OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Medical Informatics

The purpose of this work is to survey computer usage in the health sciences.
With contributions from:
Introduction

## Development of Medical Information Systems
### Pioneering Work

* MUMPS - Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming Language (R. Greenes and N. Pappalardo)
* COSTAR - Computer Stored Ambulatory Record - Costar (O. Barnett)
* University of Missouri - Columbia System (D.A. Lindberg)
* Technicon Lockheed/Technicon System
* PROMIS University of Vermont PROMIS System (L. L. Weed)
* Texas Institute for Research and Rehabilitation Information System (C. Valbonna & W. Spencer)
* LDS Hospital System (H. Warner, et al)
* Kaiser-Permanente System (M. Collen)
* VISTA - Veterans Administration (DCHP)
* Johns Hopkins Oncology Clinical Information System and Tedium (B. Blum)
* Dietary Systems

### Computer Based Medical Records Systems

* Overview of Computer Based Medical Records
* Case Studies of Computer Based Medical Records

## Economics of Health Care Delivery

* Societal Factors
* Rising Tide of Clinical Data and Reporting Requirements

## Impact of New Technologies

* The Structure of the Patient Encounter with the Health Care System
* Confidentiality and Data Security
* Medical Linkage, Patient Tracking and Scheduling
* Pharmacy Systems
* Utilization Review and Quality Assurance

## Clinical Decision Support Systems

* Clinical Decision Support Overview
* Expert Systems
** MYCIN (E. Shortliffe)
*** EMYCIN
** Internist (Pople & Myers)
*** Caduceus
*** QMR - Quick Medical Reference
** CASNET Causal ASsociational NETworks (Kulikowski and Weiss)
*** CASNET/Glaucoma
** PIP Present Illness Program (Gorry and Parker)
** ABEL Acid-Base and ELectrolyte program
** ONCOCIN Oncology protocol management
** MDX (Chandrasekaran and Mittal)
** DXPlain (MGH Laboratory for Computer Science)
* Probability Based Diagnostic Systems
** Bayesian Systems
*** Reasoning Foundations of Medical Diagnosis (Ledley and Lusted)
* Arden Syntax

## Systems of Nomenclature

* International Classification of Diseases 9 - Clinical Modification (ICD)
* International Classification of Diseases 10
* Standard Nomenclature of Diseases and Operations (SNDO)
* Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP)
* Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - (DSM)
* Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED)
* Current Medical Terminology (CMT)
* Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)
* NLM Medical Subject Headings (MESH) and Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)
* Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC)
* Diagnostic Related Groups
* HL7
* HIPAA - Health Insurance Portability Act
* National Drug Codes
* Read Codes

## Other Topics

* Automated Interviewing and Multiphasic Screening
* Bioinformatics
* Screening - Disease Detection and Treatment
* Computer Aided Instruction
* Computed Tomography and Image Processing
* Online Resources
* Communication Networks
* Patient Monitoring
* Pharmaceutical Research Support Systems
* Ethics and Privacy
* Standards
# MediaWiki User Guide/Text Formatting

The following is an overview of text formatting available in Mediawiki:
Basic text formatting :
| Formatting | Markup | Note |
| Boldface | '''text''' | |
| Italics | ''text'' | |
| Boldface and italics | '''''text''''' | |
| Boldface combined with wikilink | '''[[text]]''' | The reverse order of ticks and brackets does not work: [['''text''']] |
Other text formatting such as underline or blockquote needs to be done using HTML tags, including U for underline, TT for typewriter text, S for strikethrough, SUB for lower index and SUP for upper index.

## HTML

Text formatting can also be done using HTML and CSS. Some of the most useful HTML elements are:
Most needed HTML markup :
| Task | Markup | Note |
| Preformatted text | <pre> preformatted </pre> | The effect in wiki differs from the one in HTML; in wiki, the text within the PRE element is treated as within NOWIKI element, leaving all the HTML and wiki markup uninterpreted. |
| Blockquote | <blockquote>Longer passage.</blockquote> |
| Comments | <!-- comment --> | Avoid nesting, such as <!-- <!-- comment --> --> |
| Generic inline element | <span style="TODO"></span> | Can be styled arbitrarily using cascading style sheets - CSS. |
| Generic block element | <div style="TODO"></div> | Can be styled arbitrarily using cascading style sheets - CSS. |
Some HTML elements are not allowed, such as A and IMG.

