OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mambo Open Source

* Mambo Open Source - home
* Configuration | Design | Content | Development | Miscellaneous
* Resources
Mambo Open Source is a content management system that can be used to create and manage webpages. It uses a browser-based interface for most editing operations, and supports most modern browsers.
This is a guide for both beginners and professionals on how to use Mambo Open Source. If you encounter an item that is not present, please start the article and expand this book! This is an ever-expanding collection of tutorials and articles, so don't think twice if you want to write!

## Important Note

This manual has not had any content updates in over a year. However, it inspired a member of the Mambo community to create a wiki and continue the concept of providing a collaborative user and developer manual for Mambo. This manual is now part of the Mambo CMS project and contains extensive documentation to help both users and developers alike.
You can go to the Mambo Manual here.
Registration is, of course, free and everyone is encouraged to contribute.
Updated: 12 December, 2006
* What's up?
* The full Table of contents was started. (It's recommended to start writing new pages from here.) 10 July 2005
* A featured article system is ready. This is to make popular and useful articles easier to find for first time users of the book.29 Jun 2005
* We have added a configuration category, and placed all contents of the installation chapter there.29 Jun 2005
* Some categorizing has been done: We added the category MOS to the templates, as well as categorizing the front page of the book a bit. 28 Jun 2005
* Archive
Take a look at this book's style reference before adding content - please follow this to maintain the book's good system and layout. Also, see the help section for information on how to contribute.
If you have a request for an article, simply add a link in the appropriate section of this book. This link would then be viewable to others, and maby someone will start the article.
# Jeep Liberty/Transmissions
## Automatics

The 42RLE is a 4-speed overdrive automatic transmission. The 42RLE comes in 2003.5+ Jeep Liberty. The 45RFE is a 4-speed overdrive automatic transmission, with an alternative 2nd gear ratio for downshifting. The 45RFE was replaced in mid-April 2003 by the 42RLE in the 2003.5+ Liberty. The 545RFE is a 5-speed overdrive automatic transmission. The 545RFE was the only transmission available in Liberty CRD (diesel engine) models. The Liberty's maximum tow rating with an automatic transmission is Class III 5,000#. Mechanically, the 42RLE has 13 bolts and a straight crossmember, while the 45RFE and 545RFE have 15 bolts and a backwards angled crossmember . Electronically, vehicles equipped with the 42RLE have a 4 connector NGC PCM (Powertrain Control Module) with an integrated TCM (Transmission Control Module), while those equipped with the 45RFE have a 3 connector JTEC PCM and a separate TCM.
Gear Ratio Table
| | 42RLE | 45RFE | 545RFE |
| 1st | 2.84 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 2nd Up | 1.57 | 1.67 | 1.67 |
| 2nd Down | 1.57 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 3rd | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 4th | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
| 5th | N/A | N/A | 0.67 |
| Rev | 2.21 | 3.00 | 3.00 |

## Manuals

The NSG370 is a 6-speed overdrive manual transmission. The NSG370 comes in 2005+ Jeep Libertys. The NV3500 is a 5-speed overdrive manual transmission. The NV3500 was replaced by the NSG370 in 2005+ Libertys. The NV1500 is 5-speed overdrive manual transmission with an unsynchronized first gear. The Liberty's maximum tow rating with a manual transmission is Class II 3,500#. The clutch design of the manuals results in a lower tow rating than that of the automatics. A driver skilled in towing with manuals may be able to safely tow more than Class II.
Gear Ratio Table
| | NSG370 | NV1500 | NV3500 |
| 1st | 4.46 | 3.96 | 4.01 |
| 2nd | 2.61 | 2.37 | 2.32 |
| 3rd | 1.72 | 1.49 | 1.40 |
| 4th | 1.25 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 5th | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.73 |
| 6th | 0.84 | N/A | N/A |
| Rev | 4.06 | 3.54 | 3.55 |

## Cooling

Jeep Libertys with the 42RLE transmission have an auxiliary transmission cooler in front of the engine radiator. Libertys with the 45RFE transmission have the transmission cooler coils integrated into the engine radiator. Liberty CRDs with the 545RFE have a combination transmission cooler & A/C condenser in front of the intercooler and engine radiator. Libertys with the NSG370, NV1500, and NV3500 manual transmissions don't have a cooler because manual transmissions lack a fluid pump.
Standard Coolers (3.7L Auto):
| | 2002 | 2003 | 2005 | 2007 |
| Auxiliary Transmission | No | No | Yes | |
| Integrated Transmission | Yes | Yes | | |
| Power Steering | Yes | Yes | No | Yes (Manual) |

## Off-Roading

An automatic transmission is more popular than a manual for off-roading. It removes the distraction, water leakage, and clutch wear associated with off-road manual shifting. These benefits come at a price, as an automatic is always heavier than an equivalent manual.

