OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# XSLTForms

Welcome to the XSLTForms Wikibook!
XSLTForms is an open source client-side implementation of XForms which is a World Wide Web Consortium recommendation for creating web forms and web applications. XSLTForms is developed by Alain Couthures (of agenceXML at Bordeaux, France).

## Introduction

* Introduction - About this book and overview of the technology.
* Background - A brief history and motivation for the XSLTForms project.
* Benefits - Why use XSLTForms?
* Applications - Who use XSLTForms?
* Naming Conventions - Naming standards used throughout this book.

## Getting Started

These pages are for people who are just getting started.
* Installing and Testing - How to install XSLTForms. Although XSLTForms can be used without any server processing, you can find here information specific to your Web Server Technology:
** Generic HTTP Server - Works for any WebServer.
** ASP.NET - Inserting XForms into Asp.Net WebForms.
** eXist-db - Using XSLTForms with eXist-db
* HelloWorld - A simple test to see if XSLTForms is installed correctly.
* Some Common Problems.
** Instance Loading - Errors messages related to instances appears when loading a Form
** Form not correctly rendered - Forms not correctly shown in browsers
** Triggers not working - Form is correctly displayed, but submit and trigger buttons don't work

## Further topics

These pages discuss other topics of interest to XSLTForms users
* CSS - Styling XForms controls using Cascading Style Sheets.
* Using TinyMCE as mixed-content editor
* Performance

## Status

XSLTForms is an XForms 1.1 implementation with some XForms 2.0 features, and a number of implementation-specific extensions to the language. The coverage of 1.1, the portions of 2.0 that have been implemented, and the implementation-specific extensions are discussed separately below.

#### XForms 1.1 coverage

* XForms 1.1

#### XForms 2.0 coverage

* XForms 2.0
* XForms 2.0 elements and attributes
** The show attribute
** The xf:dialog, xf:show, and xf:hide elements
** The xf:var element
* XForms 2.0 functions
** XPath 2.0 and XForms 2.0 functions
** The serialize function

#### Implementation-specific extensions

* XSLTForms only Extensions
* Configuration:
** XSLT-parameters: baseuri, xsltforms_caller, xsltforms_config, xsltforms_debug, xsltforms_lang
** Configurations-template file config_LANG.xsl
** Processing-Instructions: <?xsltforms-options?>, <?css-conversion?>
* New Elements
** <xf:component>
** <xf:include> (load-time file inclusion)
** <xf:script>
** <xf:setNode> (parse XML-serialization string and create nodes)
** <xf:setselection>
** <xf:split>
** <xf:tree>
** <xf:unload>
** <xf:wrap>
* New Functions:
** is-valid
** itext (from JavaRosa)
** transform
** Miscellaneous functions
* User-Defined Functions
* Arithmetic expressions
* Objects in the javascript: pseudo-URL in xf:load/xf:resource@value

## Documentation for contributors

Information for contributors to the XSLTForms codebase or to this book.
* Notes for Contributing Code
* XSLTForms/XSLT 1.0 stylesheet/ - Templates.
* Javascript - Classes and Functions.
* Contributing to this wikibook
# XSLTForms/ASP.NET

In ASP.NET, XSLTForms can be used server-side to process an XForm by invoking the asp:Xml Control, for example as follows:
The ASP.NET DOM interface can be used to process submissions from the form, thus:
Sources: This page was originally drafted based on information from William Velasquez, to whom thanks.
# XSLTForms/Benefits
## Benefits

