OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Saylor.org's English Composition/Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect two words, phrases, clauses or phrases together. Conjunctions can either be coordinating or subordinating. Coordinating conjunctions connect two equal words, clauses or sentences. Common coordinating conjunctions and their uses include:
* For presents a reason "I go on walks with my dog for it's healthy exercise."
* And presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) "I walk my dog and play fetch with him."
* Nor presents a non-contrasting negative idea "Neither do I walk my dog nor do I play fetch with him."
* But presents a contrast or exception "I walk my dog but I never play fetch with him."
* Or presents an alternative item or idea "I can choose to walk my dog or play fetch with him."
* Yet presents a contrast or exception "I walk my dog, yet I refuse to play fetch with him."
* So presents a consequence "I walk my dog so we're both in good shape."
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that conjoin an independent clause and a dependent clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, and while.
There is a long-held grammatical controversy that when writing, beginning a sentence with "and" "but" or "so" is unacceptable. Although there is no historical precedent for this to be considered incorrect, it is largely frowned upon.
# Space Transport and Engineering Methods/Test

Verification is proving that a system element or the system as a whole meets the requirements imposed on it. Test is one method to gather data for such proof. Other methods include analysis and inspection. Since test is an integral part of most verification processes, they are normally grouped together. Verification and test is normally applied at multiple levels of a design, starting at the component level and working up to the complete system. This is to discover problems at the lowest level possible, where it is easier to identify the cause. If lower level problems are resolved, any problems that occur at the next level of integration are likely to be from the integration of multiple components itself.
# Space Transport and Engineering Methods/Subsystem Design
## Elements by Subsystem

* Structures
    - Primary Structure
    - Pressure Vessels
    - Equipment Support
* Mechanical
    - Positioning and Translation
    - Access Hatches and Panels
* Power and Electrical
* Propulsion
    - Main Propulsion
    - Auxiliary Propulsion
    - Aerodynamics
* Thermal
    - Thermal Protection
    - Thermal Control
* Data
    - Processors
    - Storage
    - Network
    - Software
* Communications
* Sensors
* Displays and Controls
    - Ground Software
    - Data and Communications Hardware
    - Flight Software
    - Sensors and Instruments
    - Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Operation
    - Trained Operators
* Internal Environment
    - Atmosphere Maintenance and Regeneration
    - Waste Management
* External Environment
    - Debris Protection
    - Radiation Protection
* Crew Support
    - Food
    - Clothing
    - Health Maintenance
* Maintenance and Repair
    - Tools and Equipment
    - Spares and Stocks
# Pinyin/Night scene

See also
# Pinyin/Night

Night
Night, is very deep.
The moon, is so white, so bright.
The sky, is so dark, so quiet.
Stars, are so bright, so lovely.
Night, is so beautiful!
yehwaan
heiyeh, shirfen shen.
yuehliahng, duo'me bair, duo'me jiaaojier.
tiankong, duo'me hei, duo'me youjihng.
xing'xing, duo'me mirngliahng, duo'me kee`aih.
yehwaan, duo'me meeilih!
# Pinyin/Nile River

See also
The Nile is a river in Africa. It is the longest river on Earth, about 6,650km, and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. Many different kinds of animals live in or near the waters of the Nile, including crocodiles, birds, fish and many others. People use the river water for everyday use, watering crops and other jobs.
Nile Her shih Feizhou herliur, shihjieh zuih charng, yue 6650km, liurruh Dihzhong Haai. heenduo butorng zhoongleih d dohngwuh shenghuor zaih Nile Her liuryuh, yoou ehyur, niaao, yur, deeng. rern'men yohng hershuii zuoh rihcharng shenghuor, guahngaih her qirta yohngtur.
# Practical Electronics/IC/4012

