OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Telugu/Sentence

To understand sentence formation, the various parts of a sentence must be understood. A sentence can consist of 4 elements(though it is possible to create sentences with fewer elements); these include a subject, a verb, an object, and an indirect object. A verb is any word that talks about an action(such as "to run"), an occurrence(such as "to happen"), or existence(such as "to be"). A subject is simply the person or thing that is doing the verb. A direct object who or what receives the action. Finally, an indirect object is the person or thing that receives the direct object. For example, take the sentence "Bob threw the ball to Valery". The verb is "to throw" as this is the action that is performed in the sentence. Bob is the subject of the sentence as he is the one doing the throwing. The ball is the direct object as it is what is being thrown. Valery is the indirect object as she is the one receiving the ball.
In Telugu, the sentence structure is very free and there are not many rules about it. However, the most common sentence structure is Subject-Object-Verb(SOV), as opposed to English's sentence structure which is Subject-Verb-Object(SVO)
An example of the SOV sentence structure is "Vāḍu(He, Subject) nannu(Me, Object) koṭṭāḍu(hit, Verb)"(వాడు నన్ను కొట్టాడు). In English with a SVO order, this would be "He hit me".
Keep in mind, while Telugu is most commonly written and spoken with a SOV order, other orders are used and are grammatically correct. Sentence structure is not nearly as important in Telugu as it is in English; the information that English conveys through sentence structure is conveyed through suffixes(explained further in noun and verb sections), thus sentence structure simply adds emphasis, rather than a different meaning.
Also, keep in mind, that Telugu is a pro-drop language, this means that the subject can be left out as the ending of a verb can state who the subject is. This means that a verb can constitute an entire language
Despite this, there are certain rules that must always be abided to in Telugu in regards to word order. These include:
* Adjectives and participles must always come before the noun they describe
* Nouns that possess something must come before the noun that they possess.
* Post-positions must always come after what they modify
* Adverbs must come before the verb or adjective they describe.
# Telugu/Vegetables

| Telugu name | తెలుగు పేరు | English |
| Vankaya | వంకాయ | Brinjal |
| Bendakaya | బెండకాయ | Ladies finger |
| Ullipaya | ఉల్లిపాయ | Onion |
| Beerakaya | బీరకాయ | Ridge gourd |
| Sorakaya | సొరకాయ | Bottle gourd |
| Bangala dumpa | బంగాళాదుంప | Potato |
| Mirapakaya | మిరపకాయ | Chilli |
| Gummadikaya | గుమ్మడికాయ | Pumpkin |
| Mullangi | ముల్లంగి | Radish |
# Telugu/Questions

* What is your name? - Mee Peru emiti? ( మీ పేరు ఏమిటి?)
* What is your mother's name? - Mee Amma Peru emiti? (మీ అమ్మ పేరు ఏమిటి?)
* What is your father's name? - Mee Nanna Peru emiti? ( మీ నాన్న పేరు ఏమిటి?)
# Templates:OpenRewi/Book

Templates:OpenRewi/Book-Cover

## Foreword

* Audience:tba
* Learning objectives: tba
* Topic: The book covers Public International Law
* Structure: tba
This book is meant to be a living document. You will find invitations and hints for collaboration on every single page. We would be happy if you get in contact with the authors and contribute with comments. How to do that is described here.
More information about the project OpenRewi - Initiative for an Open Legal Science can be found on our website.
Suggested Citation: tba
This book is licensed under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 License.
This book is also published by ... . It can be downloaded here:
In addition, this book can be purchased as a printed book: ...
Finally, the book can also be downloaded as a Word document (docx) ...

## Table of Contents

If you want to create a new page click on the button Create page below to create one.
# The Zebrafish in Toxicology

an interactive version is available here
This book provides an atlas of the histology and toxicological pathology of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) with a focus on endocrine disruption. It is the product of a project in which we developed an in vivo laboratory model for the monitoring of effects of endocrine disruptors in the aquatic environment, as recommended by the OECD. The work was conducted in the years 1999-2003 at the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment of the Netherlands (RIVM) and sponsored by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Regional Development and the Environment (VROM) and the European Union (EU-DG SANCO XXIV). Fish used in this project were originally obtained as commercial import from Singapore and subsequently bred and maintained in our laboratory for several years. The atlas was produced with the indispensable support of Evert-Jan van den Brandhof and José Vos. Other members of the RIVM zebrafish team were Piet Beekhof, Judith de Vos, Samira Berrag, Jeanette Drüke, Bhawani Nagarajah and Joke Robinson.
The authors: Leo van der Ven and Piet Wester

