OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Morsmordre
## Overview

Morsmordre is a spell that conjures the Dark Mark.

## Extended Description

The Dark Mark symbolizes very black magic. When cast, this spell produces a large, luminous green skull that hangs in the air. This is Lord Voldemort's sign, which the Death Eaters used to leave as a calling card over a site where they had worked their evil.

## Analysis

The Dark Mark is actually the name of the sigil: a skull with a snake twisting through it. Death Eaters are tattooed with this mark on their left forearm. Morsmordre is a spell that produces a form of the Dark Mark, made of glowing green particles, that hovers in the air.
Morsmordre is a spell known only to Death Eaters, and the appearance of the Dark Mark in the air over the Quidditch World Cup is a clear indication that there is at least one Death Eater still at large and still willing to be identified as such. This causes immediate panic on the part of the crowd, who all remember times when that mark was left floating above a house that had been destroyed.
After Voldemort's return, we would expect to see it more often; however, it does not reappear in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. During this time, Voldemort is secretly rebuilding his power, aided by the Ministry policy of denying his return. Having the Dark Mark appear would, of course, decrease the chance of remaining undetected – though it is likely the Ministry would simply try to spin things to avoid saying Voldemort had returned.
The Dark Mark reappears several times in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, where, as before, it is used to mark areas where Death Eaters have been working their evil. It is specifically noted as floating over the hut where Igor Karkaroff was found murdered, and over Hogwarts during the invasion by the Death Eaters.
A Latin etymology is possible: mors, meaning death, and mordre, from the vulgar Latin mordere, "to bite." This presumably refers either to the snake present in the image, or was more euphonic than the verb "to eat"; mors mordre - a Latin approximation of Death Eater.
Morsmordre as one word and not broken up is actually (intentionally or not) Norwegian. Directly translated it means "motherkillers". This symbolizes the kinds of persons the Death Eaters are, they could kill their own mothers for the sake of Voldemort and purity of the race.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Muffliato
## Overview

Muffliato is a spell that "fills the ears with an unidentifiable buzzing sound."

## Analysis

Muffliato was one of the spells Harry found in the Half Blood Prince's copy of the Advanced Potion Making textbook.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mooncalf
## Overview

An extremely shy creature that emerges from its burrow only at the full moon, the Mooncalf has a smooth, pale grey body, bulbous eyes on the top of its head, four spindly legs, and large, flat feet.

## Extended Description

When they emerge from their burrows, mooncalves engage in complicated geometric dances, which are believed to be in some way related to mating. The patterns these dances leave in fields have mystified Muggle farmers and fueled many interstellar conspiracy theories.
If collected before sunrise, the silvery dung of the Mooncalf provides an extremely good fertilizer for magical herb and flower gardens.

## Analysis

The term "mooncalf" actually appears in Muggle literature, typically used to refer to a lovestruck youth, always mooning after the object of his affections. Muggle mooncalves are not known either for their dancing ability or the quality of their droppings, though they often seem to trip over their own feet, as if they were overlarge, and can appear almost painfully shy, particularly if the one they are following happens to look at them.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.

## Greater Picture

While mooncalves never directly appear in the principal seven books, we suspect there might be a passing reference made to "mooncalf dung" by Professor Sprout at some point in the series.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mobilicorpus
## Overview

Mobilicorpus is a spell that allows an unconscious (or perhaps dead) body to be moved.

## Extended Description

The Mobilicorpus spell is used in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to bring the unconscious body of Snape along the tunnel from the Shrieking Shack to the Whomping Willow.

## Analysis

Professor Lupin used this spell rather than waking Snape because it was simpler, perhaps, than having to deal with him bound up. This spell seems to be related to the Locomotor spell, which is used for inanimate objects, and the Levicorpus spell which appears to lift a conscious body up by the ankles. Additionally, the Latin root "mobili" means "mobile" and "corpus" means "body." This implies the spell is used to move people or other bodies.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Moke
## Extended Description

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Hagrid gives Harry a Mokeskin bag for his birthday. This is used for valuables; things placed in it can only be retrieved by the owner. Harry wears it around his neck for the rest of the book, keeping his most valued possessions in it.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mudblood
## Overview

An offensive and insulting term for Muggle-born witches or wizards.

## Extended Description

This term, which is bad enough that it rather shocks Hagrid when he first hears that it has been used, is a dreadful insult. Wizards who pride themselves on being "pure-blooded" use the term to suggest that Muggle parents or grandparents somehow pollute the person's blood.

