OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arabic/LearnRW/alif

Alif is a very common Arabic letter. When it comes after a letter it causes the long "aa" sound. When it comes at the beginning of a word it means the word starts with a vowel sound.
Basic Appearance alif looks like a vertical line. It is drawn from the top down. example:
ا
This is called a plain Alif because it carries no symbols.
Alif can also carry a hamza. The hamza is drawn after the alif. It looks like this:
أ
Alif when it makes the "u" or "a" sound.
إ
When it makes the short "i" sound (the "i" sound in "bit" not "bite").
When a plain Alif comes after a letter, like so:
ب + ا
بـ ـا Putting it together
با
It makes a long "aa" sound come after it. In the previous example the Arabic letter ب (baa) was followed by a plain alif. So if it was read as "baa", remember its long "aa" sound, not a short one.
يا (pronounced: yaa)
فا (pronounced: faa)
وا (pronounced: waa)
دا (pronounced: daa)
با (pronounced: baa)
تا (pronounced: taa)
كا (pronounced: kaa)
ما (pronounced: maa)
The first letter can also be written with a fatha (pronounced:[fatħa]) and the pronunciation does not change.
يَا (pronounced: yaa)
فَا (pronounced: faa)
But if the Alif is not a plain Alif, then the long "aa" sound is not made. Something special happens, the purpose of hamza will be covered later.
يَأ (NOT pronounced: yaa)
فإ (NOT pronounced: faa)
Do not forget that the long "aa" sound is only made with a plain alif. If you see an alif with anything on it, it will not make the "aa" sound.
# Arabic/LearnRW/Row 6/Letter-Sound/Answers
## Exercise 1

* this-ذ
* zap-ز
* damn-د
* think-ث
* daisy-د
* boot-ب
* family-ف
* handsome-ه
* case-ك
* basic-ب
* therefore-ذ
* wait-و
* weight-و
* doctor-د
* Robert-ر
* ram-ر
* basic-ب
* yawn-ي
* doctor-د
* thoughtful-ث
* there-ذ
* maybe-م
* might-م
* castle-ك
* deaf-د
* king-ك
* destruction-د
* camp-ك
* them-ذ
* him-ه
* yes-ي
* mouth-م
* rabbit-ر
* zipper-ز
* fourth-ف
* dad-د
* demonstration-د
* third-ث
* three-ث
* table-ت
* zero-ز
* master-م
* distance-د

## Exercise 2

* printer-ر
* fake-ك
* numb-م
* bath-ث
* maybe-ي
* say-ي
* jumper-ر
* denominator-ر
* rake-ك
* bathe (they bathe in the pool)-ذ
* murder-ر
* bite-ت
* jade-د
* Jake-ك
* hay-ه
* breath-ث
* breathe (they breathe)-ذ
* expand-د
* ate-ت
* calculate-ت
* number-ب
* eight-ت
* fate-ت
* gulf-ف
* golf-ف
* bay-ي
* sore-ر
* compute-ت
* amaze-ز
* mouth-ث
* rye-ي
* lay-ي
* more-ر
* random-م
* band-د
* zoom-م
* Dubai-ي
* back-ك
* wolf-ف
* soothe-ذ
* maze-ز
* yolk-ك
* rate-ت
* math-ث
* folklore-ر
# Arabic/LearnRW/Tanween

The tanween is an "n" sound added to the end of the word in certain circumstances, usually it functions just like the "a" and "an" in English, indicating an indefinite article. The word tanween literally means marginalize/pushing aside, but usually translated as "nunation", "to 'n'", or "'n'ing"; making an "n" sound.
Tanween is indicated by doubling the short vowel at the end of the word. If a word ends with a "kasra" tashkeel, then the tanween is indicated by writing two "kasra"s (one above the other); same with the "dhamma", you write two dhammas, one beside the other. However, with the "fatHa", you don't only double the "fatHa", but you also add an "Alif" and put the double "fatHa"s on the "alif". (remember, "Alif" is the first letter in the Arabic alphabet). So, we can say there are three types of tanween:
* fatHa tanween.
* kasra tanween.
* dhamma tanween.

