OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# GCSE Science/Electricity multiple choice practice question 8 answer 3

Well done this is the correct answer.
Recall by Ohm's Law that V=IR and then V/I = R. Observe on the graph that as voltage increases, current increases also. So as these values increase, their quotient must remain relatively constant. So the resistance remains relatively constant.Hence a straight line graph.
On to the next question>>
# GCSE Science/Waves and Radiation

GCSE Science/Waves
* Properties of waves
* Light Waves
** The Critical angle and TIR
** Lenses
* Electromagnetic waves
* Sound waves
** Analogue and digital signals
* Seismic waves
GCSE Science/Radioactivity
* Structure of the atom
* Radioactive substances
** Properties and effects of radioactive substances
* Uses of radioactivity
* Radioactive decay
* Nuclear Fission
# GENtle/About
## Rules

* Keys are marked like this
* Menus, Buttons etc. are marked like this
* "Double click" always refers to the left mouse button
* "Context menu" always refers to the popup menu that appears on clicking with the right mouse button

## Copyright

* GENtle is © 2004-2008 by Magnus Manske, licensed under GPL
* This manual is © 2004-2008 by its authors, licensed under GFDL
# GENtle/Alignment Appearance Dialog

In the Alignment Appearance dialog, you can change the text and background color, as well as the line color and style of the marked part of the alignment.
# GENtle/Alignments

The alignment module displays alignments of DNA and amino acid sequences. It can be invoked through Tools/Alignment or Ctrl-G.

## Settings dialog

The settings dialog will be invoked upon starting the module, or through the "settings" button in the toolbar. The sequences to align, their order, and the alignment algorithm and its parameters can be chosen here. The following algorithms are available:
| Clustal-W | This (default) algorithm generates alignments of high quality, but is rather slow for simple alignments, and sometimes stumbles over local alignments. |
| Smith-Waterman | An internal, fast, but simple algorithm for local alignments, that is, aligning one or multiple short sequences againast a long one. The long sequence has to be the first. It works great for checking sequencing data against the expected sequence. |
| Needlemann-Wunsch | An internal, fast, but simple algorithm for global alignments, that is, aligning sequences of roughly the same length (e.g., different alleles of a gene). As with Smith-Waterman, all alignments are made against the first sequence. |
Caveat : Clicking OK in this dialog will recalculate the alignment; the previous alignment and all manual changes made to it will be lost.

## Toolbar

Several functions and display options can be invoked in the tool bar:
* Enter sequence
* Open sequence
* Save sequence
* Print sequence
* Settings
* Horizontal mode
* Middle mouse button function

## View menu

Some display options can be combined with each other:
* Bold (shows characters in bold)
* Mono (black-and-white mode)
* Conserved (shows characters that match the one in the first line as dots)
* Identity (toggles the "identity" line)
Some of them exclude one another:
* Normal (shows colored text on white background)
* Inverted (shows white text on colored background)
Some other display options are planned, but not implemented as of now.

## Sequence display

The sequence map can be altered through the context menu. These changes will only alter the display, not recalculate the alignment.
* Lines can be moved up or down
* Features for each line can be shown or hidden. By default, features for the first line are shown, features of the other lines are hidden.
* Gaps can be inserted or deleted, in this line, or all except this line. One of these four possible functions is additionally assigned to the middle mouse button; this setting can be changed in the toolbar.
* A double click on a character (not on a gap) opens the "source" window for that sequence (if available), marks and shows the position that was clicked in the alignment. This can be helpful for checking a sequencing.
* Sequences can be marked across multiple lines, then formatted via the Appearance context menu.
Sequences can not be edited within the alignment module. For that, you will have to edit the original sequence, then re-run the alignment.

