OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Portuguese/Contents/Imperfect tense regular verbs
## The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect Tense is used in Portuguese to express something that was happening at a particular moment in time. For instance, we would NOT use the imperfect for the sentence "I ate an apple" because the action has finished. However, the sentence "I was eating an apple" describes something that was happening at a moment in time.
Let's see how to form the imperfect tense. First, take the "ar", "er" or "ir" off the infinitive (so falar becomes fal, comer becomes com and partir becomes part

## Regular -ar verbs

| I was speaking | Eu fal | ava |
| You (s,inf) were speaking | Tu fal | avas |
| He was speaking (also ela, você) | Ele fal | ava |
| We were speaking | Nós fal | ávamos |
| You (f) were speaking | Vós fal | áveis |
| They were speaking (also elas, vocês) | Eles fal | avam |

## Regular -er and -ir verbs

You only need to learn one conjugation for the 'ir' and 'er' verbs. That means that the verb partir is conjugated exactly like comer in the imperfect tense.
| I was eating | Eu com | ia |
| You (s,inf) were eating | Tu com | ias |
| He was eating (also ela, você) | Ele com | ia |
| We were eating | Nós com | íamos |
| You (f) were eating | Vós com | íeis |
| They were eating (also elas, vocês) | Eles com | iam |
There! It's that easy.
# Portuguese/Contents/Definite and Indefinite Articles

| << Previous | Contents | Next >> |
In English, we use definite and indefinite articles all the time. They are the words 'the', 'a' and 'an'. In Portuguese there are articles as well, but the actual system is slightly more complicated.
As you can learn from the Number and Gender section, Portuguese makes use of two features known as Number and Gender. What this means is that a noun is either singular or plural and at the same time it is either masculine or feminine. In Portuguese, articles and nouns must agree; that is to say that the article and the noun must have both the same number and the same gender. So when there is a feminine noun, you use a feminine article; when the noun is plural, you have to use a plural article as well. Let's have a look at these articles.

## Definite Articles

The definite articles are used when one is referring exactly to one particular object or collection of objects. The following table resumes the four Portuguese definite articles. In English, the definite article is the.
Table I - Definite articles :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Masculine | o | os |
| Feminine | a | as |
So, to say the house, we first need to look at the word "casa", house. It is feminine (see Tips for Identifying Word Gender for tips on how to recognize word gender). Since there is only one house, we look for the feminine singular. It is a, so we say "a casa", the house.

## Indefinite Articles

We now need to look at the indefinite articles. They are used when the noun refers to something of one kind, but the particular instance isn't important. In English, the indefinite article is a or an.
Table I - Indefinite articles :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Masculine | um | uns |
| Feminine | uma | umas |
Again, if we want to say a house, we are looking for the feminine singular indefinite article, which is uma. Therefore, we say "uma casa", a house.

## Practice

If you want to practice on articles, go to the Lesson page.
# Portuguese/Contents/Days, Months, Seasons

<< Portuguese:Contents
| Os dias da semana | Os meses do ano | As estações do ano |
| (days of the week) | (months of the year) | (the seasons of the year) |
| Domingo (Sunday) | Janeiro (January) | Primavera (Spring) |
| Segunda-feira (Monday) | Fevereiro (February) | Verão (Summer) |
| Terça-feira (Tuesday) | Março (March) | Outono (Autumn/Fall) |
| Quarta-feira (Wednesday) | Abril (April) | Inverno (Winter) |
| Quinta-feira (Thursday) | Maio (May) | |
| Sexta-feira (Friday) | Junho (June) | |
| Sábado (Saturday) | Julho (July) | |
| | Agosto (August) | |
| | Setembro (September) | |
| | Outubro (October) | |
| | Novembro (November) | |
| | Dezembro (December) | |

## See also

vocabulary in a file for learning
# Portuguese/Contents/Conditional tense regular verbs
## Function

The conditional mood in Portuguese is the equivalent of the "would + infinitive" construction in English.
It is used to express a situation in which there are "conditions". For example:
* I would go to the party if you took me.
* Eu iria à festa se você me levasse
The conditional is frequently used along with the imperfect subjunctive, as in the context above.
* conditional + if + imp. subjunctive - Eu compraria um carro se tivesse dinheiro.
* If + imp. subjunctive + conditional - Se eu tivesse dinheiro, compraria um carro.
It is also used with the verb gostar. For example:
* Eu gostaria de ir ao centro. - I would like to go into town.
Also note that the first person plural contains an accent over the last "i".
Gostaríamos de ir ao centro se você chegasse também.

