OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kirby franchise strategy guide/Bosses/Paint Roller

Paint Roller is a boss who appears in a few Kirby games. It first appeared in Kirby's Adventure as the boss of Ice Cream Island in his classic canvas stage. It guarded the second fragment of the Star Rod, as ordered by King Dedede.
After its initial appearance in Kirby's Adventure, Paint Roller later appeared in its Game Boy Advance remake, Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land. Later, it appeared in Kirby: Canvas Curse as one of Drawcia's clones. In Kirby & The Amazing Mirror, the magician character Wiz fights in a style very similar to Paint Roller.

## In the Games

Paint Roller typically appears as a boss character on a pair of roller skates with a paint brush or pencil, drawing an enemy on a canvas which will spring out and attack Kirby once the painting is complete. To defeat it, Kirby normally has to swallow the newly created enemy and shoot it back at Paint Roller. This strategy is then repeated several times. The enemies that Paint Roller draws range from Waddle Dee to Kracko-like creatures to baseballs that hurl themselves at Kirby.
In Paint Roller's level in Kirby: Canvas Curse, when you play on level 3, you may have to draw things which are references to other Nintendo games. Included cameos that you may draw are the Triforce from The Legend of Zelda series, the Super Smash Bros. logo, the word "HAL" (from HAL Laboratory, the producer of the Kirby series) and the HAL Laboratory logo.

## In the Anime

Paint Roller also appears in the anime. It appears in the Kirby anime episode, "Royal AcaDededemy , aired in the USA as "Dedede's Monsterpiece".
He made his debut when he was delivered to King Dedede, who didn't care about fine art. He went to Dedede's newly-built art museum, where he went around messing with the paintings. He painted a picture of his customer, which came to life startling the real King. It attacked Kirby with a laser gun that Paint Roller also painted until Meta Knight saved him by burning it with a torch. After Kirby inhaled PR's paintbrush, he became Paint Kirby, and they dueled and dodged with their paintings, which can come to life, as well as their roller blades. Kirby eventually got the best of Paint Roller with a painted missile of his, which homed in on the monster and his painted bomb, causing a massive, messy paint explosion that took out the entire art museum and splattered paint all over Kirby in the process.
# Formal Logic/Detailed Table of Contents

Formal Logic
* Preliminaries
** Sets
* Sentential Logic
** Informal Overview
*** Goals
*** The Sentential Language
** Syntax
*** Formal Syntax
*** Informal Conventions
** Semantics
*** Formal Semantics
*** Truth Tables
*** Validity
*** Expressibility
*** Properties of Sentential Connectives
*** Substitution and Interchange
** Natural Language Translations
*** Translations
** Derivations
*** Derivations
*** Inference Rules
*** Constructing a Simple Derivation
*** Subderivations and Discharge Rules
*** Constructing a Complex Derivation
*** Theorems
*** Derived Inference Rules
*** Disjunctions in Derivations
* Predicate Logic
** Informal Overview
*** Goals
*** The Predicate Language
** Syntax
*** Formal Syntax
*** Free and Bound Variables
*** Informal Conventions
** Semantics
*** Models
*** Satisfaction
*** Truth
** Natural Language Translations
** Derivations
* Identity Theory
** Syntax
** Semantics
** Natural Language Translations
** Derivations
# Formal Languages and Logic/Chomsky grammars

Definition (Chomsky grammar):
A Chomsky grammar is a quartuple $G=(\Sigma ,N,P,S)$, where $\Sigma$ is an alphabet, $N$ is a set such that $\Sigma \cap N=\emptyset$, $P\subseteq (\Sigma \cup N)^{*}\times (\Sigma \cup N)^{*}$ and $S\in N$.
Definition (terminal symbol):
Let $G=(\Sigma ,N,P,S)$ be a Chomsky grammar. A nonterminal symbol of $G$ is an element of $\Sigma$.
Definition (nonterminal symbol):
Let $G=(\Sigma ,N,P,S)$ be a Chomsky grammar. A nonterminal symbol of $G$ is an element of $N$.
Definition (production):
Let $G=(\Sigma ,N,P,S)$ be a Chomsky grammar. A production of $G$ is an element of $P$.
Productions will be denoted as $\alpha \to \beta$ instead of the tuple notation $(\alpha ,\beta )$.
Definition (start symbol):
Let $G=(\Sigma ,N,P,S)$ be a Chomsky grammar. Then $S$ is the start symbol of $G$.
Definition (language generated by a Chomsky grammar):
Let $G=(\Sigma ,N,P,S)$ be a Chomsky grammar. Then the language generated by $G$ is the language
    $\{w\in \Sigma ^{*}|\}$
# Formal Logic/Predicate Logic