There are a number of XForms implementations, with different strengths and weaknesses.
Among the strengths of XSLTForms are:
* ease of installation and use: Installation of XSLTForms on a Web server involves nothing more than copying the XSLTForms directory in the server's file space, and inserting an xml-stylesheet processing instruction at the top of each form.
* longevity and active maintenance: XSLTForms has been actively developed and maintained for over a decade and active work continues.
* an active user community and ongoing support: users of XSLTForms use the SourceForge discussion list xsltforms-support@lists.sourceforge.net to provide mutual support
* conformance: XSLTForms provides a good (though not perfect) level of conformance to the XForms specification.
* open source: XSLTForms is open source
* server-side processing: the XSLTForms transformation can be applied on the server, when deploying or serving the form; the transformation's output can if necessary then be tweaked further.
* client-side processing: the XSLTForms transformation can be performed in the client (providing the client supports XSLT); this reduces the load on the server.
# XRX/XRX Application Server
## XRX as an Application Server

XQuery is a transform language in addition to a query language. Its original name was "Quilt" reflecting its ability to knit together different pieces of (XML) content.
This means that it is good at querying XML data from a data store and transforming it into an XHTML web page. Any XQuery-capable XML data store that accepts HTTP requests can talk to your web browser and send it an arbitrarily complex, valid (X)HTML document.
Here is a short example of how XQuery can transform XML database records into valid HTML:
can be "transformed" to HTML:
with XQuery something like (not tested):
Many free and commercial XQuery-enabled databases are available. They include: BaseX, DB2, eXist, MarkLogic, Oracle, and xHive. BaseX and eXist are free, and MarkLogic (and perhaps others) has a free community edition. Many if not all of them support HTTP requests, and therefore can be used as web/app servers.
BaseX:
BaseX is both a light-weight, high-performance and scalable XML Database and an XQuery 3.1 Processor with full support for the W3C Update and Full Text extensions. It focuses on storing, querying, and visualizing large XML and JSON documents and collections. A visual frontend allows users to interactively explore data and evaluate XQuery expressions in realtime. BaseX is platform-independent and distributed under the free BSD License.(from their website)
It also has a stand-alone mode and a web-server mode.
eXist:
Although the eXist database was originally created to simply store XML data like a traditional database, the rich REST interfaces that have been added to eXist have transformed it into a web server. The eXist database is now able to provide a rich set of functions that are only available in other application servers. What remains is the application development standards that would allow a large number of people developing XRX applications to all work together.
MarkLogic:
MarkLogic is perhaps the most capable XML data management product at this writing. It combines XML/XQuery with text indexing and retreival, geospatial, alerting, and enterprise class scaling and performance.
xHive (or xDB):
xHive is a state-of-the-art native XML database with XQuery support, transaction control, extensive indexing features and top-class scalability.
DB2, Oracle, PostgreSQL:
DB2, Oracle and PostgreSQL support XML by incorporating it as a large CLOB field, and support XQuery on this data. PostgreSQL currently supports only XPath (as a subset of XQuery). It checks the input values for well-formedness, and there are support functions to perform type-safe operations on it.

## XRX Application Server Vision

The XRX application server can now be set up to allow a wide variety of applications to be installed that all work together.
Back: Benefits of XRX • Next: Building your First XRX Application
# XSLTForms/Additional functions

XSLTForms has implemented a number of functions beyond those required by the XForms specification. As of r638, these include:
* alert
* control-property
* encode-for-uri
* fromtostep a functional equivalent of the XPath 2.0 to operator (1 to 10 = fromtostep(1,10,1))
* invalid-id
* is-valid
* itext (for text internationalization)
* js-eval
* selection
* transform
There are separate pages for some of these. [And there should be separate pages for each of them.]
# XSLTForms/Applications

Who uses XSLTForms?
For a start, XSLTForms ships with software products from a variety of sources.
A number of users and organizations use XSLTForms for their XForms applications. Some of these are publicly available tools for working with particular vocabularies:
Other publicly available uses of XSLTForms are intended as demonstrations or examples:
# Uniq

Uniq is a line-oriented Unix command-line tool dealing with adjacent identical lines, available on many platforms.

