OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# C Sharp Programming/Abstract classes

In general terms, an interface is the set of public members of a component. Of course, this is also true for C# interface. A C# class also defines an interface, as it has a set of public members. A non-abstract C# class defines the implementation of each member.
In C#, it is possible to have a type that is intermediate between a pure interface that does not define any implementation, and a type that defines a complete implementation. This is called an abstract class and is defined by including the abstract keyword in the class definition.
An abstract class is somewhere between a C# interface and a non-abstract class. Of the public members defined by an abstract class, any number of those members may include an implementation.
For example, an abstract class might provide an implementation for none of its members.
This class is equivalent to an interface in many respects. (One difference is that a class that derives from this class cannot derive from any other class.)
An abstract class may also define all of its members.
And an abstract class may define some of its members, but leave others undefined.
Although an abstract class is similar to a non-abstract class, some important differences exist. For one thing, you cannot create an instance of an abstract class with the new keyword. For example, the following statement will raise a compiler error:
Of course, assuming the concrete class Square derives from AbstractShape, the following would be correct:
A second difference is that an abstract class may have abstract members. As was shown above, this is not a must. To create a class with at least one abstract member, the abstract keyword must be added before the class keyword.
The third difference is that a class cannot be both abstract and sealed.

## Implementing methods

As with virtual methods, you can implement abstract methods or properties with the override keyword:
Overriding an abstract method is effectively the same as overriding a virtual method - you cannot change the access specifiers (i.e. you can't convert a protected abstract method into public), and you cannot add a missing get or set to an abstract property. The only difference is that "forgetting" the new or override keyword results in an error, if the class this method is belonging to was derived from an abstract class, and it will result in a warning, if the class tries to override a virtual method.
# C Sharp Programming/Advanced
## Advanced Topics
### Casting

    How casting is done between types.

### Inheritance

    Re-using existing code to improve or specialize the functionality of an object.

### Interfaces

    Define a template, on which to base sub-classes.

### Delegates and Events

    Learn about delegates, anonymous delegates, lambda expressions, and events.

### Abstract classes

    Build partially implemented classes.

### Partial classes

    Split a class over several files to allow multiple users to develop, but also to stop code generators interfering with source code.

### Generics

    Allow commonly used collections and classes to appear to have specialization for your custom class.

### Extension methods

    Extend the functionality of existing types.

### Object Lifetime

    Learn about the lifetime of objects, where they are allocated and learn about garbage collection.

### Design Patterns

    Learn commonly used design methodologies to simplify and/or improve your development framework.
# C Programming/wctype.h

In the programming language C, wctype.h is a header file in the standard library, containing various functions and macros for classifying and mapping wide characters. The corresponding header for dealing with (normal, non-wide) characters is <ctype.h>.
This header declares (from <wchar.h>) the wint_t and wctype_t types, and WEOF macro. (wint_t is capable of storing any wide character or the value WEOF.) The type wctrans_t is also declared, which represents a mapping between characters.

## Character classification functions

These functions return non-zero/zero depending on whether or not the argument is in a certain category according to the current locale. POSIX:2008 specifies alternate versions of the functions suffixed with _l which take a locale (locale_t) as an additional argument.
| Declaration | Return non-zero if ch is … |
| int iswalnum(wint_t wc); | alphanumeric |
| int iswalpha(wint_t wc); | alphabetic |
| int iswblank(wint_t wc); | blank |
| int iswcntrl(wint_t wc); | a control character |
| int iswctype(wint_t wc, wctype_t charclass); | in charclass |
| int iswdigit(wint_t wc); | digit |
| int iswgraph(wint_t wc); | a visible character |
| int iswlower(wint_t wc); | a lowercase letter |
| int iswprint(wint_t wc); | printable |
| int iswpunct(wint_t wc); | punctuation |
| int iswspace(wint_t wc); | white-space |
| int iswupper(wint_t wc); | an uppercase letter |
| int iswxdigit(wint_t wc); | a hexadecimal digit |

## Character mapping functions

These functions take a wide character, and apply some mapping to it.
| Declaration | Description |
| wint_t towctrans(wint_t ch, wctrans_t desc); | Map ch according to the mapping desc |
| wint_t towlower(wint_t ch); | If ch is an uppercase letter, map it to lowercase, otherwise return it unchanged |
| wint_t towupper(wint_t ch); | If ch is a lowercase letter, map it to uppercase, otherwise return it unchanged |