## Analysis

While the term is first used by Draco Malfoy in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, and is there seen as being a horrible insult, it is instructive to note that as the series continues, it is used more frequently; and with the increase in usage it loses its power.
Draco Malfoy uses "mudblood" to describe Hermione Granger, who is born of Muggle parents. Ron Weasley and Harry Potter see this as clear evidence that Draco is ruled by prejudice, and believe that this makes him likely to join Voldemort's organization. The reader perforce accepts Harry's point of view in this.
Ron tells Hermione that the term is used to refer to one with "dirty blood, common blood." While the term is not used in the book to refer to wizards with one Muggle parent, it seems that a wizard obsessed with "Blood purity" could consider such a person to have "polluted their blood", and so could use this term against Half-blood witches and wizards as well. It is interesting to look at the roster of characters in the series and see who could be equally tarred by this epithet. Of course, Harry's mother springs from Muggle roots, but interestingly Severus Snape had a Muggle father, and for that matter so did Voldemort himself.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mobiliarbus
## Overview

Mobiliarbus, a rather specialized charm, is used to move a tree.

## Extended Description

Hermione uses this spell to move a Christmas tree in The Three Broomsticks, to better hide Harry from a number of teachers who have just walked in.

## Analysis

The Latin root "mobili" means "mobile," while "arbus" means "tree." This implies this spell is used only to move trees.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Loglan/The Power of Little Words/Logical Operators and Connections/IF and only IF
## The IF and only IF operator
### o

The little word o means if and only if. We can use it to link predicates together.

#### Examples

* mi godzi o dzoru - I go if and only if I walk
* mi clivi o brute - I am alive if and only if I breath

### co, ko, onoi and ico

We can extend the basic little word o for connecting arguments ans sentences.
* co - links arguments together
* ko - the forethought equivalent and works with ki
* onoi - the exclusive OR (XOR) operator that means a XOR b but not both
* ico - links sentences

#### Examples

co
* mi hapci co crano pernu - I am a happy (if and only if smiling) person
* da nakso le bakso co kuvbao - Someone fix the box if and only chest
ko
* mi ko hapci ki crano gu pernu - I am a happy (if and only if smiling) person
onoi
* le crina onoi le solflo gu tetri - the weather is either raining or sunny but not both
* mi kamla le fusto onoi le livhao - I come to the office or the home but not both
ico
* mi klama le fusto ico klama le livhao - I come to the office or I come to the home but not both
# Loglan/The Power of Little Words/He, she and it
## He, She and It
### Gender in Loglan

In many natural languages when referring to a person you also have to refer to the person's gender. For example, in English, if you refer to a man you use "he" and for a woman you use "she". The words "he" and "she" automatically tells you the person's gender. Loglan, however, does not specify gender like in English. Instead, Loglan maintains gender neutrality.

### First Letter

Loglan has a number of ways to refer to a person. One way involves using the first letter of the person's name.

#### Examples

* John helps people. He works as a doctor. - la djan helba lo pernu. i la D kicmu
* Mary has arrived. She's in the red car over there. - la Maris godzi le hijra. i la M nenri le redro tcaro va ti

### He, She, it

Loglan has no specifi words for "he", "she" or "it". Instead it has variables da, de, di, do, and du, which takes the place of the person or item in the order they appear in a conversation or sentence. So, you can use da to refer to the first person or item mentioned and de for the second person or item as you would use "he", "she" or ""it".

#### Examples

* John helps people. He works as a doctor. - la djan helba lo pernu. i da kicmu
* Mary has arrived. She's in the red car over there. - la Maris godzi le hijra. i de nenri le redro tcaro va ti
# Loglan/Putting Things Together - Forming Sentences

You build a proper sentence in Loglan around a predicate word. You then fill what blanks you need and then add any additional information using little words.

## Simple sentences

(vizka = x sees y against background z)
* mi vizka tu - I see you (main predicate = vizka)
* tu vizka mi - You see me (main predicate = vizka)
* mi ridle ba le bukcu - I read something from a book (main predicate = ridle with arguments = ba and le bukcu)

## More complex sentences

* mi nu vizka tu - I am seen by you (you see me) (main predicate = vizka and using the place converter nu to swap arguments)
* mi vizka tu, ui - I see you (which I am happy about) (main predicate = vizka and using the emotional indicator ui)
(soisni = x is sleepier than y) (cioru = many / too much) (muspli = x exercises muscles y)
* la maris soisni rau lepo da cioru muspli - Mary feels sleepy because she has exercised too much (main predicate = soisni with rau to give a physical cause)
(tcatro = x drives vehicle y from z to a via b) (livhao = x is the home of y) (turka = x work on y for purpose z) (sitfa = x is the place of b in reference frame z)
* le mrenu gu tcatro le tcaro le livhao le turka sitfa pa - the man drove the car from home to the work place (main predicate = tcatro and using the little word pa to put the event in the past)
* le mrenu gu tcatro le tcaro le livhao le turka sitfa fa - the man will drive the car from home to the work place (main predicate = tcatro and using the little word fa to put the event in the future)
# Loglan/The Power of Little Words

Much of the expressive power of Loglan lies in the little words. A basic sentence in Loglan just defines a relationship between actors and objects but says nothing about the whys, whens or wheres. For example, mi vizka tu defines a relationship between me and you of the type seeing; "I see you" but says nothing about where or when or why. We can use the little words to add those additional informations.
Little words come in different types:
Logical Operators and Connections - joining things together
Time and Space -the wheres and whens
Modifiers - the whys
Numbers and Letters
He, she and it
# Loglan/The Power of Little Words/Logical Operators and Connections/OR operator
## The OR Operator
### a

In Loglan, we define the Or operator as true if one item it links together has a value of true. The little word a connects predicates together.

