OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dog Care/Grooming

This is part of the Dog Care Wikibook.

## Bathing

Bathing is an important part of the overall grooming process.
Brushing is often recommended before bathing, to remove dead skin and loose hair. Human shampoos are generally not recommended, due to pH differences between humans and dogs.
Here are some general steps:
* Rinse the dog completely.
* Apply the shampoo on dog's back. Lather well. Repeat for belly, legs and tail.
** Short-haired dogs can be scrubbed in a circular pattern. It may be easier to wash medium-length haired with a back-and-forth motion; longer-haired dogs in the direction of hair growth.
** A washcloth can be used to wash the dog's sensitive head and face.
* Rinse again, holding the water with one hand as you work out the soap with another.
* Run your hand all along the dog to remove excess water. Squeeze longer hair to remove excess water.
* Towel-dry. Use a hair dryer on longer haired dogs, but use a very low heat setting because of the sensitivity of the dog's skin to heat.
Many use an indoor tub for dog bathing. For many home owners this can be burdensome, especially with large dogs. If you have an outside dog, chances are they may be particularly more dirty than an inside dog. Getting your large, dirty dog inside can be difficult and messy. You can always wash your dog outside with a water hose. It is important to be conscious of the outside temperature and the temperature of your outside faucet water.
It may be useful to purchase an elevated dog bath tub that brings the dog up to the level of the human, not vice versa. The ability to wash your dog without bending down or getting on your knees is not only convenient, but less stressful on your body. Many tubs also have straps to hold your dog inside the tub and prevent them from slipping and hurting themselves. A simple search for dog bath tub will reveal many providers of quality tubs especially for bathing your dog. They can also substitute for a grooming table.

### External Links

* Caring For Dogs
# Dog Care/Authors

If you wish to be formally listed as an author of Basic Dog Training, please sign your name below.
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Keep in mind, this information is needed only if you want to be credited formally as the author of this Wikibook and have your information correctly cited in any formal registration procedure for this Wikibook. Efforts to get this information put into the general user record of MediaWiki have met with huge resistance even on a voluntary basis, so this is the only forum for you to even put this sort of information out to the public. This information may also be needed for enforcement of copyright laws in the unfortunate situation where somebody copies this Wikibook contrary to the terms of the GFDL. An attempt to contact you would then be done to see if you would be willing to enforce your copyright for this Wikibook.
Anonymous authors include those who made edits without logging in as a user. While edits of this nature are appreciated, there is no way we can give attribution to any specific person unless they have created an account here.

## Authors

* Mk2337, Lubbock, TX, USA
# Dog Care/Choosing a veterinarian

* Check with friends or other dog owners. Asking around at a dog park or similar location could reveal a few local names to avoid.
* Reputable veterinarians should not complain if you want to know details about their education.
* A veterinarian's office should be able to give fees for vaccinations, office visits and other similar charges, and should at least be able to give an estimate for many other needs. Information like your dog's weight, reactions to kenneling/strangers/other dogs and eating habits may be required beforehand.
* Bring vaccination information with you until your veterinarian's office has it in their computer system. If travelling or otherwise using a new veterinarian, have at least a phone number for any office that might have previous records of your dog. Bring along any medications you are giving your dog, except for normal flea and tick or heartworm medications (though know precisely what brands and schedules you are using for those).
* Don't be afraid to ask questions. A reputable veterinarian will take the time to explain anything that confuses or worries you.
* Know what the problem is and educate yourself on possible diseases and injuries. See Signs and symptoms.
# Dog Care/Dental health
## Routine Care For a Healthy Dog

Routine care for a healthy dog includes brushing teeth, veterinary check ups and teeth cleaning. This helps avoid bad breath and infected gums.
# Dog Care/Obesity

Dog Care
Dogs, like people, can become overweight if they eat more calories than they burn through activity. And, just as obesity can cause health problems in humans, it can cause health problems in dogs, including early arthritis, heart problems, diabetes, and much more. Because dogs' lifespans are so short to begin with, allowing a dog to become obese can significantly shorten its life.
For purebred dogs, you can get an estimate of a healthy weight for the dog by reviewing the breed standards published for that breed. Typically, male dogs are slightly larger and therefore weigh slightly more than females of the same breed.
For all dogs, including mixed-breed dogs or purebred dogs whose height falls outside the breed standard, it is easy to determine whether it is of a healthy weight as follows:
There should not be deep indentations between ribs, or the dog needs more calories (more or higher quality dog food).
* By feeling along its back, you should be able to just barely feel the vertebrae in a dog's spine when you run your fingers along the back without pressing (or pressing just hard enough to feel through the fur of a dog with a thick coat).
* By looking down on the dog from above as the dog is standing. The dog's waistline should be thinner than its chest and hips. You should be able to feel the hip bones with a little fat overlying them. (Sharp hip bones means your do is too skinny.)
* By visual inspection from the side. For short-coated dogs, such as Boxers or Chihuahuas, you should be able to just barely see the light outline of the ribs through the coat, but they should not be obvious. In any dog, the abdomen should be tucked up instead of horizontal toward the rear.
Although all dogfoods include printed suggestions for serving sizes for dogs, you must adjust the serving size depending on the amount of exercise that the dog gets and how many other sources of calories the dog has, such as plentiful treats, table scraps after every meal, and so on. As a rule, dogs should have less than five percent of their diet in treats and table scraps and at least 95% quality commercial dog food. Many pet food labels exaggerate how much food your dog needs. Ask your veterinarian for a more reasonable suggestion, or feed just enough to keep your dog in good condition, as judged by the criteria above.
If you do feed table scraps, avoid grapes, raisins, and chocolate, which are highly poisonous to dogs. Never feed uncooked meat, as dogs are just as likely as humans to get food poisoning. (It is very difficult to make a homemade diet as complete as a commercial diet... dogs need to eat mostly dog food.)