4012 :
| Logic Type | Combinatorial |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | Dual 4-Input NAND Gate |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
The 4012 is a member of the 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains two independent NAND gates, each with four inputs. The pinout diagram, given on the right, is the standard four-input CMOS logic gate IC layout:
   * Pin 7 is the ground supply (GND)
   * Pin 14 is the positive supply (V$_{DD}$)
   * Pins 2-5 and 9-12 are gate inputs for the two gates
   * Pin 1 and 13 are gate outputs
   * Pin 6 and 8 are not connected
The truth table for one of the two gates is shown below. For more information about the NAND gate in general, see this module.
| A | B | C | D | Q |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
This chip is widely available, and usually comes in a DIL-14 or SOIC-14 package.
This chip is different in pinout to the TTL 7420, but can fulfill its function if the wiring is modified.
# Practical Electronics/IC/4013

4013 :
| Logic Type | Sequential |
| Function Family | Flip-flop |
| Description | Dual D-type flip-flop with asynchronous set-reset |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
The 4013 contains two independent D-type flip-flops with asynchronous set/reset inputs. Whenever the set or reset pins go high, the appropriate output is expressed immediately on the outputs. When set and reset are low, the output shows the data at the input at the time of the last low-to-high clock transition. This is then held until the next transition.
For more information on D-type flip-flops, refer to this module.

## Function Tables for a single flip-flop

| Inputs | Inputs | Inputs | Inputs | Outputs | Outputs |
| S | R | D | C | Q | Q |
| H | L | X | X | H | L |
| L | H | X | X | L | H |
| H | H | X | X | H | H |
| Inputs | Inputs | Inputs | Inputs | Outputs | Outputs |
| S | R | D | C | Q$_{n+1}$ | Q$_{n+1}$ |
| L | L | L | | L | H |
| L | L | H | | H | L |

## Further Reading

* Digital Circuits' module on Flip-flops
# Practical Electronics/IC/4014

4014 :
| Logic Type | Sequential |
| Function Family | Shift register |
| Description | 8-bit shift register with parallel load. |
| Pins | 16 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
# Practical Electronics/IC/4020

4020 :
| Logic Type | Sequential |
| Function Family | Counter |
| Description | 14-Stage Binary Ripple Counter |
| Pins | 16 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
# Practical Electronics/IC/4021

4021 :
| Logic Type | Sequential |
| Function Family | Shift register |
| Description | 8-bit shift register with asynchronous parallel load |
| Pins | 16 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
| File:4021 Functional Diagram.svg ||
# Practical Electronics/IC/4023

4023 :
| Logic Type | Combinatorial |
| Function Family | Logic |
| Description | Triple 3-Input NAND Gate |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
# Practical Electronics/IC/4015

4015 :
| Logic Type | Sequential |
| Function Family | Shift register |
| Description | Dual 4-bit shift register (SIPO) |
| Pins | 16 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
# Practical Electronics/IC/4016

4016 :
| Logic Type | Analogue |
| Function Family | Bilateral switch |
| Description | Quad bilateral switch |
| Pins | 14 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
The 4016 contains 4 analogue bilateral switches, each with an active-high enable input (A) and two input/outputs (X and Y). When the enable input is asserted (high), the X and Y terminals are connected by a low impedance; this is the on condition. When the enable is low, there is a high impedance path between X and Y, and the switch is off. This IC can be used in flat top sampling with the help of a BJT, resistors and capacitors.
The 4066 is pin-compatible with the 4016, but has a significantly lower on impedance and more constant on resistance over the full range of input voltage. Therefore, the 4066 is preferable to the 4016 in most cases.
# Practical Electronics/IC/4017

4017 :
| Logic Type | Sequential |
| Function Family | Counter |
| Description | 5-Stage Johnson Decade Counter |
| Pins | 16 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||

## Datasheets

* NXP Datasheet
# Practical Electronics/IC/4022

4022 :
| Logic Type | Sequential |
| Function Family | Counter |
| Description | 4-stage divide-by-8 Johnson counter |
| Pins | 16 |
| Pinout ||
| Functional Diagram ||
# RC Airplane/Building SPADs

