OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Protein Design

Protein design is the design of new proteins, either from scratch or by making calculated variations of a known structure. There is hope that by designing lattice proteins, or highly simplified computer models of proteins that are used to investigate protein folding and secondary structural modification of real proteins, one can develop better applications in medication and bioengineering.
While the possible amino acid sequences are enormous, only a subset will fold reliably and quickly to a single native state. Protein design involves identifying these sequences through observing their free energy minimum, and the molecular interactions that stabilize proteins. Protein design can be accomplished using computer models, which are able to generate sequences that fold to the desired structure. Using computational methods, a protein with a novel fold—Top7, an artificial 93-residue protein—has been designed, as well as sensors for unnatural molecules. This is also referred to inverse folding as a tertiary structure is first specified, and then a sequence is identified which will fold to it.
Other small proteins that have been created include proteins result in chiroselective catalysis, ion detection, and antiviral behavior.

## References

* ↑ Kuhlman, Brian; Dantas, Gautam; Ireton, Gregory C.; Varani, Gabriele; Stoddard, Barry L.; Baker, David (2003), "Design of a Novel Globular Protein Fold with Atomic-Level Accuracy", Science, 302 (5649): 1364–1368, doi:10.1126/science.1089427, PMID 14631033 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
* ↑ Saghatelian, Alan; Yokobayashi, Yohei; Soltani, Kathy; Ghadiri, M. Reza (2001), "A chiroselective peptide replicator", Nature, 409 (6822): 797–801, doi:10.1038/35057238, PMID 11236988 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
* ↑ Nagai, Takeharu; Sawano, Asako; Park, Eun Sun; Miyawaki, Atsushi (2001), "Circularly permuted green fluorescent proteins engineered to sense Ca$^{2+}$", PNAS, 98 (6): 3197–3202, doi:10.1073/pnas.051636098, PMC 30630, PMID 11248055 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
* ↑ Root, Michael J.; Kay, Michael S.; Kim, Peter S. (2001), "Protein design of an HIV-1 entry inhibitor", Science, 291 (5505): 884–888, doi:10.1126/science.1057453
# Trainz/API and Scripting Guide

Trainzdev and the Trainzdev wiki has much more current information for later versions.
TRS2006 Scripting and API guide http://web.archive.org/web/20060310072511/http://files.auran.com/TRS2006/manuals/TRS2006-API.zip
TRS2004 Scripting and API guide (Local drive)/Auran/TRS2004/Scripts/docs/index.cfm
Also see the scripting section in the level above.
# Trainz/AM&C/scenery assets

Back to the Top
* Trainz Asset Maintenance and Creation Surveyor skills tutorials for Trainz
* TOC | Beginnings | Fun | AM&C | Creation | InBook Refs | ORP Refs:  • Index • Containers • Kinds • Tags | Appendixes  • Vers
Glossary :
HKeys-CM :
HKeys-DVR :
HKeys-SUR :
HKeys-WIN :
Mouse use :
Notations :

## Introduction

Trainz scenery assets are the heart and soul of Trainz' ability to depict a three-dimensional alternate reality in creating and allowing us to operate or build virtual worlds. They can be amazingly simple, or extremely complex dynamic animated objects which include Language Reference Trainz scripting features. After the TS2009 data model solidified, a former similar grouping of assets, "Trackside" objects (with attachments to track splines, usually containing an offset and direction from the track they are attached onto) were gradually altered to a new standard which uses a Trackside Trackside Class, so that both used the same base scenery container
# Trainz/Adding a Second Mesh

From the original German tutorial:
Basically this allows you to add items to a model that you don't have the source for.
# Wildlife Gardening/MOS/Location
## Geography

General description of environment and ecology. USDA hardiness zones and/or international equivalents.

## Taxa
### Taxa of interest
#### Native

* List of native taxa and their favorable attributes. Some taxa may be dual-listed in taxa of concern and this should be pointed out.
Native butterflies of West Virginia :
| Taxon | Amphibians and fishes | Birds | Mammals | Reptiles | Invertebrates | Plants and fungi | Notes |
| Vanessa virginiensis, the American painted lady butterfly. Adult pictured. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | |

#### Introduced

Introduced butterflies of West Virginia :
| Taxon | Amphibians and fishes | Birds | Mammals | Reptiles | Invertebrates | Plants and fungi | Notes |
| Vanessa virginiensis, the American painted lady butterfly. Adult pictured. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | |

### Taxa of concern

Taxa that one might be very cautious about having around like large predators, venemous animals, poisonous plants, agricultural pests, invasive species, noxious weeds.
Native butterflies of West Virginia :
| Taxon | Safety | Social or legal | Conservation | Garden goals | Notes |
| Vanessa virginiensis, the American painted lady butterfly. Adult pictured. | | | | | |

## Law

Laws of interest to wild gardeners.
# Wildlife Gardening/MOS
## Page templates

* Ecosystem
* Location
* Taxon
# Wildlife Gardening/MOS/Taxon

Scientific name or the most common common name(s) is a brief description of the organism and its appeal/drawbacks.