## Other functions

These functions create values for use with other functions, from a string. Note that iswdigit(c) is the same as iswctype(c, wctype("digit")), and toupper(c) is the same as towctrans(c, wctrans("toupper")).
| Declaration | Description |
| wctrans_t wctrans(const char *charclass); | Returns a character mapping which can be used with towctrans |
| wctype_t wctype(const char *property); | Returns a character class which can be used with iswctype |

## References

* 1 2 wctype.h: wide-character classification and mapping utilities – Base Definitions Reference, The Single UNIX® Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group
* ↑ The current Standard (C99 with Technical corrigenda TC1, TC2, and TC3 included)PDF (3.61 MB). Pages 397, 398 and 400.
# C Programming/wctype.h/iswdigit

iswdigit is a function in included in the C Standard Library header wctype.h. It checks if a wide character is a decimal digit in the current locale (always includes '0' to '9'). The iswdigit function is a wide charactered version of isdigit function.

## Return value

The iswdigit function return non zero value if its argument is a digit between 0 to 9. In other cases, a zero value because of its independent working.

## References

* http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/iswdigit.html
* http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fcc4ksh8%28v=VS.90%29.aspx
* http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=iswdigit&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+7.1-RELEASE&arch=default&format=html
# C Programming/wctype.h/iswupper

iswupper
The iswupper function which stands for is wide character an upper case is a standard C library function in C language. It is a wide character equivalent of the isupper function. It checks whether wc, a wide character belongs to upper class or not.This function is used to check if entered wide character is upper case or not. A main difference between iswupper and isupper is that isupper returns nonzero value only if entered character is in the set (A to Z), but an additional concept in iswupper is, it returns non zero value only when entered character is in between(A to Z) and it is a wide character.It is included under a header file wctype.h.
Syntax
The iswupper function returns a non-zero value if character entered is in upper case and belongs to the wide character class called "upper".Else it returns a zero. Example <Source lang="c">
* include<stdio.h>
* include<ctype.h>
int main { char a; int b; scanf ("%c", &a); b = iswupper(a);
} </syntaxhighlight> The above code shows us how this function can be used.Thus if entered value is wide character and of upper case and do not contain any symbols, it returns a non zero value.Else it returns a zero.
# C Sharp Programming/Asynchronous Programming

C# has built in Asynchronous Programming support from as early as .NET Framework 1.1. Asynchronous Programming generally refers to a method of concurrent programming that allows a unit of task to run separately, and calls back to the main thread when the task is completed or failed. This programming pattern can be used in operations including web service calls, database calls, or other CPU bound operations.

## Asynchronous Programming Model (APM) pattern

The APM pattern is often referred to as the IAsyncResult pattern, where methods named BeginMethodName, and EndMethodName are used to perform asynchronous operations. However, since the introduction of the EAP and TAP pattern, the APM pattern is no longer recommended.
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Cheminformatics/Professional Societies and Groups

SIRCh: Selected Internet Resources for Chemistry
* American Chemical Society
** Division of Chemical Information
** Division of Computers in Chemistry
* American Medical Informatics Association
* The BioPathways Consortium
* BlueObelisk.org
* Chemical Structure Association Trust
* The Cheminformatics and QSAR Society (formerly, The QSAR and Modelling Society)
* Chemoinformatics Open Source Initiative (COSI)
* CHMINF-L Chemical Information Sources Discussion List
* Collaborative Electronic Notebooks Systems Association (CENSA)
* Computational Chemistry List Ltd. (CCL.NET)
* Consortium for Functional Glycomics
* Drug Information Association
* Free Software Project for Atomic-scale Simulations (FS atom)
* The Gene Ontology
* gOpenMol Community
* IDEAlliance International Digital Enterprise Alliance
* The Laboratory Robotics Interest Group
* Life Sciences Research
* The LIMS Institute
* Microarray and Gene Expression Data Society (MGED Society)
* Molecular Graphics and Modelling Society
* The National Center for Biomedical Ontology
* Object Management Group
* Patent and Trade Mark Group (PATMG), United Kingdom
* Patent Information Users Group (PIUG)
* The Pharma Documentation Ring (P-D-R)
* Protein Modelling Discussion Group (PMDG)
* PUBCHEM-L listserve
* Royal Society of Chemistry Chemical Information and Computer Applications Group
* UK-QSAR and ChemoInformatics Group
* World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (formerly, WATOC)
* W3C Semantic Web Health Care and Life Sciences Interest Group
* WWMM World Wide Molecular Matrix
For other societies, see: http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/qsar_soc/resource/societies.htm
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Cheminformatics/Introductory Resources