## Notes

* Legend for the ClustalW consensus line:
    * = identical or conserved residues in all sequences in the alignment
    : = indicates conserved substitutions
    . = indicates semi-conserved substitutions
# GCSE Science/Uses of Static electricity answers

Q1 The white areas are left neutral.
Q2 When the electrons absorb the light, they get a little bit of extra energy. It is this increase in energy that allows them to escape to earth.
Q3 The toner is given a negative charge so that it is attracted to the positively charged plate.
Q4 The paper attracts the toner because it is positively charged. Note that the charge on the paper is stronger than the charge on the plate, so although the toner is still attracted to the plate, it is attracted to the paper even more.
Q5 negative
Q6 less paint falls on the floor because more is being attracted to the car. Remember: Unlike charges attract.
<<Back to Uses of Static Electricity
# GENtle

GENtle is an open source software for molecular biology. It is available here.
* About
* FAQ
* Setup
* DNA
** DNA map
** Sequence map
* Protein
* PCR and Primer Design
* Sequencing
* Alignments
* Calculators
* Virtual Gel
* Image Viewer
* Web interface
* Graphs and plots
* Dot plot
* Restriction Identifier
* Tools and Dialogs
** Ligation
** Options
** Databases (Open/save/manage)
** Import
** Enter sequence
** Find dialog
** Sequence editor
** Restriction Assistant
** PCR troubleshoot dialog
** Proteolysis assistant
** Projects
** Edit primer dialog
** Printing
** Enzyme management
** Sequencing Primers
** Silent Mutagenesis
** Automatic annotation
** Sequencing Assistant Dialog
* Release notes
* Bug reports
* Feature requests
* DNA markers (add your own!)
* Command line options
    Internal stuff
    Main bar
    Tools and Dialogs bar
# GCSE Science/Uses of electromagnets

Electromagnets are used inside all sorts of devices. A very simple device is the electromagnet that is used in scrap yards to pick up cars. It can then drop them once the electric current is turned off. This page looks at some more complicated devices that use electromagnets.

## What are Electromagnets?

Electromagnets are a type of magnet that you can make using a piece of iron, a wire (that you have to coil around the iron) and a battery. You have to switch on the battery, which should be connected to the wire. The iron will attract other metals, just like a magnet. If you leave the wire attached to the battery, it will begin to get hot. This will also work with a non magnetic core, but the electromagnet will be weaker. The more coils you have, the stronger the electromagnet will be.
You can use electromagnets for lots of things: loudspeakers, relays and circuit-breakers. They are also used in car scrap-yards to pick up magnetic waste (e.g. Old cars), and with any form of magnetically recordable media: VCR tapes, computer hard drives, cassette tapes, and credit card stripes.

## How Do They Work?

Every wire has a magnetic field around it, but this only happens if there is current flowing through it. Every current produces a magnetic field. This effect is used in electromagnets. The field which is produced by the electromagnet is similar to the field around a bar magnet. If it has no iron core it will still produce a field, only it won’t be so strong because the iron makes it stronger. The iron core becomes magnetised when the current is switched on and it loses its magnetism when it is switched off. A steel core however, will always keep its magnetism.

## The electric bell
### Step by Step Explanation

Once the battery is connected a current flows in the wire loops around the U shaped soft iron core.
This turns the core into an electromagnet.
The electromagnet attracts the armature which is also made of soft iron.
As the armature moves towards the electromagnet, it causes the hammer to strike the bell. At the same time it breaks the circuit.
The break in the circuit causes the current to stop flowing.
The soft iron core loses its magnetic field and releases the armature which springs back to its original position.
The contact screw touches the springy metal and completes the circuit. The whole cycle is repeated over and over until the battery is disconnected or runs down.
Hope you will find this information helpful!

## The Loud Speaker

* A cut through diagram of a typical speaker
A speaker is made of a paper cone attached to a coil which acts as a small electromagnet. The coil is fitted over a permanent magnet, and as the current flows through the coil it is either attracted or repelled depending on which direction the current flows. A typical signal from an amplifier will be a varying current, and so the cone will vibrate back and forth at the same frequency as the current. As the cone vibrates, it sets up pressure waves in the air, which we hear as sound.
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/karmen

Type: stacking Language: Licence:

## Features

* stacking windows
* Window decorations include window borders and titlebars
* Titlebars have minimize and close buttons
* Tasks can be listed from a root menu
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/olvwm

Type: stacking Language: C Licence:

## The OPEN LOOK Virtual Window Manager

The olvwm window manager is an extension of olwm which adds a virtual root window with dimensions greater than those of the video display. Created by Scott Oaks, it is based on release 3.2 of Sun's olwm window manager. olvwm works on any X11R5 or X11R6 system.