## Pronunciation

fatHa tanween: The fatHa tanween is pronounced "en", as in "then", "when", "men", "hen", etc. Even though many native Arabic speakers would use "an" to indicate it, since "a" maps to the "aaaa" sound, "en" is probably more accurate.
kasra tanween: The kasra tanween is pronounced "in", as in "in", "sin", "fin", "min", etc. Again, some native Arabic speakers might indicate a kasra tanween with an "en", thinking that "e" sounds like the Arabic "yaa" letter ("ii" vowel). This is a mistake that stems from not knowing how native English speakers pronounce the "e" sound.
dhamma tanween: The dhamma tanween is pronounced as a short "oo" followed by an "n". This sounds like the short "un" in "uno" as pronounced in Spanish, not like the long "oon" in "soon".
tanween at the end of a sentence: If the tanween is the last thing in the sentence, it's not pronounced. In the case of a fatHa-tanween, the alif is pronounced as a long vowel.
The following pronunciation guide for the case where the tanween falls at the end of a sentence works for all letters in all forms.
| ٍب(binn) | بٌ(bunn) | بً(bann) |
| تٍ(tinn) | تٌ(tunn) | تً(tann) |
| ثٍ(thinn) | ثٌ(thunn) | ثً(thann) |
| سٍ(sinn) | سٌ(sunn) | سً(sann) |
Technically, سً should be written as ساً or سًا. And بً should be written as باً OR بًا. This is due to stopping (waqf) pronunciation, and spelling rules. Any letter except for ء (hamza) and ة (taa marbooTah), always ends in an alif when it ends in fatHataan ("fatHataan" means "two fatHas").

## Examples

كتاب (k-t-aa-b)
BECOMES
كِتـَابٌ (ki-taa-boon) meaning: a book
كتاب (k-t-aa-b)
BECOMES
كِتـَابٍ (ki-taa-bin) meaning: a book
كتاب (k-t-aa-b)
BECOMES
كِتـَابًا (ki-taa-ban) meaning: a book
كتاب (k-t-aa-b)
BECOMES
كِتـَابْ (ki-taab) meaning: (a) book. Note you have not yet learnt about the sign ending this word. It is called a sukoon. It usually looks like a circle. It goes on top of a letter. In Arabic writing, it indicates the end of a syllable.

## References

* ↑ See Leviticus chapter 20 "ye shall not marginalize (tanween) the stranger among you; For you were strangers in the land of Egypt"
# Basic Writing/Authors
## The Authors and Editors of this Wikibook

If you add content to this book project, thank you! Please consider adding yourself to this authors' list, and don't forget to include a brief bio.
Cadle, Lanette. An Assistant Professor of English at Missouri State University.
Blackard, Julie A.
Brashear. April L.
Brunson, Matthew
Couey, Jeanne]
Do, Sunjoo
Freeseman, Ted. A student at Bowling Green State University in Ohio who graciously contributed some of his early student work for examples.
Goodman, Kelly A.
Hou, Jia
Isackson, Gabriel E.
Maupin, Mary E.
McNeill, Janet L.
Miller, Chaz K.
Pohl, Christina L.
Sandidge, Sarah E
Stewart, Alden D.
Vianese, Isaiah
Walker, Kirk T.
Whitson, Amy D.
Young, Jaimie L.
# Basic Writing/Dedication
## Dedication

* Dedication
* For students of the 2007–2012 global financial crisis
The starting Wiki code for this page was generated by the Wikipage wizard on Wednesday, June 27, 2012.
# Basic Writing/How to Turn the Page
## How to Turn the Page

The starting Wiki code for this page was generated by the Wikipage wizard on Wednesday, June 27, 2012.
# Basic Writing/Culture

Learning about culture gives you ...
* a competitive edge
* the cognition to be a better mentor
* a knowledge of other people's backgrounds
* a chance to focus on people as individuals
* information in a non-intimidated way
* understanding that even in a group that appears the same there can be differences
* ability to remove obstacles and barriers that block us from our full personal potential
* techniques for gaining insight
* a chance to be an advocate for fresh ideas
* the tools to make your school or workplace an environment of value
* an opportunity for new friendships
* a reason not to quickly judge others
* a purpose of cherishing your own culture
* an awareness that diversity is about differences and similarities
Definition of Culture
Culture is the patterns of learned and shared beliefs and behavior. This is the definition of culture according to Cultural Anthropology: Asking Questions about Humanity by Robert Welsch and Luis Vivanco. However, Anthropologists cannot seem to agree on one definition of culture because of how broad culture is.
Culture is taken for granted. The culture and environment you grow up in is part of you; culture isn’t made up of just the big things like religion, foods, holidays, art, and folklore it’s everything in-between as well.
Culture also consists of humor, manners, marriage, gender roles, money, values/morals, your rights as a person, gestures and non-verbal communication, personal behavior and appearance, ownership, health/ medicine, superstitions, and the ceremonies we conduct.
When Anthropologists talk about culture, there are four levels of culture they discuss.
The process of learning the culture, rules and logic of a society, which begins with birth.
A subdivision in complex, diverse societies that shares some features with the larger society.
These are generally learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity.
Culture shared with your family.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Metal Versus Plastic