## Nomenclature

Discussion of taxonomic history and more thorough list of common names.

## Description

Brief but more thorough description of organism.

### Variation
## Encourage
### Table

Potential benefactor taxa for Taxon :
| Taxon | Behavior | Food | Reproduction | Shelter | Water | Notes |
| Vanessa virginiensis, the American painted lady butterfly. Adult pictured. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | |

## Utilize

Potential beneficiary taxa for Taxon :
| Taxon | Behavior | Food | Reproduction | Shelter | Water | Notes |
| Vanessa virginiensis, the American painted lady butterfly. Adult pictured. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | |

## Discourage
### Taxa

Potential deterrent taxa for Taxon :
| Taxon | Deprive | Harm | Repel | Resist | Notes |
| Vanessa virginiensis, the American painted lady butterfly. Adult pictured. | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | 4 ! | |
# Wildlife Gardening/Location/West Virginia/Mammalia
## Order Eulipotyphla (shrews, moles and relatives)

* Sorex dispar (long-tailed shrew)
* Sorex hoyi (American pygmy shrew)

## Order Rodentia (rodents)

* Microtus chrotorrhinus (rock vole)
* Ochrotomys nuttalli (golden mouse)
# Transportation Geography and Network Science/Connectivity

Networks have a variety of connection patterns Strategic links (arterials) connect contiguously in most road networks. The geometric patterns of arterials at a collective level play a profound role in shaping traffic pattern and urban landscape. Existing graph theoretic measures of network topology and connectivity do not identify and quantify connection patterns of networks, such as shown in the image on the right.

## Network Structure Measures

$\varphi _{ring}={\frac {Total\ length\ of\ arterials\ on\ rings}{Total\ length\ of\ arterials}}$
$\varphi _{web}={\frac {Total\ length\ of\ arterials\ on\ webs}{Total\ length\ of\ arterials}}$
$\varphi _{circuit}=\varphi _{ring}+\varphi _{web}$
$\varphi _{tree}=1-\varphi _{circuit}$
$\varphi _{belt}={\frac {Length\ of\ the\ beltway}{Total\ length\ of\ arterials}}$

## Discontinuity

Discontinuity examines travelers’ perceptions of inconvenience associated with transferring between different levels of roads.
$y_{a}=\left|k_{1}-k_{2}\right|$
$a$ = upstream link $k_{1}$, $k_{2}$ = hierarchies of the upstream link and downstream link
The discontinuity of a trip from R to S:
$Y(P_{RS})=\sum \limits _{a\in P_{RS}}{y_{a}}$
The discontinuity of a network:
$Y={\frac {\sum \limits _{\forall \left(R,S\right)}{Y\left(P_{RS}\right)}q_{RS}}{\sum \limits _{\forall \left(R,S\right)}{l\left(P_{RS}\right)}q_{RS}}}$
$P_{RS}$ = The shortest path between any given O-D pair; $q_{RS}$ = O-D trips; $l(P_{RS})$ = The length of the shortest path. $Y(P_{RS})$= The discontinuity along the shortest path.
The measure of discontinuity evaluates the quality of a road network based on the travelers’ perception, which can be extended to account for many “discontinuous” factors, such as the delay at traffic signals or ramp meters, the toll paid entering a toll road, etc.
These measures of aggregate network properties can be used to provide common yardsticks to compare contemporary network structures, and to trace the structural change of networks over time. They could also become useful guidance for urban planners in the design of collective patterns of urban roads.

## References

* Xie, Feng and David Levinson (2007) Measuring the Structure of Road Networks. Geographical Analysis 39(3) pp.336-356
# Transportation Geography and Network Science/Characterizing Graphs
## beta index

The beta index ($\beta$) measures the connectivity relating the number of edges to the number of nodes. It is given as:
$\beta ={\frac {e}{v}}$
where e = number of edges (links), v = number of vertices (nodes)
The greater the value of $\beta$, the greater the connectivity. As transport networks develop and become more efficient, the value of $\beta$ should rise.

## cyclomatic number

The cyclomatic number ($u$) is the maximum number of independent cycles in a graph.
$u=e-v+p$
where p = number of graphs or subgraphs.

## alpha index

The alpha index ($\alpha$) is the ratio of the actual number of circuits in a network to the maximum possible number of circuits in that network. It is given as:
$\alpha ={\frac {u}{2v-5}}$
Values range from 0%—no circuits—to 100%—a completely interconnected network.

