OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Manga Study Guide: Barefoot Gen/Layout

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## Manga Conventions: Layout

Composition plays a major role in how the reader will follow the story, determined mainly by the positioning of the panels (images), and it also creates the atmosphere through lightings. Sizes of the panels determines the scene, typically showing mental images over large boxes, and small but many boxes will give a sequential feeling.
Positive/Negative Spacing is referred to the two colors: black (negative) and white (positive). A good balance in the two types of spacing will make a best composition, and balance can be maintained by adding black to areas that are too white, and the same for white.
Flow is how the reader’s eye moves across the page. Many Japanese Manga is read from right to left, whilst Western comics are to be read from left to right. Depending on your audience, it is important for the illustrator to distribute the images in the right place, and use other features in a way that makes the reader’s eye move in the correct order.
Timing is what determines the flow, but also portrays the importance of the scene and the key points by the size, shape and the position of the panels. The time it takes the reader to look through one frame is what determines the pace of events and illusion of time. Commonly, when the panels are bigger, they are showing the scene that the illustrator (mangaka) wants to emphasize the important points in the story - the bigger the panel, the longer the eye will linger on the frame. The smaller panels tend to give a sequential feeling but also show the personality of characters, and the faster the eye will move onto another panel.
# Manga Study Guide: Barefoot Gen/Author's purpose and philosophy

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## Background: Author’s Purpose and Philosophy

Nakazawa Keiji the writer of ‘Barefoot Gen’, wrote the book in such a way as children, young adults and even adults enjoyable and attracts attention about the war. He had also written this story based by himself and what he have experienced.
First he has written this book based on the story of his life and telling the readers what similar events have happened to him. For example his family died because they became trapped under the debris of their house but his mother still lives with his baby sister which have died 4 months later. In the comic Nakazawa put down all of his experiences and feelings. Genn`s family died the same way with but lives with his mother and baby sister.
Secondly he wrote this book in manga because of 2 main reasons. Firstly, the reason is that he have already been writing manga for a long period of time and Jump Shounenn Manga was popular so he thought he could use that to make the book more famous for young people that are interested in mangas and make them know how the war can affect your whole life even the country. So he would let them know so when they grow up they won't think that the war is the solution to everything and will spend their lives so easily in war.
# Manga Study Guide: Barefoot Gen/Humour

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## Humour

Gag manga is a type of Japanese manga that portrays humor. Gag manga started from the Taisyou era to the Syouwa era. At that time, humor was essential to every manga and people called it the ponch picture. But in the 1960s a new type of manga called Gekiga was created that had no elements of humor. Because of this, manga was divided in groups and the Gag manga was born.
For example one of the techniques used in gag manga is ‘chibikyara’: Chibikyara are mini version of a character. Chibikyara are usually a used in a comedy manga. Authors also create mangas that include only Chibikyara for a sub story.
Tsukkomi is a technique to create humor in Japan. This technique usually has two roles, the Boke role (funny man) and the Tsukkomi role (straight man). Usually Boke role says something funny or does something silly. In response, the Tsukkomi role points out the mistake that the Boke role did and starts rectify what the Boke role said or did. By pulling back the topic, it creates a tempo making it easier for the Boke role to say more jokes.
In Japanese manga, sometimes the authors use words with similar meanings, spellings, sounds etc. A sentence such as “Friends for dinner” is a good example. It has two meanings, one is having dinner with your friends. The other definition would be eating friends for dinner. Like this manga also uses this technique to make the manga funny. It also helps the Tsukkomi technique to create a topic.
# Manga Study Guide: Barefoot Gen/Dialogue bubbles

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# Manga Study Guide: Barefoot Gen/Facial features ( esp. eyes)

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## Manga Conventions: Facial Features
### Eyes

Many manga characters have very large eyes nowadays; female characters especially have eyes larger than male ones to make them look attractive. In some cases, character’s emotions is reflected in their eyes. When the character is feeling lucky, stars might replace their eyes, or if they have desire towards money, symbols that relates to money (usually ¥/yen) show in their eyes. However, Manga characters don’t always have eyes; instead, they might have shadows over their eyes to show tension. When character’s eyes or eyebrows twitch, it tells us that the character is holding back his/her anger, laughter or shock. Sparks literally fly between characters’ eyes when they are fighting or when the illustrator wants to show a rivalry relationship.