## Source code

Source code of various programming and markup languages can be formatted using <syntaxhighlight> element, which leads to colored syntax of the code.
An example of wiki markup:
The rendering of that markup:

## Bibliography

* Meta:Help:Wikitext examples
* Meta:Help:HTML in wikitext
* Cascading Style Sheets
# Media Centers Based on Wyplayer/Hardware

This multimedia disks are built with very similar hardware to any computer but less performance and smaller size. Although the component specification is not public, some users have been finding out parts and illustrating the various components.

## Chipset

Probably, device's chipset is a ST Micro 7109. This chipset provides JTAG/TAP interface.
You can find chip specification at:
* http://www.st.com/stonline/products/literature/bd/11660/sti7109.pdf

## Pics of CMT2D (non-wifi version)

By opening the box, the following hardware can be seen:
* https://archive.is/20130114053437/img269.imageshack.us/img269/258/mediatitan1.jpg
* https://archive.is/20130114051923/img269.imageshack.us/img269/538/mediatitan2.jpg
* https://archive.is/20130114050039/img269.imageshack.us/img269/3254/mediatitan3.jpg
* https://archive.is/20130114044437/img269.imageshack.us/img269/9430/mediatitan4.jpg

## Board Components of CMT2D (non-wifi version)

As you can see in the image below, the components identified so far in a CMT2D are:
* http://img40.imageshack.us/img40/4601/mediatitan4ident.jpg (Media Titan CMT2D board components)
| Component | Description | Link |
| FLASH MEMORY | Samsung Semiconductor - K9F2G08U0A-PCBOO - NAND Flash | http://www.samsung.com/global/business/semiconductor/productInfo.do?fmly_id=159&partnum=K9F2G08U0A |
| Other FLASH MEMORY (symbol in pic------> ?) | Spansion - S29GL064N - NAND Flash | http://www.spansion.com/products/S29GL064N.html |
| HD INTERFACE | SST - SST55VD020 - ATA Flash Disk Controller | http://www.sst.com/products.xhtml/embedded_controllers/55/SST55VD020 |
# Medical Informatics/Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)

Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) coding is a standard, universal code that is applied to medical procedures and services for the purpose of patient records. CPT was developed by the American Medical Association (AMA) in 1966. CPT codes are uniform codes that translate the same for doctors, hospitals, patients, insurance companies, and other third parties. Knowledge of CPT coding is often required of medical office personnel.
CPT coding is like a language for those who work in the medical field. A CPT code is a string of numbers, usually five, that indicate a service or procedure. The AMA approves all CPT codes and updates them annually. CPT coding is an intricate and very specific procedure. For example, there are as many as 13 different CPT codes for the influenza vaccine, each specific to the type of vaccine and its administration.
Individuals with knowledge of CPT coding may be eligible to work in a doctor’s office or other medical setting. Coders can earn coding credentials to become certified in CPT coding. Many schools offer training in health information management that includes training in CPT coding. As the demands for individuals highly trained in health information management grow, other areas in addition to CPT coding are becoming essential for obtaining a job in the medical information management field.
Knowledge of CPT coding can be put to use in medical offices – both in records and billing, hospital records departments, and health insurance companies. Being able to differentiate between specific CPT coding requirements for different insurance providers is one area in which CPT coders are able to help both patients and doctors. Without the proper CPT coding, many insurance claims are denied.
A certified professional coder (CPC) is a person who have done CPC certification by a body called AAPC.
# Media Centers Based on Wyplayer/General information

Wyplayer is a device developed originally at France...

# Known related devices

* Wyplayer (France)
* MediaTitan
* ZoltarTV
* Mediatec
* Iomega

# Marketing

Wyplayer was available from november 2008 (?)