## History

The current release of olvwm is version 4.5. The Version 4.5 source code was made available publicly on September 22, 2003.

## Features

Features of the olvwm window manager are identical to olwm with the addition of virtual windows:
* Virtual Desktop Manager allows windows to be dragged and dropped to any Workspace. The number of Workspaces is configurable.
* Ability to switch and click-into a Workspace
* "Sticky" windows
* Uses the OPEN LOOK User Interface
* Requires the OPEN LOOK libraries
* Windows can be automatically started and positioned when the window manager starts, using the config file
* "Focus follows mouse"
* Specify no, or minimal, window borders
* Customizable colors
see "Olvwm Features"

## Using olvwm

olvwm uses a single titlebutton on the left which iconified the window. Clicking button 1 (normally the left mouse button) on the titlebar raised the window to the top of the window stack; button 2 (the middle button) moved the window; and button 3 (normally the right button) brought up a menu (usually of operations to be performed on the window).

## Configuring olvwm

see "Configuring olvwm"
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/olwm

Type: stacking Language: C Licence:

## OPEN LOOK Window Manager

The OPEN LOOK Window Manager was the default Window Manager for OpenWindows, the desktop environment included with SunOS and Solaris. It is a moderately configurable, stacking window manager and is the only Window Manager that implements all of OPEN LOOK's features.

## Features

Features of the olwm window manager include:
* Uses the OPEN LOOK User Interface
* Windows can be automatically started and positioned when the window manager starts, using the config file
* "Focus follows mouse" capability
* Customizable colors

## Using olwm

olwm used a single titlebutton on the left which iconified the window. Clicking button 1 (normally the left mouse button) on the titlebar raised the window to the top of the window stack; button 2 (the middle button) moved the window; and button 3 (normally the right button) brought up a menu (usually of operations to be performed on the window).
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/plugin
## Window Manager Modules

Some window managers provide support for plugin modules.

### List of window managers that support plugin modules

* aewm
* afterstep
* fvwm
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/swm

The Solborn Window Manager is a stacking window manager written in C++.

## Features

* Stacking Windows
* Written in C++
* Window decorations include window borders and titlebars
* Configuration via Xresources
* Multiple desktops
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/mwm

Type: stacking Language: C Licence:
The mwm window manager

## Features

Features of the aewm window manager include:
* Stacking windows
* Window decorations include borders and titlebar
* titlebars have minimize, maximize and meta buttons
* No deskbars
* No multiple desktops
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/plugin/afterstep
## afterstep

Type: Language: Licence: GNU GPL

## Features

Features of the afterstep window manager include:
* dock
* taskbar
* Support for plugins

## Modules

The afterstep window manager supports the following plugins:
* Pager - a visual tool for managing and cycling between multiple desktops
* wincommand - supports commands for window selection, resizing and windowmotion
* winlist - a simple Taskbar displaying active applications
* wintabs - groups several windows together into a tabbed frame
* wharf - A docking tool that manages dockapps and applets and provides a program launching facility

## Helper Applications

The afterstep window manager supports the following helper applications:
* aswallpaper - desktop wallpaper
* asfilebrowser - image browser
* asrun - run dialogue utility
* ident - displays window properties
* asdocgen - documentation generator tool
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/plugin/fvwm
## Features

Features of fvwm are:
* Central configuration file
* Configurable menus
* Full use of all mouse buttons
* Hot key support
* Loadable modules support
* Intermingled virtual desktop and desktop paging

## Modules

* fvwmauto - provides an autoraise facility
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/qvwm

Type: stacking Language: C++ Licence:
The qvwm window manager resembles Microsoft Windows '95.
qvwm was written by Kenichi Kourai in 1996 and released at qvwm.org (later csg.is.titech.ac.jp/~kourai/qvwm/). He is no longer involved, this project is run by a volunteers. Last version was released in 2007 April in sourceforge.
q means 9, and v means 5, so qv in qvwm means 95.