### Mouth

Many characters in manga have very small mouth, many in which are just a straight line added to their faces. Fangs in their mouths indicate that the character is angry or shocked, unless the character have had that feature throughout the story. Sometimes, features of eyes and mouth can be used together. When the character is feeling very shocked, they have oblong mouth shapes and white round eyes, along series of lines on their forehead.

### Nose

When a character is sleeping, a bubble comes out from their nose, inflating and deflating. Female characters have small noses compared to male ones; in fact, it usually consists little more than a vertically short line.

### Head/Face

When the character is hurt physically, white crossed bandages show up on their faces. If the character is feeling angry, cross-shaped lines show on their heads which are actually popping veins. A round swelling on their fead is and exaggeration of injury.
# Observing the Sky from 40°N/Sky maps/Northern and Southern Hemisphere

Here are maps of the Northern and the Southern celestial hemisphere.
# Observing the Sky from 40°N/Sky maps/November 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for November 1, 10:00 pm, from 40°N. North is up and South is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 40°N/Sky maps/September 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for September 1, 10:00 pm, from 40°N. North is up and South is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 40°N/Sky maps/May 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for May 15, 10:00 pm, from 40°N. North is up and South is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 40°N/Sky maps/September 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for September 15, 10:00 pm, from 40°N. North is up and South is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 40°N/Sky maps/October 1, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for October 1, 10:00 pm, from 40°N. North is up and South is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 40°N/Sky maps/October 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for October 15, 10:00 pm, from 40°N. North is up and South is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Observing the Sky from 40°N/Sky maps/November 15, 10:00 pm

Celestial map for November 15, 10:00 pm, from 40°N. North is up and South is down. On the left there is the detailed map, on the right there is an illustration of the sky as it appears.
# Packing & Moving Household Goods/Elevators
## Elevator Buildings

If you live in a hi-rise building have enough people to get done soon enough to meet your reserved elevator time. Also make sure that another move does not coincide on the same day and time as yours. Some high-rise buildings have loading docks designed to accommodate only one truck at a time. If the move is delayed due to no fault of your own, you may still have to pay the waiting time for the dock.
# Packing & Moving Household Goods/Fragile Items

Thoroughly wrap fragile items individually with packer’s paper, bubble wrap or foam wrap depending on the item. Use plenty of paper to line the top, bottom and side of each box for fragiles. Add cardboard to further cushion your fragiles. Never be afraid to use plenty of paper when packing expensive fragiles. Even if you feel like you are wasting money on paper - you are not because buying paper is a lot cheaper than fixing or replacing a broken expensive fragile item. Small fragile items may be wrapped and set into large, less fragile items for additional protection.
# Packing & Moving Household Goods/Box Marking

Simplify parcel marking by making your information 100% visible. I wrote patents on this topic... US Patent 6090027 which marks a corner on three sides... with ink making it visible 21/24 viewings. And then US Patent 6598783 which connects any two corners with ink... with ink making it visible 24/24 times... as a dice may rotate.
This works on flat parcels and objects as well.
Mark the top and sides of all cartons by writing on the tape after the box is sealed shut. Describe contents and destination location (such as bedroom, kitchen, or basement). Have the writing on the box facing up to indicate which side of the box is up and which is down so that your movers don’t turn the box upside down during moving.
Marking boxes well will make identifying where things are in them easier when they are stacked on top of each other or in their new location. If the box is being reused, then using fresh tape over marked tape eliminates old markings. Some packers like to use color-coding such as colored tape wrapped once around the box or colored stickers pasted on the box to identify in what room at the destination to put the box.
# Packing & Moving Household Goods/Box Taping

