OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mass Media/World Wide Web, Newsgroups and Discussion Groups

The United States Congress funded the federal Do Not Call list, which allows citizens to opt-out of telemarketing. The website is located at http://www.donotcall.gov/. So far, 50,000,000 have signed up. AT&T was sued by the US government when they refused to follow the Do Not Call list.
# Mass Media/Newspapers

Newspapers are print media and/or the newsgathering organizations that produce them. Most conventional newspapers are published on a daily or weekly basis, and are meant to inform the general public about recent events, especially public affairs. Besides local, national or international news, papers often carry sports and entertainment features, opinion columns and advertising.
Newspapers may address a general audience, focus on a geographical area, or cover a specialized subject, such as newspapers for a specific profession, industry or interest. Newspapers traditionally are supported by selling advertising space as well as subscription or single-copy sales of the newspapers themselves. Through history, newspapers have sometimes been subsidized by organizations or interest groups, including political parties. Mass-circulation newspapers, such as those evolving in 19th century New York, attempt to appeal to a wider audience (and wider advertising market) than overtly partisan papers.
As the Internet's World Wide Web spread in the 1990s, newspaper companies established Web editions carrying stories from the print edition and, increasing in the next decade, original material. By 2009 this had blurred the distinction between the printed newspaper and the online newspaper. By 2009, some newspapers were shifting from daily print production to daily Web production with weekly printed editions. Some new Web-only publications adopted reporting and writing styles commonly associated with printed newspapers.
Newspaper advertising categories include:
* "display ads" -- rectangular advertisements, often including images, usually for commercial products and services, or for delivery of issue-oriented or political messages.
* "classified ads" -- (brief advertisements, often text-only, presented in column form by topic: items for sale, help wanted, personal messages, etc.
* coupons -- small promotional ads that may be cut or torn out to be redeemed for a discount on a product.
Newspapers are the largest employers of print media.
About 40% of ad revenue for a newspaper comes from classifieds.

## National events

National papers include USA Today and the Christian Science Monitor.

## Local events

Newspapers are a populace's main source of local news.

## Editorials

Editorial pages exist solely to display opinions, usually on political matters. They're kept separate from other areas of the newspaper because the opinions aren't meant to represent the newspaper so much as they are meant as a public forum. An editorial page may consist of political cartoons, letters sent by readers, or a persuasive article.

## Examples

UK: Daily Mail, The Times, The Guardian
Italy: Reppublica, Corriere della Sera
France: L'Équipe
There are hundreds of national and regional newspaper but most of them you can only find in it's country or region(state).
# Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
## Introduction

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) is a rail transit system in Singapore, with 70 stations in operation. This system is operated by the rail operator SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit.
# Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)/Downtown Line
## Stations

| Station Number | Station Name | Interchange |
| DT1 | Bukit Panjang | Bukit Panjang LRT |
| DT2 | Cashew | |
| DT3 | Hillview | |
| DT5 | Beauty World | |
| DT6 | King Albert Park | |
| DT7 | Sixth Avenue | |
| DT8 | Tan Kah Kee | |
| DT9 / CC19 | Botanic Gardens | Circle Line |
| DT10 | Stevens | |
| DT11 / NS21 | Newton | North South Line |
| DT12 / NE7 | Little India | North East Line |
| DT13 | Rochor | |
| DT14 / EW12 | Bugis | East West Line |
| DT15 / CC4 | Promenade | Circle Line |
| DT16 / CE1 | Bayfront | Circle Line |
| DT17 | Downtown | |
| DT18 | Telok Ayer | |
| DT19 / NE4 | Chinatown | North East Line |
| DT20 | River Valley | |
| DT21 | Bencoolen | |
| DT22 | Sungei Road | |
| DT23 | Jalan Besar | |
| DT24 | Kallang Bahru | |
| DT25 | Mattar | |
| DT26 / CC10 | MacPherson | Circle Line |
| DT27 | Ubi | |
| DT28 | Kaki Bukit | |
| DT29 | Bedok Town Park | |
| DT30 | Bedok Reservoir | |
| DT31 | Tampines West | |
| DT32 / EW2 | Tampines | East West Line |
| DT33 | Tampines East | |
| DT34 | Upper Changi | |
| DT35 / CG1 | Expo | Changi Airport Extension |
# Mass Media/Television

