OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Online OsiriX Documentation/Opening multiple series simultaneously

How does one simultaneously open multiple series? Open a patient file and select multiple series thumbnails by holding down the ‘Shift’ key for a continuous selection or the ‘Apple’ (Command) key for a noncontinuous selection. Then click on the “2D Viewer” icon from the toolbar to open all selected series.
You can open a new series at any time. Simply go to the file menu and select “Local Database” to open the database window.
OsiriX
# Online OsiriX Documentation/Making OsiriX run faster

There are two limitations to OsiriX: memory and processor power.
    1) Memory:
       OsiriX requires a lot of memory if you try to open a large series of images! If OsiriX does not have enough memory, MacOS X will try to free memory by using the “Virtual Memory” (VM) mode: it will use your hard drive as RAM... But VM is about 1000 times slower than RAM!! You see the problem... Here is how to compute memory the amount you need: do the following simple calculation for the number of images you want to view and handle at the same time:
          Memory required = Height X Width X Number of images x 4 / 1048576
          For example: 512 x 512 x 100 x 4 / 1048576 = 100 MB of RAM for 100 CT images
       This means that you need at least 100 MB of RAM ONLY for your 100 CT images. MacOS X requires a minimum of 256 MB to work “normally”. You will need at least 256 + 100 MB = 356 MB to avoid Virtual Memory mode.
    2) Processor power:
       OsiriX needs high processing power for 3D reconstruction: MIP and Volume Rendering. OsiriX is a multithreaded application that can use all of the processors available in your computer. If you want the best performance you should buy a quad G5 or a MacPro intel quad!
       Another solution is to use a computer cluster with the Apple X-Grid /MPI technology. Run and install the package. You then need to install the “OsiriX plugin”: copy it in the “Plug-ins” folder of “Xgrid” folder located in your “Library” folder. More information about this technology in future releases.
       Another solution would be to use a VolumePRO PCI graphic board from TeraRecon. This solution is currently under investigation to make OsiriX run faster than a Vitrea3D workstation! All 3D reconstructions in OsiriX are based on VTK and VTK fully supports the VolumePRO graphic board...
OsiriX
# Online OsiriX Documentation/Making fusion images

OsiriX has limited support for image fusion. Images obtained during the same imaging session will be automatically aligned by OsiriX. If the two image series have the same number of slices and the same slice spacing, then stack synchronization (under the 2D Viewer menu) can be useful in linking the two series.
There is currently no way to automatically align images obtained on different machines or on the same machine at different times. However, one can manually align such image series to create fusion images, using the Osirix "Move" and zoom tools. When fusing two images from series with different numbers of slices, it is necessary to first turn off stack synchronization (under the 2D Viewer meu).
To create a fusion between any two image series, simply open the two series you want to mix and then “drag-and-drop” the window icon from one on the other:
When initiating the drag of the window icon for fusion, you have to click on the icon and then wait a second or so before starting the drag. Otherwise the entire window will be dragged.
You can control the fusion intensity with the “Fusion Percentage” slider from the toolbar. Note that if you close one of the two series, the fusion will be stopped. If you make a modification on the first series (CLUT, zoom, rotation, ...), these modifications will be applied to the second one.
Image fusion is also available for 2D and 3D reconstructions implying that you can use image fusion along with MPR, Volume rendering, etc...
OsiriX
# Online OsiriX Documentation/Managing your local OsiriX database

Two things are important to understand about your local database:
* If you receive your images with the DICOM listener, they are stored in the “DATABASE” folder in the “OsiriX Data” folder, located in your “Documents” folder. OsiriX will manage these files. This means that if you delete them from the “Local Database” window, Osirix will definitively delete these files.
* If you import your files with the “Import” button or menu item, OsiriX can either keep a link to these files or copy them in the “DATABASE” folder. This means that if you delete them from the “Local Database” window, OsiriX will either delete the links to files or delete files located in the “DATABASE” folder.
OsiriX keeps information of all images in the “DATA.DAT” file. This file is located in the “OsiriX Data” folder.
This file can be deleted. It does not contain any important data, only links to DICOM files.
You can also rebuild the database at any time. This will delete the “DATA.DAT” file and reconstruct a new one. Simply select Rebuild Database from the File menu. This function will re-scan all files displayed in the “Local Database” window, remove all unavailable files and add all files available in the “DATABASE” folder (received from the PACS network).
You can modify the database management in the Preferences window.
* “DATABASE” folder contains ‘local’ DICOM files.
* “INCOMING” folder contains temporarily files that are received by the listener.
* “TEMP” folder contains files during conversion time. This folder is deleted when you exit OsiriX.
* “ROIs” folder stores ROIs of DICOM images.
OsiriX
# Online OsiriX Documentation/Network (HW)

