OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Virtual Learning Environments/Virtual Learning Environments

Phillip Simmons - New Educational Technologies
Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)
According to wikipedia , a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a software system designed to facilitate teachers in the management of educational courses for their students, especially by helping teachers and learners with course administration. The system can often track the learners’ progress, which can be monitored by both teachers and learners. While often thought of as primarily tools for distance education, they are most often used to supplement face-to-face classroom.
The systems usually run on servers, displaying the course to students as internet pages. Typically, the systems contain templates for content pages, discussion forums, chat, quizzes and exercises.
A VLE, which nearly all make extensive use of computers and the internet, should comprise all the following elements:
* The syllabus for the course
* Administrative information including the location of sessions
* A notice board for up-to-date information
* Student registration and tracking facilities
* Basic teaching materials.
The principal functions needed from a comprehensive VLE include controlled access to curriculum that has been mapped to elements that can be separately assessed and recorded. Student activity and achievement should be able to be tracked against these elements using simple processes for course administration. This makes it possible for tutors to define and set up a course with accompanying materials and activities to direct, guide and monitor learner progress. There should be good communication between the learner, the tutor and other learning support specialists, providing direct support and feedback for learners, as well as peer group communications building a sense of group identity.
VLEs are becoming increasingly popular within Universities, thanks to the benefits offered. For instance, there are economies on the time of teaching staff, especially those involved in research and administration. VLEs ensure that quality control requirements are met by providing a standard vehicle for collecting the required information.
There are risks associated with the use of VLEs. As reported by The Learning Development Centre at Staffordshire University (http://www.staffs.ac.uk/COSE/cose10/posnan.html), relying on VLEs can sometimes result in a failure to engage properly with the learner, to mistake “interactivity” for engagement and to focus on content rather than outcomes. Some adopt a view of learning as an information delivery process, where the learner is seen as operating individually “for themselves”. When this view is upheld in the context of VLEs, it can lead to a genuine sense of isolation, ignoring the social aspects of effective learning.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_learning_environment accessed 13 March 2006.
http://www.staffs.ac.uk/COSE/cose10/posnan.html accessed 13 March 2006.
# Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Virtual Learning Environments/Virtual Classroom

Virtual classroom
“Virtual classroom it is an environment unlike the traditional classroom. In actual fact, the virtual classroom is wherever you and your computer happen to be. It could be in your room, in one of the University microcomputer labs, or at an isolated site far removed from the KSU campus. Your virtual class schedule is whatever time you want it to be” Virtual classroom provides a perfect environment for online training and gives a feel of being in the classroom itself. Virtual classroom integrates the best learning practices with the power of internet to provide a dynamic learning platform to the learner. The virtual classroom/e-learning has innumerable advantages and the most vital of which are the saving of time and cost, no interaction between teachers and students and no sense of peer pressure.
Of course, taking internet-based course at the pre-College/university level can have both pros and cons. Below will follow some of them that would make you decide if virtual learning is for you.
Positive aspects of virtual classroom/e-learning.
“Independence and time Management
Students who take courses online often sharpen their ability to work on their own, and they also expand experience in managing their time efficiently. With nobody to stand over them and make them work, virtual learners tend to develop these skills more rapidly than if they were to learn strictly in a traditional classroom.
Advanced and specialized classes
In many cases, small school and rural schools simply cannot offer advanced or specialized classes. Virtual education gives students the opportunity to gain experience in areas that would otherwise remain out of reach.
Emphasis on the written work
Strong writing skills are essential to success in secondary and higher education as well as in the workplace. Virtual learning/distance education teaches students to communicate more effectively through writing, because the questions they ask and the work they complete is based almost solely on the written word. Virtual learning clearly gives students the chance to widen writing skills.
Knotty aspects of virtual/distance education
Lack of face-to face interaction
Some educators dispute that both teacher-student and student-student contact are essential to the learning process, and online classes eradicate these elements of education altogether. Also, students who excel at class participation need to deem that this piece of the learning puzzle will be missing as well.
The need to self-start
Virtual education actually lets students make their own schedules. Those who have a hard time with self-motivation will undoubtedly have problem in this type of educational setting”
# Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Why use Technology in Education