## External Links

* List of Chrysler Transmissions
* Chrysler 42RLE Transmission
* Chrysler 45RFE Transmission
* Chrysler 545RFE Transmission
# Jet Propulsion/Accessories

Gearboxes are used to alter the shaft speeds and provides accessory drives for electrical generators, Fuel pumps, lubrication pumps, and hydraulic pumps.
The compressor may provide bleed air which is used for powering the engine lubrication systems, engine clearance control systems, turbine cooling systems, rotor force balancing, aircraft pressurization & airconditioning, aircraft deicing and various other functions.
The pressurized fuel is injected into the gas flow by the injectors and ignited by the igniters.
The engine is controlled by an electrohydraulic or digital control system and is [[Jet Propulsion/Instruments/|instrumented}} to provide operational, maintenance and health monitoring.
The engine is started by a starting system powered by
* Aerodynamic flows in flight freewheeling
* Compressed air motor (provided by another engine on the aircraft, e.g. an apu, a windmill, a gas generator, or a ground service vehicle)
* Electric or hydraulic motor
# Jeep Liberty/Tires & Rims/List of States Where Wheel Spacers are Illegal

Many older and cheaper lug centric wheel spacer design were unsafe and gave wheel spacers a bad reputation. As a result wheel spacers are now banned in the following states. Keep in mind that hub centric cast aluminum wheel spacers are usually perfectly safe as long as they're regularly checked for tightness.
* Pennsylvania - spacers thicker than 1/4" are banned (Title 67 of the PA Code)
* Mass all spacers are banned. (540 CMR 6.04)
# Jet Propulsion/1D Analysis
### Ramjet

The thrust produced by a ramjet is
$T={\dot {m}}u_{inlet}({\sqrt {\tau _{b}}}-1)$
where τ$_b$ is the total temperature ratio produced by the combustor. Metallurgy and the availability of cooling will limit the maximum temperature that can be sustained in the combustor. We can define τ$_{max}$ as the maximum total temperature ratio compared to the inlet conditions and τ$_c$ as the temperature ratio relating the static and total temperatures. Then
$\tau _{max}=\tau _{b}\tau _{c}=\tau _{b}\left(1+{\frac {\gamma -1}{2}}M_{0}^{2}\right)$
Thus as τ$_c$ increases with speed for a fixed maximum temperature τ$_{max}$ stays constant and τ$_b$ must reduce. If the theoretical frontal area of the ramjet is constant then the mass flow through the ramjet will increase linearly with the Mach number. At the same time the heat added diminishes. The thrust then is:
$T=A\rho (M_{0}a_{0})^{2}\left[{\sqrt {\frac {\tau _{max}}{1+{\frac {\gamma -1}{2}}M_{0}^{2}}}}-1\right]$
When τ$_{max}$=τ$_c$ the term in brackets goes to zero and the thrust vanishes. The thrust for a given τ$_{max}$ is shown in the following figure (the dashed line is the peak thrust):
# Jeep Liberty/Transfer Cases

Transfer cases for the Jeep Liberty are built by New Venture Gear, hence the NV prefix. New Venture inherited New Process Gear from Chrysler, therefore the older transfer cases are prefixed with NP. Whether prefixed with NV or NP, parts are interchangeable between the same transfer case model.
Full-time 4WD can be used on pavement because it utilizes the differential in the transfer case. Part-time 4WD Lo and 4WD Hi can't be used on pavement because they lock the axles together in the transfer case. While the 2WD, full-time 4WD, and part-time 4WD Hi modes support the maximum vehicle speed, the part-time 4WD Lo mode does not. Part-time 4WD Hi should not be engaged over 55mph. Essentially, part-time 4WD should be used for off-road, full-time 4WD for maximum traction on-road, and 2WD for everything else.

## NV231J

The NV231J, utilized in the Command-Trac system, is a mechanically shifted part-time transfer case. Its chain-driven aluminum construction makes it weaker than gear-driven iron transfer cases.
| Mode | Gear Ratio |
| 2WD | 1.00:1 |
| 4-HI Part Time | 1.00:1 |
| N | N/A |
| 4-LO | 2.72:1 |

## NV241J

The NV241J, also known as Command-Trac HD, is sometimes incorrectly referred to as an "NV231J-HD". It was available in the 2005-2007 Jeep Liberty (KJ) with the 6-spd transmission in any package. The transfer case is tagged "241J" in these applications and uses the same gear ratios as the NV231J. This is not the limited production NV241OR found in the Wrangler Rubicon models.