## Formation

In regular verbs, the conditional is formed by adding these never-changing endings to the infinitive.
FALAR - to speak
| I would speak | Eu falar | ia |
| You (s,inf) would speak | Tu falar | ias |
| He would speak (also ela, você) | Ele falar | ia |
| We would speak | Nós falar | íamos |
| You (p) would speak | Vós falar | íeis |
| They would speak (also elas, vocês) | Eles falar | iam |
Click here for a list of verbs irregular in the conditional.
# Principles of Microeconomics/Poverty and Economic Inequality
## Occupy Wall Street

In September 2011, a group of protesters gathered in Zuccotti Park in New York City to decry what they perceived as increasing social and economic inequality in the United States. Calling their protest “Occupy Wall Street,” they argued that the concentration of wealth among the richest 1% in the United States was both economically unsustainable and inequitable, and needed to be changed. The protest then spread to other major cities, and the Occupy movement was born.
Why were people so upset? How much wealth is concentrated among the top 1% in our society? How did they acquire so much wealth? These are very real, very important questions in the United States now, and this chapter on poverty and economic inequality will help us address the causes behind this sentiment.

## Introduction to Poverty and Economic Inequality

In this chapter, you will learn about:
* Drawing the Poverty Line
* The Poverty Trap
* The Safety Net
* Income Inequality: Measurement and Causes
* Government Policies to Reduce Income Inequality
The labor markets that determine what workers are paid do not take into account how much income a family needs for food, shelter, clothing, and health care. Market forces do not worry about what happens to families when a major local employer goes out of business. Market forces do not take time to contemplate whether those who are earning higher incomes should pay an even higher share of taxes.
However, labor markets do create considerable inequalities of income. In 2014, the median American family income was $57,939 (the median is the level where half of all families had more than that level and half had less). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, almost nine million U.S. families were classified by the federal government as being below the poverty line in that year. Think about a family of three—perhaps a single mother with two children—attempting to pay for the basics of life on perhaps $17,916 per year. After paying for rent, healthcare, clothing, and transportation, such a family might have $6,000 to spend on food. Spread over 365 days, the food budget for the entire family would be about $17 per day. To put this in perspective, most cities have restaurants where $17 will buy you an appetizer for one.
This chapter explores how the U.S. government defines poverty, the balance between assisting the poor without discouraging work, and how federal antipoverty programs work. It also discusses income inequality—how economists measure inequality, why inequality has changed in recent decades, the range of possible government policies to reduce inequality, and the danger of a tradeoff that too great a reduction in inequality may reduce incentives for producing output.
# Pashto
## Table of Contents

* Why learn Pashto? - An introduction to the language and its speakers
* Alphabet and Pronunciation
* Romanisation System

### Lessons لوستونه

* Salaam - سلام - Your first Pashto conversation
* Verbs

### Misc. إلخ

* Vocabulary and Phrase Appendix
# Pashto/Introduction
## Why learn Pashto? - An introduction to the language and its speakers

Pashto is the native language of the Pashtun people who live in Afghanistan and western Pakistan. There are estimated to be 50-60 million Pashto speakers around the world. Pashto is a member of the Indo-European language family, in the Indo-Iranian branch. Thus, it is related to languages such as Hindi, Urdu, Dari, Kurdish, and Persian.
# Pascal Programming/Register

* Block
* Compiler
* Constants
* else
* Enumerations
* Identifiers
* if
* Pointers
* Routines
* Sets
* Statement
* Variables
# Pikmin franchise strategy guide

This Wikibook serves as a guide to video games from the Pikmin franchise, including some history and trivia. This also includes recurring enemies, characters, and other subjects within the franchise.