This section will introduce some theories about learning and how they relate to technology.
* Behaviourism
* Cognitivism
* Constructivism
* Active Learning Theory
* Visual Learners
* Auditory Learners
* Multiple Intelligences
* Tactile-Kinesthetic Learners
* Linguistic Intelligence
* Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
* Spatial Intelligence
* Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence
* Musical Intelligence
* Interpersonal Intelligence
* Intrapersonal Intelligence
* Naturalist Intelligence

## See also

Contemporary Educational Psychology, especially Chapter 2, "The Learning Process" and Chapter 4, "Student Diversity", which discuss behaviorism and multiple intelligences, upon which most of the above table of contents is based.
# Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Why use Technology in Education/Active Learning Theory

Active Learning Theory Active Learning Theory
Active learning theory comes from “Constructivism” where learning is an active process of knowledge in which learners are active in their own learning. This may be participation in on line discussions through interaction with their peers and tutors. In this active process learners need to do something to make the necessary links between what has bee taught and how they store that knowledge and how the link is made to previous knowledge they have already learnt
Dewey in his book Experience and Education takes this concept further as he identifies that we learn actively through living and experiencing the knowledge we have learnt. We learn from touch feel seeing and hearing etc. and as this is part of living we are learning from being active and experiencing what we are learning
According to Ronald a Berk in his book “professors are from Mars Students are from Snickers” Mendota Press, the only way to get 100% retention of information is by “hearing seeing doing smelling feeling tasting inhaling injecting and purchasing on credit” Most of the time, in a typical classroom setting, students are involved only passively in learning, i.e., in listening to the instructor, looking at the occasional overhead or slide, and reading (when required) the text book. Research shows that such passive involvement generally leads to a limited retention of knowledge by students, as indicated in the 'cone of learning' shown below. The Cone of Learning
http://courses.science.fau.edu/~rjordan/active_learning.htm
Active Learning includes a range of teaching and learning activities. These strategies, supported by decades of classroom research, may be thought of as a continuum from low risk to high risk for both teachers and students. Such a continuum may include (but not be limited to) strategies such as some of the following: • involving students in well structured question and answer sessions in lecture classes • individual think and write exercises, such as the pause technique or one minute papers • pairing activities such as "think, pair, share" • interactive seminars • case studies
There may be some resistance to active learning by students who are accustomed to lectures, students who prefer passive learning, or students in large classes (who don't expect it). Thus, you need to prepare students. Explain your objectives and the benefits of the active learning techniques explicitly to students. Expect both successes and failures as you try active learning techniques. Solicit feedback on the activity afterwards from the students to improve it in the future. Some active learning techniques take little faculty preparation and may be done spontaneously; others require much more preparation. Kathleen McKinney, Cross Chair in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning and Professor of Sociology Illinois State University
# Game Creation with XNA/Basics/Game Loop
## Game Loop

Programming a game consoles (GC) is not quite the same as programming a regular PC. Whereas PC's have sophisticated operating systems such as Windows, Linux or Mac OS, on a game console we are much closer to the hardware. This has to do withe the special requirements of games. We must consider the following differences between PC’s and GC's:
* on a GC usually only one (multithreaded) program is running, thus there is no real OS
* on a GC raw graphics power is needed, but there is no GUI with windows and widgets
* a GC usually has no keyboard, console, sometimes not even a harddisk
Hence, you will find no classes with names like Window, Form, Button or TextBox. Instead you find classes with names such as Sprite, Texture2D and Vector3. We talk about Content Pipeline, Textures and Shaders.
Usually, programs for PC's are event driven, meaning the user clicks somewhere something happens. If the user doesn't click anywhere, nothing happens. On game consoles (GC) this is a little different. Here we often find the so-called Game Loop. For the Xbox 360, or rather the XNA framework, it consists of three methods:
* LoadContent
* Update( GameTime time )
* Draw( GameTime time )
LoadContent is called once at the start of the game to load images, sounds, textures, etc. Update is used for getting user input, updating the game state, handling AI and sound effects. Draw is called for displaying the game. (MVC Pattern). The Game Loop then consists of the two methods Update and Draw being called by the engine. They are not neccessarily called in sequence!
# Game Creation with XNA/Audio Sound/Introduction
## Introduction