Contents
# Formal Languages and Logic/Finite state automata

Definition (deterministic finite state automaton):
A deterministic finite state automaton (DFA for short) is a quintuple $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\delta ,q_{0},F)$, where $Q=\{q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n}\}$ is a finite set, $\Sigma$ is a finite alphabet, $\delta :Q\times \Sigma \to Q$ is a function, $q_{0}\in Q$, and $F\subseteq Q$.
Definition (state):
Let $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\delta ,q_{0},F)$ be a deterministic finite state automaton. Then a state of $A$ is an element of $Q$.
Definition (initial state):
Let $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\delta ,q_{0},F)$ be a deterministic finite state automaton. Then the initial state of $A$ is $q_{0}$.
Definition (transition function):
Let $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\delta ,q_{0},F)$ be a deterministic finite state automaton. Then $\delta$ is the transition function.
Definition (accepting state):
Let $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\delta ,q_{0},F)$ be a deterministic finite state automaton. Then an accepting state is an element of $F$.
Proposition (every accepting state is a state):
Let $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\delta ,q_{0},F)$ be a deterministic finite state automaton. Then every accepting state of $A$ is a state.
Proof: This is because $F\subseteq Q$. $\Box$
Definition (generalized transition function):
Let $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\delta ,q_{0},F)$ be a deterministic finite state automaton. Then the generalized transition function $\delta ^{*}:Q\times \Sigma ^{*}\to Q$ is the function defined on $\Sigma *$ by induction on word length as thus:
* for a singleton word $a\in \Sigma$, $\delta ^{*}(q,a):=\delta ((q,a))$
* whenever $w=a_{1}a_{2}\cdots a_{n}\in \Sigma ^{*}$, then $\delta ^{*}(q,w):=\delta (\delta ^{*}(q,a_{1}a_{2}\cdots a_{n-1}),a_{n})$
Definition (language accepted by a deterministic finite state automaton):
Let $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\delta ,q_{0},F)$ be a finite state automaton. The language accepted by the deterministic finite state automaton by $A$ is defined to be
    $L(A):=\{w\in \Sigma ^{*}|\delta ^{*}(q_{0},w)\in F\}$.
Theorem (finite state automata accept precisely regular languages):
Whenever $A=(Q,\Sigma ,\delta ,q_{0},F)$ is a finite state automaton, the language accepted by $A$ is regular. Whenever $L$ is a regular language, there exists a finite state automaton that accepts it.
Proof: Let first $A=(\Sigma ,Q,\delta ,q_{0},F)$ be a finite state automaton. Define a Chomsky grammar $G=(\Sigma ,N,P,S)$ as follows: $N=Q$, $S=q_{0}$ and the productions shall be given by
    $$ $\Box$
# Formal Languages and Logic/Context-free languages

Definition (context-free grammar):
A context-free grammar is a Chomsky grammar $G=(\Sigma ,N,P,S)$ such that all productions are of the form
    $V\to \alpha$,
where $V\in N$ and $\alpha \in (N\cup \Sigma )(N\cup \Sigma )^{*}$.
Definition (context-free language):
A context-free language is a language $L$ over an alphabet $\Sigma$ so that there exists a context-free Chomsky grammar $G$ that accepts precisely $L$.
Definition (Dyck language):
Let $n\in \mathbb {N}$. The Dyck language $D_{n}$ of order $n$ is the formal languange
    $D_{n}:=\{w=a_{1}a_{2}\cdots a_{k}\in \Sigma ^{*}|k\in \mathbb {N} \wedge \forall (m,j)\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}\times \{1,\ldots ,k\}:|\{l\leq j|a_{l}=)_{m}\}|\leq |\{l\leq j|a_{l}=(_{m}\}|\wedge |\{l\leq n|a_{l}=)_{m}\}|=|\{l\leq n|a_{l}=)_{m}\}|\}$
whose alphabet is $\Sigma =\{(_{1},\ldots ,(_{n},)_{1},\ldots ,)_{n}\}$.
# Formal Logic