The SPAD or Simple Plastic Airplane Design is the notion of building airplanes from plastic parts commonly found at DIY and home improvement stores.
SPADs are commonly made from a few sets of materials
* Coroplast
* PVC Pipe
* Yardsticks
* Plastic cutting boards
* Zip Ties
* Dowels

## SPAD Plans

Many SPAD plans are freely available. Some of the more common plan download sites can be found at:
* SPAD Dawg's
* SPAD to the Bone

### The SPAD Community

The people who build and fly SPADs have their own SPAD community.
# RC Airplane/PVC Pipe

PVC Pipe is commonly used for fuselage construction. The desired size is the 2 1/4" and 2 1/2" square variety.
The square 2 1/2" inch downspout pipe (AKA American Gutter Pipe) is used in the Debonair plans and it can be found at Sutherlands Lumber stores in the Texas and Oklahoma area. It has also been found at Do It Best hardware stores. The 10' length of white downspout is made by Genova Building Products and the Genova Model Number is RW200.
# RC Airplane/Covering, painting and applying decals

It is crucial for the plane to have a covering of some type in order to be able to fly, however, other visual details are simply for fun and for the joy and pride involved in the hobby.
Many hobbyists will not bother going beyond the basic covering required to fly the plane, for certain crafts. This is often because of the additional effort involved does not balance with the likelihood that the place will probably crash at some point and need repair. Very detailed exteriors are usually reserved for more experienced flyers and planes that are large enough to support the weight of all the extra trimmings, details, cockpit, paint and other non-crucial additions.

## Tissue and dope

The oldest, and most common method of covering a model is to use tissue and a cellulose thinner to stiffen the tissue and make it waterproof. The tissue is usually shrunk using a light spray of water. The cellulose thinner 'dope' is then applied after the water dries. providing a drum-tight, stiff and light covering material. The tension of the material strengthens the structure.

## Sheet Balsa

Sometimes a model is covered with sheet balsa and either painted or covered again with a covering film.

## Foam Models

Foam models require no covering, and are sometimes painted with acrylic paints, and decorated with decals.

## Iron On coverings

Most iron- on or glue - on coverings, or skins, will come with application instructions, although various experts have published works on how to master certain covering types, the most common being the plastic heat-shrink film. When done properly and with skill, it can give the most professional and authentic look, depending on what type of plane it is, as some full scale planes were originally covered in cloth other other materials.

## Painting

One popular method of painting is to use the common model paints that are used for plastic model kits. A good spraying system is recommended for to save weight.

## Applying decals

Decals can be purchased from hobby shops in various sizes. Alternatively modelers can create their own decals and transfer them to the model by printing on sticker paper. With the advent of affordable color printers this had become within the reach of almost every modeller.
# RC Airplane/Dowels

Wooden dowels of about 1/4" in diameter make great anchors for elastic bands used to strap the wings in place.
On occasion, it can be found that the location of the dowel to achieve a good CG would place it straight through the fuel bottle or some other central component. A solution to this is to use wire on the underside of the plane.
This picture illustrates coat hanger wire bent appropriately:
Here is an example of the wire being used to hold down the elastic bands to hold the plane to the wing:
# Coroplast

Coroplast is used in the making of plastic signs. In much of the SPAD world, coroplast is usually shortened to "coro".
Coro is the plastic equivalent of corrugated cardboard. It consists of two parallel plastic sheets with vertical spars between them. The channels created by these spars are termed 'flutes'. When working with coro, always ensure that you are thinking about the direction in which the flutes travel.
Coro usually comes in two varieties of thickness.
* 4mm
* 2mm
The 4mm seems to be more prevalent than the 2mm.

### Cutting Coroplast

Coro can be cut using a sharp knife such as a new bladed box cutter. It is strongly recommended that a guide be used to ensure that the blade does not deviate from any desired straight line. Making a few scores with the blade rather than a single deep cut seems to give the best results and best accuracy.
Cutting in the same direction as the flutes is easiest, cutting against the direction of the flutes is also not that difficult. Cutting with the flutes can be easily done with a hand held flute knife such as a Coro-Claw. The most challenging direction is one that is neither parallel or perpendicular to the flutes but rather at an angle. The texture of the cut keeps changing. Slow and steady seems to offer the best results.