#### Examples

* mi tcatro a maifle - I am a driver or a pilot (or both)
* le tetri gu solflo a kleda - the weather is sunny or cold (or both)
* le bakso gu redro a dirlu a groda - the box is red or lost or large (or any combination)

### ca, ka, anoi and ica

The little word a forms the foundations for a set of "OR" words.
* ca - forms an OR operation with predicates as arguments
* ka - forms an OR operation as a but as a forethought connection. It works with the little word ki
* anoi - represents an if relationship and results from NOT OR
* ica - connects two sentences together with an OR operation

#### Examples

ca
* le mrenu ca fumna gu godzi - the man or woman goes
* le katmu gu fundi le cutri ca ficlu - the cat likes water or fish
ka
* le ka mrenu ki fumna gu godzi - the man or woman goes
* le katmu gu fundi le ka cutri ki ficlu - the cat likes water or fish
anoi
* mi fundi le bukcu anoi le sinma - I like the book if I like the film
ica
* mi fundi le bukcu ica le sinma - I like the book or I like the film
# Loglan/The Power of Little Words/Logical Operators and Connections/Whether or not operator
## The Whether or Not Operator
### u

The little word u means x whether or not y and links together predicates.

#### Examples

* mi godzi u brecea - I go, whether or not I am ready
* da bakso u redro - it is a box, whether or not it is red
* ti bukcu u ponsu ti - it is a book, whether or not I own it

### cu, ku and icu

We can use the little word cu to link together arguments and so does ku. However, ku works as a forethought operator and works with ki. The little word icu links sentences.

#### Examples

cu
* mi godzi le hasfa cu vemsia - I go to the house, whether or not I go to the shop
* le katmu cu kangu gu fundi le ficlu - The cat, whether or not the dog, likes the fish
ku
* mi godzi le ku hasfa ki vemsia - I go to the house, whether or not I go to the shop
* tu fleti la Romas cu Pari's - you fly to Rome, whether or not you fly to Paris
icu
* tu vrelaa icu mi vrecoa - you are tall, whether or not I am short
# Loglan/Overview of Loglan/Predicates

You use predicates to form the main subject of a sentence. If fact, you can view a predicate words as an incomplete sentence. Just fill in the blanks to say what you want to say. Each predicate word has from one to five blanks to fill in.
Predicates come in three main forms.
* Base words
* Compound words
* Loan words

## Base Words

These form the main set of words used in Loglan. They have a constant spelling; either CVCCV form or CCVCV form. They all end in a vowel and they all have only one meaning each.

### Examples

NB. The letters x, y and z represent the blanks.
CVCCV form
* vizka - x sees y against background z
* hasfa - x is the house of y
* tarci - x is a star of galaxy y
* fundi - x likes y more than z
* takna - x talks to y about z
CCVCV form
* cnida - x needs y for z
* clika - x is similar to x in feature z
* tcaro - x is a motorised vehicle
* jmite - x meets y
* zvoto - x is outside of y

## Compound Words

The base words in Loglan number about 1 500. To say more you can use two or more base words to make a metaphor. If you think others can use the metaphor you can combine the words to make a new word. Each base word has a combining form which you can use to construct more complex words.

### Examples

* fagctu - ash. Constructed from fagro (fire) and ctuda (excrement); fagro ctuda. The word fagro has the combining form fag and ctuda the combining form of ctu so the metaphor fagro ctuda becomes the word fagctu.
* bamfoa - sphere. Constructed from balma (ball) and forma (form / shape); balma forma. The word balma has the combining form bam and forma the combining form of foa so the metaphor balma forma becomes the word bamfoa.
* trigru - forest / wood. Constructed from tricu (tree) and grupa (group); tricu grupa. The word tricu has the combining form tri and grupa the combining form of gru so the metaphor tricu grupa becomes the word trigru.

## Loan Words

When using Loglan you try to use Loglan word to construct a metaphor for a new idea of concept. However, you might not have the opportunity to do that at all time such as when an idea or concept has a close relationship to one group of people. In such cases, Loglan allows borrowing but with certain rules.