Written by volunteers and editors at Wikibooks, A Wikimedia Foundation Project
* An undergraduate college level textbook covering first order predicate logic with identity but omitting metalogical proofs.
Recent Content Additions :
| Preliminaries ||
| | No recent additions. |
| Sentential Logic ||
| | No recent additions. |
| Predicate Logic ||
| | 19 Apr 2006: New module: Satisfaction |
| | 19 May 2006: New module: Truth |
Detailed Contents
Brief Contents
* Preliminaries
* Sentential Logic
* Predicate Logic
* Identity Theory
# Formal Languages and Logic

* Classical Logic
* Generalities on formal languages
* Chomsky grammars
* Noncontracting grammars
* Regular languages
* Finite state automata
* Context-free languages
* Context-sensitive languages
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/until
## Syntax

UNTIL

## Description

See the DO statement.
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/unloadsegment
### Syntax

UNLOADSEGMENT

### Description

This statement does nothing in modern FB. It is retained for compatibility with older versions of FutureBasic.
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr

This function calls one of several low-level subroutines built into FB. The fnIndicator parameter indicates which routine to call; use one of the constants shown in the table below.
NEED IMAGE!!!!!
Example: One of the most useful USR functions is USR _fileAddr. You can use the LOCAL FN shown here to display information about an open file. LOCAL FN DisplayFileInfo(fileID)
Don't know what the print thing is

## See Also

SQR; SIN; COS; "File Manager" chapter in Inside Macintosh: Files
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr applescriptgetresult

USR APPLESCRIPTGETRESULT
Revised June, 2003 (Release 8)
Description - This routine returns a handle pointing to the data in memory returned by an AppleScript script executed with USR APPLESCRIPTRUN or USR APPLESCRIPLOADANDRUN. If there is no result or if the routine fails to retrieve the data, the value returned by USR APPLESCRIPTGETRESULT is _nil. You are responsible for the disposing of the handle returned (if any). You must be aware that the routine empties the AppleScript internal buffer. You could possibly use the USR APPLESCRIPTGETRESULT function to retrieve the text source of your entire script right after storing it into the AppleScript buffer using the ROUTE and PRINT statements, however you cannot expect to compile and execute the script afterwards, since the buffer would be empty. In a general manner, you must call the USR APPLESCRIPTGETRESULT function after a script has been executed whether an error occurred or not and dispose of the handle returned if any and if necessary.
Example: The following example will return the list of all the folders located at the root level of your hard drive:
INCLUDE "Subs AppleScript.Incl" DIM AS STR255
DIM AS HANDLE textH
DIM AS RECT r WINDOW 1
CALL SetRect
CALL InsetRect( r, 32, 32 )
NEED LINK!!! EDIT FIELD 1,"",@r ROUTE _toAppleScript
PRINT "the name of every folder of the startup disk"
NEED LINK!!! ROUTE _toScreen err = USR APPLESCRIPTRUN
H = USR APPLESCRIPGETRESULT
LONG IF H
XELSE
END IF See Also: USR APPLESCRIPLOADANDRUN; USR APPLESCRIPTRUN
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr applescriptloadandrun

USR APPLESCRIPTLOADANDRUN
Revised June, 2003 (Release 8)
Description - This routine loads and executes the AppleScript script specified by resID% and located in the file specified by fSpec. If the routine fails to launch the script errorFlag is set to a non-zero value. If the script returns a result, you can get a handle pointing to the data using the USR APPLESCRIPTGETRESULT function. Note that the script might also return an error in the AppleScript buffer, therefore you should always empty the buffer after a script has been executed getting the result with USR APPLESCRIPTGETRESULT then disposing of the handle returned if any. fSpec is an FSSpec record specifying an existing file. If you pass _nil for the fSpec parameter, the script will be retrieved from the resource fork of the running application.
Note: Usually, resID% is set to 128 which is the default resource ID for Apple's compiled scripts. However, if you pass 0 for this parameter, the routine will assume an ID of 128, thus USR APPLESCRIPLOADANDRUN(0,0) is functionally equivalent to USR APPLESCRIPLOADANDRUN(appSpec,128). In order for the script to function properly, your program must have entered its main event loop before it attempts to run the script.
See Also USR APPLESCRIPTGETRESULT; USR APPLESCRIPTSTORE
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/using
## Syntax

USING

## Description

This function returns a decimal string representation of the numeric expr, formatted according to specifications in format$. The characters in format$ are interpreted as follows: If format$ contains any characters other than the specifiers listed above, they are transferred unaltered to the returned string. Example: x! = 14.726 PRINT USING "You owe me $#,###.##."; x! program output: You owe me $14.73.