SIRCh: Selected Internet Resources for Chemistry

##### Tutorials

* Cheminformatics 101 (eMolecules)
* I571 Chemical Information Technology (David J. Wild, Indiana University)
* Molecular Conceptor

##### Tutorials: SMILES

* Daylight SMILES Tutorial

##### Molecular Modeling

* Molecular Docking Web (Garrett M. Morris)
* Molecular Descriptors
* Molecular Conceptor
* ChemTK Evaluation Package
* BioMolecular Explorer 3D

##### QSAR

* QSAR World

##### Software

* Software links - from the Cheminformatics and QSAR Society
* Vigyaan - bio/chemical software workbench

##### Miscellaneous

* The Obernai Declaration (from the Workshop Cheminformatics in Europe: Research and Teaching, 2006)
* Bibliography - Chemical Information Retrieval and 3D Searching - Greg Paris
* Chemoinf.com - The Chemoinformatics Hub
* An (Opinionated) Guide to Microarray Data Analysis (Mark Reimers)
* Dalke Scientific (Cheminformatics Python programming)
* JOELib - cheminformatics library
* [CDK] The Chemistry Development Kit
* OpenBabel
* iBabel
* Frowns ChemoInformatics System
* cheminfo.org
* CML (Chemical Markup Language) Discussion Forum
* MQL – Molecular Query Language
* Unofficial InChI FAQ

##### Cheminformatics Books

* Chemometrics and chemoinformatics. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, c2005.
* Bunin, Barry A. Chemoinformatics: Theory, Practice, and Products. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007
* Bajorath, Juergen, ed. Chemoinformatics: Concepts, Methods, and Tools for Drug Discovery. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, c2004.
* Gasteiger, Johann; Engle, Thomas, eds. Chemoinformatics: A Textbook. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2003.
* Gasteiger, Johann, ed. Handbook of Chemoinformatics: From Data to Knowledge. 4 vol. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2003.
* Leach, Andrew R.; Gillet, Valerie J. An Introduction to Chemoinformatics. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2003.
* Oprea, Tudor I. Chemoinformatics in Drug Discovery. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2005.
* Pirrung, Michael C. Molecular Diversity and Combinatorial Chemistry: Principles and Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004.
* Ekins, Sean, ed. Computer Applications in Pharmaceutical Research and Development. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2006.
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Computer Searching
#### Internet Search Engines

* Scirus – "For Scientific Information Only"
* altavista
* Google
* Bing
* Search Engine Watch
* ChemRefer, a full-text search engine which indexes chemical and pharmaceutical literature
* WorldWideScience.org

#### Commercial Vendors of Online Searching

* accelrys
* Dialog
* EBSCO
* Knovel
* National Library of Medicine (NLM)
* Ovid
* ProQuest
* Questel
* STN
* TDS
* Thomson Reuters

#### Database Summary Sheets and Guides

* STN Database Sheets (HTML)
* STN Quick Reference Cards
* CSD (Cambridge Structural Database) Documentation in HTML Format
* NLM Databases and Electronic Resources
* DIALOG Bluesheets
* SciFinder Support and Training: Web Version
* CAS Database Content at a Glance

#### STN General Guides for Online Searching

* STN User Documentation (Complete List)
* Basic STN Commands
* Operators for Relating Search Terms (STN)
* Truncation Symbols (" Wild Cards" ) on STN
* Tips for Keyword Searching in the CA File
* Ways to Narrow Your Answer Set in the CA File
* Keyword Searches in the CA File
* CAS Customer Center [Support for CAS Products]
* STN Documentation and Training
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Cheminformatics/Data Standards and Standards Groups

