OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 4

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write た、ち、つ、て、と. Adding two small lines called 濁(だく)点(てん) dakuten, but commonly known simply as 点々(てんてん) tenten, meaning "two marks", causes clear sounds to change to their voiced sound. Thus, adding the 点々(てんてん) tenten marks to た、ち、つ、て、and と will produce だ、ぢ、づ、で、ど.

## Clear sounds

| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ta | da |
| Mnemonic: | It's a stylized version of the lowercase letters t and a. The artist drew a curved t and neglected to close the a on either side. | |
| Example: | たこ (tako) octopus たぬき (tanuki) raccoon dog たね (tane) seed | だいがく (daigaku) university, college だいこん (daikon) Japanese radish だく (daku) to hug |
    Note: In Japan, the t is crossed first, not last.
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | chi (help·info) | ji |
| Mnemonic: | It's a backwards c with a cross on top. The horizontal line is drawn first, and the backwards c is drawn in the same stroke as the vertical line of the cross. chi translates as blood, and this is a man raising his blood pressure by yelling. Your little sister's birthday is today, so you write a 5 on the card because she is 5 years old. It's like a child's attempt at writing a 5. | |
| Example: | ち (chi) blood ちいさい (chiisai) small, little ちず (chizu) map | ちぢむ (chijimu) to shrink ちぢれげ (chijirege) curly hair はなぢ (hanaji) nosebleed |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | tsu (help·info) | zu |
| Mnemonic: | Tsunami- this shows the crashing wave of a tsunami. Your ' tsu 'oup bowl fell and all the soup spilled, so now it's on it's side and empty. its a man sneezing Aaah'tsu! | |
| Example: | つえ (tsue) walking stick, magic wand つき (tsuki) moon つくえ (tsukue) desk | かなづち (kanazuchi) hammer かんづめ (kanzume) canned food つづり (tsuzuri) spelling In modern Japanese language, no words start with "づ" and only few have it. |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | te | de |
| Mnemonic: | Looks like the capital letter T. It's a broken tennis racket. | |
| Example: | てちょう (techou) notebook てつ (tetsu) iron, steel てぶくろ (tebukuro) gloves | でんわ (denwa) telephone でる (deru) to go out, to leave でんぱ (denpa) radio wave |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | to | do |
| Mnemonic: | It's a toe (to) with a splinter stuck in it. It resembles a toenail. When thinking of "to", think toenail. | |
| Example: | とけい (tokei) clock, watch とこや (tokoya) barber とびら (tobira) door | どうぐ (dougu) tool, instrument どうぶつ (doubutsu) animal どく (doku) poison |

## Double Consonants

By adding a small "っ" (tsu) in front of a syllable, it causes the subsequent consonant to double. This is called the sokuon (促音(そくおん)). This kana results in a slight pause between the two consonants (a double consonant pause). There is an exception for the kana ち. Instead of having a 'cch', a ~tch is used.
A couple examples are かった (katta) and しっけ (shikke).
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 10

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | wa |
| Mnemonic: | Water - It's half of a bowl of cold (steamless) water. |
| Example: | ワクチン vaccine |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | wo |
| Mnemonic: | Woven - A woven basket with a broad reed strip along the side. |
| Example: | This character is very rarely used in modern Japanese. ラヂヲ radio |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | n |
| Mnemonic: | Someone was writing シ (shi), but they committed the sin of forgetting one of the top lines. |
| Example: | コンピュータ computer ハンバーガ hamburger キング king (in playing cards) |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 5

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write な、に、ぬ、ね、の.
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | na |
| Mnemonic: | The cross shaped figure just knocked (na) over something. A child cries after being told 'Nah, you can't play with us'. A cross, dash and an alpha sign. The cross shaped snake charmer at left throws a bit of food to the snake coiled in the middle. The snake thinks "Nah" and doesn't catch it. |
| Example: | なにか (nanika) something なか (naka) inside, middle, among なる (naru) to become |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ni |
| Mnemonic: | It looks sort of like a knee (when you bend your leg) |
| Example: | にる (niru) to resemble, to be similar にく (niku) meat にんげん (ningen) human being |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | nu |
| Mnemonic: | Looks like a bowl of soup with a chopstick and noodles (nu) spilling out. A way to remember the difference between ぬ (nu) and ね (ne) is that ぬ is the one with the u shape (it's actually more of a v) near the center of the character. |
| Example: | ぬるい (nurui) lukewarm, tepid ぬぐ (nugu) to take off (clothing) ぬれる (nureru) to get wet |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ne |
| Mnemonic: | It looks like the letters 't' and 'e' with the e upside down. Add an n and you get "ten". Reverse that and you get "net" (ne). One way to remember this is to rotate the 'e' of 'ne' until it's upside down then move it under arch on the 'n', merge the right sides of both letters together and hoist a mast (+) to signal your success. |
| Example: | ねん (nen) year ねぎ (negi) spring (green) onion ねだん (nedan) price, cost |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | no |
| Mnemonic: | の is similar to the forbidden traffic symbol. Which is the main word for forbidden: NO. の looks like both an n and an o morphed together into one character. It is n-shaped, but has the roundedness of an o. |
| Example: | の (no) of; to のう(nou) Nou play; brain, memory のる (noru) to ride, to board のうみん (noumin) farmer |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 9