| previous module: "Multiple Materials Per Object" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Texture Settings" |
There are different kinds of shiny materials. Consider the difference between a shiny metallic object, and one made out of a glossy nonmetallic material (like plastic or ceramic). This page will explain some simple techniques for (approximately) mimicking the appearances of these materials using shader settings in the Blender Internal renderer.
For all the following manipulations, start a new Blender document, get rid of the default cube, and replace it with a UV sphere. Set it to be smooth-shaded. Change the lamp falloff to be inverse linear, just to make the scene brighter. Assign the sphere a new default material. It is the settings of this material we will now proceed to play around with.

## Making It Plastic

For a plastic or glossy effect, give the material a diffuse colour, but leave the specular colour at white. Increase the specular intensity to something like 0.9.
(In this and the following examples, I used a diffuse colour of #E7398B.)

## Making It Metal

Now change the specular colour to be the same as the diffuse colour. (The easy way to do this is to bring up the specular colour picker, click on its eyedropper icon, and use the eyedropper tool to click on the swatch showing the diffuse colour.) Also lower the specular hardness from its default value of 50, to something like 25 or even 12. This will spread out the specular highlight, giving the impression of a surface that is shiny, but not perfectly smooth. Also lower the diffuse intensity, to something like 0.05.
To make the metal more convincing, you may want to choose a more typical metal colour, like grey, copper or bronze.

## Making It Ceramic

Let’s try for a glazed-ceramic look, or perhaps some dark, shiny stone like obsidian. Set the specular colour back to white (the easiest way to do this is to switch to HSV view in the colour picker and set the S(aturation) value to 0). Increase the hardness to something like 200 to narrow and intensify the specular highlight. Leave the specular intensity high and the diffuse intensity low.
To get an even more sharply-focused highlight, change the specular shader model from its “CookTorr” default to “WardIso”. The “Hardness” parameter gets replaced with a “Slope” instead; leave this at the default 0.1.
| previous module: "Multiple Materials Per Object" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Texture Settings" |
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Materials, Textures, Photos

| previous module: "Blueprint Links List" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Asking for Help" |
Here are some sources of materials, textures and photos from across the Web.

### Materials

* Large Free Repository of Materials

### Textures

* Textures Library
* Mayang's Free Textures Hi-Res
* Jeremy Engleman's Public Textures Hi-Res (doesn’t seem to display properly)
* Image*After Free Images Hi-Res
* Free Textures Mid-Res
* CG Textures
* Texture Labs

### Photos

* http://Blogpiks.com/ — Free images for blogs, websites and social media
* http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/cases/caseNA/pb9.htm - Brain scan
* http://www.morguefile.com - the morgue file
* http://www.sxc.hu - Stock exchange
* http://www.everystockphoto.com everystockphoto
* http://www.pixelperfectdigital.com/free_stock_photos - Pixel Perfect Digital
* http://openphoto.net - OpenPhoto.Net
* http://www.imageafter.com - Image*After
* http://www.aboutpixel.de - aboutpixel.de
* http://www.freephotosweb.com/freephotosweb - Free Photos Web
* http://www.bigfoto.com - Big Foto
* http://www.freephotosbank.com - FreePhotosBank.com
* http://www.freejpg.com.ar - FreeJPG
* http://www.stockvault.net - Stockvault.net
* http://www.freepixels.com - FreePixels
* http://www.freerangestock.com - Freerange Stock
* http://pixabay.com/ — requires registration
| previous module: "Blueprint Links List" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Asking for Help" |
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Model a Chair-Preparations

| previous module: "Illustrative example: Model a Chair (Swan Chair)" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Model a Chair-The Seat" |
Many people do not know what a Swan chair look like. Its time to open up the internet browser and search for images. Or if you have an actual Swan chair with you, your lucky. You can look at a real model while modeling. This would simplify decisions and remove the need for guessing certain details that you are not available with image searches alone.

