OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RCA Open Source Application: ROSA Manual/RCA Modeling

* Introduction
* Limitations of ROSA
* RCA Modeling
** Cost Objects in an RCA Model
** Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
** Relationships in an RCA Model
** Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model
* Demonstration of the Base Model
** Step 1: Discover RCA
*** Analyze Rates
*** Analyze Resource Pools
*** Analyze Product Cost
** Step 2: Play with the RCA Model
*** Maintain Resource Pools
*** Maintain Products
*** Maintain Primary Cost
*** Maintain Consumptions
*** Maintain Capacity
*** Update Rates
* Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database
** Step 3: Build an RCA Model
*** Import Master Data and Values
*** Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Product Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Primary Costs & Consumption Quantities from a source file
*** Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file
*** Final Step
* Appendix A. Palo Installation Guide

### UNIT 3 - RCA MODELING

Objectives of Unit 3 After completing this unit, you should be able to:
* Identify cost objects in an RCA model
* Describe the flow of costs from provider to consumer
* Identify consumption relationships and their reciprocal nature (when applicable)
* Explain a quantity-based cost model structure
* Understand the Get Well Healthcare Manufacturer’s storyboard
* Draft a storyboard for your own RCA business model
This section is divided into four sub-sections that describe and illustrate how an RCA model is structured. The four sub-sections are:
    1. Cost Objects in an RCA model
    2. Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
    3. Relationships in an RCA model
    4. Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing model
# RCA Open Source Application: ROSA Manual/Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database/Step 3

* Introduction
* Limitations of ROSA
* RCA Modeling
** Cost Objects in an RCA Model
** Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
** Relationships in an RCA Model
** Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model
* Demonstration of the Base Model
** Step 1: Discover RCA
*** Analyze Rates
*** Analyze Resource Pools
*** Analyze Product Cost
** Step 2: Play with the RCA Model
*** Maintain Resource Pools
*** Maintain Products
*** Maintain Primary Cost
*** Maintain Consumptions
*** Maintain Capacity
*** Update Rates
* Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database
** Step 3: Build an RCA Model
*** Import Master Data and Values
*** Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Product Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Primary Costs & Consumption Quantities from a source file
*** Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file
*** Final Step
* Appendix A. Palo Installation Guide

### POPULATING YOUR OWN RCA DATABASE
#### Step 3: Build an RCA Model

Under the Installation section described in unit 4 (refer to page 19), select Custom Model and acknowledge the pop-ups about the model.
Click on the Check the Server Connection button shown in Figure 15, to ensure you are now connected to the ROSA_Sample_Database.
Important Note: To see the results of what you have imported between each process completed, it is wise to make use of the Palo menu options “Modeller” and “Paste View”. When using the “Paste View” functionality be sure to open a new Excel workbook sheet each time so that you do not corrupt the existing ROSA workbook sheets.
The Modeller displays the structures of the model’s dimensions and their elements. The two dimensions Sender (Provider) and Receiver (Consumer) at this stage will show only the top parts of the cost object structure.
The Paste View function allows you to look at transactional data by creating customized reports. From the ‘Page Selector’ frame, drag-and-drop elements to the column- or row title frames. The reports under Step 1 of the menu are all customized reports using the Paste View function. Therefore, it is not a requirement that you construct your own reports. This paragraph is merely to make you aware of the model’s functionality, should you find the standard reports insufficient for your purposes.
The process of building your own model starts by using the Import Screen, and will include the four import steps as follows:
* Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data
* Importing of Product Master Data
* Importing of Primary Cost and Consumption Quantity Planned Values
* Importing of Capacity Planned Quantities
# RCA Open Source Application: ROSA Manual/RCA Modeling/A Completed Cost Model Storyboard

* Introduction
* Limitations of ROSA
* RCA Modeling
** Cost Objects in an RCA Model
** Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
** Relationships in an RCA Model
** Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model
* Demonstration of the Base Model
** Step 1: Discover RCA
*** Analyze Rates
*** Analyze Resource Pools
*** Analyze Product Cost
** Step 2: Play with the RCA Model
*** Maintain Resource Pools
*** Maintain Products
*** Maintain Primary Cost
*** Maintain Consumptions
*** Maintain Capacity
*** Update Rates
* Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database
** Step 3: Build an RCA Model
*** Import Master Data and Values
*** Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Product Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Primary Costs & Consumption Quantities from a source file
*** Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file
*** Final Step
* Appendix A. Palo Installation Guide

### RCA MODELING
#### Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model

In the model provided with ROSA, a fictious health care company called Get Well Manufacturing has been included to help the user view all of the cost objects and their associated relationships more easily.
There are four modeled areas represented by a green area representing the Support Resource Pools, a blue area that represents the three Distribution Resource Pools, a red area that covers the four Production Resource Pools, and finally the four Product Cost Objects in the yellow area of the storyboard.
Tip: Refer to the Get Well Storyboard pdf in Visio that is included in the download for a higher resolution with zoom-in capabilities.
The green area (refer Figure 8) represents the Support Costs and their reciprocal relationships. This support area includes Resource Pool 6101 Utilities (Electricity-Kilowatt Hrs); Resource Pool 6102-Facilities (Floor Area-Sq. Footage); Resource Pool 6201-System Support (Infrastructure-Hours); and Resource Pool 6401- Maintenance (Maintenance-Labor Hours). In addition, there are two Business Processes: under System Support is Business Process 10020-Procure Raw Materials, and under Maintenance is Business Process 10010-Service Machine.
The blue area (refer Figure 9) represents Distribution Costs with Resource Pool 6301-Distribution (Ton-miles); Resource Pool 9001 Packaging (Labor Hrs); and Resource Pool 9002 Packaging (Machine Hrs).
The red area (refer Figure 10) represents the Production Costs with Resource Pool 7001-Production 1 (Labor Hrs); Resource Pool 7002-Production 1 (Machine Hrs); Resource Pool 8001-Production 2 (Labor Hrs); and Resource Pool 8002-Production 2 (Machine Hrs).
The yellow area (refer Figure 11) represents the Product Cost Objects titled Products 1 through 4 including: 1) No-Pane, 2) Relief, 3) Burn-Away and 4) Better Beat for the ROSA Base model demonstration.
# RCA Open Source Application: ROSA Manual/RCA Modeling/Planning Outputs, Inputs & Costs

* Introduction
* Limitations of ROSA
* RCA Modeling
** Cost Objects in an RCA Model
** Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
** Relationships in an RCA Model
** Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model
* Demonstration of the Base Model
** Step 1: Discover RCA
*** Analyze Rates
*** Analyze Resource Pools
*** Analyze Product Cost
** Step 2: Play with the RCA Model
*** Maintain Resource Pools
*** Maintain Products
*** Maintain Primary Cost
*** Maintain Consumptions
*** Maintain Capacity
*** Update Rates
* Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database
** Step 3: Build an RCA Model
*** Import Master Data and Values
*** Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Product Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Primary Costs & Consumption Quantities from a source file
*** Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file
*** Final Step
* Appendix A. Palo Installation Guide

### RCA MODELING
#### Planning A Cost Object's Output and Primary Costs

Every Resource pool and Business process in an RCA model has a plan similar to the example shown in Figure 5 below. For every Resource pool and Business process, the model (based on the demand for its services) calculates the user specifies an output quantity and the capacity. It is important to note that Resource pools must have both an output quantity and a capacity quantity to enable the rate calculations described earlier to function.
Output Quantity Planning: A Resource pool’s output quantity equals the demand for its services i.e., the total consumption required by consuming Resource pools and final cost objects. The output is therefore not planned manually by the user but calculated by the application, based on the consumption relationships established and the planned demand from final cost objects. The user must provide the capacity figure, either by typing it into the capacity report (see Figure 30 - Maintain Capacity template) or by uploading the information as shown in Figure 38. Calculated output quantities must be reviewed to ensure they do not exceed Resource pool capacities. Output for Resource pools could be less than capacity. Capacity and Output for Business processes will always be the same (only resource pools have capacity, business processes do not).
With Primary Cost Planning, Primary costs are planned in dollars, not quantities and must be split into their fixed and/or proportional components—an example of this is visible in Figure 5 below, for cost element 60011-Supplies. This cost element 60011 is also the GL element in the financial system. Secondary Cost Planning is discussed in the next section Relationships in an RCA Model.
# RCA Open Source Application: ROSA Manual/Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database

* Introduction
* Limitations of ROSA
* RCA Modeling
** Cost Objects in an RCA Model
** Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
** Relationships in an RCA Model
** Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model
* Demonstration of the Base Model
** Step 1: Discover RCA
*** Analyze Rates
*** Analyze Resource Pools
*** Analyze Product Cost
** Step 2: Play with the RCA Model
*** Maintain Resource Pools
*** Maintain Products
*** Maintain Primary Cost
*** Maintain Consumptions
*** Maintain Capacity
*** Update Rates
* Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database
** Step 3: Build an RCA Model
*** Import Master Data and Values
*** Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Product Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Primary Costs & Consumption Quantities from a source file
*** Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file
*** Final Step
* Appendix A. Palo Installation Guide

### UNIT 5 - POPULATING YOUR OWN RCA DATABASE

Very Important Note: For configuring your own model, please use the ROSA Sample database. Do not use the ROSA Base model database that was covered in Unit 4 as the Base model contains the Get Well Manufacturing data.
Objectives of Unit 5 After completing this unit, you should be able to:
* Build your own RCA model by configuring and importing your own data into the ROSA Sample database.
# RCA Open Source Application: ROSA Manual/RCA Modeling/Relationships in the ROSA Model

* Introduction
* Limitations of ROSA
* RCA Modeling
** Cost Objects in an RCA Model
** Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
** Relationships in an RCA Model
** Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model
* Demonstration of the Base Model
** Step 1: Discover RCA
*** Analyze Rates
*** Analyze Resource Pools
*** Analyze Product Cost
** Step 2: Play with the RCA Model
*** Maintain Resource Pools
*** Maintain Products
*** Maintain Primary Cost
*** Maintain Consumptions
*** Maintain Capacity
*** Update Rates
* Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database
** Step 3: Build an RCA Model
*** Import Master Data and Values
*** Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Product Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Primary Costs & Consumption Quantities from a source file
*** Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file
*** Final Step
* Appendix A. Palo Installation Guide

### RCA MODELING
#### Relationships in the RCA Model

Secondary costs are planned in quantities and in the unit of measure of the provider resource pool or business process. Secondary input quantities are also planned in fixed and/or proportional components. Secondary planned inputs in Figure 5 shows all the consumption values for Resource Pool 6101: Utilities with a consumption quantity from two secondary sources. These are Resource Pool 6401: Maintenance with 49.18 Labor hours proportional) and Resource Pool 6102: Floor Area with a quantity value of 166.67 Square feet fixed consumption.
In the ROSA application, all the secondary consumptions relationships are initially valued in ‘quantities’ as illustrated in Figure 6. Once the internal rates are calculated, the secondary quantities will be valued in dollars so that total cost on each cost object is obtained. The connecting lines on Figure 6 below represent the relationships/consumption flows between cost objects.
These consumption relationships are captured in the system in a Provider-Consumer manner to accurately trace consumption. Once the quantities have been valued, the costs are reflected as secondary costs on the consumer and as recovery on the supplier.
# RCA Open Source Application: ROSA Manual/Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database/Step 3/Final Step

* Introduction
* Limitations of ROSA
* RCA Modeling
** Cost Objects in an RCA Model
** Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
** Relationships in an RCA Model
** Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model
* Demonstration of the Base Model
** Step 1: Discover RCA
*** Analyze Rates
*** Analyze Resource Pools
*** Analyze Product Cost
** Step 2: Play with the RCA Model
*** Maintain Resource Pools
*** Maintain Products
*** Maintain Primary Cost
*** Maintain Consumptions
*** Maintain Capacity
*** Update Rates
* Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database
** Step 3: Build an RCA Model
*** Import Master Data and Values
*** Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Product Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Primary Costs & Consumption Quantities from a source file
*** Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file
*** Final Step
* Appendix A. Palo Installation Guide

### POPULATING YOUR OWN RCA DATABASE
#### Step 3: Build an RCA Model - Final Step

Upon the completion of all of the imports discussed above, the user must go back to the Calculation Rates screen to activate the new rate information by pressing the” Calculate” button. A new rate screen will then be calculated automatically with new rates posted into the Palo rate cube.
Please be aware the information in unit 4 will still apply for the Maintenance and Analyzing functions when working with your own RCA model. View your results of your planning by using the standard three reports or create a new Paste View. Make any necessary changes as you deem necessary and be sure to re-calculation the rates to view these changes.
Congratulations! With the completion of the final step described above, you have just finished the task of building an RCA Model importing your own planned data and cost rates.
# RCA Open Source Application: ROSA Manual/Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database/Step 3/Import Master Data and Values

* Introduction
* Limitations of ROSA
* RCA Modeling
** Cost Objects in an RCA Model
** Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
** Relationships in an RCA Model
** Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model
* Demonstration of the Base Model
** Step 1: Discover RCA
*** Analyze Rates
*** Analyze Resource Pools
*** Analyze Product Cost
** Step 2: Play with the RCA Model
*** Maintain Resource Pools
*** Maintain Products
*** Maintain Primary Cost
*** Maintain Consumptions
*** Maintain Capacity
*** Update Rates
* Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database
** Step 3: Build an RCA Model
*** Import Master Data and Values
*** Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Product Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Primary Costs & Consumption Quantities from a source file
*** Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file
*** Final Step
* Appendix A. Palo Installation Guide

### POPULATING YOUR OWN RCA DATABASE
#### Step 3: Build an RCA Model - Importing Master Data and Values

The Import screen as shown in Figure 33 - Importing Master Data & Values template, allows for the creation of your specific master data, as well as planned primary costs and secondary consumption quantities. Please scroll down to review all of the import steps presented in sequence.
Important Note: When importing master data is, it advised that your import files are clearly label and saved if the user wishes to adapt them for other planning scenarios or use them to make adjustments to the current scenario.
# Ship Resistance/Introduction

A ship differs from any other large engineering structure in that – in addition to its other functions –it must be designed to move efficiently through water with a minimum of external force.
It is found that the resistance, depends on the velocity of the ship. Therefore, resistance is always specified at a particular velocity. Furthermore, intuitively we understand that resistance will depend on the condition of the sea. We cannot expect that resistance in a rough sea is the same as in a calm sea. Therefore, operating conditions must also be specified. Therefore, Ship resistance is defined as the force required to tow the ship in calm water at a constant velocity.
Why is knowing resistance of a ship so important? The answer comes from knowing that the ship is usually a part of a larger transportation system. For the overall transportation system to be efficient, it is required that ships operate at a specified "optimum speed". This speed is usually communicated to the naval architect, who must design the ship, so that this speed is attained. One way to ensure this is to put a very powerful engine in the ship, so for all possible values of resistance, the ship will be able to run at the optimum speed.
This solution is clearly not the best. Installing an engine that is more powerful than needed, results in higher construction costs, higher operating costs, and higher maintenance costs. The owner will therefore not accept such a design. If we want to minimize costs, but still attain the desired speed, we must know what resistance to expect at the desired speed. We can then use the formula for calculating power, $P=F\times V$, to calculate the power of engine required. Here $P$ is power in watts, $F$ is the force in newtons and $V$ is the velocity in meters per second.
Since resistance of a ship is not constant, conditions must be specified. There are usually two types of conditions. Service condition refers to the resistance while the ship operates under real conditions, where there are currents, waves, wind etc. The effect of these factors is not very easy to measure or predict, because these conditions are always changing.
Another condition defined is the trial condition. This is conducted in relatively calm water. This is the time when the ship is put to trial to see if the naval architect or ship builder has met all the obligations as specified in the contract with the ship owner. One of these is also to ensure that the ship is able to attain the optimum speed.
Given that it is important for the naval architect to know how much resistance will have to be overcome before the ship is made, some way to get this figure must be devised. In order to do that, we must understand what are the reasons behind this resistance. We therefore study the components of resistance.
# Ship Resistance/Model Experiments

When a ship moves through shallow water it experiences "squat". This squat is the ship lowering in the water due to the drop in pressure under the ship. The water moving under the ship must move faster to move out of the way of the ship which creates this negative pressure field under the ship, causing the squat. Thus, the faster the ship moves the larger the squat will be.

## Gallery

* Contemporary towing tank.
* A naval architect sets up a model ship.
* A model ship with a number of easy to see markings.
* Container ship model undergoing testing.
* Model experiments can also be used to see the effects of ship propellers.
# Ship Resistance/Wave Making Resistance

It is the resistance caused by the formation of waves as the ship passes through the water. In slow or medium speed ships wavemaking resistance is small compared with frictional resistance. At high speeds, however, the wavemaking resistance increases and may be 50 or 60% of total resistance (Rt). Froude numbers below 0.25 will not include wave making resistance as it is roughly zero. One attempt to reduce wavemaking resistance is the use of bulbous bow. The wave produced by the bulb interfered with the wave produced by the stem, resulting in a reduced height of bow wave.
# Ship Resistance
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Components of Resistance
* Dimensional Analysis
* Frictional Resistance
* Wave Making Resistance
* Other Components of Resistance
* Model Experiments
* Ship Hull Form and Resistance
# Study Skills/Listening To Lectures

* Prepare - Before you go to a lecture, be sure you've read any assigned reading particularly the concerning text in your study book. Go to class a little early and review the key points of the reading.
* Be on time. Instructors often dislike having students walk in mid-way through a lecture, and you will have missed material. Some instructors intentionally base their lecture on statements made in the first few minutes to force students to be on time. Some faculty also give key information (such as test dates) at the beginning of class.
* Take notes - Always take copious notes. See Taking Notes for tips.
* Ask questions - If you don't get something, ask. When you ask, state what you understood the teacher to be saying, then ask whether you got it right or not. In this way, the teacher will be able to detect what exactly you don't understand and clarify it for you.
* Think ahead of the teacher - What are the implications of the things they are telling you? Teachers like to steer their lecture on a subject towards the next topic in order to make a smooth transition, and thinking about the implications may give you a head start on understanding that next topic.