SIRCh: Selected Internet Resources for Chemistry

#### Molecular Data Standards

* InChI the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier
* inchi.info
* SMILES
* Structure Data Format (SDF) Files
* CT File (MDL)
* CML (Chemical Markup Language) at SourceForge
* Chemical Markup Language (CML) (original site)
* Chemical Markup Language (CML) (original poster)
* The Chemical MIME Home Page
* CambridgeSoft CDX for ChemDraw [See the Software Developer's Kit]
* CXF : chemical eXchange format, version 1.0 / (Chemical Abstracts Service book available from the Indiana University Chemistry Library: QD8.3 .C97 1994)
* Crystallographic Information File Format (CIF)
* macromolecular Crystallographic Information File (mmCIF)
* Encoded Archival Description (EAD)
* EPrints
* Glossolalia: a common language for MS data (mzXML: Institute for Systems Biology)
* MDL's CTfile Formats (See "Download Products")
* Minimum information about a microarry experiment (MIAME) (MGED Society)
* MIRIAM - a standard for computational models in biology (Biomodels.net)
* The NCBI C++ Toolkit
* netCDF (network Common Data Form)
* The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
* PDB - Protein Data Bank
** PDB Dictionary Resources
** PDB File Format
* SBML - Systems Biology Markup Language
* SMRS: The Standard Metabolic Reporting Structure
* Tripos Mol2 file format
* UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Documentation
* VOTable Format Definition

#### Molecular Standards Groups

* The Blue Obelisk
* caBIG Compatibility and Certification
* CiDX: Chemical Industry Data Exchange
* ERCC - External RNA Control Consortium (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
* Guidance Documents for NARSTO and U.S. EPA Supersites Program
* HUPO Proteomics Standard Initiative (Human Proteome Organisation)
* PSI-MS: Mass Spectromety Standards Working Group (The mzData Standard)
* IUPAC CPEP Subcommittee on Electronic Data Standards (Successor to JCAMP-DX)
* littleb.org
* LSIT Global Institute
* MicroArray and Gene Expression (MAGE)(MGED Society)
* MAQC - MicroArray Quality Control Project (US Food and Drug Administration)
* NISO (National Information Standards Organization)
* OAIster
* OMG Life Sciences Research Group
* Open Archives Initiative

#### Converters of Chemical Structure Formats

* Open Babel
* Mol2Mol
* CLiDE (chemical literature data extraction tool from SimBioSys)
* ACD/ChemSketch
* Corina (Molecular Networks)
# Colonizing Outer Space
## Table of contents (Print version)
### Introduction

* Space colonization
** International space law
** Space advocacy
* Living in space
* Generalities about Off-Earth colonization
* Colonizing other celestial bodies

## Resources

* Astrodynamics
* Space Transport and Engineering Methods
# Colonizing Outer Space/Colonization/Advocacy
## Space Advocacy

Space advocacy organizations:
* The Alliance to Rescue Civilization plans to establish backups of human civilization on the Moon and other locations away from Earth.
* The Colonize the Cosmos site advocates orbital colonies.
* The Artemis Project plans to set up a private lunar surface station.
* The British Interplanetary Society, founded in 1933, is the world's longest established space society.
* The Living Universe Foundation has a detailed plan in which the entire galaxy is colonized.
* The Mars Society promotes Robert Zubrin's Mars Direct plan and the settlement of Mars.
* The National Space Society is an organization with the vision of "people living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth."
* The Planetary Society is the largest space interest group, but has an emphasis on robotic exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life.
* The Space Frontier Foundation promotes strong free market, capitalist views about space development.
* The Space Studies Institute was founded by Gerard K. O'Neill to fund the study of space habitats.
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS) is a student organization founded in 1980 at MIT and Princeton.
* Foresight Nanotechnology Institute - The space challenge
# Colonizing Outer Space/Colonization/Law
## International Space Law

International Space Law is a set of documents which govern activities in outer space by the governments of the Earth. While nobody actually lives permanently outside of Earth right now, to suggest there are no existing laws governing activities in space is not accurate either. Right now outer space is governed through various international treaties regarding who is responsible for the equipment that goes beyond Earth and what legal rights may be asserted by governments of many nations. Below are some of the major documents of space law and a brief overview of each document:
* Outer Space Treaty - Basic governance of extraterrestrial bodies and relinquishment of sovereignty claims by Earth governments.
* Moon Treaty - Follow up treaty to Outer Space Treaty, but has not been ratified by any major space-faring nation except for France.
* Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - Prohibition of nuclear weapons in space and legal consequences of nuclear detonation in space. Also affects technologies like the Orion project and nuclear rockets.
* Montevideo Convention - declaring requirements to be recognized as a "state" by the UN and other nations.
* The Antarctic Treaty - The original international treaty for new territories post WWII, and the basis for much of the current space law even if it doesn't explicitly deal with celestial bodies.

