OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/How To Get Top Dollar for Your House

Getting top dollar for your house when you sell hinges upon a number of factors. They are:
* Ask the right price. Get several brokers to look at your house. Have them do "comps" on their computer.
* Sell by July. Statistics show that of all home sales, over 70% occur in just four months, April through July. Most buyers want to move before school starts for their children.
* Put some cosmetics on your house. It is usually worth investing some money to put a pretty face on your house.
* Pick a top sales agent. See if you can find a Realtor of the Year type because he or she is a performing broker.
* Don`t be stingy on the standard commission. A full price broker may give up some portion of the commission to clinch your sale.
* Sign up for a shorter term listing (like no more than 90 days).
* Take advantage of a multiple listing.
* Do not oversell. Sit back and let the broker do the talking. You don`t want to point out too many things (such as a fireplace) about your house.
* Avoid any offer that is contingent on the buyer`s selling his or her own house. Avoid any chance the deal may fall through.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/How Good Is Your Homeowner's Policy

All homeowners` policies do not offer equal protection. When a loss occurs, it is painfully easy to find out too late that a small extra premium could have saved you a large sum of money. You also may be missing out on money savings discounts that have come along in recent years. Time to find out is before something happens. Here are some tips:
* Determine your insurance needs. The best figure to use is the replacement value, the amount it would cost to rebuild, excluding land. Your minimum protection should be 80% of replacing your house.
* Know the basic policy from the broad policy. Look for the broadest coverage for the dollar. But for maximum peace of mind, choose the "all risk" form. Compare the cost of each form.
* Find out if in case of loss, you will be paid based on book value or replacement cost. Do not be surprised when you file a claim only to learn that policies that promise "actual cash value" are actually referring your original cost minus depreciation over years of use.
* Make sure potential calamities are covered. Fire and storm damage will be included, but damage from ice and snow may not be.
* Look into a floater policy for furs, jewelry, silver, personal computers theft protection for such valuables may be limited.
* Consider a umbrella liability policy. A lawsuit over an accident on your property or away from home could wipe you out.
Note: Umbrella protection is written over an underlying homeowners` policy and an auto policy. It takes over when the liability limits on these policies are reached.
Example: If your homeowners` policy covers liability up to $50,000, an umbrella policy can cover you from losses in excess of $50,000. You can achieve substantial savings by accepting a higher deductible (e.g., $250 or $500 instead of $100).
* Realize discounts by installing dead bolt locks, smoke detectors, and fire extinguishers. See what other discounts they can offer you in what ways.
* Keep pictures of your valuables and personal belongings.
* Review your insurance at least once a year, to make sure your coverage is keeping pace with inflation.

## When You Have to File a Claim...

* Report any theft or vandalism to the police.
* Immediately call your insurance agent.
* Protect your property from further damage.
* Save all receipts for reimbursements.
* Make a list of damaged articles.
* Review the settlement steps outlined in your policy. In case there is a significant difference between what the insurer offers and what you believe you are entitled to, submit the dispute to arbitration.
Recommendation: If you are unhappy with your experience with the insurance carrier (e.g., delay in receiving payment. inadequate reimbursement), "shop around" for another insurance company.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/How Much Can You Afford to Spend for Housing

An accurate way to determine what kind of house you can afford is to make two basic calculations: How much can you pay each month for the long term expenses of owning a home (e.g., mortgage payments, maintenance and operating expenses, insurance and property taxes)? And, how much cash do you have to spend for the initial costs of the purchase (e.g., the down payment, points and closing costs)?
Many lenders use various rules of thumb to determine a borrower`s housing affordability. They include:
Example: Your gross annual income is $33,000 per year and take home pay is $2,095 per month. At 35 percent, you could afford a monthly payment of $733. Using this amount, the mortgage rate (variable or fixed), the mortgage term, and a mortgage payment schedule, the lender can determine how much you can qualify for. For example, say, an interest rate of 13 percent and a 30 year term, you could borrow $66,300. Assume that your budget has already provided for property taxes, insurance, and maintenance expenses and you have $20,000 available for a down payment (after point charges and closing costs). You could buy a house that costs about $86,300 ($20,000 + the $66,300 mortgage)
Example: If your annual gross income is $40,000, the maximum price you could afford would be $80,000 (2 x $40,000) to $100,000 (2.5 x $40,000).
Example: You and your spouse have gross income of $60,000 ($5,000 a month). Under this rule, your monthly mortgage payment, property taxes and insurance should not exceed $1,250 (25% of $5,000) to $1,400 (28% of $5,000). That means you could qualify for a 30 year fixed rate loan (with 10-20% down) at less than a 12% rate.
Example: You and your spouse have gross income of $60,000 ($5,000 a month). If you have a monthly debt load of $500 or less, you might look for a $120,000 house with total monthly housing payments of about $1,300, since total debt payments of $1,800 ($1,300 + $500) equals or is close to 36% of $5,000 monthly gross income). That means you could most likely qualify for a 30 year fixed rate loan (with 10-20% down) even if rates hit 12%.
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/Does It Pay To Refinance Your House

