OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Web Development/Updating a live website

Updating a live website includes of front and back-end development. Most websites use a Content Management System (CMS) to create and modify digital content. Everything a user sees, clicks, hears or uses to input or retrieve information is a result of front-end development. HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) are the main two languages for front-end development. HTML is the standard markup language for creating web pages and applications. CSS is used to style the presentation of a document written in a markup language such as HTML. Front-end development links together design and technology while prioritizing user experience. User experience is the overall experience of a person using a website or application in terms of its pleasure and efficiency. According to technical innovator, Peter Morville, there are seven main factors that influence user experience. For a website or application to deliver a good user experience it must be useful, useable, findable, credible, desirable, accessible and valuable.
Back-end development focuses on how the website works as it communicates database information to a browser through code. Responsiveness and speed are two main aspects associated with this kind of work. The majority of things that a user cannot see, such as databases and servers is back-end development. Back-end development uses languages such as Java programming language, PHP, Ruby programming language and Python programming language to complete work. Such languages are used to create a dynamic web page with content that is constantly changing such as Facebook and Twitter.
# Web Development/The history of the Internet

* Section 1.1 — Back to Contents

## Beginnings of the Internet
### Memex

In 1945 Vannevar Bush hypothesized a device known as memex, a mechanized index of all human knowledge.

### ARPANET

Starting in 1969 the Military project ARPANET became one of the first networks to use the TCP/IP protocol and packet switch networking.

### Engelbart

Engelbert's ARC and Xerox PARC, the Mother of All Demos, Engelbert's ethernet, hyper-text.

## Today's Internet

Apart from the incredibly complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is held together by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (for example peering agreements) and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network.
Unlike older communications systems, the Internet protocol suite was deliberately designed to be agnostic with regard to the underlying physical medium. Any communications network, wired or wireless, that can carry two-way digital data can carry Internet traffic. Thus, Internet packets flow through wired networks like copper wire, coaxial cable, and fiber optic; and through wireless networks like Wi-Fi. Together, all these networks, sharing the same high-level protocols, form the Internet.
The Internet protocols originate from discussions within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and its working groups, which are open to public participation and review. These committees produce documents that are known as Request for Comments documents (RFCs). Some RFCs are raised to the status of Internet Standard by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB).
Some of the most used protocols in the Internet protocol suite are IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, SSL, and TLS.
Some of the popular services on the Internet that make use of these protocols are e-mail, Usenet newsgroups, file sharing, the World Wide Web, Gopher, session access, WAIS, finger, IRC, MUDs, and MUSHs. Of these, e-mail and the World Wide Web are clearly the most used, and many other services are built upon them, such as mailing lists and web logs. The Internet makes it possible to provide real-time services such as web radio and webcasts that can be accessed from anywhere in the world.
Some other popular services of the Internet were not created this way, but were originally based on proprietary systems. These include IRC, ICQ, AIM, and Gnutella.
There has been much analysis of the Internet and its structure. For example, it has been determined that the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks.
Similar to how the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as:
* GEANT
* Internet2
* Little GLORIAD
These in turn are built around relatively smaller networks.
# Web Development/The rationale of concepts: being careful

* Section 2.3 — Back to Contents
One of the most important tasks for a web developer before any work is begun on the page is the conception stage. After a concept has been developed, it is important that the developer thinks of his or her website in realistic terms.
For example, if a database will be necessary, consider how much space an entry will take up, and how many entries there will be total. Think of the hardware requirements of your site. Think, using what knowledge of programming and backend you may already have (or consulting a professional), if what you are trying to do will even be possible.
Most importantly, keep in mind the limitations of your human resources. You should have an idea of what size operation you're going to be running: money, men, etc. You don't want to stretch your people too thin. If you think it may be necessary to scale down your project to make it more realistic from a human resources point, then do it. It's better to be overcautious than to work your men and yourself into the ground.
Also, mind your capital and other resources. In Section 3.1, What's needed to develop a website?, we'll be covering this more in-depth. For now, just use common sense. One person didn't make Amazon.com on one dime in one day.
# Web Development/To db or not to db?