## Additional information

* List of dog breeds for links to breed info, often with size and weight, and with links to breed standards
* Important information on the Menu Foods Dog and Cat food recall
# Dog Care/Debarking
## Introduction

"Debarking" a dog requires a veterinarian to enter the dog's trachea and modify its vocal cords. The procedure requires the use of a general anesthesia and involves punching or notching the dog's vocal chords to soften or significantly reduce his ability to bark. No procedure is without risk and debarking risks scarring and narrowing of the tracheal opening following the surgery, causing the dog difficulty in breathing. After the surgery, the dog sounds hoarse whenever it tries to bark, and it can not generate loud barks. Sometimes the bark will return to some extent due to a build up of scar on the vocal chord but the bark will never be as loud as before.

## Controversy

Debarking is a contentious issue within the dog community, even among experts and veterinarians. Some advocate debarking as a helpful last-resort for incessant barkers while others maintain the process is cruel and unnecessary. This surgery is considered unethical by some veterinarians who believe that the risk does not justify the benefit while others perform this surgery routinely for certain breeds.
As such, some jurisdictions have outlawed debarking. For instance, Section 6 of the German Animal Welfare Act forbids all deliberately damaging operations. Very few exceptions, such as livestock branding of horses, are granted, but mere cosmetic surgery is not allowed.

## Implications

It would be best for a potential dog owner to consider whether a loud animal is acceptable before adopting the dog, as some breeds are less likely to bark than others are. Most dogs can be trained to bark less in situations where it is inappropriate. Should debarking be considered after training has failed, locating a veterinarian that has extensive experience with the procedure is desirable to minimize the risks.
Dogs will be dogs and all dogs bark to some extent. On the other hand, neutered cats rarely make noises loud enough to disturb neighbors, and may be a better choice of pet if noise is unacceptable.
# Computational Chemistry/Data bases and modelling

Previous chapter - Chemical informatics

### This is a stub entry for databases

Examples of chemical databases are: CSD (the Cambridge Structural Database), ICSD (Inorganic Crystal Structure Data files), PDB (the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank), ELYS (Electrolyte Solutions Database), SPECINFO (IR and NMR Spectroscopy) and ACDRX (Fine Chemicals).
There are extensive organic synthesis data bases such as Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, Theilheimer Database, Chiras (Asymmetric Synthesis and SPG protecting group database.
Next Chapter - Macromolecular chemistry
# Computability and Complexity/Introduction

This book is intended as a guide to the topics of computability and complexity in theoretical computer science for the mid-level undergraduate student. It assumes a working knowledge of discrete math, and uses Perl for all example programs.
The emphasis of the work so far has been on formal languages, particularly the Chomsky hierarchy, and on the machines that correspond to that hierarchy. The major areas that need filling out are the section on reducibility, and the sections on time and space complexity. Adding more language classes outside the Chomsky hierarchy would also improve the formal languages section, and adding information about the pumping lemmas to the sections on Regular Languages and the Context Free Languages would improve those sections.
Table of Contents
References and Further Reading
Previous | Next
# References and Further Reading

[1] Chomsky, Noam. "On certain formal properties of grammars". Information and Control (2): 137-167, 1959.
[2] Sipser, Michael. Introduction to the Theory of Computation. Second Edition. Course Technology, 2005.
Further Reading:
Complexity Class on wikipedia
Formal Language on wikipedia
Chomsky Hierarchy on wikipedia
Computational Complexity Theory on wikipedia
Caltech's Complexity Zoo wiki
Previous | Next
# Computational Chemistry

This book has been started using the initial author's teaching notes from a defunct university postgraduate molecular modelling course and it is hoped it will evolve into something useful and disguise its roots as other authors hack at it.
It will hopefully differentiate itself from an encyclopedia by having a practical rather than reference standpoint and will include a collection of problems.

