# Human Geography AP

Welcome to the Human Geography AP study guide. We need contributors; contribution would make for an excellent class project.

## Table of Contents
### Unit I. Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives (5-10%)

* Unit Introduction
* Geography as a field of inquiry
* Evolution of key geographical concepts and models associated with notable geographers
* Key concepts underlying the geographical perspective: location, space, place, scale, pattern, regionalization, and globalization
* Key geographical skills
   * How to use and think about maps and spatial data
   * How to understand and interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places
   * How to recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes
   * How to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process
   * How to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places
* Geographic technologies, such as GIS, remote sensing, and GPS
* Sources of geographical ideas and data: the field, census data, and satellite imagery

### Unit II. Population (13–17%)

* Geographical analysis of population
   * Density, distribution, and scale
   * Implications of various densities and distributions
   * Patterns of composition: age, sex, race, and ethnicity
   * Population and natural hazards: past, present, and future
* Population growth and decline over time and space
   * Historical trends and projections for the future
   * Theories of population growth, including the Demographic Transition Model
   * Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health
   * Regional variations of demographic transitions
   * Effects of population policies
* Population movement
   * Migration selectivity
   * Major voluntary and involuntary migrations at different scales
   * Theories of migration, including push and pull factors, human capital, and life course
   * International migration and refugees
   * Socioeconomic consequences of migration

### Unit III. Cultural Patterns and Processes (13–17%)

* Concepts of culture
   * Traits
   * Diffusion
   * Acculturation, assimilation, and globalization
   * Cultural regions
* Cultural differences
   * Language
   * Religion
   * Ethnicity
   * Gender
   * Popular and folk culture
* Cultural landscapes and cultural identity
   * Values and preferences
   * Symbolic landscapes and sense of place
   * Environmental impact of cultural attitudes and practices

### Unit IV. Political Organization of Space (13–17%)

* Territorial dimensions of politics
   * The concept of territoriality
   * The nature and meaning of boundaries
   * Influences of boundaries on identity, interaction, and exchange
   * Federal and unitary states
   * Spatial relationships between political patterns and patterns of ethnicity, economy, and environment
* Evolution of the contemporary political pattern
   * The nation-state concept
   * Colonialism and imperialism
   * Democratization
* Changes and challenges to political–territorial arrangements
   * Changing nature of sovereignty
   * Fragmentation, unification, alliance
   * Supranationalism and devolution
   * Electoral geography, including gerrymandering
   * Terrorism

### Unit V. Agriculture and Rural Land Use (13–17%)

* Development and diffusion of agriculture
   * Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
   * Second Agricultural Revolution
   * Green Revolution
   * Modern Commercial Agriculture
* Major agricultural production regions
   * Agricultural systems associated with major bioclimatic zones
   * Variations within major zones and effects of markets
   * Linkages and flows among regions of food production and consumption
* Rural land use and settlement patterns
   * Models of agricultural land use, including von Thünen’s model
   * Settlement patterns associated with major agriculture types
   * Land use/land cover change, irrigation, conservation(desertification, deforestation)
* Modern commercial agriculture
   * Biotechnology, including genetically modified plants and animals
   * Spatial organization and diffusion of industrial agriculture
   * Organic farming and local food production
   * Environmental impacts of agriculture

### Unit VI. Industrialization and Economic Development (13–17%)

* Growth and diffusion of industrialization
   * The changing roles of energy and technology
   * Industrial Revolution
   * Evolution of economic cores and peripheries
   * Geographic critiques of models of economic localization(i.e., bid rent, comparative costs of transportation), industrial location, economic development, and world systems
* Contemporary patterns and impacts of industrialization and development
   * Spatial organization of the world economy
   * Variations in levels of development
   * Deindustrialization and economic restructuring
   * Globalization and international division of labor
   * Natural resources and environmental concerns
   * Sustainable development
   * Local development initiatives: government policies
   * Women in development

### Unit VII. Cities and Urban Land Use (13–17%)

* Development and character of cities
   * Origin of cities
   * Rural–urban migration and urban growth
   * Global cities and megacities
   * Suburbanization and edge cities
* Models of urban systems
   * Rank-size rule
   * Central place theory
   * Gravity model
* Models of internal city structure
   * Concentric zone model
   * Sector model
   * Multiple-nuclei model
   * Changing employment mix
   * Changing demographic and social structures
   * Uneven development, ghettoization, and gentrification
* Built environment and social space
   * Housing
   * Transportation and infrastructure
   * Political organization of urban areas
   * Urban planning and design
   * Patterns of race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status