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write "ら", "り", "る", "れ", "ろ".
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ra (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | The face of someone enjoying the smell of their ramen. Draw his eyebrow first, then his nose and mouth. It looks like a rattled number five. |
| Example: | らくだ (rakuda) camel らっぱ (rappa) trumpet らば (raba) mule |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ri (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | It's the nose and cheek of Richard. It's a repeat (ri) of い (i) with the lengths of the lines inversed. |
| Example: | りんご (ringo) apple りす (risu) squirrel りゅう (ryuu) dragon |
Note: The handwritten form varies slightly from the printed form り
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ru (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | The arm and closed fist of a student who has to hold buckets of water out in the hall because he broke the rules. A boat hit a message in a rum bottle (the upper part being the boat, the lower the corked bottle). It's a mouth, and it's rude to eat with your mouth open. Follow your money as it floats down into the toilet and is flushed, which you rue. |
| Example: | るす (rusu) absency (from home) るい (rui) class るつぼ (rutsubo) melting pot |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | re (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | The t on the left is the end of a pier, and its builder recommends replacing it. You can distinguish it from ね and わ because it has the tip of the second wave, visible on the right |
| Example: | れきし (rekishi) history れいそく (reisoku) your son れい (rei) spirit, ghost |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ro (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | It's the front tip of a row boat riding a wave. It's the tail and hindquarter of a roaring lion. You can distinguish it from る because 'ro' doesn't have the circle at the bottom; the 'o' is in 'ro', not in its character. |
| Example: | ろく (roku) six ろうそく (rousoku) candle ろんぶん (ronbun) essay, thesis, dissertation |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Hiragana/Lesson 2

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write か, き, く, け, こ. Adding two small lines called 濁(だく)点(てん) dakuten, but commonly known simply as 点々(てんてん) tenten, meaning "two marks", causes clear sounds to change to their voiced sound. Thus, adding the 点々(てんてん) tenten marks will cause か, き, く, け, and こ to produce が, ぎ, ぐ, げ, ご.

## Clear Sounds

| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ka as in karma, or like the ca in car. | ga |
| Mnemonic: | It looks like the head of a cock (rooster). The neck and wattle are on the left, and the beak is the stroke on the right. | |
| Example: | かいもの (kaimono) shopping かばん (kaban) briefcase, suitcase かお (kao) face | がくせい (gakusei) student がいこく (gaikoku) foreign country がっこう (gakkou) school |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ki as in kiwi, or like the word key. | gi |
| Mnemonic: | It looks like a key! | |
| Example: | きのう (kinou) yesterday きって (kitte) stamp (postage) きれい (kirei) clean, beautiful | ぎんこう (ginkou) bank ぎゅうにく (gyuuniku) beef ぎん (gin) silver |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ku as in kudos or haiku, or like the word coup | gu |
| Mnemonic: | It's a bird's beak opened wide to make the sound "Coo!" (Ku!) | |
| Example: | くるま (kuruma) car ください (kudasai) please (do me the favor) くも (kumo) cloud | ぐんじん (gunjin) soldier ぐうぜん (guuzen) coincidence ぐあい (guai) condition (health, state) |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ke as in kettle or as in keg (or between these two sounds) | ge |
| Mnemonic: | It's a keg. Picture a Spanish missionary facing you, holding up a cross, saying, "¿Que?" (Spanish for "What?") | |
| Example: | けいさつ (keisatsu) police けっこん (kekkon) marriage けが (kega) injury | げきじょう (gekijou) theatre げんき (genki) energy, healthy げんだい (gendai) modern |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ko as in koala or the co in cola. | go |
| Mnemonic: | The second line is a copy of the first one. It's the top and bottom of a coin. It's a race, with the finish line at the top and the starting line at the bottom (with a flag): ready, set, GO! | |
| Example: | こども (kodomo) child こめ (kome) rice (uncooked) ことば (kotoba) word | ごご (gogo) afternoon ごはん (gohan) meal, rice (cooked) ごみ (gomi) trash |
# History of video games/Platforms/Kitronik Arcade
## Technology

Audio is created with a simple piezoelectric speaker.