98% of US households have at least one television set.
The first presidential campaign orchestrated for television was John F. Kennedy's.
In the case of the 9/11 benefit, the media was used for national mourning. John F. Kennedy's funeral was a similar case.
Situation comedies (sitcoms) are a common genre of TV show. Like much television programming, they have been accused of appealing to the lowest common denominator. Sitcoms often follow a formula which has been successful for other sitcoms. Since plots are very spare, characterization is important.
Broadcast television is moderated by the FCC for content, so material which can be broadcast on cable may be unacceptable for broadcast. When the popular HBO show "The Sopranos" was put on broadcast, it was a "clean version" edited for content.
The grand debate for the 2003 Recall election in California was five-way: between Arianna Huffington, Peter Camejo, Cruz Bustamante, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Tom McClintock. This was the first electoral debate of its type in US history. Darrell Issa, who bankrolled the petition drive for the recall, was then encouraging people to vote against recall because there were two major Republicans (Schwarzenegger and McClintock), and he was afraid that the vote would be split and Bustamante would win.
In his film Dreamworlds II: Desire, Sex, and Power in Music Video, Sut Jhally makes an analysis of how music videos portray sexuality. The video was released by The Media Education Foundation.
# Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)/Circle Line

For more information, please visit the Wikipedia page here (Click here to view the page through the secure server).

## Stations

| Station Number | Station Name | Interchange |
| CC1 / NS24 / NE6 | Dhoby Ghaut | North South Line, North East Line |
| CC2 | Bras Basah | |
| CC3 | Esplanade | |
| CC4 / DT15 | Promenade | Downtown Line , and Marina Bay Extension |
| CC5 | Nicoll Highway | |
| CC6 | Stadium | |
| CC7 | Mountbatten | |
| CC8 | Dakota | |
| CC9 / EW8 | Paya Lebar | East West Line |
| CC10 / DT26 | MacPherson | Downtown Line |
| CC11 | Tai Seng | |
| CC12 | Bartley | |
| CC13 / NE12 | Serangoon | North East Line |
| CC14 | Lorong Chuan | |
| CC15 / NS17 | Bishan | North South Line |
| CC16 | Marymount | |
| CC17 | Caldecott | |
| CC18 | Bukit Brown | Provisional name; Will not operate when line opens |
| CC19 / DT9 | Botanic Gardens | Downtown Line |
| CC20 | Farrer Road | |
| CC21 | Holland Village | |
| CC22 / EW21 | Buona Vista | East West Line |
| CC23 | one-north | |
| CC24 | Kent Ridge | |
| CC25 | Haw Par Villa | |
| CC26 | Pasir Panjang | |
| CC27 | Labrador Park | |
| CC28 | Telok Blangah | |
| CC29 / NE1 | HarbourFront | North East Line, Sentosa Express |

### Marina Bay Extension

| Station Number | Station Name | Interchange |
| CC4 / DT15 | Promenade | Downtown Line |
| CE1 / DT16 | Bayfront | Downtown Line |
| CE2 / NS27 | Marina Bay | North South Line |
# Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)/East West Line

For more information, please visit the Wikipedia page here.

## Stations

| Station Number | Station Name | Interchange |
| EW1 | Pasir Ris | |
| EW2 / DT32 | Tampines | Downtown Line |
| EW3 | Simei | |
| EW4 | Tanah Merah | East West Line (Changi Airport Extension); cross-platform transfer available between Changi Airport-bound and both Pasir Ris-bound and Joo Koon-bound trains |
| EW5 | Bedok | |
| EW6 | Kembangan | |
| EW7 | Eunos | |
| EW8 / CC9 | Paya Lebar | Circle Line |
| EW9 | Aljunied | |
| EW10 | Kallang | |
| EW11 | Lavender | |
| EW12 / DT14 | Bugis | Downtown Line |
| EW13 / NS25 | City Hall | North South Line; cross-platform transfer available between Pasir Ris-bound and Marina Bay-bound trains, and between Joo Koon-bound and Jurong East-bound trains |
| EW14 / NS26 | Raffles Place | North South Line; cross-platform transfer available between Pasir Ris-bound and Jurong East-bound trains, and between Joo Koon-bound and Marina Bay-bound trains |
| EW15 | Tanjong Pagar | |
| EW16 / NE3 | Outram Park | North East Line |
| EW17 | Tiong Bahru | |
| EW18 | Redhill | |
| EW19 | Queenstown | |
| EW20 | Commonwealth | |
| EW21 / CC22 | Buona Vista | Circle Line (U/C) |
| EW22 | Dover | |
| EW23 | Clementi | |
| EW24 / NS1 | Jurong East | North South Line; cross-platform transfer available between Marina Bay-bound and both Pasir Ris-bound and Joo Koon-bound trains |
| EW25 | Chinese Garden | |
| EW26 | Lakeside | |
| EW27 | Boon Lay | |
| EW28 | Pioneer | |
| EW29 | Joo Koon | |

