OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of video games/Platforms/Amiga A500 Mini
## History

The Amiga A500 Mini was first announced in 2021.
In late 2021 a launch date of March 25th, 2022 for the Amiga A500 Mini was announced.

## References

* ↑ "Amiga A500 Mini Launches March 2022 With 25 Games" (in en-us). Kotaku. https://kotaku.com/amiga-a500-mini-launches-march-2022-with-25-games-1848240040.
* ↑ "Amiga A500 Mini Launches March 25 With 25 Bundled Games". https://www.pcmag.com/news/amiga-a500-mini-launches-march-25-with-25-bundled-games.
# History of video games/Platforms/AirConsole
## History
### Development

In 2015 N-Dream AG was founded. The Zurich, Switzerland based company goes on to develop the AirConsole.

### Market

In early 2020 AirConsole offered free access for two weeks during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2021 AirConsole entered a partnership with the company Xiaomi to include AirConsole on their Android TV television sets.

## Technology

AirConsole streams gameplay through a browser, and controllers through smartphones.

## Games

Games on AirConsole focused on offering local multiplayer.

## References

* 1 2 "N-Dream AG". N-Dream AG. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
* ↑ "AirConsole Is Giving Everyone Free Access to All of Their Video Games During Covid-19 Lockdowns". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
* ↑ "Xiaomi includes AirConsole cloud gaming on every Android™ TV device" (in en). www.prnewswire.com. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/xiaomi-includes-airconsole-cloud-gaming-on-every-android-tv-device-301237702.html.
* 1 2 "AirConsole - About". www.airconsole.com. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Amiga
## History
### Launch

The Commodore Amiga 1000 was launched in 1985 for $1,295.At the launch of the Amiga, artist Andy Warhol promoted the capabilities of the system for use in art.
The cost reduced low end Amiga 500 followed in 1987.

### Use by creatives

Many game developer studios such as Psygnosis and Sensible Software got their start developing games for the Amiga. To keep publishers updated before the proliferation of the internet, Amiga Developer Krister Karlsson recounted sending VHS tapes and floppy disks to his publisher in the mail.
Other developers used the audio and graphical capabilities of the Amiga to develop games for other platforms. Junichi Masuda used an Amiga when creating the music for Pokémon Gold and Silver.

## Technology

Specs are for the Amiga 1000. Following models had different specs.

### Compute

The Amiga 1000 is powered by the 16 bit Motorola 68000 clocked at 7.14 megahertz.
The Amiga 1000 has 256 kilobytes of RAM by default.

### Software

Amiga computers ran the Amiga Workbench operating system, with Amiga Workbench 1.0 released in October 1985 with powerful multitasking and graphical capabilities.

## Gallery

* An Amiga 500 system.
* An Amiga 600
* An Amiga 1000 system.
* An Amiga 1200 system.
* An Amiga 3000 computer.
* An Amiga 4000T system.

## References

* ↑ Comen, Evan. "Check out how much a computer cost the year you were born". USA TODAY. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
* ↑ McCormick, Rich (24 April 2014). "Andy Warhol's Amiga computer art found 30 years later". The Verge. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "Commodore Amiga 500 Personal Computer". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "I'll Never Love a Computer Like I Loved the Commodore Amiga". www.vice.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "Making a game in 1993". www.gamasutra.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "HIDDEN POWER of masuda". web.archive.org. 23 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* 1 2 "Commodore Amiga 1000 computer". oldcomputers.net. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* 1 2 "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "History of AmigaOS". AmigaOS. 28 May 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
* ↑ "AmigaOS far ahead of its contemporaries from 1985 until 1990". GenerationAmiga.com. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Amiga CD32
## History

The Amiga CD32 was preceded by the unsuccessful Commodore CDTV.
The Amiga CD32 was launched in 1993. The CD32 sold decently at launch. The CD32 was met with cautious optimism and skepticism of a future for the system by some reviewers at launch.
The system was unable to be launched in the USA due to a legal issue, which further reduced the ability of the CD32 to gain a significant marketshare.
The production of the Amiga CD32 was cut short in April 1994 when Commodore went bankrupt.