Whether refinancing is worthwhile depends on the costs of refinancing and the time required to recoup those costs through low mortgage payments. The costs of refinancing are the closing costs, which can vary widely. Closing costs include:
* Title search
* Insurance (such as hazard, title, and private mortgage insurances)
* Lender`s review fees
* Buyer`s loan points
* Re-appraisal fees
* Credit report
* Escrow fees
* Lawyer fees
* Document preparation fees, judgment reports, notary fees, and recording fees.
To get a rough estimate of the closing costs, take the costs of refinancing (3 to 6 percent of the outstanding principal) and multiply it by the amount of the loan.
Example: If the loan amount is $100,000 and the cost is, say, 5 percent, the closing costs are $5,000.
Rule of thumb: To refinance successfully, you should plan on staying in the house for at least three years and should be able to reduce the rate paid on the mortgage by at least two percentage points.
* If you are a fixed rate mortgage holder, you might look for another fixed rate home loan at least two to three percentage points below the mortgage currently held.
* If you have an adjustable loan, you might consider what the expected rate on the adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) will be several years hence. If the current rates on fixed mortgages are substantially below the expected rate on the ARM, it might pay to refinance.
Rule of thumb: The factor to consider when refinancing is the amount of time it will take to recoup the costs of refinancing.
Example: Assume that refinancing is $75,000. A 14 percent mortgage involves closing fees of $3,750, and the new interest rate is 10 percent. At the new rate of 10 percent, the monthly payment on a 30 year fixed loan would be $658. That is a savings of $231 from the monthly payment of $889 required on a 14 percent loan. Dividing the total refinancing cost of $3,750 by $231 gives a recovery period of about 16 months. Table 2 below illustrates the monthly and yearly savings from refinancing to a 10 percent 30 year fixed rate mortgage for $75,000.
Table 2. SAVINGS FROM REFINANCING
| Present Mortgage Rate | Current Monthly Payment | Monthly Payment @ 10% | Monthly Savings @ 10% | Annual Savings @ 10% |
| 12.0% | $771 | $658 | $113 | $1,356 |
| 12.5% | 800 | 658 | 142 | 1,704 |
| 13% | 830 | 658 | 172 | 2,064 |
| 13.5% | 859 | 658 | 201 | 2,412 |
| 14% | 889 | 658 | 231 | 2,772 |
| 15% | 948 | 658 | 290 | 3,480 |
# Real Estate Financing and Investing/Factors to be Considered Regarding a Real Estate Investment

When considering an investment in real estate, factors you should consider include:
* Location
* Method of financing the purchase of the property
* Before tax cash flow
* After tax cash flow
* Vacancy rate for rental property
* Gain or loss for tax purposes
* Management problems
# Na'vi/Na'vi–English dictionary