### Examples

* proteini - x is a protein of type y
* cerkopithekui - x is a cercopithecus (a primate) of that genus
# Loglan/The Power of Little Words/Logical Operators and Connections

Loglan has five basic logical operators for joining things together and one way to separate sentences. Loglan also has an operator for please indicate which :
* a - the or operator
* e - the and operator
* o - the if and only if operator
* u - the whether or not operator
* no - the inverse operator
* i - the start of a sentence
* ze - mixing things together
* ha - How connected
Loglan then extends these basic operator for connecting words or sentences in different ways
# Loglan/The Power of Little Words/Logical Operators and Connections/AND operator
## The AND Operator

The AND operator links together a group of items so that for the whole group to have the value true all the items have to have the value true. If one or more items have the value false then the whole group has the value false.

### e

The little word e links together predicates.

#### Examples

* la djan gu herkeu e larmao - John is a hairdresser and an artist
* da tcaro e plebekti - that is a car and a toy

### ce, ke and enoi

The other AND operators in Loglan follow on from e.
The little word ce joins together arguments and so does ke but we use ke in a forethought way and it works together with ki. We can use the little word enoi to mean ... but not ....

#### Examples

ce
* da lemi hasfa ce livhao - this is my house and home
* le tetri gu cetlo ce briflo - the weather is wet and windy
* tu ponsu le grobou ce botsu - you own the ship and the boat
ke
* da lemi ke hasfa ki livhao - this is my house and home
* mi clika lemi ke matma ki farfu - I am like my mother and father
enoi
* mi madzo le hasfa enoi le livhao - I make a house but not a home
# Manga Study Guide: Barefoot Gen/Gutter

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## Gutter

Gutters are the spaces between the borders of the panel, It is also defined as a closure. In comic books the gutter is usually white, but not all the time. The artist has taken leeway on certain pages and mixes the panels together in a seamless set of images for greater impact. The gutter is the thing that separates the images. Without the gutter the reader would have a hard time following along and the transitions between each image and would get very confused with what is happening at the time. the term gutter is referring to the space between the borders of the panels in the comic book(manga). It is called this because it looks like the gutter of a house with its two parallel lines. This space is very important as it separates the panels and lets the reader know that we are going from one scene to the next and makes it easy to follow a long with the comic strip and not get lost between panels.
# Manga Study Guide: Barefoot Gen/Character summary

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## The Text: Character Summary

Nakaoka family:
Gen Nakaoka(main character): Gen is a main character and a second son, portrayed as a protagonist in the manga; Barefoot Gen.
Shinji Nakaoka: Third and last son. Shinji plays an important role in showing the war from childrens’ eyes/perspective. He shows the way war affected innocent children like himself.
Kimie Nakaoka(mother) she is a hard-working mother, who is also pregnant. Nakaoka was a strong woman who protected her children but in the end she failed to protect her daughter, Eiko, and other son, Shinji, as well as her husband.
Koji Nakaoka: First son in the family. He decides to go against his father by going to pilot training to clear the title ‘traitor’ of their family.
Eiko Nakaoka: Elder daughter of Nakaoka family. She is affected by the war and as she is mainly portrayed as a victim in the story. Since most of the main casts are men, she plays a important role, showing the affects to young, feminine girls.
Daikichi Nakaoka: He is a pacifist father. Through out the manga he stubbornly believes that war was started by the “people at the top”and that they brain-wash people to keep the nation on their side. Daikichi Nakakoka dearly loves his family and does anything to save his family.
Akira Nakaoka: Second son of Nakaoka family. He was evacuated to the countryside to be safe from all of the bombing in Hiroshima.
Antagonists:
Inspectors
Police officers
chairman
teachers
(from this layout, we can see that most of the villains have some sort of relation directly to the government, therefore, we can see that the reasons are purely through patriotism: people who have been brain-washed by the ideas made by the government) Ryukichi (chairman’s son) (shows how youths are effected by the society. For example, school programs and propaganda)
sub-characters that appear in anecdotes/ sub-plots
Tamura (escapee from the country evacuation/ friends with Akira) Kumai (a kamikaze pilot Koji met on the way to his training) Mr.Horikawa (a legless man Gen helped) A carp owner Gen and Shinji met whilst stealing a carp for their sick mother
Each of these characters shows what the affects of pre-war and war time difficulties may cause. (Both mentally and physically)
Minor characters:
Mr.Pak/Boku Pak (korean immigrant) he is portrayed as a protagonist, as he helps the Nakaoka family throughout the text. He plays an important role, as he becomes the key to showing that the stereo-typical Japanese way of thinking is not always correct. in addition, his relationship with the Nakaoka family is heart-warming and may create a different point of view toward immigrants. school teachers (they are directly involved with the government, therefore, they act as propaganda, to brain-wash the youths.)