### Flashing Coroplast

In order to glue one piece of Coro to another, CA glue may be used. Unfortunately, it is not enough just to apply some glue to the parts to be bonded. By nature, the plastic used for making Coro does not bond well unless its surface is first "activated". A common technique for achieving this is called 'flashing'. This involves passing a flame over the surface for just a moment, being careful not to melt the surface. A hand-held torch seems to work well for this task and can be purchased for under $15 from your local hardware store. Test your technique on a scrap piece first. Water should not form droplets, but a thin film on properly activated Coro.

### Pinning Coroplast

The flutes of Coroplast can be attached to make a column or free standing sign by using a Coro Pin. The pin acts as a huge bobby pin and goes in the flutes of two sides of Coroplast to attach them.

### Suppliers

* Regal Plastics - Retail supplier in TX, OK and LA.

### References

* Coroplast home page - The makers of Coroplast.
# RC Airplane/How an airplane works

Planes fly by virtue of Bernoulli's principle on their wings. Air being pushed under the wings only accounts for a small portion of the lift forces that make an airplane fly. The real lift forces results from the partial vacuum created above the wings (Bernoulli's principle). In effect, a plane rises on account that it wings are being "sucked up" from above.
To get the Bernoulli effect (and to lift the plane), the wings must expose a larger surface on top than below the wing. A curved wing does just that.
Second, we need to maintain a flow of air over and under the wings. This is the job of the engine, which pulls the plane and its wings forward, using a propeller. Once the airplane accelerates to take to a speed sufficient to generate enough lift for the airplane to fly, the airplane can take off. The way, a propeller is nothing more than a spinning wing - it also uses Bernoulli's principle to draw the airplane forward.
# Systems Of Logic/Resources For Further Study

Formal Logic: A Wikibook which presents first order predicate logic.
# Systems Theory
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Systems Approach to Instruction
* Order-Chaos
* Holism
* Goal Seeking (Intrinsic & Extrinsic)
* Goal Structure (Teleological Behavior)
* Inputs-Outputs
* Transformation Processes
* Entropy
* Open/Closed System Structure
* Isomorphic Systems
* Evolution & Growth
* Creativity
* Delegation
* Coordination
* Cybernetics
* Communication
* Systems Learning
* Decision Structure
* Futurology
* Decision Behavior
* Information Theory
* Resources
# Systems Of Logic/Syllogistic Logic
## The Syllogism

A syllogism is an inference, consisting of three statements in which a conclusion follows as a matter of necessity from two given premises. A classic example of a syllogims is:
          All humans are mortal (major premise)
          All Greeks are human (minor premise)
          therefore, All Greeks are mortal (conclusion)

### Qualities of Statements

Each of these statements are said to have the quality of being universally affirmative (all humans are mortal), universally negative (no humans are mortal), particularly affirmative (some humans are mortal), or particularly negative (some humans are not mortal). A statement which is universally affirmative may be designated by writing the letter, A. A universal negative statement is designated by the letter, E. A particular affirmative statement is designated by the letter, I, and a particular negative statement, by the letter, O. All of the above statements are universally affirmative.

#### Exercises 1.1

State whether each of the following statements are universally affirmative, universally negative, particularly affirmative, or particularly negative by designating them with an A, E, I, or O.
# Super Mario World/Vanilla Heights/Vanilla Secret 2

