OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Microprocessor Design/ALU Flags

For a number of reasons, it can be important to export a number of status codes from the ALU, for detecting errors, and for making decisions.

## Comparisons

Comparisons between two values are typically performed by subtracting them. We can determine the relationship between the two values by examining the difference:
* If the first is larger than the second, the result will be positive
* If the second is larger than the first, the result will be negative
* If the two are equal, the result will be zero.

## Zero Flag

Determining whether two values are equal requires the ALU to determine whether the result is zero. This can be accomplished by feeding each bit of the result into a NOR gate. The beauty of this is that a single multi-port NOR gate requires less hardware than an entire array of equivalent 2-port gates.

## Overflow Flag

It is good to know when the result of an addition or multiplication is larger than the maximum result size. Likewise, it is also good to know if the result of a subtraction or a division is smaller than possible, and thus creates underflow. Either two separate flags can be used for these conditions, or one flag can be interpreted in different ways, depending on the input operation.

## Carry/Borrow flag

This flag indicates when an operation results in a value larger than the accumulator can represent (carry/overflow) or smaller than the accumulator can represent (borrow/underflow). It can be used by software to implement arbitrary-width arithmetic, such as a "bignum" library.

## Latch ALU flags or not?

Some instruction sets refer to the ALU flags from some previous instruction:
Such instruction sets force the CPU designer to latch those ALU flags in some sort of "status register", and to be very careful to make sure it is possible to preserve those flags during an interrupt routine.
Other instruction sets never refer to previous ALU flags -- they always use the results from the ALU in the same instruction that they are calculated:
or
Some CPU designers prefer such instruction sets that never refer to previous ALU flags. Such instruction sets make out-of-order execution much simpler. Many of Chuck Moore's CPU designs never refer to the ALU flags from any previous instruction.
# Microprocessor Design/Assembler

Simply having a new microprocessor is not much of a benefit, unless you have a way to program it. The most simple and direct way to program a microprocessor is through the use of an assembler. An assembler converts mnemonics into corresponding machine code instructions. Once you have an ISA, it's a trivial task to map mnemonics to the various instruction opcodes.
Once an ISA is finalized, the design work can usually be split into two teams: a hardware team to design the datapath and control units, and a software team to write an assembler and other programs, such as a simulator and a compiler. This is not the way it is always done, however, as a single group of people is perfectly capable of doing both sets of tasks.
# Of Mice and Men

Of Mice and Men' is a John Steinbeck novel set in the 1930s telling the story of migrant ranch workers and their dreams. The story focuses on two main characters, Lennie and George, who travel together. Lennie is a large, strong, mentally challenged man, while his friend, George, is small-framed, quick and intelligent. The name of the novel comes from a line contained in the second-to-last stanza of a famous poem written by Robert Burns called "To a Mouse" which summarizes very well what happens in the story.
The best laid schemes o' mice an' men Gang aft agley, An' lea'e us nought but grief an' pain For promis'd joy.

## Table of Contents

* Overview
* Characters
* Literary Elements
* Themes

## Further reading

* Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Covici-Friede, 1937.
# Ohio 7th Grade World History

Throughout the school year Mr. Holman's and Mr. Pennington's 7th grade social studies class studied many topics. We decided to create a digital textbook to share what we have learned. This textbook is about the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. We studied a large span of history, which included many diverse topics, including: Pre-History, Stone Age, Rome, Greece, Egypt, and China, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Method, and the spread of Christianity. Our class decided the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were the most interesting. The main purpose with this textbook is to share our knowledge.