## Contents
### Background

* /Wildlife of Pikmin
** /Bulborb
** /Snitchbug
* /Piklopedia
* /Treasure
# Pig Latin/Lessons/6:Pronouns and Possessives
## Main Concept

I run. She sits. You eat.
Have you noticed a pattern? Pronoun + Verb. The pronoun tells you the who. In NAPL, the conjugation already tells you the who, in most cases. So, really, in most instances where you'd use pronouns in English you wouldn't in NAPL. Of course, sometimes you have to clarify who the conjugated verb refers to.
For example, let's say there's a boy and a girl in a room. If you just say "ilkayi," it could mean that either she or he is killing something or other. So you've got to specify the who-- "ŝē ilkayi." There's no set rule for this, really, it's just up to your discretion as to when you specify. Just keep in mind the fact that pronouns are used as sparingly as possible in NAPL!

## Vocabulary

First off, pronouns:
* ŝē: she (singular)
* hē: he (singular)
* ťay: they/them (singular)
* ťays: they/them (plural)
* ī: I (singular)
* mē: me (singular)
* ēō: you (singular)
* ēōs: you (plural)
* ōuē: we (plural)
Alright, got that? I hope you did, they're a tad important. I also hope you noticed that they are very similar to English'es pronouns-- the only differences, really, is the singular-plural "they" distinction that NAPL makes, something English leaves ambiguous.
Now for the possessives:
* ŝēāy: hers
* hēāy: his
* ťāy: their (singular/singular)
* ēōāy: your (singular/plural)
* ōuēāy: our(s)
* mīy: my
Remember how there are different pronouns for plural "you" and singular "you," along with singular/plural "they?" Well, that isn't the case with possessives, unfortunately. Possessives are just as ambiguous as in English. You win some you lose some, I suppose. Still an improvement.
Alright, I think it's time for some exercise! 10 push-ups, right now!

## Exercises
### English to NAPL

Make sure to use pronouns-- in most of these cases, you wouldn't ordinarily use pronouns (as the conjugation renders them redundant), but this is just so you get some pronoun-practice, really.
* Exercise 5.1
* 1) You are good, comrade.
* 2) We like to fight them. (plural)
* 3) You cook, we eat. We like your food.
* 4) My God? He isn't there.
* 5) I can't read you...
* Answers 5.1
* 1) Ēō ar udgāy, āmradkay.
* 2) Ōuē īklayo ītfō ťays.
* 3) Kukayā, ētayo. Īklayo ēōāy ōdfay.
* 4) Mīy odgay? Hē nyis erťāy.
* 5) Ī nyānkayu ēdrayu ēō.

### NAPL to English

* Exercise 5.2
* 1) Ēdnayu ātťāy ēspay uf ōdfay!
* 2) Ītfō in Igpāy Atinlay, is uvlō.
* 3) Kukōyu ōdfay Ī ētiyu, rendfay!
* 4) Ōuritayu rēkōentfāy umdāy ēngťays.
* 5) Ēō ōuritayā īgbāy ānd uvlāy Igpāy Atinlay.
* Answers 5.2
* 1) I need that piece of food!
* 2) To fight in Pig Latin is to love.
* 3) Cook food I will eat, friend!
* 4) I frequently write dumb things.
* 5) You write big & lovely Pig Latin.
# Pig Latin/Lessons/3: Basic Verbs
## Main Concept

NAPL-folk are a skittish people, yet they are blunt, direct, and hate unnecessary complexity. Because of this, a ruffle common in other languages like Spanish, French, et. al., irregulary conjugations are not present in NAPL. Conjugations of NAPL are very standard-- there is only one exception to the standard conjugation, in fact. That's the word "to be" (covered next lesson). To keep ambiguity to a minimum and time spent talking short, conjugations signify both time and actor. The when and the who-done-it, all you'd need to solve a closed-circuit murder-mystery.
The conjugations are as follows:
| Actor | Past | Present | Future |
| Me | -āyu | -ayu | -iyu |
| You | -āyā | -ayā | -iyā |
| He/She/They | -āyi | -ayi | -iyi |
| They | -āyī | -ayī | -iyī |
| We | -āyo | -ayo | -iyo |
There are five more conjugations:
* Hypothetical (if they ran, etc.): -uyu
* Imperative (run away!,etc.): -ōyu
* Imperfect (he was/will finishing, etc.): -(past/future conjugation)i
* Infinitive (referring to an action): -ō