## NV242

The NV242, also known as Select-Trac, is a mechanically shifted full time transfer case.
| Mode | Gear Ratio |
| 2WD | 1.00:1 |
| 4-HI Part Time | 1.00:1 |
| 4-HI Full Time | 1.00:1 |
| N | N/A |
| 4-LO | 2.72:1 |

## Slip Yoke Eliminator

A slip yoke eliminator replaces the slip yoke in the rear of the transfer case with a fixed yoke. Primarily this allows for the installation of double cardon joints and reduces the driveshaft angle by increasing the driveline length. These two changes help cut down on vibration caused by lifting the Jeep. As an added benefit, it prevents the transfer case from spilling fluid everywhere if the driveshaft gets pulled out. When installing a slip yoke eliminator, a drive shaft with an integrated slip yoke and double cardon joints must also be installed.
# Jet Propulsion

This book intends to provide an introduction to jet propulsion at the undergraduate level.
A jet engine is an air-breathing internal combustion engine often used to propel high-speed aircraft. Jet engines, like rocket engines, use the reaction principle in that they accelerate a mass in one direction and, from Newton's third law of motion, experience thrust in the opposite direction. However, jet engines use air to burn fuel while rocket engines use stored oxidizer. Air-breathing provides higher performance in terms of thrust per unit of propellant and allows the highest endurance. Jet engines hold the current aircraft records for non-refueled distance (26,389.3 miles in 76 hours 45 minutes GlobalFlyer).
Frank Whittle received a British patent for the jet engine in 1930 and Hans von Ohain received a German patent in 1935. The first jet aircraft was the Heinkel He178 flown in 1939 with a von Ohain engine producing 4.9kN of thrust.

### More History

The main jet engine types are the turbojet (core flow), turbofan (ducted fan powered by core), turboprop (propeller powered by core), ramjet (aerodynamic ram compression only), and pulsejet (unsteady dynamic compression).

### More on Jet engine types
## Part I: Core Engineering

* Fluid Mechanics - Basic Principles
* Jet engine Thermodynamic cycles
* Aerodynamic analysis
* Stage by stage 1D Analysis
* Combustion
* Propellants
* Control and stability
* Performance

## Part II: Component Engineering

* Intakes
* Compressors
* Combustors
* Turbines
* Nozzles
* Structures
* Rotating machinery
* Control Systems
* Accessories

## Part III: Case studies

* Model jet engines
* Civil high bypass turbofan
* Military low bypass turbofan
* Jet on a chip
* Unducted fan
* Geared high bypass turbofan
* Lift jet turbofan
* VLJ turbofan

## Resources

* Materials
* Manufacturing
* Applications
* Environmental
* Manufacturers
** CFM International
** General Electric
** Honeywell
** Pratt & Whitney (United Technologies)
** SNECMA
** Rolls-Royce
** Williams International (WI)
* Future
* Example Problems
* Glossary
* Bibliography

### Sister books

* Fluid Mechanics
* Space Transport and Engineering Methods
* Rotorcraft Fundamentals
* Becoming a Private Pilot
# Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/The calculation of the Molad
## The starting point

According to tradition, there was a Molad at exactly 14 hours (i.e. 8am) on the Friday of Creation, the time that Adam was created. Projecting the current rule back to that date, it follows, since Rosh Hashana cannot fall on a Friday (see later), that the following day was not only the first Shabbat but the first Rosh Hashana. This is regarded as Rosh Hashana of Year 2, since the six days of creation must belong to some year, which is designated as Year 1.
Working backwards, the previous Molad of Tishri was on a Monday, i.e. Day 2, at 5 hours and 204 chalakim. (With days from midnight to midnight, this is actually 11 hours 204 chalakim on Sunday pm.) Writing 2, 5, 200, 4 in Hebrew characters gives us BeHaRaD, so this is known as Molad BeHaRaD. It is also sometimes called Molad Tohu ("without form"), since it occurred while the world was still "without form and void" (Genesis ch.1). The date of this molad, and of Rosh Hashana for Year 1, would have been Monday 7 September 3761 BCE in the Gregorian calendar (7 October in the Julian one). (Note: when working with dates BCE, remember that there was no year 0; 1 BCE was immediately followed by 1 CE. Thus, the interval from say 1 June, 5 BCE to 1 June, 5 CE is only nine years, not ten.)

