OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Graph Theory

Graph Theory is the study of interactions between nodes (vertices) and edges (connections between the vertices), and it relates to topics such as combinatorics, scheduling, and connectivity making it useful to computer science and programming, engineering, networks and relationships, and many other fields of science. Graph theory can be thought of as the "mathematician's connect-the-dots" but it does not examine graphs as done in Calculus (curves and other related concepts).

## Table of Chapters

* Introduction
* Definitions
* Degrees and parameters
* Algorithms

## Simple Tools

* Juggling with Binomial Coefficients
* Dual Graphs
* Star-Delta and Similar Transformations
* Hypercubes and Gray Codes

## Degrees and Parameters

* Degree Definitions
* Theorems using Degrees
* Regular Graphs
* Degree Sequences
* Using matrices to encode graphs

## Special Types of Graphs

* k-Connected Graphs
* Planar Graphs
# Granite WMS/Troubleshoot/Printing
## Printing - also see installation page

General fault finding
* Run the label printing service as administrator in console. (bypass Windows service)
* Test if label can print in Bartender with no warnings or messages.
* Test printer, Windows test page.
* Test print through Bartender Granite label and Blank label.
* Test more than one printer.
* Test more than one Bartender label format.
* Test against service using API call. (http://localhost:2077/print?UserID=18&NumberOfLabels=1&LabelName=TrackingEntity.btw&Type=TrackingEntity&Barcode=157B7006). Change parameters of UserID and TrackingEntity&Barcode.
* Take Note: To view API enter address. http://localhost:2077/metadata. This will display available operations and their parameters.
Unable to print from Desktop client
One cause for this issue was the Firewall blocking the Port on the server.
To overcome the issue, I went into the firewall settings and added a rule to allow inbound communication on the port (2077).
Detail instructions WindowsFirewall
Label not printing
When printing labels and everything "works" except for label not printing.
Test by supplying a printername and not leaving empty or depending on default. This might be one reason, the other seems to have something to do with license server. It might be combination where it does not allow because the allocated license and the printername does not "match", note this is on Bartender SDK level.
Other issues and Object reference not set
* You might have to also copy the dll's in directory (C:\Program Files (x86)\Seagull\BarTender Suite\SDK\Assemblies\.*) from the PC to the directory of the Granite label printing service.
* Ensure the dll's in the directory is not blocked by windows. Right click and select Properties if you see a button [Unlock], the dll's are blocked, one by one unblock all.
# Graph Theory/Juggling with Binomial Coefficients
## Introduction

Fluency with binomial coefficients is a great help in combinatorial arguments about graphs. You should learn to juggle with binomial coefficients as easily as you juggle with normal algebraic equations.

## Techniques

* Substitute specific values in the general equations, e.g. careful choice of x and y in:
    $(x+y)^{n}=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{n \choose k}x^{n-k}y^{k}.$
* Sledgehammer proof using recursion formula. You may find it helpful to 'chase' binomial coefficients on a diagram of Pascal's triangle.
* Differentiation of a previous identity to get a new one.
* Combinatorial arguments about permutations and combinations.

## Worked Examples

* Example: 2$^n$
* To get:
* $\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\tbinom {n}{k}}=2^{n}$
* Put $\displaystyle x=1{\text{ and }}y=1$ in
* $(x+y)^{n}=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{n \choose k}x^{n-k}y^{k}.$