### Examples

He runs: unrayi [unrō, minus infinitive (ō), plus tense (a), plus actor (i)] She will run: unriyi [unrō, minus infinitive (ō), plus tense (i), plus actor (i)] They (1) had run: unrāyi [unrō, minus infinitive (ō), plus tense (ā), plus actor (i)] They (2+) was running/used to run: unrāyii [unrō, minus infinitive (ō), plus tense (ā), plus actor (i), plus imperfect (i)] We ran: unrāyo [unrō, minus infinitive (ō), plus tense (ā), plus actor (o)]

## Vocabulary

Here are some common verbs in the infinitive form:
* unrō: to run
* ētō: to eat
* ilkō: to kill
* ītfō: to fight
* ēdnō: to need
* āntōuō: to want
* uvlō: to love
* athō: to hate
* iklō: to like
* ōurītō: to write
* līfō: to fly
* ivlō: to live
* akmō: to make
* kukō: to cook
* akbō: to bake
* īndfō: to find
* itgō: to get
Now for some common nouns and prepositions:
* omhay: home
* erťāy: there
* ōurkay: work
* ātťay: that

## Exercises
### NAPL to English

Translate the following into English:
* Itgiyā ātťay.
* Īāy rendfay ustjāy ilkāyā rāndmutrgay.
* Ēōāy āmradkay akbiyi īnfāy!
* Ilkāyui āmrādokay.
* Ēdnijā īndfō ōurkay.
* Makayī ōurkay erťāy.
Don't scroll down any more until you try to answer the questions!

### Answers I

* You will get that.
* My friend just killed grandmother.
* Your comrade will bake finely!
* I was killing comrade.
* You will need to find work.
* They make work there.

### English to NAPL

Translate these into NAPL:
* I eat that.
* I had ran to work.
* There, I found you.
* I like you... Well, I love you.
* I need to fly there.
Don't scroll down any more until you try to answer the questions!

### Answers II

* Ētayu ātťay.
* Unrāyu.
* Īndfāyu erťāy ēō.
* Īklayu ēō... Ōuelay, uvlayu ēō.
* Ēdnayu erťāy līfō .
# Pikmin franchise strategy guide/Snitchbug

A Snitchbug is an insectoid creature from Pikmin and Pikmin 2. They come in two types.

## Varieties

Snitchbugs come in two varieties, The Swooping Snitchbug and The Bumbling Snitchbug.

### The Swooping Snitchbug

Swooping Snitchbugs are legless insects with gangly arms and antennas that double as wings for flight. They are not that destructive, nor are they that difficult, but they can be and usually are annoying. The goal of a Swooping Snitchbug is to find Pikmin, bring them in the air, and replant them back into their original leaf form. To defeat a Swooping Snitchbug, you must throw pikmin on the location of his shadow, once enough are on the Snitchbug, he will fall out of the sky. You must next then use the c-stick to move all your hordes of Pikmin. It will be a near instantaneous death.

### The Bumbling Snitchbug

The Bumbling Snitchbug looks almost exactly like it's swooping counterpart with the exception of his face which is much larger and takes up his body. Instead of going for pikmin however, this pesky critter will try and attack your leaders, like Olimar. If manages to capture you and throw you down, it will give you a substantial amount of damage. Their are two preferred ways in defeating this bug. You can either throw Yellow Pikmin from a distance on him so that your captain is out of his reach, or you can use another leader as bait while the other throws purple pikmin on it, stunning and swiftly killing it. According to the Pikmin 2 website, this snitchbug is often called the Revealing Snitchbug, because it reveals how stupid and incompetent you are for being caught.

