-dimensional orientable manifold ${\mathcal {M}}$ with boundary $\partial {\mathcal {M}}$, and if there is a form $\omega$ (with compact support) defined on the manifold, then the following is true:
$\int _{\mathcal {M}}d\omega =\int _{\partial {\mathcal {M}}}\omega$
# General Relativity/Tensors and geometry

* Metric tensor
* Raising and Lowering Indices
* Geodesics
* Curvature
* Riemann tensor
* Covariant Differentiation
** Christoffel symbols
** The Covariant Derivative
# General Relativity/Schwarzschild metric

<General Relativity
    Main article: Schwarzschild metric
The Schwarzschild metric can be put into the form
    $ds^{2}=-c^{2}\left(1-{\frac {2GM}{c^{2}r}}\right)dt^{2}+\left(1-{\frac {2GM}{c^{2}r}}\right)^{-1}dr^{2}+r^{2}d\Omega ^{2}$,
where $G$ is the gravitational constant, $M$ is interpreted as the mass of the gravitating object, and
    $d\Omega ^{2}=d\theta ^{2}+\sin ^{2}\theta d\phi ^{2}\,$
is the standard metric on the 2-sphere. The constant
    $r_{s}={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}$
is called the Schwarzschild radius.
Note that as $M\to 0$ or $r\rightarrow \infty$ one recovers the Minkowski metric:
    $ds^{2}=-c^{2}dt^{2}+dr^{2}+r^{2}d\Omega ^{2}.\,$
Intuitively, this means that around small or far away from any gravitating bodies we expect space to be nearly flat. Metrics with this property are called asymptotically flat.
Note that there are two singularities in the Schwarzschild metric: at r=0 and $r=r_{s}={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}$. It can be shown that while the latter singularity can be transformed away with a change of metric, the former is not. In other words, r=0 is a bonafide singularity in the metric.
# General Relativity/What is a singularity?

The notion of a singularity in general relativity refers to a region of space-time where the equations of physics break down and lose their predictive meaning as seen by some potential observer. One kind of a singularity would be where things become infinite. This definition is limited as there are solutions to Einstein's field equations where there are no infinite quantities and yet the physical description through the mathematics becomes undefined. There has been a great deal of work leading to just what a good definition of a singularity should be. One possible definition in general relativity is that it's a region of space-time in which timelike curves cannot be extended to all of the spacetime. In effect singularities are unphysical and indicate the breakdown of the theory.
# Guide to Game Development/Rendering and Game Engines/OpenGL/GLUT/Basic 3D window creation

Here's the C++ code for creating a basic perspective window for a 3D environment:

## References

* ↑ Small parts of code were altered and changed from this playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2E88A9FE78FBF3B8
# Guide to Game Development/Rendering and Game Engines/OpenGL/GLUT

GLUT (pronounced like the glut in gluttony) is the OpenGL Utility Toolkit, a window system independent toolkit for writing OpenGL programs. It implements a simple windowing application programming interface (API) for OpenGL. GLUT makes it considerably easier to learn about and explore OpenGL programming. GLUT provides a portable API so you can write a single OpenGL program that works across all PC and workstation OS platforms.
GLUT is not open source. Mark Kilgard maintains the copyright. There are a number of newer and open source alternatives.

## Categories

* Basic 3D window creation
          Code on how to create the basic perspective scene for 3D
* Basic 2D window creation
          Code on how to create the basic orthographic scene for 2D
* Handling input
          Functions used for handling: Mouse, Keyboard, etc.
* Packaging GLUT for export
          How you can group glut for distribution to others.

## About

GLUT supports:
* Multiple windows for OpenGL rendering
* Callback driven event processing
* Sophisticated input devices
* An 'idle' routine and timers
* A simple, cascading pop-up menu facility
* Utility routines to generate various solid and wire frame objects
* Support for bitmap and stroke fonts
* Miscellaneous window management functions

## External links

* Glut webpage on the OpenGL website
* Glut on the Nate Robbins webpage
* Youtube Installation tutorial by Xoax.net

## References

* 1 2 3 http://www.opengl.org/resources/libraries/glut/