## Features

* Written in C++
* Desktop taskbar has a start button and clock
* Stacking window support
* Window decorations include borders and titlebars
* Taskbar has an icon and minimize, maximize and close buttons
* Shortcut icons may be placed on the desktop
* Support for wallpaper
* Task switching using Alt+Tab
* Enables the user to switch among windows using the task switcher. (Alt+Tab)
* Enables the user to configure window taskbar indicators.
* Windows can be moved and resized by using a drag action
* Windows can be minimized or maximized
* Support for themes
* Animated titlebars
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/sithwm
## Features

* Program launch via a rootmenu
# GCSE Science/Speeding up and slowing down

GCSE Science/Forces

## Pushing a car

Have you ever helped to push start a car? The hardest part is getting the car to move, but once it is rolling it takes much less effort, (especially if it is on a hill rolling down). To change the velocity of an object we have to do work on it.This means we have to supply energy to it. Once an object is moving it requires no further work, to keep it moving. Objects only slow down in everyday life because of friction forces which do work on the object. To do work on an object you have to apply a force to it, the amount of work you do depends on the acceleration of the object. Consider pushing a car quickly versus slowly. Pushing a car quickly requires more work.
The rate of change in an objects velocity with respect to time is its acceleration.
When you do work to push start a car, your energy is transferred to the kinetic energy of the car. When objects go faster they have more kinetic energy. We can slow an object down by removing energy from it. For instance if we use a spinning wheel to drive machinery, such as a generator, it will slow down as the energy is transferred to the generator and converted to electricity.
# GCSE Science/Safety in Mains circuits answers

ANSWERS Q1) Use you knowledge of insulators and conductors to explain
Why the wires are insulated. So that they do not make contact with each other.
Why the sheaths are made of plastic. So that the user does not get an electric shock.
Q2) Why are the pins made of brass and why is the case plastic?
Brass is a good conductor. Plastic is a good insulator.
Q4) A table lamp usually carries a current of 0.5A. What fuse should be put in the plug: 3A, 5A, or 13A?
3A
Q5) An iron usually carries a current of 5.2A. What fuse should be put in the plug: 3A, 5A, or 13A?
13A
Q6) A kettle is protected by an earth wire and a 13A fuse. The line wire comes loose and touches the side of the kettle. The fuse blows. Explain why. The Earth completes the circuit with very low resistance. Therefore, the current becomes very large (much bigger than the normal operating current) and the fuse blows.
Q7) Explain why the fuse is always located on the line wire and not the neutral wire?
The line wire has the higher voltage. If the line wire is damaged inside the appliance and a large current is created then the fuse needs to be in this part of the circuit so that it can blow. If the fuse was on the neutral wire and a fault occurred on the line, the fuse would not be in the circuit and would not blow.
Q8) Describe and Explain what happens in the following scenarios:
a) The earth and live wire switch terminals on the plug
All the current would g straight into the Earth, the appliance would not work
b) The live and neutral wire switch terminals on the plug
The appliance would still work, however the neutral would now be connected to the fuse, which would render it useless. The appliance would be unsafe to use
c) The neutral and earth wire switch terminals on the plug
The circuit from and to the power station would be incomplete, the appliance would not work
d) When the earth wire is removed
The appliance would still work, but all appliances (especially those with metal casings) would be incredibly dangerous, with 220V-240V running through them. Some countries do not have Earthed plugs, but they run with lower voltages
# GCSE Science/Supplying the cell

Animal Cell Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Wall
Plant Cell Nucleus Cytoplasm Vacuole Chloroplasts Cell Wall Cell Membrane
# Hawaiian/Pronunciation and Letters

This section talks about the structure of Hawaiian and simple things to note when learning the language.

## Letters

In each lesson, three parts will be provided for you: a grammar section, a vocabulary section, and a review or practice section. Be sure to go through everything carefully, then move on to the next chapter.
The Hawaiian language consists of the consonants H, K, L, M, N, P, W, and an ʻokina, which represents a glottal stop in the voice when speaking, as in the English phrase, uh-oh. The ʻokina is basically an apostrophe between two vowels and it does not have a specific sound, other than the slight stop. The consonants B, D, R, T, and V are also used, but only in loanwords and foreign proper names. The consonants B, C, D, F, G, J, Q, R, S, T, X, Y and Z are not used in the Hawaiian language. The vowels are the same as in English, A, E, I, O, U, with one exception: a kahakō can be placed over any vowel to make its length increase—expressed as a line over a vowel.
Note how hale (house) has a short A, compared to kāne (man).
Another rule in Hawaiian is that consonants can not double up. That is, they can't be side by side in a word. Vowels have more freedom because they can lie next to each other; consonants, however, cannot. Consonants cannot end a word either (the ʻokina is considered a consonant).
Note the following sounds:
| Hawaiian | Sound | With the Kahakō |
| A | Ah | ā - Aah |
| E | Ay | ē - ayy |
| I | Ee | ī - Eee |
| O | Oh | ō - Ohh |
| U | Oo | ū - Ooo |
All of the consonants are pronounced the same as in English, except the W which is sometimes pronounced as a V.