Do not interlock box flaps together - always tape bottoms and tops with at least three strips of tape and at least halfway up or down the sides of the box for strength. Remember that taping reinforces the strength of the box, and yet can be easily cut with a blade later when unpacking. So use plenty of tape to secure your boxes.
# Packing & Moving Household Goods/Checkbook

Don't pack your checkbook. Things may come up unexpectedly that require check payment. You should also payment cards, cash, etc in case of emergency.
# Packing & Moving Household Goods/Disassembly

When necessary remove mirrors from dressers or walls and pack them. Place them upright against a wall out of the way so that they don’t get broken. Remove air conditioners from windows.
Disassemble items that need to be taken apart and carefully save any hardware involved. Sometimes lost hardware is virtually impossible to replace. Put hardware in a baggie and if it goes with a desk or dresser; tape it inside the drawer where it can be found later. If it goes with a bed, tie the baggie to the bed rails. Move Us Again
# Packing & Moving Household Goods/Glass Framed Pictures, Mirrors and Flat Pieces of Glass

Each of these should be individually wrapped in blankets and then packed in picture cartons or in flattened out cartons big enough to hold them with plenty of cushion on the ends and taped shut.
# Packing & Moving Household Goods/Glassware and China

Glassware and china should be wrapped with enough paper so as not to clatter within the box. You can also wrap glassware in small bubble wrap. Use plenty of paper to line the top, bottom and side of each box. Glasses should also be individually wrapped and packed standing up; they're stronger when standing than if laid on their side. Place in boxes marked fragile and stack all fragile boxes together for the movers. Make sure that you have overflow the box with paper and now you have to use some force to seal the box. This is to ensure that items would not move around during transport.
# Packing & Moving Household Goods/Dispose of Liquids
## Dispose of all Open Liquids

Transporting liquids adds additional complexity and risk. Avoid it if possible.
When disposing of liquids, keep in mind to do so properly, following safety instructions per liquid.

## If you must save a liquid

Cleaning supplies, oils, liquid foods, paint and solvent containers should all be checked for a tight seal if you'd rather save and move them. In that case box them up, stuffing the boxes with a lot of bunched up paper, towels or cloths to absorb any drippage or spillage that might still occur. One good idea is to put one heavy-duty plastic trash bag into a second one and then line the box with this double layer to hold in any spilled liquids. Bottles and cans of liquids should be stood upright in the box using packing paper bunched up between some to hold them upright.

## Safety

Never put ammonia and bleach bottles in the same box because the combination of those 2 particular household chemicals has been known to cause explosions! Place any boxes of liquids on the floor of the truck, not up in the load where spillage could damage your household goods.
# New Zealand History/Polynesian Settlement

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## Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand

Around 950 AD, it is believed Polynesian settlers used subtropical weather systems, star constellations, water currents, and animal migration to find their way from their native islands, in central Polynesia to New Zealand. As the settlers colonized the country, they developed their distinctive Māori culture.
According to Māori, the first Polynesian explorer to reach New Zealand was Kupe, who traveled across the Pacific in a Polynesian-style voyaging canoe. It is thought Kupe reached New Zealand at Hokianga Harbour, in Northland, about 1070 years ago.
Although there has been much debate about when and how Polynesians actually started settling New Zealand, the current understanding is that they migrated from East and central Polynesia, the Southern Cook and Society islands region. They migrated deliberately, at different times, in different canoes, first arriving in New Zealand in the late 10th Century.
For a long time during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it was believed the first inhabitants of New Zealand were the Moriori people, who hunted giant birds called moas. The theory then established the idea that the Māori people migrated from Polynesia in a Great Fleet and took New Zealand from the Moriori, establishing an agricultural society. However, new evidence suggests that the Moriori were a group of mainland Māori who migrated from New Zealand to the Chatham Islands, developing their own distinctive, peaceful culture. During the w:Moriori Genocide, most of the Moriori were killed or enslaved, with few remaining today.
# New Zealand History/Preface
## Intention of this book

The intention of this book is to provide an open-content, concise textbook on New Zealand history that is easy for anyone who is interested to read.