## Appearances

* The Swooping Snitchbug
** Pikmin
*** The Distant Spring
* Pikmin 2
** The Perplexing Pool
*** Various caves
* The Bumbling Snitchbug
** Pikmin 2
*** Various Caves
# Pinyin/Lung

Search Pinyin lung
A lung is one of the two organs in the chest using for breathing.
feihbuh shih xiongqiang lii yohngyur huxi d 1-duih qihguan.
# Pinyin/MERS

MERS (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), discovered in Saudi Arabia in 2012, is a disease caused by a coronavirus (a family of viruses that usually cause common colds, and that can infect both animals and people). It's a relative of SARS (the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) virus that swept around the world, infecting more than 8,000 people globally and killing 774 before it was stopped in 2004.
MERS (Zhōngdōng Hūxī Zònghézhēng), 2012 nián zài Saudi Arabia fāxiàn, shì yóu guānzhuàng-bìngdú yǐnqǐ de jíbìng. Guānzhuàng-bìngdú yǔ pǔtōng gǎnmào bìngdú tóngyī jiāzú, kěyǐ gǎnrǎn dòngwù hé rénlèi, shì SARS de qīnshǔ. SARS (Yánzhòng Jíxìng Hūxī Zònghézhēng) bìngdú 2004 nián kuòsàn quánqiú, gǎnrǎn chāoguò 8000 rén , shāsǐ 774 rén, ránhòu tíngzhǐ.
# Pinyin/Macau

Search Pinyin Macau
The Macao Special Administrative Region is one of China's 2 Special Administrative Regions (The other one is Hong Kong). Macau is a small city in the southern coast in China. It consists of Macau Peninsula, Taipa Island, Coloane Island and Cotai (the new reclaimed land between Taipa and Coloane). It is very densely populated, with over half a million people.
Aohmern Tehbier Xirngzhehngqu shih ZG 2'g Tiehbier Xirngzhehngqu zhiyi (lihngyi'g shih Xianggaang). Aohmern shih Huarnarn haai`ahn d xiaao cherngshih, baokuoh Aohmern Bahndaao, Dahngzaai Daao, Luhhuarn Daao her Luhdahngcherng (Dahngzaai her Luhhuarn zhijian xin d tiarnhaai dih). Aohmern rernkoou chaoguoh 50 wahn, feicharng chourmih.
Macao was a colony of Portugal for nearly 5 centuries before it returned to China in 1999.
Aohmern shih Portugal zhirmirndih jiejihn 5'g shihjih, daoh 1999 niarn huirgui Zhongguor.
# Pinyin/Lung failure

Search Pinyin lung
Search Pinyin failure
Respiratory failure is a medical condition which affects respiration. It leads to the Alveoli in the lung not getting enough oxygen. As a consequence of this, gas exchange in the blood is hampered. Respiratory failure is a direct threat to the life of the person affected. For this reason, it is a medical emergency. Emergency treatment of respiratory failure is very similar to that of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Fèishuāijié shì yǐngxiǎng hūxī d jíbìng, dǎozhì fèipào yǎngqì bùzú, yīncǐ xuèyè d qìtǐ jiāohuàn shòuzǔ. Fèishuāijié zhíjiē wēixié huànzhě d shēngmìng, suǒyǐ shì 1-zhoong yīliáo jǐnjí qíngkuàng. Fèishuāijié d jíjiù yǔ xīnfèifùsū fēicháng xiāngsì.
# Pinyin/Lychee

See also
A lychee is a small fruit, originated from China, with thick rough reddish skin, white flesh and a large seed inside.
Lìzhī shì yuánzì Zhōngguó de shuǐguǒ. Guǒpí qiǎnhóngsè, hòu ér cūcāo. Guǒròu báisè. Guǒhé dà.
# Pinyin/Machine

A machine is a piece of equipment with moving parts that is designed to do a particular job.
jiqih shih yoou huordohng buhjiahn d shehbeih yohngyii warncherng tehdihng d gongzuoh.
# Pinyin/Mackerel

