OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Beekeeping/First Time

Before deciding to open your hive be aware that bees dislike the smell of newly mown grass, it can make them agitated and more liable to sting you. They are also similarly affected by the type of cool heavy air that presages a thunderstorm, so again delay opening the hive. However, once you have decided that the conditions suit,start your smoker and have a heavy cool smoke issuing from your smoker, making sure that there won't be any hot coals or chunks that will be blown out. Having your veil on would be helpful as well. Blow a few puffs into the entrance of the hive and wait a minute or so, then remove the cover. Open the cover slowly and carefully using a pry tool (my bees like to build a lot of burr comb upside down on the cover) and blow a few puffs of smoke on top of the frames and underneath the cover. The bees should retreat to the comb. Lean the cover against the side of the hive, never place it flat on the ground. This will prevent trapping or crushing the bees.
When you are ready to close the hive, puff some smoke over the tops of the frames again to keep the bees below the cover. Then position one end of the cover on top of the hive and close it like a hinge. This will help prevent the bees from being crushed under the cover.
# Beekeeping/Entrance Reducer
## Usage

Entrance reducers have several purposes including controlling traffic, temperature and ventilation within a hive. Most commonly, entrance reducers are only used for new or low population colonies, weak colonies, or during times of low temperature. Store bought entrance reducers are nothing more than wooden cleats with two varying sized notches, one on each plane. Entrance reducers are designed so that when sandwiched between the bottom board and the lower hive body, a narrow entrance and exit port is created. By rotating the entrance reducer 90° vertically a different sized notch, and there by a different sized exit is used. Finally a hive can be completely opened by removing the entrance reducer altogether. Traditionally the size of the notch used is dependent on the traffic belonging to the hive. As more bees that are coming and going, the size of the entrance should be increased.

## Selecting an Entrance Reducer

There does not exist mass variation between entrance reducers that are available for purchase. However, some keepers forgo the added (minimal) cost and simply use grass or rags to close a hive's entrance.

## Purchasing

Most often, entrance reducers come packed with bottom boards and it is thereby often unnecessary to purchase one separately. Despite this common practice, be sure that an entrance reducer is part of the package deal before you end up with out one.

## Maintenance

* Entrance reducers may need to be occasionally scraped of propolis but should otherwise not need any real maintenance.
* When not using an entrance reducer in a hive, store it well as to prevent warping or damage.

## Tips

* Grass, leaves or clean rags can be used if necessary in place of an entrance reducer.
* Some beekeepers choose to varnish or preserve their entrance reducers much like their hive bodies.
# Beekeeping/Foundation

Foundation are sheets of beeswax or plastic that are used to guide the comb building and give support to the comb.
Foundation is not required, as bees will build comb without it. Foundation is used to guide the location and orientation of the comb. Patterned foundation also guides the size of the comb cells, which influences the size of the worker bees and discourages or encourages the production of drones.
The typical foundation pattern has a 4.9mm to 5.2mm cell size, which encourages the production of smaller worker bees. A foundation with 5.5mm or 5.6mm cells is used to bias the production of drones.
Plastic foundation starts as a smooth or patterned plastic sheet, which is then covered with a thin layer of high grade beeswax and impressed with a comb pattern. Even patterned sheets are impressed to create well-defined outlines.
Beeswax foundation is created with melted wax poured into a flexible silicone mold, or impressed onto softened wax sheets by rigid molds or roller presses.
Plastic foundation is preferred by commercial scale beekeepers. It supports comb better in high temperatures, is more robust with rough handling during extraction, and can typically be refreshed by melting off the old wax, cleaned with a hot water spray and re-dipped in melted beeswax.
Beeswax foundation can be more economical at a medium scale if labor costs are low. It is typically supported by a combination of embedded wires, external wires and side pins. The wires are made of tin plated or enameled steel about 26AWG. The same type of wire or monofilament fishing line is used for surface support, with the bees embedding the wire when they "draw out" the comb. Side pins are specially made plastic, brass or steel split pins, or repurposed 'bobby pins'. Unwired beeswax foundation is also available. It it used when cut-comb honey is to be produced, with a significant non-beekeeping market of rolled beeswax candles.
Foundation is created with only a shallow pattern of cells that serves as a guideline. Attempts to mold deep comb are complicated by the need for mold taper. The resulting wide-opening, narrow-bottom cells are rejected by bees.
# Beekeeping/Gaining Support

Gaining the support of your neighbors is crucial to residential beekeepers. There are a variety of ways to gain their support, or at least acceptance, for your activities. First, do some subtle checking amongst your neighbors beforehand to see if any are allergic to bee-stings. If any are allergic, you may want to reconsider your hobby, locating your bees as far from their home as possible, or purchasing an EpiPen. Education on honeybees may also help alleviate your neighbors concerns. Furthermore, small gifts from your beehive such as products made from wax or the ever popular honey, can work towards calming your neighbors.
# Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth/Characters
## Miles Edgeworth

The character you control in this game, Edgeworth is a prosecutor who strives for the truth. He is very intelligent and has very intimidating tactics of interrogation. He tends to be a little of a perfectionist. Due to an incident in his childhood he has a deep fear of earthquakes and elevators.