* Section 5.2 — Back to Contents
To determine whether your site needs a database you need to examine how often you update your site, how much content you have, what your content is, how your site is updated, and more.
Automatic reasons to use a database is when you have a lot of content, content that is easiest to access through categories, if your site it updated by more than 2 people. If you update your site daily that implies having enough content to justify a database.

## Other Technology Options

If a database isn't right for your site but you are still looking for ways to ease site updates, here are some options for you to consider.

### SSI

SSI, or server side includes are good to use for navigation menus. (They are a type of shtml, an extension of HTML that contains other useful server directives such as date and time.) By using includes, you can tell a page to include a separate file. The file will be loaded into that space when the page is loaded—like copy-pasting by hand, except that server does it for you. So, if you wanted to have the same sidebar on a number of pages, you could create the sidebar in a separate .shtml file and tell each of your websites to include that page. That way, when you needed to change the navigation bar, you could change the one .shtml file instead of changing every single page.
The code looks like this:
Remember to name your files .shtml.

### PHP

PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor and you can do really everything with it. It works very good with databases. Some code:
As you see, it looks like C.

### WebDNA

WebDNA is an easy to learn server-side scripting language specifically designed for the World Wide Web, with an Hybrid in-memory databases system making easy to build resilient database-driven websites.
Example Code (connects to a whois server and shows the information, then stores it into a permanent database)
# World Stamp Catalogue/Dalmatia
## Dalmatia

* Postage stamps of Dalmatia
# World Stamp Catalogue/Diego-Suarez
## Diego-Suárez

* Postage stamps of Diego-Suárez
# World Stamp Catalogue/D
### D

* Dahomey
* Dalmatia
* Danish West Indies
* Danzig
* Denmark
* Diego-Suarez
* Djibouti
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Dubai (UAE)
# World Stamp Catalogue/Denmark
## Denmark

* Postage stamps and postal history of Denmark
* Airmail stamps of Denmark
# World Stamp Catalogue/Danish West Indies
## Danish West Indies

* Postage stamps and postal history of the Danish West Indies
# World Stamp Catalogue/Danzig
## Danzig

* Postage stamps and postal history of Danzig
# World Stamp Catalogue/Dominican Republic
## The Dominican Republic

* Postage stamps and postal history of the Dominican Republic
# World Stamp Catalogue/Czechoslovakia
## Czechoslovakia

* Postage stamps and postal history of Czechoslovakia
# World Stamp Catalogue/Description conventions

The conventions described on this page are often arbitrary. In many cases other options would work just as well. If there are good reasons for preferring one way of describing a stamp's features we should still be prepared to discuss possible changes.

## Perforations

The standard for describing perforation is the number of holes (or the "teeth" or perfs of an individual stamp) in a 2-centimeter span. If a stamp has more than one perforation size, the standard practice is to list the gauge of the horizontal edge first and then the vertical. For example, if a stamp is perforated with gauge 11 on the top and bottom but 10 1/2 on the left and right edges, it will be designated by 11 X 10 1/2.
If, however, the stamp is only perforated on two sides (top and bottom or left and right edges), the standard designation will include the size followed by a 'V' or 'H' depending on whether the vertical or horizontal edges are perforated.

## Colour

Sadly, printed catalogues do not follow any standards that would put them in conformity with each other. Often these catalogues are not even internally consistent. The good news is that in most cases it is not the most important feature to be used for identifying a stamp. While we should be aware of the general coloring of a stamp, there is no objective standard that could be broadly applied, except to say that English colour names should be used for this English Wikibook. Colours in certain other key languages may be added on an optional basis.

### Stamps in two or more colours

When describing such situations Scott catalogues name the outer colour first; Gibbons catalogues name the inner colour first. I would suggest naming the inner colour first followed by the word "in".