## The Identities

    ${\binom {n}{k}}={\binom {n}{n-k}}$
    ${\binom {n}{k}}={\frac {n}{k}}{\binom {n-1}{k-1}}$
    ${\binom {n-1}{k}}-{\binom {n-1}{k-1}}={\frac {n-2k}{n}}{\binom {n}{k}}.$
    ${n \choose k}={n-1 \choose k-1}+{n-1 \choose k}$
    $\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{n}{\tbinom {n}{k}}^{2}={\tbinom {2n}{n}}.$
    $\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{n}{\tbinom {n}{k}}{\tbinom {n}{n-k}}={\tbinom {2n}{n}}.$
    $\sum _{k=0}^{n}k{\tbinom {n}{k}}=n2^{n-1}$
    $\sum _{k=0}^{n}k^{2}{\tbinom {n}{k}}=(n+n^{2})2^{n-2}$
    $\sum _{m=0}^{n}{\tbinom {m}{j}}{\tbinom {n-m}{k-j}}={\tbinom {n+1}{k+1}}$
    $\sum _{m=0}^{n}{\tbinom {m}{k}}={\tbinom {n+1}{k+1}}\,.$
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\lfloor {\frac {n}{2}}\rfloor }{\tbinom {n-k}{k}}=F(n+1)$
where F(n) denote the nth Fibonacci number.
    $\sum _{j=k}^{n}{\tbinom {j}{k}}={\tbinom {n+1}{k+1}}$
    $\sum _{j=0}^{k}(-1)^{j}{\tbinom {n}{j}}=(-1)^{k}{\tbinom {n-1}{k}}$
    $\sum _{j=0}^{n}(-1)^{j}{\tbinom {n}{j}}=0$
    $\sum _{i=0}^{n}{i{\binom {n}{i}}^{2}}={\frac {n}{2}}{\binom {2n}{n}}$
    $\sum _{i=0}^{n}{i^{2}{\binom {n}{i}}^{2}}=n^{2}{\binom {2n-2}{n-1}}$.
    $\sum _{k=q}^{n}{\tbinom {n}{k}}{\tbinom {k}{q}}=2^{n-q}{\tbinom {n}{q}}$

## Applications

* Find probability of cycles of certain length in a permutation.
# Planar Graphs
### Definition

A planar graph is a graph that can be drawn in the plane such that there are no edge crossings.

### Characterization

The planar graphs can be characterized by a theorem first proven by the Polish mathematician Kazimierz Kuratowski in 1930, now known as Kuratowski's theorem:
* A finite graph is planar if and only if it does not contain a subgraph that is a subdivision of $K_{5}$ or $K_{3,3}$.
A subdivision of a graph results from inserting vertices into edges zero or more times.
Instead of considering subdivisions, Wagner's theorem deals with minors:
* A finite graph is planar if and only if it does not have $K_{5}$ or $K_{3,3}$ as a minor.
A graph H is a minor of a graph G if a copy of H can be obtained from G via repeated edge deletion and/or edge contraction.
# Granite WMS/Troubleshoot/Integration
## Integration

Configuration page
* Opening the http://localhost:2076/config page will run through various tests and return the integration configuration.
* Verify that all return parameters are correct and no errors are visible.
General
* Check config file in regards to ERP settings (Pastel,Granite connection string ect.).
* Ensure that the correct ERP provider is specified in the SDKProvider.xml
* Check database table IntegrationSettings table for ERP settings.
* Also ensure that the transaction isActive and Post is true if posting is required in table IntegrationSettings.
Other issues and Object reference not set
* You might have to also copy the (Accpac/Pastel/..) SDK dll's from the PC to the directory of the Granite integration service.
* Ensure the dll's in the directory is not blocked by windows. Right click and select Properties if you see a button [Unlock], the dll's are blocked, one by one unblock all.
# HTML 5 Programming and Web development/HTML 5 Paragraphs

In HTML 5 a paragraph is created using the <p> tag.HTML paragraphs are used on almost all web pages .They have many purposes, the simplest of which is for writing paragraphs. In HTML 5 and other related markup languages such as SGML and XML the ampersand(&) and the semicolon (;) is used to encode symbols not found on the keyboard such as sum(∑) and Greek letters such as α and β. Example:
The output looks quite like this:

## Bold and Italics

Bold and italics text in HTML are created using the <b> and <i> respectively. These are used in paragraphs to make text bold and to italicized.

### Bold text

Bold text is usually used to emphasize text in a document. In any document it is often times important to emphasize important information such as important research topics ,very important names and just about anything you want to put emphasis on.

### Italicized text

Italicized text are used for many purposes in word processing documents to get a Italicized text in HTML use the <i> tag.
# HTML 5 Programming and Web development/HTML 5 Comments

A comment in HTML is an area of text that is ignored by the browser. In an HTML comment, you can write anything. These are some examples of comment.
Comments written in angle brackets with an exclamation mark at the start followed by two hyphens (minus sign) and ending with two hyphens.

# Reasons for comments

Comments in HTML are conventionally used as:
* A directive to show viewers of the source code what it does
* To insert information about the document that viewers of the source code should know such as license and author's information
# HTML 5 Programming and Web development/Head and Body Elements
## The HTML element

the HTML element is the root element of a document.Every other element in the document must be inside the HTML element. the HTML element is divided into two main elements. the head and body elements

## The HTML head Element

The HTML head element is where content not visible on the page is stored these include:
* HTML title element
* HTML meta element
* HTML link element
* HTML style element
and lots more.