## Vocabulary

In each lesson, you will be given a short list of vocabulary words to learn. These will help you in future lessons, and increase your knowledge about the language.
| Kāne- man | Wahine- woman |
| Kumu- teacher | Haumana- student |
| Hoaaloha- friend | Keiki- child |
| Pua- flower | One- sand |
| Maikaʻi- good | Maʻi- sick |
| Hauʻoli- happy | Kaumaha- sad |

## Simple Sentence

A simple Hawaiian sentence's general structure is adjective-noun announcer-noun/proper noun. This is used to say "a noun" is "an adjective", as in Maikaʻi ka pua. Literally: Good the Flower; the flower is good. Notice how the adjective goes to the front of the sentence, and the subject comes after it. If the subject comes first, it would make an entirely different phrase. It would not be a complete sentence, but rather, a fragment, or a part of a complete sentence. In a different sentence structure, the adjective comes after the object it describes. ex: ka pua maikaʻi: the good flower. Compare the two groups of words:
| Maikaʻi ka pua. | The flower is good. |
| Ka pua maikaʻi. | The good flower. |
One must be consciously aware of this switch, and organize their sentence accordingly.
# Hawaiian Monarchs/Kamehameha II
## Sandalwood Trade

The sandalwood trade was started by Kamehameha I. The people that wanted to trade were the Chinese and later the English. They traded fur, tea, rum, cocoa, guns, ammo, yams, cottons, woolens, nails, saddles, canvases, French wines, glass, harnesses, iron pots, pans, pens, paper, ink, flour, soap, rice, hemp, and animals such as goats and pigs. The sandalwood trade ended when Kamehameha I died. The sandalwood trade started up again by Kamehameha II but with lesser control. The sandalwood trade became so popular that there was less and less sandalwood. Kamehameha II ordered his people to find more sandalwood. There was so little sandalwood that Kamehameha II promised to send sandalwood to his traders. More and more foreign people came to Hawaii and brought diseases that killed a lot of his people. Kamehameha II wrote a letter to King George (King Of England) to ask for help , and that is when the sandalwood trade ended.

## Liholiho Death

Liholiho and Kamamalu both were going on a trip to visit George IV. The couple were going to England on the British ship. Liholiho and Kamamalu left Hawai’i on the year of 1823. While Liholiho went to England, his brother Kauikeaouli ruled the land while he was gone. It took Liholiho and Kamamalu 6 months to reach England. When Liholiho and Kamamalu arrived to England, they stayed at a London hotel. Liholiho and Kamamalu got to watch a theater performance and a balloon ascent. A month later, Kamamalu died on July 8, 1824 and Liholiho died a week later, both of them died from measles. The English people shipped the bodies back to Hawai’i. When the Hawaiian people found out that their king died every one was very sad. The next King Kamehameha III Kauikeaouli was the third child of Kamehameha.
# Hawaiian Monarchs/Kamehameha III

Kamehameha III drasticly changed the government of Hawaii.

## References

* ↑ "Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III)". Punahou School. 2 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
# Hawaiian Monarchs

Did you know that Hawaii is the only state in the United States of America that once had its own kings and queens? From 1795 until 1895 Hawaii was a monarchy which means it was ruled by kings and queens. This book contains information about each monarch and historical events that happened while they ruled.
Who would want to read this book? All children going to school in Hawaii are required to take Hawaiian History, but this information would be interesting to any student who wants to learn more about Hawaii and its history.

## Contents

* Kamehameha I
* Kamehameha II (Liholiho)
* Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli)
* Kamehameha IV (Alexander Liholiho)
* Kamehameha V (Lot)
* William Lunalilo
* David Kalakaua
* Lydia Lili'uokalani