## References

* ↑ Williams, Alun (15 November 2019). "Kitronik ARCADE brings a programmable gamepad to kids' hands" (in en). Electronics Weekly. https://www.electronicsweekly.com/blogs/gadget-master/boards/kitronik-arcade-brings-programmable-gamepad-kids-hands-2019-11/.
* ↑ "Microsoft MakeCode Arcade対応の携帯ゲーム機が入荷、1.77型カラー液晶を搭載" (in ja). AKIBA PC Hotline!. 7 January 2020. https://akiba-pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/news/1227659.html.
# History of video games/Platforms/Kek Powerizer
## Technology

The system used a small LCD.

## References

* ↑ "The LEGO video game console from another reality". Pad and Pixel. 13 October 2021. https://padandpixel.com/the-lego-video-game-console-from-another-reality/.
# History of video games/Platforms/Konix Multisystem
## History
### Development

The canceled system was planned for a August 1989 release at a cost 200 British pounds. Funding issues caused the system to be shuttered shortly afterwards.
A new version of the system focused on using only CDs in conjunction with a 32 bit processor clocked at 30 megahertz was announced in 1993.

### Legacy

Ultimately the controller would see a release by a different company as a PC game controller.
The design of the Konnix Multisystem would later influence the Atari Panther, and from that the Atari Jaguar.

## Technology
### Compute

The Konix Multisystem was powered by an 16-bit Intel 8086 processor clocked at 6 megahertz. The system also had a 12 megahertz custom co-processor.
The system started with 128 kilobytes of RAM, but later had 256 kilobytes of RAM which could be expanded to a total of 768 kilobytes of RAM with a proposed 512 kilobyte add on.

### Hardware

The system used special 880 kilobyte capacity 3.5 inch floppy disks.
A morphing controller was planned.
A number of unique accessories were planned, including a power chair that used hydraulics.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 "Konix Multisystem: the British console that never was". Den of Geek. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* ↑ "Konix to bring out 32-bit system". Electronic Gaming Monthly. 6 (4): 54. April 1993.
* ↑ "Slipstream: The Konix Multi-system Archive". www.konixmultisystem.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 "Konix Multi-System (Multisystem)". Video Game Console Library. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* 1 2 "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". old-computers.com. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* ↑ "Slipstream: The Konix Multi-system Archive". www.konixmultisystem.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/LJN Video Art
## History
### Development

On October 30th, 1986 LJN filed a patent with the US Patent office concerning technology used in the device.

### Launch

The LJN Video Art was launched in 1987. The system cost around $100. A rap jingle was used to promote the device.

### Legacy

The LJN Video Art was discontinued in either 1988 or 1989. The discontinuation was spurred in part due to difficulties faced by LJN during that time.
Unlike most platforms, the LJN Video Art is perhaps better know for events following discontinuation. In 1990 patents concerning the Video Art were transferred from LJN to an individual. From 1993 to 1995 a court battle ensued over LJN Video Art patents and the popular SNES software Mario Paint, though this usage was ultimately ruled as non-infringing.
Much later, the system gained notoriety online for it's poor design.

## Technology

There does not appear to be any reliable information on technology used by the LJN Video Art.
The system supported drawing with 16 colors.
New York Magazine suggested saving art drawn on the LJN Video Art by recording to videotape.

## Notable games

About 8 cartridges were released for the LJN Video Art, with Marvel, Disney, and Loony Toons licensed releases.
* A Trip To The Zoo
* Disney Coloring Book
* Disney Story Book
* Looney Tunes
* Marvel Super-Heroes
* My Dream Day
* My Favorite Doll
* On the Move
* Video Art Activity Cartridge

## References

* 1 2 "Video art electronic system". 1986-10-30. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
* 1 2 "The LJN Video Art System Review - Gamester81". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
* 1 2 LLC, New York Media. New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
* 1 2 "1987 LJN Video Art commercial". Retrieved 3 December 2020.
* 1 2 "Video Art by LJN Toys Ltd – The Video Game Kraken". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "LJN Video Art". Wikipedia. 2021-04-07. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
* ↑ "Edward L. Gussin, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Nintendo of America, Inc., Defendant-appellee, 62 F.3d 1433 (Fed. Cir. 1995)". Justia Law. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
* ↑ "The Story of Mario Paint | Gaming Historian". Retrieved 18 May 2021.
* ↑ "好きなゲームをクソゲーと言われ悔しくて作家デビューした人物の“ゲームSF小説”を読み解く、そこにはゲームレビューの可能性が秘められていた" (in ja). IGN Japan. 9 July 2017. https://jp.ign.com/videogamewithnoname/15365/feature/sf.
* ↑ Schellenberg, Kathryn. Computers in Society. Dushkin. ISBN 978-0-87967-727-5. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Kasey the Kinderbot
## History
### Launch

Software cartridges for Kasey the Kinderbot were being released by 2002.
The system was nominated for, but did not win, Educational Toy of the Year 2002 by the Toy Association.
A version of the system was launched in 2004.