A dedicated 1Gb Ethernet switch for Imaging dept, 2 ports each mac por (in tandem) conected to all other Imaging equipement apart from the rest of the hospital, and a router to hospital network
# Online OsiriX Documentation/How to Increase Thick Slab

This file explains how to increase the thick slab mode limitation of 90 imags, however volume rendering via thick slab anything past 90 images is unstable. It works well with mean and MIP. (make sure you follow the two columns on each page, before going to the next of the three pages.)
# Online OsiriX Documentation/Navigational shortcuts

The following functions are helpful in the rapid and efficient interpretation of images:
* window level adjustment
* translation
* zoom
* rotation
* series browsing
* measurements
* regions of interest
The following small icons in the toolbar represent these basic functions:
To use these functions, simply click on them.
To save time, you can also use one of the following keyboard and/or mouse combinations:
    a) Mouse + keys
       You can change your current mouse functions by using following combinations:
      * Option + Click = Window level adjustment
      * Apple + Click = Translation
      * Shift + Click = Zoom
      * Cntl + Click = Rotation
    b) 3 button mouse + wheel
       We highly recommend that you use OsiriX with a multi-buttons and wheel mouse. You will be able to navigate more efficiently than by using a simple unique button mouse.
      * Left button = currently selected function
      * Right button = zoom (The toolbar will allow you to choose a different function to be assigned to this right button)
      * Wheel = navigate in the series
    c) Jog-wheel
       OsiriX is compatible with these new jog-wheel devices from Contour Design (http://www.contourdesign.com/ ). OsiriX is able to fully exploit these devices to quickly navigate in 5 dimensions.
OsiriX
# Online OsiriX Documentation/Opening Mac-Unfriendly CDs with OsiriX

If your culprit CD does not show up with the Finder. You may try to open the CD using Import... within OsiriX. On my ibook G4 the data were easily imported from the CD written on a Siemens CT-workstation running Windows.
Some CDs (eg Agfa Impax) are burnt with the session unfinalised. These discs can not be read by Macs. One solution is to mount these CDs on a Windows or Linux box and share them across the network.
# Pinyin/Accompany

See also
# Pinyin/According to

Search Pinyin according to
# Pinyin/Acid

See also
* suan; suanxihng wuhzhih
* suan d; suanxihng d; suanweih d
# Pinyin/Act

Search Pinyin act
# Pinyin/Activity

See also

## Noun

* activity is the things that people do.
** huordohng shih rern'men zuoh d shihqirng.
# Pinyin/Actor

See also
# Pinyin/Accuse

See also
# Pinyin/Action

See also
Action is a movement that you make with your body.
dohngzuoh shih shentii suoo zuoh d huordohng.
# Pinyin/Activist

See also
# Pinyin/Actual

See also
# Philosophy of Religion/Can God be known?

Can God be known?
Very deep question indeed! At least that’s how it sounds! Let us see.
Where does this question rest the real power in? In the person capable of knowing the God? Or in the object called God that will be known? If God is something that can be known, like any other object that can be known, who has more power? The one who is capable of knowing anything and everything, including the god himself or the knowable god? The answer should be obvious. The knower.
But isn't the God supposedly the most powerful? Or is he something too powerless an object that could be known? We know that the knower is the more powerful than the known. So should we not know that the knower could be the God Himself that might be known? If the knower is the God, your, me or anyone can know themselves? Let us see this one.
Can I know myself? O ya, I bloody well know me! I have no doubts about myself! I am a Tom, a Dick or a Harry, after all! But if I am just a and mere a Tom, a Dick or a Harry, I am no God! I remain just a wretched Tom, a wretched Dick or a wretched Harry! That is all, nothing more nothing less! Just a name of some wretched form!
Now let us see what is that which usually does the knowing? The mind complex, the intellect or the internal consciousness or whatever you call it. But don’t we know our thoughts and mind is just thoughts? Yes. So they are still relegated to the field of our objectivity and hence inferior to us. So I must be distinct from mind. So if we drop the mind, we stand bare naked with an innate sense of I. Then drop that one too, into a homogenous sense of absence of multiplicity. That is something even God can't describe! After all even God can't know Himself!!! But why should He anyway! Is that a deficiency for Her to not to be able to know Him? Why should It know? What else is there to know in that homogeneity anyway!
Whatever remains is the Knower that knows everything without needing to know anything since there is nothing else to know! And by the way, what might be the gender of the knower? He, She or It? He knows Itself to know that She can’t know Himself!
So can God be known? Isn’t that a hollow question?
# Philippine History/Preface