### The HTML title element

The HTML title element is used to specify the title of the document.The syntax for the title element is: <title>Document title</title>

### HTML meta Element

The meta element is an example of an empty element it usually contain two attributes name and content. For example if I wanted to store the following in a meta tag
Then we would write the following:
The meta element can also contain other attributes such as charset and http-equiv that we will learn about subsequently

## The HTML body element

The HTML body element is where every element visible to the user is kept.These include paragraphs,tables and other page content.

### HTML 5 tables and Paragraphs

HTML 5 tables can be used in many ways, the most obvious of which is to order data. Tables are used in many webpages for many other reasons that are not very obvious.
The above was an example code for an HTML 5 table.and the following would be what it looks like.
| Name | Business |
| John Doe | OrgoCo |
| Mary Jane | Simple inc |
HTML 5 paragraphs are used for writing a group of sentences together in paragraph form.The output would look like any normal paragraph.

### Other Elements

There are many elements that are used in HTML 5 this includes:
* hyperlink
* images
* textbox
* button
* marquee
* span
* div
* section
* canvas
* video
* audio
N.B:Even though audio is not a visual element it most be included in the body.
# HTML 5 Programming and Web development/HTML 5 Attributes

HTML 5 attributes are created using a name-value pair and are placed after the tag name.

## Name-value pairs

Name-value pairs are represented by a set of text strings in which name="value" are usually separated by commas, semicolons, space or newline character.

## Writing HTML 5 Atrributes

HTML 5 attributes are written inside the element's tag and separated by spaces. For example:
In this code the attributes are type and value and their values are "text" and "hello Web" respectively.
Attributes give extra information about an element. For example, in the input element the attribute type gives the type of input, so if we had type="button" we would get a button instead of a textbox. Attributes are very important in HTML and without them Web development would probably be much harder.

## Special Attributes

HTML 5 has some special attributes that I must point out.

### The id attribute

The id attribute is a unique identifier for the element. It becomes very useful when using CSS and JavaScript. You cannot have more than one element with the same id on a web page. Here is an example of the id attribute:

### The class attribute

The class attribute groups an element with other elements of the same class. This is often used to apply CSS styles to elements. Unlike with the id attribute, you can have more than one element with the same class on a page.
# HTML 5 Programming and Web development/HTML 5 Elements
## HTML Tags

In HTML, tags are used to create elements of a web page. Examples of elements are paragraphs and headings. Tags are surrounded by angle brackets, like this: <tag> An example of an HTML 5 tag is h1.This tag creates a heading element and it is written like this.
h1 is the highest-level heading in HTML. Think of it like a headline for a news story. There are two types of tags. The first, like you've seen here, starts with <h1> and ends with </h1>. These markers show where the heading begins and ends. In the same way, a paragraph is marked at the beginning with <p> and at the end with </p>. The second type of tag is self-closing; that is, it does not have a second tag marking its end.
Some examples of self-closing tags are <br/> (line break), <hr/> (horizontal rule), <input/> (element that accepts user input), and <meta/> (an element that contains information about the web page itself).
While the ending slash (/) on a self-closing tag is optional, it is considered a best practice to include them.

## HTML Elements

An HTML element is an object in a web page. Some examples are images, paragraphs, headings, and videos. They start with a start tag and end with an end tag. HTML 5 has different kinds of elements that we will learn about throughout this course.

### How to write an HTML Element

To write an HTML Element we first write the start tags<title>. Then we write the content of the element: My first HTML Page.Then we write the end tag. </title>. When you put it together you have an HTML element.

### Nested Elements

The content of an HTML element can be another element. This is called "nesting". For example:
Note: New line characters are ignored in HTML 5.
This code would actually render like this: This is Multiline Text. To achieve multi-line we actually use the line break tag <br/>.