## See Also

DEF USING; STR$; UNS$
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/universalproc
## Syntax

UNIVERSALPROC

## Description

The UNIVERSALPROC statement works identically to the UNIVERSALFN function, except that it should only be used to call routines which don't return any value. The parameters of UNIVERSALPROC are interpreted the same way as the parameters of UNIVERSALFN.

## See Also

UNIVERSALFN; CALL
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/unsstring
## Syntax

UNS$

## Description

This function interprets the internal bit pattern of expr as an unsigned integer, then returns a string of decimal digits representing that integer's value. The length of the returned string depends on which of DEFSTR BYTE, DEFSTR WORD or DEFSTR LONG is currently in effect; the returned string may be padded on the left with one or more "0" characters, to make a string of the indicated length. If expr is a positive integer, then the number represented in the returned string will be the same as the value of expr (provided that the current DEFSTR mode allows UNS$ to return sufficient digits). If expr is a negative integer, then its internal bit pattern is different from that of an unsigned integer. In this case, the number represented in the returned string will be:
expr + 28, if DEFSTR BYTE is in effect;
expr + 216, if DEFSTR WORD is in effect;
expr + 232, if DEFSTR LONG is in effect.
Note: To convert a "signed integer" expression sexpr into an "unsigned integer" expression which has the same internal bit pattern, just assign sexpr to an unsigned integer variable. For example: myUnsLong&` = mySignedLong&

## See Also

DEFSTR BYTE/WORD/LONG; HEX$; OCT$; BIN$; Appendix C: Data Types and Data Representation
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr abs

USR ABS(expr)
Description This function returns the absolute value of expr.
The absolute value of a number is its distance from zero: the absolute value of -23 is 23; the absolute value of 16 is 16.
USR ABS is slower than the ABS function, but it is included for backward compatibility.
See Also ABS
# Handbook of Management Scales/Proactive improvement
## Proactive improvement (alpha = 0.91)
### Description

Upon completing a review of the literature, scale development is completed in five phases. The first two phases focus on item generation and qualitative validation. The third phase (quantitative pilot testing) involves a sample of 220 logistics managers in Germany. The fourth phase replicates these findings with a sample of 250 US logistics managers. The final phase differentiates the general scale tested and replicated in the previous two phases by assessing the merit of cost- and service-focused scales adapted from the general scale among a separate sample of 298 logistics managers in Germany.

### Definition

Proactive improvement refers to an individual , which given that a potential innovation is beneficial to its customer – proactively enhances the service provided to this specific customer.

### Items

* The LSP continuously makes suggestions for improvements of activities, even those outside its direct responsibility.
* When the situation changes, the LSP by itself modifies the logistics activities and processes, if this is useful and necessary.
* The LSP shows initiative by approaching us with suggestions for improvement.
* The LSP shows a high level of innovation.

### Source

* Wallenburg et al. (2010): Developing a scale for proactive improvement within logistics outsourcing relationships. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5–21.

### Related Scales

* Proactive cost improvement
* Proactive performance improvement
# Handbook of Management Scales/Proactive performance improvement
## Proactive performance improvement (alpha = 0.91)
### Description

Upon completing a review of the literature, scale development is completed in five phases. The first two phases focus on item generation and qualitative validation. The third phase (quantitative pilot testing) involves a sample of 220 logistics managers in Germany. The fourth phase replicates these findings with a sample of 250 US logistics managers. The final phase differentiates the general scale tested and replicated in the previous two phases by assessing the merit of cost- and service-focused scales adapted from the general scale among a separate sample of 298 logistics managers in Germany.

### Items

* The LSP continuously makes suggestions for making activities more effective, even those outside its direct responsibility.
* When the situation changes, the LSP by itself modifies the logistics activities and processes, if this is useful and necessary to enhance the performance.
* The LSP shows initiative by approaching us with suggestions to enhance the performance.
* The LSP shows a high level of innovation with respect to performance improvements.

### Source

* Wallenburg et al. (2010): Developing a scale for proactive improvement within logistics outsourcing relationships. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5–21.