## Technology
### Compute

The Amiga CD32 is based on the Amiga 1200, and uses a Motorola 68020 CPU and 2 megabytes of RAM. The CPU is clocked at 14.18 megahertz in PAL regions, and 14.32 megahertz in NTSC regions.

## Gallery
### Console

* This CD32 was made in the Philippines in February, 1994.
* Expansion port
* Controller ports
* The controller plug close up.

### Controller

* The directional pad is a circular disk with small bumps in the cardinal directions.
* Oriented to media, the left shoulder button is marked reverse, the start button play and pause, and the right shoulder button fast forwards.
* Each face button has a different color, and is marked with a logo above or below the button on the body plastic.
* The spartan controller underside notes that it was made in China, and is dotted with Phillips head screws.

### Motherboard

* The Spellbound Rev 3 motherboard top, densely packed with components from a number of different manufacturers.
* The bottom of the motherboard sports long traces.

## References

* 1 2 "Commodore Amiga CD32 (1993 - 1994)". Museum of Obsolete Media. 5 April 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
* ↑ "Idiots Guide To Consoles - Amiga CD32Retro Domination". 25 July 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
* ↑ "Amiga CD32 - A Special Preview From Overseas". www.gamezero.com. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
* ↑ "The Amiga CD32 Reviewed". www.amigareport.com. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
* ↑ "Commodore – Montreal Video Game Museum". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
* ↑ Adams, Kara Jane (19 September 2020). "Commodore Amiga CD32". Medium. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
* ↑ Blanchard, Jonn (12 December 2017). "Amiga CD32". Re-enthused: world of retro. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Action Gamemaster
## History
### Development

The Action Gamemaster was a vaporware handheld system developed by Active Enterprises of Miami, Florida. The company was famous for developing the Cheetahman IP and the Action 52 game multipack.
The system was announced by January 5th, 1993.
The system was shown at the CES 1994 trade show.

### Legacy

While contemporary sources seemed warm to the device, later sources are skeptical that the console as advertised was technically feasible. The mid to late 2000's would see handhelds capable of playing NES, SNES, and Genesis games via emulation or hardware clone chips, realizing the stated capabilities of the Gamemaster, though not its ambitious goals of playing current generation home console games on a portable device.

## Technology
### Compute

The console was simply said to be "16-bit". This provides little real technical information, though it does show the importance of the label during the "Bit wars" of the era. A more meaningful indication of the compute power of the system is found in the stated capabilities of the system, which would put it on par with, or superior to, common home consoles of the time. Portable consoles able to match the capabilities of the SNES or Genesis would not find widespread popularity till around the end of the 1990s or early 2000s.

### Display

The LCD screen used by the console was 3.2 inches (8.1 cm). At the time this would have been a comparatively large display for a portable console.

### Expandability

The device was said to have supported add ons such as an external CD-ROM drive, TV tuner, and car power adapter. While other contemporary portable systems could be found with support for car adapters or even TV tuners, the ability for a external CD-ROM drive to be used with a portable console was far more unusual and distinctive.

## Games

The device was said to run its own games, as well as NES, SNES, and Genesis games via adaptors.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 "VIDEO DESIGNER PACKS IN THE GAMES" (in en). Sun Sentinel. https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1993-01-05-9301010856-story.html.
* ↑ Possibly before this date, but definitely by this date.
* ↑ Smith, Ernie (13 December 2016). "The Video Game That Promised to Contain 52 Video Games And Failed Miserably" (in en). Atlas Obscura. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-video-game-that-promised-to-contain-52-video-games-and-failed-miserably.
* 1 2 "Active Enterprises exposed". www.atarihq.com. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
* 1 2 3 "Active Enterprises Action Gamemaster Console Information" (in en). Console Database. https://www.consoledatabase.com/consoleinfo/actiongamemaster/.
* ↑ "The top 15 vaporware products of all time - PC World Australia". www.pcworld.idg.com.au. https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/214642/top_15_vaporware_products_all_time/?pp=3.
* ↑ Such as the adapter for the Atari Lynx or the Sega Game Gear
* ↑ TurboVision for the NEC TurboExpress or the tuner for the Sega Game Gear
# Horticulture/Cultivation for Disease Control

Cultivating for disease control requiress a thorough knowledge of the target pathogen, since cultivation can cause more harm than good when certain pathogens are involved. In many cases, the upper layer of soil or mulch should simply be removed, and disposed of carefully.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Horticulture/Cucumber

Cucumber :
| Type: | Fruit |
| Light requirements: | Full |
| Water requirements: | Considerable |
| Soil requirements: | Rich |
| Propagation: | By seed only |
| Pest issues: | Cucumber Beetles |
| Disease issues: | Powdery Mildew, Cucumber Mosaic Virus |
Cucumbers are plants in the melon family, which are grown for their fruits picked well before maturity. While they are technically fruits (berries), they are commonly referred to as vegetables.

## Description

Cucumbers are a vining plant that is generally grown on "hills" or on trellises. Numerous varieties are available, falling into two main groups: namely the pickling types and the slicing types.
Some cucumbers (including many "Asian" varieties) are quite long, and require trellising to achieve straight fruits.

## Growing Conditions

Cucumbers need full sun, a rich soil, and plenty of water. As vining plants, they require either plenty of room for sprawling, or trellises to grow up on.

## Planting

Planted in rows, hills, or on trellises.

### Hill planting

Hills are placed 5 ft apart, diameter about 2 ft. Plant 5-6 cucumber seeds or transplants to each hill.
Hills can be made from either rich soils or composts.

### Row planting
## Maintenance

* Use row covers for varieties susceptible to cucumber beetle.
* Ensure adequate irrigation.
* Pick fruits regularly to encourage further production.
* Bury nodes to encourage further rooting.

## Propagation

By seed only.

## Pests and Diseases
### Fungal Diseases

Powdery Mildew

### Viral diseases

Cucumber mosaic virus, vectored by the cucumber beetle.

### Arthropod Pests

Cucumber beetles
# Horticulture/Corydalis ochroleuca

White Corydalis :
| Binomial: | Corydalis ochroleuca |
| Family: | Fumariaceae |
| Type: | herbaceous perennial |
Corydalis ochroleuca is a low, mound-forming perennial grown for its long season of producing showy white flowers and clean, fine-textured foliage.
# Horticulture/Cucumis

Melons and Cucumbers :
| Genus: | Cucumis |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Type: | Tendrilling vines |
Cucumis is a genus of plants which includes the cucumbers, melons, and gherkins. They are almost exclusively grown as food crops.

## Description

Green, hairy vines with tendrils and palmate leaves. Flowers are yellow and unisexual.

## Growing conditions

Moist but well-drained and fertile soils, full sun. Vines are often trained to grow on trellises or wires.

## Pests and diseases

Bacterial Wilt
Powdery Mildew:
* Erisyphe cichoracearum
* Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Cucurbit Downy Mildew:
* Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Cucumber Scab:
* Cladosporium cucumerinum
Blights:
* Phytophthora capsici
* Sclerotium rolfsii
Mosaic
* Cucumber Mosaic Virus
Aphids
* Melon Aphid: Aphis gossypii
Whiteflies
* Greenhouse Whitefly: Trialeurodes vaporariorum
* Silverleaf Whitefly:Bemisia argentifolii
Bugs
* Tarnished Plant Bug: Lygus lineolaris
* Fourlined Plant Bug: Poecilocapsus lineatus
Thrips
* Melon Thrips: Thrips palmi
* Onion Thrips: Thrips tabaci
* Western Flower Thrips: Frankliniella occidentalis
Maggots
* American Serpentine Leafminer: Liriomyza trifolii
* Pea Leafminer: Liriomyza huidobrensis
* Seedcorn Maggot: Delia platura
* Vegetable Leafminer: Liriomyza sativae
Beetles
* Western Striped Cucumber Beetle: Acalymma trivittata
* Striped Cucumber Beetle: Acalymma vittata
* Spotted Cucumber Beetle: Diabrotica duodecimipuncta
* Western Spotted Cucumber Beetle: Diabrotica undecimipunctata
* Banded Cucumber Beetle: Diabrotica balteata
* Dusky Sap Beetle: Carpophilus lugubri
* Fourspotted Sap Beetle: Glischrochilus quadrisignatus
* Hop Flea Beetle: Psyllioides punctata
* Pale Striped Flea Beetle: Systena blanda
Caterpillars
* Granulate Cutworm: Agrostis subterranea
* Melonworm: Diaphania hyalinata
* Pickleworm: Diaphania nitidalis
* Southern Armyworm: Spodoptera eridania
* Western Corn Rootworm: Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
Mites
* Broad Mite: Polyphagotarsonemus latus
* Two-spotted Spider Mite: Tetranychus urticae

## References

* P. D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core (1977). Flora of West Virginia (Second ed.). Seneca Books, Grantsville, W. Virginia. p. 904.
* Staff of the L. H. Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press. p. 342.
* Cranshaw, Whitney (2004). Garden Insects of North America: The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs. Princeton University Press. p. 590.
* Pippa Greenwood, Andrew Halstead, A.R. Chase, Daniel Gilrein (2000). American Horticultural Society Pests & Diseases: The Complete Guide to Preventing, Identifying, and Treating Plant Problems (First Edition ed.). Dorling Kindersley (DK) Publishing, inc. p. 121. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Horticulture/Corylopsis

Winter hazels :
| Genus: | Corylopsis |
| Family: | Hamamelidaceae |
| Type: | shrub |
Corylopsis is a genus of nearly 30 species of shrubs in the witch hazel family, Hamamelidaceae, native to eastern Asia with the majority of species endemic in China but with some also in Japan, Korea, and the Himalaya.

## Description

They grow to 2–6 m tall, and often with a crown wider than tall. The leaves are ovate with an acute apex and a serrated margin, 4–20 cm long and 3–15 cm broad. The flowers are produced in late winter in pendulous racemes 3–9 cm long with 5-30 flowers; each flower has five pale yellow petals, 4–9 mm long. The fruit is a dry capsule 10–12 mm long, containing two glossy black seeds.

## Varieties
### Selected species

    Native to China unless otherwise indicated
| Corylopsis alnifolia Corylopsis brevistyla Corylopsis glabrescens (Japan, Korea) Corylopsis glandulifera Corylopsis glaucescens Corylopsis griffithii (Himalaya) Corylopsis henryi Corylopsis himalayana (Himalaya) Corylopsis microcarpa Corylopsis multiflora Corylopsis obovata Corylopsis omeiensis | Corylopsis pauciflora (Japan, Taiwan) Corylopsis platypetala Corylopsis rotundifolia Corylopsis sinensis Corylopsis spicata (Japan) Corylopsis stelligera Corylopsis trabeculosa Corylopsis veitchiana Corylopsis velutina Corylopsis willmottiae Corylopsis yui Corylopsis yunnanensis |

## Uses

They are often grown in gardens for their very early, yellow flowers. They do have weak branches though, which are often damaged by heavy snow loads. Corylopsis prefers to grow in semi-shade or shade, protected from strong winds. It grows best on humus-rich soils. The sweetly scented flowering branches keep well in a vase. Corylopsis also makes good bonsai plants, especially C. pauciflora.

## References

* Flora of China: Corylopsis
# Horticulture/Cotinus coggygria

European Smoketree :
| Binomial: | Cotinus coggygria |
The Eurasian smoketree or smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria, syn. Rhus cotinus) is native to a large area from southern Europe, east across central Asia and the Himalaya to northern China.

## Description

It is a multiple-branching shrub growing to 5–7 m tall with an open, spreading, irregular habit, only rarely forming a small tree. The leaves are 3–8 cm long, rounded oval, green with a waxy glaucous sheen. The autumn colour can be strikingly varied, from peach and yellow to scarlet. The flowers are numerous, produced in large inflorescences 15–30 cm long; each flower 5–10 mm diameter, with five pale yellow petals. Most of the flowers in each inflorescence abort, elongating into yellowish-pink to pinkish-purple feathery plumes, which surround the small (2–3 mm) drupaceous fruit that develop.

## Uses

It is commonly grown as an ornamental plant, with several cultivars available. Many of these have been selected for purple foliage and flowers.
# Horticulture/Creating a Woodland Lawn

This chapter deals with the process of creating a lawn space in a woodland area for an entertainment space.

## Before you decide to make a woodland lawn space

* Wait one full year to see what kinds of wildflowers and other plants may already be present.
* Determine if there are any problem invasive plants on the site.
* Select trees to keep and trees to remove.
* If any heavy work is going to be done nearby that will require equipment to be moved across the site, it might be better to do that before installing the lawn, which might get ruined by this equipment.
* If permanent access will be required for trucks, tractors, etc., make sure to plan for this, and define roadways if necessary.

## Getting ready

* Remove any trees and shrubs that are not part of the envisioned design
* Remove stumps and large rocks (some stumps can be left in if cut to ground level).
* Fill in any holes with good soil

## Dealing with pre-existing herbaceous plants

* If using herbicide, spray.
* If not using herbicide, keep the area mowed low for a while before planting seed.

## Tilling

* Till
* Pick out rocks and roots
* Smooth out
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 2/MCS-022 Operating System Concepts and Networking Management

* June 2006
* December 2006
* June 2007
* December 2007
* June 2008
* December 2008
* June 2009
* December 2009
* June 2010
* December 2010
* June 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 2/MCS-021 Data and File Structures

* June 2006
* December 2006
* June 2007
* /December 2007 /
* June 2008
* December 2008
* June 2009
* December 2009
* June 2010
* December 2010
* June 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 3/MCS-031 Design and Analysis of Algorithms/December 2013

Solved question papers
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 2/MCS-023 Introduction to Database Management Systems

* June 2006
* December 2006
* June 2007
* December 2007
* June 2008
* December 2008
* June 2009
* December 2009
* June 2010
* December 2010
* June 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 3

* MCS-031 Design and Analysis of Algorithms
* MCS-032 Object Oriented Analysis and Design
* MCS-033 Advanced Discrete Mathematics
* MCS-034 Software Engineering
* MCS-035 Accountancy and Financial Management
* MCSL-036 Lab (based on MCS-032, 034 and 035)
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 3/MCS-031 Design and Analysis of Algorithms

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
* December 2011
* june 2012
* December 2012
* june 2013
* December 2013
* june 2014
* December 2014
* june 2015
* December 2015
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 3/MCS-031 Design and Analysis of Algorithms/December 2009

1. (a) (i) Write Euclid’s Algorithm to find GCD of two positive integers.
Ans. GCD(n,m),if n>m GCD (m,n) = m,if n=0 GCD(n,MOD(M,N),oterwise
(ii) Differentiate between ‘problem’ and ‘instance’ with an example each.
Ans. A computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance. The input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance. and should not be confused with the problem itself. In computational complexity theory. A problem refers to the abstract question to be solved In contrast. An instance of this problem. For example. Consider the problem of primality testing. The instance is a number and the solution is “yes” if the number is prime and “no” otherwise. Alternately. the instance is a particular input to the problem, and the solution is the output corresponding to the given input.
To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance. consider the following example.
Problem of multiplying two positive integers.
There is a general solution to the problem of multiplying two positive integers. We say that (912,2436)is an instance of this problem.
However, multiplying – 12 by 8745 is not an instance of the above problem as -12 is a negative number.
# IB Environmental Systems and Societies/Nature of pollution

Major Points of Pollution
Point Source Pollution
# IB Environmental Systems and Societies/Topic 1: Systems and models
#### 1.1. Systems and Models

It is essential that the systems approach is used throughout this course. This approach identifies the elements of the systems, and examines the relationships and processes that link these elements into a functioning entity. This topic may be best viewed therefore as a theme to be used in the delivery of the other topics, rather than as an isolated teaching topic. The topic identifies some of the underlying principles that can be applied to living systems, from the level of the individual up to that of the whole biosphere. It would therefore be helpful to describe and analyse the systems addressed in the terms laid out in this topic (wherever possible). The systems approach also emphasizes the similarities between environmental systems, biological systems and artificial entities such as transport and communication systems. This approach stresses that there are concepts, techniques and terms that can be transferred from one discipline (such as ecology) to another (such as engineering).