## Options

Command-line options aka switches of uniq:
* -u: (for unique) Output singleton blocks: output only lines that are not part of blocks of multiple adjacent identical lines.
* -d: (for duplicate) Output collapsed multiline blocks: output a single line for each block of multiple adjacent identical lines, discarding lines for blocks of size one.
* -c: (for count) Output a single line per a block of one or more adjacent identical lines, preceded by the number of lines in the block.
Command-line options aka switches of some versions of uniq:
* -fnumber: Disregard a number of fields in a line
* -i: Case insensitive.
* -snumber: Disregard a number of characters in a line
Links
* Uniquify files, coreutils, gnu.org

## Examples

Examples of uniq use:
* uniq file.txt
** Of adjacent one or more identical lines, outputs only one of them.
* sort file.txt | uniq
** Sorts and then, of identical lines, outputs only one of them. Sorting ensures that originally non-adjacent lines that were identical become adjacent.
* sort file.txt | uniq -u
** Outputs singleton blocks only.
* sort file.txt | uniq -d
** Outputs a single line per multiline block, filtering out singletons.
* sort file.txt | uniq -c
** Precedes each line with the block size.
* sort file.txt | uniq -c | sort
** Precedes each line with the block size, and sorts the result by the block size. The sorting works well despite being alphabetical since uniq outputs the size indented by spaces to make it work.
* sort file.txt | uniq -u -d
** In GNU uniq, outputs nothing, since each of the two options acts as a filter, and combined they filter out everything.

## Versions

A version of GNU uniq for MS Windows is available from GnuWin32 project, as well as from Cygwin.

## External links

* GNU Coreutils at gnu.org
* uniq(1) OS X Manual Page at developer.apple.com
* Unix uniq(1) manual page at man.cat-v.org
* W:uniq
# Unicode/Character reference/Unicode characters

Unicode characters :
| BMP | BMP | SMP | SMP | SIP | SIP | SSP | PUA | PUA | PUA | PUA |
| 0000–0FFF | 8000–8FFF | 10000–10FFF | 18000-18FFF | 20000–20FFF | 28000–28FFF | E0000–E0FFF | F0000–F0FFF | F8000–F8FFF | 100000–100FFF | 108000–108FFF |
| 1000–1FFF | 9000–9FFF | 11000–11FFF | 19000-19FFF | 21000–21FFF | 29000–29FFF | | F1000–F1FFF | F9000–F9FFF | 101000–101FFF | 109000–109FFF |
| 2000–2FFF | A000–AFFF | 12000–12FFF | 1A000-1AFFF | 22000–22FFF | 2A000–2AFFF | | F2000–F2FFF | FA000–FAFFF | 102000–102FFF | 10A000–10AFFF |
| 3000–3FFF | B000–BFFF | 13000–13FFF | 1B000-1BFFF | 23000–23FFF | 2B000–2BFFF | | F3000–F3FFF | FB000–FBFFF | 103000–103FFF | 10B000–10BFFF |
| 4000–4FFF | C000–CFFF | 14000-14FFF | 1C000-1CFFF | 24000–24FFF | 2C000–2CFFF | | F4000–F4FFF | FC000–FCFFF | 104000–104FFF | 10C000–10CFFF |
| 5000–5FFF | D000–DFFF | 15000-15FFF | 1D000–1DFFF | 25000–25FFF | 2D000–2DFFF | | F5000–F5FFF | FD000–FDFFF | 105000–105FFF | 10D000–10DFFF |
| 6000–6FFF | E000–EFFF | 16000–16FFF | 1E000-1EFFF | 26000–26FFF | 2E000–2EFFF | | F6000–F6FFF | FE000–FEFFF | 106000–106FFF | 10E000–10EFFF |
| 7000–7FFF | F000–FFFF | 17000-17FFF | 1F000–1FFFF | 27000–27FFF | 2F000–2FFFF | | F7000–F7FFF | FF000–FFFFF | 107000–107FFF | 10F000–10FFFF |
# Unit roots/Appendix
## Rule 1 of chapter 2