Table of Contents: ʼ A Ä C E F G H I Ì K Kx L M N Ng O P Px R S T Tx Ts U V W Y Z
Confirmed Naʼvi words and affixes are listed here in alphabetical order. Ä, ì, rr, ll, ng (= g), ts (= c), kx, px, tx are ordered as distinct letters from a, i, r, l, n, t, k, p, t. Frommer's preferred orthography, with g for ng and c for ts, is included in parentheses to allow electronic searches. Stress is indicated in IPA transcription: The stress mark ‹ ˈ › appears before the stressed syllable, and syllable breaks are marked with a dot. Prefixes and adpositions which cause lenition are marked with a plus sign, ay+, −ro+. Infix slots of verbs are marked in italics by raised dots (•). Many of these slots are theoretical rather than attested. Stem-changing words (short plurals, verbal contractions, genitives) are included; many short plurals are assumed rather than attested.
Underlying /n/ is spelled 'm' before 'p' in compound words, as in txampay (txan-pay) "sea". However, before 'k' it is spelled 'n', as in zenke (zene-ke) "not need to", despite the fact that it is pronounced /ŋ/ and that this sound is spelled 'ng' before 'k' within a root such as pängkxo "chat".
The vocabulary can be greatly expanded through productive use of Naʼvi's word-building affixes, but such forms have not been included here unless they are attested in print or email from Paul Frommer.

## Abbreviations

    attr. attributive forms
    du. dual form
    infix infix positions
    tri. trial form
    pl. plural forms
    Parts of speech and classes of affix:
       ADJ. adjective
       ADP. adposition (functions as preposition and suffix)
       ADV. adverb
       AFF. affix (functions as prefix and suffix)
       CONJ. conjunction
       INF. infix
       INTJ. interjection
       MIM. mimesis
       N. noun
          N.PL. plural noun
       PART. particle
       PREP. preposition
       PN. pronoun
       PREF. prefix
       SUFF. suffix
       V. verb
          V.DAT. dative verb (takes intransitive and dative arguments, like lu 'have')
          V.DI. ditransitive verb (takes ergative, accusative, and dative arguments, like tìng 'give')
          V.IN. intransitive verb (takes intransitive argument only, like lu 'be')
          V.TR. transitive verb (takes ergative and accusative arguments, like tse'a 'see')
← Texts · English–Na'vi dictionary →
# RattleCAD User Manual/Install and Configure
#### MS Windows
##### install Tcl/Tk

recommended destination for tcl/Tk 8.5:
C:\Program Files\Tcl\8.5

##### prepare install directory

prepare a directory for the current and future versions of rattlecad.
rattleCAD does not provide an install procedure. Therefore you have to provide a directory and extract the downloaded zip-files here.
C:\Users\username\rattleCAD

##### install rattleCAD

Download the current version from
* http://sourceforge.net/projects/rattlecad/
and extract directly in the prepared directory
C:\Users\username\rattleCAD
Your directory should look like this:
In this case:
* rattleCAD.bat: runs the rattleCAD_3.4.02.35.exe
* rattleCAD.tcl: runs the ./3.4.02.35/main.tcl
After installing updates your directory should look like this:

#### Mac OS

Mac OS X includes the context needed to run RattleCAD, but may be out of date depending on RattleCAD version dependencies. The reason is that the Python version included in OS X is also older.

##### Installation

RattleCAD installation is similar to other platforms. Create a folder and into it download rattleCAD_v.vv.vv.kit and rattleCAD_v.vv.vv_plugin.zip. The zip may auto-extract into a _plugin_ folder. If not, unarchive it.

##### Running

Open a terminal, navigate to the folder containing rattleCAD_v.vv.vv.kit and type wish rattleCAD_v.vv.vv.kit.

##### Updating Tcl/Tk

If you receive an error, check whether the Tcl/Tk version is 8.5 by typing wish and selecting 'About Tcl & Tk' from the Wish menu. If it is version 8.5 RattleCAD may not run.
You may also download rattleCAD_checkEnv.tcl from the RattleCAD project at SourceForge to check the environment by running tclsh rattleCAD_checkEnv.tcl. The output will display the Tk version and identify any missing components.
If you choose to update Tcl/Tk you can get a complete installation package for ActiveTcl Community Edition version 8.6+ from ActiveState. It contains the modules needed to run RattleCAD.