## Table of Contents
### Reproduction
##### Ovary

   * Location, general structure
   * Ovary Development
   * Granulosa cells
   * Oocyte maturation
   * Ovary staging

##### Testis

   * Location, general structure
   * Spermatogenesis
   * Testis Development

### Miscellaneous

   * Links to related material
# The Zebrafish in Toxicology/Ovary

* an interactive version of this book is available here
* back to Table of Contents - The Zebrafish in Toxicology

# Reproduction - Ovary
## Normal Histology
#### ovary location, general structure

| The ovary [O] is a paired organ, located bilaterally between the abdominal wall and the swim bladder [SB]. At the level of this section, the ovary is further bounded by the liver [L] and intestines [I]. Part of the pancreas [P] is located in the anterior peritoneal cavity, between gut, liver and swim bladder. (Note that this is a juvenile specimen with a previtellogenic ovary.) | Coronal section of a juvenile female zebrafish, 14 mm (6 weeks); H&E staining |
| Two specimen of normal adult zebrafish ovaries, in different stages of the spawning cycle. The upper specimen shows a high ratio of previtellogenic oocytes [P], suggestive for an early postspawning stage, whereas the lower specimen contains predominantly vitellogenic oocytes [V], indicating an intermediate stage. The postspawning condition of the upper specimen is further indicated by the high ratio of postovulatory follicles [pof]. Note, that the upper image shows a lobulated structure, with interlobular spaces [I] that communicate with the lateral oviduct [L]. Thus, the interlobular spaces give way to ovulated oocytes. | Adult female zebrafish ovary; H&E staining |
| In a further (prespawning) stage shown here, mature oocytes have ovulated and are collected in the caudal oviduct [C enclosed by dotted line]. This image is suggestive of a prespawning stage. | Adult female zebrafish ovary, prespawning stage; H&E staining |
# The Zebrafish in Toxicology/Test

TEST SECTION FOR CSS HOVER MOVE MOUSE OVER HIGHLIGHTED TEXT TO EVOKE A SECOND IMAGE OVER THE SHOWN IMAGE WORKS ONLY IN FF; IE AND CHROME SHOW AS FF DOES IN PREVIEW MODE
MOVE MOUSE OVER HIGHLIGHTED TEXT TO EVOKE A SECOND IMAGE OVER THE SHOWN IMAGE WORKS ONLY IN FF; IE AND CHROME SHOW AS FF DOES IN PREVIEW MODE
# Major references

Histological Analysis of Endocrine Disruptive Effects in Small Laboratory Fish - Daniel Dietrich, Heiko O. Krieger, John (Jack) Fournie, Sylvia Gimeno, Silke Rumpf, Helmut Segner, Leo TM van der Ven, Piet Wester, Jeff Wolf Clarifying much of the inconsistency currently encountered in the scientific literature, this book helps to standardize the interpretation of results from aquatic bioassays and field observations by describing basic biological function and contrasting normal histology with histopathological conditions in a variety of fish species. The authors represent the leaders of small fish gonadal histopathology, and they incorporate views and ideas from other experts.
OECD Guidance Document for the Diagnosis of Endocrine-Related Histopathology of Fish Gonads - Rodney Johnson, Jeffrey Wolf, Thomas Braunbeck, et al. Exposure of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) to endocrine disrupting chemicals may result in histopathological alterations of gonadal structure and microarchitecture. The diagnosis of such histopathological changes may, therefore, assist in the detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Given the long historical background of piscine histopathology and diverse traditions in the terminology in different fish species and in different regions, there is a need for harmonization in order to facilitate non-biased comparisons of results from different laboratories and, thus, to optimize reproducibility and reliability of histopathological diagnoses. The purpose of this document is to provide guidance for the preparation and histopathological evaluation of gonads from fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and zebrafish following exposure to chemicals potentially disrupting the endocrine system. Throughout this document, the proposed procedures were derived from consensus opinions of various fish pathologists, recommendations from the Bilthoven (2002), Paris (2003) and Heidelberg (2004) workshops, from information distilled from previous guidelines, and the scientific literature. Major sections of the guidance document comprise (1) post-mortem and histo-technical procedures, (2) primary, secondary and additional gonadal histopathology glossary and diagnostic criteria, and (3) gonadal staging criteria.
Histopathology as a tool for the evaluation of endocrine disruption in zebrafish (Danio rerio). van der Ven LT, Wester PW, Vos JG. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Apr;22(4):908-13.