## gamma index

The gamma index ($\gamma$) measures the connectivity in a network. It is a measure of the ratio of the number of edges in a network to the maximum number possible in a planar network ($3(v-2)$)
$\gamma ={\frac {e}{3(v-2)}}$
The index ranges from 0 (no connections between nodes) to 1.0 (the maximum number of connections, with direct links between all the nodes).

## Completeness

The number of links in a real world network is typically less than the maximum number of links and the completeness index used here captures this difference. This measure is estimated at the metropolitan level.
$\rho _{complete}={\frac {e}{e_{max}}}={\frac {e}{{v^{2}}-{v}}}$
$e$ refers to the number of links or street segments in the network and $v$ refers to the number of intersections or nodes in the network. Compare with the $\gamma$ index above.

## König number

The König number (or associated number) is the number of edges from any node in a network to the furthest node from it. This is a topological measure of distance, in edges rather than in kilometres. A low associated number indicates a high degree of connectivity; the lower the König number, the greater the Centrality of that node.

## eta index

The eta index ($\eta$) measure the length of the graph over the number of edges.
$\eta ={\frac {L(G)}{e}}$

## theta index

The theta index ($\theta$) measure the traffic (Q(G)) per vertex.
$\theta ={\frac {Q(G)}{v}}$

## iota index

The iota index ($\iota$) measures the ratio between the length of its network and its weighted vertices.
$\iota ={\frac {L(G)}{W(G)}}$
$W(G)=1,\forall o=1$
$W(G)=\sum _{e}2*o,\forall o>1$
Source:
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Andersons
## Andersons

* Series
| Tea bag Name : English Breakfast Tea | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : English Breakfast |
| Flap : Slanted flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Andersons English Breakfast Tea Blended & Packed for Jack D Andersons PTY LTD... | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Red, Yellow,White | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Australia |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
Search Tea Bags by Countries :
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Abina Tea
## Abina Tea

* Series
| Tea bag Name : Pure Ceylon Tea | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Pure Ceylon Tea | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Ceylon Tea |
| Flap : Slanted Flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Web:www.pvabina.com e-mail:pvabina@yahoo.de | Flap Texts : Pure Ceylon Tea Packed in Sri Lanka Open Here |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Green, Red, Green Dark, White | Size : |
| Weight : 2,0 g | Country : Germany |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Pure Ceylon Tea Earlgrey Flavoured | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Pure Ceylon Tea | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Ceylon Tea, Earl Grey |
| Flap : Slanted Flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Web:www.pvabina.com e-mail:pvabina@yahoo.de | Flap Texts : Pure Ceylon Tea Packed in Sri Lanka Open Here |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Blue Dark, Red, Green, White | Size : |
| Weight : 2,0 g | Country : Germany |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Pure Ceylon Tea Lemon Flavoured | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Pure Ceylon Tea | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Ceylon Tea, Lemon |
| Flap : Slanted Flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Web:www.pvabina.com e-mail:pvabina@yahoo.de | Flap Texts : Pure Ceylon Tea Packed in Sri Lanka Open Here |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Yellow, Red, Green, White | Size : |
| Weight : 2,0 g | Country : Germany |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Pure Ceylon Tea Cinnamon Flavoured | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Pure Ceylon Tea | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Ceylon Tea, Cinnamon |
| Flap : Slanted Flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Web:www.pvabina.com e-mail:pvabina@yahoo.de | Flap Texts : Pure Ceylon Tea Packed in Sri Lanka Open Here |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Brown Dark, Red, Green, White | Size : |
| Weight : 2,0 g | Country : Germany |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
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# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Alwazah Tea
## Alwazah Tea

* Series
| Tea bag Name : Apple Flavour | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Apple |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Red, White | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Sri Lanka |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Cardamom Flavour | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Cardamom |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Red, White, Green | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Sri Lanka |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Lemon Flavour | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Lemon |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Red, White, Yellow | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Sri Lanka |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Mint Flavour | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Mint |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Red, White, Green | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Sri Lanka |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Peach Flavour | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Peach |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Red, White, Orange | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Sri Lanka |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Saffron Flavour | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : Serie 1 | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Saffron |
| Flap : Short straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Red, White, Violet | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Sri Lanka |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
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# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Algazaleen Tea
## Algazaleen Tea

* Singles
| Tea bag Name : Earl Grey | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Earl Grey,Ceylon Tea |
| Flap : Slanted flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Pure Ceylon Tea Packed in Sri Lanka | Flap Texts : Instructions Use freshly boiled water. Use one tea bag per person ... |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Yellow Dark, Brown, White | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Sri Lanka |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Jasmine | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Jasmine |
| Flap : Slanted flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Pure Chinese Tea Packed in Sri Lanka | Flap Texts : Instructions Use freshly boiled water. Use one tea bag per person ... |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Green, Red, White | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : Sri Lanka |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
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# World Tea Bag Catalogue/America's Choice
## America's Choice