## Dick Gumshoe

Dick Gumshoe will help you in the cases of this game. He tends to be very dimwitted and forgetful. Phoenix Wright fans should be able to remember him.

## Franziska von Karma

Franziska is the daughter of the feared Manfred von Karma. Like her father, she aims for one thing in her family's life, perfection. She is working with the Interpol on investigating about an international smuggling ring.

## Kay Faraday

A peppy teenager who claims to be the Great Thief Yatagarasu. She met Edgeworth during a case seven years ago.

## Shi-Long Lang

An Interpol agent from the Republic of Zheng Fa. He has a strong hatred for prosecutors and the courtroom. He looks after his men really well. Often quotes Lang Zi.

## Shih-na

Shi-Long Lang's assistant. She keeps scrolls of Lang Zi quotes as well as information regarding the cases Lang is investigating.

## Calisto Yew

The defense attorney for a trial seven years ago. She tends to break down into a fit of laughter from the mildest things, like Edgeworth's serious attitude.

## Tyrell Badd

A seasoned detective who investigated the Yatagarasu. He is an acquaintance of Byrne Faraday and has worked with him in a lot of cases.

## Yatagarasu

A mysterious thief that steals information of corrupt dealings and makes them public.
# Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth/Controls

| Button | Action |
| D-Pad | Move Edgeworth |
| A | Examine objects Talk to characters Advance through dialogues/testimonies Confirm selection |
| B | Hold to run Go back through testimony statements Cancel selection Go back through menus Hold to advance quickly through dialogues, where possible |
| X | Talk to your partner during investigations Present evidence during testimonies Connect logic Deduce during examining of objects Zoom in when using the 3D viewer |
| Y | Hold to activate microphone where available Zoom out when using the 3D viewer |
| L | Open Logic menu during investigations Press during testimonies |
| R | Open Organizer Switch between Evidence and Profiles |
| Start | Save game |
All actions also have a Touch Screen equivalent that is performed with Stylus.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Penelope/710
## Annotations

710.33 pesetas The peseta was a currency unit of Spain from the 19th century until the introduction of the Euro in 1999. The name peseta derives from a Catalan word meaning "small piece".
710.33 perragordas Perra gorda was the colloquial name for a coin of 0.10 pesetas (see previous annotation). Spanish perra means "she-dog" and perra gorda means "fat she-dog", referring to the animal on the reverse of the coin, which was a somewhat ambiguous lion. The smaller 0.05 peseta coin with the same lion was called perra chica, meaning "small she-dog". Perra does also mean "prostitute", so perra gorda can be translated as "fat bitch".

## References

* ↑ Perra gorda Wikipedia (in Spanish)
* ↑ perra in Diccionario de la Real Academia Española(in Spanish)
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Penelope/704
## Annotations

704.22 eggs beaten up with marsala Marsala wine is a fortified wine from the Sicilian city of Marsala. It is used in the sauce of the Italian dish Chicken marsala, not to be confused with the Indian based dish Chicken masala which would possibly be anachronic in Ulysses.
# Constructivist Theories in Education
## Contents
### Front Matter

* Introduction

### Foundations

* Piaget and Genetic Epistemiology
* Vygotsky
* Bruner
* Gergen and Social Constructivism
* The New Century:Classroom Applications of Constructivism
* Constructionism

### Applications

* Guided Reading
* Making Words
* Puzzles, Paradoxes, Debates

### Appendices

* Resources

## See Also

* Teaching with Applied Academics
# Constructivism & Technology/Preface

This textbook, Constructivism & Technology: Transforming Schools & Classrooms, is initiated as a collaborative writing project for a Webster University graduate course on constructivism and technology.
The first edition of this textbook was developed in the Spring 2009 semester. Instructors were Dr. Roy Tamashiro and Dr. Mary Beckmann. The 10 graduate students in the course were the primary authors, editors, and quiz builders.
The aim of the course was to learn about the theory, research and applications of constructivism and technology by doing constructivism in the course. The development of this WikiBook was the primary methodology for reading about constructivism, dialoguing about it, applying it to other teaching / learning situations.
# Constructivist Theories in Education/Guided Reading

Guided Reading is by its nature a constructivist application. One moves from where the children are, what their existing knowledge is, into the new learning in the story. And we are already doing it.
# Budget Watch Collecting/Shock Protection

The balance of a watch needs thin delicate pivots and fragile jewels to run well. The balance is generally one of the largest and heaviest jewelled wheels in the watch, and thus one of the most likely to be damaged if the watch is dropped or bumped.

## Shock Springs

Modern shock protection began commercially with the introduction of the wikipedia:Incabloc system in the 1930s, although not widely used until the 50's.
| Incablock balance spring | Seiko Diashock spring |
In this system the balance jewels are spring-mounted, and the balance staff is specifically shaped. In the event of a shock, the balance can push the jewels out of position temporarily. If the shock is severe, a thicker and stronger portion of the balance staff will contact a strong part of the jewel setting before the jewel reaches the end of its travel. After the shock, the springs force the jewels back to their proper place. The same basic system is also used by Kif, Seiko's Diashock and Citizen's Parashock.

## Other systems

Wyler had the Incaflex system as an alternative to shock springs. In this system, the rim of the balance is connected to the staff with springy spiral arms.
| Wyler Incaflex balance in movement | Wyler Incaflex balance wheel |
Under a shock, the heavy rim of the balance would displace and contact a rim around the circumference before enough force was applied to damage the staff or jewels. (Note the cap jewel with no shock spring)
Timex used the V-Conic system. Instead of the traditional arrangement of slender pivots, Timex used a conical profile. Instead of jewel bearings, they used metal cups shaped to match the V-conic pivots. This system was both less expensive to manufacture, but also inherently stronger than traditional pivots, allowing Timex to meet shock-resistance standards with no springs.

## Other wheel springs

Sometimes you may see what appear to be shock springs on other wheels--These are actually retaining springs rather than shock springs, to allow the cap jewels to be more easily removed for cleaning. Seiko calls their version Diafix rather than Diashock.
* Diafix retaining spring
# Budget Watch Collecting/Watch Company and brand history

Budget Watch Collecting/Brief history of Waltham
Budget Watch Collecting/Modern old American brands
Budget Watch Collecting/Timex History
Budget Watch Collecting/Swatch Group timeline
Budget Watch Collecting/Historical Prices
Budget Watch Collecting/Russian Watches
# Budget Watch Collecting/Spotting Fakes

Budget Watch Collecting/Fake Seikos
# Budget Watch Collecting/Unknown Swiss Made

"I've checked Google, and can't find any information on my watch--The brand is AcmeTime, marked R-Swiss-R at the bottom...."
The bad news is there were thousands of these brands with almost no information available. The way the Swiss watch industry worked was that there were a very few companies that made most of their own parts--Most bought either complete movements or Ébauches ("movement kits") from one of a few movement houses (now mostly owned by the Swatch group), and frequently bought cases from someone, and dials from someone, and... Sometimes these would be assembled by the brand, other times they were assembled by someone else.
This isn't unique to the Swiss--American watch companies worked in a similar way. When you bought an early Elgin or Waltham pocketwatch, you usually bought a movement with dial and hands, and had it cased by your local jeweler in a case of your choice, sold by an unrelated company. The difference here is that your watch would be known as an Elgin, rather than by the name of the casemaker or whoever assembled it.
The good news is that you can usually identify the movement used in these "generic Swiss" watches, and that will give at least a few clues as to quality, market and era. Most of these will have a movement number--Usually under the balance wheel, sometimes on a bridge and occasionally on the dial side of the main plate. Roland Ranfft has a great Movement Database with a search feature and great illustrations--Type whatever you think the number is, and see if it matches the picture.
Incidentally, the R-Swiss-R is a clue that the watch dial is before 1968, and likely sometime in the 1950's or older. The R stands for Radium, used to make the hands glow in early watches. In many ways it was superior to modern glow, as it would glow for years without exposure to light. Unfortunately it is also slightly dangerous. Radium was replaced by Tritium, a weaker and much, much safer radioactive compound, and later by Luminova and Lumabright, phosphor-based chemicals that will glow for many hours after brief exposure to light. Some replica watches will have Tritium markings, even though they use non-Tritium lume.
# Budget Watch Collecting/Timex model names

Timex model names:
Men's and boy's models: Electric (Back set)
Marlin--Men's waterproof, 11/16" strap.
Mercury--Men's round non-waterproof, 11/16 strap
Monroe--Rectangular non-waterproof, 11/16 strap
Sportster--Boy's waterproof, 1/2" strap
Sprite: Men's small waterproof, 5/8 strap
Super-thin/Wafer-thin 11/16 strap, no sweep second. Case was tapered, far thinner at the edges than the middle.
Viscount--Automatic (self-wind) 11/16 strap, thicker than Marlin or Mercury
21 Series--Available in both regular--similar to Marlin and Self-wind, similar to Viscount
400--Similar to 21, but with either Seiko or Laco-Durow 17 jewel movement. These movements were almost certainly superior to the 21.
Women's watches are harder to identify by series--While the series each had usual characteristics, all but the 17 jewel have watches that would appear to fit better in one of the other series.
Cavatina came in traditional strap, cord or expansion (same watch, different band) with only a few integrated bands. High-fashion appeared to be mostly integrated bands. both Cavatina and High Fashion were mostly dress watches. Petites were on 1/2' straps, round dials with round or tonneau cases, a bit sportier, or more everyday. The 17 jewel was round, generally smaller than the other styles, and with an 11/32 or 13/32 strap.
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses is a Christian sect founded in 1931 by Joseph Franklin Rutherford. They are an offshoot of the Bible Students, founded by Pastor Charles Taze Russell in the 1860s. After Russell's death in 1916, the group splintered.
Jehovah's Witnesses are mainly known for their door-to-door evangelizing, offering copies of their journals THE WATCHTOWER and the AWAKE!
Instead of churches, they call their meeting places of worship "Kingdom Halls. They attend five (5) meetings a week, and attend larger conventions and assemblies throughout the year.
All of their study and evangelizing martials are published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. Materials pertaining to the Jehovah's Witnesses about the Jehovah's Witnesses, are often published by the Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 receive heavenly life, while the rest of mankind will reside on a restored earth after the battle of armageddon.
They do not salute the flag, join the military or vote in elections, preferring to be neutral, being no part of this world.
They do not observe or celebrate holidays or birthdays. They do observe the annual "Memorial" (Lord's evening meal).
# Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/Galatians

CONTENTS
This is an accessible chapter-by-chapter commentary on Paul's letter to the Galatians. It attempts to reflect a broad and even-handed presentation of scholarly opinion (ancient and contemporary) about the book. And it attempts to do so with the clarity necessary to make it fully intelligible to non-specialists in biblical studies.
Three major sections may be expected within the commentary on each chapter:
a. Background Information: i. Historical Context: What do contemporary readers need to know that author assumed his first readers probably took for granted? ii. Literary Context: How may the constituent parts of a given chapter be better appreciated by information about the structure of the book as a whole?
b. Explanation: i. Analysis: What does a verse-by-verse examination of the constituent words and phrases suggest about the meaning of the chapter? Consideration will be given to their use in the Old Testament and other nearly contemporary literature. ii. Paraphrase: In light of these considerations an expansive, highly interpretive paraphrase of each chapter will be offered. The paraphrase attempts to avoid technical, theological jargon so as to allow contemporary secular English readers to understand the point of the chapter.
c. Implications: i. Reception: How has this chapter been received and understood by readers across the centuries since its origin? ii. Influence: What are the apparent theological and practical implications of this chapter within the entire Christian canon of Scripture? What has this chapter contributed to the views of contemporary Christianity?
Contents Overview | Introduction | Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 | Chapter 3 | Chapter 4 | Chapter 5 | Chapter 6 |
# C++ Programming/Compiler/Linker/Libraries/Garbage Collection
## Garbage collection

Garbage collection is a form of automatic memory management. The garbage collector attempts to reclaim garbage, or memory used by objects that will never be accessed or mutated again by the application.
Tracing garbage collectors require some implicit runtime overhead that may be beyond the control of the programmer, and can sometimes lead to performance problems. For example, commonly used Stop-The-World garbage collectors, which pause program execution at arbitrary times, may make garbage collecting languages inappropriate for some embedded systems, high-performance server software, and applications with real-time needs.
A more fundamental issue is that garbage collectors violate locality of reference, since they deliberately go out of their way to find bits of memory that haven't been accessed recently. The performance of modern computer architectures is increasingly tied to caching, which depends on the assumption of locality of reference for its effectiveness. Some garbage collection methods result in better locality of reference than others. Generational garbage collection is relatively cache-friendly, and copying collectors automatically defragment memory helping to keep related data together. Nonetheless, poorly timed garbage collection cycles could have a severe performance impact on some computations, and for this reason many runtime systems provide mechanisms that allow the program to temporarily suspend, delay or activate garbage collection cycles.
Despite these issues, for many practical purposes, allocation/deallocation-intensive algorithms implemented in modern garbage collected languages can actually be faster than their equivalents using explicit memory management (at least without heroic optimizations by an expert programmer). A major reason for this is that the garbage collector allows the runtime system to amortize allocation and deallocation operations in a potentially advantageous fashion. For example, consider the following program in C++:
One of more widely used libraries that provides this function is Hans Boehm's conservative GC. Oilpan is a garbage collector for C++ that was originally designed for Blink. As we have seen earlier C++ also supports a powerful idiom called RAII (resource acquisition is initialization) that can be used to safely and automatically manage resources including memory.