# Device features

* Chipset: ST Micro 7109
* RAM: 256 Mb
* Ethernet 10 / 100 Mbit/s
* Wireless (some models) 802.11b/g/n (WEP, WPA y WPA2 support)
* Tuner: Double tuner DVB-T
** Modulation modes DVB-T: QPSK/QAM 16/64
** FEC Automatic selection
** UHF/VHF support(47 … 862 MHz)
** Channel bandwidth 7, 6 or 8 MHz
** All guard Interval modes: 1/31, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4 active symbol [por traducir]
** All code rates [por traducir]
** Red SFN o MFN
* USB Device
** High speed USB 2.0, B
** MTP device
** USB host
** High speed USB 2.0, A (1x front, 2x back)
* Video outputs
** Composite Video(CVBS)
** HDMI (v1.2)
* Audio outputs
** Stereo (CVBS)
** S/PDIF (Optical)
** HDMI (v1.2)
* Hard disk drive: 3.5” Serial-ATA 1.5 Gbit/s
* Fan: Temp Sensor and PID controller
* Remote: IR, 2x AAA battery
* Power supply
** In: 100-240 V 50/60 Hz 1.2 A
** Out: DC 12 V 4.0 A

# Source Code

At the beginning was published that this devices firmware was obtained from open source code. To date, X versions of code has been released: <enlace>
# Medical Informatics/DXPlain

DXPlain - MGH Laboratory for Computer Science
"... DXplain, a decision support system developed at the Laboratory of Computer Science at the Massachusetts General Hospital, has the characteristics of both an electronic medical textbook and a medical reference system. In its reference or case analysis mode, DXplain accepts a set of clinical findings (signs, symptoms, laboratory data) to produce a ranked list of diagnoses which might explain (or be associated with) the clinical manifestations. DXplain provides justification for why each of these diseases might be considered, suggests what further clinical information would be useful to collect for each disease, and lists what clinical manifestations, if any, would be unusual or atypical for each of the specific diseases.
In the role of a medical textbook, DXplain can provide a description of over 2200 different diseases, emphasizing the signs and symptoms that occur in each disease, the etiology, the pathology, and the prognosis. DXplain also provides up to 10 references for each disease, selected to emphasize clinical reviews where these were available. In addition, DXplain can provide a list of diseases which should be considered for any one of over 4900 different clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms, and laboratory examinations)..." (from the link above)
# Media Centers Based on Wyplayer

Translations :
| English | Español | Français | Italiano |
| General information Hardware Firmware Interesting links | Información general Hardware Firmware Enlaces de interés | Informations générales Hardware Firmware Liens d'intérêt | Informazioni generali Hardware Firmware Link interessanti |
# Professional and Technical Writing/xml/bookinfo

<BookInfo>
</BookInfo>
# A History of This Text
## What is a Wiki Book?

Wikipedia was first created as a free ongoing encyclopedia project. The idea about a collaborative encyclopedia came about to allow many different people to add information to a certain page. Wikipedia, what many consider to be the main Wiki on the web today, was founded in 2001 by volunteers and today is known as one of the largest reference sites on the web. Like many other wiki’s on the web today, visitors do not need certain qualifications to contribute information to a wiki page. The problems with this aspect of wiki books is that even though many accomplished, knowledgeable people add information to wiki’s, wiki’s could essentially be formed without any credibility.

## Creation of this Text

This Wikibook was created during the summer of 2008 to encourage students to create a supplemental text for the course Technical and Professional Writing offered at the University of Minnesota. This online text is supposed to serve as a substitution for having a textbook, but the overall hope is to develop the text until it is a publishing level and can be used by future students of 3562W. The Technical and Professional Writing Wikibook will help to produce a new insight into using effective communication practices by written completely by students. The Wikibook 3562W will help you to understand how to write professional. This Wikibook starts off with basic business writing techniques that will help you develop a resume, learn to write proper memos, create business documents, draft proposals, etc. The goal of the text is that tools will learn and gain from the Wikibook will help readers become not only proficient and successful writers, but also successful individuals.

## Main Focus of this Text

Professional and Technical Writing emphasizes teaching students to grasp a difference between the educational, practical, and business purposes one may have when writing.
* Educational- Will be read by teachers
* Practical- Will be read by co-workers, customers, and other individuals
* Business- Will be read by employers, clients, and different organizations
Technical and Professional Writing tries to prepare students for their future careers by teaching them the basic business writing strategies and techniques.

