OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General Engineering Introduction/Theory of Operation

A theory of operation is a description of how a device or system should work. It should be included in documentation, especially repair and maintenance documentation. It aids troubleshooting by helping to provide the troubleshooter with a mental model that will aid him or her in diagnosing the problem. It is not a tutorial, math model and is not detailed like a drawing.
Domain Name System (DNS) Theory of Operation
DNS uses a distributed database protocol to delegate control of domain name hierarchies among zones, each managed by a group of name servers. For example, www.cnn.com, is a computer or group of computers in the CNN.COM Zone of Authority (ZOA). CNN registers their zone with InterNIC. Today most people outsource their DNS services to a company. This company asks them for their server names and IP addresses. The DNS server outsource company then tells the root name servers to ask them about any CNN.COM addresses. And now anyone in the internet can find the current address of any CNN.COM computer.
Name servers contain pointers to higher name servers, in a domain naming hierarchy. Your computer gets a pair of DNS servers to query when connecting to the internet. When ever you type or click a URL, these DNS servers are asked to translate the URL into an IP address. Internet service providers can have several machines handling thousands of computers. Chances are that they have already answered the question and the answer is in their cache. If not, then the DNS server, on behalf of the client computer, will traverse the DNS hierarchy searching for the answer.
Imagine you are a leaf on a tree. You want to talk to another leaf, but only know its name, not where it is located. So an agent (on your behalf) goes down towards the trunk asking anyone if they know the destination name's address. If the agent gets to the trunk with no answer, the trunk says "I don't know" but I know the answer is up this branch. Then the agent begins climbing the branches, getting directions but not answers. Finally the agent arrives at the ZOA DNS computer and gets answer. At this point your computer can talk directly to the other without the tree being traversed.
We notice DNS problems when we lose internet connections. We notice pauses when we type in an unusual URL because we have to wait for the above process. When we ask again, the internet reponds quicker because either our computer or the internet service providers cache already knows the answer.
# General Genetics
## Contents

* Introduction
* Basics of Heredity
* Genetic Principles
** Dominant and Recessive Genes
** Mendelian Inheritance
** Non-Mendelian Genetics
* Molecular Genetics
** Genomes
** Chromosomes
** The DNA Molecule
*** The Discovery of the DNA Molecule
*** Structure of the DNA Molecule
** DNA Replication
*** DNA Replication in Prokaryotes: ''E. coli''
** Gene Expression
*** Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
*** Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
*** Transcription
*** RNA processing
**** Capping
**** Splicing
**** Polyadenylation
**** Editing
**** Nuclear Export
**** RNA surveillance
*** Translation
*** Regulation of Gene Expression
*** Gene Control of Proteins
** Recombinant DNA Cloning Technology
** Molecular Evolution
** Transposition
* Developmental Genetics
* Population Genetics
** Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
** Fisher-Wright Model
** Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
** Genetics, Ecology, and Modern Synthesis Theory
* Behavioral Genetics
* Quantitative Genetics
* Mutations and Evolution
* Diseases and Genes
** Linking Diseases with Associated Genes
** Genetic Predispositions for Diseases
** Case studies:
*** Cystic Fibrosis
*** Obesity and the Leptin Protein
*** Cancer
* Introduction to the Genetics of Viruses
* Pharmacogenetics
* Ethical Issues
** Reproductive Cloning
** Cloning for Research

## External links

* Roche Genetics Education Program
* Medical-Genetics.com

## Related books

* General Biology/Genetics
* Animal Behavior/Behavioral Genetics
* Animal Behavior/Population Genetics
* Handbook of Genetic Counseling
* Genes, Technology and Policy
* Genetic Information
# General Genetics/Basics of Heredity

Heredity is basically the passage of traits from a P ( parental) generation onto its offspring. Genetics is intimately related to reproduction and a knowledge of reproduction will facilitate your learning of genetics.

## Reproduction

Reproduction is continuation of life. What reproduction does is transmit the hereditary information found in all cells of an organism, namely DNA. There are 2 types of reproduction, asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction is the propagation of a single organism. That organism recreates itself and all its offspring are identical to it. Sexual reproduction promotes change and requires 2 organism to fuse gametes ( reproductive cells with genetic information) to create offspring that are different from their parents.
Genetic information is packaged into a unit known as a chromosome. A chromosome is made up mostly of DNA and proteins that make up its structure. Chromosome is a very general term. Humans have X shaped chromosomes, e. coli has a circular chromosome known as a plasmid. From these chromosomes and through DNA cells can construct an entire organism. It is a very efficient and elegant system that oversees the life of all organisms from tiny cells to humans.
In sexual reproduction, 2 organisms fuse gametes to make up the genetic information for their offspring. Examples of gametes are sperm and eggs. Gametes each contain half the genetic information their parents had. This means they are haploid ( haploid - half ploid) is represented by 1n. To be useful you need 2 gametes to fuse and a make a diploid ( di, two ploid) zygote ( 2n). From the zygote will be born the organism.

## Chromosomes

Chromosomes are the carriers of genetic information. Most mammalian organisms have an arrangement of diploid chromosomes. They exist in pairs, carrying homologous genetic information. That is they carry different versions of the same thing. Let's say there was a plant with only 1 pair of chromosomes. One chromosome has the allele for blue stem color and the other chromosome has an allele for green stem color (an allele is a subunit of a chromosome, its an alternate version of a gene -in this case stem color). In the end, only one of these alleles are expressed ( more on this later) but they are both present in this organism.
# Hobo tourism/Japan for free

Japan for free (ru. Япония даром) — a book by the Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, who visited several continents, practicing non-standard methods.
The booklet, in the genre of travel memoirs recounts a two-week bum tour through January Japan, detailing the author's adventures: moving around the country using the kiseru method, the first tried option of sleeping in a cemetery, the usual ways of international bum for staying overnight in halls and stairwells, staying at homes with locals as well as in Tokyo police, where the author found himself late at night, not anticipating such a turn of events.

## General information

* Year of publication: 2016.
* Number of pages: 31.
* Illustrations: the author.
* Color of illustrations: black and white.
* Language of publication: Russian.
* Genre: travel essays, road adventures.
* Topics: country studies.
* Continents: Asia.
* Style: artistic publicism.
* Designed: for a wide range of readers.
* Where published: Simferopol.
* Additional data: ISBN 978-5-9908234-1-9.

## Quote

   ... packed in the backpack a rusks and rolled oats, I sat down on the carpet in accordance with the oriental tradition (furniture is in short supply in Asia, so people sit on the floor) and stepping out into the yard, confidently walked forward: towards difficulties, street sleepovers, winter cold and other things, without which human life is like the existence of a mole.

## Gallery

* Evening Street, Okayama.
* The Todaiji Temple in Nara
* Tokyo Tower.
* Overnight near the lift in the lobby of the student dormitory, Kyoto.

## Links

* "Book presentation at a creative meeting with the author". simadm.ru (in Russian). Official website of the Simferopol City Administration. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
* "Edition card in the Russian State Library". search.rsl.ru (in Russian). РГБ. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
# HydroGeoSphere/Saturated Subsurface Flow

* Porous Medium
* Discrete Fractures
* Dual Continuum
* Wells
* Tile Drains
* Channel Flow
* Cutoff Walls
* Imported from FRACTRAN
# HydroGeoSphere/Relative Concentration as Primary Variable

The following instruction can be used to enable a density-dependent flow and transport solution. Note that the single species involved in the transport process is described by RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS.

## Density-dependent transport

* rhomax The maximum fluid density (which corresponds to the maximum solute concentration).
* toldens The minimum absolute difference in head and concentration for convergence of the non linear Picard loop.
* maxitdens The maximum number of iterations for the Picard loop. If the maximum number of iterations is reached without obtaining convergence, the time step is cut in half and the loop is started over.
* linear_rho_c A logical switch which determines how fluid density is calculated from relative concentration. If .TRUE, a linear relationship is used, otherwise nonlinear.
* cmax The maximum relative concentration, corresponding to the fluid with maximum density. This instruction proved to be especially useful to simulate the lab experiments by Oswald and Kinzelbach (2004), where the concentration of the fluid with maximum density is not 1.
Note that you must set up the problem with relative concentrations. Therefore, rhomax is the fluid density for a relative concentration equal to 1.
As an example:
In this case, the maximum density is 1200.0 kg/m$^3$, and the reference density is 1000 kg/m$^3$, the tolerance on absolute head and concentration change to terminate the non-linear loop is equal to 0.02, and the maximum number of non linear iterations is 100. A linear relationship between fluid density and concentration is used and the maximum relative concentration (associated with the maximum fluid density) is 1.0.
# HydroGeoSphere/Saturated Flow
## Pressure head input

Causes all heads which are input to be treated as pressure heads instead of hydraulic heads.

## Freshwater pressure head

Causes all heads which are input and output to be treated as freshwater pressure heads instead of hydraulic heads.

## Fluid pressure

Causes all heads which are input and output to be treated as fluid pressures instead of hydraulic heads.

## No fluid mass balance

This instruction suppresses the calculation of fluid mass balance information which is, by default, computed at each time step.

## Flow time weighting

* tw Time-weighting factor for the flow solution.
Assigns a new value for the time-weighting factor for the flow solution, which defaults to 1.0. Values must be greater than 0.0 and less than or equal to 1.0.

## Flow solver maximum iterations

* maxfit Maximum number of flow solver iterations.
Assigns a new value for the maximum number of flow solver iterations, which defaults to 2000.

## Flow solver convergence criteria

* restol Flow solver convergence criteria.
Assigns a new value for the flow solver convergence criteria, which defaults to 1 × 10$^{−10}$.
Convergence is obtained when this criteria is less than the absolute maximum value of the residual (error) of the latest flow solution. For the matrix equation:
    $[A]x=b$
where $[A]$ is the coefficient matrix, $x$ the vector of unknowns and $b$ the vector of knowns, we can calculate the residual $r$, given a solution for $x$ as:
    $r=b-[A]x$

## Flow solver detail

* isolv_info Flow solver detail level.
Assigns a new value for the flow solver detail level, which defaults to 0. This value controls the level of detail of solver performance information printed to the screen and listing file, and can have values of 0 (no information) or 1 (full information).
# HydroGeoSphere/Saving and Retrieving Element Zone Numbers

The following commands can be used to store and retrieve porous media element zone numbers.

## Write zones to file

* zone_file Name of the file to which element zone numbers will be written.

## Read zones from file

* zone_file Name of the file from which zone information will be read.
For example, if you want elements 1, 5, 9, and 44 to have the zone number 2 and element 8 to have the zone number 3, the file would contain:
# HydroGeoSphere/Selecting Inclined Faces

These instructions only work for rectangular meshes with the standard element numbering scheme.

## Inclined Face ID Numbers

For each block element, there are 6 potential inclined faces which may be selected. These are given ID numbers according to the following convention:

## Clear chosen inclined faces

All faces in the domain are flagged as not chosen. This is recommended if you are unsure of which inclined faces are chosen due to previously issued instructions.
Note that this instruction also clears chosen regular (horizontal and vertical) faces. This is necessary because a previously defined inclined plane may also consist of horizontal or vertical faces which have to be unselected as well.

## Choose faces 3pt inclined plane

* nplane Plane ID number, as defined above.
* x1, y1, z1 xyz-coordinates of the first point on the plane.
* x2, y2, z2 xyz-coordinates of the second point on the plane.
* x3, y3, z3 xyz-coordinates of the third point on the plane.
* ptol Distance from the plane.
* xmin, xmax x-range of the block.
* ymin, ymax y-range of the block.
* zmin, zmax z-range of the block.
Faces which have the appropriate plane ID, whose centroids lie within the distance ptol of the plane which is defined by the 3 points, and whose centroids are within the rectangular block defined by the 3 ranges are chosen.
Note that if the plane defined by the 3 points is parallel to one coordinate axis, the preprocessor will automatically use the ID of the plane parallel to that axis, and the user-defined plane ID will be ignored.
# HydroGeoSphere/River Flux

NOTE: not tested or fully implemented, but will be something like this
Assigns a river flux boundary condition, as described in Section 3.7.1 to nodes in the specified set. These nodes are normally located on the surface of the domain. For river flux nodes, water may flow in or out of the domain depending on the difference in head between the river node and the specified river head value.
The following instructions can be used as input to the Type instruction inside the Boundary condition...End instruction group to assign a river flux boundary condition:

## Simple river

Sets the input type to be a river flux drainage boundary condition.
For example:
This example shows the use of a time value table instruction to define the river conductance (1.e-5) and river head (25.) values. This would not be very useful in most cases, since conductance and head vary from node to node along a river. In such cases, the inputs would be defined by a time file table, with unique values given for each node:
Here, the river flux boundary condition would become inactive after time 1000 and the nodes would become unconstrained. In this case, the file my_river.lst would contain two values per line, the river conductance and head value, and one line for each node in the set.

## Notes

NOTE: In the old instruction for defining river fluxes, there were inputs for bed thickness, bed conductance, reach length and reach width which were then used to compute a river conductance term. Now, it is left up to the user to define the conductance term in any way they see fit, and to write the final conductance value into the input file.
# HydroGeoSphere/Salt Mass Fraction as Primary Variable

The following instruction can be used to enable a density-dependent flow and transport solution. Note that the single species involved in the transport process is described by RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS.

## Density-dependent transport

* rhomax The maximum fluid density (which corresponds to the maximum solute concentration).
* toldens The minimum absolute difference in head and concentration for convergence of the non linear Picard loop.
* maxitdens The maximum number of iterations for the Picard loop. If the maximum number of iterations is reached without obtaining convergence, the time step is cut in half and the loop is started over.
* linear_rho_c A logical switch which determines how fluid density is calculated from relative concentration. If .TRUE, a linear relationship is used, otherwise nonlinear.
* cmax The maximum relative concentration, corresponding to the fluid with maximum density. This instruction proved to be especially useful to simulate the lab experiments by Oswald and Kinzelbach (2004), where the concentration of the fluid with maximum density is not 1.
Note that you must set up the problem with RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS. Therefore, rhomax is the fluid density for a relative concentration equal to 1.
As an example:
In this case, the maximum density is 1200.0 kg/m$^3$, and the reference density is 1000 kg/m$^3$, the tolerance on absolute head and concentration change to terminate the non-linear loop is equal to 0.02, and the maximum number of non linear iterations is 100. A linear relationship between fluid density and concentration is used and the maximum relative concentration (associated with the maximum fluid density) is 1.0.
# HydroGeoSphere/Seepage

A seepage boundary condition can be applied to any node, but they are usually restricted to those on the surface of the domain. If the hydraulic head at a seepage node rises above its elevation, it becomes a specified head node, and the pressure head is set to zero and water is allowed to flow out. If, subsequently, the hydraulic head drops below the node elevation, then it reverts to an unconstrained state.
The following instructions can be used as input to the Type instruction inside the Boundary condition...End instruction group to assign seepage boundary conditions:

## Seepage

Sets the input type to be a seepage boundary condition.
For example:
This example shows that a time-value table is not mandatory, since a pressure head of zero is applied if the nodal head is above the nodal elevation. However, if you wish to turn the seepage boundary condition on or off, then this can be accomplished by including a time value table instruction:
The value 1.0 at time zero is ignored, but the NODATA value -99999 at time 10.0 causes the boundary condition to be turned off and the nodes become unconstrained.

## Notes

rgm Old text read: The following two instructions can be used to set up a seepage face. If the node was assigned a specified head or fluid flux value by a previous instruction then it will not be set as a seepage node. However, unlike the other flow boundary condition instructions, the seepage face condition will override a previous specified fluid flux condition.
The overall rate of fluid outflow for all seepage face nodes is given in the mass balance output sections of the prefixo.lst file.
Details of the seepage node calculations, including which nodes are currently acting as seepage nodes and the fluid flux exiting the domain at each active seepage node can be written to the .lst file by using the run-time debug utility instruction Write seepage face output to .lst file described in Section C.
# Healthy Eating for a Healthy Weight for over 50’s

* Basic Food Guide
* Use this healthy eating guide to kick start healthy eating that helps you achieve a healthy weight.
* Body Weight
* File:Food Guide Page 2.pdf
* File:Food Guide Page 03.pdf
* Healthy Eating
* File:Page 11.pdf
* File:Food Guide Page4.pdf
* The Different Food Elements
* File:Food Guide Page 5.pdf
* File:Food Guide Page 6.pdf

### Australian Food Recommended Daily Number of Serves

* How many serves of each food group am I getting per day?
* Use the 'Helping Hands' seen below as a guide to work out how many servings of each food group you are having per day. Compare how much you are having to the recommended number of servings below (choose the recommendation that matches your age and gender). Are you getting enough of each food group per day?
* How many serves of each food group should I be having every day?
* Select the image below that matches your age and gender. This shows you how many serves of each food group you should be having a day.
* Tips to get started
* File:Food Guide Page 8.pdf
* For more easy to understand information, visit: http://www.healthyweightweek.com.au http://www.healthyweightweek.com.au

## References

References:
* ↑ http://www.healthyweightweek.com.au
* ↑ http://www.swapit.gov.au
# Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular modernized/Commercial-Accounts
### Accounts.

| Pêng'im | TL | Characters | English |
| siou3 | siòu | 數 | An account. |
| siou3bhag8 | siòu-bâk | 數目 | An account. |
| siou3pou6 | siòu-phŏu | 數簿 | An account book. |
| rig8dog8 | zît-tôk | 日逐 | A rough-day book. |
| rig8cêng1 | zît-tsheng | 日清 | A day-book. |
| zong2pou6 | tsóng-phŏu | 總簿 | A ledger. |
| lai5uang2 | lâi-uáng | 來往 | A ledger. |
| gui1nguang5 | kui-nguân | 歸原 | A stock ledger. |
| sng3 | sǹg | 𮅕 | To count. |
| sng3siou3 | sńg-siòu | 𮅕數 | To make up accounts. |
| siu1siou3 | siu-siòu | 收數 | To collect accounts. |
| ab4siou3 | ap-siòu | 押數 | To balance accounts between two persons. |
| ming7huê6 | mīn-hŭe | 面會 | To meet together (so as to see if the accounts of each other correspond.) |
| kou1siou3 | khou-siòu | 䰗數 | Closed accounts. |
| siou3uang5 | siòu uân | 數完 | Accounts paid up. |
| siou3hoin5cêng1 | siòu hôinn-tsheng | 數還清 | Accounts paid up. |
| goi3gang7 | kòi-kāng | 計共 | Amount. |
| lai5ngeng5 | lái-ngûrn | 來銀 | Received to account. |
| di2de5ao6 gag4kiam3 | tí-tûr-aŭ kat-khiàm | 抵除後結欠 | Balance due. |
| gi3siou3 | kì-siòu | 記數 | To enter in account. |
| ziên6siou3 | tsiĕnn-siòu | 上數 | To enter in account. |
| buan5siou3 | pûann-siòu | 盤數 | To transfer account. |
| duan1 | tuann | 單 | A bill. |
| kui1duan1 | khui-tuann | 開單 | To make out an account. |
| siu1duan1 | siu-tuann | 收單 | A receipt. |
| uêh8huê1ho7 | uêh-hue-hō | 畫花號 | To sign. |
| ciam1mian5 | tshiam-miânn | 簽名 | To sign. |
| ing3 | ìn | 印 | A seal. |
| ing3sêg4 | ìn-sek | 印色 | Cotton waste soaked with red colour to stamp with. |
| kab4ing3 | khap-ìn | 盖印 | To seal. |
| cao1 | tshau | 抄 | To copy. |
| dui3 | tùi | 對 | To make reference, tas to a book or bill. |
| rig8zi2 | zít-tsí | 日子 | Dates. |
| sng3buan5 | sǹg-pûann | 𮅕盤 | Abacus. |
| ka3sng3buan5 | khà-sǹg-pûann | 扣𮅕盤 | To reckon on the abacus. |
| giah4sng3buan5 | kiah-sǹg-pûann | 籜𮅕盤 | To reckon on the abacus. |
| sng3bhua5 | sǹg-bûa | 𮅕總 | To add. |
| de5 | tûr | 除 | To subtract. |
| sêng5 | sêng | 乘 | To multiply. |
| bung1 | pun | 分 | To divide. |
| cai5hu3 | tshâi-hù | 財副 | A clerk. |
| dua7cai5hu3 | tūa-tshái-hù | 大財副 | A chief clerk. |
| ziang2guin7 | tsiáng-kūinn | 掌櫃 | A cashier. |
| siu1siou3 | siu-siòu | 收數 | A bill-collector. |