# Fukushima Aftermath/Alice Stewart

Dr Alice Mary Stewart (née Naish) (4 October 1906 – 3 June 2002) was a physician and epidemiologist specialising in social medicine and the effects of radiation on health. Her study of radiation-induced illness among workers at the Hanford plutonium production plant, Washington, is frequently cited by those who seek to demonstrate that even very low doses of radiation cause substantial hazard. She was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 1986.

## Early life

Stewart was born in Sheffield, England, the daughter of Albert Naish, a physician at Sheffield Royal Hospital and Sheffield Children's Hospital, later professor of medicine at the University of Sheffield. She studied pre-clinical medicine at Girton College, Cambridge, and in 1932 completed her clinical studies at the Royal Free Hospital, London. She gained experienced in hospital posts in Manchester and London, before returning to the Royal Free Hospital as a registrar. In 1941 she took a teaching post at the Oxford University Medical School, and it was here she developed her interest in social medicine, advising on health problems experienced by wartime munitions workers.

## Epidemiological studies

The department of social and preventive medicine at Oxford was created in 1942, with Stewart as assistant head. In 1950 she succeeded as head of the unit, but to her disappointment she was not granted the title of "professor", as awarded to her predecessor, because by then the post was considered not to be of great importance. Nonetheless, in 1953 the Medical Research Council allocated funds to her pioneering study of x-rays as a cause of childhood cancer, which she worked on from 1953 until 1956. Her results were initially regarded as unsound, but her findings on fetal damage caused by x-rays of pregnant women were eventually accepted worldwide and the use of medical x-rays during pregnancy and early childhood was curtailed as a result. Stewart retired in 1974.
Her most famous investigation came after her formal retirement, while an honorary member of the department of social medicine at the University of Birmingham. Working with Professor Thomas Mancuso of the University of Pittsburgh she examined the sickness records of employees in the Hanford plutonium production plant, Washington state, and found a far higher incidence of radiation-induced ill health than was noted in official studies. Sir Richard Doll, the epidemiologist respected for his work on smoking-related illnesses, attributed her anomalous findings to a "questionable" statistical analysis supplied by her assistant, George Kneale (who was aware of, but may have miscalculated, the unintentional "over-reporting" of cancer diagnoses in communities near to the works). Stewart herself acknowledged that her results were outside the range considered statistically significant. Today, however, her account is valued as a response to the perceived bias in reports produced by the nuclear industry and follow-up research by Ernest Sternglass, a physicist, at the University of Pittsburgh determined that the Linear no-threshold model confirmed her work.
In 1986 she was added to the roll of honour of the Right Livelihood Foundation, an annual award presented in Stockholm. Stewart eventually gained her coveted title of "professor" through her appointment as a professorial fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. In 1997 Stewart was invited to become the first Chair of the European Committee on Radiation Risk.

## References

* 1 2 3 Doll, Richard (2006). "Alice Stewart". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/76998. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
* ↑ Stewart, Alice M; J.W. Webb; B.D. Giles; D. Hewitt, 1956. "Preliminary Communication: Malignant Disease in Childhood and Diagnostic Irradiation In-Utero," Lancet, 1956, 2: 447.
* ↑ Mancuso, Thomas (1977). "Radiation exposures of Hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes". Health Physics. MacLean VA: Health Physics Society. 33: 369–385. ISSN 1538-5159. PMID 591314. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
* ↑ Stewart, Alice (1978). "Low-dose radiation". The Lancet. 312 (8083): 262–263. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)91772-5. ISSN 0140-6736. [our] approach requires either much larger doses than were encountered in the Hanford study or a much larger data base {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* ↑ Martin, John (November 1980). "On cancer and radiation". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Chicago, IL. 36 (9): 59. The 90 percent confidence interval is bounded by the range from 380 to 448 cancer deaths. Thus 442 deaths is not a statistically significant deviation from the average expectation.…Kneale and Stewart do not claim their results to be statistically significant
* ↑ Mole, R. H. (1 May 1982). "Hanford radiation study". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. London: BMJ Publishing. 39 (2): pp 200–202. ISSN 0007-1072. PMC 1008976. PMID 7066239. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
* ↑ Gerald H. Clarfield and William M. Wiecek (1984). Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940-1980, Harper & Row, New York, p. 228.
* ↑ "Alice Stewart". Laureates. Right Livelihood Foundation. 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
* ↑ Vines, Gail (28 July 1995). "A Nuclear Reactionary". Times Higher Educational Supplement.
* ↑ Staff writers (2003). "Background: the ECRR". European Committee on Radiation Risk. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
* Greene, Gayle (1999). The Woman Who Knew Too Much — Alice Stewart and the Secrets of Radiation. Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11107-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

### Obituaries

* Anthony Tucker, Guardian, Friday 28 June 2002. Alice Stewart: Pioneering woman scientist whose research into the dangers of x-rays and nuclear radiation shook the establishment. Published in Environment section.
* Carmel McCoubry, New York Times, Thursday 4 July 2002. Alice Stewart, 95; Linked X-Rays to Diseases. Published in Section B, page 8.
* Caroline Richmond, The Independent, Tuesday 9 July 2002. Dr Alice Stewart: Thorn in the side of the nuclear industry.
* Bithell, John F (2002). "Obituary: Professor Alice Stewart". Journal of Radiological Protection. 22 (4): 425–8. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/22/4/601. PMID 12680428. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysummary=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)