# Links to related projects

Zebrafish Virtual Atlas - PennState University The Zebrafish Atlas contains 2- and 3-dimensional, anatomical reference slides of zebrafish to support research and education worldwide. Hematoxylin & eosin histological slides, at various points in the lifespan of the zebrafish, have been scanned at 40x resolution and are available through a virtual slide viewer. 3D models of the organs are reconstructed from plastic tissue sections of embryo and larvae.
# The Zebrafish in Toxicology/Granulosa cells

* an interactive version of this book is available here
* back to Table of Contents - The Zebrafish in Toxicology

# Reproduction - Ovary
## Normal Histology
#### Granulosa cells

* Oocytes are lined by two layers, an internal granulosa cell layer and an external theca layer.
* The granulosa cell layer develops gradually with the growing oocyte. Early previtellogenic oocytes are accompanied by flat epithelial granulosa cells [red arrowhead], granulosa cells with larger oocytes [blue arrowheads] have a higher appearance.
* The theca cell layer is composed of stroma cells [green arrowheads] and contains capillaries [c]. The theca layer is continuous [black arrowheads] over neighbouring oocytes.
* Note radial striation in the zona radiata [zr] of large vitellogenic oocytes.
* Adult female zebrafish, H&E staining |
# The Zebrafish in Toxicology/Ovary staging

* an interactive version of this book is available here
* back to Table of Contents - The Zebrafish in Toxicology

# Reproduction - Ovary
## Normal Histology
#### ovary development

previtellogenic stageing: sequential images
previtellogenic stageing: sequential images
Six subsequent previtellogenic (intermediate) stages of ovary maturation, as recorded in juvenile zebrafish 6 weeks of age, and classified according to the most predominant oocyte maturation stage. For structure analysis of these images, see structure – immature.
An example of the application of this classification is the evaluation of the effects of effluent of a sewage treatment works (Eindhoven, the Netherlands) in zebrafish, shown at the bottom of this page.
* stage 0
* undifferentiated gonad
* stage 0-1
* appearance of stage 1 primary oocytes (previtellogenic, small rim of cytoplasm)
* stage 1
* predominance of stage 1 primary oocytes
* stage 1-2
* intermediate stage, mixed occurrence of stage 1 and stage 2 primary oocytes
* stage 2
* initial growth of oocytes: increase of nucleus size, increase of cytoplasm volume, cytoplasm becomes basophilic
* stage 3
* appearance of stage 3 oocytes (further increase of cytoplasm to approx. 100 µm cell diameter, bright spotting in the cytoplasm as indication of endogenic vitellogenin accumulation)
* Application of the ovary maturation classification in the evaluation of the effects of effluent of a sewage treatment works (Eindhoven, the Netherlands) in zebrafish.
* Adult zebrafish and their progeny were exposed to either control Dutch Standard Water (DSW ¾-, blue line ), estradiol (E2, ¾-, red line ), or sewage effluent ( ¾-, magenta line ) for 6 weeks.
* Shown is the average of the percentages of the total number of animals in the respective groups (2-5 groups per treatment, 30-50 individuals per group) in each class.
* It appeared that exposure of juveniles to either E2 or sewage effluent inhibited ovary maturation, compared to control animals
# The Stack Exchange User Guide/Asking a Question

Before asking a question, it is good etiquette to check to see if your question has been asked before.
Include as much relevant information about what your exact question is. This not only helps people better answer your question, it helps those that follow know if the answer to your question is also the answer to their question.
# The Stack Exchange User Guide/How Reputation Is Earned

Reputation on Stack Exchange sites is a quantified measure of a user's place in the community. In some instances reputation can be spent as a currency to enable certain actions.
Reputation is generally earned by asking useful questions and giving useful answers. Reputation is typically lost by doing the inverse.
# The Stack Exchange User Guide/The Stack Exchange Sites

Stack Exchange is organized into a number of smaller subsites, each focusing on a specific topic or field. The programming focused Stack Overflow is perhaps the best known of these sites, however there are a number of other Q&A sites on the platform including topics from sciences and the humanities.