### Changi Airport Extension

| Station Number | Station Name | Interchange |
| EW4 | Tanah Merah | Interchange; cross-platform transfer available between Changi Airport-bound and both Pasir Ris-bound and Joo Koon-bound trains |
| CG1 / DT35 | Expo | Downtown Line (future) |
| CG2 | Changi Airport | |
# Methods Manual for Salt Lake Studies/pH

Authors: PSJ Coleman,

### pH measurement overview

pH is an important indicator of biological stability in waterbodies. pH is the measurement of hydrogen potential of a liquid. In common language it is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity, and it is reported in measures that range from 1 to 14. When liquids have a pH of 7 they are considered neutral, while pH values less than 7 are acidic and values more than 7 are alkaline or basic.
pH readings may rise with rising salinity, as many of the salts found in Australian salt lakes are alkaline. High pH readings may also indicate the presence of algal blooms, and is this case the high pH may be a by-product of planktonic photosynthesis. Peats, organic litter or decomposition of sulfates (eg gypsum) by certain bacteria may result in low (<5) pH readings.

### Methods

pH may be measured using pH strips (with a resolution of 0.5 pH units), pH liquid test kits (with a resolution of 0.2 units), by titration, or with a probe/multi purpose meter (with a resolution of less than 0.1 pH units). The pH strips are the cheapest and most rugged option but are less precise than the other three methods and some types of strips are sensitive to salinity changes.

#### Use of a pH meter

Calibrate the meter using in-date calibration solution, following the directions in the pH meter manufacturer's manual. When the meter is calibrated, rinse the probe in distilled water. Insert the pH probe and temperature probe (if separate) into the brine sample you wish to measure and stir gently. Wait until the reading stabilises and record reading in the laboratory daybook.

#### Use of pH strips

pH strips may become inaccurate or not react at all as they age, or if they are exposed to water. If your packet of strips becomes wet, dispose of them.
Test your pH strips before each monitoring event to make sure that they provide an accurate reading in a reasonable length of time. This is done by immersing one of the strips into a fresh solutions of known pH values (buffer solution - pH 7 and pH 10), checking that the strip provides the correct reading, and then disposing of the used strip. Should your test strip not perform adequately, dispose of the entire pack and open a new one.
In the field, obtain a sample of the brine and place a pH strip into it. Leave the strip in the water until no further colour change occurs (up to 5 minutes). Remove pH strip from the sample and immediately compare the colours on the strip with those on the packet, and record the results.
# Methods and Concepts in the Life Sciences

This wikibook aims to give an overview of important methods in the life sciences and their underlying principles. Besides providing theoretical knowledge, it is also meant to include practical advice. The topics are currently based on lectures at Bielefeld University. We would be glad if other content was incorporated in the future.
To create this book, some content was adopted from Wikipedia, so credit goes to the authors listed in the corresponding articles as well. We believe that an exchange between Wikibooks and Wikipedia can benefit both projects.
If you have any questions, feel free to contact Kristian Müller (Kristian.Mueller@uni-bielefeld.de) or Tobias Vornholt (tvornholt@uni-bielefeld.de).

## Basics of Lab Work

* Buffer Solutions
* The International System of Units

## Gene Technology

* Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
* Vectors
* Isolation of Nucleic Acids
* Nucleic Acid Quantitation
* Enzymes for DNA Manipulation
* Cloning Methods
* Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
* PCR
* DNA Sequencing
* Mutagenesis
* Recombination
* Genome Engineering

## Protein Technology

* Structure and Function of Proteins
* Electrophoresis of Proteins
* Chromatography
* Immunoassays
* Protein Structure Determination
* Protein Tags
* Phage Display

## Biophysical Methods

* Spectroscopy
* Microscopy
* SPR
# Methods Manual for Salt Lake Studies/Sequential crystallisation of brine salts

Authors: PSJ Coleman

### Overview

The brines in salt lakes are made up of a variety of dissolved salts derived from the environment in which the lake is located. Salt lakes, even those in extremely cold places such as Antarctica, are usually found in semi arid areas of the earth with low rainfall and high evaporation. Sources of salts to salt lakes are various: they may be the result of the stranding of marine areas in the geological past, or they may be the result of dissolution of nearby rocks over eons into a terminal lake system.