### Legacy

Software for some Kasey the Kinderbot was discontinued by 2005. Support for the system itself was discontinued by 2006.

## Technology

While rarely described as a console, the system accepted cartridges, allowing it to load a number of educational games.

## References

* 1 2 "Kasey the Kinderbot™ Software Cartridge Science: Living Things". m.service.mattel.com. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
* ↑ "2002 TOTY Winners". The Toy Association. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
* 1 2 "Mattel and Fisher-Price Customer Center". service.mattel.com. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
* ↑ "Electronic toy:Kasey the Kinderbot Software Cartridges - Fisher-Price". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
# History of video games/Platforms/Kitronik GameZip 64
## History
### Launch

The Kitronik Game Zip 64 is a handheld gaming device released around 2018 as an add on to the educational BBC MicroBit computer.
A 10 pack kit of the console and accessories was made for classroom use. A more compact and cost reduced version of the console without a built in LED matrix display was also made.

### Legacy

Many of the design decisions used on the Game Zip 64 would be reused by the later Kitronik Arcade handheld, released on October 30th, 2019.

## Technology
### BBC Micro Bit

The console is compatible both versions one or two of the BBC MicroBit. The Microbit effectively acts as both the storage medium and the computer, similar too many second generation home game consoles, though unlike those consoles, the Microbit can be reprogrammed.

### Hardware

The console contains its own multicolor 64 LED display, which is arranged in an matrix 8 LEDs wide by 8 LEDs high. Because the Micro Bit also has it's own LED matrix, the microbit effectively acts as a secondary display, similar to the Nintendo DS line of handhelds.
The 3 AA batteries also act as grips for holding the console.
The console was manufactured in the United Kingdom.

## Case Colors

Several optional laser cut perspex covers were manufactured in the United Kingdom for use with the system. These came in at least four styles.
* Clear
* Orange
* Blue
* Green

## Gallery

* The Kitronik GameZip 64 without a BBC Micro installed.
* Joypad detail.
* A round buzzer is used to create simple sounds.
* Haptic feedback is created by a motor spinning an intentionally unbalanced weight.
* The console rear, with 3 AA batteries installed.
* Expansion pins are included on the board.
* A BBC Micro Bit.

## References

* 1 2 ":GAME ZIP 64 for the BBC micro:bit - Kitronik".
* ↑ "Kitronik :GAME ZIP 64 for the BBC micro:bit Classroom Pack". Kitronik Ltd. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
* ↑ "Kitronik :GAME Controller for micro:bit". Kitronik Ltd. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
* ↑ "ARCADE for MakeCode Arcade Quick Overview". Retrieved 28 January 2021.
* 1 2 3 "Kitronik :GAME ZIP 64 for the BBC micro:bit". Kitronik Ltd. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
* ↑ Price, Chris (22 January 2018). "Kitronik's :GAME ZIP 64 allows gamers to code retro games like Snake and Pong!". Tech Digest. https://www.techdigest.tv/2018/01/kitroniks-game-zip-64-allows-gamers-to-code-retro-games-like-snake-and-pong.html.
* ↑ Atwell, Cabe (March 26th, 2019). "Top Accessories and Add-Ons for the BBC Micro:Bit Microcontroller". https://www.eetimes.com/top-accessories-and-add-ons-for-the-bbc-microbit-microcontroller/.
* 1 2 "Kitronik :GAME ZIP 64 Laser cut cover - Clear". Kitronik Ltd. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
* 1 2 "Kitronik :GAME ZIP 64 Laser cut cover - Orange". Kitronik Ltd. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
* 1 2 "Kitronik :GAME ZIP 64 Laser cut cover - Blue". Kitronik Ltd. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
* 1 2 "Kitronik :GAME ZIP 64 Laser cut cover - Green". Kitronik Ltd. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
# History of video games/Platforms/Kittenbot MeowBit
## History

The system was announced by March 30th, 2019. By April 15th, 2019 the system had launched. The system cost between $34.90 and $39.90 at launch, depending on the retailer. At launch much of the documentation was written in the Chinese language.