Good sound is a crucial part in a successful game. For this you need to learn about XACT and about ways to creation sound and audio. Also finding free sounds is an important topic.
Sound is a wave form that travels through all types of terrestrial matter (solids, liquids and gases). Humans can hear sound as a result of these waves moving the ear drum, a membrane that, with the help of the middle ear, translates sound in to electrical signals. These signals are sent along nerves to the brain, where they are "heard". We most commonly hear sound waves that have traveled through the air. For example what we call thunder, is the shock wave of a lightning bolt; that is, when lightning strikes, it displaces the air around it sending sound waves in all directions. We can also hear sound in water and through solids. Because of their higher density, sound actually travels farther in these mediums than through the air. Sound, as we normally think of it, usually originates from some sort of movement or vibrating body.
The frequency of a sound wave, measured in Hertz (Hz), determines the pitch, or how high or low a sound is. It is the distance between peaks in a sound wave. Longer, low frequency wave forms (e.g. bass sounds) travel farther and can travel through different forms of matter more easily than high frequency sound waves. Whales use both high frequency sound waves, including ultrasound and low frequency sound, including infrasound. The loudest and lowest sounds they make, travel the farthest, up to hundreds of miles.
The amplitude or loudness of a sound wave, is measured in decibels (dB) which is a logarithmic scale. A jet engine is frequently said to be around 140 dB, while a blue whale call can be up to 188 dB. Due to the nature of the dB scale, these sounds are millions of times louder than a whisper.
Even very "simple" sounding tones, like that of a flute, are not perfect sine wave forms. Hardware and software based sound generators are able to create sine waves and other wave forms such as triangle (saw) or square waves. In general each perceived, or fundamental tone may have a series of overtones and harmonics.
# Game Creation with XNA/Authors
## Authors

This book is a class project, thus the original authors were students who participated in the class.

### List of Authors

Rplano;
# Game Creation with XNA/Audio Sound/Finding free Sounds
## Finding free Sounds

There are many sources of free sounds on the net. This chapter will show you where you can find which sounds and music, and which licences are the right licences for you. Important is also the help you may need as with respect to what kind of mood do you want to create. Or if you want to create some random sound or use musac (music that sucks).
Here are a few good sites with many audio samples:
http://www.freesound.org/searchText.php This site is good because, you can just search a keyword and listen free to any song.
http://www.soundjay.com/
http://www.pacdv.com/sounds/index.html
http://www.flashkit.com/soundfx/
http://www.partnersinrhyme.com/pir/PIRsfx.shtml
http://www.freesfx.co.uk/
http://www.soundescapestudios.com/Sound-category-pages/sound-effects-categories.htm
http://www.themotionmonkey.co.uk/free-resources/retro-arcade-sounds/

### Authors

to be edited by GG.
# English-Hanzi/Physics

Physics is a subject that studies about substance and energy.
物理 是 研究 物质 和 能量 的 学科。
# English-Hanzi/Piano

A piano is a musical instrument classified as a percussion instrument that is played by pressing keys on a keyboard.
钢琴是被分类为打击乐器的乐器，其通过按键盘上的键来演奏。
# English-Hanzi/Pesticide

Eating pesticide contaminated food can cause cancer and other diseases. It is recommended to wash the food thoroughly before cooking to reduce the pesticide in the food. Organic food is a good choice, it doesn't contain synthetic pesticide but may contain natural pesticide.
吃了 被 农药 污染 的 食物 会 引起 癌症 等 疾病。建议 在 烹饪 前 彻底 清洗 食物，以 减少 食物 中 的 农药。有机 食物 是 不错 的 选择，不含 合成 农药，但 可能 含有 天然 农药。
# English-Hanzi/Photon

