OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nepali

Nepali is a language primarily spoken in the country of Nepal, parts of NorthEast India, Bhutan and a few parts of Myanmar.

## About This Book

* This book is mainly to introduce some Nepali words or to give some initial background in learning Nepali .
* This book is mainly for those who are already familiar with Devanagari script as Nepali words have been used.
* This book assumes that you have no previous knowledge of any Nepali words but at least some familiarity with the Devanagari script.

## Contents

* Greetings
* Relations
* Questions
* Animals
* Plants
* Daily conversation
# Nepali/Greetings

This course welcomes you. And in next few pages you will be learning some nepalese words. So it would be Namaste so our first word :

## 1

Namaste = नमस्ते "(na-mas-tey)" or, you can also use Namaskar which is common as well in Nepal. Namaskar =नमस्कार "(na-mas-kar)" . So if you are seeing someone whom you haven't seen from a long time you may want to ask how they are. You can say [San-tsa-i hu-nun-ts'ha=सन्चै हुनुहुन्छ ? or[Aa-ra-mai hu-nun-ts'ha] आरामै हुनुहुन्छ ? Both are used to ask thethe query ""Are you fine?""

## 2

In Nepali you can say Good Morning or Good Afternoon or Good Night accordingly. But , sometimes it is that your accent be difficult for people to understand. Otherwise it is OK. Generally not used or may be used by some people, you can say (Suu-bha pra-bhat=शुभ प्रभात ) for morning ; (su-bha sa-n-dhyaa= शुभ सन्ध्या) for good afternoon and (suu bha RaatRee= शुभ रात्री) for good night.
(As you see Pra-bhat=(प्रभात) can be boys' name and Sa-n-dhyaa=सन्ध्या has become common name for girls')
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Snidget
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Specialis Revelio
## Overview

Specialis Revelio is a charm used to reveal hidden ink.

## Extended Description

In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Hermione Granger uses it on the Half-Blood Prince's copy of Advanced Potion-Making.

## Analysis

It seems as if the first word of the spell, Specialis, does not need to be stated for the spell to be used.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Silencio
## Overview

Silencio is used to silence an object or a person.

## Extended Description

We see this charm being taught to the Trio in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Hermione is easily able to silence her raven; Harry and Ron have trouble with the toad they are supposed to be silencing, and are unable to silence Hermione's raven after they swap.
Later, Hermione silences a Death Eater who is calling out that he has found her, Harry, and Neville during the Battle at the Department of Mysteries.

## Analysis

There is some question as to whether this spell breaks the rule that defines Charms. According to the author, Charms are those spells which do not change the basic characteristic of an object. Transfiguration, therefore, is not a Charm as it involves changing objects into other objects, or making them vanish. And yet, the class where Silencio is being taught is Professor McGonagall's Transfiguration class. Does silencing a raven change its essential raven nature? If not, this spell should be taught by the Charms instructor, Professor Flitwick.
There is some thought that, in silencing the Death Eater at the Department of Mysteries, Hermione may be attempting to prevent his casting more spells. This does not, in fact work, as the silenced Death Eater is still able to cast a disabling spell on Hermione. Casting spells silently is a skill that starts to be taught in sixth year, and at the time, the Trio are in their fifth year of school.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Skrewt
## Overview

Blast-Ended Skrewts are creatures that look like deformed, shell-less lobsters, with no visible head, that periodically boost themselves forwards with an explosion in their tail.

## Extended Description

Hagrid has somehow secured several hundred of these creatures just after they hatch, and proposes to have Harry's class look after them as they grow. And they do grow through the course of the book, developing shells and bad tempers, though it seems that we never discover what exactly they eat, apart possibly from each other – though we started the year in early September with several hundred, by the end of October they have started killing each other (by Hallowe'en there are only twenty left, in individual boxes), and only three grow to maturity. Of these three, at least one is in the Third Task maze, where it is reportedly over six feet long. One of them evidently does not survive its time in the maze, as later Hagrid asks the Trio if they want to visit the two remaining Skrewts.
The Skrewts come in two varieties: one with an apparent stinger, which Hagrid presumes is male, and one with suckers which might be for sucking blood, which is presumed female.
They have caused many injuries to the students who look after them.
Rita Skeeter describes the Skrewts as "highly dangerous crosses between manticores and fire crabs."