#### Configuration

There are two configuration Files for rattleCAD. They are located in your Project-directory. e.g.: C:\Users\<yourUserName>\Documents\rattleCAD

##### .rattleCAD_<yourPCName>.init

rattleCAD brings a config-File to configure your environment for rattleCAD:

##### .rattleCAD_<yourPCName>.Xdefaults

rattleCAD brings a config-File to configure visual appearance of rattleCAD:
# RattleCAD User Manual/rattleCAD User Interface
## User Interface
### Common

RattleCAD User Manual/User Interface/Common

### Menue Bar

... to be continued (Menu Bar)

### Icon Bar

RattleCAD User Manual/User Interface/IconBar

### Config Panel

RattleCAD User Manual/User Interface/ConfigPanel

### CAD Canvas

RattleCAD User Manual/User Interface/Canvas

### Info

RattleCAD User Manual/User Interface/Info
# Reading the City Through History and Law/Image of the City

The Image of the City (1960) is a seminal book by Kevin Lynch. The book is the result of a five-year study of Boston, Jersey City and Los Angeles on how observers take in information of the city, and use it to make mental maps. Lynch reported that users understood their surroundings in consistent and predictable ways, forming mental maps with five elements.

# Lynch's Five Elements=
## Paths

* These are the streets, sidewalks, trails, canals, railroads, and other channels in which people travel;
* They arrange space and movement between space.

## Edges

* Boundaries;
* They can be either Real or Perceived;
* These are walls, buildings, and shorelines, curbstone, streets, overpasses, etc.

## Districts

* Medium to large areas that are two-dimensional;
* An individual enters into and out of these areas;
* Have common identifying characteristics.

## Nodes

* Large areas you can enter, serve as the foci of the city, neighborhood, district, etc.;
* Offers the person in them multiple perspectives of the other core elements.

## Landmarks

* Points of reference person cannot enter into;
* These are buildings, signs, stores, mountains, public art;
* Mobile Points (such as Sun) can be used as well.
In the same book, Lynch also coined the words "imageability" and "wayfinding". Image of the City has had significant influence in the fields of Urban Planning and Environmental Psychology.

# References

* ↑ Lynch, Kevin (1960). The Image of the City. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-26-262001-4.
# Reading the City Through History and Law
### First Edition
#### Elements of Reading the City/]]

    Design of Cities
    Image of the City
    Plan For Versailles
    Plan For Boston
    Plan For Washington DC
# RattleCAD User Manual/User Interface/MenuBar

... to be continued (Menu Bar)
# rattleCAD Features
## Export Contents
### html

... exports content of the current project to html. All referenced views are svg-Files or a xml-File in case of the project-File-Content.
# RattleCAD User Manual/Resources
#### Tcl/Tk

rattleCAD is written based on TclTk.
* Tcl on wikipedia
* Tcl Developer Xchange!
* download Tcl/Tk from ActivState
rattleCAD recommends to use the Tcl/Tk installation-Package from ActiveState.
current Recomendation: 8.5.15.0

#### Ghostscript

rattleCAD uses Ghostscript to create postscript- and pdf-files. You can download Ghostscript here: Ghostscript download
Currently rattleCAD uses the 32-bit Version of Ghostscript.
To use Ghostscript from any other location on your computer or if rattleCAD
cannot find Ghostscript itself, there is an option to configure ghostscript for rattleCAD manually.
.rattleCAD_<yourPCName>.init

#### GhostView

rattleCAD uses GhostView to view postscript-files. You can download Ghostscript here: GhostView download
# Soil Mechanics/Soil classification

Geotechnical engineers classify soils, or more properly earth materials, for their properties relative to foundation support or use as building material. These systems are designed to predict some of the engineering properties and behavior of a soil based on a few simple laboratory or field tests, though some earlier systems were adaptations of soil-science classification systems. The most common is the Unified Soil Classification System, with three major groups:
(1) coarse-grained, sands and gravels, (2) fine-grained, silts and clays, and (3) highly organic soils (referred to as peat even when the soil is not truly a peat). The first two groups are then subdivided as follows:
Coarse grain: gravels, sands, based on the grain-size of the coarse-grained fraction. Fine grain: silts, clays, organics silts & clays, based on plasticity and organic content.
Fine-grained soils are then subdivided according to their plasticity, while coarse-grained soils are subdivided by the presence and properties of the fines or the grain-size distribution of the soil.
A full geotechnical engineering soil description will include other properties of the soil, including color, in-situ moisture content, in-situ strength, and somewhat more detail about the material properties of the soil than is provided by the USCS code.
# Solar System/Asteroids
## Location in the Solar System

Conventionally asteroids are divided into three groups based on location.