## A Note to Authors

This book is a work in progress, so feel free to contribute to it in places you see as unfinished or lacking information.
The only major guidelines that authors of this project should follow, are to use New Zealand (British) spelling, follow the Wikibooks rules on unbiased writing, and keep the chapters fairly short and concise. Also, when distinguishing dates, use BC and AD. Otherwise, what authors choose to put in, as long as it is relevant and factual, is up to them.
Continue to the Introduction ›
# New Zealand History/Prime Ministers of the Twenty First Century

‹ Back to New Zealand's Recent History

## New Zealand Prime Ministers at the Start of the Twenty First Century (1999-2008)
### Helen Clark

Helen Clark (born on the 26th of February 1950) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand at the turn of the Twenty First Century, entering the role after the 1999 elections and serving until Labour's defeat in the 2008 elections.
Clark was the second female Prime Minister of New Zealand, serving three terms as Prime Minister, and being the leader of the Labour Party from 1993.
Clark's Government brought in significant changes to New Zealand's welfare system, most notably the Working for Families package. Her Government also changed the industrial-relations law, and raised the minimum wage six times. Other changes included the abolition of interest on student loans (after the 2005 election), and the introduction of 14 weeks paid parental leave. Helen Clark's Government also supported some highly controversial laws such as legal provision for civil-unions. Laws such as these somewhat shook the faith that the New Zealand public had in the Government.
Under the Helen Clark Government, New Zealand maintained a nuclear-free policy, thought to be at the cost of a free trade agreement with the United States of America. Clark and the Labour Party also refused to assist the United States in the Iraq invasion.
In March 2003, referring to the U.S. led coalition's actions in the Iraq War, Clark told the newspaper Sunday Star Times; "I don't think that September 11 under a Gore presidency would have had this consequence for Iraq." She subsequently sent a letter to Washington apologising for any offence that her comment may have caused.

### John Key

John Key (born on the 9th of August 1961) was elected as the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand on the 8th of November 2008, as the leader of the National Government.
National formed a coalition with the ACT party, Maori Party and United Future to make up the Government. The Labour Party (led by Phil Goff), the Green Party and the Progressives made the new Opposition.
John Key was the first male Prime Minister of New Zealand in more than a decade, succeeding Jenny Shipley (1997-1999) and Helen Clark (1999-2008).
Forward to The New Zealand Government Today ›
# Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II/Weapons

Within Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II there are many kinds of weapons. Listed here are a selection of weapon types used in game.

## Hunter weapons

* Saber type - The saber weapon is good for attacking quickly.
* Sword type - Sword type weapons can attack 5 monsters at a time. This makes it a good weapon type for dealing with multiple monsters simultaneously.
# Pharmacology/Anti-inflammation

B Lymphocytes can make antibodies. Cytolytic T Lymphocytes are important Helper T Lymphocytes react to the immune response in three ways:
* they have a important role in antibody production by B cells.
* they release factors that promote delayed-type hypersensitivity, and
* they participate in the action of T cells.
# Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II

Phantasy Star Online is a third-person role-playing game for GameCube, Xbox, and PC. This guide covers the GameCube version of Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II.
Episode one is the starting point for all beginner players. This guide will tell you all the information you need, including rare weapons, ID sections, characters, and enemies.