Given $f(x)=p(x)\cdot q(x)$. Let:
    $f(x)=f_{0}x^{m}+f_{1}x^{m-1}+\cdots +f_{m-1}x+f_{m}$,
    $p(x)=p_{0}x^{n}+f_{1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +f_{m-1}x+f_{m}$,
    $q(x)=q_{0}x^{m-n}+f_{1}x^{m-n-1}+\cdots +f_{m-n-1}x+f_{m-n}$,
(the leading coefficients $f_{0}$, $p_{0}$ and $q_{0}$ are nonzero). By comparing the coefficients of like terms of the expansions on both side of $f(x)=p(x)\cdot q(x)$, we get:
    $f_{0}=p_{0}q_{0}$,
    $f_{1}=p_{0}q_{1}+p_{1}q_{0}$,
    $f_{2}=p_{0}q_{2}+p_{1}q_{1}+p_{2}q_{0}$,
    $\ldots$.
    $f_{m-n}=p_{0}q_{m-n}+p_{1}q_{m-n+1}+\cdots +p_{m-n}q_{0}$,
So,
    $q_{0}=f_{0}\div p_{0}$,
    $q_{1}=(f_{1}-p_{1}q_{0})\div p_{0}$,
    $q_{2}=(f_{2}-p_{1}q_{1}-p_{2}q_{0})\div p_{0}$,
    $\ldots$.
    $q_{m-n}=(f_{m-n}-p_{1}q_{m-n+1}-\cdots -p_{m-n}q_{0})\div p_{0}$.
All coefficients of $q(x)$ can be computed by the four arithmetic operations, and all division operations are division by the same nonzero number $p_{0}$. Now, all operation results of complex numbers are complex numbers, and all operation results of real numbers are real numbers, and all operation results of rational numbers are rational numbers. Therefore, we can conclude that if $f(x)$ and $p(x)$ have complex, real or rational coefficients, then $q(x)$ must have complex, real or rational coefficients. On the other hand, if $f(x)$ and $p(x)$ have integer coefficients, and $p_{0}=1$, then $q(x)$ must also have integer coefficients.
# World History/The Renaissance in Europe

Maps | Resources | Contributors' Corner

## Fall of the Byzantines and Rise of the Ottomans

When in 1453, the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople, and renamed it Istanbul, Rome was finally declared crushed. It began to fall in all areas of life, and then fell altogether. Meanwhile, the most successful Ottoman ghazi came to power(1248-1326?) and began to build the Ottoman Empire. Ostman was a firm believer of Islam, and treated all his captured people with respect, and allowed them to worship whom they wished.
# 3D Printing/Color Printing
## Methods of 3D printing in color

One way to achieve color 3D printing is to use a multimaterial printer. This requires loading different color materials into the printer, as well as setting up the model(s) and printer software correctly.
One solution to color FFF 3D prints is to simply place markers along the feed of a white filament.
Failing anything, color can be added in post processing steps, such as by painting the print.

## Gallery

* A multicolor print made on a FFF printer.
* A multicolor print made by a printer designed to print in color.
* A MultiMaterial upgrade for Prusa printers.
* A color sandstone 3D print.

## References

* ↑ "3DP – Carnegie Center". Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ "Sharpie Mount Brings Some Color To Your 3D Prints". Hackaday. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
# 3D Printing/Post Processing
## General Post Processing Techniques

Sanding is commonly used on 3D prints to smooth prints or remove small imperfections.
Acrylic paint, model paint, nail polish, markers, and spray paint are common ways to add color to a print.
Salt annealing and plaster annealing can give parts a unique finish, and alter strength properties of a print. Annealing techniques may be effective to improve prints with slight warping.

## Process Specific Techniques

Post Processing is mandatory for most SLA prints, as extra resin must be removed and desired resin must be hardened.
Prints made with ABS plastic can be smoothed with careful application of an acetone vapor.