## Table of Contents

    Introduction

### Middle Ages

* Introduction to the Middle Ages
* Causes of Middle Ages
** Fall of Rome
** Vikings Invade Western Europe
** Charlemagne and Christianity
* Social Pyramid
* Wealth and Social Class
* Religion
* Weapons and Defense
* Japanese Feudalism
** Japanese Feudalism Compared to European Feudalism
** Japanese Samurai vs. European Knights
* Magna Carta
* Spread and Impact of the Black Death

### Renaissance

* Introduction to the Renaissance
* Gutenberg and the Printing Press
* Literature
** Introduction
** Shakespeare
** Machiavelli
* Art
** Introduction
** Humanism
* Math and Science
* Architecture
** Introduction
** Renaissance Homes
** Renaissance Churches
** Effects
* Conclusion

### Protestant Reformation

* Reformation
* Martin Luther
** Indulgences
** 95 Thesis
* King Henry VIII
* John Calvin
# Of Mice and Men/Literary Elements
## Foreshadowing

In the book there is a lot of foreshadowing going on. For example, Lennie's kills get more important as the book goes on, from a mouse to a pup to Curley's wife, showing a clear pattern. Another is when Candy's dog is shot, which foreshadows the ending where George shoots Lennie, but one note must be that Candy says he should have shot the dog himself, so this applies to George in the end, as he copies the action onto Lennie. Another example of foreshadowing is George tells Lennie that if he gets into trouble to come back and hide in the bush, this tells us that most definitely Lennie will get into trouble. Also, George warns Lennie of Curley's wife and tells Lennie that she will cause trouble, this leads to Curley's wife causing trouble for Lennie and all the men. The men refer to Curley's wife as a rat trap and Lennie's love for mice leads to the accidental killing of Curley's wife for Lennie kills all the mice he's ever owned.

## Symbolism

An interesting example is Candy's dog, suggestive of the senescent American dream that wants rejuvenation (symbolized by one of Slim's pups). Candy's dog also is symbolic of his love and friendship towards another animal. In a way, the weak old dog is a reflection of Candy and his old, handicapped state. The death of Lennie and Candy's dog seem similar. Both seem to have a test to spare the one's they love. Candy must spare his dog from the pain of staying alive. George must spare Lennie from the wrath of Curley.
# Ohio 7th Grade World History/Causes of Middle Ages

There were many causes of the Middle Ages, including the Fall of Rome, Viking invaders, Charlemagne, and the spread of Christianity.

## Fall of Rome

The fall of Rome was the largest because, as Rome fell, various groups from the north and south began to move into former Roman land. Because the empire was too large, the army had a difficult time traveling to defend land from invaders. As they moved in, powerful warlords created their own states and declared themselves king. By the early 500s, there were many small kingdoms. The small sovereignties kept fighting among themselves. Without Rome’s central government there was no central authority to keep the peace between the small territories. As a result, bandits and invaders became common.

## The Vikings

Invaders invaded Rome and stole goods. The three most common invaders were the Vikings, Magyars, and the Franks. The invaders created mass hysteria; people were robbed, killed; there was no law or order. Entire villages were burned to the ground. It was easy for the Vikings because they were great sailors and northern Europe contained a lot of rivers. The rivers allowed the Vikings to show up without notice and destroy a town. The facts that the Vikings could come and go at any time made people’s fear grow exponentially. People were scared and looking for protection. They started feudal societies for protection because they were scared and they clung to anything that gave them hope. Christianity boomed and became the leading religion.

## Charlemagne and the Spread of Christianity

Charlemagne tried to conquer the Roman Empire but failed. Through his wars of conquest, Charlemagne united many of the tribes of Central and Western Europe into a single empire. While Europe was still reeling from the collapse of Rome, Charlemagne brought people together. He helped Europeans realize that they shared common bonds such as Christianity that linked them. He helped people see themselves as Europeans, not members of tribes.
# Ohio 7th Grade World History/Conclusion