Welcome to what is arguably the first free, open-content textbook on Philippine history, culture and government. As a resource to help Filipinos and foreigners alike understand more about the Philippines, its people and its heritage.
As a free, open-content resource, this textbook is designed to be open to all persons, and as such, edits, updates, fixes and the like are highly welcomed and indeed appreciated. It is believed that through the collaborative efforts of all persons involved that this project will indeed be successful and as such bring the Philippines to the world.
This project would have never taken off without the involvement of all persons who have worked so hard on this project. And although the Philippines as a nation is still young, may its history be preserved for time immemorial.
# Philippine History/Prehistory

Homo luzonensis, also locally called "Ubag" after a mythical caveman, is an extinct, possibly pygmy, species of archaic human from the Late Pleistocene of Luzon, the Philippines. Their remains, teeth and phalanges, are known only from Callao Cave in the northern part of the island dating to before 50,000 years ago. They were initially identified as belonging to modern humans in 2010, but in 2019, after the discovery of more specimens, they were placed into a new species based on the presence of a wide range of traits similar to modern humans as well as to Australopithecus and early Homo. In 2023, a study revealed that the fossilized remains of the Callao Man has been found out to be 134,000± 14 years old and much older than previously known.
# Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/Linear Motion and Statics

How fast is an object moving in a particular direction? Where will this object be at any time on that one dimensional line (the direction in question)? Linear motion addresses this question.
Linear motion deals with the motion or change in position of on object on a line (or in one dimension). Thus we can represent an objects position with respect to a point on that line with one value.

## An Object's Location

If an object is at rest it is, by definition, not changing position. In this case we can only talk about where this object is in relation to some point. Since we are merely talking about linear space (that is motion on a line), we can represent this distance or displacement with the value of x. Let us also use the international units of meters.
If we pick a particular point on a line as the relational point and then place an object directly on that point we can say that that object is at 0 meters, or x=0m. Let's say this line is a horizontal line and we make the right side of this line be the positive direction and the left side of this line be the negative direction. If we take this object and move it 1 meter to the right (the positive direction), we can say that the object is at 1 meters, or x=1m. We can also say that the object change in position (delta x) is 1 meter (1 meter - 0 meter = 1 meter).
delta means the change in, or the final value minus the initial value.
delta x means the change in x, or the x(final) - x(initial)
If we take this same object and move it to the left 2 meters we will have
delta x = (-1 meter) - (1 meter)
or
delta x = -2 meters

## An Object's Velocity

Notice, this object is moving. That is, it is changing it's position. Average Velocity is a measurement of the change in position of an object in a particular direction with respect to the change in time during which the object moved. For instance, if an objects change in position, that is delta x, is +2 meters during a 2 second time frame, then the average velocity is 2 meter for every 2 second, or 2m/ 2s, or 1m/ 1s.
velocity is the motion of an object in a particular direction and is what is called a vector.
# Physics with Calculus/Mechanics/Kinematics

Kinematics is study of an object's movement. In this chapter, we will learn how to calculate everything there is to know about a particle's motion from a few limited given information.
# Pinyin/Beat

See also
# Pinyin/Beauty

See also
# Pinyin/Bean

Search Pinyin bean
# Pinyin/Beach

See also
# Pinyin/Be killed

Search Pinyin kill
# Pinyin/Because

See also
# Mathematical Methods of Physics/Riesz representation theorem

In this chapter, we will more formally discuss the bra $|\rangle$ and ket $\langle |$ notation introduced in the previous chapter.

## Projections
### Definition

Let ${\mathcal {H}}$ be a Hilbert space and let $\ell :{\mathcal {H}}\to \mathbb {C}$ be a continuous linear transformation. Then $\ell$ is said to be a linear functional on ${\mathcal {H}}$.
The space of all linear functionals on ${\mathcal {H}}$ is denoted as ${\mathcal {H}}^{*}$. Notice that ${\mathcal {H}}^{*}$ is a normed vector space on $\mathbb {C}$ with $\|\ell \|=\sup \left\{{\frac {|\ell (x)|}{\|x\|}}:x\in {\mathcal {H}};\|x\|\neq 0\right\}$
We also have the obvious definition, $\mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} \in {\mathcal {H}}$ are said to be orthogonal if $\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} =0$. We write this as $\mathbf {a} \perp \mathbf {b}$. If $A\subset {\mathcal {H}}$ then we write $\mathbf {b} \perp A$ if $\mathbf {b} \perp \mathbf {a} \forall \mathbf {a} \in A$

### Theorem

Let ${\mathcal {H}}$ be a Hilbert space, let ${\mathcal {M}}$ be a closed subspace of ${\mathcal {H}}$ and let ${\mathcal {M}}^{\perp }=\{x\in {\mathcal {H}}:(x\cdot a)=0\forall a\in {\mathcal {M}}\}$. Then, every $z\in {\mathcal {H}}$ can be written $z=x+y$ where $x\in {\mathcal {M}},y\in {\mathcal {M}}^{\perp }$
Proof

## Riesz representation theorem

Let ${\mathcal {H}}$ be a Hilbert space. Then, every $\ell \in {\mathcal {H}}^{*}$ (that is $\ell$ is a linear functional) can be expressed as an inner product.
# Mathematical Proof/Appendix

* Answer Key
* Symbols Used in this Book
* Glossary
# Mathematical Proof/Appendix/Answer Key

This appendix contains all the answers for the book (or, it will once I've finished it). No cheating. Do the problems first and then check your answers. Or you'll get an F.
* 1.1 Logical Reasoning
* 1.2 Notation
* 2.1 Constructive Proof
* 2.2 Proof by Contrapositive
* 2.3 Proof by Contradiction
* 2.4 Proof by Induction
* 2.5 Counterexamples
# Mathematical Methods of Physics/Summation convention

The Basic Notation Often when working with tensors there is a large amount of summation that needs to occur. To make this quicker we use Einstein index notation.
The notation is simple. Instead of writing $\sum _{j}A_{j}B_{j}$ we simply write $A_{j}B_{j}$ and the summation over j is implied.
A couple of common tensors used with this notation are
* $\delta _{a}^{b}$ is only nonzero for the case that $a=b$
* $\epsilon _{ijk}$ is zero if $i=j\lor j=k\lor i=k$ . For odd permutations (i.e. $\epsilon _{jik}=-\epsilon _{ijk}=-\epsilon _{kij}$). In other words, swapping any two indices flips the sign of the tensor.
* These are related by $\epsilon _{ijk}\epsilon ^{imn}=\delta _{j}^{m}\delta _{k}^{n}-\delta _{j}^{n}\delta _{k}^{m}$ (convince yourself that this is true)
Now we can write some common vector operations :
* Scalar (Dot) Product ${\vec {A}}\cdot {\vec {B}}=A_{i}B_{i}$
* Vector (Cross) Product ${\vec {A}}\times {\vec {B}}=\epsilon _{ijk}A_{j}B_{k}$
Examples
Prove that ${\vec {A}}\cdot ({\vec {B}}\times {\vec {C}})={\vec {B}}\cdot ({\vec {C}}\times {\vec {A}})$
$A_{i}(\epsilon _{ijk}B_{j}C_{k})$ from here we can swap the indices (i <-> j) and get $B_{j}(-\epsilon _{jik}A_{i}C_{k})$. Note the sign flip. In order to get a positive sign again we can just swap the indices (i <-> k) and get $B_{j}(\epsilon _{jki}C_{k}A_{i})={\vec {B}}\cdot ({\vec {C}}\times {\vec {A}})$ as desired.
${\vec {A}}\times ({\vec {B}}\times {\vec {C}})\equiv \epsilon _{ijk}A_{j}(\epsilon _{klm}B_{l}C_{m})$ (Watch the indices closely - some students inadvertently add too many)
We know we want to get a dot product out of this. In order to do that we will have to use the expansion of the Levi-Cevita tensor in terms of the Kronecker Deltas. We want to get the Tensors to have the same first index, so we can do this by swapping the indices ( i <-> k) $-\epsilon _{kji}\epsilon _{klm}A_{j}B_{l}C_{m}=-(\delta _{jl}\delta _{im}-\delta _{jm}\delta _{il})A_{j}B_{l}C_{m}$ . Now we can make the observation that the first term is only non-zero if j=i and l=m, so $\delta _{jl}\delta _{im}A_{j}B_{l}C_{m}=A_{i}B_{l}C_{l}$ Note that this is just the dot product $({\vec {B}}\cdot {\vec {C}})A_{i}$. The second term is only non-zero if k = m and j = l, so $\delta _{km}\delta _{jl}A_{j}B_{l}C_{m}=A_{j}B_{j}C_{k}=({\vec {A}}\cdot {\vec {B}})C_{k}$
Combining these we are left with $({\vec {A}}\cdot {\vec {C}})B_{k}-({\vec {A}}\cdot {\vec {B}})C_{k}=({\vec {A}}\cdot {\vec {C}}){\vec {B}}-({\vec {A}}\cdot {\vec {B}}){\vec {C}}$ as desired.
Tensor Notation When tensors are used then a distinct difference between an upper and lower index becomes important as well as the ordering.
$T_{b}^{a}v^{b}$ will be contracted into a new vector, but $T_{b}^{a}v_{b}$ will not.
Definitions that may prove useful : If a tensor is symmetric, then it satisfies the property that $T_{ab}=T_{ba}$ If a tensor is antisymmetric, then $T_{ab}=-T_{ba}$ There are many tensors that satisfy neither of these properties - so make sure it makes sense to use them before blindly applying them to some problem.
# Mathematical Proof
## Table of Contents

* Cover
* Preface
* Introduction to Set Theory
* Logic
* Methods of Proof
* Relations
* Functions

## Bibliography

* G. Chartrand, A.D. Polimeni and P. Zhang (2018). Mathematical Proofs: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics (4th ed.). Pearson. ISBN 9780134746753.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
* Notation
* Appendix
* Direct Proof
* Proof by Contrapositive
* Proof by Contradiction
* Proof by Induction
* Counterexamples
* Other Proof Types
* Proof and Computer Programs
* Proof Assistants
* Answer Key
* Symbols Used in this Book
* Glossary
# Mathematical Problem Solving/Exponents and Logarithms
## Integer Exponents

It is often useful to repeatedly add a number to itself. For example, one might want to run around a track of length 400 five times. We write $5\cdot 400$ instead of $400+400+400+400+400$. Multiplication can be said to be repeated addition: i.e. $x\cdot y=x+x+\cdots +x$ where $x$ is added five times. Just as we have shorthand for repeated addition, we can describe repeated multiplication. We write $2^{5}$ instead of $2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 2\cdot 2$. In fact we will now define exponentiation for integer exponents. If $n$ is an integer, then
    $x^{n}=x\cdot x\cdots x$
When referring to the previous expression we would say $x$ is the base and $n$ is the exponent or power.

### Examples

Evaluate $2^{5}\cdot 2^{6}$.
Solution: The first term is the product of five 2's and six 2's, giving us 11 2's.
Evaluate ${\frac {3^{15}}{3^{12}}}$.
# Pinyin/Twinkling

See alsotwinkling
# Pinyin/USA

The USA is the short form of the United States of America.
USA shih United States of America de suoxiee.
# Pinyin/Turkey (food)

Search Pinyin turkey
Search Pinyin food
Turkey is a healthy food. It is rich in protein, omega-3, and different kinds of vitamin B. Eating turkey without skin can reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. Skinned turkey breast is healthier than skinned turkey leg, because its saturated fat is about 10% of the saturated fat of skinned turkey leg.
huooji shih jiahnkang shirwuh, harn fengfuh dahnbairzhih, omega-3, her duo zhoong vitamin B. chi quhpir huooji kee jiahngdi yirzahng-air fengxiaan. quhpir huooji-xiong bii quhpir huooji tuii gehng jiahnkang, yinweih baaoher zhifarng yue shih quhpir huooji tuii'd 10%.
Safe handling of turkey is very important for avoiding contamination. Refrigerated raw turkey can keep for 1-2 days while cooked turkey will keep for about 3-4 days. Turkey must be fully cooked before eating.
anquarn chuulii huooji bihmiaan wuraan heen zhohngyaoh. sheng huooji zaih xueeguih kee baaocurn 1-2 rih, shur'd 3-4 rih. huooji bihxu shurtouh cair kee chi.
# Pinyin/UN

Search Pinyin UN
United Nations is an organization of nations that was formed in 1945 to promote peace, security, and international cooperation.
Liarnherguor shih chernglih yur 1945 niarn yii cuhjihn herpirng, anquarn, her guorjih herzuoh d guorjih zuuzhi.
# Pinyin/US

Search Pinyin US
The United States of America is a country in North America. It is made up of 50 states, a federal district, and 5 territories. The United States was on the winning side of two world wars (World War I and World War II) and became one of the world's superpowers. It is famous for its influence over finance, trade, culture, military, politics, and technology.
Meeiguor shih Beei Meeizhou guorjia, your 50'g zhou, 1'g liarnbang dihqu, her 5'g shuudih zuucherng. ta shih 2-cih shihjieh dahzhahn (Yizhahn her Erhzhahn) d zhahnshehngguor, cherngweir shihjieh chaojir dahguor zhiyi. ta yii jinrorng, maohyih, wernhuah, junshih, zhehngzhih her jihshuh d yiingxiaanglih wernmirng.
# Pinyin/Turkey

Search Pinyin Turkey
# Pinyin/Type

A type is a group of people or things with similar qualities.
leihxirng shih 1-zuu yoou leihsih xihngzhih d rern huoh dong'xi.