## Notable Stack Exchange sites

| Logo | URL | Name | Topic |
| | https://stackexchange.com/ | Stack Exchange | Overall site |
| | https://stackoverflow.com/ | Stack Overflow | Programming |
| | https://superuser.com/ - | Super User | Power users |
| | https://askubuntu.com/ | Ask Ubuntu | Ubuntu Linux |
| Physics Stack Exchange logo | https://physics.stackexchange.com/ | Physics | Study of physics |
| | https://serverfault.com/ | Server Fault | Sysadmin |
| | https://math.stackexchange.com/ | Mathematics | Math |
| | https://gaming.stackexchange.com/ | Arqade | Gaming |
| | https://english.stackexchange.com/ | English | English language |
| | https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/ | World Building | Fictional world development |
| | https://webapps.stackexchange.com/ | Web Applications | Software for the world wide web |
| | https://diy.stackexchange.com/ | Home Improvement | Do it yourself upgrades for living quarters |
| | https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/ | Game Development | For creation of video games |
| | https://tex.stackexchange.com/ | TeX | For the typesetting software TeX and LaTeX |
| | https://movies.stackexchange.com/ | Movies & TV | For discussion of broadcast and film media |
| | https://ai.stackexchange.com/ | Artificial Intelligence | Study of AI |
| | https://emacs.stackexchange.com/ | Emacs | Discussion of the Emacs text editor |
| | https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/ | Puzzling | Discussion of puzzles |
| | https://arduino.stackexchange.com/ | Arduino | Discussion of the Arduino physical computing platform |
# The Story of Rhodesia

This book is intended to provide information about Rhodesia. It will give information about the history and legacy of this storied nation.

## Table of Contents
### Part 1: Pre-Colonial History

* Kingdom of Mapungubwe
* Kingdom of Zimbabwe
* Kingdom of Mutapa
* Kingdom of Batua
* Rozwi Empire
* Matabeleland (Ndebele Kingdom)

### Part 2: Company Rule in Rhodesia

* Rhodes’s Dream
* Rudd Concession & Royal Charter
* Territorial Expansion
* Matabele Wars
* Administration & the Name Rhodesia
* Development
* Military & Involvement in the second Boers War, WWI

### Part 3: Colonial History of Southern Rhodesia

* 1922 Southern Rhodesian government referendum & End of Company Rule
* Colony of Southern Rhodesia before WWII
* Involvement in WWII
* Colony of Southern Rhodesia Post WWII
* Central African Federation & Return to “Rhodesia”

### Part 4: Rhodesia Under U.D.I.

* Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
* Post-U.D.I. Rhodesia
* Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
* Lancaster House Agreement
* British Dependency & End of Rhodesia
* Legacy of Rhodesia

### End Notes

* Authors and Contributors
* Important Notes
* More resources about Rhodesia
# The Stack Exchange User Guide

The Stack Exchange network is a collection of sites dedicated to making finding answers easy. Although there are a number of different sites in the network, they all share the same codebase and therefore most of the features will be the same from site to site.
The intention of this guide is to make it easy for beginners to learn how the Stack Exchange sites work and how they function.
When Stack Overflow initially launched in private beta in 2008,no one knew just how popular the site would become. Since Stack Overflow was the first site in the Stack Exchange network, all of the screenshots and examples will refer to that site.

## Contents

* The Home Page
* The Stack Exchange Sites
* Asking a Question
* How Reputation Is Earned
* What is 'meta'?

## References

* ↑ "Does Stack Exchange 2.0 share the same codebase with Stack Overflow?". Meta Stack Exchange. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
* ↑ Atwood, Jeff (1 August 2008). "Stack Overflow Private Beta Begins". Stack Overflow Blog. https://stackoverflow.blog/2008/08/01/stack-overflow-private-beta-begins/.
# The Stack Exchange User Guide/What is 'meta'?

On the Stack Exchange sites each site has there very own 'meta' to report bugs, feature requests, support and site discussion and each question has to be tagged with one of those. The URL for each per-site child 'meta' is http://meta.sitename.stackexchange.com/ or as in the cases of Server Fault, http://meta.serverfault.com/ and Super User, http://meta.superuser.com/.
The 'meta' on http://meta.stackoverflow.com/ is a very special one as it is a network-wide 'meta'. It is used to report on bugs, feature requests, support and site discussion for sites within The Stack Exchange Network 2.0. (http://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/47634/)
1.0 sites bugs, feature requests, support questions must be via the website or webmaster and not though Stack Exchange.

## Earning Reputation

All per-site child 'meta's' reputation is exactly the same as the main site, users can still vote and post answers but all votes will not change you 'meta' score. Please not that you reputation is cached from the main site for 24-48 hours.
# The Stack Exchange User Guide/The Home Page

To begin, open your browser and navigate to https://stackoverflow.com/.
The page contains quite a bit of information and can be a little overwhelming at first glance, so we'll begin by learning what each of the elements on the page is for individually.