## Analysis

It is difficult to say exactly what the purpose of Blast-Ended Skrewts is in our story. Largely they seem to be used to highlight the character differences between the Trio, who assist Hagrid in caring for these creatures even as they grow and become more dangerous, and the rest of the class, who cower in Hagrid's hut while Hagrid and the Trio round up escaped Skrewts. They are also used to show Hagrid's continuing child-like enthusiasm for the more dangerous of magical creatures. They provide some insight into the sorts of effort required to determine the characteristics of newly-discovered or newly-created magical species. On a smaller scale, they provide a hook which Rita Skeeter can use to schedule an interview with Hagrid, and also a dangerous creature for Harry to face in the Third Task maze. Of all of these, it seems that the illumination of character is the only one that can be considered useful to our story; Rita could have hung her interview request on pretty much anything Hagrid chose to do, and there were already large numbers of dangerous creatures available to the Tournament organizers.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Did Blast-Ended Skrewts actually exist as a species, or were they the result of cross-breeding by Hagrid alone (as Rita Skeeter seems to imply)?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Sphinx
## Overview

Prevalent enough that it has made it into Muggle folklore as well as being a Magical creature, the Sphinx is a creature with a human head on a feline body. In Muggle literature, it first appeared in ancient Egypt. It is intelligent and is very fond of puzzles.

## Extended Description

The only appearance of a Sphinx so far in the series is as one of the creatures guarding the Triwizard Cup in the maze that forms the Third Challenge in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The Sphinx poses a question that Harry must answer before he can proceed.
The same sphinx is mentioned again in passing in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. In discussion with the Muggle Prime Minister, Cornelius Fudge mentions that they had informed the Muggle government two years before when they had imported dangerous magical creatures into England for a Wizarding competition: three dragons and a Sphinx.

## Analysis

The Sphinx, though intelligent, is a disinterested party; one gets the idea that it is all the same to her whether the wizard gets by or not, but she has been given the job of setting a puzzle at that passageway, and she will carry out that job. This is identical to the way the Sphinx has behaved in Muggle mythology.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Snargaluff
## Overview

The Snargaluff is, in appearance, a wizened stump.

## Extended Description

When approached, the Snargaluff will throw out spiny branches with which it will attempt to beat those approaching it. By reaching into the opening through which these branches emerge, one can extract unpleasantly pulsating green pods, about the size of grapefruit, which in turn contain wriggling "tubers". Apart from Peeves dropping them on people's heads in the Battle of Hogwarts in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, no mention is made of their use.
When we first see this plant, Harry, Hermione, and Ron together are caring for a Snargaluff in their Herbology class. The co-operation necessary to harvest pods from the Snargaluff is used in part as a way to smooth over difficulties between Ron and Hermione at that point, and additionally the episode is used to show that Neville, who has harvested his first pod while the Trio are still putting on their protective gear, is quite adept at Herbology in general.
It is commented in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, that along with lesser magical plants like Gurdyroots and Dirigible Plums, Xenophilius Lovegood also has what appears to be a Snargaluff growing in his garden.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Sonorus
## Overview

Sonorus is a spell that is used by a wizard to make his voice louder, used when he needs to address a large gathering.

## Extended Description

The Sonorus spell is first seen used by Ludo Bagman when he is called upon to commentate the Quidditch World Cup. Having charmed his own voice, it then is loud enough to reach every one of the hundred thousand or so wizards in the stadium. When the game is finished, Ludo ends the spell by invoking Quietus.
Ludo uses this spell again when commentating the events in the Triwizard Tournament.

## Analysis

From a simple viewpoint of physics, one has to wonder about how this charm actually works. Specifically, if Quidditch matches are anything like football (soccer) matches, the fans will be loudly singing their team's songs, and so sound that would reach them would have to be extremely loud. Muggle stadiums have multiple sound sources, set up in the air well away from the spectators, so that they can be made arbitrarily loud without deafening anyone in particular. Yet Ludo is in the top box, along with all the dignitaries; sound loud enough to reach the cheap seats at the far ends of the pitch, over all the shouting that the fans are going to be doing, would have to be literally deafening to other occupants of the Top Box, and rendering the Minister for Magic deaf, along with the Minister's Bulgarian opposite number, cannot be good for any wizard's employment prospects. On that basis alone, it is most likely that the spell works partly by boosting the Charmed wizard's volume, and partly by selectively sensitizing the onlookers' ears to his voice, so that they hear him partly through the air, partly by direct mental impression. This would explain both the ability of Ludo's voice to reach the entire Quidditch World Cup stadium, and also be dimly audible to Harry while he is waiting to enter the arena for his First Task – in the latter case, Harry was not in the area where Ludo had chosen to make his voice audible, so could only hear the amplified audio portion.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Neuroscience/Neuroanatomy/The Brain

The brain is a rather unassuming organ. It's hard to believe that about two fist fulls of quivery, grayish-pink matter of a custard like consistency is the seat of consciousness and control for our bodies. In fact, the human brain is the most vital organ we possess, but also the most delicate.

## Regions and Organization

The brain has three main divisions based on function: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. These parts of the brain each carry out different functions in the grand symphony that is thought and action.
* The Cerebrum
* The Cerebellum
* The Brain Stem

## Resources

Glossary
# Neuroscience/Neurobiology of Disease/Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a complex illness of the human being. That is one of the illness of behavior with biological origin, not without psycho-social contributions. The complexity comes from a several face what could show this illness, with positive symptoms, or negative symptoms or, like most of the time, both. In definitions the positive symptoms are the presence of perceptual disorders, like different kind of hallucinations, delusions, and the negative symptoms are the absences of motivations, volitions, feelings. Most of the studies show that the principal cause of this illness is the low presence of dopamin in synapsis of the mesocortical tracts, which comes from the ventral tegmentum of thalamus, with relations of nucleus nigra. That cause the low function of frontal cortex, which cause the negative symptoms, and in same time the higher dopamin concentration in synapsis of the mesolimbical tracts, which cause the positive symptoms.
# Neuroscience/Preface
## What Is Neuroscience?

Neuroscience is the study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system. Its aim is to understand and predict things that have their roots in the nervous system, namely emotions, reflexes, choices and memory.

## Who Uses Neuroscience?

Many health care professionals require knowledge of the nervous system to performs their daily jobs. There are many diseases that originate in the nervous system, for instance Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Autism, and Multiple Sclerosis. In addition to normal health care professional, professional neurologists and psychologists require extensive knowledge of the nervous system in order to diagnose and treat various neurological disorders.
# Neuroscience/Neuroanatomy/The Brain/The Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the large, main part of the brain, which serves as the main thought and control center. It is the seat of 'higher level' thought, like emotions and decision making, as opposed to 'lower level' thought, like balance, movements, and reflexes.
The wrinkly, gray outer covering of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex, and is made up of layers of neurons with many, many inputs; these cortical neurons function like mini microprocessors or logic gates, and while the cortex is less than 1/4" thick, it is here that all sensation, perception, memory, association, thought, and voluntary physical actions occur.
The inside of the cerebrum beneath the cortex is comprised of white matter, which are myelinated neurons that carry information from one part of the brain to another.
The cerebrum is divided by the longitudinal fissure into a right hemisphere and a left hemisphere. These hemispheres each have their own unique 'persona', if you will. People who are described as being more 'right brained', are more intuitive, whereas people who are more 'left brained' are more logical. Each cerebral hemisphere perceives and controls the opposite side of the body.
The cerebrum is further divided into 5 separate lobes or regions, based upon what cranial bone is over the selected area, except for the Insula, which is cortical tissue buried beneath the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes.
* The Frontal Lobe
* The Temporal Lobe
* The Parietal Lobe
* The Occipital Lobe
* The Insula

## Resources

Glossary
# Neuroscience/Preface/Contributors

* NancyWilliam
* Dan AKA Jack
* PsychoFarm
* Marmadukenukem
* Osteveliam
* Armaun.sanayei
# Neuroscience/Neuroanatomy/The Brain/The Cerebellum

The cerebellum is a small, cauliflower shaped lump resting underneath the backside of the cerebrum. Its main function is to coordinate balance and fine motor movements.

## Resources

Glossary
# Neuroscience/Neurobiology of Disease
## Neurodegenerative Diseases

* Alzheimer disease

## Psychiatric Disorders

* Schizophrenia
# Linear Algebra/Homogeneous Systems

A homogeneous system of linear equations are linear equations of the form
$a_{11}x_{1}+a_{12}x_{2}+a_{13}x_{3}+\ldots +a_{1n}x_{n}=0$ $a_{21}x_{1}+a_{22}x_{2}+a_{23}x_{3}+\ldots +a_{2n}x_{n}=0$ $a_{31}x_{1}+a_{32}x_{2}+a_{33}x_{3}+\ldots +a_{3n}x_{n}=0$ $\vdots$ $a_{m1}x_{1}+a_{m2}x_{2}+a_{m3}x_{3}+\ldots +a_{mn}x_{n}=0$
The trivial solution is when all x$_n$ are equal to 0.
Consider the matrix of coefficients
$A=\left({\begin{matrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots &a_{1n}\\a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots &a_{2n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{m1}&a_{m2}&\cdots &a_{mn}\end{matrix}}\right)$
A linear combination of the columns of A where the sum is equal to the column of 0's is a solution to this homogeneous system. A solution where not all x$_n$ are equal to 0 happens when the columns are linearly dependent, which happens when the rank of A is less than the number of columns. However, if the rank is equal to the number of columns, then all the columns are linearly independent, so then the only solution is the trivial one.
# Linear Algebra/Homomorphisms

The definition of isomorphism has two conditions. In this section we will consider the second one, that the map must preserve the algebraic structure of the space. We will focus on this condition by studying maps that are required only to preserve structure; that is, maps that are not required to be correspondences.
Experience shows that this kind of map is tremendously useful in the study of vector spaces. For one thing, as we shall see in the second subsection below, while isomorphisms describe how spaces are the same, these maps describe how spaces can be thought of as alike.
# Linear Algebra/Hyperplanes

A hyperplane H is any subspace of R^n$<math>$</math> of dimension n-1. The orthogonal complement of H is a subspace of dimension 1 (i.e. a line through the origin). Assume H orthogonal is spanned by a vector v_1 then an equation of H is given by OP.v_1 = 0 where P is any point in H.
# Linear Algebra/Identity Matrix
## Identity Matrix

The identity matrix, with a size of n, is an n-by-n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It is commonly denoted as $I_{n}$, or simply by I if the size is immaterial or can be easily determined by the context.
    $I_{1}=[1]\quad I_{2}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}\quad I_{3}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}\quad I_{n}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&\cdots &0\\0&1&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&0&\cdots &1\end{bmatrix}}$
The most important property of the identity matrix is that, when multiplied by another matrix, A, the result will be A
    $AI_{n}=A\,$ and $I_{n}A=A\,$.
# Linear Algebra/Inner Product Spaces

Recall that in your study of vectors, we looked at an operation known as the dot product, and that if we have two vectors in R$^n$, we simply multiply the components together and sum them up. With the dot product, it becomes possible to introduce important new ideas like length and angle. The length of a vector,$\mathbf {a}$, is just $||\mathbf {a} ||={\sqrt {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {a} }}$. The angle between two vectors,$\mathbf {a}$ and $\mathbf {b}$, is related to the dot product by
$\cos {\theta }={\frac {\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} }{||\mathbf {a} ||||\mathbf {b} ||}}$
It turns out that only a few properties of the dot product are necessary to define similar ideas in vector spaces other than R$^n$, such as the spaces of $m\times n$ matrices, or polynomials. The more general operation that will take the place of the dot product in these other spaces is called the "inner product".

## The inner product

Say we have two vectors:
    $\mathbf {a} ={\begin{pmatrix}2\\1\\4\end{pmatrix}},\mathbf {b} ={\begin{pmatrix}6\\3\\0\end{pmatrix}}$
If we want to take their dot product, we would work as follows
    $\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} =a_{1}b_{1}+a_{2}b_{2}+a_{3}b_{3}=(2)(6)+(1)(3)+(4)(0)=15$
Because in this case multiplication is commutative, we then have a·b = b · a.
But then, we observe that
    $\mathbf {v} \cdot (\alpha \mathbf {a} +\beta \mathbf {b} )=\alpha \mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {a} +\beta \mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {b}$
much like the regular algebraic equality v(aA+bB)=avA+bvB. For regular dot products this is true since, for R$^3$, for example, one can expand both sides out to obtain
    ${\begin{matrix}(\alpha v_{1}a_{1}+\beta v_{1}b_{1})+(\alpha v_{2}a_{2}+\beta v_{2}b_{2})+(\alpha v_{2}a_{2}+\beta v_{2}b_{2})=\\(\alpha v_{1}a_{1}+\alpha v_{2}a_{2}+\alpha v_{3}a_{3})+(\beta v_{1}b_{1}+\beta v_{2}b_{2}+\beta v_{3}+b_{3})\end{matrix}}$
Finally, we can notice that v·v is always positive or greater than zero - checking this for R$^3$ gives this as
    $\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {v} =v_{1}^{2}+v_{2}^{2}+v_{3}^{2}$
which can never be less than zero since a real number squared is positive. Note that v·v = 0 if and only if v = 0.
In generalizing this sort of behaviour, we want to keep these three behaviours. We can then move on to a definition of a generalization of the dot product, which we call the inner product. An inner product of two vectors in some vector space V, written < x, y > is a function that maps V×V to R, which obeys the property that
* < x, y > = < y, x >
* < v, αa+βb > = α < v, a > + β < v, b >
* < a, a > ≥ 0, < a, a > = 0 iff a = 0.
The vector space V and some inner product together are known as an inner product space.
# Linear Algebra/Inner Product Length and Orthogonality
## Orthogonality
### Cauchy-Schwarz inequality

The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality states that the magnitude of the inner product of two vectors is less than or equal to the product of the vector norms, or: $|\langle x,y\rangle |\leq \|x\|\|y\|$.

### Definition

For any vectors $x$ and $y$ in an inner product space $V$, we say $x$ is orthogonal to $y$, and denote it by $x\bot y$, if $\langle x,y\rangle =0$.

### Applications
#### Linear least squares
#### How to orthogonalize a basis

Suppose to be on a vector space V with a scalar product (not necessarily positive-definite),
Problem: Construct an orthonormal basis of V starting by a random basis { v$_1$, ... }.
Solution: Gram-Schmidt for non isotropic vectors, otherwise choose v_i + v_j and reiterate.
# PSP/Accessories

* PSP GPS Antenna - Use your PSP as a big fat GPS!
* PSP Camera - Take pictures with your PSP!
* PSP AV Cable - Connect your PSP directly to your TV. PSP Slim only.
* PSP 1seg Digital TV Tuner - Watch TV from over the air using a PSP. Only works in Japan, with the PSP Slim.
* PSP Headphones with Remote Control - Crappy earphones and a crappy control. Cool.
# PSP/Current Events
## Current events

| Latest news | Latest homebrew releases |
| 2015/01/16 - In preparation for the remake of Brandish: The Dark Revenant, firmware 6.61 has been released for the PSP. 2014/10/31 - Davee announces to Wololo that he is developing a permanent CFW patch that will work on all PSP models. 2013/03/13 - Created a front page for the PSP Wikibook. | 2015/01/21 - In response to the release of firmware 6.61, Quikrazor updates ME/LME CFW to 6.61, and works with The Zett to update PRO CFW. 2014/12/14 PSP ME/LME Rev 2.3/10.3 released by Rahim-US. This adds full 64MB support on PSP games (2000/3000 only) .DAX format support, and PRO-Online support for ME. 2013/02/13: 6.60 PRO-C2 released by the PRO Team. |
| Edit | Edit |