## List of HTML 5 Elements

Note this is just a short list of elements:
* <p>
* <input>
* <table>
* <body>
* <header>
* <nav>
* <article>

## Example of a well formed HTML document

about:blank
The <!doctype html> is not an HTML tag, so it has no closing tag or terminating slash. It is a Document Type Definition which we will learn about subsequently.
# HSK Guide/HSK 5 Vocab/H M/M

| 骂 mà | to scold; abuse; CL:通[tong4] ,顿[dun4] |
| 麦克风 mài kè fēng | microphone (loanword) |
| 馒头 mán tou | steamed roll; steamed bun; steamed bread; CL:个 |
| 满足 mǎn zú | to satisfy; to meet (the needs of) |
| 毛病 máo bìng | fault; problem; defect; shortcomings; CL:个 |
| 矛盾 máo dùn | contradictory; contradiction; CL:个 |
| 冒险 mào xiǎn | to take risks; to take chances; foray; adventure |
| 贸易 mào yì | (commercial) trade; CL:个 |
| 媒体 méi tǐ | media, esp. news media |
| 煤炭 méi tàn | coal |
| 眉毛 méi mao | eyebrow; CL:根[gen1] |
| 美术 měi shù | art; fine arts; painting; CL:种[zhong3] |
| 魅力 mèi lì | charm; fascination; glamor; charisma |
| 梦想 mèng xiǎng | to dream of; to hope in vain |
| 密切 mì qiè | close; familiar; intimate; closely (related); to foster close ties; to pay close attention |
| 秘密 mì mì | secret; CL:个 |
| 秘书 mì shū | secretary |
| 蜜蜂 mì fēng | bee; honeybee; CL:只[zhi1] ,群[qun2] |
| 面对 miàn duì | to confront; to face |
| 面积 miàn jī | surface area |
| 面临 miàn lín | to face sth; to be confronted with |
| 描写 miáo xiě | to describe; to depict; to portray; description |
| 苗条 miáo tiáo | slim; slender; graceful |
| 敏感 mǐn gǎn | sensitive; susceptible; politically sensitive (pretext for censorship) |
| 名牌 míng pái | famous brand |
| 名片 míng piàn | (business) card |
| 名胜古迹 míng shèng gǔ jì | historical sites and scenic spots |
| 明确 míng què | to clarify; explicit; clear-cut; definite; to specify; to make definite |
| 明显 míng xiǎn | obvious; distinct; clear |
| 明星 míng xīng | star; celebrity |
| 命令 mìng lìng | order; command; CL:道[dao4] ,个 |
| 命运 mìng yùn | destiny; fate; CL:个 |
| 摸 mō | to feel with the hand; to touch; to stroke; to grope; to feel (one's pulse) |
| 摩托车 mó tuō chē | motorbike; motorcycle; CL:辆[liang4] ,部[bu4] |
| 模仿 mó fǎng | to imitate; to copy; to emulate; to mimic; model |
| 模糊 mó hu | vague; indistinct; fuzzy |
| 模特 mó tè | (fashion) model (loanword); |
| 陌生 mò shēng | strange; unfamiliar |
| 某 mǒu | a certain; sb or sth indefinite; some; such-and-such |
| 木头 mù tou | slow-witted; blockhead; log (of wood, timber etc); CL:块[kuai4] ,根[gen1] |
| 目标 mù biāo | target; goal; objective; CL:个 |
| 目录 mù lù | catalog; table of contents; directory (on computer hard drive); list; contents |
| 目前 mù qián | at the present time; currently |
# HSK Guide/HSK 5 Vocab/W-Z

* W
* X
* Y
* Z
# HTML 5 Programming and Web development

HTML is a markup language that is the foundation of the World Wide Web. HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language, and it was created by Tim Berners-Lee.

## About this Book

This book focuses mainly on HTML 5 but also gives detailed information on other languages such as CSS, JavaScript, XML, SQL and server side scripting languages (ASP and PHP).

## Introductory terms
### World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW) is an information space where documents and other resources are identified by URLs interlinked by hyperlinks. The World Wide Web is a major part of the Internet.

### W3C

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the largest standards organization of the World Wide Web. It was founded by Tim Berners-Lee.

## HTML 5

* HTML 5 Elements
* HTML 5 Attributes
* HTML 5 Doctype
* HTML 5 Comments
* Head and Body Elements
* Validation
* HTML 5 Paragraphs
* Links and External Documents
# HTML 5 Programming and Web development/HTML 5 Doctype

The HTML 5 Document Type Definition (Doctype) is used to identify the type of markup document. conventionally doctypes are written like this
Where in this case the root-element would be HTML.FPI stands for formal public identifier. However in HTML 5 the Doctype is just written <!doctype html>

### Example of doctype in HTML 5

The doctype must always be at the top of the document.