## Subsequent Molads

The date and time of each Molad, or time of New Moon, is computed by adding the standard interval 29 days, 12 hours, 793 chalakim to the date and time of the previous one.
If you are only interested in the day of the week and time of the molad, you can discard four weeks or 28 days and just add 1 day, 12 hours, 793 chalakim. If the result is 8 days or more, subtract a week.

## The Molad of Tishri

Only the Molad of Tishri is of importance in computing the calendar. Thus, for fixing the calendar, it suffices to start from the Molad of Tishri and add on 12 times the length of the standard interval (i.e. 354 days, 8 hours, 876 chalakim) if it is an ordinary year and 13 times the length of the standard interval (i.e. 383 days, 21 hours, 589 chalakim) if it is a leap year.
Again, if we are only concerned with days of the week and times, we can discard 50 and 54 weeks respectively to get 4 days, 8 hours, 876 chalakim and 5 days, 21 hours, 589 chalakim.
The calculation may begin from any known molad, and to save time if we want a date many years from the known molad, we can add the molad for a 19 year cycle, 6939 days, 16 hours, 595 chalakim or, discarding complete weeks, 2 days, 16 hours, 595 chalakim.

## Use of the other Molads

The Molads of the other months do have significance in determining whether the ceremony of blessing the New Moon may be performed. There are many rules and customs about this, but in particular it is not generally performed until at least 72 hours after the time of the Molad, to ensure that the Moon will be clearly visible. It must not be performed more than 14 days, 18 hours, 396 chalakim after the Molad, since after that time (half a chalak short of exactly half way from one Molad to the next), the Moon is regarded as waning and not waxing.
# Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/The lengths of the months

Although the New Year occurs at the start of the month of Tishri (that is the traditional spelling, although increasingly the spelling Tishrei is preferred), the Bible commands that Nissan should be regarded as the first month. ("This month shall be for you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year for you." See Exodus Chapter 12 verse 2.)
As a general rule, the months are alternately 30 and 29 days. As will be explained later, two months (Cheshvan and Kislev) are of variable length. Further, in leap years, an extra month called Adar Rishon (First Adar) is inserted before the month of Adar, which is then renamed Adar Sheni (Second Adar). The months are as follows:
    Nisan, 30 days
    Iyar, 29 days
    Sivan, 30 days
    Tammuz, 29 days
    Av (or Menachem Av), 30 days
    Ellul, 29 days
    Tishri (or Tishrei), 30 days
    Cheshvan (or Marcheshvan), 29 days; sometimes 30 days
    Kislev, 30 days; sometimes 29 days
    Tevet, 29 days
    Shevat, 30 days
    [Adar Rishon (only in leap years), 30 days]
    Adar (called Adar Sheni in leap years), 29 days
In a regular (כסדרן) year, Cheshvan has 29 days and Kislev has 30 — consistent with the pattern of the lengths of the other months, and there are a total of 354 days (384 in a leap year). If Cheshvan and Kislev both have 30 days, the year is called complete (מלא) and there are 355 days (385 in a leap year). If Cheshvan and Kislev both have 29 days, the year is called deficient (חסר)and there are 353 days (383 in a leap year).
Thus an ordinary year can have 353, 354 or 355 days, and a leap year can have 383, 384 or 385 days. No year is allowed to fall outside these limits of length.
Note that 385 days is exactly 55 weeks, so that the Rosh Hashana of a year following an abundant leap year always falls on the same day of the week as the Rosh Hashana of that year. This does not happen with other year types.
It is possible for six consecutive years to contain all six lengths; for example, 5801-5806 does so.
# Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/The prayer for rain and the blessing of the sun

Two Jewish rituals appear to be fixed by the civil calendar rather than the Jewish calendar. These are the insertion of the words Tal umatar ("dew and rain") in the Amidah prayer recited three times every day, and the Blessing of the Sun made every 28 years. The former is done every day "from Ma'ariv (evening service) on 4th December (and in years preceding a civil leap year, 5th December)" up to and including Erev Pesach. The latter is done on 8th April. What is special about those rituals?
The reason is that they are fixed by reference to the tekufot (solstices and equinoxes). These are calculated from rules due to Rabbi Mar Samuel (3rd century CE). They assume that the length of the year is always 365¼ days, rather than varying between 12 and 13 lunar months, hence the fixed dates in the Gregorian calendar. Of course, 365¼ days is slightly too long (the same as the error in the Julian calendar). Thus the date for starting Tal umatar and for saying the Blessing of the Sun in the 20th and 21st centuries are both a day later than they were in the 19th century, and they will get later in the Gregorian calendar by three days every four centuries.