## Knowing our model

We need to know what we are modeling look like. You can't do this without references to guide you. A simple image search with Google would provide you the references you need.
Gather several images that gives you different views of the chair. A front and a side view is great to use as a background image to guide as while modeling. Also, gather at least one image that shows the chair at an oblique angle so that it will provide a much more "3d" view. This will shows more clearly the shape of the chair, more than the front and side view alone would give you.

## Loop study

Take time to study the model. For simple models like this, it would be quite quick, especially with experience. For this project, the loops are as shown bellow.
* Swan chair's loops
The pink loop goes around the edge of the chair defining the chair's edges and thickness. The light green, light blue and light purple loops follows and create the form of the chair. The crossing green loops forms the bottom of the chair. The light blue and green loops contribute for the form of the "wings", while the purple and green loops form the back. Its a simple loop structure, its topologically (sorry for using the term) the same as this cube extruded to form a T (upside down so the loops would match more).
* The T shape piece loops
While modeling keep these loops in mind and try to achieve the loops. For this project, the loops are achieved with simple extrusions of a cube, just like the T piece above, but in a form that looks more like the chair.
| previous module: "Illustrative example: Model a Chair (Swan Chair)" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Model a Chair-The Seat" |
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Match Moving

| previous module: "Modeling a simple space-ship" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Motion Tracking with Icarus" |
Match moving is the technique of recreating the position of the camera used in recording live action footage. This information can then be used within Blender to merge 3D objects with live action film. For a more detailed discussion of the concept, take a look at the Wikipedia article on Match Moving.
Blender cannot perform match moving itself, you must use a 3rd party tool to determine the camera position and the way it moves, then import this data into Blender. While there are many software tools to do this, this page references two free options: Voodoo and Icarus.

## Icarus

Icarus is a discontinued University of Manchester project which can be used for non-commercial work. The download links from the official page no longer function, but Windows and MacOS X versions are available from this Icarus video tutorial by Colin Levy.

## Voodoo

Voodoo is an actively developed free match mover available for Windows and Linux. Here is a tutorial on using Voodoo and Blender
| previous module: "Modeling a simple space-ship" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Motion Tracking with Icarus" |
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Mesh Modeling

| previous module: "Quickie Render" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Modeling a Simple Person" |
Mesh modeling is the most common type of modeling in all of Blender-dom. If you did the Quickie Model tutorial, then you've already participated in mesh modeling. A mesh is simply a collection of vertices that define a three dimensional object. This exercise will further help explain mesh modeling.
* Get a piece of paper and a pen or pencil.
* Draw three dots that are no more than 2.5 cm (about an inch) apart from each other
* Each one of these dots is called a vertex. (The plural of vertex is "vertices")
* Now connect two of the dots with a line segment. The line segment is called an edge.
* Draw two more edges so that the three vertices are all connected. You should now have a triangle drawn on the paper. Fill the triangle in. This is called a face.
* Now draw another vertex (dot) on the paper. Connect it to two of the vertices (dots) you previously drew. You have another triangle. Fill it in to create another face.
Could you imagine doing this same sort of activity in 3D space? Essentially, mesh modeling is just that. The details are on subsequent pages in this tutorial.
You can keep filling up the paper with more vertices, edges, and faces if you want. You may want to try and create something interesting with your triangles. Blender also supports faces with four vertices (called quads), but faces with five or more (so-called N-gons) cannot be created.
Look closely at a 3D video game character some time. Believe it or not, every part of the character is created from little triangles joined together (of course, the triangles are much harder to see in newer games using more detailed technology).
When you're creating your models, remember that the whole point of having edges and vertices is so that you can have control points in 3D space for your faces. When the scene is rendered, only the faces will be seen. Any edges or vertices not connected to a face will not appear.
| previous module: "Quickie Render" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Modeling a Simple Person" |
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/John 3/Absolute Necessities
## The Absolute Necessities of the Christian Faith

* The one who comes to God must believe. Hebrews 11: 6
* You must be born again. John 3: 3
* Christ must have suffered. Acts 17: 3
* He must rise again from the dead. John 20: 9
* No other name except Jesus whereby we must be saved. Acts 4: 12
* He must increase, but I must decrease. John 3: 30
* Righteousness before God must come from Christ Jesus and through the Holy Spirit. John 16: 10
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/John 3/The Comfortable Words