### Asteroids in the asteroid belt

The asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter.

### Jupiter trojans

Jupiter trojans share Jupiter's orbit around the Sun, and are located about 60° ahead of or behind Jupiter in their orbits.

### Near-Earth objects

Near-Earth objects are asteroids that spend at least part of their orbit closer to the Sun than Mars. Their perihelia are less than 1.3 AU (Earth–Sun distances) from the Sun.

### Centaurs

Centaurs are objects orbiting between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune that cross the orbit of at least one gas giant. They have unstable orbits and have characteristics of both asteroids and comets. They are sometimes classified as asteroids.

## Size

the sizes of asteroids may vary. some are huge and some may be as tiny as a speck of dust.

## Ceres

Ceres is the largest asteroid, and in fact is a dwarf planet. See Ceres in the section on dwarf planets.
# Solar System/Centaurs

Centaurs are a class of minor planets orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune, having characteristics of both asteroids and comets. They have been recognized as a distinct category since the discovery of 2060 Chiron in 1977. The largest known centaur is 10199 Chariklo, with a diameter of 260 kilometers.
Centaurs vary from slight to great orbital inclination (tilt of the orbital plane relative to Earth's). Their orbits vary from nearly circular to highly eccentric, and some of them even have retrograde orbits (that is, they orbit the Sun clockwise rather than counterclockwise when viewed from above Earth's north pole).
# Soil Mechanics/Introduction

Engineering geology is the application of the geologic sciences to engineering practice for the purpose of assuring that the geologic factors affecting the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and adequately provided for. Engineering geologists investigate and provide geologic and geotechnical recommendations, analysis, and design associated with human development. The realm of the engineering geologist is essentially in the area of earth-structure interactions, or investigation of how the earth or earth processes impact human made structures and human activities.
Engineering geologic studies may be performed during the planning, environmental impact analysis, civil or structural engineering design, value engineering and construction phases of public and private works projects, and during post-construction and forensic phases of projects. Works completed by engineering geologists include;
* Geologic hazards
* Geotechnical Investigations
* Material properties
* Landslide and slope stability
* Erosion, flooding
* Dewatering
* Seismic investigations
Engineering geologic studies are performed by a geologist or engineering geologist that is educated, trained and has obtained experience related to the recognition and interpretation of natural processes, the understanding of how these processes impact man-made structures (and vice versa), and knowledge of methods by which to mitigate for hazards resulting from adverse natural or man-made conditions. The principal objective of the engineering geologist is the protection of life and property against damage caused by geologic conditions.
Engineering geologic practice is also closely related to the practice of geological engineering, geotechnical engineering, soils engineering, environmental geology and economic geology. If there is a difference in the content of the disciplines described, it mainly lies in the training or experience of the practitioner.
# Soil Mechanics/Mohr's circle

Mohr's circle is a graphical depiction of two dimensional stress states. Amongst others, it can be applied to stresses and strains. In soil mechanics, Mohr's circles are used to visualize relationships between normal and shear stresses, and to estimate the maximum stresses, based on three or more soil samples extracted from a site.
In practice, Mohr's circles are constructed based on the results of triaxial compressions tests for undisturbed soils. This test provides for the measurement of the total stresses applied to a specimen, uncorrected for pore pressure, and it provides data for determining strength properties and stress-strain relations for soils. It "determines the unconsolidated, undrained, compressive strength of cylindrical specimens of cohesive soils in an undisturbed condition, using a strain-controlled application of the axial compression-test load where the specimen is subjected to a confining fluid pressure in a triaxial chamber".
The shear strength of an extracted soil sample when tested in a triaxial compression test may differ from that of the same sample in situ, owing to the mechanical processes involved in soil extraction such as drilling, transportation and storage. Interpretation of the graphical results need to take this into account for greater accuracy.

### References

* ↑ http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Mechanics/Mohrs_circle.html
* ↑ http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/materials/documents/HO-M-6(Mohrs)(08).pdf
* ↑ ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/cst/TMS/100-E_series/pdfs/soi118.pdf