### What "type" of lake is it?

Marine-derived brines are characterised by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts. Salt lakes formed from local dissolution may have very different salt compositions.
Sodium chloride is present in all salt lakes. Most lakes fall into four major groups if you are classifying them by their salt composition:
* Sulfate type lakes that derive their salts from surrounding rocks that contain sodium sulfate
* Carbonate type lakes (marl, or flos ferri lakes) are alkaline lakes which contain sodium carbonate in addition to sodium chloride and sodium sulfate (gypsum and anhydrite).
* Bittern lakes like the Dead Sea contain more magnesium than sodium.
* Sodium chloride type lakes such as the Great Salt Lake of USA and most Australian salt lakes are similar in composition to sea brine of an identical density.

### Crystallisation sequence in marine-derived lakes

In sodium chloride type lakes, the crystallisation pattern of the different salts is very similar to that of evaporating seawater brines and occurs as follows (Baseggio 1974, Venkatesh Mannar 1982):
* The least soluble salts are the ferric oxides, which precipitate out of solution between 30g/L TDS and 70g/L TDS.
* Calcium carbonate (calcite or flos ferri) starts to deposit at the same salinity as ferric oxide but continues precipitating up to a salinity of about 170g/L TDS.
* Calcium sulfate, as gypsum or selenite (CaSO$_4$.2H$_2$O)starts to precipitate at a salinity of about 143g/L TDS. At about 191g/L TDS the form of calcium sulfate changes and it deposits as anhydrite (CaSO$_4$). While most of the calcium sulfate is precipitated before sodium chloride starts to precipitate, a small quantity continues to crystallise out of solution up to a salinity of 385g/L TDS.
* Sodium chloride (common salt) begins to crystallise at a salinity of 318g/L and precipitates rapidly in brines with a salinity up to 360g/L. Thereafter the quantity of common salt precipitating reduces, although some common salt has still been recorded precipitating from seawater-derived brines with a salinity of about 440g/L TDS (Chitnis & Sanghavi, 1993).
* Magnesium sulfate (epsom salts), potassium sulfates and chlorides, and sodium sulfates (glaubers salts), start to precipite when seawater-derived brines reach a salinity of 390g/L TDS, and finally magnesium chloride and bromine salts will precipitate when salinities exceed 400g/L TDS.
# Methods Manual for Salt Lake Studies/Temperature

Authors: PSJ Coleman,

### Overview

Water temperature is a measure of how warm or cool a body of water is. This plays an important role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystem and influences a wide range of other chemical and physical parameters. Higher water temperatures decrease the ability of water to hold oxygen, reduce the density of the water (how heavy it is) and may also have a controlling impact on events such as algae blooms. Temperature readings are also used to improve the interpretation of other measured parameters. Higher water temperatures influence the ability of water to hold oxygen, and may influence salinity readings (Methods Manual for Salt Lake Studies/Salinity).
Factors that influence water temperature include the time of day, season, depth of water and the presence of stratified salinity layers. In some saline lakes the denser underlying layers of brine may trap heat, resulting in a higher water temperature in the deeper layers than in layers of water closer to the surface. Where such 'thermoclines' are recorded, they can indicate the presence of previously unsuspected salinity layers (haloclines).

### Equipment types

There are several types of equipment used to measure water temperature. The most common are glass thermometers or electronic temperature meters. A glass thermometer is the cheapest method. An accurate electronic temperature meter is quite expensive in comparison. Accurate electronic temperature sensors are also commonly found in multi-sensor CTP meters, where conductivity, temperature and pH are measured together.

### Sampling temperature

Red spirit thermometer or temperature meter
Sampling dipper or collection bottle attached to a pole for sampling
Record form and pencil

### To ensure good results

The thermometer or meter should be calibrated yearly against a certified thermometer.
Glass spirit thermometers should be checked prior to every use for bubbles in the red spirit or cracks in the glass housing.
If bubbles or gaps are found in the red spirit, the thermometer should be ‘shaken down’ until the bubbles or gaps disappear. If cracks are found in the glass housing the thermometer should be replaced.
When you collect the water sample, make sure it is at least a metre out from the shore (preferably further out) and from at least 20 cm below the surface.
Place the thermometer or the meter's probes into the water sample as soon as it is collected and leave in the water until the reading stabilises (this may take up to 2 minutes).
Record the reading
If the water is deep, you may like to take several samples from different depths to construct a graph of the temperature variation with depth.
# Methods Manual for Salt Lake Studies/Scope and Introduction
## Scope and Introduction