This Level will be much easier together with Yoshi. It's pretty simple and there are no hard riddles in it, but you will have to either dodge or jump on the flying Koopas all the way through it.
However, this level is perfect to boost up your lives. Probably the easiest way to do this is this one:
1. Go to the Star Road and get the blue Yoshi from Star World 2.
2. Go back to Vanilla Secret 2 and enter the level.
3. Eat the one Koopa at the very beginning of the level and immediately start to fly above the level (Make sure to look out for the fishing Lakitu, fly above him, but fly low enough to see him at the bottom of the screen.
4. As soon, as the fishing Lakitu stops following you, you can descend with Yoshi and walk to the right, until you reach the pit with the 10 Spinies in it.
5. Above the Spinies are 4 yellow boxes. Hit the second to get a P-Switch.
6. Take the P-Switch and move back to the left of the level. You will reach two purple tubes after some time (Make sure, Yoshi doesn't swallow the P-Switch.
7. Jump on the P-Switch, once you're at the purple tubes and run to the left, collecting all silver coins.
Depending on how fast you are and how many coins you collect, you wil receive somewhat between 30- and 55-Ups.
# Super Mario World/Vanilla Heights/Vanilla Secret 3

If you have Yoshi or fireballs this level should be a breeze. Otherwise you will need to get through this partially water-logged level on the back of flying fish. About halfway through the level a large spiked fish appears and attempts to stay directly below you. Yoshi can land on it or a single fireball will knock it out. Then scurry on to the end.
# Super Mario World/Vanilla Heights/Vanilla Secret 1

After you have gone up the green vine when you get to the trampoline thing, you take it and go to the left to where the blue blocks are supposed to be and put it on it and go in the pipe.
# Super Mario World/Yoshi's Island/Yoshi's House

Yoshi's House :
| Level type | Above ground |
| Entrance | Title screen |
| Exit | Yoshi's Island 1 or 2 |
| Secret Exit | None |
| Time at start | Not timed |
| Difficulty | None |
Yoshi's House is the starting area of Super Mario World, and is located on Yoshi's Island. Unlike other areas, Yoshi's House is single-screen and entirely optional, and it has no time limit (the timer is always at 0).

## Clearing the level

Simply walk off the screen in either direction.

## Uses

There are a few purposes for visiting here, such as if Mario hits the Message Box without Yoshi, he gets the message saying that Yoshi is not home. If he hits the box while Yoshi is with him, the message becomes different. If Mario is Yoshi, he can have him eat berries; eating enough of them grants Yoshi an extra life.

## Ending

One part of the ending scene takes place at Yoshi's House.

## Trivia

* There are little birds on the top of the trees that have the same colors of the game's four different Yoshis.
# Super Mario World/Yoshi's Island/Iggy's Castle

Defeat Iggy.
# Super Mario World/Yoshi's Island

Yoshi's Island is the first world of Super Mario World. It contains seven levels, including the Yellow Switch Palace and Yoshi's House, which could not really be considered a level.
Yoshi's Island's levels:
* Yoshi's House
* Yoshi's Island 1
* Yellow Switch Palace
* Yoshi's Island 2
* Yoshi's Island 3
* Yoshi's Island 4
* Iggy's Castle
Note: When completed, this page will contain info on the creatures in and the difficulty of the world.
# Super Mario World/Yoshi's Island/Yellow Switch Palace

Yellow Switch Palace :
| Level type | Switch Palace |
| Entrance | Yoshi's Island 1 |
| Exit | Dead end |
| Secret Exit | None |
| Time at start | 200 |
| Difficulty | Very easy |
The Yellow Switch Palace is the first of the four switch palaces in Super Mario World, located on Kappa Mountain.

## Access

* Yoshi's Island 1

## Level solution

The Yellow Switch Palace is a very easy level with a 200-second time limit. It consists of two rooms connected by a single green pipe. The first room contains a P-Switch and a long ledge of concrete blocks. Stomping the P-Switch will cause coins to materialize temporarily everywhere in the room. Collect as many as possible to gain extra lives. You can also use the "P-Switch recycle" trick to gain additional lives. Finally, enter the green pipe on the right end of the room.
You will now enter a long corridor that terminates in a room with a large, yellow switch marked with an exclamation point. Jump on this switch to receive a message that all yellow block outlines have been filled in. After this point, you will see yellow exclamation blocks being distributed across Dinosaur Island. You can then choose whether to save your progress. Hit these blocks and you get a Mushroom. They help in early levels, and are needed to enter the Special World.