Photon is a substance. It is a particle of the light.
光子 是 一种 物质。它 是 光 的 粒子。
# English-Hanzi/Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
哲学是关于存在，知识，价值，理性，思想和语言的一般和基本问题的研究。
# English-Hanzi/Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other things make food. It is a chemical process that uses sunlight to turn carbon dioxide into sugars the cell can use as energy. As well as plants, many kinds of algae, protists and bacteria use it to get food. Photosynthesis is very important for life on Earth. Most plants either directly or indirectly depend on it. The exception are certain organisms that directly get their energy from chemical reactions; these organisms are called chemoautotrophs.
光合作用 是 植物 和 其他 东西 制造 食物 的 过程。这 是 一个 化学 过程，利用 阳光 将 二氧化碳 转化 为 细胞 可以 用作 能源 的 糖。除了 植物，许多 藻类，原生生物 和 细菌 都 用 它 来 获取 食物。光合作用 对 地球 上 的 生命 非常 重要。大多数 植物 直接 或 间接地 依赖 于 它。除了 某些 直接 从 化学 反应 中 获取 能量 的 有机体 外，这些 有机体 被 称为 化学自养生物。
# English-Hanzi/Person

A person is an individual of humankind.
一个 人 是 人类 的 一个 个体。
# English-Hanzi/Petroleum

Special:search/petroleum prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/oil prefix:English-Hanzi/
Petroleum is an oil that is under the ground or the sea. It is used to produce petrol, kerosene , diesel, etc.
石油 是 一种 在 地下 或 海底 的 油。它 用于 生产 汽油，煤油，柴油 等。
# English-Hanzi/Pet

A pet is an animal that is kept by people for pleasure.
宠物 是 人们 为了 乐趣 而 饲养 的 动物。
# English-Hanzi/Phosphorus

Special:search/phosphorus prefix:English-Hanzi/
Phosphorus is a mineral in the body. It helps to keep the bones and teeth healthy. It also helps the body to get energy from food. Many foods are rich in phosphorus, such as wholegrains, dairy foods, fish, and meat. But too much phosphorus in the body can cause bone fracture.
磷 是 体内 一种 矿物质。它 帮助 保持 骨骼 和 牙齿 健康。它 也 帮助 身体 从 食物 中 得到 能量。许多 食物 富含 磷，如 全谷物，奶类 食物，鱼类，和 肉类。但是 体内 的 磷 太 多 会 导致 骨折。
# Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories/No Son of Mine
## Prerequisites

* Missions: Dead Meat
* Location: Cipriani Restaurant, St.Marks District, Portland

## Walkthrough

Giovanni Casa has stopped paying protection money to the Cipriani’s after Toni pictured him in the mission Snappy Dresser, so Ma tells Toni to sort the situation out.

## Reward

* $500
# Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories/Snappy Dresser
## Prerequisites

* Missions: Blow up 'Dolls'
* Location: Cipriani Restaurant, St.Marks District, Portland

## Walkthrough

You get to take a picture of a half-naked man, lucky you. Get in a car and drive to your hideout to get your camera. Then drive to Casa's shop in the middle of Chinatown. Follow him but don't get too close or you'll fail the mission. He'll pick up some girls a few blocks away and then he will head over to Callahan Point. You have 3 shots to get him and the two girls in the picture together. Casa is so ashamed. Take the pictures back to Ma and you complete the mission.

## Reward

* $100
* You get yelled at by your Ma!
# Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories/Story

The game takes place in Liberty City, 1998, before the events of Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto taking place in 2000 and 2001. You start out playing as Toni Cipriani, a made man and Capo for the Leone Mafia family last seen in Grand Theft Auto III, returns to the city after a period of "laying low", having killed a "made man" before to the approval of don Salvatore Leone. Upon arrival, however, he finds that the Leones have moved on with business and Toni's position as Capo was seized by another member. Starting again as a low ranking goon of Salvatore's mob, Toni must once again work his way back up to his former position as the second-in-command to the don. You, the player, will assume the role of Tony Cipriani upon arrival in Liberty City.
# Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories/Rampages
## Portland

* back alley opposite Paulie's Revue Bar.

## Staunton Island

(unknown)

## Shoreside Vale

(unknown)
# Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories/Slacker
## Prerequisites

* Mission: Home Sweet Home
* Location: Vincenzo's Place, Atlantic Quays, Portland

## Walkthrough

After the cutscene go to Saint Marks and talk to the dealer. He says hes sick, but you got to take him anyway. During the drive you figure out that the Sindaccos are dealing on Leone turf. Take him to Chinatown and you have done the mission.