### United States of America

In April 2, 2012 the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), a non-profit think tank with the purpose of advancing economic liberty and fighting over-regulation by big government released a new study named Homesteading the Final Frontier: A Practical Proposal for Securing Property Rights in SpacePDF by Adjunct Scholar Rand Simberg. In it they argue that the U.S.A. should recognize transferable off-planet land claims. Arguing that the 1967 Outer Space Treaty only clearly prohibits declarations of national sovereignty, and noting that the U.S.A. is not a signatory of the 1979 Moon Treaty, which does outlaw private property claims in space. That a legal regime for real estate on the Moon, planets and asteroids could usher in a new era of space exploration at little or no cost to the U.S.A. government. But without off-planet property rights, investors have little incentive to fund space transportation or development.
# Calculus/Differential Equations

8.1 Ordinary Differential Equations
8.2 Partial Differential Equations
Navigation:
Main Page · Precalculus · Limits · Differentiation · Integration · Parametric and Polar Equations · Sequences and Series · Multivariable Calculus · Extensions · References
# Calculus/Differentiation
### Basics of Differentiation

3.1 Differentiation Defined
3.2 Product and Quotient Rules
3.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
3.4 Chain Rule
3.5 Higher Order Derivatives: an introduction to second order derivatives
3.6 Implicit Differentiation
3.7 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithm Functions
3.8 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
3.9 Some Important Theorems
3.10 Exercises

### Applications of Derivatives

3.11 L'Hôpital's Rule
3.12 Extrema and Points of Inflection
3.13 Newton's Method
3.14 Related Rates
3.15 Optimization
3.16 Euler's Method
3.17 Approximating Values of Functions
3.18 Exercises
Navigation:
Main Page · Precalculus · Limits · Differentiation · Integration · Parametric and Polar Equations · Sequences and Series · Multivariable Calculus · Extensions · References
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Careless Use or Storage of a Firearm
## Legislation

   Careless use of firearm, etc. 86. (1) Every person commits an offence who, without lawful excuse, uses, carries, handles, ships, transports or stores a firearm, a prohibited weapon, a restricted weapon, a prohibited device or any ammunition or prohibited ammunition in a careless manner or without reasonable precautions for the safety of other persons.
   ... Punishment (3) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) or (2)
       (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment
          (i) in the case of a first offence, for a term not exceeding two years, and
          (ii) in the case of a second or subsequent offence, for a term not exceeding five years; or
       (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 86; 1991, c. 40, s. 3; 1995, c. 39, s. 139.
   – CCC
See also: Firearms Act, SC 1995, c 39 and Storage, Display, Transportation and Handling of Firearms by Individuals Regulations, SOR/98-209

## Application
### Factors
#### Mitigating Factors

* Youthful offender
* guilty plea (early or late plea, amount of court resources saved)
* no prior record or no related record

## Ancillary Orders

* Weapons Prohibition Orders
* 491 Weapon Forfeiture Order (Mandatory)
* DNA Order
* 462.37(2.01) Forfeiture of Property (Discretionary)

## Ranges

* R. v. Grice, 2008 ONCJ 476 -- $500 fine -- found accused was videotaping ex-wife in shower, found carelessly stored .22 cal rifle.
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Assault with a Weapon
## Legislation

   Assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm 267. Every one who, in committing an assault,
       (a) carries, uses or threatens to use a weapon or an imitation thereof, or
   is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 267; 1994, c. 44, s. 17.
   – CCC

## Application

    For general principles and factors of assault-based offences, see Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Assaultive Offences

## Ancillary Orders

* DNA Order
* Weapons Prohibition Orders
* Forfeiture of Offence-related Property