### Introduction

Computational chemistry covers a range of chemical applications such as quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, molecular modelling, molecular mechanics and chemical informatics. Chemical informatics involves very large databases and information retrieval and data mining. Quantum chemistry is heavy computation and hard mathematics. Molecular dynamics is also heavy computation with hard but classical Newtonian mathematics!
Computational chemists cannot get enough computer time to try and simulate chemical reality as the variety of molecules is infinite and there are a lot of molecules in even a tiny drop of water. However making your simulation match reality requires a complex model and interpreting the data from hours of computer time to yield useful knowledge is difficult.

## Contents

* Molecular mechanics
* Molecular dynamics
* Molecular quantum mechanics
* Semiempirical quantum chemistry
* Geometry optimization
* Applications of molecular quantum mechanics
* Applications of molecular modelling
* Chemical informatics
* Data bases and modelling
* Macromolecular chemistry
* Drug Design
* Continuum solvation models
* At the edge of Biology, Genomics and Proteomics
* Bibliography
# Computational Chemistry/At the edge of Biology, Genomics and Proteomics

Previous chapter - Continuum solvation models
The latest method of obtaining lead molecules for drug design involves using genome information to generate the virtual proteins and then generate inhibitors for the proteins by molecular mechanics / dynamics methods. The problem is there is often not enough knowledge of what the proteins coded for actually do. So far the computer programs can generate more lead molecules than can be sensibly tested by the traditional cell assay methods.
# Computational Chemistry/Drug Design

Previous chapter - Macromolecular chemistry

## Computer Aided Drug design
### Quantum Pharmacology

This area covers the use of electronic structure theories to de novo design of drugs, extraction of structure activity relationships and development of pharmacophores to rationalise the drug's mechanism. Computations, proteomics and genomics have advanced considerably since Richard's book and maybe new definitions are needed.
W. G. Richards, Quantum Pharmacology, (Butterworths,London,1977).

### QSAR

A lot of work goes into developing Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships. This can be done by regression analysis even where there is no adequate model of the active site of the process. Some examples are being extracted from literature which we have in the Chemistry Library, (much literatuire of relevance is in biological and pharmacological journals. Some QSAR work uses classic physical organic chemistry such as the Taft and Hammett equations, whereas in recent work all manner of unusual properties may be incorporated into a QSAR.
There is even interest in exotic artificial intelligence technologies such as neural nets. A new technique in this area is known as Support vector machines.
Hansch, C. and Leo, A. Exploring QSAR: ACS Professional Reference Book, (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC,1995).

### Neural Nets to Design Drugs

This is a comparatively new area of chemistry / chemo-informatics but it already has a classic textbook:
J. Zupan and J. Gasteiger, Neural Networks in Chemistry and Drug Design: An Introduction, 2nd Edition, Wiley, 1999, ISBN: 3-527-29779-0.

## Bibliography

* edited Andrew Vinter and Mark Gardner Molecular modelling and drug design, (Boca Raton:CRC Press,1994), ISBN 0849377722.
Next Chapter - Continuum solvation models
# Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook
## Introduction

This Casebook contains a set of case studies developed by students enrolled in the Emerging Technologies in Transportation course taught at George Mason University in the Schar School of Policy and Government and the Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering by Prof. Jonathan Gifford.

### About
## Cases
### 2022

* EV Charging
* Automated Ports
* Parking Management
* Airport Passenger Processing

### 2020

* Blockchain
* 3D Printing

### 2016

* Sharing of 5.9GHz Band
* Positive Train Control
* Electric Vehicle Battery Developments
* Transit Payment Technologies
* Commercial Vehicle Registration, Safety & Fleet Management
* Open Data in Transportation
# Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/Challenges

* The potential for counterfeiting and intellectual property theft or transgression—intentional or not—abound with 3D printing. It has already become challenging to efficiently protect innovation due to the speed and availability of technology today; securing a patent for something one has created is slow, and jeopardizes your ability to capitalize on it with so many other people out there working to solve problems and providing their solutions for free while you wait. For 3D printing, there are tens of thousands of designs, ready to print, for free, on pages like www.thingiverse.com.
* Other illegal goods and nefarious uses of the technology abound; as bioprinting comes online, technology advances, and hardware becomes cheaper, the opportunity and ability to create new illicit drugs, bioweapons, or hard-to-detect weapons like plastic firearms at the individual level increases. The technology has few limitations, and so there are nearly limitless ways an individual or small cell might use or abuse it.
* < Implementation: current uses of 3D Printing