Search Pinyin mackerel
Mackerel is a common fish. It is an oily fish with rich of omega-3.
mackerel shih charngjiahn yourxihng yur, harn fengfuh omega-3.
The flesh of mackerel spoils easily, especially in the tropics, and can cause food poisoning.
ta de yurrouh rorngyih fuulahn yiinzhih shirwuh zhohngdur, yourqir zaih rehdaih.
So, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless properly refrigerated or cured.
yin`err buuzhuo dangtian jiuh yaoh shiryohng, churfei shihdahng leengcarng huoh yanzhih.
# Pinyin/Macronutrient

See also
Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy. “macro” means large, macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts. There are 3 macronutrients:
* Carbohydrate
* Protein
* Fat
Hóngliàngyíngyǎngsù shì tígōng rèliàng huò néngliàng de yíngyǎngsù. "Hóngliàng" shì "dàliàng" de yìsī, hóngliàngyíngyǎngsù jiùshì dàliàng xūyào de yíngyǎngsù. Hóngliàngyíngyǎngsù yǒu 3 zhǒng:
* Tànshuǐhuàhéwù
* Dànbáizhì
* Zhīfáng
# Pinyin/Lung cancer

Search Pinyin lung
Search Pinyin cancer
Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers when smoke gets in the lungs. Lung cancer kills 1.3 million people each year, more than any other cancer. It is currently the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women, it kills more women than breast cancer, ovarian cancer and uterine cancers together.
Fèi'ái shì yìcháng xìbāo zài 1'g huò 2'g fèi d bùshòukòngzhì d shēngzhǎng. Duōshù fèi'ái yóu xīyān yǐnqǐ. Měinián 130 wàn rén sǐ yú fèi'ái, gāoyú qítā áizhèng. Fèi'ái mùqián shì nánxìng hé nǚxìng áizhèng sǐwáng d shǒuyào yuányīn. Nǚxìng sǐ yú fèi'ái bǐ sǐ yú rǔ'ái, luǎncháo'ái hé zǐgōng'ái de zǒnghé háiyào gāo.
The large majority of people who get lung cancer have smoked for many years. However, there are types of lung cancers that appear in otherwise healthy patients who have never smoked.
Dàduōshù rén yóuyú xīyān duōnián ér dédào fèi'ái, dànshì yǒuxiē lèixíng d fèi'ái yě huì chūxiàn yú cóngbù xīyān d rén.
# Pinyin/Lyme disease

Search Pinyin disease
Lyme disease was found for the first time in 1975 in the town of Lyme in Connecticut State of United States. So, it is called Lyme disease. Lyme disease is an infectious disease, which is caused by bacteria and transmitted by ticks. It first affects the skin, and then the joints and nervous system. It may even spread to other organs if not treated.
Lyme-bìng yú 1975 nián shǒucì zài Měiguó Connecticut Zhōu d Lyme Zhèn bèi fāxiàn, yīn'ér jiàozuò Lyme-bìng. Lyme-bìng shì 1-zhǒng yóu píchóng chuánbō, xìjūn dǎozhì d chuánrǎnbìng. Tā shǒuxiān yǐngxiǎng pífū, ránhòu shì guānjié, shénjīng xìtǒng. Rúguǒ bù jìnxíng zhìliáo, shènzhì kěnéng bōjí qítā qìguān.
# 3. India Stack: A Case Study

India Stack represents a suite of groundbreaking digital services that have transformed the subcontinent's digital landscape. From the world's largest biometric system to real-time payment platforms, this chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the elements that make up India Stack, emphasizing their individual and collective impact on the country's digital revolution
# 4. What is served on my plate? Benefits of Public Digital Backbone

Introduction:
Beyond the evident technological advancements, what does a robust Public Digital Backbone bring to the table for citizens, businesses, and governments? This chapter delves into the multifaceted benefits of such an infrastructure, ranging from enhanced service delivery to fostering innovation. We'll evaluate the ripple effects of these benefits on the broader economy, governance, and societal well-being.