Wiki religious discussion records history, a dark day, but the result is comfortable words, as God breathed a sigh.
The verses, The Comfortable Words, are not labeled as such in the U.S. BCP p. 331 (Holy Eucharist I). I should add "This" to Little Gospel, referring to the John 3:16 discourse only. Athrash 00:39, 8 Jul 2005 (UTC)
    I join you in your prayers for London at this time: it is certainly a resilient city and a resilient people.
The 1549 Prayer Book of Edward VI has:
   Heare what coumfortable woordes our sauiour Christ sayeth, to all that truely turne to him.
       Come unto me all that trauell, and bee heauy laden, and I shall refreshs you. So God loued the worlde that he gaue his onely begotten sonne, to the ende that al that beleue in hym, shoulde not perishe, but haue lyfe euerlasting.
   Heare also what saint Paul sayeth.
       This is a true saying, and woorthie of all men to bee receiued, that Jesus Christe came into thys worlde to saue sinners.
   Heare also what saint John sayeth.
       If any man sinne, we haue an aduocate with the father, Jesus Christ the righteous, and he is the propiciacion for our sinnes.
    These words have become a very important part of Anglican tradition.
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/HeapMemory/MemoryManipulation

A whole block of memory can be set by one memset function call. The memcpy function copies a block of memory from one location to another. Two memory blocks can be lexicographically-compared by memcmp. A memory block can be searched by memchr.
Additional information about memory manipulation functions (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/Math/Trigonometry

The C-Runtime includes functions like std::atan2 and std::exp.
Additional information about trigonometry functions (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/Time/PreciseTime

The current time obtained by std::time is appropriate for uses like the timestamp of a file. But for a more precise measurement of time, set a std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::high_resolution_clock> object to the value returned by std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now.
Additional information about precisely measuring time (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/Math

The C-Runtime library provides some math functions.
* Basic Math
* Trigonometry
* Rational Numbers
* Complex Numbers
* Miscellaneous Math
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/Math/ComplexNumbers

Standard C++ defines a complex number as std::complex<float> ffVar(3.0F, 4.0F);. Compute its "phase" using std::arg, compute its "magnitude" using std::abs, and compute its "complex conjugate" using std::conj.
Additional information about complex number functions (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/HeapMemory/Leaks

Memory "leaks" if you forget to deallocate something that you had dynamically allocated.
Additional information about memory leaks
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/Math/RationalNumbers

Just as 3 is a literal form of an integer, std::ratio<-4,3> is a literal form of a rational number.
Additional information about rational numbers (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/Math/BasicMath

The C-Runtime library's support for basic mathematics includes functions like std::max, std::abs, std::round, and std::sqrt.
Additional information about basic math functions (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/Math/MiscellaneousMath

The C-Runtime also provides a variety of miscellaneous math functions, such as std::fma(2.0F, 3.0F, 4.0F); for computing 2*3+4.
Additional information about miscellaneous math functions (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/CRuntime/Time

The C-Runtime library provides some functions for expressing time.
* Time as a String
* Precise Time
* Timespan as CPU Clockticks
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Modeling/Modeling

| previous module: "Advanced Modeling" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "HDRi" |

## Making Better Models

This section will deal with the actual modeling of objects and how to make better, more detailed objects much faster and more efficient. It will also deal with making more accurate models, whether it is cartoonish or realistic. Either way, this tutorial will deal with making better models and using the more advanced modeling systems in Blender.
| previous module: "Advanced Modeling" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "HDRi" |
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(GUI)/Creating Object Outlines

| previous module: "The '5-Layer' Button" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | previous module: "Game Creating Techniques(Python)" |

## Creating Object Outlines

| previous module: "The '5-Layer' Button" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | previous module: "Game Creating Techniques(Python)" |
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Advanced Tutorials/Advanced Game Engine/Game Creating Techniques(Python)

| previous module: "Creating Object Outlines" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Hacking Blender" |

## Additional Resources

* Blender 3D: Blending Into Python
* GLSL Programming in Blender

## External Links

* http://www.theboomshelter.com/hss.html
* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hbCEyvVYHI
| previous module: "Creating Object Outlines" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Hacking Blender" |