The Renaissance left behind a lasting impact on history. The Renaissance began to uncover classical human achievements and the arts, and trade blossomed. New ways of thinking became common and architecture spread, making Greek and Roman styles more common. The idea of individualism, or humanism, was developed, and stress was placed on human actions and importance. New ideas were thought of, and new artwork emerged. The Church’s stranglehold on Europe loosened as the Reformation occurred and humanism spread. There was a spirit of excitement and joy and Europe was looking to the future. The Renaissance encouraged growth, learning, and expansion. It revitalized Europe and reinvigorated it, paving the way for the Age of Exploration. The Renaissance and Exploration Ages reestablished the ancient ideas and founded the pillars on which modern civilization stands. The values and spirit of the Renaissance are to this day instilled on our lives.
# Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/German

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
German Hodgkin's Disease Trials
# Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Lymphocyte predominant

| Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Edit this |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma: Main Page | Overview | Early stage | Advanced stage | Pediatric | Randomized | |
Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Lymphocyte Predominant
* Lymphocyte-predominant has a different natural history (especially stages I-II) and response to therapy than classical HL.
* Chemo is not indicated in most early stage cases, and standard is IFRT.
* LP has best prognosis of HL subtypes, but late recurrences common and long-term followup necessary.

## NCCN Guidelines

* Stage I-IIA: IFRT or regional RT
* Stage I-IIB w/ B sx's: chemotherapy followed by IFRT
* Stage III-IVA: chemotherapy +/- RT –OR— observation (cat 2B) –OR— local RT (palliation only) or rituximab
* Stage III-IVB: chemotherapy +/- RT or rituximab +/- chemo +/- RT

## Studies

* Germany, 1999 PMID 10071266 — "Clinical presentation, course, and prognostic factors in lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease and lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's disease: report from the European Task Force on Lymphoma Project on Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin's Disease." Diehl V; J Clin Oncol. 1999 Mar;17(3):776-83.
* GHSG, 2005 PMID 16093276 — "Extended field radiotherapy, combined modality treatment or involved field radiotherapy for patients with stage IA lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG)." Nogova L; Ann Oncol. 2005 Oct;16(10):1683-7.
* GHSG, 2008 PMID 18086799 — "Lymphocyte-predominant and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma: a comprehensive analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group." Nogova L; J Clin Oncol
# Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Review

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Review of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

## Epidemiology

* US incidence: ~8000
* US deaths: ~1300
* Age: bimodal, peak in 20's and 50's
* Risk factors: likely genetic predisposition (increased incidence in Jews, siblings, HLA antigens)
* Two separate entities
** Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma (CHL) - Reed-Sternberg cells
** Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma (LPHL) - "popcorn" lymphocyte cells

## Clinical Presentation & Workup

* Clinical presentation: lymph node mass(es)
* Diagnosis
** Excisional lymph node biopsy
** Core needle biopsy may be adequate
** FNA is insufficient
* Pathology
** CHL: Reed-Sternberg cells sufficient, CD15+ and CD30+
** LPHL: CD20+ and CD45+, epithelial membrane antigen
* Workup
** Determination of B symptoms: fever >38C, drenching sweats, weight loss >10% weight
** Exam: lymphoid regions, liver, spleen
** Labs: CBC, differential, ESR, LDH, albumin, LFT, Bun/Cr
** Bone marrow biopsy: Stage IB/IIB, III-IV
** Imaging: CT neck/chest/abdomen/pelvis or PET/CT
*** PET: higher sensitivity for nodal regions (92% vs 83%) and organ involvement (86% vs 37%), though more false positives
* Staging (Ann Arbor system; EORTC unfavorable criteria):
** Early stage favorable (I-II, no unfavorable features)
** Early stage unfavorable bulky (I-II, bulky mediastinum ratio >0.33 or size >= 10cm)
** Early stage unfavorable non-bulky (I-II, B symptoms, or >3 sites of disease, or ESR >50)
** Advanced (III-IV)
** Advanced unfavorable (age >=45, male, stage IV, albumin <4, WBC >15k, WBC <600
* Response criteria
** Need for additional treatment based on response
** 2007 IWG Guidelines using IHC, flow cytometry, PET: CR, PR, SD, relapsed, PD
# Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Guidelines

| Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Edit this |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma: Main Page | Overview | Early stage | Advanced stage | Pediatric | Randomized | |
Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Official Guidelines
Staging
Radiotherapy Management:
* ILROG - International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group
** 2013: PMID 23790512 -- "Modern Radiation Therapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma: Field and Dose Guidelines From the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group (ILROG)." (Specht L, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Jun 18. [Epub ahead of print])
* UK National Cancer Research Institute
** 2013: PMID 22889569 Full text -- "Recommendations for the use of radiotherapy in nodal lymphoma." (Hoskin PJ, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013 Jan;25(1):49-58.)
*** Note: For both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Early Stage Favorable Prognosis
Early Stage Unfavorable Prognosis
Advanced Stage
General Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Follow up
Pediatric Hodgkin's Lymphoma
# Open Source PIM/Plain Text Hyperlinks
## Core principles

Hyperlinks should be a common attribute of plain text, and they should be even more flexible than those used on the web. This is the primary motivation behind Plain Text Hyperlinks (hereinafter "PTH").
Plain text is the foundation for Open Source PIM because it is the most flexible storage format, and can be processed with the widest variety of pre-existing tools. Starting with that as the foundation, the following principles apply
* The user should be able to treat every item in plain text as a hyperlink to something else
* Special notations for specifying hyperlinks are allowable, but not required
* Uncompressed plain text is considered the most "open" storage format
* Compressed plain text is considered the next most "open" storage format
* Content that is not readily storable as plain text should at least be readily linkable using PTH
* All elements of a software system that are important to the user should be manageable (e.g., import/export) as plain text
# Open Standards

For working together, a common base is needed. Standards are defined, but often, they are not for free.
The thought of "open source software" is a good thing, giving a quick exchange to people with the same goal.
This page is intended for people who want to define a working base to collaborate with others, without consortiums, patents or other barriers.
If you have a good definition for working together, for example electrical interface definitions so that students from different universities can exchange their work, you are invited to place it here.

## Contents

   * Multipurpose AC-Battery
   * ChoirWire distributed audio mixing
   * your Proposal for a Standard
Attention: This standards and the ideas inside are free for use. Nevertheless, check for intellectual property rights (patents) before commercial use.
# Open Source Psychology/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Open_Source_Psychology

# Why Open Source
## Introduction

Many Psychology projects already benefit from Open Source Software, weather it is general open source applications, or specific software such as psychopy.

## Advantages

More often than not, open-source software and publicly available resources are free of charge and more powerful than proprietary software and costly services. This also allows for more reliable and inclusive collaboration, as sharing files and information does not require that others spend money on licensing or instruction manuals. In addition, if you are the programmer-type, you can adapt these resources to your needs, and create unique solutions that would otherwise be impossible.
Having materials open source or publicly available gives people the freedom to cooperate with one another, and that's why open source material generally progresses quickly. Wikipedia, for example, is a vast repository of information today because users are able to contribute their ideas and words to something they know will be useful. And arguably, that's a motive to do well with their contributions. Authors write things they like and they find their audience willing to listen and the audience can become authors as well and contribute their talents.

## Disadvantages

Though more powerful, many of these options have a steeper learning curve. But don't be discouraged! Though it may take longer to get started with the resources described in this wikibook, the payoff will be worth it!

# Data Encryption

Some files that you will collect will need to be encrypted due to your Institutional Review Board Protocol, other regulations, or you simply want to protect your data so you can safely transfer it.
Encryption is the process of encoding your data so that even if an unauthorized person intercepts the data, they will be unable to access the raw data.