## References

* ↑ "Mansfield Library". www.lib.umt.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ Jalal, Rita. "Coloring 3D Printed Objects – build IT @SDSU Library". Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ "3D Print Customization Florida State University Libraries". www.lib.fsu.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ "Take This 3D-Print Post-Processing Method With A Grain Of Salt". Hackaday. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
* ↑ "Plaster Annealing 3D Prints For Strength". Hackaday. 24 September 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
* ↑ "Final Update: FFF Strength Optimization". Additive Manufacturing blog. 2165. Retrieved 29 November 2020. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
* ↑ "3D Printering: Wash Parts Better And Make Solvent Last Longer". Hackaday. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
* ↑ "customer_v2". support.formlabs.com. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
# 3D Printing/Development
## Progress

* Minimum Viable Product achieved on November 29th, 2020.
* Print formatting finished on March 20th, 2021.
# 3D Printing/Maintenance
## Introduction

3D printers are complex machines that require maintenance to operate efficiently.
# 3D Printing/Printer Types
### Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)

FFF printers operate by melting material from an extruder to produce a 3D object.
FFF printers are known for being easier to use than other printing technologies, partly due to requiring less safety equipment for operation. Cartesian FFF 3D printers work by moving an extruder along an X, Y, and Z, axis.
On Stratasys 3D printers the name FDM is used for the same technique.
* A Prusa i3, a common cartesian FFF 3D printer. Cartesian 3D printers have a cuboid build area.
* A Fisher Delta RepRap 3D Printer. The build area on a delta printer is a cylinder with a conic top.

### Stereolithography (SLA)

SLA printers use light to solidify a special liquid.
Unlike an FFF printer, SLA printers build time is based on height and not the number of prints or object complexity, so the entire x and y build area can be used for prints with no impact on printing time. Unlike FFF printers, SLA printers typically print upside down, though this has little tangible effect on the final print. SLA printers can be difficult to operate.
* A Formlabs Form2 SLA 3D Printer.
* Form 2 curing equipment. SLA prints require curing following the print process.

### Selective laser sintering (SLS)

SLS works by fuzing powders together with a laser to create 3D objects.
Uniquely, SLS printers requires no dedicated support structures for complex geometries.
* An SLS 3D Printer.

## References

* 1 2 "3D Pinter Buyers Guide FFF vs SLA vs SLS". LulzBot. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
* ↑ "3D Printer Assembly Mentor2". Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ "The Ultimate Guide to Stereolithography (SLA) 3D Printing (Updated for 2020)". Formlabs. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ "3D Printing: A Multitude of Machines & Materials-SLA/DLP Printing – Techbytes". Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* 1 2 "How to slice 3D objects for the Original Prusa SL1 [updated with video guide]". Prusa Printers. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
* ↑ Finnes, Tyler (1 January 2015). "High Definition 3D Printing – Comparing SLA and FDM Printing Technologies". The Journal of Undergraduate Research. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
# A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Fusion/Worked Solutions

c = 3 x 10$^8$ ms$^{−1}$
1. In the Sun, two tritium nuclei ($_{1}^{3}H$) are fused to produce helium-4 ($_{2}^{4}He$). What else is produced, apart from energy?
$2_{1}^{3}H\to \;_{2}^{4}He\;+\;2_{0}^{2}n$
2. In larger stars, carbon-12 ($_{6}^{12}C$) is fused with protium ($_{1}^{1}H$). What single nucleus does this produce?
$_{6}^{12}C\;+\;_{1}^{1}H\to \;_{7}^{13}N$
3. In this reaction, 1.95MeV of energy is released. What difference in binding energy, in J, does this correspond to?
1.95MeV = 1.95 x 10$^6$ x 1.6 x 10$^{−19}$ J = 3.12 x 10$^{−13}$ J
4. If all this energy was emitted as a photon, what would its frequency be?
$E=hf$
$f={\frac {E}{h}}={\frac {3.12\times 10^{6}}{6.63\times 10^{-34}}}=4.71\times 10^{20}{\mbox{ Hz}}$
This is a within the wavelength spectrum of a gamma-ray, so we can assume all energy is released as a gamma-ray photon.
5. In order to contain a fusion reaction, electromagnetism may be used. What other force could be used? Why is this not being used for fusion reactors on Earth?
Gravity, as in stars. However, the amount of mass required to do this is far larger than the Earth, so we cannot do this.
# A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Forces and Power/Worked Solutions