## The Top Bar

We will begin by examining the bar at the top of the screen:
On the left is a link to the StackExchange homepage. On the right is a set of links and the searchbox. The links present in the topbar provide access to other sites related to StackOverflow, the login page, and information about StackOverflow. When you are logged in, this page will also contain a link to your profile page.

## The Question Bar

The question bar contains links to the various pages available on the site:
The questions page is the page displayed when you bring up the home page. The tags page consists of the most popular tags that questions are tagged with. The users page contains a list of users sorted by their reputation. The badges page contains a list of all badges that can be earned (except for tag badges). The unanswered page contains a list of all unanswered questions. Finally, the ask question link takes you to a page where you can ask a question on the site.

## The Question List

The majority of the content on the page consists of the list of recent questions. The list is sorted by most recently modified questions. Here is an example question:
From the information visible here, we can see that the question was viewed 5 times, has 0 answers, and has 0 votes. It was asked by a user named "Darko Z" and was last modified 3 seconds ago. It has 3 tags: "asp.net", "iis7", and "iis-7.5". Clicking the title of the question will take you to the question's page.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/My loue ys lyke vnto theternall fyre

* ←Lo how I seke & sew to haue || width="200" align="right" | Syns so ye please to here me playn→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 53r
f. [53r] 1 My loue ys lyke vnto theternall the eternal fyre 2 and I as those whyche therin do remayn 3 whose grevous paynes{es} ys but theyre gret desyre 4 to se the syght whyche they may not attayn 5 So in hells heate my self I fele to be 6 that am restraynd by gret extremyte 7 the syght of her whyche ys so dere to me 8 O puissant loue & power of gret avayle 9 by whome hell may be fellt or dethe assayle ffinis

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H6 and is unique to the manuscript. The speaker associates his frustrated desire to behold the object of his love with the agony of the damned in hell separated from the presence of God. Agnes K. Foxwell argues that the poem is a "madrigal" due to its rhyme scheme.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed. Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems. London: Penguin, 1978. 228-29.
* ↑ Agnes K. Foxwell. The Poems of Sir Thomas Wiat. New York: Russell and Russell, 1913.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/May not thys hate from the estarte

* ←Farewell all my wellfare || width="200" align="right" | Yff I had sufferd thys to yow vnware→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 10v
f. [10v] 1 May not thys hate from the[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+e+}]] estarte 2 but fermly for to sytte 3 that[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+t+}]] vndeservyd cruell harte 4 when shall yt change not yet not yett 5 yowre changyng mynd & feynyd chere 6 with{w+t+} yowre love whyche was so knytte 7 how hyt hathe turnyd yt dothe apere 8 when shall yt change not yet not yet 9 Hathe changyng suche power for to Remove 10 & clene owte for to shytte 11 sso fervent heate & hasty love 12 when shall yt change not yet not yet 13 Syns I am leste What Remedy$^1$ 14 I marvell neuer{u'} a Whytte 15 I am not the fyrst per{p+}dy 16 nor shall not be the last not yet 17 Now syns yo$^r$ wyll so waveryng 18 to hate hathe turnyd yo$^r$ wytte 19 example as good as wrytyng 20 hyt wyll not be not yett fynys quod{q+d+} anthony lee

## Notes & Glosses

1. Anthony Browne's (1522) motto was 'What Remedy,' connected to a joust, in which Boleyn played object of Henry VIII's Ardent Desire, and Browne played the role of Remedy.

## Commentary

Entered by H2, this poem is attributed to Anthony Lee, the husband of Sir Thomas Wyatt's sister Margaret. As such, he may have had direct access to the Devonshire Manuscript. This poem depicts an unrelenting woman who causes pain to the lover.
Just as he carefully inscribed the previous poem (see "Farewell all my wellfare" (9v)), H2 again pays close attention to this poem's presentation. Specifically, there is a visual pattern made by the first letter of the first stanza and the first letter of the last stanza, which are large and elaborate majiscules. In addition, the variant spellings of “yet:” two final "t"s appear on the last line of stanzas 1 and 5, but the word appears as "yet" on stanzas 2, 3, and 4. This poem and the poem on the facing page, "Yff I had sufferd thys to yow vnware" (11r), may be imitative repetitions of each other.