## De-identifying Data

If you simply want to change your data so that individuals can no longer be linked to their data, but that you still have all data points with unique user ids, you will need to de-identify your data.
Identifiable data is anything that can be used to link information back to a specific individual. This normally includes names, address, social security numbers, other identification numbers, etc., but can include much less obvious indicators of who the person is.
In R, open the 'digest' package
You will then want to 'salt' the unique values so that nobody can reverse the hash codes through brute force...
# Open Source Psychology/Why Open Source
## Introduction

Many Psychology projects already benefit from Open Source Software, weather it is general open source applications, or specific software such as psychopy.

## Advantages

More often than not, open-source software and publicly available resources are free of charge and more powerful than proprietary software and costly services. This also allows for more reliable and inclusive collaboration, as sharing files and information does not require that others spend money on licensing or instruction manuals. In addition, if you are the programmer-type, you can adapt these resources to your needs, and create unique solutions that would otherwise be impossible.
Having materials open source or publicly available gives people the freedom to cooperate with one another, and that's why open source material generally progresses quickly. Wikipedia, for example, is a vast repository of information today because users are able to contribute their ideas and words to something they know will be useful. And arguably, that's a motive to do well with their contributions. Authors write things they like and they find their audience willing to listen and the audience can become authors as well and contribute their talents.

## Disadvantages

Though more powerful, many of these options have a steeper learning curve. But don't be discouraged! Though it may take longer to get started with the resources described in this wikibook, the payoff will be worth it!
# Open Standards/ChoirWire distributed audio mixing/Conformity to ChoirWire standard

Items which are 100% compatible with this ChoirWire standard must fulfil this minimum requirements:

# for distributed inputs

* The input voltage range is 40V...50V minimum
* All mechanical, physical and data transport methods are conform

# for data collectors

* The nominal output voltage is 48V
* All mechanical, physical and data transport methods are conform
* Commands from the remote mixing console to the inputs and vice versa are not filtered
# Open Source PIM/Core Solutions
## Basic premises

There are some basic operating principles that are foundational to the concept of Open Source PIM. At the center of this foundation is a fundamental assumption: the user of software is in the best position to determine what meets her own individual needs. Those in the position of expertise in the realm of software delivery should therefore not assume that "one-size-fits-all".

### Range of user abilities

Effective Open Source PIM should provide the user with a range of abilities, these include:
* ability to mix-and-match disparate components with minimal switching costs or downtime
* ability to evaluate and distinguish between various options with minimal effort
* ability to decouple independent elements of a system in ways that do not "break" re-integration with other systems
* ability to use a consistent set of operating metaphors and a unified work flow
* ability to change operating metaphors without loss of information

## Specific methods

* recognition over recall
* selective recall
* selective attentiveness

### Recognition over recall

Give the user the most opportunities possible to direct their interactions through recall of past interactions, and recognition of commonly-understood interactions.
* maximize use of common metaphors
* maximize use of explanatory metaphors for
* phased-reduction distractive elements such as "eye candy" and "entertainment"
** these can be useful and effective in initial phases, but eventually the user will be less interested in the application and more interested in simply getting something done

### Selective recall

There will always be some arbitrary elements that the user will have to commit to memory. A common example are "keyboard shortcuts" used in some large applications. The principle of selective recall dictates that the end-user should be allowed the flexibility to choose which elements she wishes to commit to memory, and which elements she would rather submit to "recognition-over-recall".
Allowing the user to choose which parts of an application are important enough to memorize, and which are only ancillary produces significant benefits. Moreover, it is possible to design interfaces that easily facilitate this kind of choice with well-established practices.
For example, in the case of keyboard shortcuts, the user should be able to:
* choose which actions get assigned and re-assigned to which keyboard shortcuts
* get a quick preview of which keyboard shortcuts are already assigned and where, to avoid assignment collisions
* have quick access to menus for individual actions that are not assigned to keyboard shortcuts
* filter and incrementally search through visual menus for actions not assigned to keyboard shortcuts

### Selective attentiveness

The user can only focus on a limited range of inputs. Selective attentiveness, therefore, is a principle that emphasizes minimalism and reduction of awareness to only that which is specifically relevant at any given point in time.