### Related Scales

* Proactive cost improvement
* Proactive improvement
# Handbook of Management Scales/Proactiveness
## Proactiveness (alpha = ???)
### Description

The study presents a foreign language version of a popular scale for measuring entrepreneurship and tests the instrument's utility in cross-cultural settings as a means of validating it for use abroad. The dimensions "innovativeness" and "proactiveness" combine to indicate the extent to which a given organization is entrepreneurial.

### Definition

Entrepreneurship refers to the pursuit of creative or novel solutions to challenges confronting the firm, including the development or enhancement of products and services, as well as new administrative techniques and technologies for performing organizational functions.
The proactiveness dimension of entrepreneurship refers to the opposite of reactiveness and is associated with aggressive posturing relative to competitors. The emphasis is on aggressive execution and follow through, driving toward achievement of the firm's objectives by whatever reasonable means are necessary.

### Items

In dealing with competitors, my firm ...
* Is very seldom the first business to introduce new products/services, administrative techniques, operating technologies, etc. -- Is very often the first business to introduce new products/services, administrative techniques, operating technologies, etc.
In dealing with competitors, my firm ...
* Typically seeks to avoid competitive clashes, preferring a "live-and-let-live" posture. -- Typically adopts a very competitive, "undo-the-competitors" posture.
In general, the top managers at my firm ...
* Have a strong proclivity for low-risk projects (with normal and certain rates of return). -- Have a strong proclivity for high-risk projects (with chances of very high returns).
In general, the top managers at my firm ...
* Believe that, owing to the nature of the environment, it's best to explore it gradually via careful, incremental behavior. -- Believe that, owing to the nature of the environment, bold, wide-ranging acts are necessary to achieve the firm's objectives.
When confronted with decision-making situations involving uncertainty, my firm ...
* Typically adopts a cautious, "wait-and-see" posture in order to minimize the probability of making costly decisions. -- Typically adopts a bold, aggressive posture in order to maximize the probability of exploiting potential opportunities.
A seven-point scale was used for the five items.

### Source

* Knight (1997): Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 213-225.

### Related Scales

* Innovativeness
# Handbook of Management Scales/Person–group fit
## Person–group fit
### Description

Person–group fit was measured with five items taken from Vogel & Feldman (2009).

### Items

* Working with the other people in my group is one of the best parts of this job.
* I get along well with the people I work with on a day-to-day basis.
* There is not much conflict among the members of my group.
* If I had more free time, I would enjoy spending more time with my co-workers socially.
* There are some people I work with I try to avoid when possible (reverse scored).

### Source

* Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
# Handbook of Management Scales/Proactive cost improvement
## Proactive cost improvement (alpha = 0.91)
### Description

Upon completing a review of the literature, scale development is completed in five phases. The first two phases focus on item generation and qualitative validation. The third phase (quantitative pilot testing) involves a sample of 220 logistics managers in Germany. The fourth phase replicates these findings with a sample of 250 US logistics managers. The final phase differentiates the general scale tested and replicated in the previous two phases by assessing the merit of cost- and service-focused scales adapted from the general scale among a separate sample of 298 logistics managers in Germany.

### Items

* The LSP continuously makes suggestions for making activities more cost efficient, even those outside its direct responsibility.
* When the situation changes, the LSP by itself modifies the logistics activities and processes, if this is useful and necessary to reduce costs.
* The LSP shows initiative by approaching us with suggestions to reduce costs.
* The LSP shows a high level of innovation with respect to cost reductions.

### Source

* Wallenburg et al. (2010): Developing a scale for proactive improvement within logistics outsourcing relationships. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5–21.

### Related Scales

* Proactive improvement
* Proactive performance improvement
# Handbook of Management Scales/Procedural justice
## Procedural justice (alpha = 0.86/0.90)
### Description

Four dimensions of organizational justice were measured with a scale developed and validated by Colquitt (2001): procedual, distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice. The scale ranged from 1 (to a very small extent) to 5 (to a very large extent).

### Definition

Organizational justice refers to perceptions of fairness in decision-making and resource allocation environments.
Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures.

### Items

* Are you able to express your views during those procedures?
* Can you influence the decisions arrived at by those procedures?
* Are those procedures applied consistently?
* Are those procedures free of bias?
* Are those procedures based on accurate information?
* Are you able to appeal the decisions arrived at by those procedures?
* Do those procedures uphold ethical and moral standards?

### Source

* Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206

### Related Scales

* Distributive justice
* Informational justice
* Interpersonal justice