## Paper

Please read wikipedia's stamp paper article for in depth description of paper types.
# World Stamp Catalogue/Dominica
## Dominica

* Postage stamps and postal history of Dominica
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1969
## National Rice Year - 1969

| Images | Values | Description | Designer | Printer |
| | 15 cents (Silver Border) , 75 cents (Gold Border) | A girl, assuming to be peasant wearing rice hat holding sheaves of golden ripe paddy. The national rice campaign are government efforts to increase rice supply nationally and ensure self sufficiency and improve living standards in rural area by (i) Intensive use of land (ii) Improve Productivity | Mohd Hossein bin Enas | Messrs. Harrison & Sons |
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1967
## SEACOM Telephone

| Image | Values | Description | Designer | Printer |
| | 30 cents , 75 cents | The maps of SEACOM cable route (South East Asia Commonwealth Telephone Cable System). The cable route costs about $200 million is made up of 5 cables (i) Singapore to Jesselton (Now known as Kota Kinabalu) (ii) Jesselton to Hong Kong (iii) Hong Kong to Guam (iv) Guam to Madang, Papua New Guinea (v) Madang to Cairns | Ng Peng Nam | Government Printing Bureau of Japan |
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1972
## City Status of Kuala Lumpur

| Images | Values | Description | Designer |
| | 25 cents | A view of Dataran Merdeka in KL during daytime as a commemoration of Kuala Lumpur as city status in 1972 ,painting of Sultan Abdul Samad Building with word "Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur 1972" | Malaysian Advertising Services |
| | 50 cents | A view of Dataran Merdeka in KL illuminated by neon lights during night time as a commemoration of Kuala Lumpur as city status in 1972 ,painting of Sultan Abdul Samad Building with word "Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur 1972" | Malaysian Advertising Services |
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1961
## 1961

Caption text :
| Value | Descriptions |
| 6 cents | Rubber tapper tapping rubber trees |
| 25 cents | Tin mining using dredges |
| 30 cents | Maps of Federation of Malaya |
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1968
## 1968 Natural Rubber Conferences

| Values | Description |
| 25 cents | A natural rubber molecular unit, where the C (Carbon) is denote by black molecules and H (Hydrogen) is denote by white molecules |
| 30 cents | The raw rubber latex are processed into rubber bale and stamped with SMR (Standard Malaysia Rubber) |
| 50 cents | One of the products, made of rubber is shown (i.e: Tires used in aeroplane are needed to withstand high temperature) |
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1970
## Butterfly Series

| Value | Description |
| 25 cents | Orange-flash Crow |
| 30 cents | Common Saturn |
| 50 cents | Common Nawab |
| 75 cents | Great Mormon |
| 1 Ringgit | Orange Albatross |
| 2 Ringgit | Rajah Brooke's Birdwing |
| 5 Ringgit | Centaur Oakblue |
| 10 Ringgit | Royal Assyrian |
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1963
## Formation of Malaysia Series

| Images | Values | Description | Designer |
| | 50 cents | The map of Malaysia consists of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak on 16th September 1963. | |

## World Orchid Conferences 1963

| Images | Values | Description | Designer |
| | 6 cents, 25 cents | Bouquet of orchids arranged with card labelled "World ORCHID conference Singapore 1963" attached to it | |

## 9th Commonwealth Conference , Kuala Lumpur

| Images | Values | Description | Designer |
| | 20 cents, 30 cents | The parliament buildings of Malaysia in the background with the Cokmar Di-Raja or Royal Mace crossing at bottom of stamps | |
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1966
## Inauguration of Tugu Negara (National Monument)

Inauguration of Tugu Negara (National Monument) :
| Images | Values | Description | Designer |
| | 10cents, 20 cents | Triangular shaped stamps that are enclosed with words "KEAMANAN" and "KERMERDEKAAN" which translates to "Peace" and "Independence". The monuments is consists of few soldiers with the prominent soldiers standing in center, waving Malaysia flag with the rest of soldiers either fallen down during battle. | |