Salt lakes provide an excellent opportunity to study systems that are relatively unstudied. The unique features of these lakes - the arid environments in which they occur, the varied ionic composition of their brines, and the ephemericity of many of these lakes, provide challenges for the researcher.
Methods developed for use in freshwater environments may not provide usable, or reliable, results in saline systems. Many analyses require dilution of samples to reduce salt effects, and this reduces the sensitivity of the analysis, sometimes to the point of uselessness. The challenges of measuring the characteristics of saline and hypersaline systems have been addressed by many authors over the years, however the modified methods they have proposed are scattered throughout the literature.
It is hoped that this manual will provide researchers and students of salt lakes with a comprehensive reference to methods used in salt lake studies.
# Minecraft/Ocelot
## Ocelot

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
The fierce hunters of the jungle.

## Abilities and strengths/weaknesses
### Drops

* 1 - 3 exp. points

## Description

They scare creepers and phantoms, keping them away. They may spawn on leaves, unlike other mobs.

### How to earn trust

You can earn the trust of an ocelot with raw cod, raw samon, tropical fish or pufferfish. You may need to use more than one to earn their trust, as each try has a 1 in 8 chance to succeed.
Once trust is earned, ocelots can be bred with any item you can tame them with.

## Strategies

None

## Mobs

* Animals
       Sheep
       Pig
       Cow
       Chicken
       Bat
       Cat
       Ocelot
       Wolf
       Fox
       Horse
       Donkey
       Mule
       Llama
       Bunny
       Frog
       Axolotl
       Tadpole
       Panda
       Mooshroom
* Monsters
       Creeper
       Zombie
       Skeleton
       Stray
       Witch
       Slime
       Phantom
       Warden
* Ocean
       Cod
       Pufferfish
       Salmon
       Tropical Fish
       Squid
       Glow Squid
       Dolphin
       Turtle
       Guardian
       Elder Guardian
* Nether
       Blaze
       Ghast
       Piglin
       Zombified Piglin
       Hoglin
       Strider
       Wither Skeleton
* End
       Enderman
       Endermite
       Shulker
* Illager/Villagers
       Villager
       Wandering Trader
       Illager
       Pillager
       Evoker
       Vex
       Ravanger
* Utility
       Snow Golem
       Iron Golem
       Allay
* Bosses
       Wither
       Ender Dragon
* Secret mobs
       Npc
# Minecraft/Piglin
## Piglin

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
The pig men of the Nether.

## Abilities and strengths/weaknesses

Other
This mob has no special abilities or disabilities.

### Drops

* 10 exp. points

## Description

They attack anybody who approaches without wearing gold armour.
You can drop golden items on the floor near them, and they may give you a Nether-related materials as payment. This is called bartering. Killing them will make them drop the golden items again, but be sure to run away!
If attacked, they will fight back. Thowing gold items and wearing gold armour will not save you. Your best bet is to just run! Their sheer number and strength makes them a very dangerous enemy, more dangerous in the Nether.
Opening a chest or barrel, or mining golden ores, blocks and other golden items, near them will make them mad. To extract items in chest, you can use hoppers to get them safely. You can also calm them down by dropping a golden item and letting them pick it up.
If a piglin finds itself in the Overworld, it will shiver and eventually turn into a zombified piglin. They are the only Nether mob that can be set on fire.

## Strategies

None

## Mobs

* Animals
       Sheep
       Pig
       Cow
       Chicken
       Bat
       Cat
       Ocelot
       Wolf
       Fox
       Horse
       Donkey
       Mule
       Llama
       Bunny
       Frog
       Axolotl
       Tadpole
       Panda
       Mooshroom
* Monsters
       Creeper
       Zombie
       Skeleton
       Stray
       Witch
       Slime
       Phantom
       Warden
* Ocean
       Cod
       Pufferfish
       Salmon
       Tropical Fish
       Squid
       Glow Squid
       Dolphin
       Turtle
       Guardian
       Elder Guardian
* Nether
       Blaze
       Ghast
       Piglin
       Zombified Piglin
       Hoglin
       Strider
       Wither Skeleton
* End
       Enderman
       Endermite
       Shulker
* Illager/Villagers
       Villager
       Wandering Trader
       Illager
       Pillager
       Evoker
       Vex
       Ravanger
* Utility
       Snow Golem
       Iron Golem
       Allay
* Bosses
       Wither
       Ender Dragon
* Secret mobs
       Npc