1. I hit a ball of mass 5g with a cue on a billiards table with a force of 20N. If friction opposes me with a force of 14.2N, what is the resultant acceleration of the ball away from the cue?
Resultant force = 20 - 14.2 = 5.8N
F = ma
5.8 = (5 x 10$^{−3}$)a = 1160ms$^{−2}$
2. A 10g ball rolls down a 1.2m slope, and leaves it with a velocity of 4ms$^{−1}$. How much work is done by friction?
g.p.e. at top of slope = mgh = 10 x 10$^{−3}$ x 9.81 x 1.2 = 0.117J
k.e. at bottom of slope = ½mv$^2$ = 0.5 x 10 x 10$^{−3}$ x 4$^2$ = 0.08J
Assuming the remainder of the g.p.e. becomes heat / sound due to friction:
work done by friction = 0.117 - 0.08 = 0.037J.
3. An electric train is powered on a 30kV power supply, where the current is 100A. The train is travelling at 90 kmh$^{−1}$. What is the net force exerted on it in a forwards direction?
P = IV = Fv
90 kmh$^{−1}$ = 0.025 km$^{−1}$ = 25 ms$^{−1}$
100 x 30 x 10$^3$ = 25F
F = 120000N
# A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Fusion

Nuclear fusion is the joining together of atomic nuclei to form a larger nucleus, and possibly some other products, including energy. It occurs naturally in stars, where hydrogen is fused together into larger isotopes of hydrogen and then into helium, releasing energy along the way.

## Forces

Nuclei repel each other due to the electromagnetic force since they have the same charge. However, at a range of between 1 and 3 femtometers, the strong force causes nucleons to be attracted to one another, with the magnitude of this force being far greater than that of electromagnetic repulsion. Therefore in order for two nuclei to fuse, they must be sufficiently close enough together that the attractive force between the baryons due to the strong nuclear force is greater than the repulsive force due to the electromagnetic force. If this is the case, then the two nuclei will become a new, larger, nucleus.

## Uses

Nuclear fusion was used by humans for the first time in the hydrogen bomb, whereby a nuclear fission reaction would occur, releasing enough thermal energy so that nuclear fusion could occur, which would release free neutrons allowing the nuclear fission reaction to being more efficient, with more of the unstable isotope undergoing fission as well as a modest amount of energy being released during the fusion process. At the time of writing (2020), commercially viable fusion power has not yet been achieved. However, research is underway, specifically at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, to bring a fusion reaction under control so that it can be used to generate electricity. This would have the advantage of minimal nuclear waste, since the main product would be non-radioactive helium, with some tritium, which has a relatively short 12-year half-life.

## Binding Energy

The fusion of nuclei smaller than Iron-56 releases energy. This is because, if we were to take all the baryons of both the nuclei apart, and then stick them all back together as one, we would do less work that would be required to stick them together as the two separate nuclei. The difference in binding energy is the energy that is released by a fusion reaction. This energy might be given to the 'real' particles which are given off, or to a 'virtual' particle such as a photon.

## Questions

c = 3 x 10$^8$ ms$^{−1}$
1. In the Sun, two tritium nuclei ($_{1}^{3}H$) are fused to produce helium-4 ($_{2}^{4}He$). What else is produced, apart from energy?
2. In larger stars, carbon-12 ($_{6}^{12}C$) is fused with protium ($_{1}^{1}H$). What single nucleus does this produce?
3. In this reaction, 1.95MeV of energy is released. What difference in binding energy does this correspond to?
4. If all this energy was emitted as a photon, what would its frequency be?
5. In order to contain a fusion reaction, electromagnetism may be used. What other force could be used? Why is this not being used for fusion reactors on Earth?
Worked Solutions