## Table of Contents
### Game info

* Character Selection
* Enemies
* Weapons
* Frames and Armor
* Barriers
* Units
* Items
* Techniques
# Pharmacology/Alpha 2 agonists

Alpha 2 receptors are located mainly on presynaptic nerve endings, as well as Beta cells of the pancreas. These receptors are inhibitory in nature. When Norepinephrine is released from the presynaptic nerve terminal, some circles back to bind with the Alpha 2 receptor. This causes feedback inhibition, thus reducing the amount of Norepinephrine released. Alpha 2 stimulation also results in inhibition of insulin release. Binding of Alpha 2 receptors is mediated by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP. Alpha 2 agonists include Precedex and Clonidine.
# Pharmacology/Antiarrythmics

The four classes of anti-arrhythmics include -
# Pharmacology/Alpha1 blockers

Alpha 1 receptors are located in:
* Eye radial (i.e dilator) muscle
* Arterioles and veins,
* Male sex organs, Urinary bladder,
* Kidney and Liver.
Alpha 1 receptors use G$_q$ Coupled secondary mediators and cause increase in phospholipase C and calcium levels in the cell.
Alpha1 blockers:
* Selective Blockers: Prazosin, Doxazocin, Terazocin
* Non selective Alpha blockers (both alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptor blockers): Phentolamine(competitive inhibitor), Phenoxybenzamine (non competitive inhibitor)
Effects of Alpha1 receptor blockage:
* Eye: Miosis
* Arterioles and veins: Reduced sympathetic tone in blood vessels- This results in vasodilation, Decrease in preload and after load on heart, lowering of peripheral vascular resistance and thus a fall in blood pressure is noted. The drop in blood pressure causes a reflex tachycardia.
Alpha 1 receptors (GPCR) that are located on arteriole smooth muscle and coupled to IP3/DAG cause vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure.
Prazosin: Prazosin can lower BP rapidly so we warn patients to relax for 1 hour after taking the first dose and for any increase in dose. Other side effects: Orthostatic hypotension, Nasal stuffiness, First dose syncope, Urinary incontinence and failure of ejaculation.
It is a smooth muscle relaxant so it is used in cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy, as it decreases the tone of urinary sphincters.
# Mario Adventure/Cheats

Yes! Mario Adventure has cheats! These can and probably will take the challenge out of the game, but can really help if You happen to be stuck. Below are the cheats with instructions. Enjoy.
The following codes work wile playing a stage but NOT while the game is paused:
* Frog Suit (BAD LAD): B A Down Left A Down
* P-Wing (LUB DA DD): Left Up B Down A Down Down
* Invincibility (RUBBA DUB): Right Up B B A Down Up B
* 9900 Extra Coins (SARSLAB) : Select A Right Select Left A B
* Unlock World 8 + Unlock all locks (DD LUBS ALL): Press Down Down Left Up B Select A Left Left. A coin sound is played, and world 8 is accessible in the warp zone; you may need to reset the game.
# Mario Adventure

This is the Wikibook for Mario Adventure, a fan-made alteration of Super Mario Bros. 3. Its author, DahrkDaiz, single-handedly made new maps and levels from scratch, so it's sort of like "The Lost Levels" from Super Mario All-Stars, except done on SMB3 and not made by Nintendo.
Like Lost Levels, Mario Adventure is hard. In fact, you’ll have to be able to beat SMB3 proficiently before you can really sink your teeth into this game. The game provides a spare-box, lots of power-ups, and some powerful items, but the game is full of intense and well-thought out levels, some of which will require you to build and refine strategies to complete. Some levels are very difficult, but this Wikibook contains tips on how to beat the game.

## Table of contents

* What is Mario Adventure?
* Story
* Enemies
* Items
* Frequently Asked Questions (Minor spoilers)
* Cheats (mega-spoilers!)
* Mario Adventure 2

### Map and level walkthroughs

* Koopa Plains
* Hot Foot Caverns
* Lakitu Glacier
* Kuribo's Woods
* Starry Slopes
* Colossal Classics
* Desert Dares
* ??? (World 8)
* Warp Whistle levels
* Key locations (Major spoilers)
This Wikibook is modified from a Mario Adventure FAQ. Of course on the Wikibook everyone is free to edit it, so put in your tips after playing this game.
# Pinyin/Alliance

See also
# Pinyin/Allow

See also
# Pinyin/America

See also
# Pinyin/Although

See also