## Technology

The Kittenbot MeowBit uses a STM32F401RET6 microcontroller, containing an ARM Cortex M4 architecture processor. The system has 2 megabytes of SPI Flash storage. The system also has an SD card reader.
The console uses a 1.8" color TFT LCD with a resolution of 160 by 128 pixels. A simple buzzer is used for audio.
The system uses a MP6050 gyroscope for motion controls. The system also has a light sensor and a temperature sensor.
The system is powered by a 3.3 volt 500 milliamp hour capacity lithium chemistry battery.
The console is clad in casing made of silicone in either orange or baby blue colors. Notably the bottom of the console contains a BBC Micro:bit connector for expansion.

## References

* ↑ "Meet Meowbit: Programmable Retro Game Computer" (in en). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvIrioiKMw4.
* 1 2 3 4 5 "Kittenbot Meowbit Retro Game Console Features BBC Micro:bit Edge Connector". www.cnx-software.com. https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/04/15/kittenbot-meowbit-retro-game-console-bbc-microbit-edge-connector/.
* 1 2 3 4 5 "Kittenbot Meowbit: A Handheld Micro:bit-Based Codable Gaming Console" (in en). Hackster.io. https://www.hackster.io/news/kittenbot-meowbit-a-handheld-micro-bit-based-codable-gaming-console-846429f85bdb.
* ↑ "KittenBot Meowbit - Codable Console for MakeCode Arcade". www.adafruit.com. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
# History of video games/Platforms/Konami Picno
## History
### Original Picno

The first Konami Picno educational console was released in Japan in 1992 for ¥29,800 yen.

### Picno 2

The Picno 2 was launched in 1993 for ¥15,800 yen as a much cheaper followup console.

### Legacy

The Picno was discontinued around 1994.

## Technology

The Konami Picno uses a HD6435328F, a HN62334BP, a HM538121JP, a M514256B, and a custom chip.
The Picno uses a touchpad built into the system for most of it's input.

## Notable games

A small number of educational titles and simple games were released for the Konami Picno.

## References

* ↑ "ピクノ". Wikipedia (in Japanese). 25 May 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
* 1 2 "Picno by Konami – The Video Game Kraken". Retrieved 27 November 2020.
* ↑ "Picno2 by Konami – The Video Game Kraken". Retrieved 27 November 2020.
* ↑ "Dumping Blog: Pico or Picno or is it a new console?". Dumping Blog. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
* ↑ "The Lost History of The KONAMI Picno System - Rare Console History". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
* ↑ "mamedev/mame". GitHub. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
# LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Discrete Time/Transient Impulse Response Bound
## The System

Consider the single-input multi-output discrete-time LTI system with state-space realization ${\mathbf {x}}_{k+1}={\mathbf {A}}_{d}{\mathbf {x}}_{k}+{\mathbf {B}}_{d}u_{k}$, ${\mathbf {y}}_{k}={\mathbf {C}}_{d}{\mathbf {x}}_{k}$

## The Data

${\mathbf {A}}_{d}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, ${\mathbf {B}}_{d}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times 1}$, and ${\mathbf {C}}_{d}\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\times n}$, and it is assumed that ${\mathbf {A}}_{d}$ is invertible. Let ${\mathbf {z}}_{k}={\mathbf {C}}_{d}A_{d}^{k-1}B_{d}$. be the unit impulse response of the system. The Euclidian Norm of the impulse response satisfies the following LMI.

## The LMI

$\left\vert \left\vert z_{k}\right\Vert \right\vert _{2}\leq \gamma ,\forall k\in \mathbb {Z} _{\geq 0}$
if there exist ${\mathbf {P}}\in \mathbb {S} ^{n}$ and $\gamma \in \mathbb {R} _{>0}$ where ${\mathbf {P}}>0$, such that
${\begin{bmatrix}{\mathbf {P}}&{\mathbf {C}}_{d}^{T}\\*&\gamma {\mathbf {1}}\end{bmatrix}}\geq 0.$
${\begin{bmatrix}{\mathbf {P}}&{\mathbf {P}}A_{d}^{-1}B_{d}\\*&\gamma \end{bmatrix}}\geq 0.$
and $A_{d}^{T}PA_{d}-P\leq 0.$

## Implementation

This can be implemented in any LMI parser such as YALMIP which can implement a solver like Mosek to return a solution.

## Conclusion

By using this LMI the transient state bound can be analyzed for a given autonomous LTI system.

## Related Links

* LMIs in Control/Stability Analysis/Discrete Time/Transient Bound for Discrete-Time Non-Autonomous LTI Systems

## References

Caverly, Ryan; Forbes, James (2021). LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory.