# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Ceramics (North American Division)

Ceramics (North American Division) :
| Arts and Crafts General Conference | Skill Level 2 |
| Arts and Crafts General Conference | Year of Introduction: 1956 |

## 1. Tell briefly the history of early ceramics.

It is believed that the earliest pottery wares were hand-built and fired in bonfires. Firing times were short but the peak-temperatures achieved in the fire could be high, perhaps in the region of 900 degrees Celsius, and were reached very quickly. Early bonfire-fired wares were made with rounded bottoms, to avoid sharp angles that might be susceptible to cracking. The earliest intentionally constructed kilns were pit-kilns or trench-kilns; holes dug in the ground and covered with fuel. Holes in the ground provided insulation and resulted in better control over firing.
The earliest pottery ware found to date was excavated from a cave in southern China.
The invention of the potter's wheel in Mesopotamia revolutionized pottery production. Potters were able to work quickly and produce pottery to meet the expanding needs of the world's first cities.
The quality of pottery has varied historically, depending on the reputation the potter made for himself in his community.

## 2. Know what is meant by the following terms
### a. Greenware

    Unfired clay items that have been made.

### b. Bisque

    Fired unglazed objects of clay. Clay that has been fired in a kiln.

### c. Decal

    A design printed with ceramic colors on special paper, which can be applied to the surface of ware and fired for permanency.

### d. Kiln

    A heating chamber used for hardening and maturing clay and glazes.

### e. Glaze

    A fired finish consisting of a prepared mixture of frit that produces a glass-like surface when fired. Frit is glass that has been melted, cooled and ground to a fine powder.

### f. Slip

    Clay in liquid form.

### g. Mender

    A product used to repair broken greenware, or attach stick-ons. (Stick-ons: handles, knobs or any attachments to greenware)

### h. Stain

    Acrylic type of non-fired paint used to decorate bisque.

## 3. Explain the use of cones in kilns.

Cones are a necessary, vital tool in ceramics, signalling the user that the correct firing time and temperature have been reached.
There are two types of cones:
* a) Small cones that are used in manual kilns. They are placed between a device called a kiln sitter, when they have melted or deformed the kiln shuts off.
* b) Large cones also known as witness cones are used in automatic computerized kilns. As the kiln is automatic they are used to check how the kiln has fired once opened, signalling any problems.

## 4. Know how and when to use underglaze, glaze and stain.

Underglaze can be used on greenware or bisque and is applied with a brush or sponge.
Glaze is used after you have decorated your bisque. Can be applied using a brush or dipping decorated bisque in a container of glaze. This glaze gives your bisque a glass finish once fired in a kiln.
Stain is used for decorating bisque. It can be applied using a brush or sponges. The stain goes on the bisque before the glaze.

## 5. Know what tools are used in completing your projects in ceramics.

There are endless tools used in completing you ceramic project, including:
* Brushes
* sponge
* decals
* stamps
* stencils
* etc.

## 6. Know the difference between glaze and food-safe glaze.

The difference between glaze and food-safe glaze, is that glaze is used on any thing other than surfaces that come in contact with food or drink and Food-safe glaze can be used on any dinnerware, like mugs, bowls, plates, serving dishes, etc.
Regular glaze contains lead and some toxins. Food-safe glaze is completely lead free and non-toxic.

## 7. Complete two of the following using underglaze on one item, and food-safe glaze on the second item
### g. Item of your choice

Note: Candidate need not do the firing.

## References

* History of Ceramics taken from excerpts in Wikipedia (under heading "Pottery").
* Other definitions obtained from Mrs. Doris Wade, owner and operator of Xclusive Creations, a pottery studio in Bermuda. Compiled by Eileen King, Director of the Warwick Longtails Pathfinder club in Bermuda.