## Reward

* $100
# Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories/Smash and Grab
## Prerequisites

* Missions: Slacker
* Location: Vincenzo's Place, Atlantic Quays, Portland

## Walkthrough

You have to rescue some Mafiosi from a messed up heist of a gas station. You need a 4-seater car and luckily there's a Kuruma right outside Vincenzos place. The life of the Mafiosi is a kind of time bar and if you get there too late then you fail the mission. Drive past the cops at the gas station which will give you an automatic 2-star wanted level. Pick them up and try not to get pulled out of your car and get busted while your doing this. Now you have a 3-star wanted level so try to get all the way over to the Pay-N-Spray. This is very hard because you will almost definitely have your tires popped. After you get sprayed just head back to Vincenzo's and drop them off.

## Tips

* Get a heavy duty but still fast car to do this.(A patriot would work well)
* If you could find a police bribe then you could make this mission much easier by tasking away the tire spikes
* You have more than enough time to trade your car for a new one in case you get banged up on the way, so there's no reason not to get in on top shape
* If you get in by rear, it's easier to leave and take the curve to the right as soon as the guys are in. Leaving quickly is the key.

## Reward

* $1000
# Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories/Snuff
## Prerequisites

* Missions: Dealing Revenge
* Location: Vincenzo's Place, Atlantic Quays, Portland

## Walkthrough

JD O'Toole wants to be on your side now so why not let him. You have to eliminate his bodyguards. Drive to Ammu-Nation and pick up the pistol that Vincenzo bought for you. Drive to the yellow marker in the construction site. Kill the first two guards that are in front of the tunnel. Then go through the tunnel and kill these two Sindacos too. Keep on going and kill JD's Sindacco bodyguard who is standing by a car. Pick up his phone as proof that you killed him. JD will call and tell you that he was watching you and that you can have that car. Just take the car to the Pay-N-Spray that is convieniently located right next to the construction sight and you have beaten the mission.

## Tips

* Kill the guard with the gun in the first set so you don't lose as much health
* Pick up the guns that the guards drop so you have more bullets
* The car that you get is a Hellenbach GT and probably is the fastest car you will have for a while so you should keep it

## Reward

* $1000
# Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories/Hot Wheels
## Prerequisites

* Missions: Smash and Grab
* Location: Vincenzo's Place, Atlantic Quays, Portland

## Walkthrough

You have to get a car stashed with drugs for Vincenzo. Drive to the car and get in it. Then you find out that Vinnie set you up and that you now have to get out of there. You can either drive to the lockup or to the Pay-N-Spray. Both of them are very far away so its your choice. Either way once you get to the lockup a conversation will ensue and now you know that that creep Vincenzo set you up. Make him pay for it and drive to the crusher. After you crushed it you have beaten the mission.

## Tips

* The choice between the Pay-N-Spray will probably determine the mission so if you are messing up try the other way
* If you get your tires popped then go to the Pay-N-Spray first because you got almost no chance if you try to skip going there

## Reward

* Nothing but you get rid of that creep Vinnie
# Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories/Outfits

There are 16 outfits in the game, once the unlocked from storyline missions and side missions wearing clothes from the game
| Clothes | Unlocked By |
| Casual Clothes | In The Beginning |
| Leone's Suit | Home Sweet Home |
| Overalls | The Portland Chainsaw Masquerade |
| Avenging Angel's Outfit | Fighteners |
| Chauffeur's Outfit | Rollercoaster Ride |
| Lawyer's Suit | Rough Justice |
| Tuxedo | A Date with Death |
| The King Jumpsuit | Story Complete |
| Cox Mascot Suit | Slash TV |
| Underwear | Unique Stunt Jump |
| Hero Garb | Avenging Angels in Shortside Vale |
| Dragon Jumpsuit | Crazy 69 |
| Antonio | Making Toni |
| Sweats | A Walk in the Park |
| Goodfella | Overdose of Trouble |
| Wiseguy | Shoot The Messenger |
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 28

Today in 1992 the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided in the Sega vs. Accolade case. The ruling allows the copying and reverse engineering of copyrighted code for legitimate reasons as fair use if it is necessary for finding out the (unprotectable) “ideas and functional elements” of a program code. It also helped to establish that functional principles of computer software cannot be protected by copyright law.
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