## Rancangan Malaysia Pertama 1966 - 1970 (First National Plan 1966 -1970)

Rancangan Malaysia Pertama 1966 - 1970 (First National Plan 1966 -1970) :
| Values | Description |
| 15 cents | Agriculture and Rural Development is part of RMP: Chapter 7 whereas it is national importance to provide increased income and employment. Sufficient food supplies will insure against cost of living as well as provide sufficient nutrient levels to the people |
| 15 cents | Transport and Communication is part of RMP: Chapter 9 whereas it is strategic importance not only for providing transportation to connect between places but also telecommunications (such as broadcasting, postal services,telephone services). |
| 15 cents | Utilities is part of RMP: Chapter 10 whereas it is important to extend the utilities network across Malaysia as well as meeting water and electricity demands of industrial economic center as well as domestic consumption |
| 15 cents | Education and Training is part of RMP: Chapter 11 where to meet the development needs of the country, Government had intensify and expand the human resources talents to increase productivity |
| 15 cents | Health and Family Planning is part of RMP: Chapter 12 is part of Malaysia continuous effort to combat epidemic diseases as well as malnutrition by providing improved nutritional standards, improvised enviromental sanitation as well as adequate and free healthcare to all Malaysian |
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1971
## Opening of National Bank (Bank Negara) Building

| Image | Values | Description | Designer |
| | 25 cents , 50 cents | The round coin shaped stamps which have the Bank Negara Building with the Malaysia's 14 star and crescent | |
# World Stamp Catalogue/Malaysia/1965
## 1965's Bird Series

Malaysia Bird Series :
| Value | Descriptions |
| 25 cents | Rollulus rouloul |
| 30 cents | Irena puella |
| 50 cents | Oriolus chinensis |
| 75 cents | Buceros rhinoceros |
| 1 ringgit | Geopelia striata |
| 2 ringgit | Argusianus argus |
| 5 ringgit | Terpsiphone paradisi |
| 10 ringgit | Pitta guajana |
# World War II/The German Retreat, The Russian Advance

During the fall and early winter of 1941, German armored divisions had advanced toward Moscow at a rapid pace, capturing hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in the process. By late November, German armored divisions, within a day’s travel, threatened the city. But by the first week of December, snow began falling, and temperatures plunged to -40° C (-40° F). The German soldiers, not dressed for winter weather, were freezing and losing their will to fight. Their equipment also froze, becoming useless. The Russian winter finally accomplished what its military had failed to do: It halted the German offensive.
The German army had practically turned its invasion of Russia into a rout. But at the end of July 1942, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin issued the order, “Not a step back!” The Germans assaulted the city of Stalingrad that month, a crucial city of the Soviet Union. In the ruins of Stalingrad, shown here, Soviet soldiers fought the Germans building-by-building in a savage battle for the city that lasted for five months.
# World War II/The Beginning of the End

From the summer of 1943 the Third Reich faced a grim holding operation on the Eastern Front in the face of the inexorable Soviet advance. In Italy, however, the British and Americans made slower progress. In the Pacific the Americans began a drive toward the Japanese home islands, bypassing a number of Japanese bases and garrisons in a strategy known as "island hopping".
Following the recapture of Kharkov by the Germans in mid-March 1943, fighting on the eastern front subsided as both sides made preparations for further offensives. Hitler calculated that the Red Army was marking time before launching another offensive in the winter of 1943. The aim of the first German offensive would be to eliminate the huge Soviet salient north of Kharkov around the town of Kursk in the Ukraine. This had been created by Manstein's counterblow after Stalingrad.
Opinions differed within the German high command over how to deal with the Kursk salient. Manstein favored what became known as the "backhand solution", waiting for the Red Army to burst out of the salient and then rolling up its advancing columns as the Soviet lines of supply grew ever longer. Hitler and General Kurt Zeitzler, Chief of the Army General Staff, favored a more aggressive strategy. Having rejected a proposal for a frontal attack on the salient, the German high command settled for a pincer attack, delivered on the northern and southern shoulders of the salient with the aim of pinching out the Kursk bulge and trapping the Soviet armies holding it. The operation was codenamed Citadel.
Operation Citadel was based on the dangerous assumption that the Red Army, well dug-in, would crumble at the first impact of German armor. It was also a measure of changing fortunes on the Eastern Front that, for all the massive preparations that preceded it, Citadel's principal objective was limited to a mere straightening of the front line. However, such was the scale of the coming offensive that it was clear to all involved in its preparation that failure would mean the complete collapse of the German strategy on the Eastern Front. Hitler confessed that every time he thought about the operation, his stomach turned over.
to the line of the Dnieper River.
to pass to the Red Army after its victory
the Red Army not only seized the initiative,
to counter with tactical initiative.
# World War II/Stalin and the Soviet Union

Stalin and his involvement in World War II, started in 1939. Hitler and Stalin agreed a secret treaty to divide Poland between the Soviet Union and Germany. Following the invasion, Britain (which had a treaty with Poland) declared war on Germany.
# .NET Development Foundation/Navigation

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# .NET Development Foundation/PageStructure

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# .NET Development Foundation/Interoperability Topics
## Topics
### Reflection

The Wikipedia definition for reflection in computer science is: "The process by which a computer program can observe and modify its own structure and behavior. The programming paradigm driven by reflection is called reflective programming".
The concept is implemented extensively in .NET because a lot of information is maintained at the common intermediate language (CIL) level.
Among other things you can:
* get information about running assembly or assembly constituents (modules, classes, methods, etc.), this is particularly useful for dynamically loaded assemblies that are not known at compile time.
* put custom attributes in your code and retrieve those attributes at run time.
* dynamically invoke methods.
* "emit" and execute CIL code at run time.
# .NET Development Foundation/Iterators
## Value Types

An iterator is a section of code that enables one to traverse a data structure and return each element of the same type in turn.
The iterator code uses the yield return statement to return each element in turn. When the yield return statement is reached, the current location is stored. Execution is restarted from this location the next time the iterator is called.
# .NET Development Foundation/Other system classes
## Using specialized collections

Exam objective: Manage data in a .NET Framework application by using specialized collections.
(Refer System.Collections.Specialized namespace)

### Specialized String classes

    StringCollection class - MSDN
    StringDictionary class - MSDN
    StringEnumerator class - MSDN

##### Specialized Dictionary classes

    HybridDictionary class - MSDN
    IOrderedDictionary interface and OrderedDictionary class
       IOrderedDictionary Interface - MSDN
       OrderedDictionary class - MSDN
    ListDictionary class - MSDN

### Named collections

    NameObjectCollectionBase class - MSDN
    NameObjectCollectionBase.KeysCollection class - MSDN
    NameValueCollection class - MSDN

### CollectionsUtil class

CollectionsUtil class - MSDN

### BitVector32 structure and BitVector32.Section structure

    BitVector32 structure - MSDN
    BitVector32.Section structure - MSDN

## Standard interfaces

Exam objective: Implement .NET Framework interfaces to cause components to comply with standard contracts.
(Refer System namespace)
IComparable interface - MSDN
    The IComparable interface defines a comparison method that a value type or class implements to create a type-specific comparison method
IDisposable interface - MSDN
    The IDispose interface can be used to explicitly release unmanaged resources in custom classes. The consumer of an object can call this method when the object is no longer needed.
    The .Net garbage collector releases memory allocated to managed objects when they are no longer used, however, it is not possible to predict when garbage collection will occur and it has no knowledge of unmanaged resources such as window handles, or open files and streams.
IConvertible interface - MSDN
ICloneable interface - MSDN
INullableValue interface - MSDN
IEquatable interface - MSDN
IFormattable interface - MSDN
# .NET Development Foundation/Navbox

core