### Philosophy

Student creation of a text reflects a student-centered educational philosophy.
{a student needs to conduct interviews, and add background information}

## Classes Contributing

In reverse chronological order (most recent to first), these are the classes making major contributions to this text.
* ENGL3025A Technical Writing, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, PA, Spring 2012
* Writ 3562 Technical and Professional Writing, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Spring 2010
Main Page
# OCR A-Level Physics/Mechanics

This module makes up 30% of AS level and 15% of overall A level
# OCR A-Level Physics/Fields, Particles and Frontiers of Physics/Radioactivity
## Radioactive Dating
### Carbon dating

When a tree is living, it take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce cellulose. The vast majority of carbon is carbon-12 which isn't radioactive, however a small fraction of the carbon atoms are carbon-14 which is radioactive. Once the tree dies, no more carbon-14 will be absorbed.
The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in dead organic matter decreases with time, so the ratio can be used for dating.

### Limitations of carbon dating

Because the quantity of carbon-14 is very small, count rates are correspondingly small and after a few-half lives it may be indistinguishable from the background count rate.
The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in the air and in all living things is assumed to be constant, this may not be true if there have been changes in the rate at which carbon-14 is produced in the atmosphere.

### Dating Rocks

Other methods of dating are used for non-living things, such as rocks. Rocks contain tiny amounts of radioactive isotopes which have very long half-lives. Different isotopes with different half-lives can used to find the since the formation of rock of different ages using the relative proportions of the parent atoms and decay products in the rock.

## Mass-Energy Conservation
### Radioactive decay

In radioactive decay, energy is released in the form of the kinetic energy of the fast moving $\alpha$ or $\beta$ particles, and may be also released as gamma ray photons. The origin of this energy is the conversion of some masses of the particles transferred into energy.
# Microprocessor Design

This book serves as an introduction to the field of microprocessor design and implementation. It is intended for students in computer science or computer or electrical engineering who are in the third or fourth years of an undergraduate degree. While the focus of this book will be on microprocessors, many of the concepts will apply to other ASIC design tasks as well.
The reader should have prior knowledge in digital circuits and possibly some background in semiconductors although it isn't strictly necessary. The reader also should know at least one assembly language. Knowledge of higher-level languages such as C or C++ may be useful as well, but are not required. Sections about soft-core design will require prior knowledge of programmable logic, and a prior knowledge of at least one HDL (hardware description language).

## Table of Contents

* Introduction

### Microprocessor Basics

* Basic Theory
* Microprocessors
* Computer Architecture
* Instruction Set Architectures
* Memory
* Control and Datapath
* Performance
* Assembly Language
* Design Steps

### Microprocessor Components

* Basic Components
* Program Counter
* Instruction Decoder
* Register File
* Memory Unit
* ALU
* FPU
* Control Unit

### ALU Design

* Add and Subtract Blocks
* Shift and Rotate Blocks
* Multiply and Divide Blocks
* ALU Flags

### Design Paradigms

* Single Cycle Processors
* Multi Cycle Processors
* Pipelined Processors
* Superscalar Processors
* VLIW Processors
* Vector Processors
* Multicore Processors

### Execution Problems

* Exceptions
* Interrupts
* Hazards
* Embedded System

### Benchmarking and Optimization

* Performance Metrics
* Benchmarking
* Optimizations
* Code Density

### Parallel Processing

* Multi-Core Systems
* Memory-Level Parallelism (MLP)
* Out Of Order Execution (OOOE)

### Support Software

* Assembler
* Simulator
* Interpreter
* Compiler
* OS (including real-time operating systems)

### Microprocessor Production

* FPGA
* Wire Wrap
* Photolithography
* Sockets and Interfacing

### Advanced Topics

* Microcodes
* Register Renaming
* Cache
* Virtual Memory
* Power Dissipation
* GPU

## Resources and Licensing

* Resources
* Licensing
# Microprocessor Design/Assembly Language
## Assemblers

Assemblers take in human-readable assembly code and produce machine code.

## Assembly Language Constructs

There are a number of different assembly languages in existence, but all of them have a few things in common. They all map directly to the underlying hardware CPU instruction sets.

### CPU instruction set

    is a set of binary code/instruction that the CPU understands. Based on the CPU, the instruction can be one byte, two bytes or longer. The instruction code is usually followed by one or two operands.
| Instruction Code | operand 1 | operand 2 |
How many instructions there are depends on the CPU.
Because binary code is difficult to remember, each instruction has as its name a so-called mnemonic. For example 'MOV' can be used for moving instructions.
The above instruction moves the value of register A to the specified address.
A simple assembler will translate the 'MOV A' to its CPU's instruction code.
Assembly languages cannot be assumed to be directly portable to other CPU's. Each CPU has its own assembly language, though CPU's within the same family may support limited portability

## Load and Store

These instructions tell the CPU to move data from memory to a CPU's register, or move data from one of the CPU's register to memory.