# References
## References

* ↑ https://www.thingiverse.com/
* ↑ Joi Ito and Jeff Howe, “Whiplash: How to Survive our Faster Future”. Grand Central Publishing. December 2016.
* ↑ Joi Ito and Jeff Howe, “Whiplash: How to Survive our Faster Future”. Grand Central Publishing. December 2016.
* ↑ https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/31/us/3d-guns-downloaded-plans-states/index.html
# Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing/Future developments

| < Implementation: current uses of 3D Printing | - | - | - | Direct effects > |

## References

* ↑ https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/category/materials/advanced-polymers/
* ↑ https://www.lulzbot.com/learn/announcements/lulzbot-announces-3d-bioprinting-collaboration-fluidform
* ↑ https://www.lulzbot.com/learn/announcements/lulzbot-announces-3d-bioprinting-collaboration-fluidform
# Emerging Technologies in Transportation Casebook/3D Printing
## Introduction

This case study on 3D Printing and Transportation was written by Brendan Lyon and Marisa Migliore, graduate students studying Transportation Policy, Operations, and Logistics and Transportation Engineering. It was created for Dr. Jonathan Gifford's Emerging Technology, Transportation and Public Policy class in the George Mason University Schar School of Policy and Government. Topics covered include current and possible impacts of 3D Printing on transportation manufacturing, infrastructure and logistics, as well as the policy implications of these impacts.

## Table of Contents

Introduction
* What is 3D Printing? Software & Hardware
* Implementation: current uses of 3D Printing
* Future developments
Effects on transportation
* Direct effects
* Indirect effects
* Challenges
# Emerging Instructional Technology/Preface

This Emerging Instructional Technology book is the product of the students in the Emerging Instructional Technology course taught at the University of Northern Iowa in Fall of 2007. The Emerging Instructional Technologies was offered as an "experimental course" because this was the first semester that it was offered.
These topics were selected by teams and they created learning environments to introduce the rest of the class to the topic and its educational opportunities. Each team used a teaching method that incorporated its technology as well as providing an on-going learning process that began before the students attended on their assigned night and continued until after that evening as they completed and submitted their assignments.
Finally, each group compiled their research and experiences into research-based chapters for this book. You will notice that we have standardized the formats for each of the chapters. We have them divided into the Introduction and Background, Definitions, Ethics, Instructional Use, Conclusions and Recommendations, Examples/Case Studies, and References.
We would be interested in your feedback about our first venture into wikibooks. You can email me at zeitzuni.edu.
Dr. Leigh Zeitz Associate Professor University of Northern Iowa
# Basics of fine-art photography/Self-portrait

Self-portrait is an image by the author of himself, in this case with the help of a camera. Can be considered as a separate genre, or (more precisely) a subgenre of portrait photography.

## General information

The term self-portrait was originally conceived, refer to an artist's own portrait.
In relation to capturing oneself with a photographic apparatus, the word "selfie" has been relatively recently introduced, formed by the abbreviation of the term "self portrait" for a simplified pronunciation in colloquial speech.
However, if regarding to the work of artist, the concept of "self-portrait" indicates that the result belongs to art; “selfie” does not mean a work created as an art object (or with a claim to something creative), but is only an image of the owner of a camera or smartphone (tourist, vacationer, beachgoer, etc.) made by him with outstretched hand or using a special stick. Such photographs are created for commemorative (family) albums; publications in social networks; memories of tourist trips, vacations abroad and are not related to concept, the basics of which are covered in this textbook.

## Ways of implementation

In order to make an exposure-quality, artistically portrait of yourself, preparatory steps will be required. Initially, you need to decide on the idea: what your portrait will mean, for what purpose it is conceived. Take a look at some examples:
* Self-portrait made for the textbook "Hobo Tourism Journalism", where the author is depicted with a notebook, pen and backpack, and it's symbolic;
* A variant created in the genre of photoart to illustrate a literary miniature is a staged work corresponding to the text content.
* The sample of stylized self-portrait for the book "Afghan Prisoner": it is forbidden to take a pictures in places of detention, a self-portrait was made upon returning from the expedition and placed on the inside cover page

## Equipment

You can create a self-portrait using a tripod (if the camera is voluminous and heavy) or a clamp (if using a compact camera). It is easy to do without these accessories, following the example of the author, who is a supporter of hobo tourism (where lightweight equipment is used), for this you need to find a level support for the camera — a stump (in the forest), a parapet (in the city), a large stone or boulder (on sea ​​or ocean coast), then set the built-in timer to the maximum time and move away, taking the required position. Modern digital technology, unlike analog (film) cameras, allows you to make an unlimited number of takes, removing unsuccessful options.

## Gallery

* With a refrigerator under palm trees (Tonga) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
* In the wilds of Africa (Zambia) Photo taken on a Third creative trip to Africa
* Almost local (Kabul, Afghanistan) Photo taken on an Afghan expedition
* Peekaboo (Sumbawa Island, Indonesia) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* 5,000 won lunch (Suwon, South Korea) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania