OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Operations Strategy
## Table of Contents

* Preface
* Acknowledgments and Contributions
* What is operations strategy?
       Operations strategy
       Operations strategy and operations management
       Approaches to operations management
       Perspectives on operations management
       Understanding the market
       Further readings
       Notes on this chapter
* Levels of operations strategy
       Fit
       Sustainability
       Risk
* JIT
* Maintenance strategy
* Aggregate planning
* Notes
* Index
# Operations Strategy/What is operations strategy?/Operations strategy
## Operations strategy

Companies and organizations making products and delivering, be it for profit or not for profit, rely on a handful of processes to get their products manufactured properly and delivered on time. Each of the process acts as an operation for the company. To the company this is essential. That is why managers find operations management more appealing. We begin this section by looking at what operations actually are. Operations strategy is to provide an overall direction that serves the framework for carrying out all the organization's functions.

### Understanding operations

Have you ever imagined a car without a gear or the steering wheel? Whilst, what remains of an utmost importance to you is to drive the locomotive from one location to another for whatever purpose you wish, but can only be made possible with each and every part of the car working together and attached.
Organisations behave in the same manner. The company has an ultimate goal of delivering goods to a client, but the processes of designing, manufacturing, analyzing and then finally being delivered are the driving forces for the company's success. All these chunks of works processes that collectively define a bigger purpose, the operations for that particular organisation. The more effective these processes or operations would be, the more productive and profitable the business would be.
1- Corporate Strategy: - Environmental scanning. - Developing core competencies. - Developing core processes. - Global strategies. 2- Market Analysis. 3- Operations Strategy: - Operations strategy implements corporate strategy.

### A formal definition

According to Slack and Lewis, operations strategy holds the following definition:
Operations strategy is the tool that helps to define the methods of producing goods or a service offered to the customer
In this section that follows, we'd be performing a surgery of the given definition in order to know what operations strategy actually means.
# Operations Strategy/Preface
## Preface
### What does the book aim?

The aim of this book is to provide readers with significant knowledge about the concept of strategy sphering around processes or the day-to-day operations a company undergoes to provide its clients with a product or service, be it a profit generating or a non-profit generating organization. With case studies and analysis of current business trends, the book provides the reader with an activity-based approach to management and related trends.
The content of this book tends to:
* Be inspired by business studies oriented graduate school level coursework and books. References are provided where necessary.
* Be practical and contains issue dealt with in original scenarios. It contains examples of actual operations in various companies and researches by students at various universities.
* Deal with the more broader subject of Functional and Manufacturing strategy at times to illustrate the boundary within which Operations strategy resides.

### Whom is this book meant for?

This book is currently undergoing development and at this phase serves no good a purpose. But, at the turn of its completion, the book promises to be helpful for business school students at any level. This book is set at a slightly higher level for most undergraduate students. Though, as more books come into the WikiBooks portal, recommended prerequisites will be linked to this page.
# Operations Strategy/Overview
## What is operations strategy?
### Introduction

To look at what operations strategy is, we would break the word into the two separate forming words: operations and strategy. Both these words act as antitheses to the other, see Slack and Lewis(2002). Where operations deals with the functions and procedures involved in the day-to-day processes of manufacturing goods and products, strategy deals with the direction and scope of an organisation over a long period of time on how they deliver to their clients. It turns out that the name itself holds information about the broad subject that tends to bind together routine process management, i.e., operations managements with a foresight of things forming up way ahead in the future.
In this chapter, we will focus on providing the reader with a proper definition of operations strategy and the difference between operations strategy and operations management. Furthermore, we will also shed light on how the market tends to stear the strategic focus of operations. At the end of this chapter, the user would have significant knowledge of:
* What operations strategy is?
* What the difference between operations strategy and operations management is?
* How markets govern the strategic focus of operations?
* How operations strategy helps a market mature and evolve?

### Topics we'd be covering

* Operations strategy: working on a definition
* Difference between operations strategy and operations management
* Approaches towards operations strategy

## References

* Slack, N. and Lewis, M., Operations strategy, ISBN 0273637819, 2002, Prentice Hall: Harlow, Essex, p.3.
# Operations Strategy/JIT

JIT (Just in Time) production concepts originated with the Japanese. JIT is a philosophy focusing on the elimination of waste in and management or production system. This waste can be in any form, waste materials, wasted effort, lost time though inefficient processes, etc.. One area where waste is eliminated is in the movement of work in process in a manufacturing system where material is pulled through by demand from the next step in the process, thus production is limited to the needs of the next step or internal customer in the system. The technique called KANBAN is run by using a series of signals which tell production when to reorder inventory. This historically can be as simple as a product missing from the shelf or an empty container or can be signalled by use of a card or indicator.
JIT was first developed by Toyota, but is now in used in most manufacturing industry.
# Operations Strategy/Levels of operations strategy/Fit

Throughout this text, we have been putting operations strategy to test based on the reconcilliation between the operations resources and market requirements. While operations resources and processes are what's comprising of a company's internals, the market requirements are what makes up the shell. To find an alignment between the two is called strategic fit. Let's dive into the aphotic depths of what fit actually is.
# Operations Strategy/What is operations strategy?/Understanding the market
## Market requirements and operations strategy

From what we've studied in the previous sections, we have come to establish a fact that operations, of whatever kind, are influenced by two major factors, the resources for the operations and the market requirements.
Authors like Slack call the market perspective on the operation strategy as 'outside-in' where the outside influence tends to tailor the overall strategy of the operations from within.
If one is tempted to tailor needs in the operations to match a certain market's requirements, they need to study the market first in order to match the company's marketing efforts. Such decisiveness is called market segmentation.
# Operations Research/Transportation and Assignment Problem

The Transportation and Assignment problems deal with assigning sources and jobs to destinations and machines. We will discuss the transportation problem first.
Suppose a company has m factories where it manufactures its product and n outlets from where the product is sold. Transporting the product from a factory to an outlet costs some money which depends on several factors and varies for each choice of factory and outlet. The total amount of the product a particular factory makes is fixed and so is the total amount a particular outlet can store. The problem is to decide how much of the product should be supplied from each factory to each outlet so that the total cost is minimum.
Let us consider an example.
Suppose an auto company has three plants in cities A, B and C and two major distribution centers in D and E. The capacities of the three plants during the next quarter are 1000, 1500 and 1200 cars. The quarterly demands of the two distribution centers are 2300 and 1400 cars. The transportation costs (which depend on the mileage, transport company etc) between the plants and the distribution centers is as follows:
| Cost Table | Dist Center D | Dist Center E |
| Plant A | 80 | 215 |
| Plant B | 100 | 108 |
| Plant C | 102 | 68 |
Which plant should supply how many cars to which outlet so that the total cost is minimum?
The problem can be formulated as a LP model:
Let $x_{ij}$ be the number of cars to be shipped from source i to destination j. Then our objective is to minimize the total cost which is $80x_{11}+215x_{12}+100x_{21}+108x_{22}+102x_{31}+68x_{32}$. The constraints are the ones imposed by the number of cars to be transported from each plant and the number each center can absorb.
The whole model is:
Minimize z = $80x_{11}+215x_{12}+100x_{21}+108x_{22}+102x_{31}+68x_{32}$
subject to,
$x_{11}+x_{12}=1000$;
$x_{21}+x_{22}=1500$;
$x_{31}+x_{32}=1200$;
$x_{11}+x_{21}+x_{31}=2300$;
$x_{12}+x_{22}+x_{32}=1400$;
$x_{ij}\geq 0$ and integer, i = 1,2,3, j = 1,2.
The problem can now be solved using the simplex method. A convenient procedure is discussed in the next section.
# Operations Strategy/Acknowledgments and Contributions

Authors working on this book should include their details on this page.
# Parallel Computing and Computer Clusters/Feature Set
## Redundancy and failover

High availability

### Redundant tasks

How do you know the task worked correctly?

### Task failover

How to determine whether a task has failed
# Parallel Computing and Computer Clusters/Overview
## Overview of the subject matter

As mentioned in the Introduction, both parallel computing and computing clusters have a heavy overlap in their subject matter.

### Parallel Computing

Parallel computing is an ambiguous term covering two distinct areas of computing: designing single machines with many processors (hardware parallel computing) and designing software to split complex scenarios into manageable chunks (software parallel computing).

### Parallel Computer

A parallel computer is one which has been designed and houses multiple MPUs each of which can work independently of its peers. Many modern PCs are capable of housing two CPUs and an individual CPU can house multiple cores each of which can work independently of the others - both are examples of a computer which can perform multiple tasks in parallel. Note that a single-CPU, single-core machine running a multi-tasking operating system (such as MS Windows or one of the various flavours of Unix/Linux) is not running in parallel but is instead running many small chunks of tasks serially: the software is parallelised but the hardware is not.

### Parallel Software

When designing software to work on a large data set it is often possible to split the data set into multiple smaller subsets without affecting the goal of the work as a whole. For example, to retrieve all of the static web pages on an individual server, it is possible to retrieve each one individually without affecting the end result and the chunks of the data set can therefore be performed in parallel. Once the data has been successfully determined to be split then the software can be designed in a way to allow individual CPUs to work on the smaller chunks & thus many CPUs can work in parallel on many different chunks.

### Computer Clusters

Computer clusters are a network made up of multiple individual machines to work towards or provide a common theme or aim. For example, a simple search engine could be comprised of a pair of machines: one machine to retrieve and index the data and one machine to provide a front end for people to access the indexes. In this manner, the cluster is formed of multiple different tasks, but are seen to be a single entity by those utilising the cluster.
Many clusters are set up to work towards the same common goal, working on similar data sets in similar manners. In this form of scenario the cluster is computing in parallel and thus the divide between Parallel Computing and Computer Clusters becomes unclear.
# Parallel Computing and Computer Clusters

Parallel computing and computer clusters are two separate subjects. However, there is a very large cross over between the two which would make for large quantities of duplicated material should they be described separately.
The aim of this book is to provide a solid foundation for understanding all aspects of both parallel computing and computing clusters. It will begin by providing an overview of both of the terms used in the book's title and then breaking down existing hardware and software practices to see how they fit into the overall picture. The text will continue on to describe common features of parallel computing & computer clusters in their basic forms - sometimes they are features not readily associated with the field such as the task scheduling in everyday operating systems. To conclude the book aims to cover common uses for the technologies and provide some examples.

## Table of Contents

* Overview
* Micro Processor Units
* Memory
* Software
* Theory
* Feature Set
* The End Result
* Example Technologies

## Contributors

* Barthax
# Parallel Computing and Computer Clusters/Example Technologies
## Example Technologies
### Clustered MySQL

... and many more...
# Parallel Computing and Computer Clusters/The End Result
## The end result

What reason is the set up required?
What future aims should be encompassed?
# Movie Making Manual/Transferring large files over the Internet
## If you have multiple people downloading a file

The easiest way to transfer a large file (and my interpretation of large is >50GB) would be to use BitTorrent and use your computer as a seed for the file, put a link to the seed on a free webspace provider (GeoCities, MySpace, etc.) and then communicate to the recipient where to find the link. A high speed connection would be a definite requirement, attempting this with a dial-up connection would take approximately 121 days. On a good cable connection, it would take around twenty-four hours.
Another possibility is the use of a P2P network, such as KaZaA, iMesh, or Morpheus. You could host the file, and give it a cryptic name, such as a series of numbers. Give the numbers to the recipient and have them search for it. Once their program finds your file, it will allow the recipient to download it.

## Sending a large file to just a few people

The above methods will not help for transferring one file to only one or two people. In that case you have to just put it up on a (hidden) web url and just send the recipient the link to the file. Be sure that this url is not linked from other web pages or you may have search engines and webcrawlers downloading your file.
Generally, e-mail servers will not accept files larger than ten megabytes.
But if you have very huge files like 1GB , 10GB, 1000GB files, you can use 123Go v3.0 which is found on dorotheus.com, to transfer single file upto 16000GB. That's incredible. This program is in fact a next-generation file transfer program. You can even resume the large file transfer at your own time.

### Your own FTP server

* Wikipedia article on FTP
You could also run a free FTP server on your computer and ask your collaborators to connect to your FTP server. There are free servers for both Windows and Linux. If you're running Linux then give pureFTPd a go - it's very simple to setup. Don't forget to unblock port 21 on your firewall and/or router. If your're running Windows, FileZilla produces an ftp server.

### Your own SSH server

SSH is a secure and fast way to send files (and commands to a Linux shell).
* WikiPedia article on SSH
It's pretty easy to setup an SSH server on a Linux system. Almost all Linux systems have SSHd installed. First you have to log in as root, then add a new user with "useradd -m jack" then give the user a password "passwd jack". If you're using a router or a firewall then you'll have to open port 22.
It is worth noting that the encryption offered by SSH could be considered an unnecessary CPU overhead. However, there are compression features offered by SSH, so your choice to use FTP or SSH should be made based on the speed of the hardware on both ends of the line.
# Movie Making Manual/Windows in film production
## Tools
### Scriptwriting

* Final Draft Industry pick
* Celtx (free)
* OpenOffice.org Scriptwriting Macro Free-Can do with Industry
* Script Genie for MS Word for Windows
* MM Screenwriter Industry pick # 2
* Sophocles Screenwriting Software
* ScriptMaker (free)
* Slang Story development (free)

### Budgeting

* GnuCash
* MM Budgeting
* OpenOffice.org Calc (Spreadsheet)
* Excel
* Access

### Scheduling

* MM Scheduling
* Sunfrog Film Scheduling
* Company Move (Industry pick)
* Celtx (free)

### Storyboarding

* Illustrator
* FrameForge 3D-Industry Pick
* Karbon14 (Free)
* Storyboard Tools (shareware)
* Springboard (free-most popular)
* Power Productions Industry Pick # 2
* Celtx (free)

### Editing

* Avid Media Composer Industry Pick
* Adobe Premiere Pro Industry Pick # 2
* Vegas Pro (formerly Sony Vegas)
* Hitfilm (free express edition available)
* Lightworks (free)
* Jahshaka (free)

### File conversion tools

* ffmpeg
* virtual dub (free)
* SUPER © (free)

### Animation

* Adobe After Effects Industry Pick
* Maya Industry Pick # 2
* Autodesk 3DS Max Industry Pick #3
* Lightworks (free)
* Cinema 4D
* Blender (free)
* Jahshaka (free)
* Anim8or (free)

### Compositing

* Adobe After Effects Industry Pick
* Hitfilm (free express edition also available)
* Jahshaka (Free)

### Monitoring and Measuring Exposure

* Serious Magic DVRack
* Canon's Console
* Avid Mojo

### DVD Authoring

* Adobe Encore (Encore is no longer in active development. Encore CS6 was the last version released.)
* Adobe Premiere
* TMPGEnc DVD Author
* DVD-lab

### Audio Editing

* Avid Pro Tools Industry Pick
* Adobe Audition
* Steinberg Nuendo
* Audacity (free)

## Getting help

Software is often complex and has a steep learning curve. For ways of getting help online, take a look at the online resources page for links to forums and tutorials online.
# Movie Making Manual/Work Experience
## Work on Real Motion Pictures

Start by becoming a PA on student films and Troma films. See Backstage West for LA.

## What do you learn as a production assistant?

Here are articles written by former Production Assistants:
* A Few Things I Learned From My First Experience As A Television Production Assistant
* Television production assistant in close-up
Please add {{alphabetical}} only to book title pages.
# Movie Making Manual/To Do

Little things to be getting on with:

## Technical and layout

* Go through each page and make sure we're cross-linking properly. For example, make sure that the writing page has a link through to the software section and vice-versa.
* Find other wikibooks which relate to the MMM (e.g. photography, sound recording etc).

## Spreading the word

* Link to our wikibook from as many websites as possible to nudge up our Google ranking (but don't go overboard - we don't want to be blacklisted!)
* Encourage people from on- and off-line filmmaking communities to contribute to the MMM

## WikiPedia

* Go through the MMM and make as many links as possible to WikiPedia
* Go through the filmmaking content on WikiPedia and - where appropriate - add a link to the MMM

## Content

* Keep hacking away at creating new content.
* More pictures! Film makers like visuals. (but make sure the pictures are not copyrighted)

## Cinematography

* Change all the entries in the Table of Cameras to be like the Genesis camera entry
* Create a template camera page
* Write a brief how-to-edit-this-table in the table
* Edit the links from the "format" section of the "table of cameras" to point to the correct part of table of formats.
# Broadband TV

* WWI TV - huge list of TV streams on the Internet
# Movie Making Manual/Why Make a Music Video

There are several reasons why it is a good idea to make a music video.
For the Band:
* To give your band exposure- a music video is one of the best ways to publicize a band, as it would no doubt be passed on by many people. The music video is not limited geographically, through the internet many people from around the world can view it. The music video does not cost in time, as once it is made the band does not have to perform again for every single audience.
* To convey your visual style, giving people an incentive to see you perform live.
* Experience- Performing in a music video gives the band/singer experience in performing elaborate and complex moves in exact sequence. While performing on a music video the band/singer doesn't have to perform live, and they/he can get feedback from the fans on how well they perform. The singer/band can then later repeat the moves they did on the music video on stage live, knowing exactly what moves the audience would love.
For the Crew:
It is short
# Movie Making Manual/Why Make a Short

Short films are often used as the starting place for new filmmakers, but others use them as an art form unto themselves, allowing the filmmaker far more creative control than he or she would have over a feature. However, for those wanting to make a feature, it is commonly considered that one should make shorts first. Why is this?
Filmmaking is a skill that can only be learned by practice. Diving into your first feature before learning your craft on shorts would be like driving your Dad's expensive sports car on the motorway before you'd had any lessons on quiet back-roads. There has never been an easier time to make a short film. Everyone owns or knows someone with a video camera.

## Advantages of shorts over features

* Lower cost
* Less time commitment
* Can take bigger risks
* Good practice for filmmaking skills (almost all directors have made short films at one time or another)
* You can basically do anything you want - there are no censorship restrictions for short films (since there's no real market for them), and you don't need to tell a story in under ten minutes. You can just have an insane barrage of jokes and gags if you wish.

## Disadvantages of shorts

* You'll never make your money back. It's rare to make any money at all from your short.

## What do you get (possibly)?

* Publicity if you do well
* Networking
* Experience
* Fun (very important)

### Publicity and Networking

The first two are maybes. Keep in mind that there are a lot of shorts out there. Don't expect them to come beating down your door just because you made something witty.

### Experience

It is tough to start out big, and if you do, you can fall flat on your face (and the creditors can become your worst enemies). But, it helps to just try to get out there and shoot something. Taking a look at the outcome of a short piece can teach you a lot about yourself and what you need to improve (and maybe whether you are in the right industry).

### Fun  :)

A short can be done with a bunch of friends in a week(end), or just some student actors. It can be shot with a cheap few hundred dollar handheld, and you can try out all kinds of things that you might feel a bit nervous about on a bigger budget film. You can take it easy and experiment. It can just be fun. If it isn't fun for you, well perhaps it is best that you only made a short.