### Document without doctype

Documents without doctype would work in most browsers ,but would not be classified as a valid document.(see Validation).
# HSK Guide/HSK 5 Vocab/N-T

* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
# Introduction to Moral Reasoning/Traditions in Philosophy

Traditionally philosophy was divided between two 'traditions': those of Western Philosophy, which is commonly considered to have started in Ancient Greece and its colonies; and Eastern Philosophy, which is said to have originated from the regions of India and China, and is centred around the teachings of three philosophical schools which in many ways are like religions, Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism.
In the west the study of philosophy has always been bound up with the study of physics and of logic, whilst in the east it tended to be centered around morality and political philosophy (which are also important in the west).
However such a division of philosophy may be a crude one. 'The east' is a huge area from which many different schools of philosophy emerged, and many more came from the middle east and other civilized and 'uncivilised' areas. Furthermore, many religions contain treatises on morality and politics, similar in nature to those of 'eastern philosophy', thus anybody who wishes to define philosophy into traditions must at least consider Semitic, Islamic and Christian philosophies as well as 'Eastern' philosophy when considering competing philosophies to those of the ancient Greeks.
Arthur Schopenhauer started a kind of synthesis between the Eastern and Western traditions by mixing Kantian ideas with Buddhist philosophy.
Since the early 20th century, Western philosophy has been divided into the analytic Anglo-American and continental European traditions. In the 1700s, the English-language philosophers were empiricists, and people in continental Europe were rationalists. Somewhere along the line, this has got twisted over. Bertrand Russell was inspired by the German logician Frege and Russell's student and colleague Wittgenstein came to England from Austria. The British logical positivist A.J. Ayer was inspired by the Vienna Circle, which was finally broken up by nazism. So by then, logic-centred analytic philosophy had made its home in Britain. Meanwhile, phenomenology and existentialism, which are experience-centred, were rising in Germany and then France with the work of Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre.
# Introduction to Numerical Methods/Introduction

Mathematical models are a central piece of science and engineering. Some models have closed-form solutions, therefore they can be solved analytically. Many models can not be solved analytically or the analytic solution is too costly to be practical. All models can be solved computationally and the result may not be the exact answer but it can be useful. George E. P. Box was right by saying All models are wrong, but some are useful. Since errors are inevitable a more practical question we ought to ask is how close the answer needs to be for it to be useful. In lots of engineering situations the only way to get the "right answer" is to use the following formula:
right answer = wrong answer + corrections
Missile Knows Where It Is is an audio click explaining how a missile guidance system can possibly work by repeatedly correcting it errors.
Before we discuss how to manage errors lets explore the sources of errors.
# Introduction to Moral Reasoning/How to Study

You will have to do a lot of reading, and some writing and some talking and listening. Then you will have to do some thinking.

## Courses and classes

If you can register for a course, this will give you the opportunity to do all these things. There may be adult education 'introduction to philosophy' evening courses available. But you are unlikely to have courses beyond introductory level outside the largest of cities.
You could register as an undergraduate at a university. Here you could study the course in depth over three or four years. You will probably also have to pay out quite a lot of money in course fees and living expenses.
'Distance learning' may be available to you, with such institutions as The Open University, based in the United Kingdom, or Athabasca University, based in Canada, or the College of the Humanities & Sciences (http://www.chumsci.edu), based in the United States.
But it may be that none of the above are available or suitable to your needs. Fortunately, on line resources are beginning to fill the gap, and Wikibooks, Wikipedia, and the Wikiversity are here to help you. The present work is here to fill this need.
Remember though that much of the world remains off-line. One hopes that this defect will eventually be remedied.

## Reading

The present work is an introduction to philosophy. It is here to get you started. You could try reading Wikipedia articles at random, or in alphabetical order like the autodidact in Sartre's Nausea. But some of those articles are not for the beginner, and the beginner needs to be guided through the maze. Rather than duplicating what has already been written in the Wikipedia, we shall provide links. The Wikipedia is succinct. If you want a lot of detail, the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy may be what you need. For absolute beginners an excellent book to read is Joestien Gaarder's "Sophie's World".
You will have to read a lot. And some passages you will have to read many times slowly and carefully.

## Writing

If you don't write, then at best you end up with a vague feel for the subject you are researching. If you do write, the people at the philosophy department of the Wikiversity might give you some friendly advice and feedback on what you have written.
    The dissertation

## Talking and listening

Hopefully, there will be discussion forums at the Wikiversity for this. Irc should also be useful.