* Series
| Tea bag Name : Tea | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Unknown |
| Flap : Half long straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : White, Red, Blue Dark | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : USA |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Naturally Decaffeinated Tea | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Decaffeinated |
| Flap : Half long straight flap | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Paper | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : White, Red, Blue Dark | Size : |
| Weight : | Country : USA |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
Search Tea Bags by Countries :
# World Tea Bag Catalogue/Al Diafa
## Al Diafa

* Series
| Tea bag Name : Camomile | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Camomile |
| Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Keep in a cool dry place.Place the sachet in the heated teapot ...Ingredients: Camomile | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Plastic (Foil) | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Blue Dark, Red | Size : |
| Weight : 1,2 g | Country : United Arab Emirats |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Camomile with Mint | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Camomile , Mint |
| Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Keep in a cool dry place.Place the sachet in the heated teapot ...Ingredients: Camomile and Mint | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Plastic (Foil) | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Blue Green, Red | Size : |
| Weight : 1,3 g | Country : United Arab Emirats |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Camomile with Anise | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Camomile , Anise |
| Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Keep in a cool dry place.Place the sachet in the heated teapot ...Ingredients: Camomile and Anise | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Plastic (Foil) | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Blue, Red | Size : |
| Weight : 1,3 g | Country : United Arab Emirats |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Hibiscus | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Hibiscus |
| Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Keep in a cool dry place.Place the sachet in the heated teapot ...Ingredients: Hibiscus | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Plastic (Foil) | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Brown Dark, Red, Yellow | Size : |
| Weight : 2,0 g | Country : United Arab Emirats |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Tea with Lemon | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Lemon |
| Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Keep in a cool dry place.Place the sachet in the heated teapot ...Ingredients: Tea and Lemon | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Plastic (Foil) | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Green, Red, Yellow | Size : |
| Weight : 2,0 g | Country : United Arab Emirats |
| Year : | Notes : |
| Tea bag Name : Tea with Mint | Brand Group : |
| Serie Name : | Bag number : no number |
| Tea Type : | Flavours : Mint |
| Flap : Bag (no flap) | Front Texts : |
| Back Texts : Keep in a cool dry place.Place the sachet in the heated teapot ...Ingredients: Tea and Mint. | Flap Texts : |
| Material : Plastic (Foil) | Form : Rectangular |
| Colours : Green Dark, Red, Gold | Size : |
| Weight : 2,0 g | Country : United Arab Emirats |
| Year : | Notes : |
Search Tea Bags by Brands :
Search Tea Bags by Countries :
# Written Chinese/Cantonese pronunciation

The Cantonese characters pronunciation consists of three elements: syllable onset(聲母), syllable nucleus(韻母) and tone(聲調). A character consists of syllable onset(though some rare characters does not have this element), following by a syllable nucleus, with a tone for each character.
The concept of syllable onset and syllable nucleus can be explained by examing the english word "sing". When you pronounce this word, try to divide it to "s-" and "-ing". Note that the "s-" determines the shape of your mouth, and the "-ing" is the actual voiced part. That's the concept of syllable onset and syllable nucleus respectively. The tone is a special feature in Chinese language. There is a total of nine tones, and each character belongs to one of them. Note that there is no concept of stress in Chinese words - each word has only one syllable.

## Syllable onsets

There are totally 19 syllable onsets in Cantonese. The following table shows their pronunciation guide:
| Syllable onset | Similar English pronunciation | Notes |
| b | b in boy | |
| p | p in paper | |
| m | m in mother | |
| f | f in father | |
| d | d in dog | |
| t | t in talk | |
| n | n in no | |
| l | l in love | |
| g | g in get | |
| k | k in keep | |
| ng | --- | To pronounce "ng", first adjust everything in your mouth (tongue, shape of lips, etc) to the position as you would when pronouncing "g" and "k", now the way to say is same as those except that you are using your nose to voice it. (Voice files will be added later) |
| h | h in hello | |
| gw | --- | Pronunciation similar to "g", but start with round-shaped lips, gradually forming the lip shape as your are pronouncing the English letter "a". Try to think it as a "go-a(the a in bar)" pronounced together as a single syllable. |
| kw | qu in quiet | Same as above, but similar to "k". |
| z | --- | The sound of "z" is similar to the English letter "j", but the difference is like "z" and "zh". First the tip of your tongue should be touching your lower incisors, and while pronouncing, gradually move your tongue to your palate. (Voice files will be added later) |
| ts | --- | Same as "z", but air should be agitated from your mouth. |
| s | s in song | |
| j | (similar to the Spanish "j")y in you | |
| w | w in was |