## The date of Tal umatar

In Israel, this prayer is said from 7th Cheshvan, following the Jewish calendar (following the ruling of Rabban Gamliel, Mishnah Ta'anit 1:3). However, the Gemara on that Mishnah (Ta'anit 10a) says that outside Israel, it should not be said until the 60th day from Tekufat Tishri (the autumnal equinox).

## The date of the Blessing of the Sun

Mar Samuel said that the world was created in Nisan. Every 28 years by his calculation, the Spring equinox falls on a Wednesday as it did at the time of creation. There is a custom to say a blessing on the Sun when this happens, "... who makes the work of creation". This contradicts the tradition of BeHaRaD, which assumes that the world was created in Tishri, or to be precise at the end of Ellul. Following this view, the Rosh Hashana prayers include the phrase: "the World was created today".
The same date is used both inside and outside Israel.

## References

* ↑ One who sees the sun at its turning point should say, "Blessed is He who reenacts the works of Creation." And when is this? Abaya said: every 28th year. Talmud Berachot 59b.
# Mathematics with Python and Ruby
## Introduction

The languages Python and Ruby have the following in common:
* They are free software (i.e., The source code can be easily accessed, and the interpreter that we will use for each language is written in the language itself);
* They both support Object-Oriented Programming. (Python is actually Multi-Paradigm)
* They are distributed with lightweight interactive consoles (IDLE for Python, irb (interactive Ruby) for Ruby)
Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore these two languages to solve mathematical problems. In this book, we shall enumerate what they bring to the teaching of mathematics and algorithms. In particular, we will study how certain mathematical structures are managed by these two languages.
Two methods have been used to write the Python scripts below:
* Run the code directly in the interactive IDLE console, which is itself written in Python;
* Create a script file test.py, and run that from the console using python test.py or python3.2 test.py, as the context requires.
For Ruby, version 1.9.1 will be used. Here too, two methods have been used:
* Run the code in the interpreter irb (Interactive Ruby) which is itself written in Ruby, so its source code is human-readable;
* Create a script file test.rb, and run it using the console command ruby test.rb.
* The FreeRide program is a lightweight, easy-to-use code editor that works well with Ruby. FreeRide can execute the Ruby program in the active window without having to leave the editor by simply clicking Run. One may prefer NetBeans for its more extensive feature set and integration with Java, but NetBeans requires more system resources. Both programs are available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux, and both can handle Ruby projects, which may include multiple (related) text files containing Ruby programs. Anyway, for this book, geany has been used, mainly because it handles both Python and Ruby (amongst many others), and is rather lightweight.

## Mathematics with Python

* Numbers
** Integers
** Fractions
** Complex Numbers

## Mathematics with Ruby

* Numbers
** Integers
** Fractions
** Real numbers
** Complex numbers
** Quaternions and octonions
# Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/The sixty-one types of cycle

Given the exact molad of the first year of a cycle, you can compute the molad of each year of the cycle hence their year types.
There are 61 possible sequences of years in a cycle.
This can be shown by considering every possible initial molad. Note that since the molad increases by 6939 days, 16 hours, 595 chalakim over a cycle, and 595 is of course a multiple of five, the molad at the start of any cycle must have a number of chalakim ending in either 4 or 9. Also, we may discard multiples of seven days since this makes no difference to the year type. Thus we can start with 7 days, 0 hours, 4 chalakim; by the postponement rules, this gives us Rosh Hashana on Monday and a defective year.
A full discussion and details of all 61 types are given in the book by Burnaby (see Mathematics of the Jewish Calendar/Further reading).
Most cycles have length 6,939, 6,940 or 6,941 days. Only type 61 (with an initial molad of 7 days, 16 hours, 689 chalakim to 7 days, 17 hours, 1079 chalakim) has 6,942 days. Such cycles are quite rare. If the present rules had always existed, the cycles starting in 2908 and 3155, i.e. 854 BCE and 607 BCE, would have been of this type. The next starts in 6765 (3004 CE).
Starts of cycles of length 6942 are separated by either 13 cycles (247 years), 190 cycles (3610 years) or 203 = 190+13 cycles (3857 years). As will be noted later, the calendar repeats approximately, although not exactly, after 13, 190 or 203 cycles.
When tabulating the Jewish calendar over a long period, it is much quicker to work with a whole cycle at a time than with individual years.