### register

    is a special memory located inside the CPU, where arithmetic operations can be performed.

## Arithmetic

Arithmetic operations can be performed using the CPU's registers:
* Increment the value of one of the CPU's registers
* Decrement the value of one of the CPU's registers
* Add a value to the register
* Subtract value from the register
* Multiply the register value
* Divide the register value
* Shift the register value
* Rotate the register value

## Jumping

During a jump instruction, the program counter is loaded with a new address that is not necessarily the address of the next sequential instruction. After a jump, the program execution continues from the new location in memory.

### Relative jump

    the instruction's operand tells how many bytes the program counter should be increased or decreased.

### Absolute jump

    the instruction's operand is copied to the program counter; the operand is an absolute memory address where the execution should continue.

## Branching

During a branch, the program counter is loaded with one of multiple new values, depending on some specified condition. A branch is a series of conditional jumps.
Some CPUs have skipping instructions. If a register is zero, the following instruction is skipped, if not then the following instruction is executed, which can be a jumping instruction. So Branching can be done by using skipping and jumping instructions together.

## Further reading

* Assembly Language
# Microprocessor Design/Basic Components
## Basic Components

There are a number of components in a common microprocessor that designers should be familiar with before attempting a design. For an overview of these components, see Digital Circuits.

## Registers

A register is a storage element typically composed of an array of smaller, 1-bit storage elements called flip-flops. The number of bits that the register is composed of equals the number of bits that the register can store at any given time. For example, a 1-bit register can store 1 bit, and a 32-bit register can hold 32 bits, etc. Registers can be any length.
A register has two inputs, a data input and a clock input. The clock input is typically called the "enable". When the enable signal is high, the register stores the data input. When the clock signal is low, the register value stays the same.

### Register File

A register file is a whole collection of registers, typically all of which are the same length. A register file takes three inputs, an index address value, a data value, and an enable signal. A signal decoder is used to pass the data value from the register file input to the particular register with the specified address. We talk more about register files in a later section of this book, Register File.

## Multiplexers

A multiplexer is an input selector. A multiplexer has an output, a control input, and several data inputs. For ease, we number multiplexer inputs from zero, at the top. If the control signal is "0", the 0th input is moved to the output. If the control signal is "3", the 3rd input is moved to the output.
A multiplexer with N control signal bits can support 2$^N$ inputs. For example, a multiplexer with 3 control signals can support 2$^3$ = 8 inputs.
Multiplexers are typically abbreviated as "MUX", and will be abbreviated as such throughout the rest of this book.
| A 4 input Multiplexer with 2 control signal wires | An 8 input Multiplexer with 3 control signal wires |
| A 16 input Multiplexer with 4 control wires ||
There can be decoders implemented in the components.
For a 2 input decoder there will be 4 output signals.
# Microprocessor Design/Benchmarking
## Common Benchmarks

* block move
* Eratosthenes sieve
* matrix multiply
* MINC/Benchmarks
* "AN910: ST7 and ST9 performance benchmarking" describes a collection of short benchmark programs that measure interrupt latency and execution time and code size, and discusses architectural features that affect the scores. Eratosthenes sieve, Ackermann function, string search, block move, block translation, etc.
* "Benchmarks and Case Studies of Forth Kernels" describes some very frequently used, very short code fragments.
* Wikipedia: benchmark (computing)
* Wikipedia: EEMBC Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium
* MIPS/Watt benchmarks; "Philips Challenges 8-bit MCUs"; "Innovative Techniques for Extremely Low Power Consumption with 8-bit Microcontrollers"
* real-time benchmark: "the number of voices of MIDI-driven OPL2-style FM synthesis (at a 48k sample rate) that each chip can perform ... the clock required for sample output has the potential to test
interrupt latency ... it scales down to the lowest PICs ... and up to the scary fast GPUs ..." -- Gwenhwyfaer 2008

## Further reading

* Cyberbotics' Robot Curriculum/Cognitive Benchmarks